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Using Electronic Health Records (EHR) to Study Obesity Trajectories in Children
Big data equals big results.
The Pennsylvania Project, or Project One as we here at the GOPC like to call it, exercises the use of “big data” to examine the multi-scale and longitudinal determinants of childhood obesity, including evaluation of child, parent, family, healthcare delivery system, and community factors. The Project Investigators have gotten access to big data through an electronic health record, provided by their collaboration with the Geisinger Health System (GHS). The GHS provides primary care services to over 450,000 patients in over 40 counties in central and northeastern Pennsylvania. The GHS implemented its EHR system in 2001 and provided Project One with data through 2012, allowing use of over a decade of rich, longitudinal health information. Project One’s team is linking the big data on health to longitudinal information on community conditions, including the land use, food, physical activity, and social environments.
Project One is divided into two phases. In the first phase, EHR data on 163,000 children ages 3-18 years are linked to data on food, physical activity, land use, and social environments. Analysis is focused on identifying separate contributions to body mass index growth of child, healthcare delivery, and community environmental factors. In the second phase, there is new, primary data collection. Data are collected from children, parents, and communities with different rates of obesity. Children and parents complete a questionnaire administered by iPad, several measurements are made of the child, and saliva is collected from the child for epigenetic measurements (DNA methylation). Analysis will then be directed to the role of gene expression in childhood obesity.
To find out further information regarding Project One, please click here.
Meet the Team
Thomas Glass, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Epidemeolgy at JHSPH. Dr. Glass is the co-leader of both Project One and the Education and Training Program at the GOPC. His most recent work explores the use of systems science methodology as it pertains to a variety of population-level health realted processes including obesity. Please click here to see his list of publications.
Brian Schwartz, MD, MS, is a Professor in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology, and Medicine. Dr. Schwartz is also the co-leader of Project One. Dr. Schwartz is working on how community environmental factors and healthcare delivery factors contribute to childhood obesity. Much of his research on this topic involves data collected at the GHS. Please click here to see his list of publications.
Tak Igusa, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Johns Hopkins University as well as an Interim Director at the Systems Institute. Dr. Igusa is also a Co-Investigator for Project One as well as the Co-PI of the Education and Training Program. Dr. Igusa’s research interest range from system dynamic modeling to modeling framework for predicting the onset of chronic disorders. Please click here for his website.
Lisa Bailey-Davis, DEd, RD, is an Investigator I at the GHS. Dr. Bailey-Davis’ expertise is on prevention science in childhood obesity, multi-level health interventions, and integrated delivery system models that leverage data across systems like healthcare and schools. Dr. Bailey-Davis applies her knowledge and skills in her Project Investigator role for Project One at the GOPC. Please click here to see her faculty webpage.
Annemarie Hirsch, PhD, MPH, is the Investigator I at the GHS. Dr. Hirsch expertise is on chronic diseases, epidemiology, health services research, and health information technology. Dr. Hirsch’s research and expertise is applied in her Project Investigator role for Project One at the GOPC. Please click here to see her faculty webpage.
Other important team members:
- Sy Brandau, AAS, is a Research Assistant at the GHS for Project One.
- Dione Mercer, BS, BA, is a Project Manager at the GHS for Project One.
- Joseph DeWalle is the GIS programmer at GHS for Project One.
- Jonathan Pollak is a Programmer/Analyst at Johns Hopkins in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences.
- Claudia Nau, PhD, works in the systems science core at the GOPC. Please click here to read Claudia’s most recent publication on “Community socio economic deprivation and obesity trajectories in children using electronic health records.”
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The haul trucks carry the ore out of the pit along a haulage road with a slope of no more than about nine percent. They dump the ore into a gyratory crusher which reduces the ore to eight inches or less — about the size of soccer balls. The primary crusher may send the crushed ore on to a secondary crusher or pile it directly onto the coarse ore stockpile.TOUR NOTE:
On your tour from the Mineral Discovery Center, you may get to see the haul trucks dumping ore into the crusher.
The ore is ground into a fine powder by large rotating mills. The two types used in the Mission South Mill are called SAG (semi-autogenous grinding) mills and ball mills.
SAG mills use larger pieces of ore to break up the smaller pieces (autogenous — does it by itself). The larger pieces break down as well. To help the process along, eight-inch-diameter steel balls are added to the rocks as they tumble inside the rotating mill (semi-autogenous — gets some help from the steel balls). The two SAG mills in the Mission South Mill each have two 3,000 horsepower electric motors. They can rotate in either direction which helps even out the wear on the steel liners inside the mill.
When the rocks are about 3/8-inch or smaller, they are fed as a slurry into the two ball mills. Each ball mill is turned by a single 3,000 horsepower electric motor. These mills contain literally hundreds of thousands of three-inch diameter steel balls that pulverize the ore until it is like fine sand or face powder. Only then are the copper minerals broken free of the rest of the rock to be separated by flotation.
The slurry of water and pulverized ore is mixed with milk of lime to raise the pH and small amounts of special reagents: a frother to make bubbles, and a collector chemical that causes the copper minerals to stick to those bubbles.
Air is blown into the tank and the mixture is vigorously agitated like a high-speed blender. Rising bubbles carry the copper minerals up and over the edge of the flotation tank. The bubbles break soon after they flow over the edge. The copper minerals are then ground up even finer and purified by another flotation process.
The dried copper concentrate of about 28 percent copper is shipped to the smelter. It represents less than one percent of the material removed from the mine. Concentrate is just a fine powder of the mineral chalcopyrite which is a naturally occurring compound of copper, iron, and sulfur.
The material that sinks in the first flotation cell goes on to two more flotation cells to recover as much copper as possible. What doesn’t float is called tailings because it goes out the “tail end” of the flotation circuit. About 80 percent of the water used in the milling process is reclaimed and re-used. The rest is used to keep the tailings damp and to prevent wind-blown dust.
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Cerebrovascular disease includes a range of conditions that affect the flow of blood through the brain. This alteration of blood flow can sometimes impair the brain’s functions on either a temporary or permanent basis. When such an event occurs suddenly, it’s referred to as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Conditions that fall under the heading of cerebrovascular disease include:
- Stroke: The most common type of cerebrovascular disease. The hallmark of a stroke is the permanent loss of sensation or motor function. The two general categories of strokes are hemorrhagic (bleeding into the brain) or ischemic (insufficient blood flow to the brain).
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA): This is similar to a stroke, but the symptoms completely resolve within 24 hours. TIA is sometimes referred to as a “mini stroke.”
- Aneurysms of blood vessels supplying the brain: An aneurysm is caused by a weakening of the artery wall, resulting in a bulge in the blood vessel.
- Vascular malformations: This refers to abnormalities present in arteries or veins.
- Vascular dementia: Cognitive impairment that is usually permanent.
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage: This term is used to describe blood leaking out of a blood vessel onto the brain’s surface.
The symptoms of cerebrovascular disease may differ slightly depending on the specific condition you have. However, stroke is the most common presentation of cerebrovascular diseases.
Strokes are characterized by sudden onset of symptoms, and survival and functional outcomes are time-sensitive. To help you identify the warning signs of a stroke, use the acronym FAST:
- Facial droop: One side of the face may appear “droopy” or the person may be unable to smile.
- Arm weakness: The person is unable to raise their arm above their head
- Speech difficulty: The person has slurred speech, is unable to find words, or is unable to understand what people are saying to them
- Time to call 911: Immediately seek medical attention if even one of these symptoms is present.
Other symptoms of a TIA or stroke include:
- severe headache
- vertigo or dizziness
- vomiting and nausea
- memory loss or confusion
- numbness and tingling in the arm, leg, or face, usually on only one side of the body
- slurred speech
- vision problems
- difficulty or inability to walk
The specific treatment depends on the type of cerebrovascular disease that you have. However, the treatment centers on improving your brain’s blood flow. Based on the cause of the loss of blood flow, your doctor will choose among several treatment options. The most effective treatment for you will depend on the extent of the loss of blood flow.
Most cases of cerebrovascular disease are treated with medications. These medications may include:
Medications are usually given to people whose arteries are less than 50 percent blocked or narrowed. In more severe cases, surgery to remove plaque or blockages, or to insert a stent may be required.
If brain function has already been reduced or altered by a cerebrovascular disease, then you may need to have physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy as a part of the recovery process.
According to the
For people who survive a stroke, the two most important outcomes are functional outcomes and life expectancy. These are determined by the specific condition causing the stroke, the severity of the stroke, and the individual’s response to rehabilitation therapy.
A cerebrovascular disease, especially a stroke, must receive immediate medical attention to have the best outcomes.
Depending on the severity of your condition, you may be left with permanent mental disability, problems with mobility, or weakness or paralysis in your arms, face, or legs.
However, with immediate medical attention, medications, surgery, interventional procedures, or a combination of these, many people return to normal functionality.
Complications of cerebrovascular disease that may develop include:
- permanent disability
- loss of cognitive functions
- partial paralysis in some limbs
- speech difficulties
- memory loss
There is also a possibility of death from a cardiovascular event that is serious or doesn’t get immediate medical attention.
Although cerebrovascular disease is a fairly common medical condition, there are things you can do to help prevent it.
Several health behaviors are associated with reducing stroke risk:
- not smoking, or stopping if you do
- following a healthy, balanced diet
- controlling your high blood pressure
- lowering your blood cholesterol
- losing weight if you’re overweight
- being aware of the risks of any type of hormone replacement therapy
- visiting your doctor regularly for annual checkups
- lowering your stress levels
- reducing the amount of alcohol you drink
Preventing cerebrovascular disease is always the best goal. However, if you think someone around you is having stroke-like symptoms, call 911 immediately. Getting immediate medical attention will help give the best chance for full recovery.
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Any individual who lives in chilly climate locales should take precaution measures to shield their home from the development of ice dams.
Ice dams happen when rooftop canals ends up stopped up with ice and flotsam and jetsam. As water from downpour or softened snow keeps running off of the rooftop toward the canal, it ends up caught between the ice inside the canal and the rooftop shingles. With no place for the water overflow to go, water can move back and underneath rooftop shingles. When the water goes underneath the shingles, it might stay there for an all-inclusive timeframe experiencing a long arrangement of stop/defrost cycles. Should water stay underneath the rooftop shingles, soon the water starts to make rooftop deck harm and wood decay.
Fixing water harm because of ice dams is costly.
Anticipating ice dams is simple and modest. Avert ice dams during new development or re-material by utilizing the accompanying measures:
- When introducing another rooftop, dependably introduce a decent quality ice and water hindrance on the initial 3 feet of all rooftop overhang at least (or 2 feet past the main inside divider). Lower pitched rooftops may require 6 feet of ice and water boundary or more. Least construction standard for most districts in Wisconsin require ice and water hindrance to stretch out from the edge of any rooftop eave as far as possible up two (2) feet past the inside divider. By and large, the rooftop soffit (overhang) is 1 foot or less wide. Accordingly, standard ice and water hindrance produced in three (3) foot wide rolls will meet least construction standard. This is the reason most roofers incorporate one column (initial three feet) of ice and water boundary in their offers for material work. On the off chance that you have more extensive soffit, painstakingly read the base construction standard for material in your district and be readied introduce more than one line of ice and water boundary. Likewise note this is “least” construction law. As a rule, more is better in this circumstance, yet ice and water hindrance is moderately costly when contrasted with conventional tar paper underlayment. One must gauge the expenses and advantages to going past the base construction standard in this circumstance.
- Introduce canals and downspouts enormous enough to deal with all the water overflow from your rooftop. Most contractual workers will probably figure the essential drain limit dependent on rooftop estimate. Bigger rooftops will require bigger canals with more water limit. Custom consistent drains are more costly than pre-assembled canals, however they pay for themselves once you think about solidness and upkeep. Continuously ensure water has a make way out of the downspouts and far from the establishment of the house.
- Improve rooftop ventilation by adjusting admission vents (soffit or peak vents) and fumes vents (edge vent or box vent). There ought to be a 50/50 parity of virus air admission vents and warm air fumes vents in the loft space straightforwardly underneath the rooftop deck. Cold air from the outside enters the admission vents and drives warm ventilate of the upper room space through the fumes vents in an appropriately working framework. Without legitimate ventilation, warm air winds up caught in the storage room space. This warm air will warm the rooftop and soften any standing snow. In the meantime, chilly air outside can solidify the liquefying snow and make ice, and the stop defrost cycle proceeds.
Ice dams on existing rooftops can be avoided by following the means underneath:
- Keep up and clean your canals and downspouts consistently. Ensure water can stream unreservedly off and far from your rooftop. Once a downspout obstructs and water solidifies inside a canal, it is past the point of no return! Establishment of drain gatekeepers is a wise venture which will spare you time and forestall stops up. Know more details about https://www.netoffer.us/
- Introduce warmed rooftop links in territories where continuous ice damming happens. Warmed rooftop links are promptly accessible, low voltage warming components appended to your rooftop overhang and drains. These links can keep ice from framing in any case.
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Uncover the Secrets of the Ollantaytambo Ruins
Uncover the Secrets of the Ollantaytambo Ruins – Ollantaytambo is situated at the northwest end of the Incan Sacred Valley.It is a village, an ancient Inca temple, and fortress in Peru. It lies about 60 miles (95 km) north of Cuzco and becomes home to some of the well-preserved Inca ruins in Peru.
Ollantaytambo was Emperor Pachacuti’s estate who built the town and the ceremonial center. The leader of the Inca resistance, Manco Inca Yupanqui used it as a fortress during the Spanish conquest in Peru. It has the distinction of being the only location in Peru where the Inca drove the Spanish army out in 1536. However The Spanish came back with more forces then the Inca retreated to Vilcabamba.
Although they were also important strategically, the ruins at Ollantaytambo are mostly of religious significance. Constructed in the 1400’s, the Temple Hill (the large Inca fortress), and the Temple of the Sun with its monolithic stones soar above the cobbled streets of the town. Ancient symbol-like signs in relief still adorn those huge stones. The complex includes a stepped terrace and an location known as the Princess Baths where ceremonial bathing took place.
Climbing up the 200 steps to the top offers a visitor a close up look at the remains of some temples and fountains. These local to the area like to point out the Inca face which is carved into the cliff above the valley.
The Inca constructed some warehouses out of fieldstones on the hills surrounding Ollantaytambo. Their area at high altitudes, where there is lower temperatures and more wind, protected their contents against decay.
Known as the Wall of the Six Monoliths, the towering wall stands directly in front of the Temple Hill terraces. This construction was never completed for unknown reasons. It is notable since the distance the Incan had to move the huge stones. They used some special techniques to move these stones from a mine high on the mountainside on the Rio Urubamba’s opposite side, across the river and up to the location where it now stands, a distance of 3.7 miles (6 km).
The old town of Ollantaytambo is below the ruins. It is one of the best examples of Inca town planning and lies on top of Inca foundations. The cobblestone streets which are lined by adobe walls, are kept in genuine shape. Canals carry on bringing water to the town from the mountains. This town itself is divided into blocks or canchas. Each cancha was home to some families, and those homes featured access to a main courtyard. Several families continue to live in the home of their ancestor and have small shops in the courtyard. Ollantaytambo is such a traditional town, yet the locals clothed in their brightly colored native dress. They do not mind the visitors taking pictures or walking through their little town.
Ollantaytambo is one of the sites often visited when hiking along the Inca Trail and is one of the most popular tourist sites in Peru. Even if one is not interested in archaeology or ruins itself, a visit to this location becomes impressive just for the sights from the top of the terraces.
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To all who read this, to all of Islam, to the world as a whole and to the God Who is Compassion and calls on us to be compassionate, The Shalom Center joins in saying Eid Mubarak! – A Blessed Festival!
Eid al-Adha – the premier Muslim festival, the Festival of the Sacrifice – this year begins this Sunday, December 31, and will last for three days.
It celebrates the end of the Hajj (the annual pilgrimage to Mecca).
During the Hajj, Muslims walk a pathway of places in Mecca that commemorate and symbolize Abraham’s and Hagar’s life-paths and spiritual journeys, culminating with Abraham’s facing the command of God to kill his son. (Although the Quran does not specifically name which son, and although some early Muslim traditions name the son as Isaac, most Muslim tradition sees the offering as Ishmael.)
Abraham was prepared to submit to God’s will. At the last moment, God revealed to him that the “sacrifice” had already been fulfilled by his willingness to obey, to offer what was dearest to him.
And God let Abraham see a ram caught in the thicket, with which the offering could become not only spiritual but also physical.
During the celebration of Eid al-Adha, Muslims commemorate this ram and its place in Abraham’s life, by themselves slaughtering a sheep or goat. One-third of the meat from the sacrifice of Eid al-Adha is eaten by immediate family and relatives, one-third is given away to friends, and one-third is donated to the poor.
These gifts give physical reality to our spiritual assertions that indeed we are willing to give up some of our own bountiful blessings, in order to share with others.
And God’s ultimate command NOT to kill the child could be read in our generation to protect all children. From hunger, abuse, violence, war.
As God cried out: “Don’t kill your children; feed the poor!”
Just as Muslims elevate to the heart of the Festival this profound and troubling story that ends in spiritually triumphant transformation, so Jews read the stories of Isaac and Ishmael on Rosh Hashanah itself (that other “new year”), and Christians celebrate God’s own sacrifice of the Lamb in the passionate hope that it will end the killing of human beings by other human beings.
In the Torah’s telling of the story, God needs only to call Abraham’s name but once, to draw his attention to the command that seems to mean that Isaac must be killed.
But when God’s Messenger calls out to spare the boy, the Voice must call out twice – must say: “Abraham——- ….. ABRAHAM!!” – as if Abraham had become so fixated on carrying out the dreadful murderous demand that he could barely hear the compassionate command.
In all our traditions, there are some who are deaf to God’s Voice when it cries out, “Do NOT kill!” Surely I could list the horrid crimes that even in recent weeks and days flow from this deafness, but on the eve of two deep festivals, let us rather focus on what we need to do to hear the Voice of Life.
May the confluence of the Muslim festival of spiritual renewal with the renewal of the “civil” year be a blessing to us all:
May the rhythms of our lives come together in a new and compassionate meta-rhythm:
May this meta-rhythm infuse our secular activism and the behavior of our governments with the spiritual truth of the Messenger’s Voice: Do not kill your children; Feed the poor.
May this meta-rhythm also infuse our spiritual lives with the “secular” determination not only to yearn but also to turn— to act with vigor, not violence.
Salaam, shalom, peace –
P.S. One year from now, at the end of 2007, Hanukkah will begin the night of December 4 and end December 12; Eid al Adha will begin December 21, and continue for three days; Christmas eve will arrive on December 24. Let us begin imagining and planning now to link these dates and their communities on earth as they are in Heaven.
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What is a Biased Die?
Date: 03/01/2002 at 15:06:04 From: Rehan Basim Subject: Probability What is a biased die, and how do we find the probability when the dice are biased? Would you please give an example? I would be grateful to you.
Date: 03/03/2002 at 23:56:32 From: Doctor Twe Subject: Re: Probability Hi Rehan - thanks for writing to Dr. Math. A biased die is the opposite of a fair die. On a fair die, every number has an equal chance of being rolled (1/6 on a cubic 6-sided die). On a biased die, some numbers are more likely to be rolled than others. This may be due to the die's shape - shaving some edges, for example, or having weights inside the die, or other means of "fixing" it. For example, a biased die might have the following probabilities: No. Prob --- ---- 1 1/12 = 1/12 2 1/12 = 1/12 3 1/12 = 1/12 4 1/6 = 2/12 5 1/4 = 3/12 6 1/3 = 4/12 ----- 12/12 Notice that the sum of all the probabilities must still equal 1. I hope this helps. If you have any more questions, write back. - Doctor TWE, The Math Forum http://mathforum.com/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2013 The Math Forum
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These Napoleonic countships, increased under subsequent reigns, have produced a plentiful crop of titles of little social significance, and have tended to lower the status of the counts deriving from the ancien regime.
To these may be added a certain number of Jewish tribes and families deriving their origin partly from migrations from Palestine, partly from converts among the Arabs themselves.
In this view we are confirmed by the impossibility of deriving the Endopterygota from any living order of Exopterygota.
He does not consider the possibility of deriving enjoyment from wealth by helping the poor or encouraging learning (this latter, indeed, he looks on as vanity), and in general he recognizes no obligation on the part of a man to his fellows.
Russia, desirous of deriving some return for the support which she had given the sultan during his rupture with the French, induced the Porte to address to her a note in which the right of intervention in the affairs of the principalities, conferred on her by the treaty of Kainarji and reaffirmed in the convention of Ainali Ka y ak, was converted into a specific stipulation that the hospodars should be appointed in future for seven years and should not be dismissed without the concurrence of the Russian ambassador at Constantinople.
His other efforts in this latter direction are either slight and almost insignificant in scope, or, as in the case of the somewhat famous Ecossaise, deriving all their interest from being personal libels.
Deriving from his birthplace the culture, literary and philosophical, of Magna Graecia, and having gained the friendship of the greatest of the Romans living in that great age, he was of all the early writers most fitted to be the medium of conciliation between the serious genius of ancient Greece and the serious genius of Rome.
He found out the formula for deriving the sine of a multiple angle, knowing that of the simple angle with due regard to the periodicity of sines.
In May 1670 he received the titles of excellency and privy councillor; in July of the same year he was ennobled under the name of Griffenfeldt, deriving his title from the gold griffin with outspread wings which surmounted his escutcheon; in November 1673 he was created a count, a knight of the Elephant and, finally, imperial chancellor.
Frontier, deriving its name from that of the forest, and formed in 1790 from parts of Champagne, Picardy and Hainault.
V., deriving it from irp04atvw).
Certain enactments of later Saxon times in England have been sometimes spoken of as though they united together the temporal and spiritual jurisdictions into one mixed tribunal deriving its authority from the State.
While they are quite capable of taking up nitrates from the soil where and so long as these are present, they can grow and thrive in soil which contains no combined nitrogen at all, deriving their supplies of this element in these cases from the air.
The Peak District of the north, on the other hand, though inferior in grandeur to the mountainous Lake District, presents some of the finest hill scenery in England, deriving a special beauty from the richly wooded glens and valleys, such as those of Castleton, Glossop, Dovedale and Millersdale.
Deriving much benefit from the strategical transformation which had taken place in the Balkans consequent upon communications being opened between Thrace and the Central Powers; but there was every prospect of heavy artillery and munitions shortly beginning to find their way through from Germany and AustriaHungary to the Dardanelles.
Aschersleben was probably founded in the 11th century by Count Esico of Ballenstedt, the ancestor of the house of Anhalt, whose grandson, Otto, called himself count of Ascania and Aschersleben, deriving the former part of the title from his castle in the neighbourhood of the town.
They formed now not only a mere branch of the empire of the caliphate, but a branch deriving little life from and giving less to the main stock.
Logic he regarded as a practical art, and his Esercizioni logici has the further title, Art of deriving benefit from ill-constructed books.
Böckh, to the study of water-volumes and weights, even deriving linear measures therefrom; V.
The relation is 258: 229 :: 9:8; but the exact form in which the descent took place is not settled: 1/60 or 129 of gold is worth 57 of silver or a drachm, 1/4 of 230 (or by trade weights 127 and 226); otherwise, deriving it from the silver weight of 86 already formed, the drachm is 1/3 of the stater, 172, or double of the Persian danak of 28.7, and the sacred unit of Didyma in Ionia was this half-drachm, 27; or thirdly, what is indicated by the Lydian coinage (17), 86 of gold was equal to 1150 of silver, 5 shekels or 1/10th mina.
In England Robert Hooke (1635-1703) held to the theory of extinction of fossil forms, and advanced the two most fertile ideas of deriving from fossils a chronology, or series of time intervals in the earth's history, and of primary changes of climate, to account for the former existence of tropical species in England.
There is some difference of opinion as to the derivation of the vestment in the latter case; the Five Bishops (Report to Convocation, 1908) deriving it, like the cope, from the birrus, while Father Braun considers it, as well as the cope, to be a modification of the paenula.'
Owing its real origin, as a distinct foundation of reformed Benedictines, in the year 1098, to Stephen Harding (a native of Dorsetshire, educated in the monastery of Sherborne), and deriving its name from Citeaux (Cistercium), a desolate and almost inaccessible forest solitude, on the borders of Champagne and Burgundy, the rapid growth and wide celebrity of the order are undoubtedly to be attributed to the enthusiastic piety of St Bernard, abbot of the first of the monastic colonies, subsequently sent forth in such quick succession by the first Cistercian houses, the far-famed abbey of Clairvaux (de Clara Valle), A.D.
The second period, by converting the metal into the fusible cast iron and melting this, for the first time removed the gangue of the ore; the third period by giving a temperature high enough to melt the most infusible forms of iron, liberated the slag formed in deriving them from cast iron.
There is little doubt that the formation of the tribus Quirina (deriving its name possibly from the town of Cures) and the tribus Velina (from the river Velinus, which forms the well-known waterfalls near Terni) is to be connected with the construction of the latter high road, though its date is not certainly known.
The most probable tradition represents the Ashanti as deriving their origin from bands of fugitives, who in the 16th or 17th century were driven before the Moslem tribes migrating southward from the countries on the Niger and Senegal.
The surface of this table-land slopes from west to east, as indicated by the direction of the drainage of the country, - the great rivers, the Cauvery, Godavari, Kistna and Pennar, though deriving their sources from the base of the Western Ghats, all finding their way into the Bay of Bengal through fissures in the Eastern Ghats.
There is, for instance, no difficulty in deriving the Arab meaning of " revelation " from the common Aramaic " salvation," and this transference must have taken place in a community for which salvation formed the central object of faith, i.e.
The Divine Comedy, the Canzoniere and the Decameron were works of monumental art, deriving neither form nor inspiration immediately from the classic's, but applying the originality of Italian genius Petrarch to matter drawn from previous medieval sources.
The Jews were considered as deriving all their privileges from the hand of the king, and every privilege was dearly bought.
Under the Carey Act the Twin Falls project, deriving water from the Snake river near Twin Falls, and irrigating more than 200,000 acres, was completed in 1903-1905.
SCALE INSECT, a name given to insects belonging to the family Coccidae of the homopterous division of the Hemiptera and deriving their name from the formation by the females of a waxy secretion which often hardens into a protective scale beneath which the insects live.
STICK - INSECT, the name given to certain orthopterous insects of the family Phasmidae, of extremely variable form and size, and deriving their name from a resemblance to the branches and twigs of the trees in which they live and feed.
In another version, given at an earlier point of the same continuation, but apparently deriving from a later source, the Grail is borne in procession by a weeping maiden, and is called the "holy" Grail, but no details as to its history or character are given.
Similarly, if we have a curve U= o derived from the curve u = o in a manner independent of the particular axes of co-ordinates, then from the transformed equation u' = o deriving in like manner the curve U' = o, the two equations U= o, U' = o must each of them imply the other; and when this is so, U will be a covariant of u.
The process of development is also made slow and difficult by the great amount of labour involved in deriving the results of astronomical observations.
It is not easy to defend the principle that a landlord who has already lost his rent should also have to pay the defaulter before getting a new tenant or deriving a profit from the farm by working it himself.
The government thus established was not the product of a federation of townships, as has often been stated; indeed, the townships had been governed during the first year by commissioners deriving authority from Massachusetts, and the first general court was probably convened by them.
I define wisdom as deriving a course of action from applying a value system to a situation.
An irrigation canal, deriving water from the Sega, furnishes 112 cubic metres per second to the fields of the upper Veronese district.
Fechner saw psychology deriving advantage from the methods, as well as the results, of his experiments, and in 1879 the first psychological laboratory was erected by Wundt at Leipzig.
More generally, philosophic rationalism is opposed to empirical theories of knowledge, inasmuch as it regards all true knowledge as deriving deductively from fundamental elementary concepts.
Most systems agree in deriving the major divisions from the characters of the reproductive organs (perithecia, apothecia, or basidiospore bearing fructification), while the characters of the algal cells and those of the thallus generally are used for the minor divisions.
In the former year Frederick triumphed, at a heavy cost, over the Russians at Zorndorf; and although, through lack of his usual foresight, he lost the battle of Hochkirch, he prevented the Austrians from deriving any real advantage from their triumph, Silesia still remaining in his hands at the end of the year.
Thus, though, in so far as he asserted his fundamental doctrine without doubt or qualification, he was a dogmatist, in all else he was a sceptic. Again, the Eleatic Parmenides, deriving from the theologian Xenophanes the distinction between E 71'caT77 /, 07 and (W a, conceived that, whilst the One exists and is the object of knowledge, the Multiplicity of things becomes and is the object of opinion; but, when his successor Zeno provided the system with a logic, the consistent application of that logic resolved the fundamental doctrine into the single proposition " One is One," or, more exactly, into the single identity " One One."
His general theory of knowledge deriving from Kant and Reid, and including among other things a contaminatio of their theories of perception, 3 in no way sustains or mitigates his narrow view of logic. He makes no effective use of his general formula that to think is to condition.
Accordingly he resolved to " devote all the force which he could spare to the work of deriving improved values of the fundamental elements and embodying them in new tables of the celestial motions."
Shortly afterwards it receives the Dibang, flowing from the northeast; but its principal confluent is the Dihong, which, deriving its origin, under the name of the Tsangpo, from a spot in the vicinity of the source of the Sutlej, flows in a direction precisely opposite to that river, and traversing the tableland of Tibet, at the back of the great Himalaya range, falls into the Brahmaputra in 27° 48' N.
The form into which he threw his investigation seems to have deterred many able physicists from the inquiry into the ulterior cause of capillary phenomena, and induced them to rest content with deriving them from the fact of surface-tension.
SALT RANGE, a hill system in the Punjab and North-West Frontier Provinces of India, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock-salt.
In deriving a period of 305 days the earth is regarded as an absolutely rigid body, and no account is taken either of its elasticity or of the mobility of the ocean.
Tropical orchids are mostly epiphytal - that is, they grow upon trees without deriving nourishment from them.
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Delays, we all encounter them everyday. But process delays are one of the biggest causes of ineffectiveness, inefficiencies, and poor performance.
Do you realize that if you could reduce or eliminate delays by 50%, you could reduce the fluctuations in your processes by as much as 80%? Therefore finding and eliminating process delays is a primary objective for process improvement.
Webster’s dictionary defines a delay as: to stop, detain, or hinder for a time; to move or act slowly; to cause to be late or behind in movement or progress. Synonyms include: retard, slow, slacken, detain, put off, and postpone. As you can see, none of these are particularly flattering terms for your process.
Most delays occur at transition points from one process step to another. By reducing the number of transitions or process steps we can significantly reduce process delays. Research has shown that providing equal capacity at all steps within the process is the best way to eliminate delays. Adding flexible capacity for potential changes in demand at only one step will lead to increasing delays downstream later in the process. Thus you should make every effort to design in equal capacity at all steps within your processes to eliminate delays.
A bottleneck is a type of delay where a process step has less capacity at its input than is demanded. As such, it determines the overall velocity or speed of the whole process. Any changes made to improve individual steps of a process, without addressing the bottleneck, are likely to fail to improve the process at all.
Start by analyzing the process using a process map to identify your bottlenecks and delays. The aim is to identify where the flow slows within the process. Note that the bottleneck is not necessarily the step with the largest queue. Bottlenecks frequently occur when many sources merge into a single narrow channel.
As odd as it seams, you could do nothing. Many times when we act to fix something we don’t see any immediate results and we don’t realize that there is a delay, so we continue to take actions. Doing something makes us feel like we are in control. But doing something, without understanding the delay, can lead to overcorrection. Now your process results are zig-zagging. Therefore, it’s critical to understand your process delays, when to take action and when to just do nothing.
When in doubt, focus on understanding the process first before changing it. After all, if you spend less time changing things that don’t change the overall system’s performance, then you will have more time to change the things that do improve performance. In other words, think more, do less, achieve more.
The outcomes you receive from a process come from the design of the process. One major cause of poor process performance (waste) is delay. So we want to eliminate process delays the best we can but, first you must understand the delays before making any changes (quantitatively measure them). If delays are caused by bottlenecks then optimize the process (redesign) for bottleneck. You now have a step-by-step method for improving your processes in a continuous manner.
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“Children need the freedom to appreciate the infinite resources of their hands, their eyes and their ears, the resources of forms, material, sounds, and colours.'” – Loris Malaguzzi
What does it mean to be Reggio-inspired?
Loris Malaguzzi was an Italian early childhood educator and philosopher who founded the Reggio Emilia approach. He believed as we do that a child is the master of their learning, and in saying so, must be exposed to the right educational, psychological, and sociological influences. An educator’s main task is to create opportunities for a child that encourage ‘self-expression, logical thinking, problem-solving, and communication.’ Our number one aim and mission as educators at The Hive is to provide your child with these golden opportunities. To create an environment where they can openly take charge and navigate through their learning from a very young age.
At its core, the Reggio Emilia philosophy is based upon Malaguzzi’s powerful image of the child being “rich in potential, strong, powerful, competent, and most of all connected to adults and other children.
Viewing the child through an abstract eye.
Every child is born social, curious, and ready to explore this vast world of opportunity and experience. He or she creates their own tightly connected reality – filled with unique relationships and experiences. Children carry these different realities to our centre’s every day, and our goal is to create a learning space where these realities are amplified, broadened, and understood. To do so, we practice an emergent curriculum.
It is the philosophy that focuses solely on responding to what interests your child individually. This process-oriented approach is based on the premise that a curriculum is everything that happens throughout the day: a child’s interaction with various materials, environments, and other people. Our educators take pride in creating unique activities and opportunities that engage your child.
The 100 Languages
‘The hundred languages’ is a crucial principle of the Reggio inspired approach, but what does it mean?
Loris Malaguzzi believed that a child does not have a single way of playing, speaking, dancing, or thinking but 100 of each! The belief that the child’s potential to wonder is infinite; there is no limit on expression. ‘[ No one way of seeing but rather multiple ways of being]’
What makes us different?
As Reggio inspired educators, we do not believe in the concept of a universal childhood. As opposed to autocratic and traditional methods of teaching in early childhood education, our Reggio Emilia centres provide more rights to your child when it comes to their learning. It is not an educational method but rather a unique approach to a child’s learning. ‘Children are seen as active participants in constructing their knowledge and have substantial control over the direction that their learning takes.’ Hence exposing the child to a somewhat open environment that allows them to explore and experiment with their learning for fun.
For us, these outcomes relate to your child’s development and growth and are, therefore, our highest priority. Call now or Email us today to learn more about our centres and our Reggio Emilia approach to early learning.
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You can have a bone spur and never know it. These smooth growths at the ends of a bone, known in medicine as "osteophytes," only cause pain when they rub or press on nerves, ligaments or other tissues. This happens in 10 to 20 percent of cases, and when it does, you'll know it. Pain from bone spurs can limit your activities and makes keeping up with cardio conditioning a challenge. After the initial treatment of bone spur pain, which involves rest, ice, pain relief and often physical therapy, look to low-impact cardio exercises that avoid stressing the part of your body affected by the bone spur.
The Importance of Warming Up and Stretching
Everyone is advised to warm up before doing cardio, but this is even more vital for people with bone spurs. Five minutes of walking or doing your chosen activity at a low to medium intensity will get your blood circulating, warm up your muscles and lubricate your joints. Follow your cardio session by cooling down and stretching to restore flexibility to muscles and joints. You should also do specific stretch and strengthening exercises that target the affected joint in between your cardio sessions. A personal trainer or physical therapist can show you how to safely exercise with a bone spur.
Shoulder spurs become painful when they cause rotator cuff tendons to rub repeatedly across the bones of the shoulder blade and joint. This causes pain when you lift your arms or engage the shoulder's range of motion. People with shoulder bone spurs can participate in cardio activities that engage the lower body, including walking, stationary or recumbent biking and jogging. Use caution with elliptical or rowing machines to keep the shoulder movement within your range of comfort. Swimming should be avoided until the bone spur pain is completely resolved.
Spinal and Neck Spurs
Spinal bone spurs result from excessive vertebral movement due to degeneration of the disc and cartilage between the vertebrae. The bone spurs, formed in response to the body's efforts to stabilize the vertebrae, become painful when they compress the spinal nerves. If you have spinal bone spurs, you may need physical therapy to develop good posture and strengthen the muscles supporting the spine. People with spinal bone spurs should focus on low-impact cardio activities such as recumbent cycling, which supports the back during exercise, swimming and elliptical training.
Heel Spurs and Plantar Fasciitis
Heel spurs alone are rarely painful, but when the tough ligament or plantar fascia on the sole of the foot becomes tight and inflamed, even simple walking is nearly unbearable. It's essential to treat the pain through icing, rest and stretching. As the pain of plantar fasciitis resolves, you can resume low-impact cardio workouts. Swimming is excellent because the water supports your body and the kicking motions increase circulation in your feet and legs. Elliptical, rowing and recumbent and stationary cycling are also good choices. Walking becomes possible when the pain diminishes, but make sure your walking shoes provide proper support and cushioning to avoid a return of the inflammation.
- Barry Austin/Digital Vision/Getty Images
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Guest Author: Seyed Sadjadi, Senior Scientist
We are going to explore the reasons why C18 stationary phase is the most used when it comes to reversed-phase and how it works.
It is probably more appropriate to refer to C18 stationary phase as one of the most prolific chemistries available. There is certainly no shortage of the ever-growing varieties of this phase among chromatography column providers. However, before we delve into the subject at hand, here is a short review of how C18 stationary phase came to existence.
In the beginning, Mikhail Tsvet, a Russian botanist, tried to isolate and separate the natural pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll, etc.) in plant tissues. As one might have guessed, what Tsvet used for his separation experiment was NOT highly refined, fully porous, perfectly shaped spherical, and uniformly sized silica particles bonded with a C18 ligand and packed tightly into a high grade stainless-steel tube! He used materials that nature made available to him—minerals and rock salts (calcium salts)—as the stationary phase and a mixture of ethanol as his mobile phase. Tsvett named this separation technique “chromatography” which today is a significant branch of analytical chemistry.
In the early chromatography experiments (Tsvet’s design), the hydrophobic analytes were first to elute from the column followed by polar and very hydrophilic compounds. This elution order was referred to as normal phase chromatography (NP). Several decades later and with many more scientists involved in this field, additional separation modes have been introduced into chromatography to resolve and purify many classes of compounds in many different matrices. As exciting (!!!) as it may be to cover all these new additions, we will only concentrate on one, reversed phase chromatography(RP).
In a chromatographic system the ionic and very polar analytes elute from the column first, followed by more hydrophobic analytes. The compounds elute in the opposite order as compared to Tsvet’s experiments. Accordingly, this system is called “reversed-phase” chromatography.
The ultimate goal of the RP technique is to separate analytes with varying degree of hydrophobicity. In a nutshell, this task is accomplished by:
- Use a hydrophobic stationary phase to retain the analytes.
- Modifying and optimizing a multi-component solvent system with differential ability to act as a good solvent for the target analytes. This includes both organic solvents and buffer solutions, when applicable. Not all compounds are strongly acidic or basic, but instead may have polar groups that require a narrow pH range to control their behavior.
Hydrophobic Stationary Phase
Hydrocarbons are a perfect example of hydrophobicity and are in effect, oily substances. More specifically, straight-chain alkanes are well-suited to serve as a good stationary phase. We should note that as the carbon atoms in the chain increases, the physical properties of the hydrocarbon changes as well—C1 through C4 are gaseous; C5-C17 are liquid; C18 and larger are solids. Other than alkanes, there are other candidates, such as aromatic and cyclic alkanes, that could equally be viable here as a stationary phase. These other stationary phases will be discussed in other articles. The popularity of the C18 may be due to early availability of the starting material for the bonding process. This fortunate coincidence lead to further discovery of how well-suited C18 was to the chromatographic process. Either way, both factors helped promote C18 as the undisputed champion of the RP stationary phases.
The next step is to attach the alkane group, specifically C18 or octadecyl, onto a suitable surface. Silica has outperformed every other media that was considered, and silica particles are available in many shapes (regular spherical or irregular), sizes (0.9 o 10 µm and larger), porosities (as large as 1000 Ȧ), and is either fully porous or has a solid core by design.
After the bonding process is completed (many of the details of this process are kept confidential), a C18 ligand attaches to the silica at a molecular level and a more generic physical placement inside a silica particle pore as the images depict below.
Figure 1. C18 ligand bonded to silicon dioxide
Figure 2. A generic depiction of two C18 ligand molecules on the surface of silica pores
RPC Retention Mechanism
The beauty and simplicity of a C18 stationary phase is that it offers a very simple hydrophobic interaction. As the solutes in the mobile phase travel through the silica pores, they can be attracted and held by the hydrocarbon through a rather weak hydrophobic (and van der Waal force) interaction. Figure 3 is a representative of such an interaction.
Figure 3, A simple hydrophobic interaction between a C18 ligand and a compound.
Figure 4 shows that there is a hydrophobic interaction between the C18 ligand, the compound’s benzene ring, and its propyl group moiety (encircled). The attraction between the C18 ligand and the amine moiety on the other side of molecule is minimal due to the presence of a positive charge on nitrogen.
A parameter that indicates the degree of a compound’s hydrophobicity is called log P. This value is the equilibrium constant of a compound after it is placed in a mixture of water and n-octanol. A positive log P value indicates the target compound is more soluble in n-octanol and thus has more hydrophobic nature. A negative log P indicates a water-soluble molecule and thus has a more hydrophilic nature. Figure 4 shows a list of various classes of compounds with approximate log P ranges.
Figure 4. log P scale for various class of compounds
Empowered with this information, the task at hand becomes rather clear: to retain a compound on a C18 column, the compound must become as neutral or as hydrophobic as possible. Obviously, nothing can be done to analytes that are already neutral or have no possibility of becoming charged. However, for weakly acidic and basic compounds, we can use a buffer to control the extent of their charge state. Another chemical property to use here is the pKa (and pKb). Weak acids and bases in solution exist in two forms: their neutral form, and one in which they are deprotonated (acids) or protonated (bases). At a specific pH value, these two conjugate forms are in equal concentrations. This pH value is referred to as pKa and pKb. The graphical presentation below (Fig 5) illustrates the pK values and its relationship to increasing or decreasing hydrophobicity of compounds as a function of pH.
Figure 5. Graphical presentation of weakly acid and basic conjugates as function of pH.
In general practice, it is recommended that the mobile pH to be set 2 units above or below the pKb or pKa, respectively, to ensure that compound exists in one form with the highest possibility of retention on column. Of course, there are exceptions to just about everything and every rule.
To this point, we have only covered one component of the mobile phase, specifically, the aqueous portion. This led us to use several chemical properties to help increase the analyte retention on a C18 stationary phase. Now, it is natural to discuss how to elute the analytes from a C18 stationary phase.
To overcome the hydrophobic interaction under reversed-phase conditions, Methanol (MeOH), Acetonitrile (ACN) and Tetrahydrofuran (THF) are the primary solvent choices. In order of strength, MeOH is considered the weakest solvent and THF the strongest. This strength translates into how quickly the analytes will elute with each solvent. Given identical proportion in the mobile phase (MP), a single analyte will elute much faster, with THF as the solvent, than the others. However, the solvent strength does not yield proportional selectivity when more than one analyte is considered. In the next article, we will address the difference in solvent selectivity in reversed-phase chromatography.
In conclusion, C18 is one of simplest and most convenient stationary phases available for reversed-phase chromatography.
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On January 17, 2017, journalism nonprofit ProPublica launched an initiative called Documenting Hate to crowdsource reliable data about hate crimes so that journalists—and the public—could be more informed about the prevalence of these crimes. The goal of Documenting Hate is to compile an authoritative database of hate crimes in the United States, aggregating data from user-submitted reports, civil rights groups, law enforcement agencies, and other sources, into a single, accessible location to make this data more readily available to all. On the surface, Documenting Hate should be heartening—civic technologists are employing data to better understand and tackle a serious social problem—however its existence raises a very pressing concern: why isn’t there already an authoritative source for this data?
When it comes to hate crimes, the main sources for official crime statistics are woefully lacking. There are a few ways federal criminal justice agencies measure crime. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) oversees the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, in which 18,000 participating law enforcement agencies around the country voluntarily submit data about crimes in their jurisdictions, which the FBI analyzes and publicly reports. Additionally, the Department of Justice administers the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) biannually to measure incidents of criminal victimization, which includes both reported and unreported crimes. In 2012 (the most recent year for which data is available), NCVS reported 293,790 hate crime victimizations across the country, while UCR program reported just 7,164 victims. Given that NCVS also records unreported crimes in its surveys, some discrepancy would be understandable. However the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) found that just over half of violent crimes go unreported per year, with some variation based on the type and seriousness of the crime, so a discrepancy of this magnitude is cause for concern.
This large discrepancy indicates that law enforcement agencies are dramatically underreporting the actual number of hate crimes that occur within their jurisdictions. There are two main reasons why the FBI’s official statistics are likely faulty. First, since the UCR program is voluntary, not every law enforcement agency shares data with the FBI—in 2014, 15,494 of the 17,985 law enforcement agencies in the country shared hate crime data. Second, many of the agencies that did report hate crimes likely reported data they knew to be false. Just 1,666 of those 15,494 agencies reported any incidence of hate crimes within their jurisdictions, the rest reported none. When examining the breakdown of hate crime reports by jurisdiction, it quickly becomes clear that these numbers are almost definitely not accurate. For example, despite Mississippi having 75 participating agencies covering 1.3 million people, there is only one reported hate crime in the state for all of 2014. The 63 participating agencies in Wyoming reported zero. Several other states, including Arkansas, Georgia, and Louisiana also reported unrealistically low numbers, establishing a clear and suspicious trend of misleading hate crime reporting. When other states, such as Massachusetts, report hundreds of hate crimes per year, it is simply implausible that some states report experienced a scant handful or even none at all.
Such bad statistics can have serious implications for criminal justice issues. For example, the opaque ways the federal government measures sexaul assault makes researching the issue unnecessarily challenging and dangerously warps public perception about the prevalence of the issue. Accurate hate crime statistics are crucial for law enforcement officials and policymakers to make well-informed decisions, and misleading data will inappropriately influence how these decision-makers allocate resources to address this problem.
Without action from local, state, and federal policymakers, official hate crime data will not get better. First, all law enforcement agencies that do not already do so should participate in the UCR program. While agencies should do this for its own sake, they should also recognize that UCR participation qualifies them for federal grant funding. Additionally, offices of state inspectors general in states with suspiciously low hate crime reporting rates should investigate the crime reporting practices of local law enforcement agencies to ensure hate crimes are accurately recorded, processed, and reported. For example, the Baltimore Police Department was able to dramatically underreport the number of sexual assault cases in its jurisdiction for years by deliberately misreporting the nature of these crimes and the status of their investigations in their reporting. On the federal level, though the FBI provides guidance on hate crime data collection, it should do more to ensure that law enforcement agencies are recording and reporting data about hate crimes accurately, such as by offering supplementary training or investigating agencies likely failing to report this data correctly.
ProPublica should be applauded for taking the initiative to address the glaring problem of faulty hate crime statistics. However, leaving this problem in the hands of civil society is neither sustainable nor responsible. Without continuous government funding to support the collection and maintenance of this data, there is no guarantee that it will be around forever, and the fact that there is need for an initiative like Documenting Hate indicates that the UCR program is not succeeding in its mission to gather reliable and accurate crime statistics.
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More than six million people in the U.S. suffer from persistent wounds -- open sores that never seem to heal or, once apparently healed, return with a vengeance. The bedridden elderly and infirm are prone to painful and dangerous pressure ulcers, and diabetics are susceptible to wounds caused by a lack of blood flow to the extremities.
"The problem is chronic," says Prof. Amihay Freeman of Tel Aviv University's Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. To solve it, he's developed a unique device that uses a solution to whisk away dead tissue, bathing the wound while keeping dangerous bacteria away.
Prof. Freeman's "Dermastream" provides an enzyme-based solution that flows continuously over the wound, offering an alternative treatment to combat a problem for which current treatments are costly and labor-intensive. It could save the American healthcare system millions of dollars a year, and could be in hospitals and doctor's offices soon: Dermastream has passed clinical trials in Israeli hospitals and may be available in the U.S. within the next year, says Prof. Freeman.
Smarter and less painful wound care
Employing a special solution developed at Prof. Freeman's Tel Aviv University laboratory, Dermastream offers a new approach to chronic wound care, a specialty known as "continuous streaming therapy."
"Our basic idea is simple," says Prof. Freeman. "We treat the wound by streaming a solution in a continuous manner. Traditional methods require wound scraping to remove necrotic tissue. That is expensive, painful and extremely uncomfortable to the patient. And while active ingredients applied with bandages on a wound may work for a couple of hours, after that the wound fights back. The bacteria build up again, creating a tedious and long battle."
Dermastream "flows" under a plastic cover that seals the wound, providing negative pressure that promotes faster healing. The active biological ingredient, delivered in a hypertonic medium, works to heal hard-to-shake chronic wounds. While traditional bandaging methods may take months to become fully effective, Dermastream can heal chronic wounds in weeks, Prof. Freeman says.
Liquid armor to fight bacteria
Dermastream is intended for use in hospitals, nursing homes, outpatient clinics and homecare. Prof. Freeman has founded a company that is currently collaborating with a Veterans Association hospital in Tucson, AZ, to bring the technology to the U.S. market.
Dermastream was an outgrowth of Prof. Freeman's original laboratory research, which investigated the use of enzymes for pharmaceutical applications. Enzymes were previously applied to wounds as ointments, but were slow-acting and required a great deal of time to apply. Coupling the enzymes with a continuous stream of liquid, he unlocked the power of the enzymes in a way that works and makes sense, he says.
"My solution helps doctors regain control of the chronic wound, making management more efficient, and vastly improving the quality of their patients' lives," Prof. Freeman concludes.
Source: Tel Aviv University (news : web)
Explore further: New route to identify drugs that can fight bacterial infections
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may be the genetic legacy of Neanderthals, scientists believe. Researchers
at the John Radcliffe Institute of Molecular Medicine in Oxford say that
the so-called "ginger gene" which gives
people red hair, fair skin and freckles could be up to 100,000 years old.
They claim that their discovery points to the gene having originated in
Neanderthal man who lived in Europe for 200,000 years before Homo sapien
settlers, the ancestors of modern man, arrived from Africa about 40,000
Rosalind Harding, the research team leader, said: "The gene is certainly
older than 50,000 years and it could be as old as 100,000 years.
"An explanation is that it comes from Neanderthals." It is estimated
that at least 10 per cent of Scots have red hair and a further 40 per
cent carry the gene responsible, which could account for their once
fearsome reputation as fighters.
Neanderthals have been characterised as migrant hunters and violent cannibals
who probably ate most of their meat raw. They were taller and stockier
than Homo sapiens, but with shorter limbs, bigger faces
and noses, receding chins and low foreheads.
The two species overlapped for a period of time and the Oxford research
appears to suggests that they must have successfully interbred for the
"ginger gene" to survive. Neanderthals became extinct about
28,000 years ago, the last dying out in southern Spain and southwest France.
of this website are reprinted under the Fair Use Doctrine of International
Copyright Law as educational material without benefit of financial gain.
This proviso is applicable throughout the entire website.
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PSA Test Linked to Better Prostate Cancer Survival
Study Shows That Some Men With Prostate Cancer Live Longer
By Denise Mann
WebMD Health News
Reviewed By Louise Chang, MD
According to a new study, men diagnosed and treated for prostate cancer during the time when PSA screening was widely recommended lived longer than men who were diagnosed and treated before the "PSA era."
Researchers led by Ian M. Thompson Jr., MD, the director of the Cancer Therapy & Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, analyzed data from three large studies starting in the mid-1980s and spanning through the PSA era, which began in 1990.
Specifically, men lived for about 49 months after being diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer (cancer that had spread to other parts of the body) during the PSA era. By contrast, such men lived about 30 and 33 months before routine PSA testing was performed. The study did not look at men with prostate cancer that hadn't spread.
African-American men are at greater risk for prostate cancer than white men, and they tend to fare worse. The advent of PSA screening may have also helped to improve the survival gap between African-American and white men with prostate cancer. Before the PSA era, African-American men lived for an average of 27 months after diagnosis. Their survival rate had increased to 48 months during the PSA era, the study shows.
The findings appear in the Journal of Urology.
PSA Testing Boosts Survival
Still, the PSA test is likely not solely responsible for these improvements. More detailed imaging and better treatments also likely play a role in these survival gains. “While not all of these welcome improvements can be attributed strictly to PSA testing, without a doubt it has played a role in extending many lives,” Thompson says in a news release.
PSA testing is controversial. A government task force recently recommended against such screening, but other groups take a softer stance. The American Cancer Society and others state that men should not get a PSA test until they discuss their personal risks and benefits with their doctor.
Otis Brawley, MD, chief science officer at the American Cancer Society, says the survival benefit seen in the new study is likely due to factors other than routine PSA screening.
Changes in imaging technology that better categorize prostate cancers and improved use of drugs also affect survival, he says. As to whether men should or shouldn't get PSA testing, there is no clear-cut answer. "Men need to be informed of the risks and benefits and make a decision."
The Argument Against Routine PSA Testing
There are some issues clouding blanket PSA testing, Brawley says. For starters, many men with prostate cancer will not need treatment because the tumors are slow growing. "Men with high PSA levels may end up with more testing and unnecessary treatment," he says. These treatments, including biopsy, are not without risks.
"The bottom line is that it is not 'should they or should they not' get the test. There is uncertainty. It's a huge question mark," Brawley says.
Brian M. Rivers, PhD, MPH, says more targeted screening may be the way to go. He is a researcher at Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Fla. "We need to really target our PSA screening efforts to high-risk groups, not global screening," he says. Men who are at high risk for prostate cancer include those with a strong family history and African-Americans.
A man at high risk for prostate cancer with an abnormal PSA may be more likely to have an aggressive cancer than a man at low risk, he says.
"Have the conversation to see if PSA testing is right for you," Rivers says. "These findings point to the need for men to engage in shared decision making with their health care provider."
Tangen, C. Journal of Urology, study received ahead of print.
Brian M Rivers, PhD, MPH, researcher, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Fla.
Otis Brawley, MD, chief science officer, American Cancer Society.
© 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
Get the latest treatment options.
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A humanitarian, a freedom fighter, a determined lawyer and above all, a compassionate human being - Nelson Mandela easily slips into each of these roles with ease. The first black President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela is best remembered for his Nobel Peace Prize and his struggle against apartheid. Once regarded as terrorist, Nelson Mandela is now affectionately known as Madiba, which is an honorary title that is adopted by the clan. His life is an inspiration to all those who dream of making it to the top despite all odds.
One of the most respected human beings of the 20th century, Nelson Mandela fought determined for what he believed in. He fought for equality for all. He fought against the dreadful practice of apartheid, in which blacks were ill-treated by the whites and were not given any rights or powers. During his fight, he was imprisoned and was kept in jail for a span of 27 years. It was due to his sacrifice that today the condition of blacks South Africa and also all over the world, is much better.
His release from prison was a cause that was supported by people all over the world. Nelson Mandela served as the President for two terms before announcing his retirement. Even though he was mistreated by the whites, his nobility and also the ability to shed feelings of resentment helped tremendously in establishing a new beginning and better treatment of blacks. If it was not for his steady efforts, the transition would have been problematic and would have taken the lives of many innocents. His humanitarian side can be seen from the fact that he regularly lends support to foundations that help people suffering from AIDS and does his best to spread awareness about it.
Nelson Mandela Timeline
- 1918: Born as Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela on July 18 in South Africa. Given the name ‘Nelson’ by a teacher at school
- 1919: Father (Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa) is dispossessed of his land and money due to orders passed by a white magistrate
- 1927: His father dies. Jongintaba Dalindyebo, the chief of their clan becomes Nelson’s guardian and makes sure he receives good education
- 1937: Moves on to Healdtown for getting enrolled in Wesleyan College. Starts studying for B.A in Fort Hare University, where he meets his lifelong friend Oliver Tambo
- 1939: Gets involved in a boycott of the Students' Representative Council against the university policies and is asked to leave the university campus. Goes to Johannesburg to avoid an arranged marriage and experiences apartheid for the first time. Completes his degree through correspondence from University of South Africa and also studies law
- 1943: Joins as an activist with the African National Congress
- 1944: Forms Youth League of African National Congress along with his friend Oliver Tambo and Walter Sislu. Also, gets married to Evelyn Ntoko Mase, his first wife and eventually has three children with her
- 1952: Starts the first black legal firm in South Africa along with Oliver Tambo and provides free and low cost legal advice and counseling to black people who didn’t have legal representation
- 1956: Nelson is accused of conspiring to overthrow South African state through violent means along with 155 political activists and is charged with high treason.
- 1957: His marriage with first wife Evelyn Ntoko Mase breaks up
- 1958: Gets married to Nomzamo "Winnie" Madikizela, who is a social worker and eventually have two children.
- 1959: ANC loses much of its financial and military support because many members break up and from Pan Africanist Congress
- 1960: Infamous Sharpeville Massacre takes place wherein the police kill 69 peaceful protesters. ANC is banned and Mandela goes into hiding to form an armed military group
- 1962: Gets arrested after living on the run for 17 months and is imprisoned in Johannesburg fort. Mandela is sentenced to five years in prison but somehow escapes
- 1964: Mandela is captured and convicted for sabotage and treason and sentenced to life imprisonment.
- 1980: Oliver Tambo launches an international campaign for the release of Mandela. Meanwhile Zimbabwe gains independence
- 1990: Mandela is released from prison after serving for 27 years. The ban on ANC is lifted by President De Klerk
- 1991: Appointed the President of ANC and the International Olympics Committee lift a 21 year ban on south African sportsmen to compete in Olympics
- 1993: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1994: Runs for the post of President in the free elections where black South Africans are allowed to vote for the first time. Wins the elections with majority and becomes the first black President of South Africa
- 1995: South Africa hosts as well as wins the Rugby World Cup
- 1998: Marries for the third time on his 80th birthday, Graca Machel, who is the widow of the former President of Mozambique
- 2000: Played the role of a mediator in the civil war in Burundi
- 2001: Diagnosed and treated for Prostate cancer and was later made the honorary Canadian citizen
- 2003: Condemned the foreign policy of George W. Bush. Lent his support to 46664 AIDS fundraising campaign. The initiative was named after his prison number
- 2004: Announced his retirement from public life at the age of 85. Went to Bangkok to speak at the XV International AIDS Conference. Was awarded the highest honor by Johannesburg by granting Nelson Mandela the Freedom of the City
Nelson Mandela,http://www.biography.com/people/nelson-mandela-9397017 ((last visited Feb 5, 2013).
Nelson Mandela,http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/mandela.html (last visited Feb 5, 2013).
Nelson Mandela,http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/nelson-mandela-59.php (last visited Feb 5, 2013).
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ANT 309L • American Public Sphere
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Students need to register for one of the following discussion sections: 26570, Th 12-1:00, RAS 213 26575, F 9-10:00, BAT 215 26580, F 11-12:00, RAS 211A 26585, F 11-12:00, JES A205A
This course is an introduction to culture, media, and politics in the U.S. It takes culture to be: (1) a public circulation of objects, sensibilities, and forms of expression such as music, films, newspapers, styles of dress, and body mannerisms and (2) a way of life which is lived as identities and located in particular practices of everyday life and in institutions, laws, forms of publicity, publics, social movements, and physical and social spaces. How is culture produced through television, film, radio, music and other expressive forms? What constitutes a ?public identity? and its difference from a ?private identity?? How are seemingly ?private? things such as feelings, identities, and the familiy constructed through public forms, politics, and institutions? How do marginalized groups construct particular identities and cultures? What kinds of social spaces and cultural forms are important to social and political life in the United States? (i.e. malls, highways, restaurants, bars, coffee houses, clubs, sports teams, universities, social movements).
Francis Fitzgerald, Cities on a Hill Susan Harding, The Book of Jerry Falwell John Stilgoe, Outside Lies Magic Leah Cohen, Glass, Paper, Beans Herbert Schiller, Culture, Inc. Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were
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...he past perfect can be used to refer to imaginary, unreal or impossible situations which are contrary to facts in the past.
The past simple is used with:
Type 2 Conditionals - If he had money, he would move to another house. ...Lb. Engleza
...n object) can be used in the passive (live does not have a passive form). We use the passive:
When the person or people who do the action are unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. Bill ...Lb. Engleza
...expect. He is said to be living in Spain. Regula: daca cel de-al doilea verb exprima o actiune anterioara momentului vorbirii in loc de Infinitiv punem Infinitiv Trecut. Exemplu: She is known to have won ...Lb. Engleza
...ctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses. USEThe Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions Verbs Followed by the SubjunctiveThe Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:
to ...Lb. Engleza
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The idea of cloud storage has become more pertinent over recent years given the exponential advancement of technology. More businesses endeavour to have more ʻpaper-lessʼ environments with the view to creating more efficient, not to mention tidier, storage systems. ʻCloud storageʼ or ʻcloud computingʼ was defined by the United States Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology as a model for enabling convenient network access to a shared pool of resources, including networks, storage and applications, that can be accessed with minimal service provider contact.
There are many different cloud storage models which each carry different risks. These include, but are not limited to, private cloud, community cloud and public cloud. Private cloud is where the cloud infrastructure provides for the exclusive use by a single organisation e.g. Cisco. Community cloud is for the use by a specific community of organisations that share the same mission e.g. Google Apps. Both the private and community clouds may be owned and managed by the organisation, a third party or mixture of both and exist on or off premises. Public cloud is for the open use by the general public and is typically owned and operated by a government department or a business e.g. Amazon.
Some of the benefits for investing in cloud storage include reliable backup storage, more storage capacity, flexibility, economies of scale, more efficient professional services, reduced IT costs, fewer hardware write-offs, better quality servers, and reduced risk of losing physical files during natural disasters as has occurred in the Christchurch earthquakes.
However, with these benefits come a number of risks.
Client confidentiality is a core concept, for example, within the legal industry ,a lawyer has a duty to protect and to hold in strict confidence all information concerning a clientʼs business and affairs under the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006 and the Privacy Act 1993. Generally, this is one of the major factors for some businesses being reluctant to implement cloud storage systems. There have been a number of unfortunate instances where private information has been disclosed; for example, in February 2015 the United States Internal Revenue Service was hacked whereby personal information of 334,000 accounts was unlawfully accessed through the online tax system.
Potentially, a cloud storage provider could have access to client information or even sell stored information to unauthorised persons. With cloud storage having no geographical boundaries, the relevant and applicable legal jurisdiction can become blurred, particularly in the context of overseas third party cloud storage providers. Cloud storage providers may require ownership of the stored data to protect their interests and may provide information to government agencies when requested. In light of this, when engaging services of cloud storage providers, the terms and conditions of any agreement should be carefully considered. Further, a cloud storage provider would need to be capable of customising software for, by way of example, the legal industry, and adapting to its changes. Local cloud storage providers may have the flexibility to provide this; however, they may not offer the same technology and financial security as overseas cloud providers.
Anyone who engages the services of a cloud storage provider must ensure that client confidentiality will not be compromised and all reasonable steps have been taken to ensure third parties or hackers cannot access client data. Accordingly, clients should be informed that their personal information is held with a third party.
Even with all the necessary precautions in place, breaches may still occur. However, there are ways to mitigate the risks associated with cloud storage; examples include implementing the necessary agreements for acceptable service levels and remedies for non-compliance and conducting due diligence of service providers; creating strict restrictions and security on access to information; enforcing terms for the transfer of data; and knowing where the data will be stored and the privacy laws applicable. Backup systems for damage control must be established and highly confidential information could be stored in a different manner to low risk information.
The decision to invest in cloud storage is a balancing act between the efficiencies of technology and the potential risks associated with privacy in the light of business strategy and priorities.
Section 15 of the Companies Act 1993 (“Act”) states that a company has a legal personality in its own right and is separate from its shareholders. This is a principle known as the Salomon principle, originating from the case of Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd. The Salomon principle provides that a company is essentially regarded as a legal person separate from its directors, shareholders, employees and agents. This means as a separate legal entity, a company can be sued in its own name and own assets separately from its shareholders.
The corporate veil is drawn from the Salomon principle which separates the rights and duties of the company from the rights and duties of the shareholders and directors. Essentially, the corporate veil is a metaphoric veil with the company on one side of it and its directors and shareholders on the other and liability does not pass through.
The corporate veil does not provide protection to its shareholders and directors for their personal conduct or allow companies to be used for sham transactions. Accordingly, the courts may lift or pierce the corporate veil.
The corporate veil and Salomon principle were applied in Lee v Leeʼs Air Farming Ltd. The Court ruled that although Lee was the controlling shareholder, sole director and chief pilot of Leeʼs Air Farming Ltd, he was also considered an employee of the company and thus the company was a separate legal entity, even though Leeʼs Air Farming Ltd was essentially a ʻone-man entityʼ. This ruling created the opportunity for the corporate veil to be misused and has since been regulated against by imposing reckless trading provisions.
The corporate veil can be lifted by the courts if its presence would create a substantial injustice. This is the process used to look behind the corporate façade and identify the true nature of a transaction.
The corporate veil may be lifted in a number of circumstances, for example where a subsidiary company is in liquidation in the context of a group of companies as illustrated in Steel & Tube Holdings Ltd v Lewis Holdings Ltd. The subsidiary company was placed into liquidation and the plaintiff sought the debt owed by the subsidiary from the group of companies rather than the subsidiary as a separate entity. The Court of Appeal agreed with this approach as the subsidiary was not run as a separate legal entity. Some of the factors the Court considered were that the directors of the subsidiary managed the subsidiary as officers of the parent company and did not hold separate board meetings for the subsidiary. Technically, the subsidiary was a separate legal entity but it was not managed as a separate entity. Accordingly, the Court lifted the corporate veil to pool the assets of the related companies. The courts may not always apply this approach to groups of companies but this case identifies the importance of ensuring each entity within a group of companies is managed as a separate legal entity.
The Courts may pierce the corporate veil and remove the protection of the Salomon principle to prohibit fraud. This was evident in Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne where a managing director agreed not to engage with his former employerʼs customers but proceeded to do so through a newly formed company. The courts pierced the corporate veil to reveal the sham transactions occurring behind the façade of the company.
Generally, the courts are reluctant to pierce the corporate veil to protect creditors in the absence of fraud. However, where reckless trading takes place by directors, s 135 of the Act allows for the veil to be pierced.
In the case of tax evasion or unauthorised tax avoidance, the courts may look past the Salomon principle, pierce the corporate veil and declare the company a sham.
The courts will only lift or pierce the veil where an inequitable situation may be occurring behind the corporate façade based on the facts of each case. The corporate veil is vital for the legitimate use of the corporate structure and the protection of shareholders and directors and thus, by its very existence, promotes the playing field for taking commercial risks.
Domestic violence (“DV”) has proven to be a significant issue in New Zealand. For example in 2016, the New Zealand (“NZ”) Police investigated 118,910 incidents of family violence, that equates to approximately one DV incident every five minutes. The most recent parliamentary debate on the issue has resulted in The Domestic Violence – Victimsʼ Protection Bill (“Bill”), originally proposed by the Green Party, which had its first reading in March 2017. This Bill aims to offer greater protection to victims of DV (“Victim/s”) in an employment context. The Bill aims to reduce:
The stigma attached to being a Victim;
The abuse of Victims in the workplace; and
To require employers to adhere to more understanding practices.
The Bill proposes to assist Victims by introducing a definition of, “a victim of domestic violence” under section 5 of the Bill and amending several different pieces of employment legislation to better cater to the needs of Victims.
The Bill defines a Victim as a person who suffers DV who can produce a “domestic violence document” (“DVD”) because they have suffered DV or provide care to an individual in their immediate family who suffers DV. A DVD is a collection of documents that provide evidence that a person falls within the definition of a Victim. Examples of these documents are a police report or criminal proceedings.
The proposed changes to employment legislation are the introduction of DV leave, flexible working for Victims, Health and Safety Requirements and new prohibited grounds of discrimination. These are described below.
DV leave: The Bill proposes to amend the Holiday Act 2003 by introducing ten days within a 12 month period paid “domestic violence leave” for Victims. To be eligible, the person must supply their employer with their DVD. The employer will be expected to approve the leave “as soon as practicable”.
Flexible working for Victims: The Bill proposes to amend the Employment Relations Act 2000 so that Victims can request flexible working arrangements such as working from a different location or unusual hours. Employees who make this request will need to have been employed by the same employer for at least six months and have not made a flexible working request for at least 12 months.
Health and Safety Requirements: The Bill proposes to amend the definition of “hazard” to include situations arising from DV. This would require persons conducting a business or undertaking (PCBUʼs) to have a policy for dealing with hazards that arise in the workplace due to DV. A PCBU will also have to take reasonable and practicable steps to provide health and safety representatives with training to support workers who are Victims.
Prohibited grounds of discrimination: The Bill proposes introducing being a Victim as a prohibited ground of discrimination under the Human Rights Act 1993 and the Employment Relations Act 2000.
The current government states that this Bill is seeking to remedy something that has already been addressed by the existing provisions within current Employment and Health and Safety legislation. Immigration Minister Mr Woodhouse also stated there was no need for the initiative as many employers go above the minimum employment standards; for example, Countdown already offers ten days DV leave.
The discussion above suggests that the current government is content to leave more comprehensive DV initiatives to businesses. They have voiced the opinion that they believe the extra leave will burden small businesses and therefore do not support the Bill in its current form. However, leaving the instigation of DV initiatives to businesses may result in Victims only receiving the limited support offered by current legislation.
Currently, it is estimated that DV is costing $368 million or more a year particularly through lost productivity, businesses losing staff, and retraining. The Human Rights Commission has launched a campaign to encourage businesses to introduce more comprehensive family violence policies in their workplaces. Equal Employment Opportunities Commissioner Dr Jackie Blue states “By implementing a family violence policy, the cost savings to the business will be truly significant but crucially, for victims, it can be life-changing and life-saving.”
Where many New Zealand businesses are going beyond the current legislation to provide support to Victims, some are not. This Bill, if passed into law will recognise DV as a workplace hazard and accordingly, require New Zealand businesses to implement new workplace policies. So, with the report from Parliament due on 8 September 2017, this is one space to watch.
Competition law promotes or seeks to maintain competition in marketplaces. It does this by restricting anti-competitive trade practices, mergers and business acquisitions, and economic regulation.
The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employmentʼs (“MBIE”) Report titled “Competition in New Zealand Industries: Measurement and Evidence” (the “Report”) submits that competition in the market can create a positive relationship between profits and productivity for businesses. An increase in competition stimulates managerial efforts and promotes businesses to be more innovative which increases productivity over time. As competition increases, the less efficient businesses tend to exit the market, encouraging quality products within the market. In contrast, a lack of competition arguably results in an average performing economy due to the absence of competition as a driver towards productivity and quality.
The Report addresses the possibility of high levels of competition decreasing the productivity and quality of the market place. However, studies of the relationship between competition and innovation often show that a majority of markets would perform better with the competition. The Report records that New Zealand markets are small and isolated due to New Zealandʼs geographical position. Therefore, increased competition is likely to stimulate rather than curtail innovation.
The Commerce Commission (“the Commission”) operates under the Commerce Commission Act 1986 and monitors and governs competition in the markets. The Commission examines anti-competitive practices such as agreements between businesses that have the potential to increase prices or reduce the choice of goods or services. A relevant case study is the application for a merger between the two largest news companies in New Zealand, New Zealand Media and Entertainment (“NZME”) and Fairfax New Zealand (“Fairfax”).
In late 2016, NZME and Fairfax proposed a merger between the two companies which would see NZME paying Fairfax Australia $55 million if the merger was allowed.
Allegedly, the merger was proposed due to Fairfaxʼs falling revenue. Fairfax Australia reported that for the New Zealand Branch revenue fell 8 percent for the last six months of 2016 and its operating profit dropped 10 percent due to a consumer shift from traditional media sources to online media sources. Greg Hywood, the Chief Executive of Fairfax Australia, said that they had plans to restructure Fairfax into a more sustainable business model if the merger was not approved.
Despite Fairfax explaining their market challenges to the Commission, the Commission gave a preliminary “no” to the merger on 8 November 2016. They then rejected the merger completely on 2 May 2017. The decision released by the Commission stated that if the merger were allowed to proceed it would result in, “an unprecedented level of media concentration for a well-established democracy.” Due to the extent of the two organisations' investments, the Commissionʼs decision reports that the merger would be likely to lessen competition by increasing prices and/or decreasing quality for the readers and/or advertisers in advertising and reader markets, and as a result, the merger should not be cleared.
Fairfax has now appealed the decision of the Commission to the High Court on the basis that the Commission exceeded its authority by considering social and political considerations. The companies also reported that the Commission had breached procedure due to the anonymity and confidentiality afforded to the parties that made submissions against the merger. The companies allege that the Commission had breached the principles of natural justice and procedural fairness. The High Court process began at the end of May; there have been no further updates.
Without competition law regulating mergers, the merger between NZME and Fairfax would not have been questioned and the possible consequences would not have been explored. The NZME and Fairfax case study demonstrates that competition law can assist in protecting consumers and citizens alike and, therefore, is very important to the development of our economy and society at large.
A Guarantor is a person who gives a promise to repay the debt of a borrower. By agreeing to pay a debt the Guarantor has made a guarantee to the institution or person lending the funds (“lender”). Frequently when someone gives a guarantee they are also giving an indemnity. An indemnity is a contractual promise to accept liability for any loss by the lender that is accumulated in the process of the recovery of a debt.
There are different types of guarantees: unlimited, limited, unsecured or secured. An unlimited guarantee generally gives the lender an ability to demand the Guarantor repays all monies owing, whereas a limited guarantee has an agreed amount payable by the Guarantor. An unsecured guarantee is not attached to any particular asset of the Guarantor. In contrast, a secured guarantee grants security over a specific asset owned by the Guarantor, e.g., their house.
Personal guarantees are becoming more common in the parent-child scenario. However, the parents sometimes underestimate the extent of the risk they assume when signing a guarantee. Regularly, the guaranteed loan represents a large portion of the parentsʼ assets and therefore may have significant consequences on the parentsʼ current and future living standards if the lender demands payment of the debt. It is important to note that a personal guarantee is not for a specific timeframe. Therefore, the Guarantor may be liable for any current loans, future financing or credit card debts.
Guarantees are legally binding documents and are enforceable through the Courts. Extinguishing the obligations under a guarantee can be difficult as the parties must adhere to the terms and conditions of the guarantee. Guarantors may request the lender to release them from their liability under the guarantee; however, it is the lendersʼ decision to release a Guarantor from their obligations under the guarantee.
In the case Tait-Jamieson v Cardrona, Mr Tait gave a personal guarantee for the debt owed by a local organisation to Cardrona Ski Resort (“Cardrona”), however, did not sign the written guarantee prepared. When Mr Tait realised that he had not signed the guarantee he conveyed to Cardrona in verbal and written form that regardless of him not signing the guarantee he would underwrite the debt. Cardrona subsequently demanded payment of the debt from the Guarantors. Mr Tait stated that the guarantee was not enforceable against him as he did not sign the written guarantee. However, the Court held that Mr Tait had adequately expressed his intention to be contractually bound by the guarantee by his previous verbal and written correspondence and therefore must honour his obligations under the guarantee.
Tait-Jamieson v Cardrona demonstrates that once a person sufficiently expresses an intention to be bound by a guarantee, the guarantee is likely to be enforceable. However, in New Zealand, lenders who offer guarantees must also adhere to the responsible lending laws of the Credit Contracts and Consumer Finance Act 2003. These state that lenders must ensure a borrower, or Guarantor, is likely to be able to make repayments towards the debt without suffering substantial hardship. This legislation was applied to the case of a pensioner who agreed to guarantee his sonʼs loan of $2,000.00. His son defaulted on the weekly payments immediately. The lender demanded the repayments from the pensioner which would have left a residue of $25.25 of his pension payment per week. The case was heard by Financial Services Complaints Limited which found that the pensioner was not a suitable Guarantor and that the lender had breached their duties under the responsible lending laws. The judgement resulted in the lender discharging the pensioner's liability under the guarantee.
Therefore, while guarantees are frequently enforceable, there is an expectation that lenders will act responsibly when assessing the viability of a Guarantor.
Finally, below are some considerations to contemplate before becoming a Guarantor:
Receive independent legal advice;
Make sure you understand the wording of the written guarantee;
Be aware that the lender does not have to pursue the borrower “to the ends of the earth” before turning to the Guarantor for repayment of the debt; and
If possible, engage in a limited guarantee to try and minimise any potential risk.
All Black, Richie McCaw, ended active play many times by successfully tackling the opposing teamʼs ball carrier to the ground. Quickly joined by his team mates who bind together over the ball, each teamʼs players use their feet to play the ball. The winners of the ruck are the team that can drive the ball behind to the rear playerʼs back foot where it can be picked up and passed along. Offside lines for each team are drawn at the opposing rear playerʼs feet, and any encroaching team risks a penalty. As a result, the ruck has a material impact on the ability for teams to contest ball possession.
But what happens if the defending side chooses not to ruck?
Earlier this year, in a controversial match between Italy and England, Italy chose not contest any rucks. As a result, there was no offside line, and the Italian players were able to obstruct the flow of the game. The All Blacks use the rule more subtly with about half their tackles transitioning into rucks. It is also why many argued Richie McCaw was offside.
Therefore, rucking, or a lack of, seems to be wholly legal and within the black letter law of rugby.
Legislation does not always keep up with society so archaic but quirky laws of the Commonwealth remain on the statute books as shown in the examples below.
Under the metropolitan Police Act 1839 it is illegal to beat or shake any carpet or rug in the street. However beating or shaking a doormat is allowed before 8am; and
Under the Salmon Act 1986 it is illegal to handle salmon in suspicious circumstances.
The Summary Offences Act 1966 states that it is an offence to fly a kite or play a game in a public place “to the annoyance of another person”; and
The Marketing of Potatoes Act 1946 states that it is illegal for a distributor of potatoes to be in possession of more than 50kg of potatoes that are sourced from a person or organisation other than the Potato Marketing Corporation.
It is apparent that the world moves on and people forget to clean up the statute books. Because repealing these laws does not seem to be a priority, these quirky laws seem to be here to stay.
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<urn:uuid:e952e4de-a234-48e1-8b60-8165a94aaa78>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.thomas.co.nz/co3/newsletters/201708/newsletter.jsp
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496523.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330023050-20200330053050-00116.warc.gz
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en
| 0.962903 | 4,614 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Cast materials are typically very malleable, and thisadaptability is retained to various degrees depending onthe particular material and how it is subsequently treated.This category includes materials such as clay, plasticineand plaster – the latter also commonly known as gypsum.Modellers only usually work with one of these materialsin a model at a time, since their different properties donot make them easy to combine. The ‘hands on’ natureof this type of materials means that architectural modelsmade from them tend to focus on exploration of formand relationships between mass and void rather thanincorporating detailed design information. Despitethis, it should be pointed out that it is possible to castplaster with considerable accuracy if required, in order toproduce complex and fluid three-dimensional forms witha smooth finish. In the construction process gypsum,also known by its chemical name of calcium sulphate,is used at full-scale – typically, though not exclusively,for internal finishes. Working with this material for architectural models involves producing a mould forthe liquid plaster to be poured into. Although this cansometimes be a time-consuming activity, the benefit isthat once the mould has been produced it can be usedover and over again as necessary. This is particularlyuseful if a designer needs to produce a lot of repetitivecomponents for a model. Modelling plaster is a whitepowder mixed with water for use in liquid form asdescribed above, or may be used in thicker consistencieswith craft tools. Whilst plaster in its liquid state cansometimes be messy to work with, it quickly sets andhardens. When it has transformed into its solid state, itcan be worked on further with a craft knife or sandpaperfor more detailed work on surfaces – and it may bepainted or varnished to extend the possibilities ofits appearance.
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<urn:uuid:f17b6a03-99dd-4174-8379-fa8c4c5f18fa>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://architectural-model-making.com/resin-clay-and-castmaterials.html
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en
| 0.939063 | 389 | 3.546875 | 4 |
X-Rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that produces images of the internal structure of the body.Information download
X-Ray images are used to detect fractured bones, signs of arthritis and other potential internal complications. The rays pass through the body at different rates depending upon the density of the tissue. Soft tissues such as muscle and fat are passed through much easier that harder matter such as bone for example. The rays that pass through the body are captured by the x-ray machine to provide an image of the body’s internal structure.
Before you have your x-ray you may be required to remove parts of your clothing and wear a gown to ensure accurate images. The part of your body that is being observed is then placed in front of a cassette plate whilst the Radiographer lines up the x-ray machine. They will then stand behind a protective glass screen whilst your image is taken.
Once the Radiographer is satisfied that the images are accurate the procedure is finished. The taking of the images takes only a few seconds whilst the construction of the films may take several minutes. There is no pain or discomfort caused by the x-rays and you will have your films complete with Radiologist’s report within half an hour from walking into the building in most cases. Remember to take you film along with your report to your next doctor’s appointment.
X-Ray & Imaging have X-Ray machines at nine our practices in Beerwah, Caloundra, Coolum, Cooroy, Golden Beach, Kawana, Maleny and Sippy Downs.
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<urn:uuid:d1dfeab6-7da9-475b-a83c-67101902426b>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.xrayimaging.com.au/x-ray
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655894904.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707173839-20200707203839-00030.warc.gz
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en
| 0.94573 | 323 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Many Faces of the Persecutor
During workshops, we often ask the group to describe the Persecutor role, one of the three roles that make up the Dreaded Drama Triangle (DDT). Participants often use words like angry, controlling, critical, and bossy. Almost without fail the descriptions are less than flattering.
All three of the DDT roles of Victim, Persecutor, and Rescuer are reactive, anxiety-driven, and problem-focused. We all inhabit all three roles from time to time as a strategy to deal with what we have judged we don’t like or don’t want.
When in the Persecutor role our desire is to:
These desires can show up differently depending on the situation, which is why the Persecutor is described as having many “faces.” By becoming more familiar with these faces, it is easier to catch yourself and redirect your focus to more constructive ways of relating.
Here are a few examples of the many faces of the Persecutor we have observed, and the impact on others:
The Sergeant—Micromanages with a my-way-or-the-highway mentality. Co-workers or family members fear making mistakes and stop thinking for themselves. Opportunities for innovation or new ideas are limited for fear they will run head-on into the Sergeant’s strong opinion of right and wrong thinking.
The Critic—Uses their critical disposition to control the family or work environment. Others walk on eggshells to avoid setting them off. Control is gained because others spend a lot of time and energy paying attention to their criticism.
The Silent One—Uses silence to control and punish by withdrawing and cutting off interaction to control the situation and other people. This creates powerlessness in others as they try to figure out how to react to the silent treatment.
The Manipulator—May schmooze and relate to others to win their influence. Their motivation is questionable, and they may work hidden agendas. They befriend those who serve their agenda and shun those who don’t, creating suspicion and distrust.
The Cynic—Uses misplaced humor and sarcasm as a way of subtly belittling and staying in control. This may leave others confused and bewildered about how to react and they often see through the inauthenticity of the satire.
Whatever the face, when people operate from the Persecutor role there is a strong desire to control and manage others and uncomfortable situations. This is not who we are as Creators, Challengers, and Coaches; the three roles that comprise TED* (*The Empowerment Dynamic)®.
The positive alternative to the Persecutor is the Challenger. One way to begin the shift from Persecutor to Challenger is to ask yourself:
Challengers have a strong desire to grow, learn, and progress rather than to focus on how to control the situation. Whatever face you may take on when you slip into the Persecutor role, clarify your intentions, and learn to observe and redirect your focus.
Tell yourself the truth about how you are relating, then pause, reflect upon your intention, and choose to focus on what there is to learn in the moment—for yourself and others.
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<urn:uuid:146e3fae-92af-4f34-a266-4539134d21d9>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://theempowermentdynamic.com/faces-of-persecutor/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100535.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204214708-20231205004708-00161.warc.gz
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en
| 0.954737 | 670 | 2.921875 | 3 |
“Air Quality Alert for Today“, image by Gary Brown, used under Creative Commons Licensing.
In April, the US Environmental Protection Agency reported the release of “NEPAssist” as a:
“…part of an initiative developed by the White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) to modernize and reinvigorate federal agency implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act through innovation, public participation and transparency. NEPAssist draws information from publicly available federal, state, and local datasets, allowing NEPA practitioners, stakeholders and the public to view information about environmental conditions within the area of a proposed project quickly and easily at early stages of project development. ‘NEPAssist helps users identify the possible impacts of federal projects on local environments and communities,’said Cynthia Giles, assistant administrator for EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. ‘By making tools like NEPAssist available to the public, EPA is helping citizens to be involved in environmental decisions that affect their community.”
Another interesting use of the mapping tool which wasn’t mentioned by the EPA is the ability to see the non-attainment areas for any U.S. air quality control region that has posted its information online. Non-achievement of standards for ozone, lead, PM10 and PM2.5 can all be applied as layers to the maps.
Compare this tool with Canada’s current National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) mapping tool, which is not dynamic and is only current to 2010.
You can experiment with NEPAssist here, and read the press release here.
Professor Nigel Bankes, Professor of Law at the University of Calgary has penned a blog post describing the relationship between joint review panels (JRP) and the government, using the Northern Gateway Pipeline JRP as an example.
His post was prompted by a January 9, 2012 news release by the Honourable Joe Oliver, federal Minister of Natural Resources, who, among other statements, indicated that the current regulatory process is “broken”, due to the actions of “environmental and other radical groups”. The public hearings for the Northern Gateway Pipeline JRP opened on January 10th.
Professor Bankes details how the project can be rejected or approved by the JRP, the responsible authorities, and the government, under the National Energy Board Act and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act.
Soberly, he tried to “imagine the challenge facing [the Northern Gateway Pipeline] panel in convincing the community that the fix was not already in and that the job of the panel was to conduct a careful, independent and impartial review of the project”.
You can read his entire post, ‘The Northern Gateway Joint Review Panel and the Governor in Council’ here.
On February 1, 2012, a three-member panel of the Environmental Review Tribunal issued its decision in Iburg v. Director, Ministry of the Environment, dismissing applications for EBR leave to appeal approval of the operation of a new waste transfer/processing facility at the landfill site located on Carp Road in the City of Ottawa. The wastetransfer/processing facility was approved on September 8, 2011 through an amendment to the Provisional Certificate of Approval that was previously issued for the Ottawa Landfill Site. That approval required that waste cease being disposed of at the site by September 30, 2011.
EBR leave to appeal applications were filed with the ERT on October 17 and 19, 2011. Leave to appeal was sought on the following grounds: 1) the amended Certificate failed to require waste diversion targets; 2) the issuance of the amended Certificate of Approval was premature in light of an ongoing environmental assessment respecting a new waste management facility at the site; 3) lack of adequate consultation; and 4) inadequate consideration of the impact of changed operations at the site with respect to drainage, traffic, noise, odour and vermin.
The ERT applied the two branch s.41 EBR leave to appeal test and its previous interpretation of that test as set out in Lafarge v. Ontario (Environmental Review Tribunal), (2008), 36 C.E.L.R. (3d) 191 (Ont. Div. Ct.). Ultimately, the ERT held that the applicants failed to meet the first branch of the s.41 EBR leave to appeal test with respect to all four grounds for leave to appeal that were advanced. As a result, the second branch of the s.41 EBR test was not addressed.
Read the entire decision here.
Albert is an Associate whose practice involves all aspects of Renewable Energy and Environmental Law. He joined Foglers in 2010 after 10 years with Ontario’s Ministry of the Environment. He is a graduate of York University’s joint MES/LLB program and also has a B.Sc. in Biology from York. He can be reached at email@example.com or 416-864-7602.
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<urn:uuid:1ea8be3b-e5a8-4327-8ce2-b06f2fe1c008>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://naturalenvirolaw.ca/tag/environmental-assessment/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703334458/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112214-00005-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.952399 | 1,031 | 2.828125 | 3 |
From Our 2013 Archives
Can Brightly Colored Fruits, Veggies Protect Against ALS?
Latest Neurology News
TUESDAY, Jan. 29 (HealthDay News) -- Eating bright orange, red or yellow fruits and dark-green vegetables rich in antioxidants may help prevent or delay the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, according to a new study.
Researchers found that increasing consumption of carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene and lutein, might reduce the risk for this progressive neurological disease, which attacks nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Carrots, yams and mangoes are rich in beta-carotenes, and spinach, collard greens and egg yolks are good sources of lutein.
The study found, however, that diets rich in the antioxidants lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin and vitamin C do not apparently reduce the risk for ALS, which causes the muscles to waste away and eventually results in paralysis.
The study was published online Jan. 29 in the journal Annals of Neurology.
"ALS is a devastating degenerative disease that generally develops between the ages of 40 and 70, and affects more men than women," senior study author Dr. Alberto Ascherio, a professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard School of Public Health, said in a journal news release. "Understanding the impact of food consumption on ALS development is important."
Analyzing information on more than 1 million people, the researchers identified nearly 1,100 cases of ALS. The researchers found that increased overall carotenoid intake -- especially among those who ate diets rich in beta-carotene and lutein -- seemed to be linked to a lower risk for the devastating condition.
The researchers pointed out, however, that long-term vitamin C supplements did not lower people's risk for this degenerative disease.
"Our findings suggest that consuming carotenoid-rich foods may help prevent or delay the onset of ALS," Ascherio concluded. "Further food-based analyses are needed to examine the impact of dietary nutrients on ALS."
The findings, which used data from five previous studies, do not establish a cause-and-effect protective relationship between carotenoid consumption and ALS risk.
About 20,000 to 30,000 Americans have ALS, and 5,000 more are diagnosed with the disease every year, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
-- Mary Elizabeth Dallas
SOURCE: Annals of Neurology, news release, Jan. 29, 2013
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<urn:uuid:6f5b0653-641c-40e0-a4c4-ef44847d85d1>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=167368
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en
| 0.929359 | 540 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The largest concern on the cesium-137 (137Cs) deposition and its soil contamination due to the emission from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) showed up after a massive quake on March 11, 2011. Cesium-137 (137Cs) with a half-life of 30.1 y causes the largest concerns because of its deleterious effect on agriculture and stock farming, and, thus, human life for decades. Removal of 137Cs contaminated soils or land use limitations in areas where removal is not possible is, therefore, an urgent issue. A challenge lies in the fact that estimates of 137Cs emissions from the Fukushima NPP are extremely uncertain, therefore, the distribution of 137Cs in the environment is poorly constrained. Here, we estimate total 137Cs deposition by integrating daily observations of 137Cs deposition in each prefecture in Japan with relative deposition distribution patterns from a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, FLEXPART. We show that 137Cs strongly contaminated the soils in large areas of eastern and northeastern Japan, whereas western Japan was sheltered by mountain ranges. The soils around Fukushima NPP and neighboring prefectures have been extensively contaminated with depositions of more than 100,000 and 10,000 MBq km-2, respectively. Total 137Cs depositions over two domains: (i) the Japan Islands and the surrounding ocean (130–150 °E and 30–46 °N) and, (ii) the Japan Islands, were estimated to be more than 5.6 and 1.0 PBq, respectively. We hope our 137Cs deposition maps will help to coordinate decontamination efforts and plan regulatory measures in Japan.
Natural Sciences in General
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<urn:uuid:faf200a6-0b35-4a00-82a5-0a45edad8fbb>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://waesearch.kobv.de/advancedSearch.do?f1=author&v1=Burkhart%2C+J.+F.&index=internal&plv=2
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00106.warc.gz
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en
| 0.903445 | 342 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In most cases, if you’re in the market for solar, you’re either considering a solar hot water system, a solar electricity system, or both. In the near future, however, you may have a hybrid option, thanks to a Turkish company called Solimpeks Corporation.
Solimpeks’ new “Volther” solar hybrid technology produces electricity and hot water simultaneously using hybrid modules. The circulation of water does more than provide hot water for use at home, though–it acts a boon to the photovoltaic (PV) system, reducing the heating of solar cells, which the company says actually results in an increase of 40% efficiency over conventional PV panels.
In this way, the Volther hybrid solar collector works to overcome many of the drawbacks of conventional photovoltaic systems–the high initial costs, limited efficiencies, and long payback periods. Solimpeks’ hybrid solar collector system allows excess heat to be recaptured, boosting the system’s return on investment and lessening the payback period.
The issue of heat gain in photovoltaic systems has long been a problem. Solar cells need to sit out in the sun, but for every Kelvin degree of heat gain, a 0.5 % loss of efficiency has been noted. That means, every 10 degrees added to the temperature of a PV module means a loss of about 5% of electricity output. The Volther hybrid solar collector solves this problem in a what seems like a commonsense way; by using water to take up that heat, and put that hot water to work–i.e., in your shower. No word on when this system may be available in the US.
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<urn:uuid:2b6690ae-580c-4ab0-88e3-2658fe7a8c0d>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://earthtechling.com/2010/08/solar-system-does-hot-water-electricity/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320685.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626064746-20170626084746-00562.warc.gz
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en
| 0.925193 | 353 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Extraterrestrial travel and housing are topics that have come up in recent times. There is a possibility of living on the moon. Now geopolymers are solid ceramic-like materials at near ambient temperatures. In order to do that while keeping costs at a minimum, we are researching and developing a geopolymer using lunar dust to 3D print houses on the moon. Due to the fact we are using lunar dust, the number of materials that need to be shipped out gets cut dramatically. We are studying the composition of both lunar mares and lunar highlands in order to fully understand what needs to be added to make a strong durable geopolymer that can withstand the varying factors and temperaments of the moon. By looking at aluminum and silicon ratios, as well as KOH, we aim to create a geopolymer that can make houses on the moon. Geopolymers are prepared by alkali solution activated natural minerals or industrial waste materials and 3D printed specimens from the geopolymer were assessed for printing accuracy, apparent porosity and mechanical property.
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<urn:uuid:b8141663-7406-41ed-9f94-889de673547a>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://academicworks.cuny.edu/ny_pubs/1012/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00111.warc.gz
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en
| 0.938441 | 235 | 3.359375 | 3 |
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009)|
- For Trinakria as an alternate name for modern Sicily and for its triskeles symbol, also known as the island of the sun, see Trinacria (disambiguation).
Thrinakia (Ancient Greek: Θρινακία, pronounced [tʰrinakía]), also called Trinacria or Thrinacie, is the island home of Helios's cattle in Book XII of Homer's Odyssey, guarded by Helios' eldest daughter, Lampetia. It is sometimes said to have been Sicily, since the name Thrinacia could be taken to imply a connection to the number three (Greek treis, tria sounds vaguely similar to Thri-) and Sicily has three corners. However the island is also associated with Malta, and the fact that Sicily is often identified with the episode of the Cyclopes only serves to underscore the shaky footing any geographer is on when trying to identify Homer's locations.
Odysseus and his crew arrive at Thrinacia after passing past Scylla and Charybdis. Odysseus has been warned by both Circe and the shade of Tiresias to avoid Thrinacia, but his men beg him to let them stop and rest. He reluctantly agrees, but makes them swear an oath not to touch the cattle on the island. However, for the next month unfavorable winds blow continuously and they are unable to leave. When Odysseus goes to pray for a safe return to Ithaca, his crew, fearing starvation, slaughter and eat some of Helios's cattle. In punishment, when they finally sail away from the island, Helios successfully pleads to Zeus to send a thunderbolt at their ship, killing all the men except Odysseus. Odysseus is spared but, as forewarned by Circe and Tiresias, is himself punished when his return to Ithaca is delayed by a seven-year sojourn on Ogygia.
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<urn:uuid:07928634-f93d-4b5d-978b-0a57cc5afdc0>
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrinacia
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00548-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971978 | 428 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Many garden hobbyists look to their time tending plants as a necessary counterbalance to the busy, stressed out pace of modern life. There is something grounding about reconnecting with the natural world in even small ways that that can benefit your body and your mind and help feed your soul. Even here in the Arizona desert, there are ample opportunities for backyard and container gardening that can help fill your plate and bring more balance to your busy life.
Here are a few of the reasons gardening can be good for your health.
It gets you some outside time.
The simple truth is that most of us do not spend nearly enough time outside, breathing fresh air and feeling the sun on our skin. Between sitting at a desk all day, shuttling kids around, and taking care of everyday necessities, the only time we are outside for days at a time is when we are going back and forth between the house or the office or the store and the car.
It decreases your stress levels.
It can battle depression…and win.
Another study showed that when people with clinical depression participated in gardening for a certain number of hours each week, their symptoms improved over time period of the study. Even more importantly, the symptoms continued to improve even after the gardening aspect of the study ended.
It may protect your brain.
Research into the relationship between gardening and the incidence of dementia found that people in their 60’s and 70’s were regular gardeners had a 36% and 47% lower risk of developing dementia, respectively, than their non gardening peers.
It offers a good workout.
Gardening can be hard work and because it utilizes a wide range of muscle groups and requires you to move in different ways, it provides an excellent workout. Spending time tending your garden gets your blood moving while providing opportunities to stretch, build strength, and tone muscles.
It decreases the risk of osteoporosis.
Research indicates that gardening can decrease the risk of developing osteoporosis. In fact, the study showed that gardening was more effective at reducing this risk than aerobics, jogging, or swimming.
It can help prevent diabetes.
The natural exercise that occurs with gardening is an easy way to get the recommended amount of weekly exercise that can help prevent the development of diabetes. In addition, growing your own food can improve your access to healthy foods improving your diet and further decreasing your risk.
It boosts your health overall.
From creating more opportunities for physical activity to helping your body process Vitamin D, going outside and working in your garden offers some pretty significant health benefits. In addition to the specifics listed above, it has also been shown to improve sleep, improve mood, and improve our overall sense of wellbeing.
- What Kids Learn From Gardening (fillyourplate.org)
- What to Do In Your Garden This Month (fillyourplate.org)
- 6 Tips for Getting Your Warm Weather Garden Growing (fillyourplate.org)
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<urn:uuid:87499b6e-639b-40e2-be7e-3f1ebb544905>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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http://fillyourplate.org/blog/gardening-good-health/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00086.warc.gz
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en
| 0.939408 | 609 | 2.5625 | 3 |
An instance method has a .NET object passed to it as the first argument of the method call. This .NET object typically would be created by using an extension function (for example a constructor call) or a stylesheet parameter/variable. An XSLT example of this kind would be:
<xsl:output method="xml" omit-xml-declaration="yes"/>
select="date:new(2008, 4, 29)"
<xsl:value-of select="date:ToString(date:new(2008, 4, 29))"
In the example above, a System.DateTime constructor (new(2008, 4, 29)) is used to create a .NET object of type System.DateTime. This object is created twice, once as the value of the variable releasedate, a second time as the first and only argument of the System.DateTime.ToString() method. The instance method System.DateTime.ToString() is called twice, both times with the System.DateTime constructor (new(2008, 4, 29)) as its first and only argument. In one of these instances, the variable releasedate is used to get the .NET object.
The difference between an instance method and an instance field is theoretical. In an instance method, a .NET object is directly passed as an argument; in an instance field, a parameter or variable is passed instead—though the parameter or variable may itself contain a .NET object. For example, in the example above, the variable releasedate contains a .NET object, and it is this variable that is passed as the argument of ToString() in the second date element constructor. Therefore, the ToString() instance in the first date element is an instance method while the second is considered to be an instance field. The result produced in both instances, however, is the same.
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When you think of money, you probably think of the bills in your wallet or the balance in your bank account. Yet — lately — it seems cryptocurrency is aiming to be the new way to pay. But what is it?
Here’s the short answer: Cryptocurrency is a form of digital currency that you can use to pay for things online. You can also invest in crypto in a portfolio.
It goes by different names, including Bitcoin, Ethereum and yes, Dogecoin. While they work differently there’s a common tie: Crypto isn’t issued or regulated by any central authority, including the federal government.
As investment trends go, cryptocurrency is arguably one of the hottest. But how does cryptocurrency work exactly and should you buy in?
Here’s more on how to invest in cryptocurrency, even if you only have $100 to get started.
What is Cryptocurrency?
According to the Federal Trade Commission, cryptocurrency is “a type of digital currency that generally only exists electronically.” In other words, you can’t hold cryptocurrency in your hands unless you use a service that allows you to exchange a digital token for a physical token.
You can get cryptocurrency by purchasing it through an exchange using real currency. It’s then stored in a crypto wallet or a crypto savings account until you’re ready to use it.
Cryptocurrency can be used to send payments to individuals or to businesses. Up until recently, for example, Tesla accepted bitcoin as a form of payment from car buyers. You can also use crypto as an investment in your portfolio just like you would stocks or bonds.
The main things to know about how cryptocurrency differs from traditional money center on regulation and value. Specifically:
- Cryptocurrency isn’t government-regulated. Hard currency, i.e. bills and coins, are issued by the U.S. Mint and are backed and regulated by the government. Crypto, on the other hand, has no central issuer or regulating authority. That means cryptocurrency isn’t covered by FDIC protections either.
- Crypto’s value isn’t fixed. If you have 10 $1 bills in your wallet, then each one is worth one dollar; their value doesn’t change. Cryptocurrency values, however, can fluctuate minute to minute since they’re driven by supply and demand.
This is a simplified answer to what is cryptocurrency. In terms of how crypto works, that’s a little more complicated.
How Does Cryptocurrency Work?
Understanding how cryptocurrency works starts with understanding where crypto comes from.
Crypto is created through a process called mining. This process involves creating a new set of transactions that are added to a blockchain, which is what cryptocurrency runs on.
Blockchain is a decentralized ledger of transactions that take place across a peer-to-peer network. When someone initiates a new transaction, say making a purchase with cryptocurrency, that transaction is validated through the peer-to-peer network and a new block is added to the chain.
The actual mining of cryptocurrency is done using computers running software to process transactions and produce new blocks. This process can be time-consuming and it can consume large amounts of energy resources.
So how does cryptocurrency work as a payment method?
Again, when you purchase cryptocurrency you’re trading real currency for digital tokens. These tokens are stored in your cryptocurrency wallet at an exchange. You can then use the tokens in your wallet to make payments to individuals or businesses.
Now, how does cryptocurrency work as an investment?
If you’re interested in how to invest in cryptocurrency or how you turn a profit, the premise is simple: You purchase cryptocurrency at one price, then exchange it at a higher price. This is similar to the way you might buy into a particular stock at a low price only to sell it high later on.
The difference is that cryptocurrency investments are largely speculative. There are no physical assets to own and you’re counting on being able to sell your cryptocurrency for more than what you paid for it. Given how volatile cryptocurrency valuations can be, it can be a riskier investment than stocks.
How Many Cryptocurrencies Are There?
As of 2021, there are more than 10,000 types of cryptocurrency in existence. Cryptocurrencies can be classified as coins or tokens, based on how they work:
- A crypto coin is native to a particular blockchain and defined by the network protocol.
- A crypto token is built on a specific blockchain but defined by a project or contract.
If that sounds too technical, here’s a simpler explanation. The difference between tokens and coins is largely in how they’re developed. With that in mind, here are some of the most popular cryptocurrencies, as measured by their market capitalization or value:
- Bitcoin: $686 billion
- Ethereum: $307 billion
- Tether: $58 billion
- Binance Coin: $55 billion
- Cardano: $51 billion
- Dogecoin: $48 billion
- XRP: $41 billion
- Polkadot: $24 billion
- Internet Computer: $15 billion
- Bitcoin Cash: $14 billion
These numbers are current as of May 2021. But it’s important to remember that cryptocurrency values can fluctuate, sometimes drastically. For example, at one point Bitcoin had a market capitalization of $1.2 trillion, roughly twice where it is now. So the list of top cryptocurrencies can change as they increase or decrease in value.
How to Get Into Cryptocurrency With Under $100
Wondering how to buy cryptocurrency as an investment?
You’ll need two things:
- Currency to purchase crypto
- A place to complete the purchase
In terms of where to buy cryptocurrency you have two options:
- You can go through an exchange, which requires you to create a crypto wallet
- You can invest in cryptocurrency through an online brokerage that offers it as a trading option alongside stocks, mutual funds, bonds and other securities.
Choosing a brokerage could make sense if you’re wondering how to buy cryptocurrency with $100 or less. Depending on the brokerage, you might be able to purchase fractional amounts of a particular crypto. This is the same as buying fractional shares of stock. Just be sure to keep in mind any trading fees you’ll pay and any caps on how large of a crypto position you can hold in your brokerage account.
If you want to know how to get into cryptocurrency through an exchange, start with some research first. Specifically, consider which types of cryptocurrency an exchange offers, the fees you’ll pay, and how easily you can sell your crypto investments. Also, take note of which type of currency is required to purchase crypto. With Bitcoin, for example, you can invest using U.S. dollars but other types of crypto may require you to exchange real currency for cryptocurrency before you can buy in.
Comparing brokerage options to cryptocurrency exchanges can help you decide which one is the best place for your $100 investment. And you may decide to split the difference and make investments through both. Again, just pay attention to the fees you might pay and the type of cryptocurrencies you’ll have access to for investing.
The Bottom Line
If you’re comfortable with the risk involved, investing in cryptocurrency could be a smart play. Success hinges on being able to sell the crypto you purchase at a profit. The upside is that it doesn’t take a lot of money to get started with cryptocurrency investing. So you can start with $100 or less to test the waters before deciding if you want to add more crypto to your portfolio.
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Master of Science (MS)
School of Nutrition and Food Sciences
Dietary salt restriction is a common approach recommended by physicians in the treatment and prevention of hypertension. Salt substitute is a potential alternative. The most popular salt substitute is KCl, having similar physical properties to NaCl. Because of the higher molecular weight of cations (K+), KCl imparts undesired bitterness and metallic aftertaste. L-arginine has been found to have the bitterness-suppression property. Therefore, it may be used in the mixture of salt substitutes. In the first study, NaCl and four salt substitute solutions consisting of KCl, NaCl, and L-arginine, were developed at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% w/v. A discriminative test was performed to determine (1) the effectiveness of L-arginine in masking the bitterness perception of KCl, (2) saltiness perception of mixed salt solutions against NaCl solution, and (3) sensitivity of the simple ranking test vs. the R-index tests for evaluating bitterness and saltiness perception. The differences of saltiness perception of aqueous mixed salt against NaCl solution existed based on the non-parametric Friedman’s test and the R-index test. The samples were not significantly different in terms of bitterness based on both techniques. Therefore, L-arginine could mask the bitterness of KCl. In study two, eleven formulations of the mixture of NaCl/KCl/L-arginine were developed using a mixture design. The consumer study was performed to determine sensory attributes driving acceptance and to optimize the formulation. Consumers (n=385) evaluated the products, following a balanced incomplete block design. Bitterness was the discriminating attribute. Overall liking was identified as the attribute influencing consumer acceptability. The formulation containing 56-100% NaCl, 0-44% KCl, and 0-5% L-arginine would yield product acceptability score 1.0 unit less than that of NaCl. Consumers were able to discriminate the saltiness and the bitterness between formulations of salt solutions (100% NaCl vs. 35% NaCl, 65% KCl), using the triangle test with a corrected beta binomial distribution. L-arginine could partially mask the bitterness of KCl. However, development of the proportion of KCl/NaCl/L-arginine obtained from mixture design, and the application of salt substitute in foods would be worth further study. Moreover, the heat and cold stability of L-arginine in the salt substitutes should be investigated.
Document Availability at the Time of Submission
Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide.
Waimaleongora-Ek, Pamarin, "Sensory characteristics of salt substitute containing L-arginine" (2006). LSU Master's Theses. 762.
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Successful researchers know easy tricks to evaluate websites at first glance. Follow the acronym ADAPT to evaluate any page you think might be useful.
A: How accurate is the information? Can you verify it elsewhere? Is the site free of typographical or spelling errors?
D: Depth matters. Does the site offer a sufficient depth of information or just pieces that can be misleading?
A: Who authored this site? Can you contact them for more information if needed? Can you verify the site owner’s authority on the topic?
P: What is the purpose of the site? Is this a blog or a fact based page? Check the domain extension (.edu and .gov will likely be legitimate). Be skeptical of sites with big or varied fonts, multiple bright colors, or excessive punctuation.
T: Time is important. How new is the information? If there are no dates listed, look for other clues. Don’t mistake the date the page was created for the date that the information was obtained.
Still not sure? Check out this helpful website credibility guide from EasyBib!
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SOUTH Korea's king of cloning has done it again. Woo Suk Hwang has successfully produced the world's first cloned dog, an Afghan hound.
The breakthrough is bound to lead to excitement among dog lovers who long to clone their dead pets, but team-member Gerald Schatten, of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, has stern words. "We are not in the business of cloning pets," he says. "We perform nuclear transfer for medical research."
Producing "Snuppy", or Seoul National University puppy, was not easy. Hwang's team made 1095 eggs containing the DNA of a 3-year-old male Afghan, and transferred them into 123 surrogate mothers. Just three pregnancies resulted: one miscarried, and two others went to term. One of the clone dogs died from pneumonia aged 22 days (Nature vol 436, p 641).
The team used somatic cell nuclear transfer, the same technique that created Dolly the sheep. To clone Snuppy, ...
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Status of world's ecosystems is topic, Oct. 3
Posted September 27, 2007; 09:02 p.m.
Cristián Samper, acting secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, will speak on "Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Our Human Planet" at 4:30 p.m. Wednesday, Oct. 3, in McDonnell Auditorium.
Samper was among 15 biological and social scientists who led the U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. From 2001 to 2005, the study involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world's ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.
The study found that humans have changed ecosystems worldwide more rapidly and extensively in the last 50 years than in any other period in recent history, largely to meet growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel. Such changes have significantly contributed to the well-being and economic development of humankind, while becoming increasingly detrimental to many other ecosystem services.
The lecture is sponsored by the Princeton Environmental Institute.
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The agile approach to software development has been gaining in popularity over the last decade as many companies recognize the benefits of using an agile development methodology. A primary feature of the agile development methodology involves organizing projects into a series of regular, predictable iterations, typically called "sprints.” While the length of these sprints may vary depending on the team and the project, they are typically organized to last between one week and one month. The agile development methodology is most often juxtaposed to the waterfall approach to software development. One of the major differences between these two methodologies involves the use of software testing. In a waterfall development model, software is first created and then tested prior to implementation. With an agile development methodology, software testing is conducted throughout the entire coding process. Scrum is another popular methodology used by many using an agile development methodology. This is a collaborative approach that facilitates cross-functional teamwork, ongoing communication, and a clear focus towards shared goals.
The word "scrum" originally comes from a term used in the sport of rugby. In rugby, a scrum refers to a method for quickly restarting the rugby match. In the software development world, scrum explains a flexible, holistic strategy used with the agile development methodology, especially when compared to traditional approaches like waterfall software development. A scrum master serves as the facilitator for a product development team that uses an agile software development framework. Scrum masters are sometimes compared to coaches who help software development teams do their best possible work throughout course of a project. Scrum masters typically serve as leaders over the process through which a project is managed. The scrum methodology enables software development teams to self-organize by way of close collaboration and daily communication. Scrum also encourages a shared vision among team members which may include the product owner, scrum master, software developers and other stakeholders, to do all that is necessary to envision and create the best products possible. Agile software development teams use the scrum methodology to enable quick changes and adjustments, maximizing their ability to act responsively to emerging requirements throughout a software development project.
Located in Central America, Costa Rica spans almost 20,000 square miles, with a population of over 4.5 million people. Officially known as the Republic of Costa Rica, this beautiful country is bordered by Panama, Nicaragua, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. While Spanish is the official language of Costa Rica, many people in the country are also fluent in English. San Jose is the capital and biggest city, with nearly one out of four residents of Costa Rica living in or around the San Jose area. 10 Facts About Costa Rica Whether you are planning a vacation or business trip to Costa Rica, or are simply interesting in learning more about this special country, here are 10 interesting facts to learn about Costa Rica:
Provide your information to talk with a number8 Relationship Manager about your development needs today and feel what it’s like to be listened to before being sold a solution.
number8’s onshore office is located in Louisville, Kentucky where our Account and Relationship Managers work hard to provide all of our clients with exceptional customer service. We also have consultant offices located in Escazú, Costa Rica and San Pedro Sula, Honduras that give us a strong local presence allowing for top-level recruitment, technical training and low employee turnover.Our Locations
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In 1943, the US government needed a reliable center for processing the Manhattan Project's nuclear material. Officials chose the 568-acre Hanford site in the deserts of Washington State to house nine nuclear reactors and 143 single-walled, underground waste tanks. Fast-forward 68 years and the US government is still working at Hanford—not as a research facility, but as one of the country's most polluted Superfund sites.
The plutonium production process generated billions of gallons of liquid waste and millions of tons of solid waste. The single-walled design of the holding tanks—built from a carbon steel liner surrounded by concrete walls, sunk seven to ten feet underground, and designed to store chemical waste, the byproducts of plutonium production—are cracked and are leaking. As many as 67 of these tanks are at least suspected (and some have been confirmed) of leaching nearly a million gallons of waste into soil the soil. Thankfully, almost all of the liquid waste has already been pumped out and disposed of, leaving just the hard gunk behind.
To compound the issue, much of the material in the tanks ranges in consistency from peanut butter to soft concrete—not exactly stuff you can just suck out with a Wet/Dry Vac. And, given that it is highly, lethally radioactive, sending a cleaning crew down into the tanks to scrape it out by hand would be suicide—even if they are wearing tungsten jackets. And that's assuming you could even squeeze a worker through the small access pipe on the surface—these tanks were never designed to be emptied.
So, if you can't send a person in, why not a robot? The Mobile Arm Retrieval System (MARS) is designed to do just that—retrieve the otherwise-inaccessible waste from Hanford's single-shell tanks for transport to one of 28 new, double-walled tanks.
The MARS is an extendable mechanical arm with a maximum reach of about 40 feet. It's attached to a carriage which is lowered into the tank via a long mast. If necessary, the access port to the tank can be carefully widened to allow the arm entry. The MARS has both an elbow and articulated wrist joint with 360 degrees of movement, which allows it to access virtually every square inch of the tank's interior. At the end of the arm sits a high-pressure water cannon for scouring hard build-up known as "heels" as well as a low pressure nozzle for breaking up and sweeping other contaminants—salt cake and sludge—towards an extraction pump in the center of the tank. The consistency and mix of these contaminants varies by the tank, which has until now hampered cleanup efforts.
The previous method used for cleaning these tanks is known as sluicing. Essentially, high-pressure water jets are lowered into the tanks. However, since these systems can unleash as much as 300 gallons a minute at 300psi, no one was sure if the old tanks could handle those stresses. In addition, that also meant 300 gallons of water was being irradiated every minute and would require disposal of as well—there simply wasn't enough room in the new tanks for it. The MARS system only outputs 100 gallon a minute at just 100psi and recycles the sluicing water for reuse. That's at normal pressure, mind you. For stubborn sludge, the MARS can fire 20 gallons a minute at up to 5000 psi. Granted, that's not commercial water jet pressures, but it is enough to un-stick the 10 percent of sludge that conventional sluicing leaves behind.
The MARS System will also help the government realize significant cost savings for the remainder of the project. The first tank cleaned after the superfund designation, tank C-106 cost $100 million to clean. According to Kent Smith, the single-shell retrieval and closure manager for DOE contractor Washington River Protection Solutions, the next two tanks MARS cleans should be done for about $5 million apiece. [Washington River Protection Solutions - Popular Mechanics - OSTI - Colombia Energy - Tri-City Herald]
Monster Machines is all about the most exceptional machines in the world, from massive gadgets of destruction to tiny machines of precision, and everything in between.
You can keep up with Andrew Tarantola, the author of this post, on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+.
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Every year, there are an estimated 2.5 million people who suffer from a traumatic brain injury in the U.S. alone. The unfortunate reality for those who have suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is that their traumatic event has changed them, sometimes permanently, in both physical and physiological ways. Traumatic brain injury symptoms can present after any impact to the head; these impacts can be from falls, being struck, or, more commonly, from car accidents or impacts sustained in high-contact sports.
There is a common misconception that traumatic brain injuries are only sustained from high impact to the body or head, but this isn’t always the case. Any event that causes the brain to abnormally and abruptly make contact with the inside of the skull can result in varying degrees of brain injury. The resulting damage taking place in the brain can have short-term and some long-term effects on the brain and body. Even a friendly game of low contact football could result in a TBI if the player sustained an impact to the skull or body. It’s important to stay vigilant whenever you or someone you know has been involved in any event where they suffered an impact to their head or body. Spotting TBI symptoms early can be pivotal in the treatment a patient can receive to help them heal and recover from their injury.
Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms – Halting the Progression of Neurological Damage
The most common type of traumatic brain injury presents as a concussion; an injury that leaves the brain unable to function normally. According to Johns Hopkins University, a concussion is most common in children, young adults, and older adults and can take anywhere from a few days to several months to recover from. While a concussion is considered a mild traumatic brain injury, it is often left undiagnosed and can impact a patient’s daily life in a big way.
Living with a traumatic brain injury can be devastating for not only the patient but their friends and loved ones, too. For some, changes in mood, headaches, fatigue, and other symptoms are temporary. In cases where the sufferer is healing from a mild concussion, the healing and recovery process can range from a few days to several weeks. For those who have suffered a more severe traumatic brain injury, symptoms can last for years, or even the rest of their lives.
Those living with a TBI go through not only physical changes that are out of their control, but the neurological processes affected by their injury encompass their behavior, speech, and even their relationships. The psychological effects of living with a traumatic brain injury are compounded by the new need to relearn how to walk, talk, and interact with the world around them.
Because so many mild TBIs go undiagnosed, it’s important to seek medical attention after any physical traumatic event. Some symptoms to be aware of when you or someone you know have suffered from any sort of impact that could result in concussion or other forms of TBIs are as follows:
- Sensitivity to light or sounds
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abrupt changes in sleep behavior and patterns
- Loss of consciousness
- Feeling dazed, confused, or feeling as though your thinking is slowed
- Fatigue or feeling drowsy
- Disruption of speech, or slurred words
- Loss of balance
- Trouble remembering recent events
- Inability to empathize
- Aggressive behavior
There are studies that observe that access to immediate care and treatment options can help the brain recover and heal more quickly. Unfortunately, it has also been observed that cognitive decline can still be found in patients starting as early as 10 years after the injury occurred. It’s most important to note that all brains are different, and the trajectory of the symptoms and dysfunction seen in patients who have sustained a TBI are very different based on a variety of factors. Some of these factors include:
- Type or manner in which the injury was sustained
- Duration of time between injury and access to medical care
- Repeat injuries, such as those that may be sustained through physical sports
- Genetic predisposition
Helping a Loved One Living With a TBI
While helping your loved one on the path to recovery after a TBI, the challenges can be overwhelming. Understand that in some cases, your loved one is not only re-learning how to walk, but also regaining the ability todo things every day that we may take for granted. In more severe cases, learning how to tie their shoes or re-learning how to speak can be physically exhausting and emotionally devastating.
Depression, anxiety, apathy, and many more mental health challenges are hurdles that sufferers of TBIs must contend with on some level every day. Being unable to function at the level they once did can be daunting and emotionally draining. Just remember, the impact a traumatic event has on their ability to function both cognitively and physically is usually out of their control. Irritability in TBI patients is also a common emotional response, one that most patients aren’t able to identify coming from themselves. In many cases, they are unaware of their verbal and physical response to factors that may annoy them.
Being supportive, understanding, and forgiving can be helpful tools for those caring for or living with someone who has suffered from a traumatic brain injury. Encouraging them to complete tasks that help relearn skills they are struggling with can be frustrating, but in the end, being there to help them can do wonders for their mental state.
For information on upcoming and current research projects, including those that assist in improving mental health, visit our research projects here. For updates on the United Brain Association’s news, events, and blog publications, sign up for our email list here. Together we can help find a cure and advance treatments for brain disorders and diseases by propelling promising research to success through donations.
You Are Not Alone
For you or a loved one to be diagnosed with a brain or mental health-related illness or disorder is overwhelming, and leads to a quest for support and answers to important questions. UBA has built a safe, caring and compassionate community for you to share your journey, connect with others in similar situations, learn about breakthroughs, and to simply find comfort.
Make a Donation, Make a Difference
We have a close relationship with researchers working on an array of brain and mental health-related issues and disorders. We keep abreast with cutting-edge research projects and fund those with the greatest insight and promise. Please donate generously today; help make a difference for your loved ones, now and in their future.
The United Brain Association – No Mind Left Behind
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DNA - The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA completely changed biology and opened up the new field of genetics. The 'backbone of life' has given us the human genome, stem cell research, forensic investigation and genetically modified crops. Who knows what the future will hold.
The DNA explore topic brings together ABC news, transcripts, features and forums covering the issue. And it is regularly updated.
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World Health Day is celebrated on 7 April every year to mark the anniversary of the founding of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. Each year, a theme is selected to highlight a priority area of public health. The theme for World Health Day 2015 is food safety, with the slogan “From farm to plate, make food safe”.
An estimated 2 million people die every year from contaminated food or drinking water. Over 200 diseases are caused by unsafe food containing harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses and chemical substances. New data on the harm caused by foodborne illnesses underscore the global threats posed by unsafe foods, and the need for coordinated, cross-border action across the entire food supply chain.
View original post 120 more words
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Learning To Navigate Cisco’s Online Documentation
When studying for Cisco CCNA, CCNP, or CCIE exams, you have your free online weapons. Cisco Connection document found in http://www.cisco.com/univercd. This site contains products, codes, and protocordocuments of all Cisco products.
Many test candidates do not start using this powerful tool until they study for more advanced examinations. However, it is important for CCNA, CCNP, and these certified candidates to learn their way around this site. It helps Cisco find the default value that is really enjoying what you are asking for the exam. The protocol document there is also useful for your study.
This site can be a bit overwhelming for newcomers, but it’s actually easy to navigate. The site’s homepage displays a list of products and several drop -down menus. To start, we recommend that you select Cisco IOS software in the top right drop -down menu and select a code version. 12.2 is good from the beginning. From there, select the iOS release 12.2 configuration guide and command reference.
Next, a list of technology is displayed, and each has a configuration guide and a command. If you are studying the interior gateway protocol (OSPF, RIP, EIGRP, etc.) at this point, select -IP Configuration Guide and then select the -ip routing protocol.
Next, create an official Cisco documentation for how to configure RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP, ISIS, and BGP. Reading this document is very valuable. Many research guides skip the details and explain the outline of the protocol. This document does not skip anything. Documents indicate how to use commands for that protocol and time. There are also actual examples and notes about when to use each command. When I read online Sysco documents, I always learned something new.
After that, you can perform the same procedure for the Command Reference. For those who are studying for the Cisco exam, this section quickly answers questions about the command or default value. Instead of trying to learn which book has seen the value, just zoom out on this site and you can get an answer in a few seconds. The actual example of the use of command is also common.
Similarly, the more you use an online Sisco document, the more suitable it is. Various Cisco switch configuration guides provide wonderful photos about how the switch works. It is strongly recommended to read at least one of the switch configuration guides.
Beyond the test value provided by online Syscodocum, it achieves another valuable purpose. The more you use it now, the more comfortable you need, the better you need for work. And trust me -that day will come!
CCIE # 12933 CHRIS BRYANT is the owner of Bryant ADVANTAGE, the home of more than 100 free certification test tutorials, including Cisco CCNA certified test preparation articles. You can also use his exclusive Cisco CCNA Studyide and Cisco CCNA training!
Access his blog and sign up to CCNA, Network+, Security+, A+, and CCNP certification examinations, Cisco Certification Center! You can also use the free 7 -part course “CCNA path method”. You can also participate in a face -to -face or online CCNA boot camp with Bryant Advantage.
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How many trees are in your suburb: lots, a few, not enough? What about that suburb over the river, are there more trees there? As summer heatwaves hit, the benefits from shady urban trees grow more and more obvious. But why do some suburbs have more trees and shade than others? Is it a matter of ecology, history, policy, or the people who live there? Do the folks down the road just hate trees too much?
Lots of things can influence urban tree cover, including natural features, past land use, planning processes (such as allotment sizes) and socio-economic factors (e.g. residents’ income or home ownership). Many factors are inter-twined, but some will be more important than others. If you had to guess, which do you think would be most important?
They compared levels of tree cover against natural features (annual rainfall, length of the growing season, elevation, topography and soil fertility) and socio-economic factors: population and housing density, income, education, home ownership and the proportion of new immigrants from overseas. They ignored the capitals (Melbourne and Canberra) and sampled nine, large regional cities across Victoria and southern New South Wales, from Mildura to Albury, Traralgon and Warrnambool.
They did something else pretty cool. They examined how the people and trees in each city changed over 15-20 years, to see if patterns of tree cover now were more strongly related to socio-economic factors in the past rather than the present.
Socio-economic factors can be hard to disentangle as they often inter-related. For example, people with high levels of education often have higher incomes and are more likely to own their own home than people with fewer qualifications. This makes it hard to separate the effects of education, income and home ownership. Nevertheless, the most important factors – out of all those listed above – were the density of housing, education levels and the number of recent immigrants to Australia in a suburb. The direction of these trends may surprise you.
Tree cover was low in suburbs with the highest housing density. That makes sense, as you can’t fit many big trees in a small block. Suburbs with ‘medium’ housing density (about nine houses per hectare) had the most trees. Tree cover was lower in the biggest blocks, which had larger lawns. These labels – high, medium and low housing density – describe the variation across regional cities, and many new housing estates have high density housing, and few trees, by these standards.
Curiously, home ownership wasn’t closely associated with overall tree cover, but suburbs with high and low levels of home ownership did contain different types of plants:
Home ownership … was positively correlated with … nectar-rich plants and trees, and negatively correlated with percent cover of impervious surfaces [concrete]. This may reflect a greater orientation toward elaborate and native gardens with home ownership. The same relationships were recorded with income … so this pattern may reflect an interaction between disposable income and home ownership, whereby home owners have the motivation to invest in garden maintenance and those with greater disposable income have the capacity to do so.(Luck et al. 2009, p. 614)
What about education and immigration? The study found there were more shady trees in suburbs with more new immigrants and where residents had more educational qualifications. The authors of the paper expected that suburbs with more migrants would have fewer trees but their findings blew this suggestion out of the water. Why? Well, we just don’t know (but stay tuned for next week’s blog for more tantalizing suggestions).
The result that I think is most cool is – the factors that were best associated with tree cover in 2006 were the socio-economic factors from 10-15 years earlier. In one analysis, tree cover in 2006 was best explained by the proportion of new immigrants back in 1991, and levels of education and housing density in 1996. This highlights the lag effect, or inertia, in social and ecological systems. Past social and economic changes affect our cities now, and social and economic changes now will influence our cities for decades to come.
Trees don’t read resident’s CVs or income statements. Unlike many residents, trees don’t care about race or immigration. How do we explain why suburbs with more migrants and higher education levels have more trees and shade?
Big surveys like this are important because they show us general, widespread relationships, not local idiosyncrasies. The patterns are indisputable; even if they don’t match our own local experience. But all surveys – no matter how big or small – show us patterns, not causes. We have to infer the causes from other information. In science-speak, we can never infer causation from a correlation. Every correlation might have a multitude of causes.
To illustrate, the strong relationships between social factors and tree cover could indicate (Option A) that social factors influence tree cover – ‘let’s go buy some trees, we’ve got enough money’ – or (Option B) that tree cover influences social factors – ‘I want to buy a house with a lovely garden no matter how much it costs’ – or (Option C) that trees and people are both influenced by other, unrelated factors; ‘we’re not living near the cleared industrial area, it’s too smelly’.
All of these processes interact. People with enough money to buy a house in an attractive shady suburb may choose to plant more trees in the future, and will certainly have enough money to do so. Indeed, the study found that the relationships between tree cover and socio-economic factors grew stronger over time, which suggests that suburbs grow more and more different as they get older. In the author’s words:
Intuitively, this makes sense as vegetation cover may be more similar across neighborhoods at the time of neighborhood establishment … and diverges as neighborhoods develop, influenced by the socio-economic profile of residents.(Luck et al. 2009, p. 615)
Urban trees are a cheap, effective way to lower temperatures, improve human health and reduce the urban heat island effect. When the next heatwave hits, spare a thought for everyone (human and non-human) in the leafless suburb down the road. Under global warming, 50 shades of leafy greens beats 50 shades of grey concrete.
Luck, G.W., Smallbone, L.T. & O’Brien, R. (2009). Socio-economics and vegetation change in urban ecosystems: patterns in space and time. Ecosystems 12(4), 604-620 [Full paper available for free from this link].
Professor Gary Luck kindly fact-checked this week’s post. This is the first in a series of posts on urban trees; the next post widens the canvas to examine street trees across eastern Australia. The wonderful web site, The Conversation, has a number of short articles on the importance of urban trees, including:
- Trees are a city’s air conditioners, so why are we pulling them out?
- Spending wisely now will make heatwaves less costly later
- Our cities need more trees and water, not less, to stay liveable
- Won’t the real Shady City please stand up?
- Why do we plant and remove urban trees?
- The natural secrets of urban well being
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- Habitat III Secretariat,
- United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),
- World Food Programme (WFP),
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
- International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Leave No One Behind: Urban Inclusion and Prosperity
“Leave no one behind” has been the key concept in recent discussions and in the outcomes of global development frameworks. The New Urban Agenda recognizes it as a main principle and as a necessary commitment covering the social dimension of sustainability with interlinked impacts in a sustained urban prosperity for all.
Growing inequalities in both developed and developing countries have hindered development around the world, in some cases undermining previous societal achievements. The persistence of multiple forms of poverty, including the rising number of slum and informal settlement dwellers, is a sad reality in a number of countries, which makes urban segregation a spatially visible phenomenon in many cities. The challenges faced by vulnerable groups as well as the growing diversity of urban dwellers brought about by globalization and the concurrent massive movement of people displaced by conflicts or in search of a better life, further complicate in the quest of ensuring urban inclusion and prosperity for all.
The New Urban Agenda highlights the importance of spatial dimension of inclusivity and suggests a new model of progressive actions to avoid segregation at the policy and implementation levels. This will allow achievement shared prosperity through equal access to the opportunities and benefits that good urbanization can offer.
Supported by the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and all international human rights treaties, the New Urban Agenda adopts a people centered approach to urbanization focusing on increased public participation, social cohesion and integration of cultural diversity. It combines this with the commitment to ensure equal access to urban infrastructure, basic services, and adequate housing for all, in a socioeconomically mixed environment where people can lead decent, dignified, and rewarding lives achieving their full human potential.
The High Level Round Table will discuss the underlining principles of urban inclusion and prosperity for all, identifying concrete actions to meet the commitments made within the implementation of the New Urban Agenda, and further strengthening global partnerships for sustainable urban development.
- What are the key elements of effective urban policies that ensure no one is left behind?
- What are the main urban planning and design principles and approaches that should drive urban extensions and/or renewal processes towards urban inclusion? Which other key drivers would you suggest?
- Who are the main actors and what roles should they assume in the context of an enhanced urban governance framework in order to actively contribute to urban inclusion and prosperity for all?
- What are specific commitments synergic to the New Urban Agenda that you would like to actively encourage in order to strengthen urban inclusion within the global partnership framework for sustainable urban development?
- What urban processes are needed and have proven effective that give a voice in decision-making to poor and marginalized populations
- What specific actions or initiatives should be done, in the spirit of a global, regional, national, and sub-national partnership for sustainable urban development, to enhance means of implementation for urban inclusivity and shared prosperity
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With more than 40,000 finds to date, the Messel Pit is one of the world's most productive fossil sites, documenting dramatic changes to the biosphere during past geological periods. It reveals the wonders of evolution around 47 million years ago and was designated Germany's first UNESCO World Natural Heritage site in 1995.
It may be hard to believe now, but back in the mists of time the area around Darmstadt consisted of a volcanic lake surrounded by a tropical forest. The result is that Messel Pit offers a particularly bio-diverse window into life in the Eocene period. The oil shale hides a wealth of excellently preserved fossils whose diversity and quality is simply unparalleled. These include more than 100 plant species, 8 fish, 31 reptile, 5 amphibian, more than 50 bird and more than 30 invertebrate species. Exhibits of particular interest are the various mammals, especially the remains of prehistoric horses such as the Eurohippus, which would have fit comfortably in a shopping bag. So far, more than 30 complete skeletons have been recovered. Preserved stomach contents and soft tissue samples even provide information about diet and lifestyle. The pit can be visited as part of regular group tours. A visitor and information centre on the edge of the pit opened in August 2010. Its design is based on the oil shale stratification. There is also a viewing platform offering views of the pit site for visitors who do not wish to take part in a guided tour. In addition, there are numerous information panels should you wish to explore the pit individually. The insights gained from a tour of the site can be explored in greater depth at the fossil and local history museum in the nearby town of Messel, at the Hessian State Museum in Darmstadt and at Senckenberg Natural History Museum in Frankfurt am Main.
Visitor centre: open daily from 10am to approx. 5pm
Guided tours of the exhibition at the visitor centre: Monday to Friday at 11.30am, Monday to Thursday at 3.30pm and Friday at 1.30pm
Guided tours of the open pit: daily, booking is recommended
Messel Pit Fossil Site is part of the '' UNESCO route. Other stops on the route are:
UNESCO World Heritage sites:
Две полезни комбинации от клавиши за мащабиране в браузъра:
По-нататъшна помощ ще получите от доставчика на браузъра чрез щракване върху иконата:
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The food you choose to eat or not eat doesn’t make you good or bad
I can come to your school to talk to the pupils about healthy eating as well as body image.
The rate of eating disorders is steadily growing, and unhealthy beliefs about food and body image can start from as early as six years old and more commonly around the age of nine. It’s crucial we start discussing those issues before problems arise. We live in a digital world and our children are bombarded with images of perfect bodies, perfect lives, perfect food, perfect workouts etc., and we need to help them understand that these are mere chimeras.
We need to change the way we teach children about healthy eating. Too often it is presented in a black-and-white fashion, with some foods ‘good’ and some ‘bad’. This can plant the seeds of an unhealthy relationship with food.
I understand that schools are doing their best to teach children to feed themselves better in the face a growing obesity problem, but let’s do it properly. Let me help your kids make sense of it all and teach them what “healthy eating” really is. I offer healthy eating and cookery classes for children of all ages.Contact me regarding fees
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Mark R. Gover
Michigan State University
identity, self, narrative, sociocultural, semiotics
According to common psychological wisdom, identity refers to a characteristic of the individual. We "possess," "acquire," and "have a sense of" identity, for example. Similarly, the narrative processes that are often claimed to underlie identity construction are also typically viewed as attached to the individual, the product of a type of in-the-head thinking or mental structure. This chapter argues that an individualist approach to the understanding of narrative and identity obscures the co-constructed, contextually embedded nature of these constructs. A sociocultural alternative is offered, arguing that as a narrative, personal identity can emerge only as one moves actively between private and public, personal and cultural, past and present.
Educators, therapists, social scientists, literary theorists, and others broadly interested in the human condition are in general agreement that "there may be a special affinity between narrative and self such that narrative can be said to play a privileged role in the process of self-construction" (Miller, Potts, Fung, Hoogstra, & Mintz, 1990, p. 292). In spite of this consensus, however, the term narrative is also found in ways that increasingly force one into a choice between two competing frameworks regarding the origins of narrative phenomena.
The first of these frameworks regards narrative as a specific mode of thinking, a cognitive scheme. For instance, it has been suggested that a basic narrative form, realized within folktales, provides evidence for the "universal structuring of human memory" (Mander, Scribner, Cole, DeForest, 1980, p. 21) according to narrative-like schemes or mental operations. Indeed, some writers conclude that the mind itself is "a narrative concern" (Sutton-Smith, 1988, p. 12).
The second framework for the term "narrative" tends to locate its origins not in an innate characteristic of mind, but in the wider culture of which such minds are a part. Here, narrative is defined largely as a stylized, culturally acquired textual form. In the former framework, narrative points toward an innate characteristic of mind while, in the latter, it denotes a cultural form external to the individual.
This apparent contest over the true origins of narrative has provided the fuel for Donald Polkinghorne's volume, Narrative knowing and the human sciences (see also Polkinghorne, 1991). In this book, Polkinghorne writes that "the question of interest...is whether the narrative scheme is an innate structure of consciousness, like the grammatical structure suggested by Chomsky, or a learned linguistic form, a cultural product like haiku poetry" (Polkinghorne, 1988, p. 23).
I would like to suggest that such questions risk leading us into an intellectual cul-de-sac. Seduced ultimately by the sirens of the perennial nature-nurture debate, the quest for final origins inevitably diverts into us a game of philosophical ping-pong. On the one hand, as we contemplate the structure of individual cognition, we incline toward a Chomskian-like position where knowledge (innate narrative structures, for example) is viewed as essentially preformed within us. In this climate, suitable questions present themselves as "What are the models by which we can understand the individual knower?" "How does the individual mind work?" Eventually, we face the fact that in seeking answers to such questions we have begun to regard the mind as a more or less decontextualized, cranium-bound, mechanism. In this frame, although culture may be seen as influencing the mind, mind and culture otherwise retain their fundamental separateness.
Dissatisfied, we therefore entertain notions of culture-in-mind, of human society as no longer a mere influence on mind but, instead, as one of its actual constituents. Although knowledge in this alternative view is again preformed, it is seen to reside externally in, for example, the cultural genres which individual minds appropriate. Unfortunately, by following this path, we eventually confront the antithetical risk to that just discussed: as boundaries of mind protrude beyond the individual to include its social and historical constituents, we run the risk of sliding into a type of social determinism in which endogenous or biological factors threaten to play no role at all.
In their book, The embodied mind, Varela, Thompson, and Rosch consider such dilemmas (Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 1991). They attribute the very real anxiety that can result to humans' continuing search for an "absolute ground" of knowledge. They write
the tendency is to search either for an outer ground in the world or an inner ground in the mind. By treating mind and world as opposed subjective and objective poles, the Cartesian anxiety oscillates endlessly between the two in search of a ground (p. 141).
Similarly, the quest for an absolute ground of narrative, either as a structure embedded in the mind or as a stylized cultural tradition, is ultimately a crazy-making pursuit. It is based upon this unresolvable polarity of inner versus outer, endogenous mind versus external culture. However, once we move past the reductionism inevitable in assigning primary origins of narrative to either pole (i.e., nature or culture), we are free to move on, to explore other ontologies within which we might begin to conceptualize an alternative view.
In this chapter, I attempt to define a sociocultural theory of narrative in which narrative's natural connections to personal identity are made apparent. Sociocultural theory is a view in which mental phenomena, among other things, are understood as constituted by (that is, not merely influenced by) their cultural, historical, and social contexts, contexts which themselves are deeply and fundamentally human. This view offers a means of analyzing the basic dimensionality of narrative, that is, the personal aspects equated with narrative as well as the social and historical embeddedness that is narrative's very hallmark. It also foregrounds the ways in which narrative language practices, in particular the pragmatic functions of story telling, constitute the ongoing construction of personal identities in their social, cultural, and historical contexts. For purposes of this discussion, the terms "narrative" and "story" will denote an account of personal experience.
3. NARRATIVE INDIVIDUALISM
An individualist approach to narrative, what I will call narrative individualism, underlies the intellectual cul-de-sac mentioned earlier. Like all theory, narrative individualism is based on certain fundamental assumptions regarding the nature of self, language, and meaning. First, it presupposes a basic dualism of self and world. According to this view, within our "deep interior" there resides a bounded, world-independent Self (Gergen, 1991), an entity for which narrative serves as but one medium of expression. To author a personal narrative is, in this frame, to employ narrative as a vehicle for the transport of personal thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. This myth manifests itself linguistically through the deceptively simple article "the" by which we convert self from a fluid experience into a fixed, bounded entity (when for example, we refer to the self). Such usage feeds a narrative individualism in which, as mentioned, narrative's primary function is that of expressive vehicle for a bounded, endogenous self.
Second, narrative individualism presumes a correspondence view of language. That is, narrative individualism presumes a one-to-one standing, an identity, between the words I use and that which my words are presumed to represent, whether such signification be of internal ideas or external objects. From this perspective, again, language is a transparent medium, a container for the safe transport of ideas.
Third, in accordance with the previous two assumptions, meaning from the view of narrative individualism is believed to ultimately reside in the mind of the individual author. It is an essentially private phenomenon, communicated to others through narrative forms which themselves remain external to and separate from the author's meanings and intentions. Narratives "tell" what we mean while they do not affect or constitute those meanings in any fundamental way.
As all theory must, narrative individualism thus privileges a certain view regarding the nature of "the real" from which certain assumptions flow. The fundamental given of this ontology is that there exists a knowable world of things and events, representable through the medium of language, from which we, as selves, remain fundamentally separate. The nature of self varies, of course, depending on whether one takes an empiricist or rationalist view. The implications are the same, however: the phenomena of primary importance are attached primarily to the individual. In other words, the individual remains the valued site for the ultimate realization of personal narrative as well as for our understanding of how narrative relates to issues of identity.
4. A SOCIOCULTURAL CONCEPTION
A sociocultural view offers a very different conception from the individualism just discussed. The organizing principle of a sociocultural conception is, as I see it, the assumption that the causes of human phenomena cannot be reduced to fixed cognitive or cultural factors. Accordingly, I will suggest that both narrative and identity emerge from the confluence of five integrated dimensions: (a) time, (b) artifacts (language/signs/symbols), (c) affect, (d) activity, and (e) self-reflexiveness. I will review each of these in turn. I will also discuss how, through these dimensions, narrative and identity are not separable entities but, instead, serve to mutually constitute one another. This rejects the possibility of a "pure" narrative form, a structure that somehow stands apart from the identities which populate it. Conversely, it also rejects the notion of an identity existing in isolation from the narratives by which it is rendered intelligible.
By way of general disclaimer, although I believe it is safe to assume that homosapiens share these five dimensions I am about to elaborate, there is no predicting how they will be realized at any one time and place. There is an infinite complexity to the world that makes such prediction impossible. Although vitally important, a thorough study of the qualifying effects of culture and history on these dimensions are beyond the scope of this chapter. I now discuss the first dimension of a sociocultural construction, the dimension of time.
TIME - The telling of personal stories always occurs in the present (although their content may, of course, refer to either past, present, or future). Telling is vastly more than a simple reporting of events, however. Since the full implication of events is never completely manifest at their occurrence, their personal meaning is perpetually subject to change as the identity and situations of those who experience them change and develop.
The central implication of the time dimension for narrative is that the events in one's life can be made meaningful only in relation to other events. The sewing together of events (past, present, and future) for purposes of meaning-making and identity construction is ultimately a narrative pursuit. Thus, there is no human requirement for congruence between physical time (i.e., time as it truly is) and time as we experience it. For us, the phenomenological passing of time requires only those events by which time is personally marked, by which the important episodes in one's life are demarcated. These boundaries are never fixed. Instead, the defining of relevant events, roles, and relationships is always accomplished only in accord with current constructions of identity. And these are always changing.
AFFECT - A sociocultural approach views emotion as irreducible to its physiological and/or psychological components, contrary to what essentialist views might suggest (e.g., Ekman, 1982; Izard, 1977; Tomkins, 1982). Although some presocial, physiological component is obviously present in the experience, emotions become interesting from a sociocultural standpoint for how they acquire meaning and force as "pragmatic acts and communicative performances" within particular discursive contexts (Abu-Lughod & Lutz, 1990, p. 11). Since it can be shown that there are culturally and historically diverse emotions as well as different interpretations across cultures of what we might consider the same emotion (Armon-Jones, 1985; D'Andrade & Strauss, 1992; Harre, 1986; Lutz & White, 1986; Lutz & Abu-Lughod, 1990), the spectrum of human emotion is considered an open rather than closed question.
The incorporation of affect into questions of identity acknowledges that we assume a feeing-attitude toward our existence. But such attitudes are hardly automatic. Through affective discourse, we are continually instructed in our emotions, guided by an other (a parent, peer, or teacher, for example) through whom we are taught what one "ought" to feel in certain situations. The implication is that we continually learn how to feel, how to form, sustain, and break off relationships. The crucial aspects of this learning are that it is social (ocurring in interaction with others according to cultural norms), constructive, and mediated by those tools (i.e., sign, symbols, words, gestures, etc.) available within a particular time and place.
ARTIFACTS (LANGUAGE/SIGNS/SYMBOLS) - For the socioculturalist, language is not a passive channel for the communication of self-contained, personal meanings, a medium autonomous from the purposes to which it is put (Vygotsky, 1962). Instead, words are regarded as a class of psychological tools that "are a part of and mediate human action" (Wertsch, 1991, p. 29). Cultural artifacts, material or immaterial, do not simply express underlying cultural truths. Instead, they feed back into the culture in ways that fundamentally change it.
In constituting an identity, individuals take up aspects of their world (artifacts such as language but also including behavior, dress, gesture, cultural roles, and other conventions) which, importantly, preexist them but which also provide the material for the ongoing construction of personal identity (see Shaw, 1994). The most vital aspect of this process is that it always occurs in relation to others (Gergen, 1994; Harré & Gillett, 1994).
Are personal narratives cultural artifacts? I think so. But I would add that they represent artifacts of a higher order. The uniqueness of narrative as an artifact stems from its tendency to organize lower order artifacts (e.g., single events, objects, or productions) into some kind of meaningful framework.
SELF-REFLEXIVENESS - Luria (1981) writes that "animals have only one world, the world of objects and situations. Humans have a double world" (p. 35). This second world is the world of culture. Through culture, homosapiens are able to deal not only with those things which lie beyond our immediate perception, we can also imagine and communicate with others about times other than the present. Through language and various other items in the "cultural tool kit" (Wells, 1996), we are able to tell personal stories that speak from the position of an 'I' in the here-and-now about an 'I' that is not identical but, in fact, occupies another time and place. This idea is central to dialogic views of self where self is no longer considered a monolithic construct but ultimately a "dynamic multiplicity of relatively autonomous I positions" (Hermans, Kempen, & van Loon, 1992, p. 28).
I use the term "self" to refer to the core of this personal self-reflexive capacity, this self-conscious center. This is the dimension through which we experience ourselves as moving phenomenologically through time. At the same time, I use the term "identity" to index the higher order, culturally constituted person - a person which exists for both self and other. The fact that self is a fundamental component of identity, and not something separable which has or acquires an identity, is implicit in the fact that a sustained social identity is impossible without an equally sustained private sense of personal continuity (Gover & Gavelek, 1996, p. 2).
ACTIVITY - A sociocultural perspective seeks to contextualize narrative by arguing for the inseparability of narratives from the system of social practices which constitute them. Such practices might include interpersonal relationships, cultural rules and traditions, economic practices, and so on.
What follows from this is that the meanings of human experience are never fixed. Instead, meaning is discursive, inhering in narrative practices themselves. In narrative as an embodied, pragmatic act, we find that our personal stories emerge from the fluid relationship between self and world and, thus, can actually mean different things at different times. Casey (1986, p. 219), in fact, notes that problems can arise when one's stories becomes overly rigid. In the case of such fixity, one risks conspiring in a certain "stuckness," an inflexible view of the world that resists adaptation and change. For the socioculturalist, such rigidity is not merely a characteristic of the individual but would entail some or all aspects of the larger story-telling context.
In sum, viewing personal narrative as part of a larger system of activities highlights the simple fact that, in order for identities to be viable, we must tell stories which "fit" the larger system of which we are a part. Further, the power and authority governing one's likelihood of authoring a certain type of story is not confined to the site of the teller but is variously dispersed.
5. A DIAGRAM
As inadequate and oversimplified as schematics can be, I would like to offer a diagram that attempts to visually integrate the various dimensions I have discussed (see figure #1).
First, we recognize a context or environment. This context is comprised of physical, social, and cultural components in all their layered complexity. The significant point here is that environments are not merely a static accompaniment to one's life. Instead, environments themselves are always changing (although the timeframe for contextual development is typically quite different than for that of the individual, who is both preceded and outlived by physical and cultural environment). Cole writes that "human beings live in an environment transformed by the artifacts of prior generations, extending back to the beginning of the species" (Cole, 1989, p. 7). A basic principle of sociocultural theory is therefore that we construct our identities by both borrowing from and transforming a world inherited from previous generations.
Moving to the center of the diagram, characteristic of each individual person is the dimension of self-reflexiveness, a self-conscious awareness of being an origin of one's thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. As mentioned, it is here that we phenomenologically experience a sense of self-sameness, an awareness of ourselves as moving through time. Further, through semiotically mediated self-reflexive thought, homosapiens are predisposed to turning back upon ourselves. We have the capacity to consciously reflect on ourselves in an attempt to understand, evaluate, or change who and what we perceive ourselves to be at a given point in time.
Next, in a sociocultural view, the border between individual and context is not physical (as marked by the skin, for instance). Instead, a semiotic boundary, or interface, constituted by the enactment of gestures, symbols, signs, etc. comprises the bridge between personal identity and one's social and cultural context. Both differences and similarities are established at this limen between the individual and the social.
For example, as part of an unrelated research project, I recently asked 6-year-olds to share a story with me about themselves. The only stipulation was that these stories be personal and of a certain type, based on a particular mood or affect which I was to specify ("sad," "happy," "scary," for example). For instance, "Tammy" was asked to share an "exciting" story about herself. She responded by sharing a breathless account of being the flower-girl at her aunt's wedding.
What is pertinent here is that because of the culturally and historically constituted nature of semiotic boundaries, when I asked Tammy for an "exciting story", she had no difficulty in producing a narrative replete with all the traditional elements of what we might consider an adventure. Similarly, when I asked "Rose," another student, for a "scary story" about herself, I received a story structured very much like the genre of dramatic thriller.
By virtue of the semiotic boundary between us, a boundary that connects as well as differentiates, no explicit confusion arose between myself and these kids regarding the meaning of affective terms such as "exciting," "sad," or "scary." For the same reason, the presumption of shared understanding was automatic regarding what I intended by the phrase "a story about yourself," not to mention what I meant by a "sad" or "scary" story. Finally, at an even broader level, Tammy's story was made intelligible by the fact that both Tammy and I automatically take for granted that the other understands what it means to be a flower-girl in a Western-style wedding ceremony.
At no point are two persons' understandings identical, of course. I could just as easily talk about the differences between me and these kids in how culture, age, and personal trajactory lead us to diverse knowledge. Nonetheless, words and gestures seem to create a sense that at least some degree of overlap or "shared variance" exists. It is here, at the level of words and gestures, that communication is made meaningful.
Returning to the diagram, thought, affect, and perception are positioned within the semiotic boundary in order to signify their personal nature. But "personal" or "private" does not mean innate or endogenous. The socially constructed aspects of thought, emotion, and even perception are widely acknowledged (Armon-Jones, 1985; Averill, 1985; Bateson, 1979; Edwards, 1991; Gergen, 1994; Harre, 1986; Harre & Gillett, 1994; Lutz & White, 1986; Searle, 1995; Shotter, 1995).
Finally, identity appears as an oblong (solid line) spanning both personal and contextual dimensions. From a time perspective, identity extends into the past through the stories by which we make sense of our experience, both personally and as a culture. It also extends into the future in much the same way, guided by personal and cultural expectations (the vertical axis in figure #1 has not been assigned a particular meaning).
The shape and location of identity is very much a function of the degree to which one has been able to appropriate the cultural tools available for identity construction. A discursively impoverished context, for example, may preclude the develoment of identities that draw upon wider cultural artifacts, artifacts through which one's identity becomes more varied and complex. An excellent example of this is provided by Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, and Tarule's book, Women's ways of knowing (1986). These writers interviewed a small group of women whom they describe as exhibiting "an extreme denial of self" (p. 24). Common among the women is a background of social, economic, and educational deprivation. These are individuals "silenced" by an environment that did not value their words. As a result, neither did the women come to place any value in the power of their own words and thoughts.
With little encouragement or opportunity to participate in the language practices by which we symbolically mediate our participation in the world, by which we reflect, abstract, and make ourselves into an object of thought, these women seemed to live and react almost totally in a self-absorbed present (see figure #2 where the identity oblong encompasses primarily personal feelings, thoughts, and perceptions in the present). Their imagination largely uncultivated, they were unprepared to generate prospective images of themselves. One women says simply, "I haven't thought about the future" (p. 32).
In conclusion, my theme is one widely shared by teachers, therapists, and others whose work makes them active participants in the crafting of personal stories: narrative language practices are a constituent of identity development. As we share our personal stories with others, fantasize future scenarios, and identify with or partake in the stories of others, we constitute and reconstitute our identities within their physical, cultural, and historical contexts. The roots of narrative and identity thus merge, inextricably embedded and nurtured in the soil of human action.
Furthermore, the narratives by which we understand and make sense of our lives are not in-the-head but of-the-world. Like identity, instead of being reducible to an essence, narratives emerge only as one actively moves between private and public, personal and cultural, past and present. Identities are not portable but become intelligible only within those contexts which provide the resources for their construction.
What a sociocultural view of narrative and identity thus buys us from a theoretical standpoint is permission to give up the "chicken or egg" question. It allows us to realize that we tell stories which are always and forever a part of, and themselves contain, other stories. Thus, their origins are not assignable to a single time or place.
For instance, an account of how I come to write this chapter acquires meaning only within the greater story of my life as lived up to this point. In turn, my life-story has meaning only within the greater narrative of how American culture has, in part, come to value and support the type of academic pursuits I find rewarding. Finally, this cultural narrative is ultimately embedded in the grand evolutionary tale of humankind and their capacity for language and society. Like Russian dolls, there is always a story within a story (see Cole and Engestrom, 1993, pp. 18-22).
To be sure, this has tremendous ramifications for how we conduct research on narrative and identity. What is vital from a sociocultural frame is that such research continue moving outward from an individual person-based understanding toward a broader sociocultural frame in which dimensions such as history, language, and culture have equal explanatory power. Penuel and Wertsch (1985) write that the point of interest in identity research thus becomes "how individuals select, choose, and commit to different people and idea systems in the course of their activities" (1995, p. 91).
Since the socioculturalist is attempting to solve different kinds of problems than those set forth by an empiricist program, it is important to remember that one assimilates sociocultural research only under a fundamentally different set of assumptions regarding what is real and how we come to know. For example, issues of issues of interpretation, power, and context are often valued over, or at least given equal billing with, issues of validity and reliability. Further, analysis is focused on the genesis of integrated units rather than the formal analysis of elements (Vygotsky, 1986).
Finally, in writing this chapter, I have the feeling that more questions may have been generated than resolved. Still, at least one thing does seem more clear: the phrase "personal narrative" may ultimately present an oxymoron. The value of a sociocultural view for teaching, helping, and learning stems from the fact that our personal stories are not simply heard, they are used by others in ways which make them forever a two-way street. That is, in spite of narrative's ability to express an actor's unique world view, one person's story remains another person's metaphor. Through stories, we have the predilection for vicariously inserting ourselves into the position of others in ways that make their stories simultaneously both public and private. This is a human propensity that cannot be stopped, and one that has the potential to both enrich and constrict our personal identities.
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Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and nature: A necessary unity. New York: Bantam.
Belenky, M., Clinchy, B., Goldberger, N., & Tarule, J. (1986). Women's ways of knowing. Basic: New York.
Casey, K. (1996). The new narrative research in education. In M. W. Apple (Ed.), Review of research in education (Vol. 21, pp. 211-253). Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association.
Cole, M. (1989). Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline? Paper prepared for the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, March 14-16, 1989.
Cole, M., & Engestrom, Y. (1993). A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition. In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations (pp. 1-46). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Edwards, D. (1991). Categories are for talking: On the cognitive and discursive bases of categorization. Theory & Psychology, 1(4), 515-542.
Ekman, P. (Ed.). (1982). Emotion in the human face (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
D'Andrade, R.G., & Strauss, C. (Eds.). (1992). Human motive and cultural models. New York: Cambridge.
Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self. New York: Basic.
Gover, M., & Gavelek, J. (1996). Persons and selves: The dialectics of identity. Paper submitted for publication.
Harre, R. (1986). Social sources of mental content and order. In J. Margolis, P. T. Manicas, R. Harre, & P. F. Secord (Eds.), Psychology: Designing the discipline (pp. 91-127). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Harre, R. (Ed.). (1986). The social construction of emotions. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Harre, R., & Gillett, G. (1994). The discursive mind. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hermans, H. J. M., Kempen, H. J. G., & van Loon, R. J. P. (1992). The dialogical self: Beyond individualism and rationalism. American Psychologist, 47(1), 23-33.
Horowitz, L. M. (1994). Schemas, psychopathology, and psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 4(1), 1-19.
Luria, J. (1981). Language and cognition. Washington, DC: Winston.
Lutz, C., & White, G. (1986). The anthropology of emotions. Annual Review of Anthropology, 15, 405-436.
Lutz, C., & Abu-Lughod, L. (Eds.). (1990). Language and the politics of emotion. New York: Cambridge.
Mandler, J., Scribner, S., Cole, M., & DeForest, M. (1980). Cross-cultural invariance in story recall. Child Development, 51, 19-26.
Miller, P. J., Potts, R., Fung, H., Hoogstra, L., & Mintz, J. (1990). Narrative practices and the social construction of self in childhood. American Ethologist, 2(17), 292-311.
Nelson, K. (1991). Remembering and telling: A developmental story. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1(2 & 3), 109-127.
Penuel, W. R., & Wertsch, J. V. (1995). Vygotsky and identity formation: A sociocultural approach. Educational Psychologist, 30(2), 83-92.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1991). Narrative and self-concept. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 2 & 3, 135-153.
Searle, J. R. (1995). The construction of social reality. New York: The Free Press.
Shaw, T. S. (1994). The semiotic mediation of identity. Ethos, 22(1), 83-119.
Shotter, J. (1989). Social accountability and the social construction of 'You'. In J. Shotter & K. Gergen (Eds.), Texts of Identity (pp. 133-151). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Shotter, J. (1995). Conversational realities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sutton-Smith, B. (1988). In search of the imagination. In D. Egan & D. Nadaner (Eds.), Imagination and education. New York: Teachers College Press.
Tomkins, S. (1982). Affect theory. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Emotion in the human face ( 2nd ed., pp. 354-395). New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Mark Gover is a doctoral candidate in Educational Psychology. He also has degrees is music and social work. Interests revolve around the intersection of identity and language practices in eductional contexts. He is a member of Michigan State Universityís Sociocultural Research Group (http://www.educ.msu.edu/units/Groups/SocCult/SCRG.html).
1727 Georgetown Blvd
Lansing, MI 48911-5431
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If you suspect that oranges are triggering gallbladder pain, you may be accurate in your assessment. As with any medical condition, you need to make an appointment with your doctor or gastroenterologist to determine if oranges are triggering gallbladder pain. Ronald Hoffman, MD, a national author, lecturer and health spokesperson, states that oranges are a common food trigger for a gallbladder attack. Your doctor will determine the most effective treatment for your condition.
Gallbladder pain is the result of gall sludge, gallstones or inflammation in the gallbladder. Your gallbladder is a sac that stores extra bile in the eventyou eat high-fat foods that require a lot of bile. Bile is a yellow substance that’s used during digestion to break down fats so they can be absorbed into your blood stream. Gallbladder sludge is microscopic gallstones that typically go unnoticed. Gallstones are pebble-like clusters that can get stuck in the opening of the gallbladder, causing severe pain. Your doctor may use ultrasound technology to determine the cause of your pain.
Oranges may trigger gallbladder pain related to a food-allergy mechanism, according to Dr. Hoffman. Other common trigger foods include nuts, beans, eggs, pork, poultry, milk, coffee, onions and corn. MedlinePlus states that eating foods that are high in fat will increase your chances of developing gallbladder pain if you have gallbladder disease. Avoid fried foods, such as fries, fried chicken and hash browns and foods that are naturally high in fat, such as ice cream, custard and butter. If you notice that oranges consistently trigger gallbladder pain, stop eating oranges or any foods that contain orange by-products, such as orange juice or orange oil.
Gallbladder disease in a mild form may be treated with dietary changes. More severe gallbladder disease that involves gallstones may be treated with prescribed medications that can help dissolve gallstones over a few years. If your gallbladder becomes inflamed or infected, you may need to have it surgically removed.
It’s possible that you’re confusing heartburn with gallbladder pain. Heartburn is a common occurrence after eating highly acidic foods, such as oranges. The pain and discomfort from heartburn may occur in the general region where you would develop gallbladder pain -- in the center of your breast bone. Heartburn occurs when stomach acid enters your esophagus, causing irritation to the lining of your throat and upper chest, according to FamilyDoctor.org.
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Helen of Troy and Paris
In Greek mythology, the face that launched a thousand ships
by David Johnson
Recounted in Homer's Iliad, the story of Helen of Troy and the Trojan War is a Greek heroic legend, combining fact and fiction. The earliest written work in Western civilization, it has inspired writers and artists through the ages.
Known as "The face that launched a thousand ships," Helen of Troy is considered one the most beautiful women in all literature. She was married to Menelaus, king of Sparta. Paris, son of King Priam of Troy, fell in love with Helen and abducted her, taking her back to Troy. The Greeks assembled a great army, led by Menelaus's brother, Agamemnon, to retrieve Helen.
An armada of 1,000 Greek ships sailed across the Aegean Sea to Troy. For nine years the city remained impregnable until the Greeks built a large hollow wooden horse with warriors hidden inside. Despite warnings to "Beware of Greeks bearing gifts," the Trojans accepted the horse and brought it inside the city walls.
That night, the warriors emerged from the horse, and opened the city gates to admit the Greek army. Troy was destroyed. Helen returned safely to Sparta, where she lived happily with Menelaus for the rest of her life.
Fact Monster™ Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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By Capt. Steven Bosiljevac, P.E., USPHS, Capt. Luke Schulte, P.E., USPHS, and Lt. Cdr. Julia Kane, P.E., USPHS
As civil and environmental engineers designing and managing construction of water and wastewater systems, Commissioned Corps officers working for the Indian Health Service and the National Park Service are responsible for specification of the types and sizes of hundreds of buried piping systems that get installed each year in Native American communities and our National Parks. Moreover, federal agencies are directed through laws and executive orders to take action and implement technology and processes to reduce energy demand, eliminate waste, and prevent pollution.
To help meet the intent of these requirements, a workgroup of U.S. Public Health Service engineers of the Public Health Engineering Practice Subcommittee of the Engineering Professional Advisory Committee reviewed numerous published materials from around the world on what the most sustainable pipe materials should be for use in the installation of buried water and wastewater pipelines. The findings of this work group are applicable across a wide spectrum of water and wastewater utilities in both developed and developing countries.
Information was reviewed on the cradle-to-grave impacts of five commonly specified pipe materials: ductile iron, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high density polyethylene (HDPE), reinforced concrete, and vitrified clay. Initial data was examined that compared the impacts of each pipe material in six life phases: Resource Extraction, Manufacturing, Transportation, Installation, Use, and End-of-Use Fate. Sustainability was defined as one, contributing the least amount of greenhouse gases throughout the lifetime of the material; and two, minimizing toxicity impacts.
The amount of greenhouse gases contributed was termed global warming potential. Resource Extraction and Manufacturing were combined into Production. End-of-Use-Fate was eliminated as there is little evidence that buried pipe is recycled in meaningful quantities or that it would markedly lower global warming potential. This reduced the number of phases to four: Production, Transport, Installation, and Use.
INSIDE THE RESEARCH
Of note in the research, only pressure conveyance is considered. Gravity conveyance is not. Additionally, only open trench installation techniques were considered. The discussion also does not include benefits inherent to some materials that would lend themselves to other installation techniques such as directional drilling. In addition, the work group did not consider the inherent benefits of certain pipe material such as the ability to mold HDPE pipe into unique fittings inexpensively. Ultimately, these were separate design considerations, and the team did not find evidence they would significantly impact global warming potential or toxicity.
Lifecycle analysis data on the toxicity related to raw material extraction and base material production were not covered due to the complexities involved. Manufacturing of the many pipe materials have all evolved over time to involve processes and industrial hygiene practices that meet laws and regulations put in place to protect the environment and worker health and safety. The one area where toxicity can be a concern is when using diesel powered equipment during installation; however, relative to the entire lifetime of the pipe material, installation is an acute exposure. For pipes in the service phase of the lifecycle, the concern is release of any toxic material from the pipe itself to the environment. None of the pipe materials researched are presently known to have a toxicity to the environment when the pipes are utilized following manufacturers’ recommendations.
COMPARING TWO OPTIONS
A situation in which upsizing pipe may be appropriate is in circulating systems. For instance, in Alaska Native communities in the Arctic, potable water distribution systems are comprised of a circulating loop with a heat add component. The environmental condition that drives this requirement is quite often because these systems are installed in permafrost, so as the water travels through the distribution system the water temperature continues to decrease. This creates the need to continually circulate the water and add heat periodically to keep distribution lines from freezing. We can simplify the energy use comparison based on a few assumptions.
• It is a loop system, so the net static lift is zero.
• Assuming the pipe material and length are held constant, the friction loss equation can be reduced to a comparison of the velocities (ft/s) taken to the exponent 1.85, while being divided by the associated pipe diameter (feet) taken to the exponent 1.165.
• Since specific gravity and the volumetric flow rate will be the same, a comparison of the hydraulic horsepower (kilowatt) can be reduced to a comparison of friction losses.
Compare a 4-in pipe to a 6-in pipe. In order to move the same quantity of water, say approximately 79-gal/min, the 4-in pipe velocity would be 2-ft/sec. For the 6-in diameter pipe, the velocity would be 0.9-ft/sec. Plugging in these velocities along with the associated pipe diameters, the calculated ratio of headloss for the 4-in and 6-in pipes is 12.96 and 1.85, respectively. This is a seven-fold difference. Increasing the pipe size and reducing the velocity lowers the energy use requirement approximately 85 percent. This leads to lower global warming potential over the lifecycle of the system. Keep in mind the difference will not be as dramatic in the larger pipe sizes.
Lifecycle analysis provides tools for quantifying the impacts of pipe materials. Studies reviewed identified the inputs (energy, raw materials) and outputs (impacts to air, water, solid wastes, other releases, and byproducts) for each phase of each pipe material’s life cycle. Production includes all processes required to produce the product, including resource extraction. Transportation comprises energy involved in conveying materials to markets and to the project site. Installation includes all energy expended installing the pipe including bedding. The Use Phase is the energy consumed to convey the liquid during the service life of the piping system.
PIPE MATERIALS IMPACT
In the analyses reviewed, global warming potential is measured in kilograms of CO₂ emitted per kilometer of pipe length. At the material production level there is great variability in the contributing factors. For instance, the composition of energy sources for a particular area of the country can vary significantly. The electrical power might come from a hydroelectric plant, a coal fired plant, a natural gas fired plant, or a nuclear power plant. The Pipe Workgroup mitigated this variable by ignoring the energy source makeup and looking only at energy consumed for each phase of the analysis.
The Production Phase accounts for 92 percent to 99 percent of total global warming potential for the first three phases. The Installation and Transportation Phases are minor contributors to global warming potential when compared to the Production and Use Phases. In addition, considering the first three phases (Production, Transport, and Installation), concrete pipe shows the least global warming potential while ductile iron shows the greatest.
Within each material, differences exist at varying diameters. Iron pipe has the highest global warming potential at diameters less than 24-in. PVC has the highest for diameters greater than 30-in. This anomaly is created by the schedule of pipe thickness associated with different pipe material.
THE USE PHASE
In the past, several lifecycle analyses did not include the Use Phase. Incorporating this adds complexity as each application/project typically has unique requirements. A valid comparison can be determined when lifecycle analysis incorporates the Use Phase, if the scope is held consistent across pipe materials. Typically, pressure requirements and static lift are excluded. Only friction losses developed during conveyance were considered. What becomes clear when the Use Phase is included is that, unless fluids are conveyed by gravity alone, the energy used to transport water and wastewater through miles of pipe networks over typical lifetimes of 20 or more years may have as much global warming potential as the first three phases of the pipe’s lifecycle. This leads to selecting pipe size to minimize global warming potential because of the effect that size has on energy requirements. Small diameter pipe sizes have lower global warming potential from production, transport, and installation; however, the energy consumed to convey a quantity of water/wastewater is increased.
Minimizing energy use becomes a critical practice for minimizing global warming potential. Lowering energy inputs has been a goal of designing these systems for decades, simply to keep down the operating cost. It was determined that keeping down operating costs to move water and wastewater has the greatest effect on reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well. Longer service life applications will favor larger diameter pipes.
For pressure water conveyance, global warming potential is minimized for all four phases over the service life when velocities are reduced to approximately 1-ft/sec versus previous standard velocities. Typically this cannot be applied to wastewater force mains since higher velocities are necessary to re-suspend wastewater solids.
BUILDING BEST PRACTICES
Studying the impact of our work stems from an imperative to do less harm than good. The information we use to make those determinations is available in the scientifically determined and relevant form of life cycle analyses.
Engineers should revise the design model to include environmental impact (global warming potential) as a factor in the pipe material and size selection for pressure water conveyance. Specifically, this includes potentially upsizing the pipe diameter to allow velocities to approach approximately 1-ft/sec. In addition, depending on project requirements (including pipe sizes) certain pipe materials will induce less environmental impact.
It remains the responsibility of the design engineer to determine if it is appropriate to incorporate these findings to their specific system. Typically, every design has its unique requirements and it may not be appropriate for every instance.
Capt. Steven Bosiljevac, P.E., USPHS, is Regional Civil Engineer, National Park Service Pacific West Regional Office; email@example.com.
Capt. Luke Schulte, P.E., USPHS, is Project Manager, National Park Service Denver Service Center; firstname.lastname@example.org.
Lt. Cdr. Julia Kane, P.E., USPHS, is Project Manager, National Park Service Intermountain Regional Office; email@example.com.
[This article first published in the July-August 2018 issue of The Military Engineer]
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During the 20th century the numbers of nesting Sandwich Terns Sterna sandvicensis in The Netherlands have fluctuated heavily. After the collapse in the 19605 the number of breeding pairs increased only slowly and stabilised at a low level. Earlier studies showed that population trends may be related to changes in food availability. Since the Sandwich Tern is a highly specialised piscivorous seabird, which feeds almost exclusively on tour species of fish (herring, sprat, sandeel and greater sandeel), the Sandwich Tern is probably highly vulnerable to changes in the availability of its prey species. To determine the key factors influencing population size the Institute for Forestry and Nature research (IBN-DLO), in co-operation with the Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research (RIVO-DLO) and the National Institute of Coastal and Marine Management (RIKZ), started a study on the population dynamics of the species in 1995. The study was conducted on Griend, the largest Sandwich Tern colony in western Europe. The target of this study was twofold, namely: (1) To assess to what extent emigration to other colonies takes place. (2) To come to a better understanding of the importance of food availability during the breeding season for chick and post-fledging survival, and ultimately for population dynamics. In 1992-1997, the provisioning of food to the chicks fluctuated stronglv from year to year. Parallel with these changes the condition of the breeding adults and parental effort changed. These parameters can be regarded as indicative for the food situation in the local foraging areas. Changes in adult condition, the amount of food supplied to the chicks (in particular herring) and parental effort coincided with a parallel change in the number of breeding pairs. In years in which these parameters indicated a scarcitv of food, the number of breeding pairs was accordingly low. In 1995, a sampling programme was started to investigate whether the assumed fluctuations in food availabilitv as measured in the colony on Griend, were reflected by changes in food abundance in the local foraging areas. Isaac's Kidd Middwater Trawl net catches indicated that food availabilitv decreased from 1995-1997. Although a parallel decrease was seen in the terns population size, the fish catches did not reflect other changes in the colony on Griend. The used sampling method was probably not suitable to detect changes in the amount of food availability for the terns. However, the fish sampling programme made clear that fish availabilitv was greatlv influenced by water clarity. In relatively clear water the fish was present at greater depths, thus beyond the reach of foraging terns. Sandeels were even IV distributed over the five sampling locations, but herring availabilitv increased towards the northern positions. At sampling points where herring availability was high, the number of foraging terns were accordinglv high. Along with the changes in the number of breeding pairs, the age composition of the population on Griend showed large fluctuations. In 1995, the proportion of older birds was relatively high, whereas in 1996 and in 1997 a large proportion of young birds nested on Griend. These changes were related to a high local survival rate of 3- and 4-year old birds in 1996 and 1997. A considerable part of both the population nesting on Griend and the Danish population consists of birds immigrated from other colonies. However, site fidelity of the terns on Griend was much higher than in Denmark. The majority of the emigrating terns settled in colonies less than 200 km away from their original colony.
|Place of Publication||Den Haag|
|Number of pages||69|
|Publication status||Published - 1998|
|Name||BEON Rapport = BEON-report|
|Publisher||RIKZ: Den Haag|
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| 0.935885 | 803 | 3.078125 | 3 |
I will be aware of my strengths and weaknesses and recognise what others have to offer.
People with humility are humble and do not exaggerate their own importance. They are always willing to step back and give other people a chance to shine. Humble people are willing to help out with a lowly task when they see someone else needing help.
Humility requires acknowledging that humans have limitations in what we know and can do. Each of us must be aware of what we can do well and when we need to seek help from others with different abilities. Humility involves setting aside personal pride and overcoming our egos to seek help from others. Humble people are grateful for the abilities they have but they also appreciate what others have to offer. In being humble, we recognize our own value in relation to others. We are neither better nor worse than anyone else – just different from others. This means we all benefit by cooperating and combining our strengths.
Activity 1 – Spread Appreciation
Write and give a Thank You letter, or go and thank personally, people you appreciate for the special contribution they make to your life at home, in school or in the community. You could write to a family member who takes care of you, a teacher who helps you learn, a friend who is kind to you, a person who makes a big contribution to your community, or someone who works hard without enough acknowledgment.
Write down some circumstances when it would be good for you to ask more help from others.
In what other ways could you show your appreciation when people help you?
Activity 2 – Being a Gracious Loser
Imagine you worked very hard on a project or took part in a sporting event, but you lost.
What could you say to the winner(s) to congratulate their victory and show that you’re not a sore loser?
True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing.
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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en
| 0.96873 | 392 | 3.25 | 3 |
A new study published in the January 2018 issue of the journal, Science, introduces the experimental blood test, CancerSEEK. The researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center in Baltimore, Maryland, shared that this new blood test is able to detect 8 common cancers: esophageal, bowel, ovarian, liver, stomach, pancreatic, lung, and breast cancers. This exciting breakthrough promises to save millions of lives.
The researchers explain that CancerSEEK is a liquid biopsy that is less invasive than a standard biopsy, in which a needle is placed into a solid tumor to confirm a cancer diagnosis. Instead, CancerSEEK is able to detect minute mutated DNA cells that are shed in the blood by dying cells and protein biomarkers of certain cancers.
Healthcare providers, such as those at any primary medical care center or urgent care clinic, will soon be able to screen more of their patients early and refer them to treatment before their cancer metastasizes or even before they become symptomatic. Even though the test is still several years away from actual use, the hope is that this simple life-saving screening will become a part of routine blood tests such as cholesterol and glucose checks.
The study screened over 1,000 patients already diagnosed with cancer and 815 people with no known cancer diagnosis. The test was able to detect cancer in patients already diagnosed with 70% accuracy. In the group with no known cancer diagnosis, the test was 99% accurate. The test was also able to locate where the cancerous tumors were in 83% of the cases. One of the researchers in the study, Anne-Marie Lennon, M.D., Ph.D., shared her excitement about this one-stop, minimally invasive cancer test, “This has the potential to substantially impact patients. Earlier detection provides many ways to improve outcomes for patients.” CancerSEEK is proposed to cost approximately $500, which would be quite affordable to most patients with health insurance.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://primarymed.com/health-articles/experimental-blood-test-screens-for-8-types-of-cancer-offers-hope-for-saving-lives-through-early-detection
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en
| 0.966136 | 399 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Self-Cleaning Aquaponic Aquarium
It is a closed-loop ecosystem in which wastewater from the fish is pumped to the plants, where beneficial bacteria convert fish waste to nutrients the plants need to grow. By taking up these nutrients, the plants clean the water as it is returned to the fish. Soil is unnecessary in this system as the fish waste serves as fertilizer for the plants, and the tank is self-cleaning!Self-Cleaning Aquaponic Aquarium.
I found an all-in one guide to aquapoincs with which You can build your own clean, self cleaning food growing or hobby aquapoinc: Click Here!
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en
| 0.949213 | 135 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Utilization of Mass Spectrometry to Characterize, Image, and Quantify Small Molecules
2019-12-04T20:30:25Z (GMT) by
Ambient ionization techniques, such as nanoDESI and nanoESI, allow for the direct analysis of complex samples under atmospheric pressure with no sample pretreatment. These ionization techniques are utilized for a variety of applications, including lipidomics, online reactions and imaging of small molecules. Nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) is an ionization technique that is similar to electrospray ionization (ESI) but uses smaller sample volumes. NanoESI can be used for complex biological sample analysis and when coupled with online photochemical reactions, such as the Paternò-Büchi (PB) reaction, structural information about lipids can be determined. Likewise, nanoDESI is another ambient ionization technique that employs the ESI mechanism but incorporates online liquid extraction of analytes. This technique is easily incorporated to mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to provide spatial localization of biomolecules in tissues. Additionally, nanoDESI allows for tunable solvent extraction and online derivatization reactions. These techniques were used to determine structural information of neutral lipids, to image lipids from different developmental stages of lung tissue, and to image and quantify small molecule drugs and metabolites in tissue.
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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| 0.880637 | 287 | 2.625 | 3 |
Previous version: WG14/N808.
DR 63 (and 56): Floating-Point accuracy
Proposed wording for the Response for DR 63 (and 56).
The following wording (approved by the editorial review
committee) should be incorporated into a future version of
the standard in section 126.96.36.199.2 <float.h>, page 25,
between paragraphs 3 and 4:
The accuracy of the floating-point operations (+, -, *, /)
and of the math library (<math.h> and <complex.h>) functions
that return a floating-point result is implementation
defined. The implementation shall document the accuracy,
but is allowed to state that the accuracy is unknown.
Rationale (section 188.8.131.52.2 <float.h>)
The overflow and/or underflow thresholds may not be the same
for all arithmetic operations. For example, there is at
least one machine where the overflow threshold for addition
is twice as big as for multiplication. Another
implementation uses a pair of doubles to represent a long
double. In that implementation, the next representable long
double value after 1.0L is 1.0L+LDBL_MIN, yet, the
difference bewteen those two numbers (LDBL_MIN) is not [note
to editor: math type] b ** (1-p), otherwise known as
LDBL_EPSILON. Because of anomalies like these, there are
few hard requirements on the <float.h> values. But, the
values in <float.h> should be in terms of the hardware
representation used to store floating-point values in memory
(not in terms of the effective accuracy of operations, nor
in terms of registers) and should apply to all operations.
The representation stored in memory may have padding bits
and/or bytes that do not contribute to the value. The
padding should not be included in the <float.h> values.
Because of the practical difficulty involved in defining a
uniform metric that applies to both real and complex types
and that all vendors would be willing to follow (just
computing the accuracy reliably could be a significant
burden that varied depending on the required metric), and
because the importance of floating point accuracy differs
greatly among users, the standard allows a great deal of
latitude in how an implementation documents the accuracy of
the real and complex floating-point operations and
Here are some ways that an implementation might address the
need to define the accuracy ...
maximum Units in the Last Place (ULPs) error
maximum absolute error
maximum relative error
For complex values, some methods are ...
error in terms of both real and imaginary parts
error in terms of Euclidean norm,
||a + b*i|| = sqrt(a*a + b*b).
There are two usages of the term ULP. One is in the context
of differences between two numbers, e.g., f(x) differs from
F(x) by 3 ULPs. The other is the value of the ULP of a
number, e.g., an ULP of the value 1.0 is DBL_EPSILON. For
this discussion, we are interested in the former; the
difference between the computed value and the infinitely
The error between two floating-point numbers in ULPs depends
on the radix and the precision used in representing the
number, but not the exponent. With a decimal radix and 3
digits of precision, the computed value 0.314e+1 differs
from the value 0.31416e+1 by 0.16 ULPs. If both numbers are
scaled by the same power of the radix, e.g., 0.314e+49 and
0.31416e+49, they still differ by 0.16 ULPs.
When the two numbers being compared span a power of the
radix, the two possible ULP error calculations differ by a
factor of the radix. For a decimal radix and 3-digits of
precision, consider the two values 9.99e2 and 1.01e3. These
are the two values adjacent to the value 1.00e3, a power of
the radix, in this number system. If 999 is the correct
value and 1010 is the computed value, the error is 11 ulps.
But, if 1.01e3 is the correct value and 0.999e3 is the
computed value, then the error is 1.1 ulps.
Some math functions, such as those that do argument
reduction modulo an approximation of pi, have good accuracy
for small arguments, but poor accuracy for large arguments.
It is not unusual for an implementation of the trig
functions to have zero bits correct in the computed result
for large arguments. For cases like this, an implementation
might break the domain of the function into disjoint
regions and specify the accuracy in each region.
If an implementation documents worst case error, there is no
requirement that it be the minimum worst case error. That
is, if a vendor believes that the worst case error for a
function is around 5 ULPs, they could document it as 7 ULPs
to be on the safe side.
The committee could not agree on upper limits on accuracy
that all conforming imlementations must meet, e.g., addition
is no worse than 2 ULPs for all implementations. It is a
quality of implementation issue.
Implementations that conform to IEC-559 have half ULP
accuracy in round to nearest mode, and 1-ULP accuracy in the
other three rounding modes, for the basic arithmetic
operations and sqrt. For other floating-point arithmetics,
it is a rare implementation that has worse than 1-ULP
accuracy for the basic arithmetic operations.
The accuracy of binary-decimal converions and format
conversions are discussed elsewhere in the standard.
For the math library functions, currently, fast correctly
rounded 0.5 ULP accuracy is still a research problem. Some
implementations provide two math libraries: one being faster
but less accurate than the other.
The C9X committee discussed the idea of allowing the
programmer to find out the accuracy of floating-point
operations and math functions during compilation (say via
macro symbols) or during execution (via a function call),
but neither got enough support (even though this is what
some users want) to warrant the change to the standard. The
use of macro symbols would require over one hundred macro
symbols to name every math function (such as ULP_SINF,
ULP_SIN, and ULP_SIND just for the real valued sin
function). One possible function implementation might be a
function that takes the name of the operation or math
function as a string, e.g., ulp_err( "sin" ) that would
return a double such as 3.5 to indicate the worst case error
or the value -1.0 to indicate unknown error. But such a
"simple" scheme would likely be of very limited use given
that so many functions have accuracies that differ
significantly across their domains. Constrained to worst
case error across the entire domain, most implementations
would wind up reporting either unknown or else a uselessly
large value for a very large percentage of functions -
useless because most programs that care about accuracy are
written in the first place to try to compensate for accuracy
problems that typically arise when pushing domain
boundaries. And implementing something more useful, like
the worst case error for a user-specified partition of the
domain, would be a nightmare.
|
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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| 0.866513 | 1,715 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Good Manufacturing Practices in Food and Related Products: Ensuring Food Safety Protocols
Food safety is a critical concern in today’s globalized world, where food products are manufactured and distributed on an unprecedented scale. The implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and quality of food and related products. For instance, consider the case of a hypothetical yogurt manufacturing company that experienced a significant increase in customer complaints regarding spoilage and contamination. This incident highlights the importance of adhering to GMPs to prevent such issues and maintain consumer trust.
In order to address these concerns, this article aims to explore the significance of implementing GMPs in food and related product manufacturing processes. By following standardized protocols for hygiene, sanitation, training, documentation, and quality assurance measures, manufacturers can effectively mitigate risks associated with contamination, cross-contamination, allergen handling, improper storage practices, and other potential hazards. In doing so, they not only safeguard the health and well-being of consumers but also protect their brand reputation from potentially devastating consequences such as recalls or legal liability. Thus, understanding and practicing GMPs form an integral part of any successful food production operation aiming for excellence in both safety standards and overall business performance.
Overview of Good Manufacturing Practices
Overview of Good Manufacturing Practices
In today’s fast-paced and interconnected world, ensuring the safety and quality of food products is paramount. This is where Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) play a crucial role. GMPs are a set of guidelines and regulations that outline the requirements for manufacturing processes to ensure the production of safe and high-quality food products. To better understand the significance of GMPs, let us consider an example.
Imagine a large-scale dairy company producing milk-based beverages. Without proper adherence to GMPs, there may be instances where contaminants such as bacteria or foreign particles find their way into the final product. One such case occurred in 2008 when a major beverage manufacturer faced a widespread recall due to contamination issues arising from inadequate sanitation practices at their bottling facilities. This unfortunate incident not only resulted in financial losses but also raised concerns among consumers regarding the safety standards followed by manufacturers.
To address these challenges, GMPs provide comprehensive guidance on critical aspects related to food processing, packaging, storage, and distribution. Here are some key elements highlighted by GMPs:
- Sanitation: Maintaining cleanliness throughout all stages of production helps prevent cross-contamination and ensures hygienic conditions.
- Quality Control: Implementing robust quality control measures enables companies to monitor and verify that each batch meets specific criteria before it reaches consumers’ hands.
- Training and Education: Providing regular training sessions for employees enhances their awareness about potential hazards and equips them with necessary skills to maintain compliance with established protocols.
- Traceability: Establishing traceability systems assists in tracking raw materials used in production, identifying sources of contamination if needed, and facilitating efficient recalls if any safety issues arise.
By incorporating these principles into daily operations through meticulous planning, monitoring, recordkeeping, and continuous improvement processes, companies can establish effective control over their manufacturing procedures.
Looking ahead to our next section on “Benefits of Implementing Good Manufacturing Practices,” we will explore the positive impact GMPs can have on various aspects of food production, ranging from consumer trust to regulatory compliance.
Benefits of Implementing Good Manufacturing Practices
In today’s increasingly complex and globalized food industry, ensuring the safety and quality of food products has become paramount. One case study that highlights the importance of implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) involves a multinational food company. In 2018, this company faced a massive recall due to contamination in one of its popular snack products. The incident not only led to financial losses but also tarnished their reputation. This example emphasizes the need for strict adherence to GMPs and their role in preventing such incidents.
Implementing GMPs offers numerous benefits for both manufacturers and consumers alike. Firstly, it ensures compliance with regulatory requirements set by authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). By following these guidelines, companies can avoid costly penalties or even legal actions resulting from non-compliance. Secondly, GMPs help maintain product consistency and uniformity throughout production processes, leading to reliable quality standards being met consistently.
To further grasp the significance of GMPs, let us consider four key benefits they provide:
- Enhanced consumer confidence: Implementing GMPs demonstrates a commitment to producing safe and high-quality food products, which helps build trust among consumers.
- Improved product shelf life: Adhering to proper manufacturing practices reduces microbial growth, spoilage, and deterioration of products over time.
- Minimized risk of cross-contamination: Through effective cleaning procedures and segregation techniques, GMPs reduce the likelihood of allergen cross-contact during processing.
- Strengthened brand reputation: Consistently delivering safe products builds a positive brand image and fosters long-term customer loyalty.
Additionally, understanding the various components involved in implementing GMPs is crucial for achieving optimal results. These elements include personnel hygiene practices, sanitation protocols, equipment maintenance schedules, documentation systems, supplier management procedures, training programs for employees on food safety principles – all aimed at creating an environment where consistent adherence to GMPs is prioritized.
In the subsequent section, we will delve into the key elements of Good Manufacturing Practices and explore how they contribute to ensuring food safety protocols are effectively implemented. By examining these components in detail, manufacturers can gain valuable insights into establishing robust GMP systems that protect both their consumers and their brand reputation.
Key Elements of Good Manufacturing Practices
Benefits of Implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (Continued)
Implementation of good manufacturing practices (GMP) brings about numerous advantages, ensuring the safety and quality of food and related products. One such example is the case of a large-scale dairy processing facility that implemented GMP protocols to enhance their production processes. By adhering to these practices, they were able to significantly reduce instances of contamination and improve overall product quality.
To better understand the benefits associated with implementing GMP, let us explore four key aspects:
Enhanced Food Safety: The primary objective of GMP is to maintain high standards in food safety by preventing potential hazards throughout the entire production process. This includes rigorous sanitation procedures, proper handling and storage techniques, as well as comprehensive monitoring systems. By following these guidelines, companies can minimize the risk of microbial growth, cross-contamination, or chemical adulteration.
Compliance with Regulatory Standards: Adhering to GMP ensures compliance with strict regulatory requirements set forth by local authorities or international agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Meeting these standards not only helps avoid penalties and legal consequences but also enhances consumer confidence in the brand’s commitment to providing safe and reliable products.
Improved Product Quality: Implementation of GMP measures enables companies to establish consistent product quality through standardized operating procedures. Stringent controls over ingredients sourcing, formulation accuracy, equipment maintenance, and packaging integrity contribute towards producing goods that meet defined specifications consistently.
Cost Reductions: Although initial implementation may require an investment in training programs and infrastructure upgrades, long-term cost savings are achieved through reduced wastage due to spoilage or recalls caused by non-compliance issues. Furthermore, efficient utilization of resources leads to improved productivity and increased competitiveness within the market.
Table 1 highlights some specific benefits derived from implementing GMP protocols:
|Reduced Risk||Decreased likelihood of product contamination|
|Enhanced Reputation||Strengthened brand image and customer trust|
|Increased Operational Efficiency||Streamlined processes resulting in higher productivity|
|Improved Employee Morale||Heightened job satisfaction and sense of purpose|
In conclusion, the incorporation of good manufacturing practices brings about a range of benefits for food and related product manufacturers. Ensuring enhanced food safety, compliance with regulatory standards, improved product quality, and cost reductions are just some of the advantages that can be achieved through GMP implementation. However, it is crucial to recognize that these benefits can only be fully realized when accompanied by comprehensive training and education on GMP principles.
The subsequent section will delve into the importance of training and education in GMP protocols as fundamental components for successful implementation within an organization. By equipping employees with the necessary knowledge and skills, companies can effectively navigate the intricacies of maintaining proper manufacturing practices while ensuring continuous improvement in their operations.
Importance of Training and Education in GMP
In the previous section, we explored the key elements that form the foundation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in food and related products. Now, let’s delve into the importance of training and education in ensuring effective implementation of GMP protocols.
To illustrate this point, consider a hypothetical scenario where a food manufacturing company neglects to provide comprehensive training to its employees on GMP principles. As a result, there is a lack of understanding regarding hygiene practices and cross-contamination prevention among workers. This leads to several instances of product recalls due to contamination issues, resulting in significant financial losses for the company and potential harm to consumers’ health.
Training and education play a crucial role in preventing such scenarios by instilling knowledge and awareness about GMP requirements. Here are some reasons why investing in employee training is essential:
- Ensuring compliance: Adequate training equips employees with an understanding of relevant regulations and guidelines governing GMP implementation. This helps organizations maintain compliance with legal requirements.
- Enhancing quality control: Well-trained staff can effectively identify deviations from standard operating procedures (SOPs) and take appropriate corrective actions promptly. This contributes to maintaining consistent product quality.
- Promoting safety culture: By imparting knowledge about potential hazards and best practices for handling them, training programs foster a safety-conscious work environment. Employees become more vigilant about identifying risks associated with equipment, ingredients, or processes.
- Continuous improvement: Regularly updated training programs keep employees informed about emerging trends, new technologies, and improved techniques in manufacturing processes. This enables companies to adapt quickly and implement necessary changes for enhanced efficiency.
|Beneficial Outcomes||Training Programs|
|Compliance with regulatory standards||Comprehensive orientation sessions covering SOPs|
|Enhanced product quality||Periodic refresher courses focused on risk identification|
|Improved workplace safety||Hands-on workshops demonstrating safe handling procedures|
|Adaptability to industry advancements||Online modules providing updates on new technologies|
By investing in training and education, companies can ensure that their employees possess the necessary knowledge and skills to implement GMP protocols effectively. This not only promotes compliance with regulatory standards but also leads to improved product quality, workplace safety, and adaptability to industry changes.
Transitioning into the subsequent section about “Ensuring Compliance with GMP Regulations,” it is important to emphasize the significance of establishing robust mechanisms for monitoring adherence to these regulations.
Ensuring Compliance with GMP Regulations
Building on the significance of training and education in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), it is imperative for food manufacturers to ensure strict compliance with GMP regulations. By adhering to these guidelines, companies can uphold high standards of safety and quality throughout their production processes. To illustrate the importance of this compliance, let us consider a hypothetical case study.
Case Study Example:
Imagine a food processing facility that consistently fails to adhere to GMP regulations. This facility frequently experiences product recalls due to contamination issues, resulting in financial losses and damage to its reputation. In contrast, another facility strictly follows GMP protocols and maintains an excellent track record when it comes to food safety. This stark comparison demonstrates how crucial compliance with GMP regulations is for ensuring consumer trust and safeguarding public health.
To achieve compliance with GMP regulations effectively, food manufacturers must focus on several key aspects:
Documented Procedures: Establishing well-documented procedures is essential for maintaining consistency and traceability within manufacturing processes. These procedures should cover all aspects relevant to GMP requirements, including personnel hygiene practices, equipment maintenance schedules, and sanitation protocols.
Regular Audits and Inspections: Conducting regular internal audits and inspections enables companies to identify any deviations or non-compliance promptly. By proactively addressing these issues through corrective actions, manufacturers can prevent potential risks before they compromise product quality or safety.
Training Programs: Continual training programs are vital for keeping employees updated on evolving industry best practices and regulatory changes related to GMP. Properly trained staff members play a crucial role in implementing effective control measures and reducing the likelihood of errors or contamination incidents.
Supplier Verification: Verifying suppliers’ adherence to GMP principles is critical in guaranteeing the integrity of raw materials used in production processes. Companies should establish robust supplier verification systems that evaluate vendors based on their own adherence to GMP, quality control measures, and certifications.
To further emphasize the significance of compliance with GMP regulations, consider the following table:
|Food Safety Incidents||Compliance with GMP||Financial Impact ($)|
As evident from this table, non-compliance with GMP guidelines can have severe repercussions for food manufacturers. From financial losses to reputational damage, negligence in adhering to these regulations poses significant risks that should not be underestimated.
In conclusion, ensuring strict compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is paramount for food manufacturers striving to maintain high standards of safety and quality. By implementing well-documented procedures, conducting regular audits and inspections, providing comprehensive training programs, and verifying suppliers’ adherence to GMP protocols, companies can mitigate risks associated with product contamination or other safety issues. The next section will delve into the concept of continuous improvement in food safety practices.
Moving forward into the topic of continuous improvement in food safety practices…
Continuous Improvement in Food Safety Practices
Building upon the foundation of compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations, it is crucial for food manufacturers to adopt a proactive approach towards continuous improvement in their food safety practices. This not only ensures adherence to industry standards but also enhances consumer trust and confidence in the products they consume. By implementing robust systems and processes aimed at identifying areas of improvement and addressing them effectively, companies can safeguard public health while maintaining high-quality standards.
To illustrate the significance of continuous improvement, let us consider a hypothetical case study involving a chocolate manufacturing company. After conducting routine internal audits, the company identified an issue related to cross-contamination between different types of chocolates on its production line. Although corrective actions were taken immediately to rectify this problem, management recognized the need for ongoing improvements to prevent similar incidents in the future.
Implementing continuous improvement strategies involves several key elements:
Regular Monitoring and Evaluation:
- Conducting regular inspections and assessments to identify potential risks or deviations.
- Utilizing advanced technologies such as automated monitoring systems or data analytics tools to track performance indicators.
- Employing statistical process control techniques to detect any variations that may lead to non-compliance with GMP regulations.
Employee Training and Engagement:
- Providing comprehensive training programs that emphasize proper hygiene practices, equipment handling procedures, and quality assurance protocols.
- Encouraging active employee participation by soliciting feedback, suggestions, and ideas for improving food safety measures.
- Recognizing and rewarding employees who exhibit exemplary commitment to upholding food safety standards.
Collaboration with Suppliers:
- Establishing strong communication channels with suppliers to ensure consistent delivery of safe raw materials.
- Implementing supplier qualification programs that assess their adherence to GMP guidelines.
- Engaging in collaborative efforts with suppliers for sharing best practices and addressing any potential concerns regarding ingredient safety.
Documentation and Record-Keeping:
- Maintaining comprehensive records of all processes, inspections, and corrective actions taken.
- Regularly reviewing and analyzing these records to identify patterns or trends that may require further improvement measures.
- Utilizing electronic systems or software solutions for efficient documentation management.
Table: Benefits of Continuous Improvement in Food Safety Practices
|Improved Quality Control||Enhanced Brand Reputation||Increased Customer Loyalty|
|Benefit 1||Minimizes the risk of product recalls due to quality issues.||Establishes a trustworthy image in the market.||Builds long-term relationships with customers based on confidence in safe products.|
|Benefit 2||Reduces customer complaints related to product defects or safety concerns.||Attracts new customers through positive word-of-mouth recommendations.||Encourages repeat purchases and brand loyalty.|
|Benefit 3||Enhances consumer satisfaction by consistently delivering high-quality products.||Differentiates the company from competitors as a provider of safe and reliable food products.||Creates opportunities for expansion into new markets or distribution channels.|
By embracing continuous improvement practices, companies not only mitigate risks associated with non-compliance but also reap numerous benefits across various aspects of their business operations. This proactive approach fosters a culture of ongoing learning and advancement within an organization, allowing it to adapt swiftly to emerging challenges while maintaining its commitment to ensuring food safety protocols are met.
(Note: The table above is best viewed when converted from markdown format.)
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Julius Paul spent the years 1892-95 living in New York and Chicago, two of the five largest cities in the world at the time. His wife Brunis and infant daughter Helen, on the other hand, were residing in the tiny farming village of Miłaczew located near the western frontier of what is commonly referred to as “Congress Poland” or sometimes “Russian Poland”. The area was much more Julius’s home than it was Brunis’s. Julius’s mother had probably moved to the area north of Kleczew by 1856, and his father had done the same no later than 1857. Julius himself was born in 1867 just 5 miles to the east of Miłaczew and was living in the village at the time of his marriage to Brunis. Many Pauls, Ludmanns, and Krügers lived in nearby villages or in Miłaczew itself. Brunis, on the other hand, had only lived in the area for a few years with her mother, her only nearby relative. Three months after her marriage to Julius, Brunis’s mother died. Eight months after Julius left for America, Brunis’s father died in Konin. The three years of waiting for Julius to send for her and their little daughter may have felt very long indeed.
By early 1895 economic conditions had improved enough in America — or perhaps better to say had improved enough for Julius — to finally bring Brunis and Helen over. Like Julius, they would not travel alone. Accompanying them was a 16-year-old girl named Bertha Henkelmann. We don’t quite know who Bertha was. A ship manifest describes Julius as her brother-in-law. Yet she is no sister of Brunis and I have yet to find any half-sisters of Julius marrying a man named Henkelmann. One of his Aunt Wilhelmina’s sons married a Henkelmann, however, so perhaps Bertha is a more distant relative by marriage. Regardless, she probably joined the trip to help Brunis with the trials of the voyage.
Like her husband before her, Brunis was heading for America via Hamburg. Some parts of the transmigration experience across Germany had changed since Julius left in 1892. In late 1894 the two great German shipping lines, Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) and North German Lloyd, began moving some of their immigration control operations from the Ruhleben station outside Berlin to a ring of smaller Kontrollstationen on the Prussian border with Russia and Austria-Hungary. Because of the strict US immigration controls imposed through the 1891 Immigration Act, the 1892 cholera outbreak in Hamburg brought to the city from Russia, and the generalized fear both in America and in Germany of migrants from Eastern Europe spreading disease as they travelled, all these stations expanded their responsibilities beyond simply checking migrants’ registrations and income. They now became mandatory bathing and disinfection centers as well. Control stations were becoming the key entry points into an increasingly sophisticated and efficient — and at times dehumanizing — system.
We don’t know if Brunis and Helen passed through one of these new control stations on the border. If they did, it probably would have been the nearest one at Ottlotschin (Pol.: Otłoczyn-Stacja), a grueling 90 mile journey by wagon or cart along backroads from Miłaczew. Perhaps a more likely trip would have been taking the highway eastwards 70 miles from Konin to Kutno and then the train westwards. Regardless of how they might have come to Ottlotschin, they would have then been forced to wait at the control station at least a day and perhaps longer for the designated migrant train to take them into Germany. As many migrants were still able to bypass the new control stations in their early years, it is possible that Brunis and Helen headed instead for Stralkowo (Pol.: Strzałkowo) and entered the German migration system at Ruhleben as Julius did.
That system largely treated its traffic the same way regardless of where it entered. The experience of Brunis and Helen was probably much like that of 11-year-old Mary Antin, a Jewish girl from Poland making the trek to America in 1894 with her mother and siblings. She describes riding in a fourth-class train car from the Kontrollstation at Eydtkuhnen (present-day Chernyshevskoye, Russia) to Ruhleben:
There were only four narrow benches in the whole car, and about twice as many people were already seated on these as they were probably supposed to accommodate. All other space, to the last inch, was crowded by passengers or their luggage. It was very hot and close and altogether uncomfortable, and still at every new station fresh passengers came crowding in, and actually made room, spare as it was, for themselves. It became so terrible that all glared madly at the conductor as he allowed more people to come into that prison, and trembled at the announcement of every station. I cannot see even now how the officers could allow such a thing; it was really dangerous.
Upon arrival at the major control station at Ruhleben, the migrants were subjected to the mandatory bathing and disinfecting regime:
In a great lonely field opposite a solitary wooden house within a large yard, our train pulled up at last, and a conductor commanded the passengers to make haste and get out. … our things were taken away, our friends separated from us; a man came to inspect us, as if to ascertain our full value; strange looking people driving us about like dumb animals, helpless and unresisting; children we could not see, crying in a way that suggested terrible things; ourselves driven into a little room where a great kettle was boiling on a little stove; our clothes taken off, our bodies rubbed with a slippery substance that might be any bad thing; a shower of warm water let down on us without warning; again driven to another little room where we sit, wrapped in woollen blankets till large, coarse bags are brought in, their contents turned out and we see only a cloud of steam, and hear the women’s orders to dress ourselves, quick, quick, or else we’ll miss—something we cannot hear. We are forced to pick out our clothes from among all the others, with the steam blinding us; we choke, cough, entreat the women to give us time; they persist, “Quick, quick, or you’ll miss the train!'”…
Assured by the word “train” we manage to dress ourselves after a fashion, and the man comes again to inspect us. All is right, and we are allowed to go into the yard to find our friends and our luggage. Both are difficult tasks, the second even harder. Imagine all the things of some hundreds of people making a journey like ours, being mostly unpacked and mixed together in one sad heap. It was disheartening, but done at last was the task of collecting our belongings, and we were marched into the big room again. … We were obliged to stand and await further orders, the few seats being occupied, and the great door barred and locked. We were in a prison, and again felt some doubts. Then a man came in and called the passengers’ names, and when they answered they were made to pay two marks each for the pleasant bath we had just been forced to take. Another half hour, and our train arrived. The door was opened, and we rushed out into the field, glad to get back even to the fourth class car.
For young Mary Antin, the trip onwards to Hamburg proved even more unpleasant than the one to Ruhleben:
If we had borne great discomforts on the night before, we were suffering now. I had thought anything worse impossible. Worse it was now. The car was even more crowded, and people gasped for breath. People sat in strangers’ laps, only glad of that. The floor was so thickly lined that the conductor could not pass, and the tickets were passed to him from hand to hand. To-night all were more worn out, and that did not mend their dispositions. They could not help falling asleep and colliding with someone’s nodding head, which called out angry mutterings and growls. Some fell off their seats and caused a great commotion by rolling over on the sleepers on the floor, and, in spite of my own sleepiness and weariness, I had many quiet laughs by myself as I watched the funny actions of the poor travellers.
Mary Antin, From Plotzk to Boston. W.B. Clarke & Co., 1899.
Tobias Brinkmann, “‘Travelling with Ballin’’: The impact of American immigration policies on Jewish transmigration within Central Europe, 1880–1914,” International Review of Social History 53 (2008).
Dan Diner, ed., Enzyklopädie jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur, Volume 1, 2011.
Pamela Susan Nadell, The Journey to America by Steam: The Jews of Eastern Europe in Transition. PhD Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1982.
Klokan Technologies GmbH, Old Maps Online.
A map of the German migrant control system at its full development c1905. The control stations in Posen and Ostrowo did not yet exist when Brunis and Helen emigrated in 1895.
Western Poland in an 1870 map. I have marked the nearest rail connections to Miłaczew in 1895.
The control station at Ottlotschin (Pol.: Otłoczyn-Stacja) around 1914. Brunis and Helen may have crossed into Germany here in 1895.
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Maybe you take one or two medications regularly, or only an occasional pill when sick, but women 30-65 take the most prescription medications, and yet there's lot of things we don't know about our taking medicine.1
Surprisingly, in any given week, four out of five U.S. adults will use prescription medicines, over-the-counter drugs, or dietary and herbal supplements. Nearly one-third of adults take five or more different medications.2Worse, during 2002–2012, almost 700,000 children under six experienced out-of-hospital medication errors.3
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Preventing Medication Errors, estimates that 1.5 million preventable adverse drug events occur each year in the United States.4
Seems what you don’t know about taking your medicine can hurt you.
"It’s important to understand what drugs you're taking or giving to someone else," says Marijke Vroomen Durning, RN, author of the newly released Just the Right Dose: Your Smart Guide to Medications & How to Take Them Safely.
Below are answers to a few questions you may have about taking medicine:
1. Is it OK to cut or chew pills, or break open capsules?
Because some capsules have special coatings that dissolve when the medicine gets to a certain point in the body, they may not work or be as effective if you open, cut, or chew them. Plus, some drugs have a time released coating where the outer portion of the pill dissolves first and the inner portion is set to release in the gut slowly over time. If it's not clearly stated on your drug's directions, ask the pharmacist if cutting or breaking open the capsule is acceptable.^5
2. Is it a must to take medicines with food, water or on an empty stomach per the instructions?
"Some medicines are ******* the stomach," says Durning. Taking with food helps buffer that so you don’t develop an upset stomach or heartburn. Taking your drug with water also helps push the medicine down all the way to the stomach more quickly. In fact, some meds say to drink with a full glass of water. Don't skip this step and only take a sip. A full glass may help prevent the pill from becoming lodged in the esophagus and creating an uncomfortable burning sensation. "Alternatively," says Durning, "Some medicines need the acid in an empty stomach to help dissolve them properly." Follow the directions on your prescription label exactly.^6
3. Why do you need to clean pill crushers or cutters?
If it’s acceptable to cut or crush your pills, always clean your pill crusher device after each dose. Tiny fragments of the medication can become lodged in the device, increasing the amount of medicine in subsequent doses. Also, if you share a crusher with another family member, make sure to clean the device so there’s no way you're taking traces of someone else’s medications or them yours.^7
4. What can you do if you have trouble swallowing pills?
Swallowing pills can be a challenge for those who find it difficult. According to the Harvard Health Letter, it causes one in three people to gag, vomit, or choke.^8 One study found the pop bottle method may help. Fill a plastic water or soda bottle with water. Place the pill on your tongue and close your lips around the bottle opening. Take a drink, while keeping your lips around the bottle. Use a sucking motion to swallow the water and pill.^9 Durning says practice with Tic Tacs; the small candies make the perfect fake pill to figure out the method of swallowing pills that works best for you. "Try drinking from a straw; some people find that the suction helps them swallow the pill," says Durning. You can also take a deep breath, then a sip of a water before swallowing. Don’t stretch your neck backwards. Instead do the opposite, bend forward and look down before swallowing to relax neck muscles. Try out capsules vs. tablets. Some people can swallow one more easily. Finally, ask about liquid options or if the pill can be crushed and placed in a spoonful of peanut butter or ice cream.^10
5. Does the angle of the injection make a difference?
For most people who give themselves injections, holding the needle at a 90 degree angle is preferable, and what they were taught by their health provider. "However, for people who are thin or have less subcutaneous fat, especially in the upper arm, a sharper angle, may work better," says Durning. Ask your health provider if say, a 45-90 degree angle might work best for your body type.^11
6. Is a generic medicine as good as the name brand?
As a rule, all drugs made with the same medicinal ingredients are exactly alike. But each manufacturer may use different non-medicinal ingredients such as fillers and binders that give the drug its color or taste. "For this reason, not all generics are 100 percent alike. They should all work the same way and be as effective as each other. And most often they are," says Durning. But sometimes these non-medicinal ingredients may slightly change how the drug works or it may cause a different side effect. However, the FDA requires generic drugs to have the same quality and performance as brand name drugs.^12 If you’ve switched from a name brand to a generic—or vice versa--talk to your doctor about any differences in the medicine's effectiveness you may experience.^13
Understanding how your medicine works and why you should take it exactly as prescribed helps to reduce risks associated with taking medicine.
Sources not cited or linked to above:
^2 Institute of Medicine. Preventing Medication Errors: Quality Chasm Series. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2007. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11623
This material is intended for informational use only and should not be construed as medical advice or used in place of consulting a licensed medical professional. You should consult with your doctor.
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Determining Your Gear Ratio
Basically, you have two chain rings that the chain rides on: the big one in the front by the pedals and the small one in the back on the rear wheel. The first number (xx/yy) refers to the number of teeth (sharp pointy things) on the chain ring by the pedals. The (yy) second number refers to the number of teeth in the rear cog (name for smaller gear ring attached to the back wheel).
If the number gets higher, it means you're either shrinking the number of teeth on the rear cog or growing the number of teeth on the main chainring. Similarly, if the number gets lower, it means you're shrinking the main chainring or growing the rear cog.
What does a higher or lower coefficient mean? Well - A lower number will make it easier to accelerate and maneuver the bike at slow speeds but will make for lower top speeds (high cadence) ie 44 x 16. A higher number will make it harder to accelerate but will give you a higher top speed (low cadence) ie. 49 x 15.
Whether you choose a higher or a lower ratios are all based on personal preference and the way you ride your city or the track. Generally riders will go for a lower ratio for commuting as it also makes it easier to perform skids in emergency situations and it's easier to tackle any hilly terrains as opposed to riders who race in the tracks where a higher ratio is needed to achieve the optimum speed.
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Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
Italian poet of the Middle ages. Known as “Supreme Poet”. Wrote about his love for Beatrice Partinari
*La Vita Nuova
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Geoffrey Chaucer (1342-1400)
Medieval English poet often called “Father of English Poetry”. Wrote poetry on his society-14th century England
John Skelton (1460-1529)
Educated at Oxford and studied at Cambridge. Tutored Prince Henry. Used sarcastic wit in his writing.
*Garlande of Laurell
*The Bowge of Court
Henry Howard Earl of Surrey (1517-1547)
English aristocrat and a founder of English Renaissance poetry. 1st English poet to publish blank verse. “Father of English Sonnet”
Arthur Golding (1536-1605)
English translator of more than 30 works from Latin to English. Married Usula and had 8 children. Remembered for translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Desired to pull Christian symbolism from text.
George Gascoigne (1539-1578)
English poet, soldier, artist, and unsuccessful courtier. Most important poet of early Elizabethan era. 1st poet to deify Queen Elizabeth I.
*A Discourse of the Adventure of Master FJ
*Hundredth Sundry Flowers
*Posies of Gascoigne
Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
English poet. Premier craftsmen of modern English verse. One of the greatest poets in the English language.
*The Faerie Queen
*Complaints (collection of poems)
Richard Hooker (1554-1600)
Anglican priest and influential theologian. Emphasized reason, tolerance, and value of tradition.
*Learned Discourse of Justification
*Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie
Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586)
Most accomplished Elizabethan court poet. Led a brilliant political career.
*Astrophil and Stella
*The Defense of Poesy
Sir Walter Raleigh (1554-1618)
English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. One of the most notable figures of Elizabethan era.
*Worldly Wisdom from The Historie of the World
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Wrote a series of very popular essays. Opposed digma and complained of falsehood resulting from uncritical acceptance of ancient authorities. His writing marks the early stage in the rise of science.
*The Advancement of Learning
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
A Renaissance playwright. Probably greatest poet who ever lived. Not only wrote plays but acted in them as well. His works reflect ideals and prejudices of his day.
*The Corpus (a collection of all his works)
*As You Like It
*A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Thomas Nashe (1567-1601)
English Elizabethan pamphleteer, playwright, poet, and satirist. Had 2 main concerns: finding an adequate patron and participating in controversies.
*The Anatomy of Absurdity
*Summer’s Last Will and Testament
*Nashe’s Lenten Stuffe
John Donne (1572-1631)
Preeminent metaphysical poet. Challenged, refuted, and parodied conventional wisdom of love and morality. Poetry often expressed moral and spiritual angst.
*An Anatomy of the World
Ben Jonson (1573-1635)
First English poet to write poems called odes. First English poet also to publish own poetry. Wrote dramas for the stage and panegyrics for the royal court. Cavalier poets are sometimes called “the tribe of Ben”
*The Isle of Dogs
*On My First Sonne
Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland (1585-1639)
English poet, translator, and dramatist. Known at a young age for her learning and knowledge of languages. Married Sir Henry Cory at 17 and had 11 children. Was first English woman to be the subject of a literary biography, The Lady Falkland, which was written by her daughter.
*The tragedy of Mariam, the Fair Queen of Jewry
*The Mirror of the World
Robert Herrick (1591-1674)
17th century English poet. Wrote over 2,500 poems. Was well known for his style and references to the female body. Later poetry was more spiritual and philosophical.
*Noble Numbers (his 1st book of spiritual works)
*The Argument of his Book
*To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time
George Herbert (1593-1633)
Welsh-born English poet, orator, and Anglican priest. Excelled at languages and music at Cambridge. Wrote religious poems with precise language, metrical versatility, and imagery of conceits. Some of his poems became hymns
*A Priest to the Temple
Samuel Rutherford (1600-1661)
Scottish Presbyterian theologian and author. Scottish commissioner to the Westminster Assembly. Became professor of Divinity at St. Andrews.
*Lex, Rex (political book)
*A Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience
*Christ Dying and drawing Sinners to Himself
John Milton (1608-1674)
A poet preeminent in the use of blank verse. Depicted angels like the ancient Roman warrior in his best work “Paradise Lost”. Wrote what’s thought to be the greatest epic poem. Paradise Lost tells the biblical story of temptation and the fall. He attempts “to justify the ways of God to men”.
Richard Crawshaw (1613-1649)
English poet who was one of the first figures of Metaphysical Poetry. After getting a degree, he published religious poetry and taught at cambridge.
*Epigrammatum Sacrarum Liber
*Steps to the Temple
*Hymn to Saint Teresa
Richard Baxter (1615-1691)
English puritan church leader, poet, hymn-writer, theologian, and controversialist. Called “The Chief of English Protestant Schoolmen”. Was a prominent political leader and wrote about 168 works.
*Saints Everlasting Rest
*Breviate of the Life of Mrs. Margaret Baxter
Henry Vaughan (1621-1695)
Welsh author, physician, and metaphysical poet. Got literary inspiration from native environment and chose to live in the country with his family.
*Olar Iscanus (The Swan of Usk)
*Silex Scintillans (about his conversion)
*Mount of Olives
Dorothy Osborne (1627-1695)
British writer of letters and wife of Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet. She is remembered for her letters to Temple which were witty, progressive, and socially illuminating.
John Bunyon (1628-1688)
English Christian writer and preacher. Well known for book “The Pilgrim’s Progress”. Wrote and autobiography about his abandoned life as a youth. Was arrested and imprisoned later in life for preaching without a license.
*Grace Abounding (autobiography)
*The Pilgrim’s Progress
*GRace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
*The Holy War
John Dryden (1631-1700)
Influential English poet, literary critic, translator, and play-write. The Restoration of England during this time was often called Age of Dryden. Dryden is called “Restoration Poet”. He established the heroic couplet as standard for of English poetry. Works were factual and thoughts were precise
*Marriage a la Mode
*All For Love
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer, and spy. Most famous for book Robinson Crusoe. One of the earliest proponents of the novel. Wrote over 500 books, pamphlets, and journals on various topics. Was pioneer of economic journalism as well.
*The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
Matthew Prior (1664-1721)
English poet and diplomat. Poems show variety and have great executive skill. He masted octo-syllabic couplet.
*The Progress of the Mind
Jonathan Swift (1667-1746)
One of the most accomplished 18th cnetury satirists. Skilled at ridiculing vice and folly. Works take dim viwe of humanity and human pretensions.
*Tale of the Tub (makes history of the Church seem like absurdity and petty family squabbles)
John Gay (1685-1732)
English poet, dramatist, and member of Scriblerus Club. Best remembered for The Beggar’s Opera, ballad opera. Wrote about English rustic life.
*The Shepherd’s Week
*The Baggar’s Opera
*Acis and Galatea
Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
18th century English poet. Best known for satirical verse and translation of Homer. Famous for use of the heroic couplet.
*The New Dunciad
*Translation of the Iliad
James Thomson (1700-1748)
Scottish poet and playwright. Was a tutor in London and worked at Watt’s Academy. Known for him collection of poems called The Seasons
*The Seasons (4 parts: Winter, Summer, Spring, Autumn)
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
Poet and lexicographer (person who compiles dictionaries). Known today as consummate prose stylist, a poet, a critic, and author of a famous dictionary. Johnson suggests we can all learn from anyone’s life story. Has a highly celebrated literary biography by James Boswell.
*The Idler (essays)
Thomas Gray (1716-1771)
Poet of sensibility and important precursor of Romantic Movement in England. Letter and ode writter, english poet, classical scholar, and professor at Cambridge.
*Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (known for)
*Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College
*The Progress of Poesy
Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)
Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for the novel The Vicar of Wakefield. Wrote The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes (where the phrase comes from)
*The Vicar of Wakefield
*The Good-Natur’d Man
*She Stoops to Conquer
William Cowper (1713-1800)
English poet and hymnodist. One of the most popular poets of his time. Wrote everyday life scenes of English countryside. Called “the best modern poet”
*Light Shining out of Darkness
James Boswell (1740-1795)
Lawyer, diarist, and author from Edinburgh, Scotland. Best known for biographer of Samuel Johnson
*Life of Samuel Johnson
*No Abolition of Slavery
*The Journal of a Tour of the Hebrides
William Blake (1757-1827)
English poet, painter, and printmaker. Wrote prophetic poetry and lived almost entire life in London. Highly regarded for expressiveness and creativity.
*Visions of the Daughters of Albion
*Songs of Innocence and Experience
*The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
Robert Burns (1759-1796)
Scottish poet and lyricist. Widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland. Was a pioneer of the Romantic movement. Collected folk songs from across Scotland and revised/adapted them.
*A Red,Red Rose
*Auld Lang Syne
*Scots Wha Hea (unofficial anthem)
*To a Louse
William Lisle Bowles (1762-1850)
English poet and critic. Wrote a quarto volume favored by Coleridge and Wordsworth. Poems distinguished by purity of imagination, graceful diction, and tenderness of feeling.
*The Spirit of Discovery
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
A key innovator of the Romantic movement. Wrote poems about ‘humble and rustic life”. His poems deal with his experiences in nature and focussed on nature.
*Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tinturn Abbey
Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832)
Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet. Popular during his time. His works remain classics of English and Scottish literature.
*The Lady of the Lake
*The Heart of Midlothian
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
English poet, literary critic, and philosopher. Friends with Wordsworth. A founder of the Romantic Movement and member of the Lake Poets. Suffered from anxiety and depression and poor health.
*The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Robert Southey (1774-1843)
English poet of Romantic School and was a Lake Poet. Prolific letter writer, literary scholar, essay writer, historian, and biographer. Biographies include John Bunyan, Cowper, Cromwell, and Horatio Nelson.
*Joan of Arc: An Epic Poem
*The Fall of Robespierre
Charles Lamb (1775-1834)
English Essayist best known for Essays of Elia. Once referred to as “the most lovable figure in English literature”. Suffered from mental illness.
*Tales from Shakespeare
*The Adventures of Ulysses
*Essays of Elia
Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864)
English writer and poet. Best known for prose Imaginary Conversations and her poem Rose Aylmer (about his sister). He wrote sensitive and beautiful poetry. wrote over 300 works.
*Pericles and Aspasia
Jane Austin (1775-1817)
English novelist who was probably the greatest novelist of the period. Created heroines known for their good sense and self-restraint. Wrote novels about the English Countryside. Was proposed to but never married.
*Sense and Sensibility
*Pride and Prejudice
Leigh Hunt (1784-1859)
English critic, essayist, poet, and writer. Wrote an autobiography. Edited The Reflector and The Indicator, important magazines started by his brother. Was the inspiration for Harold Skimpole in Bleak House.
*The Feast of the Poets (a satyr)
*Stories from the Italian Poets
Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866)
English novelist, poet, and official of the East India Company. Wrote satirical novels with the same setting: people at a table discussing philosophical opinions.
*The Philosophy of Melancholy
Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)
English essayist best known for Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. Was a sickly child and dealt with depression. Later became the editor of The Westmorland Gazette. Was in debt most of adult life. Late was addicted to Opium.
*Confessions of an English Opium-Eater
*De Quincey’s Writings
*On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth
Baron George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)
Satirist whose work was primarily concerned with social attitudes. Created the Byonic Hero who’s characterized as dark, turbulent, and willful. (ex. Heathcliff, Great Gatsby). Byron is often identified with the heroes of his work.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
Major English Romantic poet. Regarded as one of the finest lyric poets. Key member of the Visionary Poets.
*A Defense of Poetry (essay)
*Ode to the West Wind
*To a Skylark
George Darley (1795-1846)
Irish poet, novelist, and critic. Born in Dublin and educated at Trinity College. Wrote for the London Magazine under pseudonym John Lacy.
*Erros of Ecstasie
*Lilian of the Vale
*Sylvia, or the May Queen
John Keats (1795-1821)
English Romantic poet known for his odes. Wrote some of the most famous lyric poems ever written in English. Often used apostrophe. Reputation grew after death.
*Ode to a Nightingale
*Ode on a Grecian Urn
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881)
Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian, and teacher during the Victorian era. Wrote articles for Edinburgh Encyclopedia.
*Signs of the Times
*The French Revolution
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851)
English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer. Best know for novel Frankenstein. Promoted works of her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley.
*The Last Man
John Henry Cardinal Newman (1801-1890)
Important figure in the religious history of England. Priest in the Church of England and leader in the Oxford Movement.
*Apologia Pro Vita Sua (autobiography)
*Grammer of Assent
*The Dream of Gerantius
Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1803-1849)
English poet, dramatist, and physician. Work shows preoccupation with death. Studied medicine in attempt to find physical proof of a spirit surviving after the death of a body. Became disturbed and committed suicide with poison.
*The Bride’s Tragedy
*Death’s Jest Book
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)
Prominent poet of the Victorian era. Poetry was popular in the U.S. and England. First poet was written at age 6. Had a lifelong illness which started at 15 and was never diagnosed.
*On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man (wrote at 6)
*The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point
*A Curse for a Nation
*The Cry of the Children
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. Contributer to social theory, political theory, and political economy. “Most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century.” Learned Greek at age 3 and read Aesop’s Fables by age 8.
*A System of Logic
*Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy
Baron Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)
Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland. One of the most popular British poets. Created the phrase “Tis better to have loved and lost/Than never to have loved at all.” Polished and revised his manuscripts extensively.
*Break, Break Break
*Idylls of the King
William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)
English novelist of the 19th century. Famous for satirical works.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
One of the most popular and prolific novelists of the early Victorian period. Explored urban social problems such as poverty, crime, and corruption in his works. Main characters were often improbably virtuous people who had to overcome challenges.
Edward Lear (1812-1888)
English artist, illustrator, author and poet. Most known for literary nonsense in poetry and prose. Began art early on in life and was a serious painter.
*A Book of Nonsense
*The Owl and the Pussycat
Robert Browning (1812-1889)
Was the leading writer of dramatic monologues and is sometimes said to have invented the form. Best known for work “My Last Duchess”. Based many of poems on historical accounts of actual people and events.
*My Last Duchess
Anthony Trollope (1815-1882)
One of the most successful and respected English novelists of Victorian era. Wrote perceptive novels on political, social, and gender issues. Created the fictional county of “Baretshire”.
*Chronicles of Baretshire
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)
English poet and novelist who’s know for her gothic novels. Wrote under the pen name Currer Bell.
Emily Bronte (1818-1848)
English novelist and poet. Best known for novel Wuthering Heights. Wrote under the pen name Ellis Bell. Stayed at home most of her life due to bad health.
Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-1861)
English poet, educationalist, and assistant to Florence Nightingale. Educated at Oxford.
*Amours de Voyage
*Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth
*Through a Glass Darkly
George Eliot/Mary Anne (1819-1880)
Used George Eliot as pen name and became better known by that name. English novelist, journalist, and translator. A leading writer of Victorian era. Wrote novels set in England and known for their realism.
*The Mill on the Floss
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
Leading English art critic of Victorian era. Aritst and prominent social thinker. Wrote on a range of subjects like geology, architecture, botany, political economy, etc. Established Ruskin School of Drawing.
*The King of the Golden River
Anne Brante (1820-1849)
British novelist and poet. Sister of Charlotte and Emily Bronte. Novels have become classics of English literature. Wrote a volume of poetry with her sisters titled Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Bell.
*The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
British poet and cultural critic. Worked as inspector of schools. Characterized as sage writer who instructs readers on contemporary social issues.
*Culture and Anarchy
*On Translating Homer
William Wilkie Collins (1824-1889)
English novelist, playwright, and short story writer. Popular during Victorian era. Wrote 30 novels, over 60 short stories, 14 plays, and over 100 essays. Was a lifelong friend of Charles Dickens.
*The Woman in White
Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882)
English poet, illustrator, painter, and translator. Founded the Pre-raphaelite Brotherhood. Major precursor of the Aesthetic Movement. Was inspiration to the 2nd generation of artists and writers. Poetry was influenced by John Keats.
*The House of Life
*The Girlhood of Mary Virgin
George Meredith (1828-1909)
English novelist and poet of the Victorian era. Often inspired by nature. Writing is characterized by imagery and indirect references.
*Essays on Comedy
*Diana of the Crossways
*The Ordeal of Richard Feverel
Christina Georgina Rossetti (1830-1894)
English poet who wrote romantic, devotional, and children’s poems. Was educated at home by her mother. Wrote hymns, sonnets, and ballads. Drew narratives from the Bible.
*In the Bleak Midwinter
Lewis Carroll (1832-1898)
Real name was Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (was better known by pen name). Writer, mathematician, and photographer. Noted for use of word play, logic, and fantasy. Wrote in genre of literary nonsense.
*Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
*Through the Looking-Glass
*The Hunt of the Snark
William Morris (1834-1896)
English textile designer, artist, and writer. Associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Helped establish the modern fantasy genre. Influence many authors like Tolkein.
*The Defense of Guenevere and other Poems
*The Earthly Paradise
*The Well at the World’s End
*A Dream of John Ball
Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909)
English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic. Invented roundel form. Wrote several novels and was nominated multiple times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Was known for mastery of vocabulary, rhyme, and metre.
*Songs before Sunrise
*Tristram of Lyonesse
Walter Horatio Pater (1839-1894)
English essayist, critic of art and literature, and writer of fiction. Admired for his prose style. Examined the “sensations and ideas” of young Roman integrity within some of his work.
*Marius the Epicurean
*Sebastian van Storck
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
English author known for stories of failure and suffering. Influenced by Romanticism. Wrote poetry all through out his life. Recognized as a major poet.
*Far From the Madding Crowd
*Tess of the d’Urbervilles
*Jude the Obscure
*The Mayor of Casterbridge
Henry James (1843-1916)
American-born writer and key figure of the 19th century literary realism. Traveled back and fourth from America to England for first 20 years of his life. Settled in England. Known for series and novels about the encounter of Americans with Europe and Europeans.
*The Portrait of a Lady
Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889)
English poet and Jesuit priest. Posthumous fame made him a leading Victorian poet. Explorations in prosody and use of imagery made him a daring innovator.
*The Wreck of the Deutschland
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)
Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. Literary celebrity during his lifetime. Admired by many other writers like Hemingway, Kipling, and Chesterton.
*Strage Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
Irish poet and writer. A leader of the aesthetic movement. Works are known for decadent attitudes and witty sense of humor. Remembered for his epigrams and plays. Went to jail later and life and died young.
*The Importance of Being Earnest
*The Ballad of Reading Gaol
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
English short-story writer, poet, and novelist. Remembered for poems of British soldiers in India. A major “innovator in the art of the short story”. His children’s books endure as classics.
*The Jungle Book
*Just So Stories
*The Man Who Would Be King
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
Irish poet and a foremost figure of the 20th century. Served as an Irish senator for 2 terms. Received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Was a symbolist poet.
*The Winding Stair and Other Poems
James Joyce (1882-1941)
Irish novelist and poet. Perfected stream-of-consciousness. Spent most of adult life abroad.
*A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
English writer and a foremost modernist of the 20th century. Influential figure of the Bloomsbury Group of Intellectuals. Wrote for the Times Literary Supplement. Experimented with stream-of-consciousness and the emotional motives of characters.
*To the Lighthouse
*A Room of One’s Own
Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923)
Modernist writer of short fiction. Friends with Virginia Woolf and D.H. Lawrence. Her stories focus on moments of disruption. Died young from tuberculosis.
*The Garden Party
*The Daughters of the Late Colonel
Robert Graves (1895-1985)
English poet, scholar specializing in Classical Greece and Rome, ande a novelist. Wrote over 140 works. Earned a living through writing historical novels.
*The White Goddess
*Good-Bye to All That
*The Golden Ass
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Hypatia was the daughter of the mathematician and philosopher Theon of Alexandria and it is fairly certain that she studied mathematics under the guidance and instruction of her father. It is rather remarkable that Hypatia became head of the Platonist school at Alexandria in about 400 AD. There she lectured on mathematics and philosophy, in particular teaching the philosophy of Neoplatonism. Hypatia based her teachings on those of Plotinus, the founder of Neoplatonism, and Iamblichus who was a developer of Neoplatonism around 300 AD.
Plotinus taught that there is an ultimate reality which is beyond the reach of thought or language. The object of life was to aim at this ultimate reality which could never be precisely described. Plotinus stressed that people did not have the mental capacity to fully understand both the ultimate reality itself or the consequences of its existence. Iamblichus distinguished further levels of reality in a hierarchy of levels beneath the ultimate reality. There was a level of reality corresponding to every distinct thought of which the human mind was capable. Hypatia taught these philosophical ideas with a greater scientific emphasis than earlier followers of Neoplatonism. She is described by all commentators as a charismatic teacher.
Hypatia came to symbolise learning and science which the early Christians identified with paganism. However, among the pupils who she taught in Alexandria there were many prominent Christians. One of the most famous is Synesius of Cyrene who was later to become the Bishop of Ptolemais. Many of the letters that Synesius wrote to Hypatia have been preserved and we see someone who was filled with admiration and reverence for Hypatia's learning and scientific abilities.
In 412 Cyril (later St Cyril) became patriarch of Alexandria. However the Roman prefect of Alexandria was Orestes and Cyril and Orestes became bitter political rivals as church and state fought for control. Hypatia was a friend of Orestes and this, together with prejudice against her philosophical views which were seen by Christians to be pagan, led to Hypatia becoming the focal point of riots between Christians and non-Christians. Hypatia, Heath writes, :-
... by her eloquence and authority ... attained such influence that Christianity considered itself threatened ...A few years later, according to one report, Hypatia was brutally murdered by the Nitrian monks who were a fanatical sect of Christians who were supporters of Cyril. According to another account (by Socrates Scholasticus) she was killed by an Alexandrian mob under the leadership of the reader Peter. What certainly seems indisputable is that she was murdered by Christians who felt threatened by her scholarship, learning, and depth of scientific knowledge. This event seems to be a turning point as described in :-
Whatever the precise motivation for the murder, the departure soon afterward of many scholars marked the beginning of the decline of Alexandria as a major centre of ancient learning.There is no evidence that Hypatia undertook original mathematical research. However she assisted her father Theon of Alexandria in writing his eleven part commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest Ⓣ. It is also thought that she also assisted her father in producing a new version of Euclid's Elements which has become the basis for all later editions of Euclid. Heath writes of Theon and Hypatia's edition of the Elements :-
.. while making only inconsiderable additions to the content of the "Elements", he endeavoured to remove difficulties that might be felt by learners in studying the book, as a modern editor might do in editing a classical text-book for use in schools; and there is no doubt that his edition was approved by his pupils at Alexandria for whom it was written, as well as by later Greeks who used it almost exclusively...In addition to the joint work with her father, we are informed by Suidas that Hypatia wrote commentaries on Diophantus's Arithmetica, on Apollonius's Conics and on Ptolemy's astronomical works. The passage in Suidas is far from clear and most historians doubt that Hypatia wrote any commentaries on Ptolemy other than the works which she composed jointly with her father.
All Hypatia's work is lost except for its titles and some references to it. However no purely philosophical work is known, only work in mathematics and astronomy. Based on this small amount of evidence Deakin, in and , argues that Hypatia was an excellent compiler, editor, and preserver of earlier mathematical works.
As mentioned above, some letters of Synesius to Hypatia exist. These ask her advice on the construction of an astrolabe and a hydroscope.
Charles Kingsley (best known as the author of The Water Babies) made her the heroine of one of his novels Hypatia, or New Foes with an Old Face. As Kramer writes in :-
Such works have perpetuated the legend that she was not only intellectual but also beautiful, eloquent, and modest.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page
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I found a beautiful swallowtail butterfly in the yard – dead, but perfect. I looked it up on the iPhone and think it might be the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail. These pictures were taken with the phone and this post is being done entirely with the iphone. Yes I am a tech geek!
The Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucus) is a species of swallowtail butterfly native to North America. It is one of the most familiar butterflies in the eastern United States.
The Eastern Tiger Swallowtail was once considered to be a single species, but is now divided into three species; the Canadian Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio canadensis), the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, and the Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio appalachiensis). These three species are very similar to one another, and can be hard to tell apart. The Eastern Tiger Swallowtail has a wingspan of 7.9 to 14 centimeters (3 to 5.5 inches). The adult male is yellow, with black “tiger stripes”. There are two morphs of adult females, a yellow one and a dark one. The yellow one is similar to the male, except there is a patch of blue on the hind wing. In the dark morph, the yellow areas are replaced by dark gray or black.
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In ten simple points, we explain how the Syria conflict has damaged the country’s health system, why millions of people no longer have access to treatment and care and how you can help change this through AVSI’s campaign Operations Open Hospitals.
1. What is happening in Syria:
Since 2011, Syria has been shaken by conflict that has resulted in what UNHCR has described as “the biggest humanitarian and refugee crisis of our time.” In 2016, the UN agency estimated that 13.5 million people, including 6 million children, were in need of humanitarian assistance. Almost 9 million people live every day hungry or with food insecurity (fear of going hungry) as a daily part of life because they don’t have reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable and nutritious food.
2. The collapse of the health system
After nearly six years of war, the Syrian health system is collapsing. According to UN OCHA current figures, an astounding 11.5 million Syrians, including nearly 5 million children, do not have access to health care. In Damascus, at least 1.5 million of people don’t have access to hospitals, and in Aleppo the number reaches 2.2 million.
3. Lack of health care personnel
The critical condition is growing mainly because of the chronic shortage of human and material resources. It is estimated that 55% of the public hospitals and 49% of the health community centers are closed or only partially functional. The health infrastructures still in place are in critical condition since it is difficult to access electricity, fuel and drinking water. In addition, more than 658 people who used to work in these structures have been killed since the beginning of the crisis.
Of the Syrian medical personnel, only about 45% are left and active in the country. This is due to the massive migration, which includes many Syrians, and leaves a great gap of available personnel and specialists able to respond to the growing demand of care.
The lack of midwives, among others, is an example that illustrates the collapse of the country’s health system. Today in Syria, there are about 300,000 pregnant women that are not able to receive appropriate pre-natal treatment.4. Lack of medicines/drugs
Many pharmaceutical companies and drugs storage centers have been destroyed. The infrastructures that were not affected have also stopped working with regularity due to the serious shortage of skilled human resources and raw materials.
The lack of drugs and medical equipment affects all the population, but in particular puts at risk the health, and in some cases the life, of people suffering from chronic diseases, and who need continuous care and treatment.
From the beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011 to 2013, life expectancy in Syria fell by six years. In 2010, men and women were expected to live to 75 and 80 respectively, but the estimate changed in 2013 to only until 69 and 75 by 2013. Infant deaths in the country rose by 9.1% over the same period.
5. Embargoes and sanctions on Syria
Embargoes and sanctions on Syria only aggravate more the situation. Officially, the restrictions shouldn’t affect humanitarian aid but, in reality, sanctions have prevented the entry of essential medical supplies and of spare parts to fix medical equipment into the country. Given the possible double use (health and military), these supplies and equipment are not allowed to enter the country.
6. The economic difficulties of health
The lack of contributions, both public and private, makes it almost impossible for hospitals to respond adequately to the needs of the entire population. The poorest are the most affected because they are not able to bear the costs of proper medical treatment.
7. Epidemic risk
The basic health services in serious conditions and the difficulties to access clean water, energy and sanitation services might lead Syria into an outbreak of diseases linked to water.
8. Working to face the crisis
This year, responding to an appeal made by the current Apostolic Nuncio to Syria, Cardinal Mario Zenari, AVSI Foundation has decided to support economically the work of 3 private non-profit hospitals in Syria. Two are located in Damascus and the other one in Aleppo.
9. The three hospitals supported in Syria
AVSI will raise funds for The Italian Hospital and St. Louis Hospital, in Damascus, and for the St. Louis Hospital in Aleppo. These three health centers were chosen because they have the ability to offer high-level services in all medical specializations.
Currently, these three hospitals are operating at half their capacity, in spite of the growing need of the population in both cities. AVSI’s project aims to increase the availability of bed space by 90%, increase the access to free health care services for patients who cannot afford them, establish a Social Services office to assess and guarantee access to treatment and care to those most in need, and update the information and technology systems of the hospitals by acquiring necessary equipment and training staff accordingly.
10. What can I do to help?
With your donation, we can support those who are in Syria working closely with the population in order to meet the most immediate needs of the innocent victims of this senseless war. AVSI launched a campaign to help three non-profit and private hospitals in Aleppo and Damascus in order to guarantee access to health to the poorest, the children, the single mothers and the wounded.
If you donate $50 today, we will be able to take care of one patient for one day. But mainly we will be able to give this person hope and the priceless notion that he/she is not facing this war alone.
Help us. Donate now to Syria.
Read, watch, listen and share news and stories of our work, initiatives and more
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It wasn't unusual for John Peterson to spend a weekend clearing 6,000 buckthorn trees from a patch of his 58 acres in Delano. But after seven years, his work still isn't finished.
"It was everywhere," he said. The infestation ranged from seedlings to trees a foot in diameter. "Once you start, it's like a never-ending project."
Years after the invasive buckthorn alarm was sounded in the Twin Cities area, suburbs — teeming with parks and random woodlands — fear they are losing the battle despite ferocious private and municipal efforts to eradicate it.
Cities are ramping up educational workshops and gathering armies of volunteers. But they barely make a dent.
"You can cut it, but if you're not aggressive then it can come back tenfold," said Chris Lord, district manager for the Anoka Conservation District. "Buckthorn is not something you have the luxury of just treating and walking away."
Buckthorn is an invasive plant from Europe that kills native vegetation by releasing toxins in the soil. It spreads rapidly in the shade and usually looks like a hedge but can mature into a large tree. Some female plants have poisonous berries that can cause cramping and diarrhea when eaten.
Nurseries actually sold people buckthorn until about 2000. The plant appealed to homeowners wanting shrubbery for privacy along their property line. Back then, few understood the implications.
Now, the Minnesota Department of Agriculture classifies buckthorn as a "restricted noxious weed"; it's illegal to import, sell or move it.
'A time bomb'
Burnsville is one suburb that has struggled to contain the spread of buckthorn, which can be identified by its egg-shaped leaves, fine-toothed margin and three to four indented veins branching out from the leaf tip.
Peggy Sears, of Burnsville, who has seen buckthorn's rapid growth in the land behind her townhouse, called the plant a "time bomb," adding: "It's not going away, but we don't know quite what to do."
Caleb Ashling, natural resources technician for Burnsville, said the leafy plant — which has no natural enemies — has invaded almost every shady area within the city that isn't currently treating it.
Several Department of Natural Resources grants allowed the city to begin ramping up efforts to remove the plant about five years ago; in 2009, Burnsville disposed of 41 semitruck loads of wood-chipped buckthorn.
But removal is "not something that happens overnight — or even in one year," he said.
Three years ago, Burnsville created a "Nominate Your Neighborhood" program because it didn't have the funds to support a citywide buckthorn pickup effort.
The program maximizes funds by encouraging homeowners who are active in their communities to work together in removing the pest, which the city would then dispose of.
As of this year, the city has picked up about 2,400 cubic yards of buckthorn from participating neighborhood groups, Ashling said.
Over that same time period, residents have used Burnsville compost site drop-off days to get rid of another 1,100 cubic yards.
Property values affected
Earlier this month, nearly 40 Burnsville residents attended an information meeting to address the problem. Cheryl Culbreth, owner of Landscape Restoration, told the group that everyone should care about the spread of buckthorn because it affects more than one's own back yard.
Buckthorn diminishes property value, she said, as well as the ecosystem.
"I don't think wildlife can adapt to these new plants at a rate rapidly enough to survive," Culbreth said. "Once we start losing species, you don't get them back.
"Some people say it's a losing battle, and I don't know, maybe it is. But there are many tools in the toolbox to help fight it."
Doris Herickhoff attended the meeting with her neighbor to get a better sense of what she's up against in her own back yard.
Herickhoff has been beating back buckthorn for nearly five years on the undeveloped land behind her townhouse in an attempt to build a flower garden. She even bought a small chain saw to keep on top of the problem, but she said her work is cut out for her.
At the meeting, Herickhoff changed her mind-set about how to approach the pest. "Don't go into this thinking you're going to eradicate it; come to learn."
Most forestry experts agree the cut-stump method is the most effective in combating buckthorn — whether one single bush or an entire forest.
The method involves chopping down the plant as close to its base as possible and then applying herbicide along the outer edges.
Several types of herbicides may work, but Culbreth sells a handheld glyphosate applicator with a foam tip for $6. She adds a dye to the chemical so homeowners can keep track of which plants have been treated.
While applying herbicide once may kill that particular buckthorn plant, years of follow-up are typically required to keep an infested area at bay — which is why it's so hard to control, she said.
Chris Lord, of the Anoka Conservation District, oversees a project at the Anoka Nature Preserve that has cleared buckthorn and other invasives from nearly half of its 200 acres. The effort is part of a pilot program launched in 2008 by the state of Minnesota with the goal of restoring natural habitat and gaining a fuel source in the process.
Until recently, buckthorn was removed almost entirely with hand equipment and burned onsite. This project recycled the mulched brush as fuel at the District Energy plant in St. Paul.
The Anoka project is one of 24 that received $886,000 in state grants over the last five years to remove invasive plant life from hundreds of acres of parks, preserves and other areas.
Sentencing to Service inmates and volunteers applied $30,000 worth of herbicide to buckthorn trunks when the project began last October, Lord said, and now native oaks are starting to return where they were once snuffed out.
But work is far from finished there. This October, another 66 acres will be burned to kill off sprouting buckthorn seedlings and even more herbicide treatment is required, he said.
Lord said he focuses most of his efforts toward scarcely populated regions of buckthorn, because that way you can actually be effective; there's little you can do about a wall-to-wall infestation, he said.
"If we can prevent the loss of high-quality habitats to buckthorn until a biological control is found … then it's worth it."
A success story
Peterson, of Delano, was in denial over a buckthorn problem on his idyllic property.
It wasn't until about 2008 when he and his wife attended a state-sponsored landowners' tour in Eden Prairie that showed some buckthorn infested woodland, that he began to understand. "The thought of [our land] looking like that was a real eye-opener," he said.
Peterson began treating his 58 acres with the cut-stump method and burning the brush in mountainous piles. He spent more than 500 hours a year removing the plant — often ripping out thousands of roots in one weekend — all while keeping meticulous records of where he'd labored.
With a background in statistics, Peterson used skills from work to manage the 100 wheat patches he owns. And seven years later, he notices a real difference. Native plants are coming back and passersby can finally see the forest floor.
He considers himself a success story, but maintaining all his hard work will require frequent checkups.
"It's not an impossible task, but it does take a tremendous amount of time," said Peterson, who's now retired. "If I was still working, we couldn't have done this."
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Have you ever heard of an endocycle? Endocycles are happening all around you! They're one way that biological cells grow, and they generate more than half the earth's biomass. But how exactly endocycles work has been elusive to scientists until now.
You might also be interested to know that it's the first time scientists have deciphered a new cell mechanism since the 1980s when scientists described mitosis, or cell division. Endocycling, on the other hand, increases cell mass without mitosis. Instead it doubles down on DNA and in the process doubles a cell's size. The process generates big cells in invertebrate animals and plants, and even some human tissues including placenta, liver and muscle. Most cells in plants and invertebrate animals such as insects, crustaceans, and mollusks grow by endocycling.
But scientists knew all that already. For this new research, geneticists at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and some German and Canadian colleagues report in the October 30 issue of Nature how exactly this DNA duplication works. They figured it out by studying the fruit fly (a.k.a. drosophila).
They found that two transcription factors, or proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and control the flow of genetic information, oscillate to facilitate the duplication process. One transcription factor called E2F is temporarily snuffed by an enzyme called CRL4. That happens during the replication. E2F comes back to life when the replication is finished, and then the cycle repeats.
Knowing this new info might eventually have implications in medicine and agriculture, but it doesn't bring scientists any big immediate eureka breakthrough. Alas, that's not how science usually works. Breakthroughs are made up of incremental steps, and even when they get there, scientists aren't alway sure it's a breakthrough. So let's just take pleasure in this bit of new knowledge about endocycling, shall we?
You should also know that this research was publicly funded! The money came from the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute for General Medical Sciences, and the National Science Foundation, as well as a some German and Canadian outfits: the German Academic Exchange Service, the German Cancer Research Center and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
You can keep up with our Science Editor, Kristen Philipkoski, on Twitter, Facebook, and occasionally Google+
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| 0.956431 | 493 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Earthing Does Not Expose Us To Dirty Electricity
Are you thinking about trying EARTHING but you’ve found some CONFLICTING information about the practice of GROUNDING yourself, making you wonder whether it’s bad or good for you?
Here, we’re going to answer the question about whether or not Earthing exposes us to DIRTY electricity, and clear up some of the confusion around the subject.
So What Is Dirty Electricity?
Dirty Electricity is an Electromagnetic Frequency that’s different than the 60 hertz Frequency emitted by the wiring in most homes of the United States. Something called transients, which are short duration surges or spikes in an electrical circuit, are a contributing source to dirty electricity.
These surges can originate from many appliances, including computer hard drives, washers and dryers, air conditioners and some types of lighting.
As quoted from Understanding Earthing (Grounding), “The wiring in homes and buildings and the power distribution system acts as an antenna that can transmit and receive both natural and man-made electromagnetic fields.”
When these transients occur in our homes, or even in a neighbor’s home, the electrical wiring, acting like an antenna sends the frequency out into the local environment. That’s dirty electricity.
One good thing about GROUNDING ourselves is it does DECREASE or even ELIMINATE our exposure to many of these frequencies. This means, not only does Earthing NOT expose you to Electromagnetic pollution, it helps to decrease your exposure to it. So….
Who Says Earthing Exposes Us To Dirty Electricity?
Some people believe we can get exposed to dirty electricity as a result of Earthing. Part of the reason people believe this is due to incorrect information circulating on the internet. There is one website where it’s been reported…
“Today, the earth’s surface has a higher conductivity then the utility’s overburdened neutral return wire, so now it’s estimated that as much as 70 to 80% of returning current travels back along the earth’s surface in what’s known as the “skin-effect.””
The above statement is INCORRECT and there are other statements on the same website which describe the power companies using the grounding system to channel this electricity back to transformers, which is not even permitted by the Electrical Code.
Statements like the one above have led people to believe, when they ground themselves they might be picking up Electrical current that’s been channeled into the Earth or grounding system of a building. This is not correct and Electrical currents don’t travel along the Earth’s surface at all. In the document Understanding Earthing (Grounding) it has been explained, “The Electrical Code forbids the use of the Earth as a conductive pathway for this purpose.” It is further explained, “Instead, the Code requires an arrangement such that the current produced by a short circuit of any kind (called a fault) is conducted back to the source of the current, so that it can trip a circuit breaker or blow a fuse to prevent injury to people or damage appliances.”
In an experiment conducted by some German researchers, it was concluded that Earthing increased the Electromagnetic field strength above the grounded person’s body. This experiment turned out to be completely INVALID, as the person in the experiment was not connected to an Earthing device at all.
The researchers had placed an Earthing pad below a mattress the person was lying on and then measured the field above the person’s body. The subject had no contact with the Earthing pad at all so they were NOT grounded. It’s necessary to have bare skin contact with the Earth or a grounded Earthing product in order to benefit from Earthing. It seems these researchers didn’t understand Earthing at all.
The research written about above has inspired forums which are based on the COMPLETELY INVALID conclusions about Earthing. This is another part of the reason some people have become confused about whether or not Earthing has health benefits.
You can use a Voltmeter yourself to see voltage on your body before and after grounding yourself. Watch the video below to see Earthing work, as demonstrated with a voltmeter.
Now you know, Earthing not only does NOT expose you to Electromagnetic pollution, it helps to decrease your exposure to it. What’s more important is how Earthing benefits you by flooding your body with free electrons from the Earth the moment you make contact with it. You can learn more about that by reading Benefits Of Earthing Yourself! Additional benefits of Earthing are listed on the Earthing Sheets Page.
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en
| 0.944554 | 993 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It seems like every day there’s a new trend in youth culture. Yesterday it was slime; today its fidget spinners.
Not only are these incredibly fun to play with, many are claiming they aid with certain mental disorders. ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), depression and anxiety are a few that are often spouted.
Florida’s top psychiatrists claim otherwise though. There is absolutely no scientific backing that fidget spinners aid with these disorders. However, some individuals may notice that they help.
At the core of these toys, they seem to check the boxes for treatment. Often, especially for kids, psychiatrists create coping kits to help with anxiety and ADHD. These might include music or stress balls. Fidget spinners seem to help kids at times by distracting them from what is causing the distress. Essentially, the fidget spinner is used as an outlet for coping.
But the big issue, especially in regards to ADHD, is that these toys are just adding an extra level of distracting. For children with ADD and ADHD, it can be difficult to focus on one task at hand. Having a toy on hand will only make it that much harder. Especially since kids don’t seem to be content with just spinning them. It’s all about how many spins can you get and what tricks can you do.
There is a better case to be made for fidget spinners helping with anxiety and stress. With these disorders, a device that provides distraction is actually a good thing. It can draw an individual’s mind away from the distress. That then helps reduce the anxiety and stress they are currently feeling.
The problem with fidget spinners, according to Florida psychiatrists, is that there just isn’t any scientific research on them. Nor is there likely to be. Fidget spinners are huge now, but they’re a fad, likely to be forgotten in a few months.
Like any treatment out there, psychiatrists say you need to test what works. If you find that fidget spinners ease you or your child’s disorder then great! If they don’t then it’s time to abandon them.
It’s important to keep in mind what is appropriate, specifically for children. Fidget spinners shouldn’t be used in school, especially during class time. Even if they help your child concentrate better, chances are they are distracting another student.
The same thing goes for adults and teens. Keep fidget spinners out of classes and meetings. What’s not distracting to you can be to others. They also shouldn’t be used while driving- a point that should be obvious but should still be stated.
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| 0.958691 | 570 | 2.5625 | 3 |
1. Read aloud. From the time they are infants, children respond to the sound of their parents’ voices. Make a ritual of reading to your kids before bedtime or after school. They’ll quickly recognize the adventures that exist inside books, and they’ll want to read themselves.
2. Point out letters and words that kids can recognize and identify. Start with the letters in your child’s own name, and build on those sounds. If your child’s name is Monica, ask her to think of other words that start with the “mmm” sound. During lunch, you can put items on the table such as milk, mustard or melon for her to name.
3. Read along with your child. If the two of you read in unison, your child will learn how to sound out more difficult words. Then take turns with each page – you read one, then she reads the nx Soon, she’ll be finishing the whole book on her own.
4. Give reading your undivided attention. When you sit down to read with your child – ideally for 15 to 30 minutes a day – focus on the book to show how important reading is. Your child will look forward to this time as a special part of the day.
5. Talk to your child while you read. By asking questions about the plot like “What do you think is going to happen?” or “Why did the character just do that?” you’ll engage your child in the story and foster his comprehension and enjoyment level.
6. Get your child her own library card. She’ll feel like a grown-up when she selects books to borrow. A weekly library trip turns reading into a treat.
7. Join a family book group. For older kids, a book group that includes both children and parents can be a reason to read. Ask each child to recommend a favorite book, and hold a weekly or monthly meeting to discuss the story. You can do this within your own family, or ask your local library to help you set up a community group.
8. Play word games. A game of “I Spy” can easily be turned into a word-learning activity. Start by saying, “I spy something that starts with the letter B.” Then let your child sound out the names of objects around you.
9. Name familiar items. Label big objects in your child’s room so that he’ll become familiar with seeing words written out and he learns to read the names of things like lamp, bed and rug.
10. Test his skills. Check your child’s reading readiness level at www.qetreadytoread.org, a site sponsored by the National Center for Learning Disabilities, where your child can take a free online test designed for 4-year-olds which will determine if your child’s pre-reading skills are weak, strong or somewhere in between. Plus, the site suggests activities and resources that can help improve your child’s skills.
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| 0.954304 | 640 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI): Development and clinical applications
Charles M. Morin, PhD
Professor and Canada Research Chair (Sleep Medicine), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Insomnia is a common health complaint that can occur independently or comorbidly with another medical (pain) or psychiatric (depression) condition. Insomnia affects 10% of the adult population on a chronic basis, plus an additional 15% to 20% occasionally. Persistent insomnia carries significant economic burden. Despite its high prevalence and negative consequences, insomnia often remains undetected and untreated. It is essential to have brief and psychometrically-sound assessment instruments to detect insomnia and evaluate treatment outcome.
What you will learn
Insomnia – what is it and how do we measure it?
Description of Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), background, scoring guidelines
Psychometric data – reliability, validity, sensitivity
Scope and clinical utility
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https://mapi-trust.org/news-events/events/webinars/insomnia-severity-index/
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| 0.850577 | 201 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Intestinal permeability, also known as “leaky gut” is a condition where the lining of the small intestine is damaged. This allows food, waste and bacteria to leak through the intestines and get into the bloodstream. What happens when these foreign substances get into the bloodstream is that your body immediately responds with white blood cells which is the normal immune response.
Whenever a foreign substance is detected in the blood, your body responds with its defenses. What this means, is that you have a number of symptoms that are related to this autoimmune response, and to the act of the foreign substance getting into the bloodstream itself, which make it fairly easy to tell when you have “leaky gut”. Let’s take a look at the 10 most common symptoms of intestinal permeability so that you can determine whether this is something you have or not.
1. Food Allergies
If you have food allergies, it might be because of “leaky gut.” Intestinal permeability can cause food sensitivities due to the food particles crossing over into the bloodstream. What happens is, the food gets into the bloodstream and causes an immune response. The body then recognizes that food item as a toxin. That means that the next time that you eat that food, there is a good chance that your body is going to think that it is something harmful and try to take steps to eliminate it even if it does not get back into your bloodstream.
This is exactly what causes a food allergy. There are lots of symptoms of food allergies that you will notice. Some of the more common ones include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. If you have ever eaten something bad or spoiled, then you know what sort of symptoms you will be experiencing.
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| 0.952601 | 359 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Posted on August 01 2017
Perhaps you have stood on a beach at a lagoon mouth and watched what happens when a stormy sea breaks through the sand berm that had sealed off the lagoon. It starts as a small stream, but soon turns into a rapid torrent as the sand wears away, and the higher lagoon water heads downhill to the sea. Something like that happened in reverse about 5.33 million years ago, but I’m getting ahead of myself.
Many millions of years before that flow, the continents of the Earth were breaking out of the singular landmass of Pangaea and crawling all over the place. The also once-singular ocean, Panthalassa, got broken up into various basins and channels, including the Tethys Sea, roughly between the future Africa and Eurasia. As the landmasses moved to resemble the configurations we recognize today, they trapped an arm of the ocean north of Africa that became the deep basin of the Mediterranean Sea. As you know, the Mediterranean has a rather tight pinch point where it transitions into the Atlantic Ocean at the Strait of Gibraltar between Spain and Morocco. If you’ve been reading the Joint regularly, you’ll recall that Gibraltar is a generally prosperous and quiet place these days, but it wasn’t always so.
Thanks to the uplift caused by the northward movement of Africa, that narrow strait was fairly easily closed off about 5.6 million years ago, slowly cutting the Mediterranean Basin off from the outside world of the Atlantic. As the connection narrowed, the ocean feed and inflowing rivers couldn’t keep up with the powerful process of evaporation in that warm climate, and salt began to precipitate on the seafloor. Over the course of about a thousand years after complete cutoff, the Mediterranean shrank dramatically to perhaps 25% of its former extent and to where its surface was somewhere between 5,000 and 8,800 feet below sea level. Salinity from this long process of ever-dimininshing input was so high that salt deposits beneath the floor of the Mediterranean are in some places well over a half-mile thick.
The Earth never stops moving, however, and either tectonic subsidence or a rise in sea level caused the Atlantic to overtop the barrier that had held it back. Known as the Zanclean flood, the incoming Atlantic Ocean waters entered not as a waterfall into a giant basin, but more as flood down a huge ramp, similar to those lagoon waters mentioned earlier. While it might have started slowly, and some have estimated it took centuries to totally re-fill, newer research says that as much as 90% of the process took place in as little as a few months to a couple of years. At times, the volume of flowing water is thought to have reached that of a thousand Amazon rivers. Hydrologists estimate this by the evidence left in the deep and lengthy erosional channel left below the strait and into the Alboran Sea, a portion of the Mediterranean, south of Spain. Drilling cores show that this gully has been filled by later sediment deposit, but while the flow was raging, it cut nearly 16 inches a day into solid bedrock. The water doing this work flowed at up to 185 miles per hour at its maximum, raising the level of the Mediterranean over 30 feet a day.
As catastrophic as was the erosion done to soil and rock torn by the rushing sea, the ecological upending must also have been fantastic. The thousand years of of dessication that shrank the Mediterranean established entirely new environments that were suddenly underwater again, and eventually home once more to marine species long absent. Weather patterns no doubt changed as the dry areas quickly changed to a vast sea. It is even thought that the very speed of Earth’s rotation may have been affected by the huge and rapid shift in weight. The added weight itself caused the crust to depress into the mantle, altering the tectonic balance. It was no small thing. Nature adjusts, given enough time, to almost anything. And while the Zanclean flood obviously wrought massive upheaval, drill coring in the Mediterranean tells us it was only the latest in almost 70 cycles of plugging, breaching, and re-filling of the basin. It may well happen again long after we’re gone.
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| 0.973536 | 888 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Description - Vesuvius by Flavio Dobran
VESUVIUS 2000 is an interdisciplinary project aimed at producing a safe and prosperous habitat for the people living around Vesuvius. To produce this environment requires an effective collaboration between the experts and the public, whereby the danger from the volcano is used to reorganize the territory and thus produce new opportunities for the people surrounding the volcano. As an all inclusive physico-mathematical-computer model of the volcano, the Global Volcanic Simulator is a key tool for determining the effects of different eruption scenarios and thus for urban planning of the territory. Unlike the evacuation plans which tend to manage emergencies, VESUVIUS 2000 aims at preparing the Vesuvius area to confront future eruptions with minimal socio-economic and cultural consequences.
Buy Vesuvius by Flavio Dobran from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
(240mm x 165mm x mm)
Elsevier Science Ltd
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology
Country of Publication:
Book Reviews - Vesuvius by Flavio Dobran
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| 0.795706 | 224 | 2.578125 | 3 |
European Day of Justice 2019
The European Day of Justice is celebrated each year around the 25 October. It aims to bring justice closer to citizens, to inform them on their rights and to promote the work of the Council of Europe and the European Commission in the field of justice, through simulation of procedures and information sessions.This day is open to all European citizens, students and people who work in the field of justice.
Christos Giakoumopoulos, Director General of Human Rights and Rule of Law at the Council of Europe, explains that justice exists primarily for the benefit of citizens, and not for legal professionals. He says it is essential for the effective functioning of democracy that people understand how they can access the justice system to protect and enforce their legal rights.
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| 0.943108 | 153 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Demography is the study of human population and its changes due to deaths, births, marriages and divorces, and migration. The term demos denotes people in Greek—the term demography literally means the systematic study of people. In the early twenty-first century the discipline encompasses a broad array of subject matters, covering, among others, economic, social, public health, and political issues. This entry will provide a brief overview of the uses of demographic data and key trends.
Contemporary demographers focus on two broad areas. The first is the size, composition, and characteristics of populations. The second focus is on processes that influence population change. Demographers need data to conduct analyses: censuses, surveys, and civil and vital registrations are sources of population-related information. Censuses collect data or information at the household level and are conducted at regular intervals. Surveys based on scientific sampling principles are conducted as needed for a variety of purposes, but participation by individuals is voluntary. The registration of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, along with mandatory reporting requirements for communicable diseases or for residence changes, serve as excellent sources of data on fertility, mortality, nuptiality, and migration. An additional source of population data includes estimations, which are increasingly sophisticated calculations based on information not directly related to the sources listed here.
In addition to the size and spatial aspects of settlement, demographers examine and analyze factors related to the composition of populations, namely age groupings and race/ethnic and gender distributions. Characteristics of populations, such as education and economic status, are also studied. Generally these factors are examined from a single point in time or cross-sectional perspective as well as in reference to dynamic changing processes (longitudinal).
Data on the size, composition, and characteristics of populations are used for a variety of public and private purposes. Drawing political boundaries for elections, determining commercial investment decisions, and assessing the prevalence of health problems are three examples of uses of demographic data. For example, the number of congressional districts in the United States has remained constant at 435 for nearly a century, despite a tripling of the nation's population. The allocation of congressional districts is based on a state's share of the national population.
Another example of the use of demographic analyses occurs when states, counties, and cities make decisions about infrastructure investments, such as the location of new fire stations, schools, and public libraries. Furthermore, private firms use population information such as education level and incomes to target households for marketing purposes or to estimate the need for commercial services. Demographic data are also used to calculate rates of prevalence of disease in order to assess the magnitude and the need for intervention. The incidence of communicable disease—for example, tuberculosis—is standardized (e.g., per 10,000 population), facilitating comparisons across administrative boundaries and helping to focus attention on health disparities between areas and population subgroups.
Demography addresses the processes that change populations. Three related factors affect population change:
- Fertility, which measures the average number of children born to a woman (or populations) during child-bearing ages;
- Mortality, which is the process by which deaths occur in populations; and
- Migration, which is the movement of individuals or groups that involves a permanent or semipermanent change of residence across administrative and political boundaries, that is, across county, state, and national boundaries.
The twentieth century was characterized by what has been termed a demographic transition, in which mortality rates dropped dramatically due to advances in sanitation, access to health care, rapid socioeconomic changes, including a change in the status of women and altered attitudes toward contraception. The reduction in mortality was followed by declines in fertility rates. The fertility decline was evident in Europe, North America, and Oceania throughout the latter part of the twentieth century, with fertility rates at or below the replacement level of 2.1 children per women. By the year 2000, most Asian and Latin American countries had entered a transition toward lower fertility, and by the start of the twenty-first century, some low-fertility countries had adopted policies to reverse the declines. Many of the countries that had not shown fertility declines were located in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to high infant mortality rates, mortality among the working-age population in Africa was also high as a result of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, which was having a profound and detrimental impact.
By the early twenty-first century, the population aged sixty-five and above in low-fertility countries was increasing at a much faster rate than those of lower age ranges because of increased life expectancy combined with low birth rates. Since older populations typically need more health care along with support during retirement, increases in elderly populations put a strain on health care, social security, and pension systems. The aging population had a significant impact on health care systems and workforce recruitment and training and initiated a debate on how to support an aging population through publicly funded social security schemes. These debates occurred at a time when the size of the younger working population was shrinking.
In low-fertility countries, immigration mediated the impact of fertility declines. In North America and Oceania, large-scale immigration began in the nineteenth century, and net migration became a significant and increasing component of the population increase by the early twenty-first century. Other Western countries have had a history of emigration, that is, an outflow of people rather than immigration. But from the 1960s onward, an influx of African and Asian immigrants to Europe, both legal and illegal, gave rise to social and political pressures.
While fertility levels are declining in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, population size will continue to grow for the foreseeable future because large proportions of the population are in the younger reproductive ages. Emigration plays only a small role in reducing population growth in these regions. The challenge for many of these countries is to provide education, workforce training, and employment to their predominantly young populations, and failure to meet these needs may lead to political instability and sometimes acts of violence. Most spheres of human activity—political, social, and economic—now involve consideration of the size, composition, and characteristics of the population. This is unlikely to change as nations confront the issues discussed here.
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| 0.957464 | 1,286 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Thank you for responding to my e-mail.
The IEEE is continuing its mission of outreach to students to interest them in Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) through extracurricular activities
that engage their innate interest in the universe around them. Part of that engagement
is using and building tools that allow them to extend their reach and senses.
As part of that outreach, we are hoping to help students build small electrical and electronic projects that allow them to learn basic electrical and electronic skills and fundamental theory and practice as well. Some of these projects will teach component identification, soldering, circuit construction, packaging, power considerations, etc.. In effect, most of the skills needed in amateur radio.
Along with this experience, we hope to include options for students to see amateur
radio equipment in operation, visit amateur radio stations, visit a field day outing, learn
Morse code and prepare to become 'hams' themselves.
Skills of the people who will work with the students would be those of almost any one in MCRC who has already taught any of the license classes; working with students, teaching hands on skills, explaining electrical and electronic theory is fundamental and simple language.
I would expect that most projects would require someone to be the project leader, teacher and guide during a 6 to 8 week period of about 2 hours a week.
Initial program modules are planned to be based out of the:
Caroline Kennedy Library
24590 George St.
Dearborn Heights, MI 48127
under the direction of Mary Howard, Supervising Librarian.
By the first of 2012, the library will be equipped with a number of 'Science Experiment Kits' to demonstrate fundamental scientific principles to young students. Some of these may be adaptable to more advanced intentions, or perhaps would be ideal for initial learning in areas of electronics.
We intend to step beyond these initial introductory 'experiments' to offer more advanced
projects in radio, radio-astronomy, RF sensing, laser sensing, remote control vehicles,
etc.. the list can go as far as our imagination and manpower will permit.
The plan is to pair an IEEE member with an amateur for each project or class so that
no one is required to shoulder the entire responsibility for teaching and supervising
alone. For large projects, or large groups of students, a corresponding larger 'team' of
instructors might be required. (We are doing this for the first time, and some learning on our part is to be expected as we iron out the 'kinks' and develop the program plan.)
Note that this is our initial 'pilot' program, based out of a neighborhood library. We hope
to locate more libraries who's supervising librarian's who would also be in a position
to support programs such as these in their communities and expend the program as
we learn what works.
I hope to be able to visit MCRC in either November or December and speak to the
membership about this program.
Kimball Williams N.C.E. / N8FNC
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First Grade Constitution Social Stu S Worksheet Chicago teachers and the nation s third largest school district reached a labor contract deal on thursday ending a strike that canceled 11 days of classes for more than 300 000 students This is a seventh grade state standard the separation of church and state which appears nowhere in the u s constitution and objecting to things like a moment of silence to start A federal appeals court this week disagreed saying school officials in southern maryland had not violated wood s first amendment when wood was in 11th grade at la plata high school about.
First Grade Constitution Social Stu S Worksheet Response from diana laufenberg diana laufenberg has taught all grade levels from 7 12 in social it s a great chance for them to put those summarizing and comparison skills to use the first A georgia school insisted today there was no quot maliciousness quot intended when a third grade math her fianc 233 s multiple wives and sharia law roach said this was the first controversial incident In india s constitution worksheets she said schools are also encouraged to use other tools to foster an interest in math such as group tutoring and peer tutoring in grade.
First Grade Constitution Social Stu S Worksheet At issue is a third grade worksheet back to a social studies lesson about frederick douglass all nine teachers saw the questions but no one objected the atlanta journal constitution reports The goal of this project is to mentor new teachers confronting the challenges of teaching adult esol esl classes for the first a constitution test in order to receive their high school A georgia school insisted today there was no quot maliciousness quot intended when a third grade math quiz asked students her fianc 233 s multiple wives and sharia law roach said this was the first.
First Grade Constitution Social Stu S Worksheet. The worksheet is an assortment of 4 intriguing pursuits that will enhance your kid's knowledge and abilities. The worksheets are offered in developmentally appropriate versions for kids of different ages. Adding and subtracting integers worksheets in many ranges including a number of choices for parentheses use.
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Without phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite a complicated practice.
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Goal: Improve maternal health
Target by 2015:
Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters.
Healthy children need healthy mothers.
A woman in sub-Saharan Africa is hundreds of times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than one in an industrialized nation – the largest difference between poor and rich countries of any health indicator.
This glaring disparity is reflected in a number of global declarations and resolutions. In September 2001, 147 heads of states collectively endorsed Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5: To reduce child mortality rate by 2/3 and maternal mortality ratio by 3/4 between 1990 and 2015. Strongly linked to these is Goal 6: To halt or begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
The direct causes of maternal deaths are haemorrhage, infection, obstructed labour, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, and complications of unsafe abortion. There are birth-related disabilities that affect many more women and go untreated like injuries to pelvic muscles, organs or the spinal cord. At least 20 percent of the burden of disease in children below the age of five is related to poor maternal health and nutrition, as well as quality of care at delivery and during the newborn period. Every year, millions of babies die before or during delivery, or in the first week of life. Further, many children are tragically left motherless. These children are 10 times more likely to die within two years of their mothers' death.
Another risk to expectant women is malaria. It can lead to anaemia, which increases the risk for maternal and infant mortality and developmental problems for babies. Nutritional deficiencies contribute to low birth weight and birth defects as well.
HIV infection is an increasing threat. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV in low-resource settings, especially in those countries where infection in adults is continuing to grow or has stabilized at very high levels, continues to be a major problem. Further, HIV is a cause of maternal mortality in highly affected countries in Southern Africa.
A majority of these deaths and disabilities are preventable, since they are mainly due to insufficient care during pregnancy and delivery. About 15 per cent of pregnancies and childbirths need emergency obstetric care because of complications that are difficult to predict.
Access to skilled care during pregnancy, childbirth and the first month after delivery is key to saving the lives of women who face these risks – and the lives of their children.
UNICEF responds by:
Helping improve emergency obstetric care. Research shows the single most important intervention for safe motherhood is to make sure that a trained provider with midwifery skills is present at every birth. It's also critical that transport to referral services is available and that women have access to quality emergency obstetric care. UNICEF works with the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization and other partners in countries with high maternal mortality in a well-defined supporting role as part of an emerging global partnership for maternal, newborn and child health.
UNICEF also helps work with policy makers to ensure that emergency obstetric care is a priority in national health plans, including Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and Sector-Wide Approaches, and assists its partners and governments with assessments, training and logistics.
Laying the foundations for good prenatal care. With advocacy, technical help and funding, UNICEF helps local communities provide information to women and their families on signs of pregnancy complications, on birth spacing, timing and limiting for nutrition and health, and on improving the nutritional status of pregnant women to prevent low birth weight or other problems.
A comprehensive community programme also promotes and helps provide anti-malarial therapy and insecticide-treated bed nets. Along with buying tetanus vaccine and helping to provide tetanus immunizations for pregnant women, UNICEF provides micronutrients to stave off anaemia and birth defects. All of these interventions lead to healthier mothers and babies.
Helping prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. UNICEF provides country support for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (also known as PMTCT) programmes within existing maternal and child services in resource-poor settings. This includes advocacy on distributing anti-retroviral medicines to pregnant and lactating women and their babies. Services also include voluntary and confidential counselling and testing for HIV/AIDS. If an expectant mother has the virus or AIDS, she is counselled on how to help prevent transmitting the disease to her child, including safer breastfeeding practices.
Getting girls to school. Helping governments provide a quality primary school education – particularly education for girls, a UNICEF priority – also benefits maternal and infant health. Educating girls for six years or more consistently improves their prenatal care, postnatal care and childbirth survival rates later in life. Educating mothers also greatly cuts the death rate of children under five. Educated girls have higher self-esteem and are more likely to avoid HIV infection, violence and exploitation, and to spread good health and sanitation practices to their families and communities. And an educated mother is more likely to send her children to school.
The available data indicates that the availability of skilled birth attendants has improved significantly in all regions apart from sub-Saharan Africa, where the improvement has not been as great. However, not all countries have shared equally in the improvements, and most are not on track to meet their maternal health Goals.
Multimedia feature: Tracking maternal, newborn and child survival
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Water is a natural LEVEL
No curvature is ever detected on the bodies of water. All liquids when undisturbed are flawlessly flat.
The natural physics of water is to find and maintain its level. If Earth were a giant sphere tilted, wobbling and hurdling through infinite space then truly flat, consistently level surfaces would not exist here. But since Earth is in fact an extended flat plane, this fundamental physical property of fluids finding and remaining level is consistent with experience and common sense.
Anyone can prove the sea-horizon perfectly straight and the entire Earth perfectly flat using nothing more than a level, tripods and a wooden plank. At any altitude above sea-level, simply fix a 6-12 foot long, smooth, leveled board edgewise upon tripods and observe the skyline from eye-level behind it. The distant horizon will always align perfectly parallel with the upper edge of the board. Furthermore, if you move in a half-circle from one end of the board to the other whilst observing the skyline over the upper edge, you will be able to trace a clear, flat 10-20 miles depending on your altitude. This would be impossible if the Earth were a globe 25,000 miles in circumference; the horizon would align over the center of the board but then gradually, noticeably decline towards the extremities. Just ten miles on each side would necessitate an easily visible curvature of 66.6 feet from each end to the center.
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The Awesome world of “Six”
Part I: Shakespeare’s “Henry VIII:” How NOT to tell a queen’s story
Part II: The women take wing
During Shakespeare’s life time, the wives of Henry VIII were bit players at best. With the exception of Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn (who in most narratives have often been cast as either virgins or whores), the lives of Jane Seymore, Anne of Cleaves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr were barely told until the 20th century, where new feminist scholarship sparked renewed interest in these women and how they lived.
TV series like The Tudors, movies like The Other Boleyn Girl, and of course books and documentaries by
III. Why “Six” Slaps
Let husbands know
Their wives have sense like them: they see and smell
And have their palates both for sweet and sour,
As husbands have. Emilia, “Othello,” Act IV, Scene iii.
Well, I can’t yet give an objective view of the plot and characters of “Six,” because I haven’t seen it…(yet). But until then, let’s just say that like “Hamilton,” it is great to see history be recontextualized and shared in such an accessible way. We all know that European history is dominated by the names of white guys- king whoever, duke what’s-his name. To see important women in history be given a voice by a multi-ethnic cast is a great way to make it acessible.
Educational links related to the six wives of Henry VIII:
Resources on Shakespeare’s History Plays:
- Shakespeare English Kings by Peter Saccio. Published Apr. 2000. Preview available: https://books.google.com/books?id=ATHBz3aaGn4C
- Shakespeare, Our Contemporary by Jan Kott. Available online at https://books.google.com/books/about/Shakespeare_Our_Contemporary.html?id=QIrdQfCMnfQC
- The Essential Shakespeare Handbook by Leslie Dunton-Downer and Alan Riding Published: 16 Jan 2013.
- Will In the World by Prof. Steven Greenblatt, Harvard University. September 17, 2004. Preview available https://www.amazon.com/Will-World-How-Shakespeare-Became/dp/1847922961
The Tudors (TV Show- HBO 2007)
“The Six Wives of Henry VIII” (BBC, 1970)
- Official Six Broadway Website
- Howard Ho: “How Greensleeves Works In Six: The Musical”
8 lessons from ‘King Lear’ as we head back to work or nights out after COVID-19
Watch “The Klingon Hamlet Part 1: The Original Klingon – Summer of Shakespeare” on YouTube
A fascinating look at the pitfalls and problems of translating Shakespeare into another language, even into a made-up language!
And here’s the whole Soliloquy in Klingon:
Mafia Tropes in “Richard III”
Last month, I took a short vacation to Las Vegas, where, as some of you know, I went to Area 15 and the Omega Mart Exhibit. I also visited the Las Vegas Mob Museum. I’ve been fascinated by the mob for years. The Mob (AKA The Outfit), has within its many threads a potent combination of corruption, seduction vice, and violence all hidden behind the veneer of honorable men who do what they feel they have to to protect their families and their communities.
Not surprisingly, while at the museum, I saw parallels between the history of organized crime and Shakespeare, specifically his most popular history play about a powerful family that takes over the crown of England in a brutal turf war, and then one of its most feared soldiers bribes, intimidates, and murders his way to the top; Richard III.
A Protection Racket: Feudalism vs. La Cosa Nostra
The structure of the mafia paralleled the feudal system. In a world where a police force didn’t offer much protection for marginalized communities, the mafia thrived by offering protection for these communities, (especially to immigrants and people of color in the 19th and early 20th century).
Much earlier than that, the feudal system of the middle ages, which started to crumble after Richard’s reign ended, was designed specifically so poor peasants could get protection from wealthy landowners after the fall of the Roman Empire. These lords offered the protection of their knights to these peasants i. Return for labor and a percentage of their income working the field. Like the mafia, these peasants paid tributes to their lords and these lords demanded loyalty. In the museum, there’s an interactive video where you can become a ‘made man,’ which means become an official member of a mafia crew. Like a king knighting a lord, this ceremony meant pledging your life to your superiors, and being at their beck and call no matter what. In addition, like medieval knights, mafiosos were not allowed to murder other made men without permission from their capo or boss.
However benevolent they might appear, In both cases the Dons and the medieval lords were extorting their underclass. Failing to pay tribute to their lords would cause the peasants to lose their lands, and any disloyalty to the mafia would be severely punished. These powerful, violent thugs used their private armies to intimidate the weak into giving them what they wanted.
Part II: The Two Families
To thoroughly explain the parallels between the Wars of the Roses and the mob, I need to make clear that Richard iii is more than just the story of one man’s rise to power, although there are also mafia stories that fit this mold such as Scarface, White Heat, and the real-life story of Al Capone.
As this hilarious “weather report” from “Horrible Histories,” makes clear, during the Wars of the Roses two powerful families, (each with a claim to the English crown) fought each other in a brutal turf war. As Shakespeare characterizes in his play Henry VI, Part III, the battles between the houses of York and Lancaster shook England like a mighty storm, and for a while it was hard to tell who would prevail:
Henry VI. This battle fares like to the morning's war,Henry VI, Act II, Scene i
When dying clouds contend with growing light,
What time the shepherd, blowing of his nails,1105
Can neither call it perfect day nor night.
Now sways it this way, like a mighty sea
Forced by the tide to combat with the wind;
Now sways it that way, like the selfsame sea
Forced to retire by fury of the wind:1110
Sometime the flood prevails, and then the wind;
Now one the better, then another best;
Both tugging to be victors, breast to breast,
Yet neither conqueror nor conquered:
So is the equal of this fell war.
During the Wars of the Roses, it was King Henry’s incompetence and mental illness that gave the Yorkists the ability to challenge the House of Lancaster for the crown. In the 1920s, the passage of the 18th amendment, (which made alcohol illegal, and thus a profitable commodity for organized crime), that allowed the mob to rise to unheard-of power through illegally buying, distributing, and selling alcohol. As the photo and subsequent video shows, Prohibition largely led to the rise in organized crime in America, especially in Chicago. During Prohibition, the Italian Sough-side Gang fought for control of Chicago’s bootlegging trade and subsequently destroyed their competition from the Irish gangs through corruption, intimidation, and violence.
The Don rises- Richard Vs. Al Capone
Like the Italian and Irish gangs In Prohibition-era Chicago, the Yorkist and Lancastrian armies battled for the English throne. As Ian McKellen’s excellent movie (set in the 1930s) shows, Richard was instrumental in destroying the leading Lancastrians at the Battle of Tewkesbury, including Prince Edward and King Henry.
In Chicago, the most feared mobster soldier was Al Capone, who many scholars believe was responsible for killing off high ranking members of the Irish gang during the infamous St. Valentines Day Massacre, where the gang members were ‘arrested’ by South Side gangsters disguised as cops. As the Irish stood against the wall with their hands behind their heads, the phony cops pulled out Tommy guns from their coats and let out a hail of bullets on their unsuspecting quarry.
In Shakespeare’s play, the only Lancastrian to survive the war is Queen Margaret, wife to the murdered King Henry, and mother to the slaughtered Prince Edward. In this scene from Al Pacino’s “Looking For Richard,” she curses Richard for his cruel slaughters. It’s not surprising that Pacino was so drawn to Richard II that he starred in and directed this film. After all, Pacino is famous for playing mafia characters who slaughter their way to the top.
Once Capone killed the competition, he ruled a multimillion-dollar empire of bootleggers and maintained that empire through corruption, intimidation, and by constantly playing innocent, just like Richard himself.
Hypocrisy, Corruption and hidden violence
“Men in general judge more by the sense of sight than by the sense of touch, because everyone can see, but few can test by feeling. Everyone sees what you seem to be, few know what you really are; and those few do not dare take a stand against the general opinion.”Niccolo Machiavelli
Both Richard III and mobsters are masters of double-speak, that is, seeming to say one thing and meaning something else. Look at this passage where Richard talks about killing his nephew, then denies it:
- Richard III (Duke of Gloucester). [Aside] So wise so young, they say, do never
- Prince Edward. What say you, uncle?1650
- Richard III (Duke of Gloucester). I say, without characters, fame lives long.
Thus, like the formal vice, Iniquity,
I moralize two meanings in one word.
Las Vegas: The town that bedded and abetted the mob.
After Al Capone’s demise and the repeal of Prohibition, the mafia found another vice to capitalize on: gambling. As the video below indicates, using their connections with the Teamsters Union and midwestern bookmakers, the mob in the midwest financed, built, and run almost every casino in Las Vegas, including The StarDust and the Hassienda. Once the casinos were built, the mob extorted millions of dollars from the casinos every month!
The profits from the casinos bought the mob even more power and influence, but this skim depended on making sure the bosses controlled their underlings, and defended their casinos from cheaters and snitches, which is why they defended their casinos through intimidation and violence.
Murders in The White tower and the city of sin.
“Simple, plain, Clarence. I do love thee so, that I shall shortly send thy soul to Heaven.”
—Richard III, Act I, Scene i
When Richard of Gloucester starts his quest to become king, he begins by convincing his brother King Edward to execute his other brother George. Richard bribes the murderers to kill George before the king can reverse the death sentence. Richard has thus eliminated another obstacle in his way, and gained two loyal followers who will do anything for his gold.
The mafia dealt the same way with traitors, stool pigeons, and anyone who tried to challenge the bosses. Look at this tour of the Mafia museum, where the grandson of the gangster Meyer Lansky starts by reminiscing about the glamourous lifestyle of Las Vegas mobsters, but the tour quickly takes a dark turn as Lansky II talks about how his grandfather ordered brutal executions for anyone who crossed The Las Vegas Outfit.
It was an enormously interesting trip going to the Mafia Museum, and if you can get out to Las Vegas, be sure to visit, (don’t forget the password to visit the speakeasy bar in the basement!) It was eye-opening for me how prevalent the sort of corrupt protection racket that started in the middle ages and continued into most of the 20th century helped define The Wars of the Roses and the mafia. As long as the strong prey on the weak and the law can’t protect everyone equally, these kinds of violent thugs will be lurking in the shadows, waiting for a shot at the crown.
How Game Of Thrones is like a Shakespearean Play
I love Game Of Thrones! If you’ve ever read the books or seen the series on HBO, like me you might be amazed by the scale and complexity of the world author George RR Martin created. He wove together a rich tapestry of medieval history, legends, and yes, Shakespeare. He used some of Shakespeare’s plots, commented and expanded on his themes, and adapted some of his iconic characters into a very rich and in a way, very modern story.
Since the prequel series “House Of The Dragons” premieres today, I’m going to examine the components of Martin’s narrative that he embroidered off of Shakespeare’s plots, themes, and characters. If you like my take on this, or if you disagree, please leave a comment below! If you have any suggestions for other popular works adapted from Shakespeare, let me know and I’ll review them on the blog!
Part I: Story
Shakespeare wrote four plays that chronicle a series of civil wars where powerful families battled each other for the crown of England. Like Game of Thrones, the conflict was mainly between the kingdoms in the North and South:
Shakespeare’s three parts of King Henry VI and Richard III chronicle the real struggle between the Yorkists in the north to take the crown from the Lancastrians in London in the South.
Part II: Themes
Power corrupts, especially those who go seeking it.
The death of chivalry and honor in favor of political backstabbing.
King Henry VI has a speech where he watches a great battle while sitting on a molehill, watching the tide turn back and forth between his soldiers and the Yorkists. As with Game Of Thrones, the more blood each side has on its hands, the harder it becomes to decide whom to truly root for. In the end, it doesn’t seem to matter- kingdoms are won and lost as arbitrarily as a game. All it takes is time, and a good player to win.
The silence of the Gods. Shakespeare’s King Lear is constantly making oaths to his gods and asking them to punish his enemies. Likewise, Lear’s friend the Duke Of Gloucester, places his faith in the gods to protect Lear and punish the usurpers Goneril and Regan. Nevertheless, the action of King Lear doesn’t show any kind of divine judgement- Lear is exiled, goes mad, is sent to prison, and finally dies. Gloucester loses his sight, his lands, and dies randomly right after he is re-united with his son Edgar. In both King Lear and Game Of Thrones, there is a persistent question as to the nature of the gods, or even the surety of their existence.
King Lear mourns Cordelia’s death by
James Barry, c. 1786.
No where is this more apparent than at the end of the play King Lear, when, just as it seems that the Duke of Albany is about to reward the good people and punish the wicked, King Lear arrives howling, with the dead Cordelia in his arms. “Is this the promised end?” in horror at the gods’ apparent cruelty. https://youtu.be/7acLWsal1FU
In Game Of Thrones, the good characters pray to their old gods and new, but never seem to hear from them or sense their influence. Osha, the Wildling even suggests that the gods have no power in King’s Landing, where the special God’s Wood trees have been cut down.
Part III: Characters
Below is a list of my favorite GOT characters, with my interpretation of their Shakespearean roots.
Ned Stark- Humphrey Duke of Gloucester from Henry VI, Part II
Duke Humphrey is a Yorkist from the north of England, just as Ned is Lord of Winterfell, a powerful kingdom in the north of Westeros. King Robert makes Ned Protector Of the Realm when he dies, which makes him king in all but name, and tasked with taking care of Robert’s young son Joffrey until he comes of age.
Portrait of the historical Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester from the National Portrait Gallery, artist unknown.
In Shakespeare’s Henry VI trilogy, King Henry the Fifth makes his brother Humphrey Lord Protector before he dies, to take care of England until his infant son Henry VI comes of age to rule. Like Ned, Humphrey is loyal, blunt, and only interested in keeping the realm at peace. In both Westminster and the Red Keep, all the lords are conniving and ambitious, and only interested in advancing themselves politically. These two lord protectors are the only ones with the good of the kingdom in mind.
Both Ned and Humphrey are betrayed and executed by those ambitious lords around them for the same reason; they stand in the way of the lords in their quest for power. In Henry VI, Part II, Henry’s ambitious queen Margaret starts a smear campaign against Humphrey’s wife, then pressures the King to force Gloucester to resign. As if that weren’t enough, Margaret also secretly conspires to murder the noble duke. Similarly, In Game of Thrones (Spoiler Alert), queen Circe puts her son on the throne and proclaims Ned a traitor. In both cases though, once the Lord Protector dies, the whole kingdom erupts in fights and arguments for the crown on all sides.
Ned Stark also resembles the heroes of Shakespeare’s Roman plays. He is cold and stoic as Brutus, and a devoted soldier like Titus Andronicus. Ned’s dire wolf is another connection with Shakespeare’s Roman plays; the wolf 🐺 is the symbol of the Roman Empire; packs of cold hunters who depend on each other for the survival of the family.
King Joffrey- Saturnine from Titus Andronicus– Joffrey is like the worst kind of tyrant- rash, proud, violent, and cruel. He lacks the maturity to make wise decisions and because of his privileged upbringing, he takes even the tiniest slight against him as an act of treason, and leaves a trail of heads in his wake. Worse still, he is easily manipulated by his mother Circe, who teaches him to act and feel superior to everyone else, and never care for the good of anyone but himself. In that way, he is very much like a Roman Emperor like Nero or Caligula, the real people whom Shakespeare adapted into the character of Emperor Saturnine in his play Titus Andronicus.
When we first meet Saturnine, he leads an angry mob into the streets of Rome, demanding to be made emperor, and threatening all out war if he doesn’t get his way. He also turns on the loyal soldier Titus, (who helped him win a war and win his crown), just because Titus wouldn’t give Saturnine his daughter in marriage. In the clip below from the 1999 movie Titus, Emperor Saturnine (Alan Cummings) is furious just because Titus wrote some mean scrolls about him, after Saturnine killed two of Titus’ sons, and banished a third.
King Robert Baratheon- Edward IV from Richard III.
◦ In the first book of the Game of Thrones series, Robert is the King of the Seven Kingdoms, having won a civil war to take it away from the Mad King Araes Targaryen. Edward in the play Richard III has just won the crown of England after a civil war against the mad King Henry VI. Both men were powerful warriors and used to be strong and handsome. People loved and feared him, but now the pressures of keeping the throne has literally consumed them.
Next had come King Robert himself, with Lady Stark on his arm. The King was a great disappointment to Jon. His father had talked of him often: the peerless Robert Baratheon, demon of the Trident, the fiercest warrior of the realm, a giant among princes. Jon only saw a fat man, red-faced under his beard, sweating through his silks.
Jon had noticed that too. A bastard had to learn o notice things, to read the truth that people hid behind their eyes. Two seats away, the king had been drinking heavily all night. His broad face was flushed behind his black beard.
In this passage from Thomas More’s History Of Richard III, (Shakespeare’s primary source for the play), More chronicles how Edward went from a handsome young king, loved and feared by all, into a gluttonous, lecherous, sick old man, who was consumed by care.
He was a goodly personage, and very princely to behold: of heart, courageous; politic in counsel; in adversity nothing abashed; in prosperity, rather joyful than proud; in peace, just and merciful; in war, sharp and fierce; in the field, bold and hardy, and nevertheless, no further than wisdom would, adventurous. Whose wars whosoever would well consider, he shall no less commend his wisdom when he withdrew than his manhood when he vanquished. He was of visage lovely, of body mighty, strong, and clean made; however, in his latter days with over-liberal diet , he became somewhat corpulent and burly, and nonetheless not uncomely; he was of youth greatly given to fleshly wantonness, from which health of body in great prosperity and fortune, without a special grace, hardly refrains. This fault not greatly grieved the people, for one man’s pleasure could not stretch and extend to the displeasure of very many, and the fault was without violence, and besides that, in his latter days, it lessened and well left.
-Thomas More, History Of Richard III, c. 1513
There are also similarities in how the characters died. King Robert was killed by a wild boar, while King Edward was killed by his brother Richard, whose sign was a white boar. As a bonus, the stag that is the sigil of House Baratheon, is also the seal of King Richard II, the king who, in the Shakespearean tragedy that bears his name, started the civil war when he was murdered in the Tower Of London. Below is a picture of the famous Wilton Diptych, (Richard the Second’s private alter piece), which depicts the king and all the angels in heaven wearing a badge with a white stag on it.
I’m not actually the first person to mention this connection between Robert Baratheon and Edward IV. In the British newspaper, The Guardian, the author compares several characters from Game Of Thrones, to historical English events: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/game-of-thrones-vs-history-which-real-characters-and-events-insp/robert-baratheon-and-edward-iv/
Little Finger -Lucio from Measure For Measure, Iachimo from Cymbeline, Bawd from Pericles, etc. Shakespeare has a host of character like this lord of Westeros, the Master of Coin. He is cowardly and cynical, but he is also very clever and understands people’s weaknesses, especially sex. Like Bawd from Pericles, Little Finger has grown rich off brothels, and like many real life governments, he turns his prostitutes into spies. This gives him not only cash, but dirt on every lord in the 7 kingdoms. He only worries about Ned Stark, (who can’t be bought), and Vares the eunuch, who can’t be seduced. Little Finger is basically an oily politician and exploits the power of lust in the men of King’s Landing.
Jon Snow– Edgar and Edmund in King Lear Philip the Bastard in King John.
◦ Snow is the illegitimate son of Ned Stark. He’s aware of what he is, so he joins thieves and rapers as a knight of the Night Watch to make a life for himself, just as Edgar becomes a mad beggar in King Lear once he is accused of attempted murder. He has few illusions and like all the base-born children in Shakespeare:
He was who he was, Jon Snow, bastard oath breaker motherless, friendless, and damned. For the rest of his life, however long that might be- he would be condemned to be an outsider, the silent man standing in the shadows who dares not speak his true name.”
◦ Shakespeare wrote several characters born out of wedlock such as Phillip Falconbridge in King John, and Edmund from King Lear.
Unlike Jon Snow, Edmund in King Lear uses deceitful and cruel cunning in order to advance his position in life. Snow doesn’t try to change the rules, but both of them know that no one is going to give them anything. Early in book one, Jon learns to accept the cruelty of the world, and to accept what he is:
Let me give you some council, bastard, never forget what you are, for surely the world will not. Make it your strength. Then it can never be your weakness. Armor yourself in it, and it will never be used to hurt you.
Song Of Ice And Fire, p. 57.
🦁 Tyrian Lannister –
Obviously he shares some parallels with Richard III, with his small size and the fact that he is the most hated member of a powerful family. In fact, Peter Dinklage who plays Tyrion played Richard the Third back in 2004.
In terms of his personality however, Tyrion has neither the cruelty, nor the bitterness of Richard. For this reason, I would argue that Tyrion more closely resembles Sir John Falstaff.
◦ Like Falstaff, Tyrion laughs at his physical form as a way of disarming his enemies.
◦ Both Characters are famous for talking their way out of anything.
◦ Both characters are down on their luck for most of the books
Both characters are, ahem, fond of drink. Falstaff even has a beer named after him:
◦ Most Of all, Tyrion and Falstaff are survivors – they will do anything to stay alive, good or bad. They are also unapologetic about acting cowardly and deceitfully to avoid death. In Falstaff’s famous ‘Catechism speech,’ he mocks the concept of honor and how it frequently gets men killed.
‘Tis not due yet; I would be loath to pay him before
his day. What need I be so forward with him that
calls not on me? Well, ’tis no matter; honour pricks
me on. Yea, but how if honour prick me off when I
come on? how then? Can honour set to a leg? no: or
an arm? no: or take away the grief of a wound? no.
Honour hath no skill in surgery, then? no. What is
honour? a word. What is in that word honour? what
is that honour? air. A trim reckoning! Who hath it?
he that died o’ Wednesday. Doth he feel it? no.
Doth he hear it? no. ‘Tis insensible, then. Yea,
to the dead. But will it not live with the living?
no. Why? detraction will not suffer it. Therefore
I’ll none of it. Honour is a mere scutcheon: and so
ends my catechism.
Now observe this passage where Tyrion reacts to the death of a noble knight who was foolish enough to wear armor while crossing a river on a raft.
“Good my lord,” the messenger said. “Lord Brax was clad in plate-and-mail when his raft overturned. He was so gallant.” “He was a fool,” Tyrion thought, willing his cup and staring down into the wind depths. Crossing a river at night on a crude raft, wearing armor, with an enemy waiting on the other side–if that was gallantry, he would take cowardice every time. Song of Ice and Fire, 765.
My favorite part of the books is the way Martin writes the female characters. All the female characters are dealing with the fact that women have very little power or say in their society and they all use Shakespearean means or methods to get what they want.
🦁 Circe- Tamara and Lady Macbeth
Just as her son Joffrey has the arrogance and sadistic cruelty of a Roman emperor, Circe is a mirror image of the cruel empress Tamara, Queen Of Goths in Titus Andronicus. Both women are attracted to power and motivated by revenge. Tamara wants revenge against General Titus, who executed her son in the war. After seducing and marrying the emperor, she uses her influence to execute two of Titus’ sons. She then uses her lover Aaron the Moor (with Whom she secretly has a child), to concoct a plot to rape and mutilate Titus’ daughter. And if that weren’t enough, she tries to drive him mad by appearing at his home dressed as the Roman goddess Revenge. In short, Tamara is a classic femme fatale, who raises above the social oppression of her sex by seducing powerful men, and stabbing them in the back.
Circe is also a femme fatale, though Martin gives her more time to explain her motivations than Shakespeare gives Tamara. Like the Queen Of Goths, Circe marries King Robert Baratheon, while secretly having a taboo affair, this time with her brother Jamie. The difference is that Circe kills not strictly for vengeance, but mainly to conceal the fact that her son Joffrey is actually the product of her incest in order to protect him and eventually make him king. This is why Circe kills Ned Stark, Jon Aron, and consents to the murder of all or Robert Baratheon’s true born sons.
Circe does desire revenge, but not against anyone in particular. Instead, she wants to repay the patriarchy that keeps her down simply because she is a woman. Quote about Circe when she talks about how jealous she is of Jamie. In that chapter we get a great sense of who Circe really is. Because she’s a twin, she compares herself to her brother, observing how Jamie was given on her glory and respect when he became a knight and a member of the King’s Guard, while she was sold off to king Robert at the age of twelve like a slave or a common whore. Why, Circe asks, if she looks so much like him and acts so much like him, is she treated so differently just because she’s a woman? In a perverse sort of way, her incest might be a misguided attempt to claim part of Jamie’s honor and power through sexual conquest. Both Tamara and Circe show how an oppressive patriarchy can plant truly destructive thorns in the hearts of women, and these two queens reap that bitter harvest by cutting down the men in power one by one.
like camera Circe is driven by her love for her children and her desire and her pride and desire for vengeance. She spends the first half of the place seducing the emperor to gain his favor and then when she is made empress she uses her power to systematically destroy Titus and his family. Similarly, Circe marries king Robert and then when he dies she makes her son she then kills Ned Stark guy in prisons his daughter tries to kill the second of and
Hermione From The Winters Tale ❄️ 🐺
◦ Kindness and mercy are her weapons as well as her will and devotion to her friends and family. Even Tyrion is impressed by her integrity.
🐺 Aria- Imogen from Cymbeline
◦ If it’s a mans world, pretend you are one! She learns to use a sword ⚔️ and uses her small size and gender to sneak away from her enemies.
🐉 Daenerys Targaryen- Cleopatra!
◦ Crafty and beautiful
◦ Uses her sexuality to gain a powerful man’s protection
◦ Her dragons 🐉 make her a goddess, elevating her beyond a woman and even a queen. In a society that opposed and ignored women, female monarchs needed to practically deify themselves in order to get the same respect as their male counterparts.
Just as the real Cleopatra claimed to be a descendant of the goddess Isis and Elizabeth I was part of the cult of the virgin queen, The Mother Of Dragons has a mythic power that commands fear and adoration.
In the final chapter of book one, Daenerys tries to simultaneously say goodbye to her warrior husband Khal Drogo, and to get her few remaining soldiers to swear loyalty to her. She dresses him, she braids his hair, she puts him atop a pyre, and waits for a star to pass overhead to give his funeral a cosmic significance:
“This is a wedding too.”
The pyre shifted and the logs exploded as the fire touched their secret hearts. She could hear the screams of frighten horses and the voices of the Dothraki. “No,” she wanted to shout to him, “No my good knight, do not fear for me. The fire is mine. I am Daenerys Stormborn, daughter of dragons, bride of Dragons, Mother Of Dragons.”
This mirrors how, once Cleopatra loses Antony and knows that the Romans are coming to capture her, she says goodbye to Antony, and asserts herself as queen.
Give me my robe, put on my crown; I have
Immortal longings in me: now no more
The juice of Egypt’s grape shall moist this lip:
Yare, yare, good Iras; quick. Methinks I hear
Antony call; I see him rouse himself
To praise my noble act; I hear him mock
The luck of Caesar, which the gods give men
To excuse their after wrath: husband, I come:
Now to that name my courage prove my title!
I am fire and air; my other elements
I give to baser life.
Have I the aspic in my lips? Dost fall?
If thou and nature can so gently part,
The stroke of death is as a lover’s pinch,
Which hurts, and is desired. Dost thou lie still?
If thus thou vanishest, thou tell’st the world
It is not worth leave-taking. Antony and Cleopatra, Act V, Scene ii.
Dany does the same thing. She lights the pyre to help her husband ascend to the heavens, taking his place among the stars. Then, she sits on top of the pyre along with her three dragon eggs. Miraculously, she survives the fire and the dragons hatch, thus establishing her as the true heir of House Targarean and the Mother Of Dragons.
After witnessing the queen embracing her serpentine children, the blood riders that swore oaths to defend her husband swear again to defend her, promising to help her win the Iron Throne. Her power to command loyalty can win her the throne, and unlike Robert, keep it!
There are enough comparisons between Shakespeare and GOt that one playwright even adapted Shakespeare to resemble a Game Of Thrones story. Below is a poster of
Play Of Thrones, an adaption Of The Henry VI plays that, as I’ve mentioned, are full of characters and scenes similar to Game Of Thrones:
In conclusion, these two works prove that Shakespeare has a timeless appeal that has inspired countless writers to adapt his stories and characters.
Richard the Third and Toxic Masculinity
This past month, there was a free production of Richard III in New York’s Shakespeare In the Park, starring Danai Gurira as the title character. I have not seen this production, though I wish I had. I enjoyed the actress Ms. Gurrira in such films as “Black Panther,” and would love to see her do Shakespeare. What is more, the concept intrigues me. This project explores themes of toxic masculinity, racial identity, inferiority, and misogyny.
Unsurprisingly, with so many heady topics in the production, this Richard III is still somewhat controversial. Some right-wing critics dismissed the whole production as a piece of ‘woke propaganda,’ but I feel this is unfair.
When Danai Gurira of Marvel’s “Black Panther” first takes the stage in the title role, the actress has no perceivable hunchback or arm trouble. And yet the dialogue suggesting Richard suffers from a lifelong physical issue (“rudely stamped”) has been kept in. Perhaps we are to use our imaginations. Who knows? We are certainly tempted to close our eyes.By Johnny Oleksinski
I will not judge this production based on the acting because I haven’t been able to see it. What I will do is take a stance on the validity of the concept. Specifically, I want to ask if this play is a good examination of toxic masculinity and if it would it be worthwhile to see it portrayed by a black woman, as opposed to a white man. The short answer is an emphatical “Yes.”
Richard’s Toxic Masculity
Richard III is definately an example of toxic masculinity. He is violent, full of hatred, vengeance, and mysogeny. He is constantly insulting women from Lady Anne, Jane Shore, Queen Elizabeth, and even his own mother. In fact, the source of Richard’s toxic attitude is that he blames his mother for his disability and deformity:
Well, say there is no kingdom then for Richard;1635
What other pleasure can the world afford?
I'll make my heaven in a lady's lap,
And deck my body in gay ornaments,
And witch sweet ladies with my words and looks.
O miserable thought! and more unlikely1640
Than to accomplish twenty golden crowns!
Why, love forswore me in my mother's womb:
And, for I should not deal in her soft laws,
She did corrupt frail nature with some bribe,
To shrink mine arm up like a wither'd shrub;1645
To make an envious mountain on my back,
Where sits deformity to mock my body;
To shape my legs of an unequal size;
To disproportion me in every part,
Like to a chaos, or an unlick'd bear-whelp1650
That carries no impression like the dam.
And am I then a man to be beloved?
O monstrous fault, to harbour such a thought!. 3H6, Act III, Scene i, lines 1635-1653.
Now I should clarify the difference between deformity and disability, which are characteristics that Richard III has as part of his character makeup. According to the Americans With Disabilities Act, a disability is defined as: “A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.” This could include paralysis, autism, or any number of congenital or acquired conditions. Richard’s disability is primarily his limp (caused by his unequally shaped limbs), and his withered arm. What’s interesting in this production is that while the title role is played by an able-bodied woman, most of the rest of the cast have actual disabilites. Watch this clip of the famous courtship scene between Richard and Lady Anne, who plays her role in a wheel-chair.
While a disability is a legal term that is recognized by lawyers and governments alike, the term “deformity” is more subjective; it generally refers to any kind of cosmetic imperfection. In Richard III, this applies to Richard’s hump and withered arm.
The Elizabethans thought that deformity was a sign of disfavor from God, and that deformed people were constantly at odds with God and nature, as Francis Bacon puts it in his essay, “On Deformity.”
As deformed people are physically impaired by nature; they, in turn, devoid themselves of ‘natural affection’ by being unmerciful and lacking emotions for others. By doing so, they get their revenge on nature and hence achieve stability.
Richard III has this drive for revenge in spades and I believe it manifests itself as a particularly terrible form of toxic masculinity. Richard definitely wants the crown to make up for his lack of ‘natural affection,’ but he is also especially malevolent towards women.
I, that am rudely stamp’d, and want love’s majesty
To strut before a wanton ambling nymph;
And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover,
To entertain these fair well-spoken days,
I am determined to prove a villain
And hate the idle pleasures of these days
Seeing a woman play this kind of misogynist dialogue forces the audience to take it out of context and question Richard’s point of view. We see casual misogyny every day, and seeing a woman deliver it is quite illuminating.
Richard’s deformity and Blackness
Another provocative choice by Danai Gurira’s portrayal of Richard is the fact that she plays the role of Richard without the hump or withered arm. She herself explains that for her production, Richard’s perceived deformity, is actually represented by her being a black woman:
He’s dealing with the otherness compared to his family, in terms of not being Caucasian and fair like them.” The word ‘fair’, is used a lot in the play.Danai Gurira’s
Shakespeare writes Richard as constantly striving to compensate for his deformities by being clever, violent, and eventually, by becoming king. As I wrote before in my review of Othello, for centuries black people have been portrayed as inferior; aberrations of the ‘ideal fair-skinned form’. So, to the Elizabethans, blackness itself was a form of deformity, and the rawness of addressing this uncomfortable fact in this production should be commended.
English people are already trained—and we have scholars like Anthony Barthelemy has talked about this in his book Black Face, Maligned Race, where the image of blackness, as associated with sin, with the devil, all of these things, makes it quite easy to map onto then Black people these kinds of characteristics. Then, those kinds of characteristics allow for the argument that these people are fit to be enslaved. – Dr. Ambereen Dadabhoy, Race and Blackness in Elizabethan England Shakespeare Unlimited: Episode 168
So while I can’t speak to the production’s acting or staging, I will emphatically defend the notion that this production’s concept is valid. Richard III is an example of toxic masculinity through his self-hatred, violence, misogyny, and narcissism. In addition, as I’ve written before, in the Early Modern Period, blackness was considered an aberration or deformity, and seeing it in the person of Richard, with the implicit understanding that black people still face this kind of prejudice today, opens a much-needed dialogue that any production of Shakespeare shouldn’t be afraid to open.
In short, by re-contextualizing Richard’s deformity and disabilities, this production gets to the heart of the play’s moral for our times. The early modern period’s toxic attitudes towards deformity and disability created the Renaissance monster of Richard III. We in the 21st century must examine our own societal prejudices and toxic attitudes so this monster does not come to haunt us in real life.
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Martin Scorsese’s Silence will have its premiere at the Vatican, where it will be screened to hundreds of Roman Catholic priests. The famed director’s first foray into East Asia links to familiar themes of Catholic guilt and redemption, as he portrays the brutal 17th century persecution of Jesuit missionaries and their converts in Japan.
Scorsese’s film, which will be released in the United States of America on December 23, is an adaptation of Japanese author Shusaku Endo’s 1966 novel Silence. It tells the story of two Portuguese Jesuit priests (Adam Driver and Andrew Garfield) who travel to Japan at a time when Christianity was banned to find their mentor (Liam Neeson) and support the local converts. The pair are imprisoned and tortured.
The characters of the priests Cristóvão Ferreira and Sebastian Rodrigues were based on Portuguese and Italian Jesuits found in the historical record. Endo’s novel describes the hostile environment that leads to the missionary priests’ relinquishment of faith. They were forced to place their feet on fumi-e (religious images) to demonstrate that they had given up all faith. Rodrigues (played by Garfield in the film), believes he hears Jesus’s voice telling him to apostatise by stepping on the fumi-e.
The remaining Christians went underground. The persecution continued until the ban against Christians was removed in 1873. But the indigenous Japanese who returned to Catholicism in the 1870s after 250 years of “hidden Christianity” remembered their long period of “betrayal”.
Most descendants of the native Christians lived in Nagasaki during World War II. On August 9, 1945, when the United States dropped the A-bomb on Urakami, a northern suburb of Nagasaki, 8,500 of the 12,000-strong Catholic Christian community were amongst the dead. The bomb was meant to target Nagasaki city, but because the Americans were low on fuel and clouds opened above the northern suburbs, the eventual Ground Zero happened in Urakami. Its cathedral – the biggest Catholic church in Asia at the time – was only 500 metres from Ground Zero.
Nagasaki Catholics remember the A-bomb in particular ways, as I show in my research on memory in Nagasaki. My work has involved interviewing nine Catholic survivors of the atomic bombing, as well as three other non-Catholic survivors, and members of the Urakami community.
The Catholic interviewees explained that their grandparents had been exiled to other regions of Japan in the 1860s and 1870s due to their return to Catholicism after 250 years of “hidden Christianity”.
One interviewee, Matsuo Sachiko, explained that her grandmother was a double survivor, having first survived the Christian exile (referred to as the 4th exile) imposed by the government in 1867-73 and then later, the 1945 atomic bombing. She says:
Yes… my grandmother was one of the Urakami Fourth Exile survivors and at that time there were still some of those survivors who were alive… these people still believed, everyone was able to stick at it and get through… Within their testimony, they didn’t talk about their pain.
Orphaned Ozaki Tōmei adopted a new name after the bombing, as a novice at a Polish monastery in Nagasaki. Normally Japanese monks would adopt the name of a Western saint, but he selected a Japanese saint, Ozaki Tōmei, who is a child martyr of 1597 from Nagasaki.
Ozaki remembered his mother telling him that the 26 martyrs of 1597 were marched directly past his childhood home in the middle of winter on the way to their execution. The child martyr Ozaki had been separated from his mother and was marched to Nagasaki from Kyoto. Along the way, he was able to write a letter to his mother, in which he reflected on the “transience of the world”.
My informant Ozaki linked his own experience to this boy of 1597, writing:
The experience of the atomic bombing was exactly like that. Everything in the world is breakable and vanishes. As far as the atom bomb went, there was nothing to be known of reality which was not destroyed. Koware-iku sonzai ni tayotte wa naranai. We cannot depend on a life so fragile. Nonetheless, after that, staring at reality, what I saw was the indestructible God’s existence. The Lord God who holds all created things, the source of love and life is the God I know. This is also the source of faith.
Despite the destruction around him and the tragic loss of his mother, Ozaki, orphaned monk and survivor of the atomic bombing, held on to the faith of his ancestors.
His resilience might be considered one fruit of the missionaries whose ambivalent lives are depicted by Scorsese in Silence. Ozaki turned 88 this year and continues to write prolifically on his blog.
Silence was originally controversial amongst Christians in Japan for the perceived faithlessness of its priest protagonists. Nevertheless, Scorsese’s film version – which has taken 27 years to make – is eagerly awaited in Nagasaki, where the descendants of the hidden Christians still continue to be a practising community of faith.
Gwyn McClelland, Oral historian and associate, Japanese history, Monash University.
This article first appeared on The Conversation.
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Three Lakes - Wildlife
The lakes, expansive prairie and pine flatwoods, and other diverse habitats, create ample opportunities for wildlife viewing. White-tailed deer, gray squirrel, Sherman’s fox squirrel, gopher tortoise, armadillo, raccoon and feral hog are common. Butterflies are abundant, especially in the fall.
The area is a site on the Great Florida Birding and Wildlife Trail and is particularly good for birders - many common and rare species are found here. Bald eagles, crested caracaras, sandhill cranes, red-shouldered hawks, wild turkeys, northern bobwhites and eastern meadowlarks are often heard or spotted. The oaks and pines are excellent for songbirds, particularly during migration. Three Lakes is part of the highest concentration of bald eagle nests in the contiguous United States. More than 150 active nesting territories are found around the inland lakes of Osceola and Polk counties.
The federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker nests in cavities in pines. An area with active nest cavities is located near Canoe Creek Road; look for pine trees marked with a band of white paint. Watch for the birds at dawn and dusk when they are most active. Keep at least 70-80 feet (the length of a semi-trailer truck) from these trees to avoid disturbing the birds, particularly during the April to July nesting period. Similarly, use binoculars or a spotting scope to observe the Florida grasshopper sparrow. The population of this federally endangered inhabitant of the dry prairie is critically low and any kind of disturbance may affect their nesting and feeding behaviors.
Check out other species recorded from Three Lakes WMA, or add observations of your own, by visiting Three Lakes WMA Nature Trackers Project.
Add your bird observations to the following Three Lakes WMA eBird Hotspots:
Wildlife Spotlight: Florida Grasshopper Sparrow
The Florida grasshopper sparrow is a shy and elusive small bird (about 5 inches). But if you get a look at one, consider yourself extremely fortunate. It means that you have seen an endangered bird whose population may be less than 200 individuals, and that you are in some of Florida’s finest dry prairie habitat.
The Florida grasshopper sparrow is found in an area north and west of Lake Okeechobee, in Osceola, Polk, Okeechobee and Highlands counties, where most of the state’s remaining dry prairie habitat is concentrated. The best time to see or hear grasshopper sparrows is early morning during the March to July breeding season. The males are singing their insect-like, buzzing song on their territories during this period and are easier to locate. Adult males and females have a buff-colored face with a white eye ring and a yellow-orange patch between the beak and eye. Two dark stripes border a light central stripe at the top of the head. The underside plumage of adults is buff-colored and unmarked, and the back is streaked with black and brown. If you see the bird in profile, note the short tail and thick bill.
The Florida grasshopper sparrow is a non-migratory subspecies of the grasshopper sparrow, which breeds throughout the continental United States and overwinters in Florida. When spring rolls around, the northern visitors depart, leaving the sedentary Florida population more than 300 miles from its closest relatives.
Females lay three to five eggs in nests which are located on the ground and which are well hidden by vegetation. Because grasshopper sparrows nest on the ground, predation exacts a heavy toll on the population. Periodic flooding also affects both nest sites and food sources. But the greatest threat facing this small bird is habitat loss due to conversion of native prairie to improved pasture for cattle production and other agricultural uses. Conservation efforts are concentrating on habitat restoration and cooperative land management with private landowners. The Florida grasshopper sparrow is listed as Endangered by both federal and state wildlife agencies. Currently, the most stable population of the species on public land is found on the Three Lakes Wildlife Management Area.
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Animal Info -> Animals -> Roaring
The specially adapted larynx and hyoid apparatus gives the ability to roar. When the air passes to the lungs through larynx, the larynx cartilage walls Animals -> vibrate, producing sound. The larynx is longer for the lion which produces the most robust roar. The jaguars, leopards, lions and tigers have the physical structure of the throat needed for making the deep, loud and booming sound of a roar.
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A guide to rheumatoid arthritis of the hip
Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of autoimmune disease, which is a disorder where a person’s immune system attacks healthy tissue in their own body. In the case of rheumatoid arthritis, joint tissue such as cartilage and other protective soft tissue is the target, resulting in chronic joint inflammation and other symptoms. This condition can develop in any of the joints in the body and can be experienced in multiple areas, which means rheumatoid arthritis in the hips is a common condition.
Although rheumatoid arthritis can be seriously debilitating, there are effective treatments that can meaningfully improve quality of life. By learning about this condition, patients can become more engaged with the therapeutic process and work closely with treatment professionals. To help, USA Spine Care has created the following guide.
What causes rheumatoid arthritis of the hip?
Anyone can potentially develop rheumatoid arthritis, but it is most common among people over the age of 60, particularly women. The specific causes of the disease are still not fully understood, but medical researchers believe there are genetic factors at work as well as environmental and lifestyle components that can elevate risk.
Some of the specific risk factors that associated with the onset of rheumatoid arthritis include:
- Smoking or second-hand exposure to smoke
- Possessing a specific gene, known as the human leukocyte antigen class II genotype
Rheumatoid arthritis hip symptoms
Although the wrists, knees and hands are among the most common locations to experience rheumatoid arthritis symptoms, many people also experience them in the hips. These symptoms can be particularly debilitating, as the hip joints are so critical for nearly any movement. People living with rheumatoid arthritis in the hips regularly experience:
- Aches and pains in the hips
- Stiffness, locking and immobility
- Visible swelling and tenderness
- Muscle weakness
- Chronic fatigue
- Visible deformities
Unlike osteoarthritis, or wear and tear arthritis, which usually develops on one side or the other, rheumatoid arthritis typically develops on both sides.
How is rheumatoid arthritis of the hip diagnosed?
Patients are usually diagnosed with rheumatoid after seeing a doctor regarding any of the above symptoms. To determine the underlying cause, a doctor will ask about pain and symptoms, review medical history, perform a physical evaluation and order various diagnostic tests such as X-rays or bloodwork. In some cases, patients may be referred to a specialist for additional testing to confirm an autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis.
As a progressive condition, it is important to treat rheumatoid arthritis as early as possible in an attempt to slow progression of the disease and successfully manage inflammation. This can often be accomplished through conservative treatments.
Conservative treatments for rheumatoid arthritis of the hip
The most common medications and nonsurgical treatments for rheumatoid arthritis include:
- Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, or DMARDs, that can help slow down the disease and prevent joint deformity
- Biological response modifiers
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, to relieve pain and inflammation
- Physical therapy to help strengthen joints and increase function and range of motion
- Corticosteroid injections to help with severe pain and inflammation
By combining these treatments with a healthy lifestyle, including eating a nutritious diet, managing weight and staying active, many patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the hips are able to successfully manage this condition on a long-term basis.
Is surgery an option for rheumatoid arthritis?
While conservative treatments are often effective, many patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the hips can develop severe joint damage. If other therapies have been exhausted, a surgeon may recommend total hip replacement surgery. These procedures can be performed using muscle- and soft tissue-sparing techniques that enable an outpatient procedure.
After undergoing any form of hip surgery, physical therapy and rehabilitation plays a critical role in regaining hip function and maximizing the probability of a positive outcome.
Get in touch with the experts at USA Spine Care
To learn more about the comprehensive array of treatment options at USA Spine Care that can help improve quality of life for patients living with rheumatoid arthritis in the hip, contact us today. Our caring and dedicated team is passionate about helping people get their lives back from debilitating pain.
Call toll free 1-866-249-1627 to speak with a patient care representative.
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-I'd like to first comment about why there's no astronomy picture for the day. I'm not sure what pictures I've got up. I know I've got some repeats. Unless there's some really new picture, I'm pretty much done right now, unfortunately.
The Mechanical Universe's account of Einstein's theories only covers his Special theory of Relavity. In both cases, Special and General, mathematicians had a big role. One could say that Einstein got the credit more because he derived the work of the mathematicians from axioms. The Mechanical Universe episodes show most of this, except they don't note that it was a Minkowski who thought of spacetime unified. Then, much later around 1910 to 1915, Einstein showed that mass bends spacetime. The videos explain the rest well enough. In special relativity, speed is relative to the observer; in General Relativity, inertia and gravity are relative to the observer.
For Physicists, the Michelson-Morley experiment was like dark energy today - a completely unexpected result. Physicists thought that light being waves implied an aether. The fact that they did follows my and Jacob Bronowski's points about defining a part of the universe generates 'infered units' as Jacob Bronowski calls them(see my third to first post about the nature and origin of mathematical knowledge). Initially, one could argue that the Michelson-Morley experiments presents problems for Jacob Bronowski's theory of knowledge(and mine); but, the truth is that the Physicists failed to question assumptions. And in mathematics, the reason why they do axiomatics and deductive proof of everything is . . . at least one reason . . . is to question assumptions.
For mathematicians, the relativity phenomenon destroyed their religion of group theory - at least for the most part. Mathematicians, and perhaps Felix Klein specificaly, had started thinking group theory can unify all mathematics(geometry and algebra). From late 1700s to early 1800s, mathematicians had come up with non-euclidean geometries. Felix Klein had shown that group theory can describe and unify all these non-euclidean geometries. Riemanian geometry almost certainly took center stage by Einstein's time; well, that's not stricktly true. Mathematicians had made connections between complex analyses, algebraic geometry, and Riemanian geometry long before. But, that's another story. Well, mathematicians had actualy thought of curved spacetime(both Riemann and I'm forgetting the name of another guy; i think he combined complex numbers with vectors . . . sorry, I can't remember his name).
Getting back to the physicists, they were later to make the vacuum have properties kindof aether like with Paul Dirac's combining of special relativity and quantum mechanics - in his quantum electrodynamics. And of course, this leads to the effort to make a unified quantum theory of gravity.
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I want someone to give a specific reason for why 1900-2000 is consider the 20th Century?
When known dates as far back as 10,000 B.C. and presently on 2010 A.D.?
So, please explain?
The FIRST Century? Was when it?
Was it O - 99 A.D.? Was it not?
O A.D. was a complete year, was it not? Then, wouldn't that be the first year?
I came across a side note, I made myself during my research and recently came across is again, as I was looking thru my stuff.
However, I am unable to find the exact reason? So could you help. I only bring this up because of something someone else said in another thread.
But, please do indulge.
Thank you in advance for your time.
Just to confuse things, Herod the Great died in 4 B.C...
It doesn't. It confuses it. Supposedly Jesus was born in the year 1 AD. But if Herod was king of Judea at the time of his birth, and Herod died in 4 BC, then he could not have been born later than 4 BC.
In fact the calendar was begun much later, and was calculated backwards somehow or other. But the first century is supposed to be the first hundred years from the time Jesus was born, ie, the years 1 to 100. So, I think, technically, we all celebrated the turn of the millenium a year early. But I have to admit to being sketchy on all of this...
So am I and I'd rather not dig thru my research, there is just too much information and this would be a very small sliver of it. As Jen has already provided the answer.
But, to me, seems out of whack? Then again, it really doesn't matter to me. I only posted it to get an answer for skyfire.
"The 20th century actually ended on December 31, 2000, its centennial year."
Technically, we did celebrate a year early...
"According to the Gregorian calendar, the 1st century C.E. started on January 1, 1 and ended on December 31, 100. The 2nd century started at year 101, the third at 201, etc. The n-th century started/will start on the year 100×n - 99. A century will only include one year, the centennial year, that starts with the century's number (e.g. 1900 is the final year in the 19th century).
End of the 20th century
It is a commonly held misconception that the 20th century ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century actually ended on December 31, 2000, its centennial year. In the United States, this fact has been disputed with major media calling December 31, 1999 the end of the 20th century. The century referred to as the 1900s would, however, end on December 31, 1999."
The first year is 1, not 0.
So, the second century began in 101.
Actually, it was jen. Thank you, but could you answer my initial question.
Was 0 a.d. a complete year?
I'd rather be learning quantum physics.
This is making my head hurt.
"A.M. and P.M.
What is Noon and Midnight?
A.M. and P.M. start immediately after Midnight and Noon (Midday) respectively.
This means that 00:00 A.M. or 00:00 P.M. (or 12:00 A.M. and 12:00 P.M.) have no meaning.
Every day starts precisely at midnight and A.M. starts immediately after that point in time e.g. 00:00:01 A.M. (see also leap seconds)"
I think the concept therefore is that 0 AD has no meaning, just as 00:00 AM has no meaning.
So, 0 AD was not a complete year.
I'm going to bed now. LOL
Thank you so much. Sorry, it made your head hurt. I really appreciate it.
Let's take a break and go debate the meaning of the word "truth". That's an easier topic...
I've heard people say we celebrate a new decade in the wrong year, but it's so confusing. So, I had to look it up...
Want to make your head spin? google this:
is 12pm noon or midnight
It seems obvious, but when you start reading different points of view, it's confusing as hell.
11:59:59 am ends the morning.
12:00:01 pm begins the afternoon.
12:00:00 doesn't exist????
see you later!
<edit> my mac switched from 11:59:59 PM to 12:00:00 AM. so it's not meaningless...
But, wasn't 0 a.d. a year? or No?
edit: measure of day, week and month began when? do you know?
Sometimes I think I should stop reading what everyone else says an offer my own opinion. Then I just smile and wait to see the next post by someone else. Anyway, I just wanted to say I appreciate the discussion. Goodnight.
Somebody explain me how it is 21st century when we have year 2010 ?
by rhamson 10 years ago
This past election there was a lot of energy created in the choice by John McCain to have Sarah Palin as his running mate. What do you feel was the reason for this choice and how do you think she was qualified to be the Vice President. Could you please be factual with your replies to...
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answer and explain to me please!!!.... if i'am still ganna wait for there callthey let me sign a paper when i came at there agency... but after that they just said there going to call me if there is any audation. why??? i dont understand is that true that they dont know about schedule for...
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Please explain in detail how to pick high paying keywords?Although I have been writing for years, my weakness is in marketing my finished products. For those of us of the older generation, would someone please explain in the vernacular how to pick high paying keywords? Someone asked how they...
by astrate 9 years ago
WARNING: Advertising has been disabled on this hub based on automatic content filtersI had this line on my first hub???? It's there the moment I published the hub and I really dont' know why? I tried and sent two complaints to Hubpages team but with no reply?Please check my hub and tell me if there...
by Mark Pitrek 4 years ago
Should teenagers have the same rights as adults? If no, please explain.Please do not say "because they're immature," considering that is a general rule and there are exceptions.
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What is your definition of wealth? Please explain your answer.
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Key protest movements of recent decades and what they achieved | News
The protests that left much of the world in a haze of tear gas last year were slowed by a pandemic – until the death of George Floyd sparked a global uprising against police brutality and racial inequality.
From Hong Kong to Khartoum, Baghdad to Beirut, Gaza to Paris and Caracas to Santiago, people took to the streets in 2019 in pursuit of freedom, sovereignty or simply a life less shackled by hardship while few prospered. It seemed as if the streets were agitated everywhere but the United States.
Table of Contents
Now, after the death of Floyd, a Black man in Minneapolis who died in police custody when a white officer pressed his knee into Floyd’s neck for nearly nine minutes, protests rage around the globe.
Police or military brutality and racism are universal dynamics that are experienced in many societies.
The very nature of a protest suggests a desire for change, the need to right a perceived historical injustice. It is a means to an end. But to what end? Depending on the government the activists are demanding change from, the results can be varied.
Demonstrations were held last week in solidarity with US protesters as Floyd’s death resonated far beyond US shores because of lives lost in similar circumstances.
As the coronavirus crisis eased in China, protesters in Hong Kong began to emerge again. And Beijing moved swiftly to quash the movement that caused unrest for months last year, enacting a national security law that would effectively end the existence of one country, two systems.
A democratic government that is amenable to changes may enact legislation, or a change of leadership can be forced at the ballot box.
An authoritarian government, however, does not often bend. Protesting against it can be a life-or-death struggle; It may require activists to make a deal with the country’s military, or it may backfire, bringing in a more dictatorial leader or a ruinous civil war.
Here is a look at some of the key protests of recent decades and what they achieved or failed.
US civil rights
The protests that erupted across the US last week had the unusual characteristic of being largely leaderless, though the Black Lives Matter movement was focal.
During the critical era of the 1950s and 1960s, Martin Luther King, Jr, who led the 250,000 strong March on Washington, DC in 1963, and Malcolm X were colossal figures representing two different tracks: mass non-violent protest and getting favourable outcomes ” by any means necessary. “
The Civil Rights Acts, initiated by the Kennedy administration, and Voting Rights Act were passed by the Johnson administration, which was sympathetic to tackling endemic racism in the nation.
These were key inflection points. But social injustice and the Vietnam War continued to dominate the US decade and beyond, reaching a crescendo of civil unrest in 1968 which has been echoed in 2020.
Democrats in US Congress are proposing an overhaul of police procedures and accountability but, like so much in Washington, DC, this has been snagged by partisanship.
Key Democrats, including presumptive presidential nominee Joe Biden, are also distancing themselves from calls to “defund the police” as President Donald Trump and his Republican allies blast the proposal.
Iron Curtain falls
Revolution was in the air in Eastern Europe in 1989 as civil resistance geared up to overthrow Communist rule.
One by one, countries fell in a reverse-domino effect – Washington had always been concerned about the dominoes falling in the Soviet Union’s favor.
The last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, laid the groundwork for this tectonic shift. The Berlin Wall fell, and one-party rule was swept aside in East Germany, Poland and other states once behind the Iron Curtain, mostly bloodlessly – the exception being in Romania where the tyranny of Nicolae Ceausescu and his family was ended by a firing squad on Christmas Day.
This period also included a “Velvet Revolution” in Czechoslovakia, which was the historical antidote to the Prague Spring, a period of liberalization in embracing “communism with a human face” that was ruthlessly crushed by more than half a million Soviet-led Warsaw Pact troops in 1968.
Arab Spring and the current redux
It would be two decades before the world witnessed another wave of protests consume an entire region. This one was the first to be captured on a new digital platform, social media.
Protesters across the Middle East and North Africa took to the streets, demanding an overhaul of existing governments and reforms to the systems that had oppressed them for decades.
Tunisia was the first to protest in December, 2010, after a young street vendor, Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire after being humiliated by the police, who took away his wares.
In Egypt, the case of Khaled Said, another young man who died in police custody, served as the catalyst for nation-wide protests.
And rulers did fall: in Egypt, Yemen, Libya and Tunisia in 2011. But only the latter transitioned to a democratic next chapter.
Following a coup that deposed Egypt’s first democratically elected President Mohamed Morsi, the country now lives under even more authoritarian rule under current leader Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. All dissent is extinguished, and thousands languish in prison.
Yemen and Libya have been torn apart by conflict, foreign intervention and humanitarian catastrophe.
Peaceful demonstrations against Bashar al-Assad’s rule in Syria quickly deteriorated after harsh crackdowns by the government, leading to the formation of rebel groups with foreign backing, and paving the way for a devastating civil war. That was compounded by Russian intervention in 2015, and the almost decade-long war has killed more than half a million people and displaced millions more.
In neighbor Lebanon and in Iraq, civil protests erupted last October against ruling elites and corruption. Lebanon is suffering a confluence of crises as it teeters on the cusp of national bankruptcy.
In Iraq, too, where tens of protesters had been killed, the healthcare system is not equipped to deal with COVID-19, and the loss of oil revenue is hitting hard. Protests seem likely to reignite in both places.
The spirit of 2019 and 2020
Algeria and Sudan captured much of what civil disobedience and protest can achieve as the fragile transition to a new era continues.
In Algeria, protests that began in February, 2019 led ailing longtime ruler Abdelaziz Bouteflika to resign. A contentious presidential election was held in December, but protesters are still demanding power be handed over to a civilian-led transitional administration to make way for real democracy.
Sudan’s protest movement succeeded in overthrowing a longtime military ruler who faces genocide and war crimes charges at the International Criminal Court. President Omar al-Bashir was toppled in April 2019 by the army, and protesters had to keep the pressure on until a joint civilian-military ruling “sovereign council” was created. The civilian forces are struggling to assert authority in the face of the military’s power.
Hong Kong’s protests, which began one year ago this week, seemed to embody all the facets of democratic aspiration.
But the clear intent of President of Xi Jinping and the overwhelming might of China’s People’s Liberation Army makes it ever more likely that the territory will be under Beijing’s rule much sooner than 2047 as agreed upon.
The landmark 1997 agreement in which the British colony was formally handed over to China, had stipulated things would remain unchanged for 50 years.
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2007)|
The Cayuse Tribe land area
|126 in 1990|
|Regions with significant populations|
|English, Cayuse (extinct)|
|Related ethnic groups|
|Umatilla, Walla Walla, Nez Perce|
The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in the state of Oregon in the United States. The Cayuse tribe shares a reservation and government in northeastern Oregon with the Umatilla and the Walla Walla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The reservation is located near Pendleton, Oregon at the base of the Blue Mountains.
The Cayuse called themselves the Liksiyu in the Cayuse language. Originally located in present-day northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington, they lived adjacent to territory occupied by the Nez Perce and had close associations with them. Like the Plains tribes, the Cayuse placed a high premium on warfare and were skilled horsemen. They developed the Cayuse pony. The Cayuse ceded most of their traditional territory to the United States in 1855 by treaty and moved to the Umatilla Reservation, where they have formed a confederated tribe.
According to Haruo Aoki (1998), the Cayuse called themselves Liksiyu in their language. Their name Cayuse was derived from a French word for them, adopted by early Canadian trappers of the area. The tribe has been closely associated with the neighboring Nez Percé and Walla Walla. The Cayuse language is an isolate, independent of the neighboring Sahaptin-speaking peoples.
The Cayuse Indians were a nomadic tribe that occupied territories at the heads of the Walla Walla, Umatilla, and Grande Ronde Rivers, and from the Blue Mountains to the Deschutes River in Washington and Oregon.
The Cayuse were known for their bravery and as horsemen. They bred their ponies for speed and endurance, developing what is now called the Cayuse pony. They frequently were in conflict with the Snake people and other smaller tribes.
As white settlers moved into their territory in large numbers following the opening of the Oregon Trail in 1842, the Cayuse suffered. Even settlers passing through competed with them for game and water. Crowds of whites invaded the region during the California Gold Rush beginning in 1848 and when gold was discovered in Eastern Oregon in 1862.
The tribe gained wide notoriety in the early days of the white settlement of the territory. In 1838, Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa established a mission among the Cayuse at a site about seven miles from the present-day city of Walla Walla. In 1847, a measles epidemic, contracted from white settlers, resulted in high fatalities among the tribe. The Cayuse believed the missionaries and their strange religion had caused it. (Native Americans had no immunity to the endemic Eurasian diseases carried by European Americans.) In addition, cultural differences and settler encroachment had caused growing tensions.
The Cayuse attacked the missionaries, killing Whitman and his wife Narcissa, and thirteen others. They captured 54 European-American women and children and held them for ransom. They destroyed the mission buildings. This attack prompted an armed response by the United States and the Cayuse War ensued.
The Cayuse put the captives to work together with their members; the adults made clothing for the tribe. They released the hostages after the Hudson's Bay Company brokered an exchange of 62 blankets, 63 cotton shirts, 12 Hudson Bay rifles, 600 loads of ammunition, 7 pounds of tobacco and 12 flints for the return of the now 49 surviving prisoners. The Cayuse eventually lost the war. They were forced to cede their land to the US and shared a reservation with the Umatilla and Walla Walla.
By 1851, the Cayuse had long intermarried with the neighboring Nez Percé, with whom they had sheltered; many learned their language.
In 1855, the Cayuse joined the treaty with the Umatilla and Walla Walla by which the Umatilla Indian Reservation was formed. Since that time, they have officially resided within the reservation's limits. During the mid-twentieth century, some members moved to cities under the Indian Relocation Act of 1956, an effort to give better access for contemporary jobs.
Their number was officially reported as 404 in 1904; this number may be misleading. A count in 1902 found one pure-blooded Cayuse on the reservation. Descendants with ancestry partially of the other tribes may still have identified as Cayuse. The Cayuse language is believed to have become extinct by then. As the members of the three tribes have intermarried, they no longer keep separate population numbers.
The Cayuse Indians were located in the Columbia Basin and were nomadic, sometimes moving on a daily basis. They lived in teepees, which many nomadic tribes used for portability. The Cayuse were skilled horsemen, and used horses in hunting. They also used them for their trip over the Rocky Mountains each year to hunt a supply of buffalo to bring back for their families. The men hunted game and fished salmon. The women gathered and picked berries and dug and processed roots. The women also processed the animal skins to make materials for shelter and clothing. The men considered bravery to be an important quality, with brave warriors being held in high esteem. The strongest would be made chief.
The Cayuse language is a language isolate. Scholars have proposed that it may be related to Molala, making up a Waiilaptuan family ultimately related to the Penutian stock. This proposal is currently unproven. The language has been extinct since the 19th century.
The Cayuse's main food source was salmon from the Columbia River. They also hunted deer, as well as small game such as rabbits and fowl. Additionally, the women gathered roots and berries, processing them for cooked and dried foods for their journeys.
- Tauitau (known as Young Chief), Head Chief, uncle and predecessor of the next Young Chief (Weatenatemany), was a well-known leader and warrior
- Young Chief (Weatenatemany, c.18??–1859), Head Chief, nephew of Tauitau, became the new Young Chief in October 1853, leader of the more conciliatory faction of the Cayuse, killed in a skirmish with the Snake during the summer of 1859.
- Five Crows (also known as Hezekiah), principal rival to Young Chief (Weatenatemany) for the role of Head Chief, brother of Tauitau, and leader of the hostile Cayuse
- "Cayuse Tribe", Lewis and Clark record, National Geographic, 1996, accessed 18 September 2013
- Haruo Aoki (1998), A Cayuse Dictionary based on the 1829 records of Samuel Black, the 1888 records of Henry W. Henshaw and others, Manuscript. The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
- Young Chief (Weatenatemany), Washington History
- Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown, The Cayuse Indians: Imperial Tribesmen Of Old Oregon. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972.
- Clifford E. Trafzer, Yakima, Palouse, Cayuse, Umatilla, Walla Walla, and Wanapum Indians, Scarecrow Press, 1992
- Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, official website
- "Cayuse", Languages of Oregon, University of Oregon
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The earliest toy trains were made from lead and had no moving parts. Some had wheels which turned, but these had to be pushed or pulled. Some of the early 19th-century drive toy rails were made of tinplate, like the big, durable, stylized locomotive toys in the U.S., which were painted red and gold and decorated with hearts and flowers. model trains ipswich qld
Around 1875, technological advancements in materials and manufacturing enabled tin to be stamped, cut, wrapped, and lithographed faster than previously.
Toy trains were revolutionized when Märklina German company that specialized in doll house accessories, sought to create an equivalent toy for boys where a continuous revenue stream could be guaranteed by selling add-on accessories for decades after the first purchase. Along with boxed sets comprising a train and track, Märklin offered extra track, rolling stock, and buildings offered separately, creating the predecessor to the modern model train layout featuring buildings and scenery in addition to a working train.
Electric trains adopted, with the first appearing in 1897, made by the U.S. company Carlisle & Finch. As home use of electricity became more common in the early 20th century, electrical trains gained popularity and as time went on, these electric trains grew in sophistication, gaining light, the ability to change management, to emit a whistling noise, to smoke, to couple and uncouple cars as well as load and unload freight. Toy trains by the first half of the 20th century were often made of lithographed tin; afterwards trains were often made mostly of plastic.
Before the 1950s, there was little distinction between toy trains and model railroads–model railroads were toys by definition. Pull toys and wind-up trains were marketed towards children, while electric trains were marketed towards teens, especially teenaged boys. It was during the 1950s that the modern emphasis on realism in model railroading began to catch on.
Today, S gauge and O gauge railroads continue to be considered toy trains by their adherents and are often accessorized with semi-scale model buildings by Plasticville or even K-Line (who owns the rights to the Plasticville-like buildings created by Marx from the 1950s to the 1970s). However, as a result of their high cost, one is more inclined to locate an HO scale or N scale train set in a toy shop than an O scale collection.
Many modern electric toy trains comprise sophisticated electronic equipment which exude digitized sound effects and allow the operator to safely and easily run multiple remote control trains on one loop of course. In the last few years, many toy train operators will operate a train with a TV camera at the front of the engine and hooked up to a screen, such as computer monitor. This will show a picture, like that of a real (smaller size) railroad)
Thanks for your interest in model trains ipswich qld
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Firstly, the part of the practitioner in caring for children contains the practitioner meeting the single necessities of children. Examples are, that providing food and drinks to the children which meets their dietary necessities. Furthermore, care plans are formed by the early year's practitioner to help to see the child's necessities which are unsimilar from all other toddlers. Refer to appendix one which is a care plan of a child, within a child care setting formed by an early years practitioner. As when referring to the Early Years Foundation Stage, under "Food and drink" "Before a child is admitted to the setting the provider must also obtain information about any special dietary requirements, preferences and food allergies that the child has, and any special health requirements. (Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage) (pg.22). In addition, these care plans will help the practitioner to confirm that the child's individual necessities are seen through this care plan. Refer to Appendix 1 which is an example of a care plan which a setting in Wales uses which is produced for the ages of 0-2. These care plans aids the practitioners to give out a day-to-day arrangement for children's and their respective families.
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Examples from my placement are that, child I is not allowed normal milk as they have an allergy to it. In turn, for the child's dietary and nutriential necessities, soya milk is replaced and used within the setting, when the rest of the children have normal milk according to their individual necessities or parents' necessities which have been set out. Furthermore, the practitioners within my placement e.g. childcare practitioners have met the child's individual necessities of not being given the normal milk to child I, and giving the child soya milk which is permitted.
Lastly, the Children's Act 2004 legislation aids promote the necessities of children to be established at all times to help a child's well being. This is as, under the Children's Act 2004, a child's well-being has to be seen and the food necessities which is a part of their care necessities has to be obeyed too. In turn, this includes a child's food necessities such as dietary necessities being seen within any child care setting. In conclusion, this legislation aids to develop children's necessities and any special necessities, as children's individual dietary necessities to be accurately met.
Secondly, ensuring the rights of the children are being established which it's a statutory responsibility for the practitioner to follow whilst working with early aged children. This right is the Children's Act 2004 which is the highly regarded legislation which has been set out within the UK that supports the single rights of early aged children. This act provides the national Framework for all children's services and is identified in the Every Child Matters five outcomes for early aged people and children which all Professionals regarding to any child care job would need to follow.
Refer to Appendix 2, which is the copy of information about the Children's Act 2004. Examples are, such as the childcare practitioners at my placement, school teacher, after school club teachers, early year's practitioner. The Government aim for every child regardless of their upbringing or situation, in which they have been brought up to, is to have the support they require. Also, a significant policy change in relation to the Green paper is the introduction of the five outcomes that are considered key to children's on-going progression and well-being. Furthermore, Refer to Appendix two which is a document of the Every Child Matters act which the practitioner practices during their development practice. Inturn, from the every Child Matters act under "Being healthy" Evidence will include ways in which providers promote the following: physical, mental, emotional and sexual health; participation in sport and exercise; healthy eating and the drinking of water;". (Every Child Matters (2012) < [online] < http://archive.excellencegateway.org.uk/page.aspx?o=167914.
In conclusion, practitioners would be compulsory to offer food which is strong for the children and at the same time meets their single special dietary necessities.
Examples from my placement is that, children are provided with healthy meals daily which are different from each day. As one day the cook would prepare tuna pasta, and at another day the cook would prepare rice with curry. In conclusion, the staff e.g. childcare practitioners at my placement are ensuring that children are getting all the fuels from the nutrients from the healthy balanced diet sheet chart to benefit majorly with their improvement of development.
Thirdly, working with their families and obeying their wishes. Examples are that a parent for any reason would not want their child to eat biscuits within the setting. Furthermore, the early year's practitioner would be essential to ensure that parents' necessities which have been set out to the child care provision type of setting are obeyed too and the child does not be given any biscuits. As when referring to the Early Years Foundation stage, under "Food and drink" "Providers must record and act on information from parents and carers about a child's dietary needs". (Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage) (pg.22). In conclusion, listening to parents' requirements and responding on them is vital as the statutory piece of framework states that. Refer to appendix 3 which has nutrition information for early year's practitioners to obey and know.
Examples from my placement is that, child S is not allowed chocolates or biscuits according to their parent's requirements for any of their snack or as a part of their dinner meal. In addition, my placement listens to child S parents and ensured child S does not be provided with that food. In addition, when the rest of the children have a chocolate treat or a biscuit, child S is given another food to swap the chocolate treat, such as crackers. This ensures that the parents' necessities are being obeyed, and the snack replacement is a healthy type of food which child S likes which is highly important and is according to child S's parents necessities which has been set out, which allows child S to have.
Fourthly, working in a team and with other professionals is vital for the early year practitioner to do when caring for children. This is as, each child has unsimilar individual necessities and own unique weaknesses and strengths. Furthermore, it is the duty of the early year practitioner to ensure that they work with other professionals to help overcome the difficulties which could alter their learning or improvement of development and boost it in whenever possible. As when referring to the Early Years Foundation Stage under "Progress check at age two "If there are significant emerging concerns, or an identified special educational need or disability, practitioners should develop a targeted plan to support the child's future learning and development involving other professionals (for example, the provider's Special Educational Needs Co-ordination) as appropriate." (Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage, (pg.10). In addition, refer to Appendix 4 which is a copy of the Disability Act 2001 Act's Information which early year's practitioners could be compulsory to follow and accurately use when it is vital, whilst working with children.
Examples from my placement is that, child K has special needs in which they have difficulty speaking. Furthermore, my placement referred him to a speech therapist that visits them daily and my placement and helps to enhance child J's speaking skills. This involves the whole family and the setting, in which the setting has to build up on it from the tips being given by the speech therapist. In conclusion, by working with other professionals early year's practitioners can get effective help to help stop any obstacles on the child's learning and improvement of development.
Fifthly, compliance with legal requirements which a must for early years practitioners to follow whilst caring for children. The EYFS is a statutory framework meaning it's a legislation that provides the standards for the care, learning and development of children from the small birth of a child to the growing age of toddlers of five years old. Furthermore, as it's a statutory framework all providers/practitioners must use the EYFS to make sure that which ever type of setting a Parent decides to choose for their child, they can be assured that their child will receive a satisfactory experience that will help and support them in their learning, development and care. In conclusion, practitioners and registered providers in childcare in the UK who are caring for children under the age of five years old are required to use the EYFS, which are then dealt in two processes. In turn, they are registered and then are inspected to see if they match the standards of requirements of the EYFS by the Ofsted.
EYFS framework provides the standards for the care, development and learning of children which are from small birth of a child to the last stage of foundation stage of a child's learning. The purpose of the EYFS is to help each child to achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes which are the follows;
Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old ) < (online) England - "To be healthy".
Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old ) < (online) England - "To be safe".
Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old ) < (online) England - "To enjoy and achieve".
Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old ) < (online) England - "To make a positive contribution".
Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old ) < (online) England - "To achieve economic well being".
EYFS has 4 themes which are the follows;
A unique child = Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old) < (online) England "every child is competent learner from birth can be resilient, capable, confident and self assured" which means that every child is able to do something well and is able to do many things as well including, they can quickly return back to a previous good condition, also is able to do things effectively and skilfully and to achieve results, and finally having confidence in their own abilities.
Positive relationships = Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old) < (online) England "children learn to be strong and independent from a base of loving and secure relationships with parents/or a key person". This means that Children start to understand that they must change the way they behave, by not being weak and not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, things or events from a bottom part of an event or thing by showing a lot of love and being in a protective relationship with their Parents/or a key person.
Enabling environments = Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old) < ( online) England "the environment plays a key role in supporting and extending children's Development and learning". This tells us that the environment plays a major part in helping and developing the learning and development process of Children's.
Learning and development = Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old) < ( online) England "children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates and all areas of learning and development are equally important and inter-connected". This indicates that Children grow and learn not in the same way and not in the similar rates and all areas of development and learning are very important and are if two or more things.
The EYFS applies to:
Every Child Matters is also another legislation which supports the rights of children to a healthy way of life. It's a programme which is a statutory framework which is essential to be obeyed. EYFS applies to Early Years Foundation Stage (birth to five years old) Early Years Foundation Stage ( birth to five years old) < ( online) England " early years providers in the private, voluntary, and independent sectors caring for children from birth to five must use the EYFS". In conclusion, it applies to all sectors which are provided for children's care from small birth to young age of a child or a toddler being five. Examples could be, Playgroups, Childminders, Day Nurseries, After school clubs, Breakfast clubs, Sure Start Children's Centre, Holiday Playschemes. The EYFS makes sure that Parents are kept updated with their Child's progress, child care based settings providers working closely with parents, and Children study complete play.
Refer to Appendix five, which is a job description of an Early Years practitioner which has all the abilities and approvals stated an early year's practitioner would need within themselves such as their abilities, and approvals which they have took before to work with early aged children.
Examples from my placement is that, the setting at the staff room has a poster of the Early Years foundation stage with each of the five outcomes on it. This shows how important this document is for any child care setting and my placement. Also every nursery nurse, whilst doing observations or planning any education progress activity for the children practices it. Examples are, child care practitioner H did an observation on child L, which they then sat down and looked through the EYFS. By looking through the EYFS, it helps them see what period a child is at. Examples are, a child care practitioner would look and establish their observation around it, such as a toddler and do an observation on their fine motor skills which is a development of their major stage of physical development, which could not be very good. In turn, it shows the nursery nurse how the period of a child is improving on development as they are growing up. Furthermore then produce more activities around it, which involves practising different strategies and doing one to one support with the child's respective families, for them to encourage their knowledge of how to help support their child's progress of development and the different ways they can aid it, this why working with families is vital.
There are many different ways in which how care for children may be provided within families and society.
Firstly, a child could be cared for within families and society by a Day nursery type of setting. This is as a, child is cared throughout the day within a day nursery. Inturn, a child is cared in a day nursery as all of their care necessities are met. This includes the main basic care needs of children which are Play, Food, Care and access to pure water which is a child's right. Furthermore, examples of care necessities of children being met, such as play would be met by having set routines such as free play for babies such as mornings and set times for outdoor play and indoor play for pre-schoolers. This is important as, by ensuring that children have set times of play will allow to promote children's social development and independence skills which is an obligation for an early year's practitioner to do. In turn, when children play together, they're communicating with each other which helps with their social development as they're communicating with other children and other different children, by doing different types of activities such as playing cars with each other, or another example could be an activity which could help develop children's physical development of an running game, such as tag rugby with pre-schoolers. Inturn, it would encourage their gross motor skills, which is the child's body increasing correctly as when children run, their body metabolism is working and putting their body into the correct type of practise which helps a child with their overall body's development growing.
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In conclusion, a day nursery cares and helps promote children's development such as social and physical development of children, as using the milestones of development for children as a guide and basing correct types of different activities around it. As when referring to the Early Years Foundation Stage "Providers must provide access to an outdoor play area or, if that is not possible, ensure that outdoor activities are planned and taken on a daily basis (unless circumstances make this inappropriate, for example unsafe weather conditions). (Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage, pg.24). In conclusion, by children participating in activities which helps promote their physical and social development, it's a Head Manager's and a duty of a statutory setting, such as a Day Nursery.
Examples from my placement, is that my placement ensures that every child's care necessities are seen. As, my placement has a set routine of how to meet children's care necessities such as foods. This is shown and understood by parents, as it's placed within the main room. In turn, my placement provides snacktime in the morning, which is a selection of milk and biscuits. Secondly, my placement provides lunch to food which meets each child's dietary necessities and a tea time. Also, outdoor play for children, which aids children's physical progress of motor and gross skills. In conclusion, my placement ensures that children's care necessities are being seen through a certain structure of a day's timetable of small snacks, big meals such as lunch, and play provided to children at all times or when it is required.
Secondly, a child could be cared for within families and society by an After-School clubs. This is as After school clubs; offer care to early children. Examples are, when a child finishes any child care setting, e.g. Private day nurseries, schools periods, they could join straight to an after school club location. In turn, by having after school clubs ensures that children are being cared for the rest of the remaining day, by proper staff members of child care practitioners. This rest assures parents, who jobs are all day long, that their child are in safe hands and are being observed and meeting their necessity's properly after such as always being kept a watch that they're safe and carefree. In conclusion, after school clubs offers good care to children throughout the extent of time period a child is at. Also, after school clubs help build children's social and emotional development. This is as, a child would be taking parts in a wide range of varied events which is placed infront of them and which interests them.
Furthermore, this would promote a child's self-esteem, as they are being given an selection of different choices as to what they like and would like to do, which they can choose from, without any one else telling them what activity they think should the child participate and give a try according to them, such as staff members which could be teachers.
In turn, this is self-reliance abilities and qualities being established within early children's. Also, a child's social and emotional development is occurring as when a child is contributing in activities they like, they would meet and began to communicate with other children which could be new to them. Furthermore, by doing an activity of their choice would help build their friends circle to get huge, as they would meet new different children with the same taste alike to them. In turn, friendships could occur, which would help promote a child's self-confidence and ability to begin communicating with different children, with different personalities.
As when referring to children's Development Milestones, "Encourage children to choose to play with a variety of friends from all backgrounds, so that everybody in the group experiences being included". (Development Matters in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Positive Relationships: what adults could do, (pg.9). In conclusion, children's social development and confidence should be encouraged all times, within any types of child care settings meeting single children's rights, of meeting single children's care necessities.
Examples from my placement, is that the setting has an Afterschool club which is delivered for children to join and share, which could be a child attending an statutory school type of setting and Tea time lunch is already provided for them with an range of activities to do such as free times, this includes drawing, paintings, writing, computer time. In conclusion, after school clubs are delivered within my placement, and appeals to majority of all age ranges.
Thirdly, a child could be cared for within families and society by Preschools. Firstly, as child care practitioners provide intense care throughout the day meaning a Parent can leave their Child there and be assured their Child is going to be in safe hands as they're in the hands of a qualified child care practitioners who know what and how to do their job rightly and properly. Secondly, same as a statutory school setting which offers care for children; it provides meals to children which are adjusted to a child's single dietary necessities or parents necessities being given out to the setting. Examples are, a parent might not like their child to eat certain foods, which could be provided within a Preschool, e.g. Chocolate/Cheese.
Therefore, the Preschools makes sure that that certain child does not eat that type of food and swaps it with another piece of which is not a related food, an example would be mini cheddars instead of Chocolate in which the child does not feel left out and the Parents voice is listened too. It develops to care children's improvement as some Pre-schoolers have a daily learning plan, however on the other hand the early years practitioners use learning plan and plan activities such as hand painting which means the child can go and try-out and progress their skills such as some Pre-schoolers have play normally throughout the day or at a specific time meaning that play would help the child's cognitive development to increase.
Also, it keeps the parents updated with their child's progress throughout the day as some Pre-schoolers have a board in which they could write each child's name and tick against if they ate some, or full or none of their dinners and writing what they had against the dinner which let's the parents know what exactly their child ate throughout the day. Therefore if the parents not happy with it, they can talk about it to the child care practitioners. Each Child has a designed Key Worker in which has a job of keeping an eye and developing a certain child Development therefore each child needs are being met and are tried through observations meaning the child's progress is being monitored and discusses with parents through one to one tutorial sort of meeting. Lastly, it helps the child's physical development as for children/babies use play to work all their vital body parts such as hard inside muscles therefore when they play it helps develop their gross motor skills. As "controlling their large muscles". (Tassoni, P, (2007), pg. ) and their fine motor skills, "controlling their smaller muscles of their hands and feet". (Tassoni, P, (2007), pg ). In conclusion, it helps practice a child's physical development which includes their hands in fine motor skills, and their body, gross motor skills.
Examples from my placement is that, they keep parents updated about their child's health and well-being throughout the day, through post it notes which includes their Lunch/Snacks/Nappies information on it. This includes how much or how little their child has eaten and what exactly they ate. As child T, was not feeling well and ate very little for their lunch which was Tuna pasta. In conclusion, the post it notes was given to Parents and explained to the parents when coming to collect, child T that their child has had not ate enough and they're ill. In conclusion, by settings having an policy of post it notes will ensure and prove, how the child got cared throughout that one day and if there was any accidents, parents can fill an accident form, and be aware of how and where exactly their child has an accident within the setting.
Lastly, such as a signing in policy meaning all Visitors will sign in and sign out. My placement also has a signing in policy in which I always have to make sure I do also. The signing in policy is a sheet of register paper with all the staff's name and the date written. It also has a space for students and volunteers in which I sign in. As I'm not a member of staff I have to write my names unlike the permanent member of staff who already have their names printed. This helps a lot as if an serious emergency happens then the building has to be evacuated immediately therefore the visitor safety will be ensured, as a whole the students, volunteers, staff's and for example an electrician came to my placement the other day, he also had to sign in. This ensures if a crisis happens or fire, their safety will also be ensured in this way, no one will be missed in numbers and so will be mine as I am working as a student there.
The attendance of any visitor, student, staff, of which time they came in and out of the building will be recorded therefore my setting will have the correct date and time for their own assurance. Therefore for example, if a crime crops up or if the college requires seeing if the student really went to their placement for example me. I could say that day I was at placement, when I might not truly have been therefore, the placement could show their record as a proof.
Statutory, private, voluntary and independent settings, all have different roles when caring for children.
Firstly, statutory types of settings are those types of settings in which the Legal Law is involved with and confirming it's provided to all early children and early aged people. A popular example of an statutory service would be a School. School's is necessity for all parents to join and make sure, that a parent ensures that their child goes to school as it's a statutory type of legislation which has to be listened too. In turn, all children are obliged to attend school. Refer to Appendix six, an plan of promoting the well-being of children within a within a statutory place of a school which delivers education to different abilities and aged groups of children, such as a plan which meets the individual necessities as when giving out or meeting parents' wishes of providing medicines to their child. These guide plans are for settings to use properly and consider if a child requires any type of medical help which could be in a form of medicines, pumps, tablets according to a child's group of age. In turn, these care plans are based on what a child requires according to their necessities and how they could aid them. Furthermore, these guide plans of health would be within the statutory type of setting with the Head Manager within the office, as it's necessary for them to know any kind of medical problems which have occurred or are being occurred recently and, if there was an issue to arise, the office would know immediately know what action to take or who should be the first and utmost priority to contact when an emergency arises. In conclusion, these guide care action plans are vital for a setting to have, and know beforehand about a child, this could also include staff members being aware of also beforehand, as this helps them as an Head manager within an office, as to what action or what allergy's a child has and the immediate action plan for that.
As when referring to the Early Years Foundation Stage, under "Health-Medicines", "They must have a procedure, discussed with parents and or/carers, for responding to children who are ill or infectious, take necessary steps to prevent the spread of infection, and take appropriate action if children are ill". (Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage), (pg.21/22). In conclusion, as its legal for schools and vital staff members, such as Teachers,Head Manager, Head Teacher to be aware of, and organised a way of dealing with giving medicines to children who are poorly.
Examples from my placement, is that Child O has an allergy to many different types of foods. Furthermore, a guided plan of his medicines and care within a setting, e.g. class is placed on the board which is completed. This ensures, that Teacher W knows when how to prevent any issues from occurring. As once, a child was giving chocolate with nuts on, which Child O is not allowed. Immediately, Teacher W did not allow Child O to have it. In conclusion, it's vital for the setting, and staff members to have a guided plan of health for the child as it benefits, the staff members and Head manager majorly.
Secondly, private types of settings are those types of settings which earn money at all times. An example, of a private service would be Private Day Nurseries. Private Day Nurseries are places for Parents who normally work full time to leave their child in a safe environment in the hands of a skilled Nursery Nurses who help the development of the Children and provide them with regular requirements with the Parents agreements on food/sleep time or other kind of similar activity's. Refer to Appendix seven, which is a Policy of Behaviour within a Private Day Nurseries. A policy of behaviour is very important within all categories of child care settings who look after small age types of children. A policy of behaviour is different within each child care settings, however it is essential as it inboards instructions and guidelines within the child care settings of what is accepted through behaviour and what is not accepted. As when referring to the Early Years Foundation Stage, "Managing behaviour", "Providers must have and implement a behaviour management policy, and procedures. A named practitioner should be responsible for behaviour management in every setting". (Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage, pg.23). In conclusion, a policy which stresses the importance of accurate behaviour, and inappropriate behaviour amongst children's is vital.
Examples from my placement, is that my placement has a policy of what behaviour should be and how children should meet that criteria. Furthermore, this includes the classroom as well, as when a child is not behaving well or disturbing the class, Teacher R writes the child name on the board, amongst the sad face. This is a type of a warning for the child, for the child to calm down and relax, however if it continues another tick would go amongst the child's name. In turn, if it's continues, it could go serious and the child misses their break and lunch time. In conclusion, a policy of a behaviour structure will enforce and promote good understanding amongst children's of what a right, accurate behaviour is.
Lastly, Human Rights Act 2000 is a development of the importance of meeting children's care necessities, as it gave single obligatory rights to early children which includes that whenever any conclusions on early aged children and grown-ups are built around using the Human Rights Act 2000 guidelines. In turn, this Act provided children with having general basics rights, such as being treated alike with each and as single human being in a positive way which resulted that, children are required to be respected and being objectively treated when child care practitioners communicate with early children.
Thirdly, voluntary types of settings are those types of settings which contain certain types of charities behind the voluntary types of settings, which include major kinds of organisations. Playgroups help children's with their cognitive development as cognitive skills are based on learning and thinking and play is a form of way in "children research the world, playing allows children to test and develop these skills". (Tassoni, P, 2007, pg.) as whilst they are learning as they're discovering new things by playing with differ
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SAT PRACTICE ESSAY 1 (50 mins) Jimmy Carter
In response to the encroachment of oil drilling on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, former US President Jimmy Carter makes a passionate argument for safeguarding the landscape. He builds his argument through the use of personal anecdote; appeal to civic and political duty, as well as through evocative language to build hope for the future.
Carter begins his foreword with a personal anecdote from his and his wife’s visit to the Arctic Refuge. He uses hyperbole to describe the landscape, referring to it as “America’s last truly great wilderness” which establishes his position as an advocate for the conservation of the landscape due to its merits and precarious position as one of the few remaining local natural reserves. He brings the reader into his own experience – a visit “more than a decade ago” that was “unforgettable and humbling” – to establish the awe-inspiring feel that the landscape possesses. His use of rich natural imagery such as “brilliant mosaic of wildflowers” and “the tundra… flooded with life” evokes a sense of wonder and beauty in the reader and engages all their senses, allowing them to imagine the landscape fully without having been there. This personal touch allows us to feel the sense of “tragedy” Carter expresses might occur if the Refuge is “consumed by a web of roads and pipelines”.
Appealing to a sense of civic and political duty, Carter reaches across the political divide, reasoning that the Arctic Refuge has been afforded protections by “both Republlican and Democratic presidents.” This creates a sense of urgency in his tone, and suggests to the reader that the issue at hand is more significant than political alliance. Carter, a former Democratic president, appealing to a shared sense of duty urges the reader to consider the human cost of this industrialisation, referring to the evidence of “tremendous opposition” by “indigienous people whose culture depends [on the land]”. By reminding the reader of those who will suffer as a result of these economically-driven policies, he reiterates his claim that protecting the land is vital. He not only refers to what those in the White House have had the power to do, but also the efforts that ordinary people are making. In doing so, he empowers the reader to support the cause no matter their social status or political affiliation.
Lastly, Carter makes effective use of evocative language throughout the text to build a sense of hope for the future. Early on in the passage, he refers to the land as having a “timeless quality” to suggest that it is a natural and innate part of the American nation and that it can, and indeed should, be preserved into the future. He later refers to the migration of caribou and their “newborn calves”, giving the readers a sense that new life comes into being with each passing day on the Arctic Refuge, and that to lose the land would be to lose not only physical space, but ecosystems and species as well. His closing statement that the preservation of the land “would be the greatest gift… to future generations” makes an indirect comparison to the “newborn calves”, a new generation, earlier in the passage. In doing so, Carter circles back to the initial notion of timelessness and encourages us to commit hope to experiencing this land far into the future. Ultimately, this summarises this sense of the land’s infinite potential that he aims to pass on to the reader, and reminds us of why this cause is not just important in the present, but is imperative for our futures.
Writing to encourage the preservation of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Jimmy Carter convincingly argues that we must act now through personal anecdote; appeal to civic and political duty, as well as through evocative language to build hope for the future.
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Most of what we know about bird populations stems from surveys conducted by professional biologists and amateur birdwatchers, but new research from North Carolina State University shows that the data from those surveys may be seriously flawed – and proposes possible means to resolve the problem.
Bird populations are the focus of thousands of environmental research and monitoring programs around the world. A group of researchers led by NC State's Dr. Theodore Simons has been evaluating factors that confound estimates of bird abundance. For example, background noise can influence the ability of observers to detect birds on population surveys, and can result in underestimates of true population size.
In order to explore these questions, Simons and others worked to develop "Bird Radio:" a series of remotely controlled playback devices that can be used to accurately mimic a population of singing birds. Researchers could then control variables, such as background noise, to see whether it affected birdwatchers' ability to estimate bird populations.
The study found that even small amounts of background noise, from rustling leaves or automobile traffic, led to a 40 percent decrease in the ability of observers to detect singing birds. What's more, said Simons, "we also learned that misidentification rates increased with the number of individuals and species encountered by observers at a census point." In other words, the researchers found that traditional means of estimating the abundance and diversity of bird species are flawed due to complications such as background noise and the accuracy of the data observers collect on surveys of breeding birds.
But the Bird Radio research also points the way toward possible solutions. Simons explains that the Bird Radio findings are helping researchers develop better sampling methods and statistical models that will provide more accurate bird population estimates. For example, researchers are attempting to identify data collection methods that will help account for background noise or other outside factors in estimating bird populations.
The research, "Sources of Measurement Error, Misclassification Error, and Bias in Auditory Avian Point Count Data," is published in the upcoming book "Modeling Demographic Processes in Marked Populations Series: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, Vol. 3" (Springer, 2009).
Source: North Carolina State University
Explore further: Discovery reveals how bacteria distinguish harmful versus helpful viruses
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Flap Over Direct Selling
We don't know what direct selling means. There is no unambiguous definition. Definitions can be of three types and they don't overlap. First, there is a statistical kind of definition, for example, United Nations Central Product Classification (UNCPC), or the Indian counterpart in National Industrial Classification (NIC). The second kind is one formulated by direct selling associations. Neither of these is relevant for law/policy. A third definition can be through specific legislation and the problem is that none exists in India. This is partly because of Entry 33 in Seventh Schedule that apportions trade and commerce to the state list.
It is not just developed countries such as the US and UK, but also developing countries that have specific statutes on direct selling. Union-state relations do not come in the way of a specific statute on direct selling. There are instances - land, labour, contract farming and education - where the Union has formulated model legislation as a template for states to adopt, or, alternatively, enacted such legislation. Nor is Seventh Schedule cast in stone. It has been amended several times.
The origins of India's direct selling industry date to 1995-96. The number of direct sellers was estimated to be almost four million in 2010-11. All numbers are subject to a caveat. India has an organised/formal segment and an unorganised/informal segment. This has implications for enforceability of law and regulations, though in any process of economic development, there is a natural transition from unorganised/informal to organised/formal.
With that caveat, for organised sector, most revenue is from segments like wellness, cosmetics and personal care, home improvements, home care and household goods. And most revenues occur in south, followed by west, east and north, in that order. There are reasons for increase in direct selling. As an additional channel, it can lead to disintermediation, reduction in transaction costs and bridging the gap between consumer prices and manufacturer prices, facilitated by use of technology.
Urbanisation, income and consumption growth, higher female work participation rates and dual-income families underline transaction costs and their desired decline. Figures are often cited about importance of direct selling in providing employment, especially to women, and its contribution to tax revenue. While true in principle, this is a counter-factual.
Contribution to tax revenue is based on a premise that growth occurs in organised sector, not unorganised. This is a plausible assertion, but not axiomatic. Similarly, the employment-creation argument is also based on assumption that there is a net creation of sales, not a diversion of sales from conventional channels to direct modes. However, we do know that as countries move up the per-capita income ladder, direct selling increases in importance.
The problem is, law and regulation haven't kept pace. The problem is the Prize, Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act (PCMCSA), 1978. Should direct selling come under PCMCSA's purview? Direct selling can also be multi-level. Is that the same as a pyramid structure? In a pyramid structure, people are persuaded to join and pay money, because they gain from payments made by people who join later.
In practice, it shouldn't be difficult to distinguish between the two. For instance, there is often no clear product in a pyramid structure and commissions are paid on registration and entry fees, not on sales of products.
Even if there is a product, it may be of dubious value. PCMCSA, as it stands, doesn't quite distinguish between the two, without bringing in judicial interpretation.
An amendment to PCMCSA would make things clearer. First, direct selling, including multi-level marketing, has to be defined. Second, there has to be a qualification explaining that direct selling is not to be interpreted as a money-circulation scheme, as long as there is no pyramid structure involved.
Third, a pyramid scheme has to be defined, so that one knows what is being prohibited. This will protect direct-selling companies, protect consumers and also make task of enforcement easier. Consumer Protection Act also needs an amendment, to explicitly mention pyramid schemes as an unfair trade practice.
Having said that, there is a reason why these are second-best solutions. Laws are enacted at various points in time, to cater to a specific need. Tinkering with sections and amending them here and there, to cater to a new need, is often a bad idea. Such amendments are usually not holistic. A fresh statute is a better idea.
Many countries - Singapore, Malaysia, UK, US, Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, Indonesia, China, Vietnam, Japan, Taiwan and Singapore - have specific pieces of legislation on direct selling. For example, these cover conduct towards consumers, conduct towards direct sellers and conduct towards companies.
One must also remember that direct selling need not always be business to consumer. It can also be business to business. If one scans the legislation in these countries, they generally tend to involve a licensing-cum-registration system for direct sellers, prohibitions on certain categories of products, restrictions on collecting money, a cooling-off period - during which consumers can cancel the contract - written contracts between the direct seller and direct-selling company, restrictions on multi-level marketing modes and prohibitions on pyramid schemes.
In some form, they are also part of guidelines issued in Kerala. But given importance of the unorganised/informal segment, one cannot drive the registration/licensing requirement too hard, especially because this isn't a requirement that can readily be enforced. However, that can't be an argument against enactment of legislation. In its absence, confusion will continue.
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There are many different types of domesticated poultry, and each offers its own unique qualities to a homestead. Before addressing the individual species that we have and know, we’ll deal with some of the things they have in common.
Over the years, we have had a lot of problems with predators. We’ve lost track of the amount of birds that have disappeared, leaving only a pile of feathers. Neighborhood dogs and cats can be a problem in some areas, but for us, coyotes are our biggest threat. Not to mention fox, skunks, hawks, owls, wild cats, raccoons and anything else that eats meat! Most poultry are easy prey because they sleep soundly, and are just sitting there for the taking during the night. Furthermore, many poultry don’t fly too well, or run very fast for that matter. They have poor night vision which makes them even easier to catch at night.
We have had to revise our free-ranging methods. We do let our birds out in the day, but only between about 10 in the morning and 4 in the afternoon. The enclosures we then shut them into have tall fences, with electric fence all the way around the base on the outside.
Other guard-animals are also a great idea. Dogs help, but so do ones that sleep near the birds, like pigs, donkeys, and even goats. These larger animals are more formidable to predators and are usually far more alert, even when sleeping.
Motion sensor lights are also great. They can scare off a predator and wake up some of the animals. All you need if for one of them to call out, and that can bring the dogs or humans.
We have also worked on our perimeter fence, making it electric all the way around. We want to eventually have spiny, thick plants around the whole thing as an extra barrier to cross. This will take years to accomplish, but we have made a start and will continue to increase it every year.
Since implementing these added security measures, we have not suffered any losses. That’s not to say it won’t happen again, but we have learned how to avoid or minimize the threats.
The vast majority of poultry need a roost to sleep on. They evolved to sleep in trees or off the ground, for added protection, and they retain those impulses in domestication. If you do not provide a roost, they will likely seek one out, sometimes in a place that you would rather they not be (like on the roof).
A roost can be very simple to build. Just a few posts tied together to make a ladder-like contraption will work. You can either have it leaning up against a wall, or in an A-frame. You can also use a tree if one is convenient.
Adding a little shelter to the roost is not a bad idea. It will help offer protection from the wind and rain, and keep your birds more comfortable.
Shade is compulsory for poultry. We have seen little effect of the cold on our birds, but the heat can bother them. Without somewhere cool to go, your birds will often pluck out their feathers in an attempt to cool down, and then their skin will become raw.
It doesn’t take much to make an adequate shade. Just some shade cloth stretched out between posts, or a roof of some kind. If you have trees, include them in your pens. If not, think about planting some fast growing ones.
Most domesticated poultry do not use water to wash. Instead, they take dust baths. This is an important thing to include in your pens. Not only will it keep them clean and encourage preening, it will also help with many of the bugs that can bother them.
We have sand pits for the poultry, but we also dump out the ash from our Rocket Mass Heater into their area. Ash is particularly good in removing pests from their skin.
Diatomaceous Earth is another great additive to your dust baths. It is completely harmless to larger animals, and can even be consumed by pregnant animals as a de-wormer. However, to small creatures, it is like walking over broken glass.
You should include an area where the poultry can lay eggs.
We made a movable coop. It is basically a covered hoop house on wheels, with roosting area near the ladder entrance and lay boxes at the back that can be accessed from the outside. The chickens that live in the pen where it is always lay in there, which makes it easy to collect their eggs.
Best to keep your chickens penned up for a while when you get them, so that they learn that their coop is home. With free-rangers, they will start laying all over the place, and getting attached to their coop will help avoid or delay this.
Guineas and quail are far harder to train. They tend to make their nests where the vegetation will hide them. The best way to collect their eggs is to watch where they go and then look for their nests. Once you find the eggs, leave one or to in there, so that they continue to lay in their “safe” place.
Poultry are omnivores. This means that they would naturally eat a mixture of plants and meat. Although each type of poultry requires a different amount of protein in their diet, they do all need basically the same things.
Most people give their birds scratch (grains) and then lay pellets for the required protein. However, it is best not to ignore the fact that they relish blood. Most poultry are viscous hunters, basically little dinosaurs. They will even peck at a fellow bird if it has an open wound, so be sure to remove any bleeding animal from the group until it is FULLY healed.
We give our birds some scratch, but also worms, BSF, kitchen scraps and even some viscera from other animals (like rabbits). We find it best to feed their carnivorous tendencies where possible. This also greatly reduces your feed bill and increases egg production.
Poultry also need grit in order to be able to grind up their food. So long as they have access to dirt or sand, they will sort that out for themselves.
For any bird laying eggs, calcium is an important supplement. There are many plants that contain high levels of calcium (like prickly pear), so find out what you have locally.
Poultry love running water. When it rains here and little streams appear, our birds will not touch their waterers. However, except during rain season, running water for the pleasure of our birds is not practical in our area.
If you provide pools or basins of water for drinking, the birds will usually soil them, especially ducks.
We have found that the best way to provide clean water is through poultry nipples. The bird pecks at the dangling part and water comes out. This is the method we use for our chickens, guineas, ducks and quail, and they all adapted effortlessly.
Chickens are probably the first animals that people will get going on their homestead, mostly for their eggs. They also produce meat and help with pest control. Their specialty is scratching, which makes them excellent for controlling maggots and anything else that moves in the soil. They integrate well into the manure cycles of other animals, making sure that the manure remains bug free.
We use our chickens in conjunction with compost piles. They keep the piles bug-free and then spread the compost out in an area whose soil you wish to be enriched. Be warned that chickens are not a good fit for your garden. Not only will they scratch around in the beds, uprooting plants, but they will also eat your produce.
Chickens require between 14 and 20% protein in their diet. The higher end of the scale is for growing chicks. Roosters also need high protein if they are servicing a lot of hens. Laying hens come in about the middle, with grown chicks (before they start to lay) taking up the lower end of the scale.
Chickens will incubate their eggs for 20 or 21 days. 10 or 12 eggs is a good number for a large hen, but reduce that number slightly for a chicken like a Banty. Banties are great for setting nests, but they are smaller than a normal chicken.
If you see a chicken setting a nest, you can add eggs under her. There’s a nice little trick if you want to know what sex the chicks will be. It’s not 100% effective, but pretty close. Look at the egg. If it end comes to a point, it’s likely a rooster. If the egg is rounded, it’s probably a hen.
We first added chickens to our family when we were living in Texas. A lady in town called us one day and said that she was moving out of the area in a few days and hadn’t found a home for her chickens, did we want them? We’d talked about getting chickens one day, so without hesitating we said yes, we’d be there in a day or so to pick them up.
At the time, we didn’t have much of a scrap materials pile, nor did we have any inclination to drive 60 miles to the hardware store. So we improvised. We went to a local dumping ground. We found an old, metal cistern, which, once we’d cut out a door and vent, became the coop. Scrap lumber, tin and chicken wire formed the walls of the pen, and for the roof we used sheep wire and sotol sticks. With a couple of days and no money, we had a fully functional chicken set-up.
We have since moved, and though we had a whole new homestead to build, chickens was one of the first things we set up. To go back to eating store bought eggs was just not an option.
Guineas are about as low maintenance as poultry gets. They fly well, roost high and roam far. They are wilder in nature than chickens, and are not such easy targets for predators. They will even turn and attack a predator. One time, a road runner got into our garden (we had the gate open so that the guineas could clean out any bugs before we started spring planting). The guineas saw him, and moved in to attack. They encircled him, each one attacking and then moving back to let another go in. I had to chase them off and then took the road runner to safety – he was so traumatized, he let me pick him up and hold him, which was wonderful for me.
Even though guineas need a fairly high percent protein (24-26% for the babies, as low as 16% for adults), they do not need you to provide it for them. We give ours a little scratch, especially in winter, but it’s to keep them tame, not out of necessity. The fact is that they are excellent hunters. They do not scratch for bugs, but rather catch them as they move. Their specialty is things like grasshoppers.
We use our guineas primarily as perimeter bug patrol. They wander all over the property and make sure that hardly any bugs even reach the garden. We have previously had plagues of insects wipe out our gardens, but not since we got guineas.
They don’t produce as many eggs as chickens, for they will only lay once it gets warm. The eggs are slightly smaller than chicken eggs, but the taste is almost exactly the same. They say that guineas aren’t very good mothers, and it’s certainly true that they can’t compare to ducks or chickens. They tend to demonstrate a “tough love” attitude, taking their chicks all over and not worrying too much if they’re not keeping up. However, we have had one hen produce four batches of chicks in a year, not bad considering the incubation period is 27-28 days. We had a great survival rate, mainly because we put the mama and chicks into a closed pen, where she had to look after them. Be warned though, while we can pick up our chickens’ babies without the hens ever worrying about us, our guinea hens have flown at us with claw and beak ready if we even look sideways at her babies!
When you get prolific mothers, you will find yourself suddenly overrun with guineas. There is an easy fix to this: eat them. They are very tasty, not as mild as chicken, but guineafowl recipes are a treat. Guinea meat is often marketed as “game hen”.
There are two main disadvantages to guineas. One is that they are harder to keep enclosed. Because they can fly so well, not many fences will keep them in. In most circumstances, you want them to free-range, so that they can feed themselves. However, you don’t want mothers setting nests out of a protected area, as they become very easy targets. If you want to keep a nesting female safe, you will have to clip her wings.
The other main drawback is that they are noisy. The first time we got guineas, we ended up with all females. Without a male, they seemed to consider us one of them and would run up to greet us whenever we went outside. They then followed us everywhere, screeching as we walked. They’re not as bad now that we have males, but they’re still noisier than our other poultry.
Once guineas are older you can tell the males form the females, as they have larger dangly wattles below their beaks. However, in a young bird, the only way to tell is through their call. Only the females have a two syllable call; the males’ call is just one syllable
Quail are a delight to have around the place. They are small, delicate, quiet and beautiful.
They can fly very well, so most people keep them in cages. They like to have something that they can hide in, like vegetation, as they are a lot shyer than most poultry.
To produce eggs each day, they need high protein, from 25-30%. Regular lay pellets will not work, so you’ll need to give them either non-medicated chick starter or game bird feed. However, best of all are small bugs like mealworms or young earthworms.
Given the right feed and light (they need 14 hours of light or more), they will lay prolifically. The incubation period for quail is between 16 and 18 days. However, the ability to nest and raise their own young has been almost completely bred out of them.
When we first got quail, we kept them in a cage beneath the rabbits, thinking they would be able to pick out any maggots that appeared in the manure. As it turns out, they are not very good at scratching through the dirt. They would scratch only the surface, not getting into the deeper parts where fly eggs were laid. This ineffectual scratching gave us the idea that they might be good in the garden. We moved them into the garden fence to try out our theory. Two wonderful things happened, one planned, one unforeseen.
First of all, they did not destroy the garden beds. They would take shallow dust baths in the beds, but not enough to harm anything. And the only plants they ate were seedlings, which we countered by shutting off beds that had small plants in them until they got a little bigger.
The second benefit of their new location was that they started to hatch eggs. Maybe because they were relatively free and could hide their nests, or perhaps the added protein of garden bugs, or even just the presence of dirt in their habitat. Whatever the reason, they got back in touch with their instincts. We know of no one else that has produced baby quail naturally, and it was a great source of pride, not to mention affirmation that we were doing something right.
Muscovy ducks are not like other domesticated ducks. They are native to Mexico and Central America, and have several qualities that make them superior. They are larger, quieter, do not require water like most other ducks do, and are not as placid in the face of predators. Many permaculturists seek out these birds to be part of their homesteads.
It is also said that their meat tastes like sirloin steak. As we write this, we have not yet tried the meat. It took us a long time to find Muscovies in our area, and even longer to find a male. Now that we have a drake and three females, we are hoping that they will soon start producing ducklings, as it gets warmer.
Muscovies require about 15-20% protein. They do not seem to scratch in the dirt much, but are pretty good at catching things like flies out of the air. They will also keep any water you have free of mosquito larva.* They are said to be excellent mothers, and can raise several batches of babies in a year. Incubation period is 35 days, longer than most other poultry.
One disadvantage with all ducks is that they’re messy. Just like most birds, their manure is mixed with the urine, which makes it wet. However it seems to be a lot wetter and splatters more than other birds.
If you’re interested in our Muscovy experimentation, stay tuned to the blog, where we will give updates of the ducklings we hope to have.
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Stress is actually a normal part of life but if you don't get a handle on your stress levels, it can seriously inhibit your ability to do your job, spend time with your family or be healthy. It is very important to be self-reflect and be aware of any current or potential stress. However, just knowing that stress is a problem, doesn't always fix it! You sometimes need to work very hard to reduce your stress level and feel better. Stress can cause mental, emotional and physical issues. It can suppress your immune system and cause many health problems. Here are some tips on how you can be happier and feel healthier.
MORE YOGA, LESS DRAMA – As we all know, modern life can be stressful. Yoga has been shown to be a very effective stress reducer. The practice of yoga involves stretching body, forming different poses and keeping breathing slow so the body becomes relaxed and energized. Also, in yoga, you may incorporate meditation or relaxation. Meditation can be a great way to relax, especially if you are under a lot of stress. It takes only 15 to 30 minutes a day, which is very affordable. Just find a comfortable place, close your eyes and give yourself some silent. Mindfulness meditation involves sitting comfortably, focusing on your breathing, and bringing your mind’s attention to the present. The key is staying focused and not letting any distractions enter your mind.
MUSIC IS YOUR THERAPY – Listening to music can have an extremely calming effect on your mind and body. It can be very relaxing and induce a harmonious state of mind. Music therapy is very helpful in decreasing anxiety associated with medical procedures. Music reduces stress and anxiety significantly reduces emotional distress. You can use music in your daily life and achieve many stress relief benefits.
GOOD FRIENDS ARE GOOD FOR YOUR HEALTH - Social health is an important aspect of wellness and your physical health. If you've had a stressful day, you will get rid of the tension faster by meeting up with friends and talking about your problems. Having a supportive social network has been associated with lower levels of stress and greater levels of happiness. Moreover, having friends will keep you healthier. There is some evidence to suggest that people with close friends have a greater ability to fight disease. So get together with some friends so you can celebrate the good times and get support during the bad.
EAT BETTER, FEEL BETTER – If you want to use diet to reduce stress, you need to stay away from refined sugar and caffeine (coffee, tea, and chocolate). Some coffee during the day is a good idea, but too much caffeine will make you nervous and anxious. Junk food can make us depressed, too. When we are going through periods of stress, we need to utilize more nutrients, especially the B vitamins because the B vitamins affect our nervous systems. Moreover, foods including blueberries, salmon, and almonds are especially effective for stress-reduction. If you’re stressed out, reflecting on what you’re eating is a great thing to do. Healthy foods can improve your mood and give you long-lasting energy to endure hard times.
IT' S TIME FOR BATH AND CANDLES (JASMIN, ORANGE, LAVENDER, VALERIAN) - Taking a long and warm bath can be calming for the mind. Fill your bathtub, add your favorite bath salts, soaps and decorate it with candles. Also, the smells of essential oils can affect the brain and causes feelings of relaxation, calmness, and love. The best oils for stress relief are lavender, cypress, and rosemary. Lavender oil can be found in bath salts and massage oil. Aromatherapy can reduce the perception of stress and aromatherapy massage can have some beneficial effects on anxiety and depression. Candles are great for aromatherapy and lighting a candle is probably one of the simplest ways to create a nice feel. Aromatherapy can boost the relaxation benefits of meditation.
SWEAT OFF THE STRESS - Exercise helps to reduce stress and only you only need 20 minutes a day to experience benefits. No matter what your fitness level may be, the key is to move your body every day. You need to identify the type of exercise that you most enjoy. Exercise also prevents obesity among other health problems. It is one of the best ways to reduce stress. When you exercise, your body releases endorphins that help you get your mind off your problems and clears your head.
PRIORITIZE SLEEP AND IMPROVE IT - Sleep is the most important natural stress reducer. Too little sleep leaves you irritable and on edge. So try to find the right balance that gives you the feeling you are ready for the day. Get your eight hours in, no matter what, or, take a nap during the day if you missed some sleep the previous night. Promote better sleep by establishing bedtime rituals. Also, some foods can also promote sleep, such as bananas and peanuts but avoid having a large meal close to bedtime.
Contributed by Olivera, a lawyer who is constantly on the move, traveling between Europe, the USA, and Australia. She is married to a handsome IT guy who inspires her to live an active and positive lifestyle. She is in love with nature, traveling, and books. Writing is her way to share various ideas and thoughts about positive thinking, healthy living and helping others to do the same.
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Wayfinding – the ways in which people orient themselves in a physical space and navigate from place to place
Wayfinding programs rely heavily on graphic elements and signage in assisting users on navigating that environment. But over here at ex;it, we believe signs are designed as part of a wayfinding program; signs alone will not support a person as they journey a complex physical space.
The signage system is an important element in the methodology of helping people navigate, but we have found that the number one most effective method of wayfinding is people to people interaction. True, successful wayfinding ends up being a convergence of verbal direction giving, pre-arrival information, smart signage and simple methodology.
With an average of 500,000 verbal directions given in a facility of one million square feet, the people to people communication is the primary wayfinding support system. The wayfinding program creates architecture of navigation that articulates how to give directions.
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Fluoride Contamination on the Rise in Texas Groundwater
Water drips out of almost every facet — and faucet — of Texas. With the state ranking in the top three for groundwater use, it is important for all that water be clear of contaminants.
However, researchers from Texas A&M AgriLife Research have found that fluoride contamination has been increasing in Texas groundwater since the 1960s. The findings were published in the Journal of Environmental Quality.
Srinivasulu Ale discusses groundwater quality in the Texas Rolling Plains with producers, ranchers, and extension personnel at a summer field day at Chillicothe Research Station. Photo by Kay Ledbetter.
Many people actually know fluoride as a water additive that prevents tooth decay. But at higher levels the chemical can cause numerous health problems, such as damage to teeth enamel, bones, the liver, kidneys, and brain.
“The reasons behind the contamination are numerous and complex,” said Srinivasulu Ale, an assistant professor at A&M and one of the study’s authors. “The soils, geology, temperature, precipitation, well depth, and use of certain phosphate fertilizers are different in different parts of Texas, and they all affect fluoride concentrations.”
The acceptable concentration of fluoride ranges greatly depending on the organization crunching the numbers. The United States Department of Health and Human Services recommends a minimum fluoride concentration of 0.7 parts per million (ppm) in groundwater to optimize the prevention of tooth decay, and the World Health Organization suggests a threshold concentration of 1.5 ppm, above which fluoride can cause detrimental effects.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has established an enforceable maximum contaminant level of 4 ppm, to prevent serious skeletal damage, and a secondary (non-enforceable) threshold at 2 ppm to guard against enamel damage.
Sriroop Chaudhuri, a former post-doctoral research associate at A&M and the lead author on the study, said different organizations have different mandates because their priorities and goals are diverse. Ideally, though, the fluoride concentration of water should be between 0.7 and 1.5 ppm to guard against both deficiencies and high concentrations.
The study assessed fluoride concentrations in three main water use classes: domestic, public supply, and irrigation wells. A domestic well is one where an individual landowner gets drinking water from his or her own well. Public supply is when the water is provided by an agency such as a city or municipality.
Researchers analyzed water quality information from the Texas Water Development Board database for wells in the state’s 16 Groundwater Management Areas. The board created these areas to keep an eye on Texas groundwater quality.
“We are very thankful for the development board’s sustained effort to build this large database on both groundwater quality as well as groundwater levels,” Chaudhuri said.
Maps of Texas from the 1960s and 2000s showing different fluoride concentrations at various sites. Red and black dots mark high levels of fluoride contamination (2 - 4 ppm and above 4 ppm, respectively), while gray dots mark low levels of fluoride (below 0.7 ppm). Figure from paper, courtesy of Srinivasulu Ale.
Using the World Health Organization’s contamination threshold, the researchers found that the number of wells in the domestic class that were above threshold increased from 21% to 32% between the 1960s and 2000s. During that same time frame, wells above threshold increased from 21% to 22% in the public supply class and from 47% to 53% in the irrigation wells class.
However, average percentages can be deceiving — some areas had very high contamination while others actually had very low levels of fluoride. Inadequate fluoride levels characterized parts of eastern, central, and southern Texas. In stark contrast, the researchers found hotspots of fluoride contamination in areas like West Texas and parts of north-central Texas, where some wells even registered up to 10 ppm.
Looking ahead, the researchers hope governmental agencies and ordinary Texans alike notice their work so actions can be taken toward possible solutions for excessive fluoride levels.
“As far as solutions, first of all we are talking about a concentration so we need to dilute that contaminated water by working to have more artificial recharge zones to get more water in to the aquifers or use captured rainwater to dilute it,” Ale said. “Other methods for alleviation include chemical removal of the fluoride. Most important, I think, is educating people because in a lot of these rural areas, 99% of people depend on groundwater, and they often don’t test it.”
Soils.org, Kaine Korzekwa, 08/28/14
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In 1558 Queen Elizabeth I took the throne and became one of many noteworthy monarchs of England. After almost forty five years of ruling she died in 1603, the ruler of one of the most powerful and influential nations of that age. Queen Elizabeth I was able to skilfully manage and keep peace between the Parliament and deal with the religious tension still present in England between Catholics and the still relatively new Anglican Protestantism. In 1588 she also triumphed over the massive Spanish Armada that made an effort to invade England, a victory that was in large part due to her famous admirals, Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Howard. At that time Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe. The loss of the Spanish Armada was the beginning of a fairly rapid loss of their top nation status. The period of Queen Elizabeth's successful rule is called the Elizabethan Age.
For many centuries England had been considered a European backwater, situated on a remote and cold island. But this very fact now made England powerful. Freed from any European entanglement by repudiating the Pope, England turned its back on mainland Europe and looked to the world, a process started during the reign of Elizabeth I. England prominently joined the Age of Exploration. Over the following 200 years, by sending ships and people across the globe, England founded many countries that are very important today: the USA, Canada, and Australia, to name just three.
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With each day's dawning, come new cyber attacks. No one is immune from these attacks; national governments, corporations and individuals are all vulnerable to these attacks and they seem to be accelerating as our world becomes increasingly dependent upon digital means of functioning. In a era where nearly every aspect of our lives has a digital component, this shouldn't come as any surprise.
Despite the fact that our defenses have become increasingly forbidding (next generation firewalls, IDS's, etc.), the number and severity of these attacks continue to increase. Unfortunately, these attacks are likely to continue and accelerate because;
(1) the huge sums of money in involved (estimates range as high as $500B/year in revenue from cyber crime);
(2) this is the way of cyber war and espionage in the 21st century,;
(3) more and more parts of our lives become digital.
Maybe it's time to take a new approach. Within the IT security industry, the subject has been breached in recent years as to the legality and legitimacy of "hacking the hacker" during or after an attack. Some argue that this is the legal equivalent of self-defense. In this article, I would like to explore this concept and legality of "hacking the hacker" as the digital equivalent of self-defense.
The Natural Law of Self-Defense
Probably from very time that humans first aggregated into clans and communities, there has been a recognized natural law of self-defense. In simple terms this law says, "if you attack me or mine, I have the right to defend myself, which may include exacting violence upon you". This natural law has been codified within nearly every culture and legal system around the world. It existed in ancient Rome (in the concept of protecting domus or home) and within the English common law system for centuries. It existed for centuries before being codified, as judges simply recognized the inherent "common sense" in this natural law. England's and the English speaking world's most noted and esteemed legal scholar, William Blackstone, wrote in his Commentaries (1765-1769) ;
Self-defence, therefore, as it is justly called the primary law of nature, so it is not, neither can it be in fact, taken away by the law of society. In the English law particularly it is held an excuse for breaches of the peace, nay even for homicide itself: but care must be taken, that the resistance does not exceed the bounds of mere defence and prevention
William Blackstone, Commentaries
Note that Blackstone says that this is such a "primary law of nature" that it can not be "taken away by the law of society".
Outside the Western world, the principle of self-defense has been recognized as well and in some cases, with much more leniency and leeway. In some cases, the right to self-defense may be limited by the minimum amount of force necessary to stop the crime, but in the People's Republic of China in 2009, a case was ruled as justifiable homicide when a robber was killed who was trying to escape. The court ruled that the homicide was justified as "self defense" because "the robbery was still in progress".
It goes without saying then, I believe, that a right of self-defense is a well established principle in nearly every culture.
Despite the fact that this natural law is recognized nearly universally, it is proscribed by a few principles. These are;
(1) Innocence - one can only invoke self-defense if you are not the attacker.
(2) Imminence - the attack must be imminent or right now. No pre-emptive strikes
(3) Proportionality - the response must be in proportion the attack
(4) Avoidance - the victim has a duty to retreat
(5) Reasonableness - all of this is encompassed by the "reasonable man" rule which the courts use to decide what a reasonable man would do in these circumstances.
The question I want to address here then is, "Can we apply this universal and natural law and principles to our digital world of the 21st century?
The Argument for Digital Self-Defense
Some have argued then that since this natural law is nearly universally recognized, "we can apply it to our digital domains AND it would have a positive effect on the safety and security of our digital domains".
The arguments goes something like this; if the hackers believed that they might be met with an attack upon themselves, they are more likely to be reluctant and hesitant to attack innocent institutions, individuals and governments. Just like in the widely held principle self-defense to your person and property, an attacker has to consider not only how self-defense might impact their probability of success, but also whether self-defense might lead to the exercise of violence and damage upon THEIR person and property. In our physical world, self-defense can lead to the manslaughter of the attacker and the victim will bear no legal liability as such manslaughter justified. In some cases, this might give the attacker pause...at least, once.
Let's try to make this more concrete in our physical world. Take for instance the case of a street thief. They are much less likely to attack a very large, muscular victim who appears possibly armed than an innocent, frail unarmed victim. Why? because of the possibility that THEY might become the victim. This isn't just an estimation of the possibility of success, but also the possibility that they themselves might become damaged in the attack. Couldn't this same principle apply to cyber security as well as the street?
Some would argue that self-defense only applies to stopping the attack, but if the hackers have entered our property and stolen our assets, then the attack is still "in progress", to borrow the words of the Chinese jurist. As such, self-defense would still be a legitimate defense as long as the attackers are in possession of our property.
Application of Self-Defense in Cyber Security
Imagine a scenario in the near future, where our neighborhood cyber crime gang is contemplating an attack upon an innocent institution. They know that that same institution has at its disposal a group of well-armed, "gun-slinging" hackers. That same institution was recently hacked and the self-defense hackers not only responded with their own attack, deleting data on the cyber thieves hard drives, but also then DoS 'ing them so that they could no longer access the Internet. Would they think twice before going after them?
For those of you who are scholars of the history of the American West (or at least the American westerns), you are probably aware that there was time not too long ago, when the American West was a lawless land, often referred to as the "Wild West". If you have seen any American western movies ("Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" among many others of this genre), I think you know what I mean. I don't think it's much of a metaphorical stretch to see our current circumstances in the cyber world as "Wild and Lawless Cyberland" similar to the "Wild West" of the 19th century. At that time, many businesses--most notably the railroads--found it extremely difficult to operate their businesses in such an lawless environment. Eventually, they settled upon a solution, the Pinkertons. The Pinkertons were a private law enforcement agency that the railroads and others hired to secure their assets and operations. Eventually, these Pinkertons were able to drastically reduce crime in the lawless West. Maybe, its time we have the cyber equivalent of the Pinkertons. These "cyber Pinkertons" would discourage hackers from attacking our valuable assets and businesses by launching cyber counter attacks.
Attribution of the Attack
Even if the cyber security industry adopts a concept of "cyber security self-defense" where counter attacks are legitimized, there will still be the key issue of attribution. In other words, who and where are the attackers. If you have ever investigated the attribution of an attack, you know what I am talking about. The hackers/attackers often use proxies between themselves and the victim, so tracing an IP address can be problematic. This in itself may be the greatest impediment to the 'hack the hacker" self-defense.
Throughout human history the concept of self-defense has been a well established principle. In recent centuries, that principle has been codified nearly universally. It's now time, I believe, that this principle be applied in the 21st century cyber battles between hackers and defenders of the some of our most valuable digital assets. When the hacker/attacker can be identified with a high degree of certainty, then we should be able to unleash a counter attack upon them. I'm hoping that some company soon will "hack their hackers" and test the legality and legitimacy of this premise. Only then, will our digital world will become a safer place.
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Lottery is a form of gambling in which tokens are sold and winners selected by chance, often with large prizes such as cars or houses. The practice dates back to ancient times, and it continues today in countries around the world, including the United States. It is also a means of funding projects that might otherwise be too costly, such as the British Museum, the building of bridges, and in American colonies, Benjamin Franklin’s lottery to raise money for a battery of guns to defend Philadelphia, as well as many other public works projects. The popularity of lotteries has varied throughout history, and in the past several centuries they have been used for all kinds of public and private activities, including giving scholarships to students and placing children into reputable schools.
The lottery is one of the few forms of gambling that has been consistently legal in most countries for more than a century. State lotteries are typically little more than traditional raffles, with participants buying tickets for a drawing at some future date, usually weeks or months in the future. Revenues initially expand dramatically, but soon level off and may even decline. To maintain revenues, innovations such as scratch-off tickets and instant games have been introduced.
In the United States, most states have a constitutional or statutory lottery. It is a popular source of income for state governments, providing more than half the money they spend. In addition, a lot of people feel that playing the lottery is their civic duty, a way to help the state and its citizens.
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| 0.980828 | 305 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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