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In this rapid changing world in order to meet the changing needs of the business enterprise need to invest huge amount of money as well as time to scale up their IT infrastructure that includes hardware, software and services however, with unpremises IT structure the whole scaling up process of the enterprise can be slow and that is one reason why enterprise fails to achieve optimum utilization of their resources as well as IT infrastructure.
Now cloud computing technology results in a paradigm shift that provides computing resources over the internet. Most of us know that cloud computing brings benefits to all sizes of businesses. The cloud computing technologies not only eliminates the cost structure but also allows the businesses to focus on their core businesses. But before that you need to know certain facts about cloud computing.
In cloud computing servers consist of highly optimized data center that provides hardware, software and information resources to us whenever we need them. With the help of cloud organisation simply need to connect it with a cloud and use the computing resources on pay –per-use basis i.e. the organization will only pay for that resources which they have utilized and also help companies to eliminate the high cost structure that goes in building an additional on premises infrastructure.
Cloud computing technology also helps the enterprise to scale up or scale down according to the business requirements. Now we need to understand the three basic trends used by cloud first is virtualization , second is utility computing and the third is software as a service.
Virtualization makes application and infrastructure as a separate entity which allows the servers to share as many applications as they can. Virtualization of application involves packaging the application with everything that is required to run it . Now you can assess your documents, files anything from any corner of the world.
Software as a service allows you to deliver software over the internet without the need to install applications on the customer’s own computers. SaaS applications are run from one centralised location which means that the software can be accessed from any location over the internet. Centralised management of applications helps to simplify maintenance and applications are consumed on a pay-as-you-go basis. This is a blessing for the enterprise, especially during the turbulent economy because you need to pay only for what you use.
Thus we can say cloud computing is basically offering computing as a service with all your data stored on remote servers which can be accessed over the internet.
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| 0.949954 | 475 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Covert sensitization is a type of aversion therapy. It has been used to treat maladaptive behaviors such as alcoholism, smoking, and overeating. It is part of a group of approaches known as covert conditioning. It relies on the ability of the individual to associate unwanted behaviors with negative stimuli using their imagination rather than actually experiencing these negative consequences. Covert sensitization is sometimes referred to as verbal aversion therapy.
The aim of covert sensitization is to help clients cease undesirable behavior that may be causing them harm. It is a type of behavior modification therapy. This treatment is based on the assumption that all negative behavior is learned and therefore can also be unlearned.
Problems occur when the individual develops an association between the undesirable behavior and positive consequences. An example would be the alcoholic who has learned to associate drinking booze with feelings or relaxation and pleasure. If this same individual can be trained to associate the undesirable activity with negative consequences, then they will be less likely to indulge in it in the future.
Aversion therapy can involve overt sensitization and covert sensitization. Overt sensitization involves ingesting something like a drug to create negative consequences when mixed with an unwanted behavior. The most famous example of this would be the pharmacological agent antabuse. This drug is given to alcoholics and it works by making them feel ill when they ingest alcohol. Critics of this approach argue that it is unethical to deliberately cause people to suffer symptoms such as nausea.
Covert sensitization does not rely on any drug to create the negative stimuli. Instead the individual is asked to just imagine aversive consequences and associate this with the negative behavior. Covert sensitization differs from overt sensitization because the unwanted consequence never actually happens and is only imagined. Therefore, it eliminates the ethical concerns that are associated with overt sensitization.
Covert sensitization begins with a therapy session. The therapist asks the individual to imagine that they are performing the undesirable behavior. The client will then be instructed to associate this with a negative consequence. If the client is an alcoholic, they may be asked to imagine feeling nauseous. The therapist will help they client create a more powerful and vivid image by asking them to add details such as vomiting all over their clothes.
The aim of covert sensitization is for the imagined scene to be so disturbing that it will greatly impact the client. If the image isn’t disturbing enough, then it is unlikely to work. Each individual will have their own tolerance to this type of imagery, so the therapist is required to delve into the client’s psyche to find the most suitable image.
At the end of this therapy session, the client will be asked to imagine a scene where they refuse to indulge in the negative behavior. They will then be instructed to consider how this refusal meant that they avoided the negative consequence.
The main advantage of covert sensitization over other forms of aversion therapy is that it avoids introducing actual negative consequences. A drug like antabuse will actually induce symptoms such as vomiting, and this has ethical implications. There is also concern that such treatments could lead to physical harm to the client. The fact that the negative consequences in covert sensitization are purely imagined means that they do not cause any actual harm. The individual is in complete control with this approach.
Covert sensitization can be an effective treatment for some types of behavior modification. More research is need in order to fully judge the effectiveness of this approach, but the results so far are encouraging. One study found that alcoholics who received covert sensitization therapy experienced significantly longer periods of abstinence.
Covert sensitization is unlikely to be a treatment that will work for everyone. It seems to work best with highly motivated people dealing with particular undesirable behaviors such as nail biting or overeating. It may also be a possible option for treating alcoholism and other addictions. One concern is that this approach only tackles the actual behavior and not the reasons behind it. The worry is that if the motivation behind the addiction is not dealt with, the individual will continue to have problems in the future.
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DARA can use a model to help conceptualize the process of recognizing there is a drinking or drug problem and taking action to do something about it.
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| 0.95199 | 963 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The Impact of China’s Waste Refusal Decision on Small-Town Recycling Plants
For many years, China grew to become the world’s largest importer of recyclable materials. The rise of single-stream recycling in the U.S., which saves Americans the headache of sorting their recyclables, passed the headache on to Chinese processors. As a result, China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment cited environmental damage caused by “dirty wastes or even hazardous wastes” mixed in with solid waste that can be recycled into raw materials. The country has now placed strict standards for what it will and will not accept from other countries. In one fell swoop, China essentially changed the entire world market.
While big city recycling plants have lessened the impact of China’s decision for customers, rural and small-town recycling plants have not had the ability to follow suit. Many small towns and rural areas cannot shoulder the financial burden these new policies have created. In some places, recyclers have stockpiled certain materials in the hopes of locating a buyer. Many materials have declined in value as the market is flooded, with some even becoming worthless. Many big cities absorb the financial losses, fearing that if costs are passed on to customers, they will stop recycling. Unfortunately, small cities do not have this option. Rural recycling programs are already more expensive to manage than big city programs, as homes are further apart and greater distances must be covered. Recyclables must also be shipped to centers that can find markets for the products. As a result, a number of small recycling plants have scaled back or even stopped accepting certain items, such as plastics labeled with specific numbers or glass containers. Other local recycling centers have begun charging residents to dump their recycling.
Unfortunately, for many of these small towns, recycling centers have never made much money from a number of collected items, such as lower-quality plastics like numbers 3-7. These plastics are composed of a blend and do not break down easily. In addition, buyers typically want large quantities of these types of plastics, which rural and small town areas are unable to offer. The money spent to collect and ship these items no longer makes a profit for small town centers.
Towns in Erie County, PA, for example, have cut back on accepting glass, some plastics, and even some paper. County Environmental Sustainability Coordinator Brittany Prischak said she fears the new limits will make it much harder for recycling to survive in the state’s small-towns, despite the requirement under state law that communities with more than 10,000 residents have recycling programs. The costs are just too high. In Columbia County, NY, the annual recycling budget was exhausted over the summer. Now, the county will charge residents $50 for a permit to drop recyclables off at one of its recycling centers. Jolene Race, director of Columbia County Solid Waste Department, said the current program is unsustainable “unless you have a huge tax base where they just don’t care…smaller counties don’t and they have to pass (the cost) on.”
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Iron ores. A natural mineral formation containing iron compounds from which iron is industrially extracted. Iron ores vary in their mineral composition, iron content, amount of useful and harmful impurities, and industrial properties. Their main types are classified according to their dominant mineral compound and geological formation. The ores found in Ukraine are hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3 O4), siderite (FeCO3), brown and bog iron ores containing hydrous ferric oxides (Fe2O3.nH2O), and ferruginous quartzites. For industrial purposes a distinction is made between poor and rich ores, the latter containing more than 46 percent iron. When high-grade ores are inaccessible or exhausted, it becomes necessary to separate and discard unusable materials from low-grade ores. The processes of upgrading are termed beneficiation and are accomplished by leaching and drying, flotation, agglomeration, or magnetic separation. Harmful impurities, such as sulfur, phosphorus, and arsenic, may degrade the quality of an ore, necessitating the addition of different ores in order to prepare it for industrial use. The mixture of manganese, chromium, nickel, titanium, vanadium, and cobalt is usually beneficial.
Ukraine's total reserves of proved economically minable iron ore were officially estimated at 18.8 billion t (in 1968), constituting 32 percent of total Soviet reserves (21 percent of high-grade reserves), and an additional 7.2 billion t whose exploitation has yet to be assessed. There are 79 iron-ore deposits in Ukraine. The four main ones are the Kryvyi Rih Iron-ore Basin (Dnipropetrovsk oblast), Kerch Iron-ore Basin (Crimea), Kremenchuk Iron-ore Region (Poltava oblast), and Bilozerka Iron-ore Region (Zaporizhia oblast). (See also Iron industry.)
[This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (1988).]
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It’s about two thousand years since Pilate said, “Ecce homo” (behold the man). How easily we forget that God was among us (Emmanuel). How easily we forget that the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.
How easily we let our focus shift to material give aways and easter eggs. What if we beheld the crucifixion of Jesus and remembered that:
Death by crucifixion was agonizingly slow, and came about by suffocation. A medical expert on crucifixion describes the physical effects that Jesus would have endured while nailed to a cross,
“As the arms fatigue, great waves of cramps sweep over the muscles . . . With these cramps comes the inability to push Himself upward. Hanging by His arms, the pectoral muscles are paralyzed . . . Air can be drawn into the lungs, but cannot be exhaled. Jesus fights to raise Himself in order to get even one short breath. Finally, carbon dioxide builds up in the lungs and in the blood stream and the cramps partially subside. Spasmodically He is able to push Himself upward to exhale and bring in the life-giving oxygen.” (The Crucifixion of Jesus: The Passion of Christ from a Medical Point of View, Arizona Medicine, vol. 22, no. 3 (March 1965), 183-187).
This process would continue for hours until all strength in the legs is gone, and Jesus is no longer able to push up in order to breathe.
Aside from the physical pain of crucifixion, there was also the stigma of disgrace and humiliation that was attached to it. Victims were beaten, whipped, and taunted even before reaching the cross. They were usually hanged naked, made a spectacle of shame for all to see.
And how did our Lord respond to such treatment? By this time, He had been beaten, whipped, spat on, taunted, and now, stripped naked, Jesus is nailed to a cross between two criminals, and what are the first recorded words of Jesus on the cross? “Father, forgive them; for they do not know what they are doing.” (Luke 23:34).
As C.H. Spurgeon has said, “neither the weakness of the past (beatings), nor the pain of the present, could prevent (Jesus) from continuing in prayer. The Lamb of God was silent to men, but He was not silent to God. Dumb as sheep before her shearers, He had not a word to say in His own defense to man, but He continues in His heart crying unto his Father, and no pain and no weakness can silence His holy supplications. Beloved, what an example our Lord herein presents to us! Let us continue in prayer so long as our heart beats; let no excess of suffering drive us away from the throne of grace, but rather let it drive us closer to it.”
What if we realised that by His death on the Cross, Christ has become the Lamb that was slain for us, our Redeemer, the One who has made peace between us and God, who has taken our guilt on Himself, who has conquered our most deadly enemy and has assuaged the well-deserved wrath of God.
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| 0.974669 | 703 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Table of content
- Why use Linux to download music from YouTube?
- Install required packages
- Get the video link
- Convert the video to an audio file
- Download high-quality music
YouTube is one of the most popular and widely used video sharing platforms on the internet, with millions of videos and music videos available for users to watch and enjoy. However, downloading music from YouTube can be a bit of a challenge, especially for users working with the Linux operating system. Fortunately, there are some simple and effective ways to download YouTube music in high quality while using Linux. In this guide, we will take a step-by-step approach to using pseudocode to download YouTube music, and explore how Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 could make this process even more efficient in the near future. With this guide, Linux users will be able to easily and securely download music from YouTube with ease, enhancing their listening experience and expanding their music collection.
Why use Linux to download music from YouTube?
Linux is an open-source operating system that has gained immense popularity among programmers, developers, and music enthusiasts for various reasons. One of the main reasons people choose to use Linux to download music from YouTube is its flexibility to run sophisticated command-line programs that automate the process of downloading and converting videos. Additionally, Linux is compatible with a range of file formats, including YouTube's video and audio formats, making it easier to extract music from video files without losing quality.
Another reason to use Linux for downloading YouTube music is its security features. Linux's open-source code base ensures that it is continually updated, patched, and protected against the latest security threats. As a result, users can download YouTube music without worrying about malware, viruses, or other malicious programs that can infect their systems.
Finally, Linux's collaborative community of users and developers provides users with access to a wealth of knowledge and support channels, making it easy to troubleshoot any issues that may arise during the process of downloading or converting YouTube music. From online forums to IRC channels or social media groups, there is always someone to help solve a problem with downloading YouTube music on Linux.
Install required packages
To download YouTube music in high quality using Linux, you'll need to install a few packages first. One of the most important packages you'll need is youtube-dl, which is a command-line program that can download videos and audio from more than 1,000 websites, including YouTube. You can install it using your package manager of choice or by downloading the source code from the official website.
Another package you might want to install is ffmpeg, which is a powerful tool for handling multimedia files. With ffmpeg, you can easily convert video and audio files into different formats or extract audio tracks from video files. To install ffmpeg on Ubuntu or Debian-based systems, you can simply run the command "sudo apt-get install ffmpeg".
Finally, you might also want to install a media player or audio editor, depending on your needs. Some popular options include VLC, Audacity, and Clementine. These tools can help you play or edit your downloaded music files or create playlists and organize your music library.
By installing these packages, you'll have all the tools you need to download and manage high-quality music from YouTube on your Linux system. With a bit of practice and experimentation, you can customize your workflow to suit your needs and preferences, and discover new possibilities for your music collection.
Get the video link
To download YouTube music on Linux, you first need to of the song you want to download. This can be done by visiting YouTube and finding the video you are interested in. Once you have found the video, simply click on the address bar at the top of your browser to reveal the video's URL.
Alternatively, you can also right-click on the video and select "Copy Video URL" from the drop-down menu. This will copy the video's URL to your clipboard, allowing you to easily paste the link into your download tool of choice.
It's important to note that some YouTube videos may not allow downloading due to copyright restrictions or other reasons. However, attempting to download a video that is protected in this way is against YouTube's terms of service and may result in your account being suspended or terminated. As such, it's always important to use caution when attempting to download copyrighted material from any website.
Convert the video to an audio file
One of the key steps in downloading music from YouTube using Linux is converting the video file into an audio file. This is an important step because it allows you to extract the audio track from the video and save it as a separate file. There are many tools available for doing this, but one popular option is FFmpeg. FFmpeg is a powerful command-line tool that can handle a wide range of media formats, including video and audio files.
To convert a video file to an audio file using FFmpeg, you can use the following command:
ffmpeg -i input_video.mp4 -vn -acodec copy output_audio.mp3
This command tells FFmpeg to take the input video file (input_video.mp4) and extract the audio track while discarding the video track (-vn). The resulting audio file will be saved as output_audio.mp3 using the same audio codec as the original file (-acodec copy).
Of course, this is just one example of how to use FFmpeg to convert video files to audio files. There are many other options and parameters you can use to fine-tune the output file format, quality, and other settings. The key is to experiment with different settings until you find the combination that works best for your needs.
Looking to the future, the continued development of Large Language Models (LLMs) and the upcoming release of GPT-4 may eventually make it possible to convert video to audio using pseudocode alone. This would be a significant improvement over current methods, as it would allow even non-experts to perform complex media conversions with ease. However, there is still some way to go before this technology is ready for widespread use, and it remains to be seen how effective it will be in practice. Nevertheless, the potential benefits of LLMs and GPT-4 are clear, and they represent an exciting new frontier in the field of media and content creation.
Download high-quality music
If you're looking to from YouTube on your Linux system, there are a few options available. One popular choice is to use command-line tools such as youtube-dl, which allows you to easily download videos, music, and playlists from YouTube and other supported platforms. With youtube-dl, you can specify the quality and format of the downloaded content, ensuring that you get the best possible results.
Another option is to use graphical user interfaces such as youtube-dl-gui or ClipGrab, which provide a more user-friendly interface for downloading music and videos from YouTube. These tools still rely on youtube-dl behind the scenes, but they offer additional features such as video preview and integrated search functionality.
No matter which method you choose, it's important to keep in mind the copyright implications of downloading music from YouTube without permission. While there are many legal sources for free and low-cost music, downloading copyrighted material without permission can result in legal consequences. Always make sure to only download content that you have the legal right to access.
In , Linux users who want to download YouTube music in high quality can do so easily and quickly using a variety of tools and techniques. With step-by-step code examples and helpful guides available online, even new Linux users can quickly learn how to download music from YouTube in no time.
While there are many different methods for downloading YouTube music using Linux, the use of pseudocode and large language models like GPT-4 holds great potential for improving the speed and accuracy of these processes. As these technologies continue to improve, users can expect to see faster download times, greater accuracy, and more advanced features that make downloading YouTube music on Linux easier and more streamlined than ever before.
Overall, downloading YouTube music on Linux is a simple process that can be accomplished using a variety of tools and techniques. Whether you prefer to use a command-line tool or a graphical interface, there are plenty of options available to meet your needs. With the help of pseudocode and large language models, you can download YouTube music quickly and easily, all while taking advantage of the rich features and capabilities that these technologies have to offer.
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A possible fix for misfolding proteins
Rice University lab reports advance in Gaucher disease research
Troubled proteins in need of rescue may someday have a champion in a common drug used to treat high blood pressure.
The Rice University laboratory of bioengineer Laura Segatori reported today that research involving lacidipine, a calcium channel blocker also known by brand names Lacipil and Motens, could be a key to helping people who suffer from an incurable, neuropathic form of Gaucher disease. This inherited metabolic disorder is characterized by accumulations of a fatty substance in cells and certain organs that can prevent them from functioning properly.
The paper by Segatori, Rice’s T.N. Law Assistant Professor in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and graduate student Fan Wang and Rice senior Ann Chou appears in today’s online edition of Chemistry and Biology.
Segatori’s research focuses on the misfolding of proteins, workhorses in the body that determine what cells and organs do and how they do it. Proteins start as chains of amino acids that snap in an instant into distinct configurations, a process that remains one of biology’s great mysteries but one that Segatori and her peers are figuring out, bit by bit.
Proteins often misfold even in the healthiest persons, Segatori said, and cells have an elegant, efficient system for eliminating misfolded proteins and other refuse. But the system can break down.
In Gaucher disease, proteins containing destabilizing mutations misfold and are degraded very quickly. Loss of these proteins, which normally traffic to the lysosome and catalyze the degradation of lipids, results in buildup of these lipids; this can lead to such problems as a malfunctioning liver, enlarged spleen, skeletal disorders, anemia and neurological disorders.
The Rice researchers worked with fibroblasts taken from skin lesions of people with Gaucher. They found that lacidipine enhances the protein-folding mechanism by modulating calcium levels and regulating the movement of signaling calcium ions.
Segatori said impairment of calcium homeostasis further compromises the folding of already destabilized, mutated versions of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GC). Slowing the folding process ever so slightly by regulating calcium stabilizes GC and lets it fold properly and enter the lysosome, where it breaks down lipids.
“If you can force the folding to occur, you can rescue native folding of mutant proteins, which has been shown to lead to restored activity,” Segatori said.
Segatori and Wang hope their work opens the door to possible treatments for neuropathic diseases that will be easier on patients and less expensive than enzyme replacement therapy, which involves injecting recombinant protein. Segatori said lacidipine has three distinct advantages: It is nontoxic to cells, is a small molecule that readily crosses the blood/brain barrier and is approved for use in humans by the Food and Drug Administration.
On the other hand, the researchers have not yet studied the effect of lacidipine on neurons. “We don’t want to say we can cure this disease with calcium blockers, but they are a good tool for research,” Segatori said. “Essentially, we treat cells with this molecule and see if we rescued the protein activity. If we did, we can then work to understand what the molecule actually did to the folding machinery of the cell.”
She also cautioned that calcium blockers might have side effects. “Their response in the cell is quite broad. That’s why I’m hesitant to say that this could be a cure for Gaucher disease. Maybe we’re rescuing the folding of that enzyme, but we don’t know what else we might be doing.”
But the positive implications go beyond Gaucher. “There is possibly an avenue to use calcium blockers to further the study and treatment of other types of misfolding diseases,” Segatori said. “Similar studies have been conducted using calcium blockers in neurons of Parkinson’s patients. The results are highly promising. And there’s also a lot of interest in the correlation between Parkinson’s and Gaucher diseases, because it seems like a lot of people who have Gaucher are at risk for Parkinson’s disease.”
Gaucher disease occurs in about 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 people. Treatment for the more common types of the disease involves enzyme replacement therapy.
Read the abstract at http://www.cell.com/chemistry-biology/abstract/S1074-5521(11)00158-X
Download high-resolution art at
A new study by Rice University researchers shows small molecules that function as calcium blockers, particularly ryanodine and lacidipine, enhance a cell’s protein-folding capacity by restoring calcium homeostasis. They found calcium imbalance leads to misfolding of glucocerebrosidase (GC), which in turn causes an aberrant accumulation of lipids, the root of Gaucher disease. Calcium is regulated by ryanodine (RyaR) and inositol (InsP3) receptors and SERCA pumps on the cell’s endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (Credit Segatori Lab/Rice University)
Rice University graduate student Fan Wang, left, and Professor Laura Segatori found in a new study that a common high blood pressure medication, the calcium channel blocker lacidipine, may be key to finding a treatment for Gaucher disease. (Credit Jeff Fitlow/Rice University)
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| 0.9339 | 1,196 | 2.828125 | 3 |
08 Jan Build a New Water Culture with Rain Gardens
Gather in celebration and honor for our sacred waters and activate the rewilding of your resource footprint.
Current communities are often built around quickly collecting, concentrating, and conveying away any unused water that comes into our land and home. Gaia does the opposite by slowing down water’s flow through holding, dispersion, infiltration, and reuse to maintain healthy ecosystems and their dependence on clean water for life. Learn how visible stormwater infrastructure and water conservation and recycling strategies allow us to live with the land in a way that enhances planetary and societal health simultaneously. While gathering, we will open to the cycles of water on the planet and tincture our focus until we reach one accessible water system that has proven to be simple in its development, yet complex and far-reaching in its benefits ~ a rain garden.
We will explore the ins and outs of a rain garden and how this is used to connect communities together with nature while hosting rippling benefits like increased soil hydration, drought, flood, and fire protection, and native flora and pollinator habitat preservation. Gain hands-on experience with materials and collaboratively create discussion for how to design and construct water conservation strategies that work with your land and lifestyle. Leave empowered to bring forth the new water culture Gaia is dancing into the dawn of existence.
Build a New Water Culture with Rain Gardens will be taught by Apryl Dawn Uncapher.
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| 0.924657 | 295 | 3 | 3 |
- Ardisia crenata is a small shrub that ranges from 2-6 ft. (0.6-1.8 m) in height.
- The evergreen leaves are leathery, dark-green and 4-8 in. (10-20 cm) long.
- The flowers are on stalks. They are small, pink to white in axillary clusters usually drooping beneath the foliage. Blooms develop in the late spring and early summer.
- Fruit are rounded drupes and bright red. Each fruit contains a single seed. The seeds are easily spread by birds and other wildlife.
- Ecological Threat
- Ardisia crenata thrives in shade and deep, rich soil, but can survive in any non-saturated soil. This plant is a native of Southeast Asia and was introduced into Florida as an ornamental around 1900. Readily invades hardwood hammocks and can form dense monocultures in the forest understory. Mature plants are usually surrounded by a blanket of seedlings. It has also been seen to invade scrub, sandhill, mesic flatwoods, hydric hammocks, bottomland forests, maritime ham-mocks, lake shores, and ruderal communities. (Wunderlin and Hansen 2004).
- Global Invasive Species Database. 2011. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission
- University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants
- Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council
- USDA NRCS PLANTS
- USDA ARS GRIN
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Toilet training a puppy is an essential part of owning a dog. It can be a daunting task, but with patience and consistency, it can be done. Understanding the basics of puppy toilet training and how long it takes is essential to success.
Understanding Puppy Toilet Training
Toilet training a puppy involves teaching them to use a designated spot, such as a patch of grass or a litter box, to relieve themselves. Toilet training should start as soon as possible, as puppies learn quickly and are more likely to form good habits early on.
It’s important to remember that puppies have a small bladder and will need to go to the toilet often. Taking them to their designated spot regularly and praising them when they go there will help them to learn quickly. It’s also important to be consistent with the designated spot and never punish them for accidents.
How Long Does it Take?
The amount of time it takes to toilet train a puppy can vary depending on the individual puppy and their learning ability. Generally, it can take anywhere from a few weeks to a few months to toilet train a puppy.
In addition to the designated spot, puppies should be taken out after meals, after playing, and when they wake up from naps. This will give them the opportunity to go to the toilet and will help them learn faster.
It’s also important to remember that puppies need to be taken out on a regular basis, even if they don’t show signs of needing to go. This will help them learn to control their bladder and form good habits.
Toilet training a puppy can be a daunting task, but with patience and consistency, it can be done. Understanding the basics of puppy toilet training and how long it takes is essential to success. With regular trips to the designated spot, praise for good behaviour and consistency, puppy toilet training can be achieved in a few weeks or a few months.
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EOWAVE - Earth Observation of Water and Vegetation
Global warming is expected to amplify the global water cycle, which will lead to an increase the frequency and intensity of storms, floods, and droughts. The negative impact of droughts on vegetation will impact future food security and reduce the efficiency of vegetation as a sink of atmospheric carbon-dioxide, thus further exacerbating global warming. However, climate model predictions are uncertain as the long-term effects of drought on vegetation are only poorly understood due to lack of suited observational data. But the recent release of various long-term satellite-based datasets of soil moisture (produced by CLIMERS) and other climate and vegetation variables has created new avenues. In EOWAVE we will use these datasets to unravel the role of water availability in driving vegetation dynamics and to asses how climate change has affected this relationship. The results will be used to improve state-of-the-art climate models that support the IPCC climate assessments.
The overarching goal of EO-WAVE is to reduce uncertainties in our knowledge on how soil moisture drives vegetation growth over space and time.Using long-term Earth Observation datasets of the water and carbon cycles we will try to address two major scientific challenges: Scientific Challenge 1 (SC1) will seek an answer to the question “How does soil moisture drive vegetation growth?” while Scientific Challenge 2 (SC2) addresses the question “How does climate change affect the relationship between soil moisture and vegetation”?
In particular, the project targets the following objectives:
1. Empirically quantify the effect of drought on vegetation growth.
2. Identify key deficiencies in water-vegetation interaction in state-of-the-art Earth System Models and provide observational support for improving the parameterisation of processes in these models.
3. Identify changes in vegetation dynamics (trends and extremes) over time and quantify the relative role of water availability herein.
A schematic overview of the project structure and tasks is given below.
Recent work: Microwave data for vegetation productivity
Vegetation presents a key feature in our climate system as it affects both water and carbon cycle. Characterising large-scale vegetation dynamics can contribute to understanding complex interactions between plants and their abiotic resources. Monitoring vegetation using microwave satellite observations provides complementary information to the commonly used optical data due to the higher penetration depth of microwave radiation and their sensitivity to the vegetation water content. Therefore, microwave Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD) can be used to analyse water related processes governing vegetation growth. VOD is available from active and passive sensors and from different frequencies in the microwave domain, for vegetation monitoring most notably L-, C-, X-, and Ku-band. The sensitivity of VOD to the vegetation cover varies with frequency and sensor type. Thus, a comparison of multiple VOD datasets with respect to the targeted vegetation properties is necessary to make full use of microwave satellite observations for describing large-scale ecosystem dynamics.
CLIMERS members involved
- Wouter Dorigo (scientific lead)
- Irene Teubner (research scientist)
- Matthias Forkel (research scientist)
Results and publications
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| 0.89396 | 650 | 3.015625 | 3 |
By the summer of 1917 the British had learnt valuable lessons from the disastrous Somme campaign, and were much better prepared:
- Troops had more shells and ammunition to destroy enemy positions
- Shells were fired ahead of advancing troops to protect them from enemy fire
- The target area was smaller and needed fewer troops to capture it
- Soldiers crawled out at night to cut the German barbed wire barrier
On the first day of the3rd Battle Ypres, 7th June 1917, the British exploded 19 huge mines under the German lines along the Messines Ridge, 10,000 German soldiers died instantly and many more were badly wounded. The explosions could be heard in London.
Gunner Hemmings of Eaton Socon saw the mines exploded and fought in the battle that followed. Private Roberts of Little Paxton wrote to explain how conditions on the battlefield had deteriorated when heavy rain fell and Harry Gilbert of Abbotsley said there was nothing to hear but ‘the din of the guns, enough to send you off your head’.
Letter form Private H. Roberts, St Neots Advertiser, 17th August 1917
Letter from harry Gilbert of Abbotsley, St Neots Advertiser, 17th August 1917
Chateau Wood, Passchendaele, France, 29th October 1917
St Neots Advertiser report, 31st August 1917
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GUITAR CHORDS AND SCALES
Guitar Chords & Scales
54 in stock
This book for both acoustic and electric guitarists is designed to be a handy guide to the two most important components of playing: chords and scales. More than just a reference, it will also help you understand howchords and scales are created, named and used, and how they are related to each other. Includes over 1,400 chord diagrams; major, minor, pentat onic, blues and diminished scales; and modes. Teaches how to understand intervals and build major, minor, augmented, diminished and extended chords.
|Dimensions||30.4 × 22.8 × 0.4 cm|
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en
| 0.917396 | 148 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Acceleration is defined as the rate of velocity change. It is a measure of how fast the velocity change.
- Acceleration is a vector quantity.
- The unit of acceleration is ms-2.
- An object moving with a velocity that is decreasing is said to be experiencing deceleration.
Positive and Negative Sign of Acceleration
- Acceleration is a vector quantity, its sign (positive or negative) is determined by
- its direction
- rate of change of the speed
- If the speed of an object is increasing, the rate of change of the speed is positive, and if the speed of an object is decreasing, the rate of change of the speed is negative.
- The table below shows the positive/negative sign of acceleration related to the direction and rate of change of speed.
- When both the direction and change of speed are positive, the acceleration is positive.
- When the direction is positive and the change of speed is negative (speed decrease), then the acceleration is negative. This is equivalent to deceleration.
- When the direction is negative and the change of speed is positive (speed increase), then the acceleration is also negative. Since the speed increase, hence this is not deceleration.
- When both the direction and change of speed are negative, the acceleration is positive.
- An object that experiences changes in velocity is said to have acceleration.
- Changes of velocity can be
- change of speed
- change of direction
- An object travelling with a constant acceleration, a, if the velocity changes at a constant rate.
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en
| 0.919129 | 337 | 4.125 | 4 |
Paraneoplastic syndromes (PS) are rare disorders triggered by the immune system's response to cancer cells, or by remote effects of tumor-derived factors. These syndromes are believed to occur when cancer-fighting anti-bodies or white blood cells, known as T-cells, mistakenly attack normal body cells. These disorders typically affect middle-aged to older people and are most common in patients with lung, ovarian, lymphatic, or breast cancer.
Paraneoplastic syndromes are defined as clinical syndromes involving non-cancerous effects in the body that accompany malignant disease, and can affect any part of the nervous system from the cerebral cortex to peripheral nerves and muscles. In a broad sense, these syndromes are collections of symptoms that result from substances produced by the tumor, occurring far away from the tumor itself. When a tumor arises, the body may produce antibodies to fight it, by binding to and helping in the destruction of tumor cells. Unfortunately, in some cases, these antibodies cross-react with normal tissues and destroy them, which may stimulate the onset of PS. However, not all PS are associated with such antibodies.
Neurological symptoms generally develop over a period of days to weeks, and usually occur prior to the discovery of cancer, which can complicate diagnosis. In these cases, additional information should raise the possibility that the patient may have a hidden cancer and that neurological symptoms could be paraneoplastic. Symptoms include fatigue , weakness, muscular pain in upper arms, difficulty walking, burning, numbness or tingling sensations in the limbs (peripheral paresthesia), dry mouth, sexual function difficulty, and drooping eyelids.
Neurological signs may include dementia with or without brain stem signs, rapid and irregular eye movements, and ophthalmoplegia (weakness or paralysis in muscles that move the eye). Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system include: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), stiff person syndrome (SPS), encephalomyelitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), myasthenia gravis (MG), cerebellar degeneration (CD), limbic and/or brain stem encephalitis, neuromyotonia, opsoclonus myoclonus (OM), and sensory neuropathy.
Most paraneoplastic syndromes are rare, affecting less than 1% of persons with cancer. Exceptions include LEMS, which affects about 3% of patients with small-cell lung cancer; MG, which affects about 15% of persons with thymoma; and demyelinating peripheral neuropathy , which affects about 50% of patients with the rare osteosclerotic form of plasmacytoma. No race, age, or sex preference has been reported.
Causes and symptoms
Most or all paraneoplastic syndromes are activated by the body's immune system. In response to a tumor, the immune system produces an antigen that is normally expressed exclusively in the nervous system. The tumor antigen is identical to the normal antigen, but for unknown reasons the immune system identifies it as foreign and mounts an immune response.
In general (although not always), PS develops in an acute or subacute fashion, over days or weeks. Symptoms may include difficulty in walking and/or swallowing, loss of muscle tone, loss of fine motor coordination, slurred speech, memory loss, vision problems, sleep disturbances, dementia, seizures , sensory loss in the limbs, and vertigo. The nervous system disability is usually severe.
Currently, paraneoplastic syndromes are diagnosed using two different technologies in testing blood. Blood testing with western blot using recombinant human antigens is a highly specific method; it can clearly distinguish between different paraneoplastic antibodies. Immunohistochemistry can detect paraneoplastic antibodies in blood serum, providing a general diagnosis, but cannot distinguish between the different PS antibodies.
The physician should search for cancer using the most sensitive technology available, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a fluorodeoxyglucose body positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
Due to the many manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes, PS should be evaluated clinically by a coordinated team of doctors, including medical oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, endocrinologists, hematologists, neurologists, and dermatologists.
Because PS are considered to be immune-mediated disorders, two treatment approaches have been used: removal of the source of the antigen by treatment of the underlying tumor, and suppression of the immune response. For many PS, the first approach is the only effective treatment. In the LEMS and MG, plasma exchange or intravenous immune globulin is usually effective in suppressing the immune response.
Physicians often also prescribe a combination of either plasma exchange or intravenous immune globulin and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or tacrolimus. For most paraneoplastic syndromes, immunotherapy is not effective.
Recovery and rehabilitation
Some disorders such as the LEMS and MG respond well to immunosuppressant drugs and to treatment of the underlying tumor. The peripheral neuropathy associated with osteosclerotic myeloma generally resolves when the tumor is treated with radiotherapy. A few disorders may respond to treatment of the underlying tumor, immuno-suppression, or both, or they may resolve spontaneously. In many instances, it is not clear whether the PS resolve spontaneously or in response to treatment. Disorders involving the central nervous system , such as encephalomyelitis associated with cancer or paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, usually respond poorly to treatment, although they may stabilize when the underlying tumor is treated.
As of mid-2004, the numerous clinical trials recruiting participants for the study and treatment of paraneo-plastic syndromes include:
- Interferon and Octreotide to Treat Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome and Advanced Non-B Islet Cell Cancer
- Evaluating Pancreatic Tumors in Patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
- Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
- The Use of Oral Omeprazole and Intravenous Pantoprazole in Patients with Hypersecretion of Gastric Acid
Updates information on these and other ongoing trials can be found at the National Institutes of Health web-site for clinical trials at <http://www.clinicaltrials.gov>.
The prognosis for persons with paraneoplastic syndromes depends on the specific type of PS, and the progression of the underlying cancer. LEMS and MG are neuromuscular junction diseases, which can recover function once the causal insult is removed, because there is no neuronal loss. Disorders such as CD are usually associated with neuronal damage, and because they evolve subacutely and treatment is often delayed, neurons die, making recovery much more difficult. Some central nervous system disorders such as OM may not involve cellular loss and, thus, patients with these disorders, like those with LEMS, have the potential for recovery.
It is important that caregivers for those with paraneo-plastic syndromes receive adequate support. The disorder typically emerges suddenly and without warning. The neurological manifestations of PS are complex and often require 24-hour patient care. Many caregivers will require quick access to information on caring for a disabled person. This includes information on social security benefits, insurance coverage, handicapped license plates, evaluations for physical therapy; medical equipment such as hospital beds, ultra-light wheelchairs, handheld showerheads, and home healthcare and visiting nurses; and social workers and other support services.
Ruter, U., et al. Paraneoplastic Syndromes. Basel: S. Karger Publishing, 1998.
Robert, B. D., and P. B. Jerome. "Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involving the Nervous System." New England Journal of Medicine 349 (2003): 1543–1554.
Sutton, I., and J. B. Winer. "The Immunopathogenesis of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes." Clinical Science 102 (2002): 475–486.
"NINDS Paraneoplastic Syndromes Information Page." National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. May 1, 2004 (June 2, 2004). <http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/paraneoplastic.htm>.
Santacroce, Luigi. "Paraneoplastic Syndromes." eMedicine. May 1, 2004 (June 2, 2004). <http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1747.htm>.
Francisco de Paula Careta
Iuri Drumond Louro, MD, PhD
Paraneoplastic syndromes are rare disorders caused by substances that are secreted by a benign tumor, a malignant (cancerous) tumor, or a malignant tumor's metastases. The disturbances caused by paraneoplastic syndromes occur in body organs at sites that are distant or remote from the primary or metastatic tumors. Body systems that may be affected by paraneoplastic syndromes include neurological, endocrine, cutaneous, renal, hematologic, gastrointestinal, and other systems. The most common manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes are cutaneous, neurologic, and endocrine disorders. An example of a cutaneous paraneoplastic disorder are telangiectasias, which can be caused by breast cancer and lymphomas. Eaton-Lambert syndrome is a neurologic paraneoplastic syndrome that can be caused by a variety of tumors including small cell lung cancer, lymphoma , breast, colon and other cancers. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is an endocrine paraneoplastic syndrome, which is seen in as many as 40% of patients diagnosed with small cell lung cancer.
Approximately 15% of patients already have a paraneoplastic disorder at the time of initial diagnosis with cancer. As many as 50% of all cancer patients will develop a paraneoplastic syndrome at some time during the course of their disease. Some clinicians categorize the anorexia , cachexia, and fever which occur as a result of cancer as metabolic paraneoplastic syndromes. Virtually all patients diagnosed with cancer are affected by at least one of these metabolic paraneoplastic syndromes.
Paraneoplastic syndromes can occur with any type of malignancy. However, they occur most frequently with lung cancer, specifically small-cell lung carcinoma . Other types of cancer that commonly cause paraneoplastic syndromes are breast cancer and stomach cancer . With the exception of Wilms' tumor and neuroblastoma , paraneoplastic syndromes do not usually occur in children diagnosed with cancer.
In general, paraneoplastic syndromes may be present in the patient before a diagnosis of cancer is made, or, as stated earlier, may be present at the time the patient is first diagnosed with cancer. Most paraneoplastic syndromes appear in the later stages of the disease. Frequently, the presence of a paraneoplastic syndrome is associated with a poor prognosis. Paraneoplastic syndromes are difficult to diagnose and are often misdiagnosed. Some paraneoplastic syndromes may be confused with metatastic disease or spread of the cancer. The presence of the syndrome may be the only indication that a patient has a malignancy or that a malignancy has recurred. Paraneoplastic syndromes may be useful as clinical indicators to evaluate the response of the primary cancer to the treatment. Resolution of the paraneoplastic syndrome can be correlated with tumor response to treatment. That is, if the paraneoplastic syndrome resolves, the tumor has usually responded to the treatment.
Paraneoplastic syndromes occur when the primary or original tumor secretes substances such as hormones, proteins, growth factors, cytokines, and antibodies. The substances are referred to as mediators. These mediators have effects at remote or distant body organs, which are termed target organs. Mediators interfere with communication between cells in the body. This miscommunication results in abnormal or increased activity of the cell's normal function. For example, a lung tumor may cause the paraneoplastic syndrome, ectopic Cushing's syndrome , which is the result of abnormal functioning of the pituitary gland located in the brain. In this example, the lung cancer is the primary tumor and the pituitary gland is the target organ. Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome is caused by overproduction of the mediator, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
There are usually two approaches taken in the treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes. The first step is treatment of the cancer that is causing the syndrome. This treatment can be surgery, administration of chemotherapy , biotherapy, radiation therapy , or a combination of these therapies. The next approach is to suppress the substance or mediator causing the paraneoplastic syndrome. Often treatment targeted to the underlying cancer and to the paraneoplastic syndrome occur at the same time. However, even with treatment, irreversible damage to the target organ can occur.
Selected Paraneoplastic Syndromes
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (SIADH).
SIADH is a common paraneoplastic syndrome that affects the endocrine system. This syndrome is most often associated with small-cell lung cancer; however, other cancers such as brain tumors, leukemia, lymphoma, colon, prostate, and head and neck cancers can lead to SIADH. SIADH is caused by the inappropriate production and secretion of arginine vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by tumor cells. Patients with SIADH may not have symptoms, especially in the early stages. When symptoms do occur they are usually related to hyponatremia, which leads to central nervous system toxicity if left untreated. Signs and symptoms associated with hyponatremia include fatigue , anorexia, headache and mild alteration in mental status in early stages. If SIADH remains untreated, symptoms can progress to confusion, delirium, seizures, coma, and death. Treatment approaches for SIADH are to treat the underlying tumor and restriction of fluids. More severe cases may require the administration of medications.
EATON-LAMBERT SYNDROME (ELS).
ELS has been associated with a number of cancers including small cell lung cancer, lymphoma, breast, stomach, colon, and prostate cancers. Potential mediators associated with paraneoplastic ELS are antibodies that interfere with release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. This interference prevents the flow of calcium, which results in decreased or absent impulse transmission to muscle. The disruption in muscular impulse transmission leads to mild symptoms including weakness in the legs and thighs, muscle aches, muscle stiffness, and muscle fatigue. Treatment of ELS includes administration of corticosteroids , intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasma-pheresis. Depending on the extent of damage, irreversible loss of function may occur even with treatment.
ECTOPIC CUSHING'S SYNDROME.
Cushing's Syndrome is most often associated with small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer , and medullary cancers of the thyroid. ACTH precursors are activated by tumor cells that results in overproduction of ACTH by the pituitary gland. Signs and symptoms of ectopic Cushing's Syndrome include hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, edema, muscle weakness, and weight loss . The primary approach to treating ectopic Cushing's Syndrome is to treat the underlying cancer. In early stages, surgery is the treatment of choice. However, surgery is not usually an option for patients diagnosed with small-cell cancer of the lung. If the tumor is unable to be removed or controlled, or if the patient has severe symptoms, then treatment targeted to the syndrome is initiated. Medical therapy is usually focused on inhibiting cortisol production and involves the use of medications such as ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide .
Block, J. B. "Paraneoplastic Syndromes" In Cancer Treatment, edited by J. S. Berek. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995, pp. 245-264.
John, W. J., K. A. Foon, and R. A. Patchell. "Paraneoplastic Syndromes" In Cancer: Principles and Practice, edited by V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman, and S. A. Rosenberg. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997, pp. 2, 397-2, 422.
Midthun, D. E., and J. R. Jett. "Clinical Presentation of Lung Cancer" In Lung Cancer: Principles and Practice, edited by H. I. Pass, J. B. Mitchell, D. H. Johnson, and A. T. Tau ris. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996, pp. 421-435.
Nathensen, L. and T. C. Hall. "Introduction: Paraneoplastic Syndrome." Seminars in Oncology (1997): 265-268.
Zumsteg, M. M. and D. S. Casperson. "Paraneoplastic Syn dromes in Metastatic Disease." Seminars in Oncology Nursing (1998): 220-229.
"Neoplastic and Paraneoplastic Syndromes." Lung Cancer Online 1999-2001. Lung Cancer Online. 3 April 2001. 27 June 2001. <http://www.lungcanceronline.org/syndrom.html>.
"10 Most Commonly Asked Questions about Paraneoplastic Syndromes." Williams and Wilkins 1998. 3 April 2001. 27 June 2001. <http://www.wwilkins.com/theneurologist/articles/paraneoplastic.html>.
Melinda Granger Oberleitner, RN, DNS
—Loss of appetite.
—Severe malnutrition, emaciation, muscle wasting and debility associated with the inability to absorb the nutritional value of food eaten.
—Disorders affecting the skin.
—Decreased levels of the electrolyte potassium in the blood.
—Decreased levels of the electrolyte sodium in the blood.
—Tumors which originate from the primary or original tumor at distant locations in the body; secondary tumors.
—Disorders affecting the nervous system.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone production (SIADH) is a condition in which the body develops an excess of water and a decrease in sodium (salt) concentration, as a result of improper chemical signals. Patients with SIADH may become severely ill, or may have no symptoms at all.
A syndrome is a collection of symptoms and physical signs that together follow a pattern. SIADH is one of the paraneoplastic syndromes , in which a cancer leads to widespread ill effects due to more than just the direct presence of tumor.
The body normally maintains very tight control over its total amount of water and its concentration of sodium. Many organs including the kidneys, heart, and the adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands participate in this regulation. One important contribution is the release of a chemical substance, or hormone, by the pituitary gland into the bloodstream. This chemical substance, called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is also known as arginine vasopressin, or AVP.
The pituitary releases ADH into the bloodstream when receptors in various organs detect that the body has too little water or too high a concentration of salt. ADH then affects the way the kidneys control water and salt balance. ADH causes the kidneys to decrease their output of urine. The body thus saves water by undergoing antidiuresis, that is, not excreting urine.
Simultaneously, the concentration of sodium in the body serum decreases. This decrease results from a second effect of ADH on the kidneys. When the kidneys retain extra water, the existing concentration of sodium in the body decreases slightly as a result of dilution. These functions are all part of the body's extremely precise control over water and salt balance in health.
Abnormal physiology in SIADH
Certain disease states can upset the delicate balance of water and salt in the body. If there is too much ADH in the body, or if the kidneys overreact to the ADH they receive, the body retains excess water and the serum sodium concentration becomes diluted and falls to abnormal levels. The patient with SIADH develops symptoms based on the degree of abnormality in the serum sodium concentration and the speed with which this concentration falls.
Normal serum sodium concentration is 135-145 mEq/L (milliEquivalents of sodium per liter of body fluid). When the sodium concentration is 125-135 mEq/L the patient may have mild nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue , headache, or still remain free of symptoms. As the sodium level drops below 120 mEq/L, the patient experiences greater weakness, confusion, sleepiness, vomiting, and weight gain. As the sodium concentration approaches 110 mEq/L, the patient may suffer seizures, coma, and death.
SIADH has many known causes, some of which particularly relate to cancer or its treatment. These causes include specific types of cancer, drugs used to treat cancer itself, drugs used to treat the effects of cancer, and conditions that arise as a consequence of cancer or its treatment.
Specific types of cancer
SIADH results from numerous different types of cancer. The malignancies known to cause SIADH include:
- Lung cancer, small cell type
- Gastrointestinal cancers (pancreatic cancer, exocrine ; duodenal or stomach cancer )
- Genitourinary cancer (bladder cancer , prostate cancer , ovarian cancer)
- Lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease
- Head and neck cancers (oral cancers , laryngeal cancer , nasopharyngeal cancer )
- Brain and central nervous system tumors
- Breast cancer
Certain cancers produce and secrete ADH themselves. This production occurs without regard for the needs of the body. Thus, the kidneys receive repeated signals to save water, even when the body already has a marked excess of fluid. Of all the types of cancer that produce ADH themselves, small cell lung cancer is by far the most common. Small cell cancer of the lung is the cause in 75% of cases of SIADH caused directly by a tumor. In some cases, the appearance of SIADH may be the first indication that a cancer exists.
Also, primary or metastatic tumors in the brain may lead to SIADH. SIADH here results from an increase in intracranial pressure (pressure within the head), or from other effects of intracranial disease on the brain. Increased intracranial pressure commonly causes various parts of the brain to work improperly.
Drugs used to treat cancer itself
A variety of drugs used in cancer treatment may lead to SIADH. The mechanism of this effect may be that the drug causes the abnormal release of ADH, or that the drug makes existing ADH work in a stronger fashion than usual. Chemotherapy drugs that cause SIADH include:
- Vincristine , vinblastine , vinorelbine and other vinca alkaloids (Oncovin, Velban, Navelbine)
- Cyclophosphamide , ifosfamide , melphalan and other nitrogen mustards (Cytoxan, Ifex, Alkeran)
- Cisplatin (Platinol-AQ)
- Levamisole (Ergamisol)
Drugs used to treat the effects of cancer
SIADH may occur as a reaction to drugs used to treat effects of cancer such as pain, depression , or seizures. SIADH also may result from general anesthesia.
- Narcotic pain medications (morphine, Oramorph SR, fentanyl, Duragesic)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline , Elavil)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
- General anesthetics
Conditions that arise as a consequence of cancer
SIADH may result from some of the debilitating consequences of cancer. For example, a person with cancer who is weak or unsteady will have a tendency to fall and hit the head. Skull fracture and other types of head injury may damage the brain or increase the intracranial pressure, and thus lead to SIADH.
Also, cancer patients who are weak, malnourished, receiving chemotherapy, or spending excessive time in bed have an increased risk of pneumonia and other infections. Infections including pneumonia, meningitis, and tuberculosis can cause SIADH.
The treatment of SIADH involves relief of the urgent symptoms and correction of the underlying problem. For immediate improvement, all patients with SIADH require sharp restriction of their daily water intake. As little as two cups of liquid, about 500 ml, may be the daily limit for some patients. In cases where the sodium concentration is already dangerously low, doctors may cautiously give an intravenous infusion of fluid with a high concentration of sodium (hypertonic saline solution). However, this treatment carries some risk of damaging the brain. Physicians may also use a medicine such as furosemide (Lasix) that promotes water excretion (diuresis). Another drug, demeclocycline , blocks the action of ADH in the kidney.
The most definitive way to relieve SIADH is to address the underlying problem itself. Thus, if a tumor produces abnormal ADH, then surgery, radiation therapy , or chemotherapy may help by reducing tumor size. If SIADH results from use of a drug, then the patient must discontinue the medicine. Finally, doctors try to identify and treat any other correctable cause, such as an infection.
The prognosis of SIADH depends largely on its cause. Until recently, many physicians believed that the appearance of SIADH indicated a poor prognosis for cancer. However, more recent reports contradict this idea. The patient's ability to observe severe restriction of fluid intake may determine the degree of ongoing symptoms. SIADH usually improves after stopping a drug or curing an infection when that is the cause. When cancer is the direct cause of SIADH, one hopes for similar improvement of SIADH from treatments that reduce the amount of cancer in the body.
DeVita, Vincent T. Jr., Samuel Hellman, and Steven A. Rosen berg, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
Fauci, Anthony S., et al., ed. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
Kenneth J. Berniker, M.D.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
—A chemical hormonal signal sent by the pituitary gland to the kidneys through the bloodstream, telling the kidneys to conserve water in the body.
—The excretion of urine.
—A chemical signal released into the bloodstream that affects one or more other organs.
Hypertonic saline solution
—Fluid that contains salt in a concentration higher than that of healthy blood.
—Within the head.
—A small organ, located at the base of the brain, that regulates many body functions.
—Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone production
—The clear yellowish liquid part of whole blood, after it is separated into solid and liquid components. It may be found within the vascular system or in body tissue itself.
—A collection of symptoms and physical signs that together follow a pattern.
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With the ever-expanding list of effective prescriptions doctors can use, it can be challenging to determine which drugs do what. Additionally, many of the well-known drugs often sound the same. Amphetamines and methamphetamine are closely grouped but hold several differences. However, both drugs are addictive and dangerous. Meth addiction treatment helps people who find themselves in the grips of severe drug addiction and may not have anywhere else to turn.
If you or a loved one is struggling with an addiction, there is no better time to find help than now. The team at The Arbor knows how important it is to find evidence-based, effective therapies no matter where you are on the road to recovery. Your success in sobriety is our number one priority.
What Is an Amphetamine?
Amphetamines are a type of drug that stimulates the body. They work by increasing the activity of certain chemicals in the brain.
Doctors often use these drugs to treat conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. They are also sometimes used to help people lose weight or stay awake for long periods.
Some of the most popular prescription amphetamines include Adderall and Ritalin. While many people find relief for their symptoms from these drugs, they may still become addicted to them.
What Is Methamphetamine?
Methamphetamine is a type of amphetamine. It is a powerful stimulant that can have dangerous effects on the body.
People most often use it as a recreational drug. It can be smoked, injected, or snorted. People who use it experience an intense feeling of euphoria. However, meth also has many serious risks, including addiction, psychosis, and death.
The Difference Between Amphetamines and Methamphetamine
Amphetamines and methamphetamine are both stimulants. They work by increasing the activity of certain chemicals in the brain. However, there are some key differences between these two drugs.
- Potency – Methamphetamine is more potent than amphetamine. This potency means that it can have stronger effects on the body.
- Addiction risk – Meth is also more likely to lead to addiction and other serious health problems. Therefore, it is generally considered more dangerous than amphetamine.
- Approved use – While a limited number of approved medications include small doses of meth, doctors do not use it widely. Nearly all meth use in the country is illegal and involves drugs made on the street.
Amphetamines are also sometimes used recreationally. However, they are not as popular as methamphetamine for this purpose. This limited usage is because amphetamines tend to have weaker effects than methamphetamine.
If you or someone you know is using either of these drugs, getting help as soon as possible is essential. Both drugs can be extremely harmful, and the risks of using them outweigh the rewards.
Signs of Addiction: Amphetamines vs. Methamphetamine
Using either amphetamines or methamphetamine can lead to addiction. However, the signs of addiction often look similar for either type of drug.
Common signs of addiction include:
- Taking the drug more often or in higher doses than intended
- Struggling to control or reduce use
- Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the drug
- Giving up important activities in favor of drug use
- Continuing to use despite problems caused by the drug
If you or someone you love is showing signs of addiction, getting help as soon as possible is important. Addiction is a serious condition that can lead to many health problems. It can also be difficult to overcome without treatment.
Addiction Treatment in Texas
If you or someone you know is struggling with addiction, the team at Arbor Behavioral Healthcare can help. We offer a variety of treatment options, including inpatient and outpatient programs. Our goal is to help you overcome addiction and regain control of your life.
No matter what your situation may be, we are here to help. Contact us today by calling 844.413.2690 to get started.
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Are Organic Foods Really Healthier?
A new study questions whether organic foods will keep you healthier than conventionally grown ones. What does it mean for you?
Organic Food and Your Body
First, it helps to understand the research. After looking at over 200 previous studies, here’s what the scientists found out about:
- Nutritional Value: The study revealed that there’s not much difference between conventionally grown foods and natural organic foods—other than a few exceptions, like higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids in organic milk.
- Pesticides: Organic produce is 30 percent less likely to be contaminated by synthetic pesticides than conventionally grown produce.
- “Superbugs:” Organic meats like chicken and pork are less likely to harbor “superbugs”—that is, bacteria that are immune to several types of antibiotics, making it more difficult treat infections in both animals and people.
So what does that mean? Should you shell out for organic foods?
For some, especially those with children, fewer pesticides and superbugs may make it worth it. Then again, it’s rare for any produce to have pesticide levels that exceed government safety limits—so it’s not clear if buying organic to limit your exposure to a small amount of pesticides has any benefits.
And for consumers looking to boost their health through better nutrition, the fact that natural organic foods don’t appear to have more vitamins, minerals, and nutrients is pretty straightforward—and no surprise to New York University professor Marion Nestle, Ph.D, M.P.H., who says organics have always been about the environment.
“Organics is about production methods free of certain chemical pesticides, herbicides, irradiation, GMOs [genetically modified organisms], and sewage sludge,” she said. “The only reason for organics to be about nutrition is marketing.”
Leave it to marketers to save the planet … but at what price? Sales of natural organic foods in the U.S. topped $26.7 billion in 2010, fueled in part by consumers in search of healthier food.
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As the coronavirus continues to spread throughout the United States and the world, fear and concern are at an all-time high, as is misinformation about the signs/symptoms, transmission, and treatment of this new and highly contagious disease. Following, Reginald Blaber, MD, executive vice president and chief clinical officer for the Virtua Health System in south Jersey, helps dispel some of the most common myths currently circulating about COVID-19:
Myth: Young adults don’t need to be worried about getting the virus.
The facts: “When the coronavirus took hold in China, information from that outbreak indicated that younger people were less likely to get seriously ill and less likely to die from the virus; the concern then was more about young adults becoming infected with the virus and potentially spreading it to others, particularly the elderly, who are more likely to become very sick and possibly die,” said Dr. Blaber of initial reports, which suggested that younger individuals played more the role of ‘carriers’ of the disease. “In the U.S., however, younger adults are currently making up a significant portion of coronavirus hospitalizations, with data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicating that about 40% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients are between the ages of 20 and 54,” he said. “While the risk of dying is still higher in older people, younger people are strongly advised to practice social distancing in order to stop the spread of the virus among their age group and to the older population.”
Myth: It’s unsafe to donate blood during this time.
The facts: Studies confirm that the coronavirus doesn’t pose any risks to blood donors. “Blood donation technicians adhere to recommendations by the CDC, which include washing their hands, wearing gloves and cleaning all work surfaces and patient donation areas,” Dr. Blaber said. “Understandably, the Red Cross has taken additional measures to ensure the safety of its donors and recipients, including donor temperature screenings, additional screening questions and social distancing, among other tactics.”
Myth: If you can successfully take a deep breath and hold it for more than 10 seconds without coughing or discomfort, it proves that you’re not infected with COVID-19.
The facts: Dr. Blaber confirmed that an acute viral infection can make it difficult to take a deep breath without coughing. “However, the ability to hold your breath without coughing or discomfort is not an indication that you’re COVID-19-free,” he said. “The only way to definitively identify a COVID-19 infection is to undergo the approved test.” This is particularly true given the fact that the incubation period of the coronavirus can be from two to 14 days from the time of exposure and those who test positive for the disease may be asymptomatic for much of that time.
Myth: Drinking water every 15 minutes will protect you from the coronavirus because the water will wash the virus into the stomach, effectively killing it by way of stomach acid.
The facts: “Although this idea is circulating throughout social media, there’s no evidence that this practice helps combat any of the common viruses that infect people, including the coronavirus,” Dr. Blaber said.
Myth: Making a homemade hand sanitizer should be a top priority.
The facts: While hand sanitizer is currently in short supply in many stores, “the best way to avoid any germs is to thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water often throughout the day,” Dr. Blaber said. “Soap is extremely effective based on its ability to successfully break down lipids in the virus membrane; as a result, the use of hand sanitizers as a hand-washing agent isn’t as strong an option and shouldn’t be relied upon as a regular substitute. Since everyone should be staying home as much as possible right now,” he added, “a sink and soap should always be accessible and be a go-to practice.
Myth: COVID-19 is like having the seasonal flu.
The Facts: “While it’s true that many of the symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to the flu, such as a fever or cough, medical experts have researched and treated the flu for more than a century,” Dr. Blaber said. By contrast, “the novel coronavirus is largely unknown, CDC data reveals that it’s not only more contagious but has a mortality rate over 10 times greater than the flu, and certain aspects of coronavirus’ behavior are still somewhat unclear. In light of that, people shouldn’t make assumptions or self-diagnose,” he said. “If you’re ill and believe you need medical care, contact your primary care physician immediately.”
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Rawhide is animal hide that has not been tanned. When animal hide is removed very soon after the animal's death it is called "green hide." This is the best hide from which to make rawhide. The process of making rawhide requires cleaning the hide and removing the hair. The skin is scraped, soaked and stretched as it dries. Among many uses, rawhide can be used to make laces, saddles, cattle or horse tools, and drum skins. Here are a few steps that will come in handy when working on this interesting project.
Things You'll Need
- Heavy shears
- Keen-edged knife
- Saddle soap
- Post or sawhorse
Find an area that will be shaded for about two hours. Pull the hide outward from the center to stake it properly. In two hours, the green hide will transform to rawhide. The hide will be stiff, which makes it easier to work with.
Cut off any hanging flesh. Cut the hide into an oval or round shape. Remove all projecting areas, such as the legs or neck.
Cut the disc-shaped hide in one continuous strip that is about 2 1/2 inches in width. Scissor around the disc until you reach the center. At thinner areas, make the strip wider. When the strip dries, it will shrink by about 1/3. If you have trouble cutting, dampen the hide.
Tie or otherwise attach one end of the strip to a post. Pull the strip tight, section by section. Using a sharp-edged knife, strip off the hair, holding the blade nearly flat against the hide. Be careful not to cut the top skin (scarf skin). This is what gives rawhide strength.
Stretch the rawhide between two posts or tress in total shade. Allow to dry for five days. When dried, you can cut it into smaller strips.
Bevel the strings on the hair side to keep the strings from curling. If you want to soften the rawhide, rub well with saddle soap or yellow laundry soap, working the strips against a post or sawhorse.
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Sensation. The psychological function that perceives immediate reality through the physical senses. (Compare intuition.)
An attitude that seeks to do justice to the unconscious as well as to one's fellow human beings cannot possibly rest on knowledge alone, in so far as this consists merely of thinking and intuition. It would lack the function that perceives values, i.e., feeling, as well as the fonction du rel, i.e., sensation, the sensible perception of reality. ["the Psychology of the Transference,"CW16, par.486.]
In Jung's model of typology, sensation, like intuition, is an irrational function. It perceives concrete facts, with no judgment of what they mean or what they are worth.
Sensation must be strictly differentiated from feeling, since the latter is an entirely different process, although it may associate itself with sensation as "feeling-tone." Sensation is related not only to external stimuli but to inner ones, i.e., to changes in the internal organic processes.[Definitions,"CW6, par. 792.]
Jung also distinguished between sensuous or concrete sensation and abstract sensation.
Concrete sensation never appears in "pure" form, but is always mix-ed up with ideas, feelings, thoughts. . . . The concrete sensation of a flower . . . conveys a perception not only of the flower as such, but also of the stem, leaves, habitat, and so on. It is also instantly mingled with feeling of pleasure or dislike which the sight of the flower evokes, or with simultaneous olfactory perceptions, or with thoughts about its botanical classification, etc. But abstract sensation immediately picks out the most salient sensuous attribute of the flower, its brilliant redness, for instance, and makes this the sole or at least the principle content of consciousness, entirely detached from all other admixtures. Abstract sensation is found chiefly among artists. Like every abstraction, it is a product of functional differentiation.[Ibid, par. 794.]
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Thousands of never-before-seen genetic variants in the human genome have been uncovered using a new genome sequencing technology. The findings, published this week in the journal Nature, close many important gaps in human genome mapping that have long resisted sequencing.
The technique, called single-molecule, real-time DNA sequencing (SMRT), may now make it possible for researchers to identify potential genetic mutations behind many conditions whose genetic causes have long eluded scientists, said Dr. Evan Eichler, professor of genome sciences at the University of Washington, who led the team that conducted the study.
“We now have access to a whole new realm of genetic variation that was opaque to us before,” Dr. Eichler said.
To date, scientists have been able to identify the genetic causes of only about half of inherited conditions. This puzzle has been called the “missing heritability problem.” One reason for this problem may be that standard genome sequencing technologies cannot map many parts of the genome precisely. These approaches map genomes by aligning hundreds of millions of small, overlapping snippets of DNA, typically about 100 bases long, and then analyzing their DNA sequences to construct a map of the genome.
This approach has successfully pinpointed millions of small variations in the human genome. These variations arise from substitution of a single nucleotide base, called a single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNP. The standard approach also made it possible to identify very large variations, typically involving segments of DNA that are 5,000 bases long or longer. But for technical reasons, scientists had previously not been able to reliably detect variations whose lengths are in between — those ranging from about 50 to 5,000 bases in length.
The SMRT technology used in the new study makes it possible to sequence and read DNA segments longer than 5,000 bases, far longer than standard gene sequencing technology.
This “long-read” technique, developed by Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. of Menlo Park, Calif., allowed the researchers to create a much higher resolution structural variation map of the genome than has previously been achieved. Dr. Mark Chaisson, a postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Eichler’s lab and lead author on the study, developed the method that made it possible to detect structural variants at the base pair resolution using this data.
To simplify their analysis, the researchers used the genome from a hydatidiform mole, an abnormal growth caused when a sperm fertilizes an egg that lacks the DNA from the mother. The fact that mole genome contains only one copy of each gene, instead of the two copies that exist in a normal cell simplifies the search for genetic variation.
More than 50% of euchrmatic gaps closed or narrowed
Using the new approach in the hydatidiform genome, the researchers were able to identify and sequence 26,079 segments that were different from a standard human reference genome used in genome research. Most of these variants, about 22,000, have never been reported before, Dr. Eichler said. “These findings suggest that there is a lot of variation we are missing,” he said.
The technique also allowed Dr. Eichler and his colleagues to map some of the more than 160 segments of the genome, called euchromatic gaps, that have defied previous sequencing attempts. Their efforts closed 50 of the gaps and narrowed 40 others.
The gaps include some important sequences, Dr. Eichler said, including parts of genes and regulatory elements that help control gene expression. Some of the DNA segments within the gaps show signatures that are known to be toxic to E. coli, the bacteria that is commonly used in some genome sequencing processes.
“It is likely that if a sequence of this DNA were put into an E. coli, the bacteria would delete the DNA,” Dr. Eichler said, This may explain why it could not be sequenced using standard approaches. He added that the gaps also carry complex sequences that are not well reproduced by standard sequencing technologies. “The sequences vary extensively between people and are likely hotspots of genetic instability,” he explained.
For now, SMRT technology will remain a research tool because of its high cost, about $100,000 per genome. Dr. Eichler predicted, “In five years there might be a long-read sequence technology that will allow clinical laboratories to sequence a patient’s chromosomes from tip to tip and say, ‘Yes, you have about three to four million SNPs and insertions deletions but you also have approximately 30,000-40,000 structural variants. Of these, a few structural variants and a few SNPs are the reason why you’re susceptible to this disease.’ Knowing all the variation is going to be a game changer.”
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We live in a fast paced technical society where taking the time to eat three meals in a calm, relaxed manner is practically impossible. We eat while we are driving, talking on the phone, rushing out the door, doing homework, working, parenting, or, if we have the chance, staring at computers or TV screens.
Do you experience indigestion, gas, or bloating after eating? Are you lethargic and fatigued at the end of a large meal? While these can be symptoms of digestive disorders or food allergies, before you begin elimination diets, doctor’s visits, and blood tests, I encourage you to ask yourself one very simple question:
The first time I encountered the concept of chewing properly was during a lecture on digestion that I was listening to on my computer while scarfing down an egg salad. When the professor asked whether we remembered if we chewed our last meal well I looked over at the empty bowl horrified. I didn’t even remember when I took my last bite, much less whether I chewed it well.
In the past I associated the whole process of digestion with the stomach and the small intestine. To my surprise, I found out that the process of digestion begins in the mouth.
The action of chewing mechanically breaks down very large aggregates of food molecules into smaller particles. This results in the food having increased surface area an important contributing factor to good digestion. In addition to the obvious benefit of reduced esophageal stress that accompanies swallowing smaller, versus larger, pieces of food, there is another very important benefit to chewing your food well that comes with its ability to be exposed to saliva for a longer period of time.
George Mateljan, The World’s Healthiest Foods
According to Liz Lipsky of Digestive Wellness, there are a few other reasons why longer exposure to saliva is good for digestion and overall health:
- contains enzyme that help split lipase and carbohydrates, giving a head start to digestion
- buffers acids, allowing us to swallow and protect our teeth, oral mucosa, and esophagus
- reabsorbs nitrates from our foods, primarily green leafy vegetables and beets. These nitrates are converted into nitrites by bacteria on our tongues. When this nitrate saliva gets swallowed into acidic gastric juices, it converts into nitric oxide, reducing inflammation through the body.
- Acid Reflux
- Poor nutrient absorption
- Fermentation dysbiosis
- Leaky Gut
- Depressed Immune System
- Food allergies
A good rule of thumb is as follows: if you can tell what kind of food you are eating from the texture of the food in your mouth (not the taste), then you haven’t chewed it enough. For example, if you are chewing broccoli and you run your tongue over the stalk and can tell that it is still a stalk or over the floret and you can that it is still a floret, don’t swallow. You need to keep chewing until you can’t tell the stalk from the floret.
George Mateljan, The Healthiest Foods
You can also try an experiment my husband and I did for a day. We chewed every bite twenty times in order to readjust our eating habits. My jaw hurt for a week! My jaw muscles were not used to being worked so much! We also noticed we became fuller a lot faster. We gave our brains enough time to register that we were eating and therefore send a signal that we were full when we had enough. Usually that happens about fifteen to twenty minutes into the meal.
We discovered that the secret is in the first bite. If you begin your meal rushed and swallow your food half chewed the rest of it will continue in the same manner. You will eat a lot more than you should because the brain does not have time to register how full you are. That is why start you meal slowly. Here are some tips to help you pay attention to the chewing process while you eat.
- turn off the TV or computer
- avoid stressful conversation
- light some candles and play some relaxing music
- focus on your meal’s delicious medley of flavors
- reflect on the nutritional content of your food and visualize the nutrients replenishing different parts of your body
Collaborate with your body and actively contribute to your health. Your body will reward you!
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Cholesterol is in fact a waxy, fat-like compound in cell walls all through the body, in accordance with the NHLBI (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute). The two varieties of cholesterol are high-density lipoprotein, or HDL cholesterol, in addition referred to as “good” cholesterol as well as low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, in addition named “bad” cholesterol. An excessive amount cholesterol inside your blood increases in arterial walls ,it is called plaque, which elevates your risk of circumstances for example angina as well as heart attacks, says the NHLBI. Altering your food plan can lower cholesterol along with decrease these dangers.
Whole-fat Dairy food
Whole-fat dairy products food items are as well rich in saturated fats. As stated by the AHA (American Heart Association), you ought to replace strong fats including butter with aqueous vegetable oils for instance olive, canola, safflower in addition to sunflower. Use vegetable oils for sauteing food products, or drizzle oil lightly over your salads. The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute indicates marg as a positive replacement for butter, because it incorporates sterols that help to lessen cholesterol. Even, go for non-fat or low-fat milk and also cheeses to reduce your food intake of unhealthy fats.
Bad fats grow levels of blood cholesterol inside your blood. Meat consists of high levels of unhealthy fat, so replace low-cholesterol foods like beans in addition to fresh vegetables including organic mushrooms, olives and eggplant. Fatty fish, which includes heart-beneficial unsaturated fats, are additionally positive alternatives to consuming meat, affirms the NHLBI. Another option would be to use meat solely for preparing soups or casseroles, as stated by the American Heart Association.
Pre-packaged food items may be hassle-free, but they’re typically loaded with trans or saturated fats, that raise levels of blood cholesterol. Read labels cautiously along with choose food products with all the minimum levels–or none of these unhealthy fats. The definition of “slightly hydrogenated oil” describes trans fat. Even greater, take fresh food products as a lot as you possibly can, including complete grains which can be packed with Low density lipoprotein reducing fiber. In accordance with the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, fiber contained in oatmeal, oat bran in addition to fruit like pears as well as bananas avoid assimilation of cholesterol as well as fats via the colon wall surfaces.
Egg yolks are full of cholesterol, but whole eggs are higher sources of protein that our body requirements. Ingest egg-whites as an alternative. You’ll nonetheless have the protein you will need, but devoid of the added cholesterol. You may well even prepare a meal requiring whole eggs with merely egg-whites, affirms the AHA; simply use two egg whites for every single complete egg. Yet another selection is always to apply cholesterol-free egg alternatives, reports the AHA.
> http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/top-food-sources-of-saturated-fat-in-the-us/ – Top sources of saturated fat in the U.S
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Summary: The crowds shouting "Hosanna!" soon were shouting "Crucify Him!" What accounts for their sudden change of heart?
We are assembled here this morning, as millions of other Christians are assembled in other churches
all over the world, to commemorate our Lord’s entry into Jerusalem at the close of his earthly ministry, almost two thousand years ago. We share this celebration, not only with our brothers and sisters in other nations, and other languages, and other cultures, but also with those of prior ages. Because for twenty centuries, this day has been observed by every branch of the church, whether Protestant, Catholic, or Orthodox. And that testifies to its great importance. The triumphal entry is important, not only because it stands at the beginning of Holy Week, not only because it sets in motion a chain of events leading to the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ, but also because it communicates vital theological truths in its own right. It reveals crucial information about Christ, and about God’s plan for his people. And so, we cannot fully understand Good Friday, or Easter Sunday, or Ascension Sunday unless we also grasp the significance of this day, Palm Sunday. This morning, I’d like to invite you to explore with me what this day means to you and I as followers of Jesus Christ. Let me begin by reading from the gospel of Matthew, chapter 21.
As they approached Jerusalem and came to Bethphage on the Mount of Olives, Jesus sent two disciples, saying to them, "Go to the village ahead of you, and at once you will find a donkey tied there, with her colt by her. Untie them and bring them to me. If anyone says anything to you, tell him that the Lord needs them, and he will send them right away." This took place to fulfill what was spoken through the prophet: "Say to the Daughter of Zion, ’See, your king comes to you, gentle and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey.’ "
The disciples went and did as Jesus had instructed them. They brought the donkey and the colt, placed their cloaks on them, and Jesus sat on them. A very large crowd spread their cloaks on the road, while others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road. The crowds that went ahead of him and those that followed shouted, "Hosanna to the Son of David!" "Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!" "Hosanna in the highest!" – Matthew 21:1-9
As we read this passage, and the similar accounts in the other gospels, we can almost see Jesus sitting on a donkey; we can picture the crowds waving palm branches and throwing down their coats for him to pass over. We can hear the cheering and the shouts of acclamation – "Hosanna! Hosanna in the highest! Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Blessed is the King of Israel!" What a thrilling scene that must have been! Imagine how the disciples must have felt in the midst of all this – what rejoicing; what excitement and exultation. Christ was being hailed as king, as messiah, as savior. Everything they had been anticipating for three long years seemed to be coming to pass! Surely, it was now only a matter of time until their master took his rightful place as the ruler of his people, and they, the Twelve, took their places at his side.
It would be difficult to read this and not be reminded of the scenes we saw played out on television this week – hundreds of jubilant Iraqis singing, and dancing, and celebrating in the streets, welcoming the U.S. troops into Baghdad, embracing them and hailing them as liberators. But we probably wouldn’t want to take the comparison too far. Because, as we know, the crowd’s adoration of Christ was short-lived. Just five days later, the same people who had been shouting, "Hosanna! Hosanna!" were shouting instead, "Crucify him! Crucify him!" What happened? How could public opinion turn against him so quickly and so violently? The answer is that Christ didn’t meet their expectations. The people were expecting a warrior-king, someone who would lead them in an armed uprising against the hated Roman occupiers. They were expecting a military commander, under whose leadership the yoke of bondage to Rome would be thrown off, and the ancient glory of Israel would finally be restored. They were expecting power, and might, and victory. But when Christ was arrested, without even putting up a fight, and was brought before Pilate, what they saw was apparent weakness and defeat. It seemed that their hopes for deliverance had been crushed once again, and they reacted with furious rage.
Now, in order to understand their response, we first need to realize that their expectations were not unfounded. Their hopes were based on Biblical promises and prophecies concerning the Messiah.
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The pain that is experienced in head or upper neck area is called headache. It is one of the most common ailments affecting people these days. From being mild in nature, headaches can go up to being so severe that they disrupt your daily routines. While for some people headache occurs once in a while, there are many who encounter this problem recurrently. There are three basic types of headache that can affect a person - primary headaches, secondary headaches, and cranial neuralgias, facial pain and other headaches. Primary headaches include tension headache, cluster headache, and migraine, while secondary headaches occur due to an underlying structural problem in the head or neck. In the following lines, we have provided information on the causes and symptoms of headache.
Causes Of Headache
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Yoga has become much more mainstream, and meditation is often taught as part of it. People have generally found a meditation practice with yoga, pilates or without can help them feel more mentally alert and balanced. Life seems less difficult for some, and others may find they can divorce their emotions from an issue to find a solution. This is one of the benefits of meditating on a regular basis.
There are always some people able to find something wrong with anything, and meditation could be out of the question for them. They may find the need to control their breathing difficult. Some people breathe fine until it becomes part of an exercise. Other people may find that pushing out their thoughts to concentrate on their breathing is exceedingly difficult. Both of these need not stop a person from meditating. Practitioners will need to work past these issues to succeed.
A healthy lifestyle includes physical and mental fitness, so meditation can become crucial for some. It can help them work past the issues that arise in life. They may find it helps them feel more centred and confident. These two factors may be recognized unconsciously by clothes, and that alone could help even out even the most chaotic life.
Meditation may not work for every person, but many have found it helps them experience life on a new level. Working towards a more spiritual life can often be done when a person takes the time to learn to properly meditate on a regular basis.
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What's Up With Those Green Potato Chips You Sometimes Find?
??Well, they're not dyed for St. Patrick’s Day. These are just from potatoes in which chlorophyll had started to form. This can happen when potatoes, which grow underground, are exposed to too much light in the field or factory, in storage, on the store shelf, or in your home.
The USDA’s “Standards for Grades of Potatoes” consider a potato that’s more than 5 percent green to be damaged, and potato lots that contain them will be graded below US Grade #1. That means most green potatoes never even make it to market.
You’ll still see some every now and again, either in whole or chip form, if conditions in the potato chip plant, the grocery store, or your kitchen are right. Fluorescent lighting and a room temperature of at least 68°F can get the greening process going in a raw potato in just three to five days, and some varieties of potato will start turning in as little as 12 hours even under low incandescent lighting.
By itself, chlorophyll is nothing to be worried about; it’s tasteless and nontoxic. In the process of a potato going green, though, conditions are also right for it to synthesize more of a glycoalkaloid (alkaloid + sugar) poison called solanine, which potato plants produce in their leaves, stems, sprouts and flesh as a defense against insects and other predators. Ingesting solanine can cause nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, burning sensations in the throat, dysrhythmia, headaches, fever, hallucinations, jaundice, paralysis and death. Toxic levels for people are around one one-hundredth of an ounce for a 200-pound person, who would have to eat about 20 pounds of normal whole potatoes in one day to get sick. With very green potatoes, where the solanine level can increase ten-fold, only two pounds of spuds could leave you ill.
As for potato chips, solanine formation is localized near the potato's skin, usually no deeper than 3 mm. As they're peeled for processing, most of the flesh making up those three millimeters is typically removed. Whatever flecks of green are left are not going to be enough to do anything to you. So, go ahead - finish the whole bag if you want.
What About Dark Brown Potato Chips?
A different matter altogether. Brown potato chips are the result of potatoes being stored too long at low temperatures and accumulating excess sugar. When a potato chip is baked or fried, the sugar reacts with amino acids to produce that beautiful golden-brown color, but too much sugar leads to a very dark brown, almost burnt-looking, color and a slightly different, off flavor.
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A rare infection by the bacteria Francisella tularensis which can result in serious illness. The bacteria are found in animals such as rabbits and rodents. The disease can be transmitted a number of ways but usually occurs through the handling of infected carcasses, bites by infected insects such as ticks or eating or drinking contaminated food or water. The infection cannot be passed from person to person. Symptoms can be very severe and even fatal if untreated. Also called rabbit fever. ...more »
Symptoms of Tularemia
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treatments for Tularemia
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to cause some level of diarrhea in patients.
The reason is that antibiotics kill off not only "bad"...read more »
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Read about other experiences, ask a question about Tularemia, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Definitions of Tularemia:
Tularemia is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Tularemia, or a subtype of Tularemia,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Source - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which an unskilled person makes poor decisions and arrives at erroneous conclusions, but their incompetence denies them the metacognitive ability to realize their mistakes. The unskilled therefore suffer from illusory superiority, rating their own ability as above average, much higher than it actually is, while the highly skilled underrate their abilities, suffering from illusory inferiority. This leads to the perverse situation in which less competent people rate their own ability higher than more competent people. It also explains why actual competence may weaken self-confidence: because competent individuals falsely assume that others have an equivalent understanding. “Thus, the miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others.”
The Dunning–Kruger effect was put forward by Justin Kruger and David Dunning. Similar notions have been expressed–albeit less scientifically–for some time. Dunning and Kruger themselves quote Charles Darwin (“Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge”) and Bertrand Russell (“One of the painful things about our time is that those who feel certainty are stupid, and those with any imagination and understanding are filled with doubt and indecision.”). The Dunning-Kruger effect is not, however, concerned narrowly with high-order cognitive skills (much less their application in the political realm during a particular era, which is what Russell was talking about.) Nor is it specifically limited to the observation that ignorance of a topic is conducive to overconfident assertions about it, which is what Darwin was saying. Indeed, Dunning et al. cite a study saying that 94% of college professors rank their work as “above average” (relative to their peers), to underscore that the highly intelligent and informed are hardly exempt. Rather, the effect is about paradoxical defects in perception of skill, in oneself and others, regardless of the particular skill and its intellectual demands, whether it is chess, playing golf or driving a car.
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❶In his seminal work Also sprach Zarathustra Thus Spoke Zarathustra the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche uses the native Iranian name Zarathustra which has a significant meaning [f] as he had used the familiar Greek-Latin name in his earlier works. Main article: Exploring Religion, History and Tradition. Jonesp. These pseudepigraphic texts aside, some authors did draw on a few genuinely Zoroastrian ideas. This Jewish dating Avesta needs additional citations for Jewish dating Avesta.
The victorious Alexander, moreover, in his invasion of Persia, dealt the Zoroastrian religion an almost fatal blow, from which, however, it was destined Massage lewisham Jakobsberg recover. All that is good in these early books becomes doubly interesting in the light of biblical allusion.
Due to a low birth rate and high rate of emigrationdemographic trends project that by the Parsis will number only about 23, or 0.
The Bible is the holy scripture of the Christian religion, purporting to tell the history of the Earth from its earliest creation to the spread Avewta Christianity in the first century A. Ilm-e-Khshnoom and the Pundol Group are Zoroastrian mystical schools Carolina Borlange escort thought popular among a small minority of the Parsi community inspired mostly by 19th-century theosophy and typified by a spiritual ethno-centric mentality.|Zoroastrianism is an ancient Persian religion that may have Avesfa as early as 4, years ago.
Zoroastrianism was the state religion of three Persian dynasties, until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century A.
Zoroastrian refugees, called Parsis, escaped Muslim persecution in Iran by emigrating to India. Zoroastrianism now has an estimatedtoworshipers worldwide, and is practiced today as a minority religion in parts of Iran and India.
The Zoroastrian Festival of Mihragan (Jashan-e Mihragan)
Most of what is Jewish dating Avesta about Zoroaster comes from the Avesta—a collection of Zoroastrian religious scriptures. Some scholars believe he was a contemporary of Cyrus the Great, a Avvesta of the Persian Empire in the sixth century B.
Zoroaster is thought to have been born in what is now northeastern Iran or southwestern Afghanistan. He may have lived in a tribe that Bee massage Trelleborg an ancient religion with many gods polytheism.
This religion was likely similar to early forms of Hinduism. According to Zoroastrian Jewish dating Avesta, Zoroaster had a divine vision of a supreme being while partaking in a pagan purification rite at age Zoroaster began teaching followers to worship a single god called Ahura Mazda. In the s, Russian archaeologists at Gonur Tepe, Kavlinge farmers dating site Bronze Age site in Turkmenistan, discovered the remains Falkenberg facebook girls what they believed to be an early Zoroastrian fire temple.
The temple dates to the second millennium B. It was the state religion of three major Persian dynasties.
By most accounts, Cyrus was a tolerant ruler who allowed his non-Iranian subjects to practice their own religions.]Zoroastrianism or Mazdayasna is one of the world's oldest continuously practiced religions. Zoroastrianism declined from the 7th century onwards following the Jewish dating Avesta conquest of Persia of — The How to Jakobsberg when ex starts dating important texts of the religion are those of the Avestawhich includes as central Cupids Årsta writings of Zoroaster known as the Gathasenigmatic ritual poems that define the religion's precepts, which is within Yasnathe main worship service of modern Zoroastrianism.
The religious philosophy of Zoroaster divided the early Iranian Jewish dating Avesta of the Proto-Indo-Iranian tradition into ahuras and daevas the latter of which were not considered worthy of worship. Zoroaster proclaimed that Ahura Mazda was the supreme creator, the creative and sustaining force of the universe through Asha and that human beings are given a right of choice between supporting Ahura Mazda or not, making them responsible for their choices.
Middle Persian literature developed further Angra Mainyu into Ahriman and advancing him to be the direct adversary to Ahura Mazda. Asha truth, cosmic orderthe life force that originates from Ahura Mazda, stands in opposition to Druj falsehood, deceit and Ahura Mazda is considered to be all-good with no evil emanating from the deity.
Zoroastrianism is a heterodox faith, meaning it is not uniform in theological and philosophical thought, especially with historical and modern influences having a significant impact on individual and local beliefs, practices, values and vocabulary, sometimes merging with tradition and in other cases displacing it.
Zoroastrianism's core teachings include but are not limited:. The name Zoroaster is a Greek rendering of the Avestan name Zarathustra. In Zoroastrian liturgy the term is used as a title for an individual who has been formally inducted into the religion in a Navjote ceremony. The first surviving reference to Zoroaster in English scholarship is attributed to Thomas Browne —who briefly refers to Zoroaster in his Religio Medici. Zoroastrians believe that there is one universal, transcendent, all-good, and uncreated supreme creator deity, Ahura Mazdaor the "Wise Lord".
Ahura meaning "Lord" and Mazda meaning "Wisdom" in Avestan. This work Jewisj antiquity, dating back some centuries before the Christian To Free Vasterhaninge tv 3 online biblical student, Jewish dating Avesta Avesta and the Jewish dating Avesta of Zoroaster have Jewih rebuilt, and that the Jews be returned from captivity to their own city (2 Chr.
The Avesta is the Zoroastrian Bible supplemented by the Pahlavi, or Middle which agree with the traditional date for his era, he flourished about Kneads massage therapy Katrineholm.. results derivable from the Avesta for the knowledge of Per- sian antiquity. .
on either hand, the. Vedic Sanskrit, dating from fifteen centuries before Christ, and the.
Avesta, the Bible of Zoroaster
especial favor; Grecian influences, Judaism, Christianity, disputed with it the. The Avesta has special claims upon the interest of Jewish scholars, there being certain points of similarity between the Avesta and the Old as well as the New Testament, points that are striking or close enough to Jewisg forth frequent comment.
In the next place, the Avesta, as the sacred book of early Persia, must command attention because of the historical points of contact between the Jews and the Persians. Note especially such passages as the following: See Persian Religion. The Avesta represents the ancient priestly code of the Magi; for Jewish dating Avesta, or Zarathushtra, as his name is called in the original texts, has stood in history as the typical Magian, as the sage, priest, prophet, andlawgiver of ancient Iran.
According to the more recent views on the subject, Jewush agree with the traditional date for his era, he flourished about B. Dxting is beyond doubt that they were all worshipers of Ahuramazda, or Ormuzd, the Jewish dating Avesta God of the Avesta; and this makes the passages in Isaiah xliv.
In the Gay Boras county Persian inscriptions the Mazda worship of Darius is most pronounced. For these reasons still more importance is to be attached to the Avesta in the history of religious thought, especially when the power and the wide-spread influence of the Persian empire in early times are taken into account. According to the book itself the Avesta represents a direct revelation from Ahuramazda to Zarathushtra.
The sacred text Vend. Later tradition repeats the view that the sacred book was the result of inspiration, for the Pahlavi texts Dk. According to a tradition preserved in the Pahlavi writings Dk.
The faith was to be promulgated throughout the world in accordance with the teaching of. There is likewise a tradition see Dk.
Whatever may be the value of these traditions regarding the Avesta, the fate of the sacred book was connected with the history of the people, and with the rise and fall Jewish dating Avesta the fortunes of Iran.
Nevertheless, there is no reason for making the strong claim that Darmesteter does to the effect that the tradition was lost. The entire Sassanian period was a most flourishing time for the creed which was now restored to its pristine glory. But in the seventh century, with the rise of Islam, the Avesta gave place in Persia to the Koran; Ormuzd sank before Massage bronx new Marsta and Zoroaster yielded to Mohammed.
A number of the faithful cherishers of the sacred fire, however, sought safety in flight from Iran and found refuge in India, where they are still known by their Jewish dating Avesta name Parsi ; it is they that are the conservators of the remnants of the old Avestan texts that have passed through so many vicissitudes. Much had been lost through Alexander, it was claimed; but the number of texts that were still extant was nevertheless considerable, and they represented the ancient Avesta fairly Jewish dating Avesta.
The canon was divided into twenty-one nasksor books. These again were subdivided into three classes, each comprising seven books.
In this threefold classification Czech massage 59 in Sweeden the nasks, Darmesteter sought to prove Jewish influences at work upon the Avesta, and he compared the classification of the Biblical texts into "Torah" Law"Nebiim" Prophetsand "Ketubim.
To-day only two of the twenty-one nasks are in any degree complete. There thusexist specimens of about fifteen of the original nasks.
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San Antonio, August 6, 2013 – Smokers are increasingly turning to electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes to soothe their nicotine cravings without the harmful side effects. But how safe are they?
Scholars William Cooke and Donovan Fogt have received $30,000 in seed funding from UTSA to find out. The UTSA kinesiologists will team up with Assistant Professor Caroline Rickards at the University of North Texas Health Science Center to gather baseline data about the effects of e-cigarettes on the body's basic physiological health.
For six years, e-cigarettes have been aggressively marketed as an alternative for smokers who want to decrease their risk of the serious health problems associated with conventional cigarette smoking. Instead of inhaling a cigarette's nicotine and carbon monoxide, e-cigarette users inhale vaporized pure nicotine. But very little research has been done about the effects of inhaling vaporized nicotine.
Over the next year, the researchers will study the effects that inhaling vaporized nicotine has on a person's heart rate, blood pressure, resting metabolic rate, physical work capacity and brain blood flow.
UTSA students pursing kinesiology and health-related careers will conduct research alongside the scholars, giving them the opportunity to learn quantitative research methods in preparation for their careers in academia and health-related professions.
The scholars will be working under the hypothesis that vaporized nicotine stimulates the human nervous system in ways that could seriously impact daily living. They believe that the inhalation of vaporized nicotine has the potential to increase a person's resting metabolism, making exercise problematic. They also believe it prevents the cardiovascular system from properly regulating arterial pressure and decreases the brain's ability to regulate blood flow.
"E-cigarettes are perceived as safer than actual smoking, and some people even perceive them to be an attractive weight loss tool," said Fogt. "This study aims to quantify the metabolic consequences of inhaling vaporized nicotine."
Cooke added, "This study is an important first step to understanding the physiological complications and public health concerns surrounding the use of e-cigarettes. It will also give us a better understanding of the health effects of pure nicotine, without the harmful poisons found in tobacco products, on the autonomic nervous system."
If this study confirms the scholars' hypotheses, additional research will be needed to further understand the immediate effects of vaporized nicotine, the impact of dosage and age on an e-cigarette user's health, and the long-term effects of e-cigarettes."
The UTSA Department of Health and Kinesiology serves more than 1,000 students in four undergraduate degree programs, a minor and a master's program. Its faculty specializes in community health, school health, nutrition, exercise physiology, exercise and sport psychology, pedagogy, adaptive/developmental physical education, biomechanics, motor learning and control, and evaluation and assessment. Research conducted in the department focuses on the prevention and treatment of risks for diseases and promotion of healthy growth and living across lifespan.
Learn more about the UTSA Department of Health and Kinesiology at http://education.utsa.edu/health_and_kinesiology/.
Connect online with UTSA at http://www.facebook.com/utsa, http://www.twitter.com/utsa, http://www.youtube.com/utsa and http://www.utsa.edu/today.
The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) is an emerging Tier One research institution specializing in health, energy, security, sustainability, and human and social development. With nearly 31,000 students, it is the largest university in the San Antonio metropolitan region. UTSA advances knowledge through research and discovery, teaching and learning, community engagement and public service. The university embraces multicultural traditions and serves as a center for intellectual and creative resources as well as a catalyst for socioeconomic development and the commercialization of intellectual property – for Texas, the nation and the world.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Usage of colours in foods and beverages has prevailed since centuries. Along with usage of food colouring agents for edible products, they are also used for applications in medical consumption and cosmetics. The popularity of food colouring has increased dynamically due to a crucial reason-visual pleasure.
Consumers have readily chosen products that are foremost visually pleasing followed by the nutritional value of the product. Manufacturers have commenced using vibrant pigments to add value to their products. There are various factors that are taken into consideration while determining the high usage of food colours.
Consumers have constantly eyed products which pleases their eye-for this particular reason, especially during festivals and celebrations, the demand increases for aesthetically and thematically pleasing food items.
The market trends-sometimes outrageous and sometimes interesting-lead the manufacturing capacities of the market. Consumers enjoy indulging in flavourful treats that are prepared with careful consideration of the ongoing trends with respect to festivals. Customisation of food products-colour, shapes, special designs and aesthetically pleasing presentation play an important part in attracting customers.
Amidst the celebrations of Easter or Valentine’s Day, a buyer will invest in items that hold high relevance to the current occasion. Cupcakes, cookies, candies, and ice-creams are some of the examples of the previously stated point. Needless to say, pigments play the most important part in making an appeasing final product.
Pigments that are conceived artificially in laboratories by using chemicals and synthetic material, may or may not be suitable for consumption. In the lab process, a molecule has multiple combined double bonds. An energy difference between two diverse set of molecular orbits fall within the light range thus enabling visualisation.
Research conducted at a renowned university stated some facts that revolve around the impact of consumption of artificial food colouring on a child’s development. A particular set of pigments that were suspected to have interfered with the child’s development. The pigments include-Cochineal Red, Carmoisine colour, Sunset Yellow, Allura Red, Quinoline Yellow and Tartrazine Yellow.
An elevation of hyperactivity was evidently visible in children. It was stated that a combination of these pigments with sodium benzoate preservative resulted in increased hyperactivity. Following this accusation, there was collective removal of artificially produced blue colour from the market while they looked for an acceptable replacement.
ALL ABOUT NATURAL COLOURS:
Natural colours gradually have started to take over the artificially produced pigments. There was an ongoing search for finding reasonable colours to replace synthetic dyes. This process seemed to have a fruitful outcome due to high potency rate of natural colours.
One such natural food dye is brilliant blue which is sourced naturally from Cyanobacteria Spirulina. There are a few popular sources of other organic colours namely-curcumin that gives out yellow shade, beetroots that are responsible for purples and reds, chlorophyllin that brings out a bright shade of green, heated sugar that gives out caramel and lycopene which is an extract from tomatoes.
BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL FOOD COLOURS:
Natural colours are preferred by food dye manufacturers as they offer a wide range of colours that are non-toxic and can be used in varied forms for a variety of applications. Synthetic pigments majorly provide high stability to heat, light and pH. Whereas natural food colours are sensitive to heat and undergo thermal processing post manufacture.
Quite a few natural food colours undergo pH alterations and some are highly sensitive to light. Synthetic colours are applicable in both common forms-water insoluble and water soluble thus making the applicability easy. A distinct feature of artificially produced pigments is that since they are composed artificially, they are not limited by laws like Kosher and Halal.
In conclusion, these fundamental contrasts between artificial and natural food dye colouring are merely facts. Everything boils down to preference ultimately.
Every industry has its own peculiar needs that can be met either by using artificial colours or by natural colours.
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Charles Chamberlin, David Carter, and Arne Jacobson recently authored an article on measuring residence time distributions of wood chips in a screw conveyor reactor. A screw conveyor or auger makes use of a rotating helical blade inside of a tube or trough to move wood chips, sawdust, flour, or other granular materials through a reactor — such as a dryer, heater, cooler, gasifier, or torrefier. How much change in the materials takes place in such reactors depends on the average residence time and how variable that residence time is.
This paper compares three alternative methods for measuring the residence time distribution of wood chips in a screw conveyor reactor using experimental results from a pilot scale torrefier:
- addition of material to an empty reactor (step-up),
- halting addition of material to a reactor under steady flow, (step-down), and
- addition of a pulse of labelled material (i.e., a tracer) to a reactor under steady flow.
We found that all three methods yield residence time distributions that are approximately symmetrical and bell-shaped, but the distribution estimated from the pulse input of tracer exhibited a long trailing tail that was not detectable in either the step-up or step-down results. Second, we demonstrated that a normal probability plot provided a useful way to display and analyze the distributions obtained in the tracer experiments. Finally, we observed that all three methods yielded mean residence times that consistently differed from the nominal values, with the step-up method averaging 8% shorter, the pulse addition of tracer averaging 7% longer, and the step-down averaging 60% longer.
The article appeared in the August 2018 issue of Fuel Processing Technology and is available to download here in pdf.
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Dedicated keepers at Paignton Zoo in England are caring for a rare baby that weighed little more than a CD at birth.
The Pygmy Slow Loris – which weighed just 22 grams when it was born - was one of twins born to a first-time mother. One twin did not survive, and keepers stepped in to save the other when its mother abandoned it.
For the first night Head Mammal Keeper Craig Gilchrist slept in an office at the zoo, feeding the tiny youngster every couple of hours. It was given a milk replacer using a 1 milliliter syringe and a small rubber teat.
Seven mammal keepers now take turns feeding the tiny baby day and night. One takes the incubator home each evening. The baby needs more frequent feeds overnight as Slow Lorises are nocturnal and eat more at night.
Now, at around a month old, it has gone from 22 grams - less than a single AA battery - to over 30 grams – the weight of a dessert spoon.
Keeper Lewis Rowden said, “You have to take care not to squirt the milk into the lungs – you have to let the baby suckle at its own rate. We are just moving on to feeding some solids now – small amounts of mashed boiled sweet potato.”
See and read more after the fold.
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Sylvia Mendez Two Way Immersion Elementary School is a vibrant, community-focused teaching and learning center that produces bilingual and biliterate, multi-cultural individuals who continually learn, grow and contribute to their community.
What is Two-Way Immersion (TWI)?
It is a research-based educational program that brings native English-speaking and native Spanish-speaking students together at Sylvia Mendez. In the Two-Way Immersion model, a second language is acquired while maintaining the child’s first language. Our goals for students are:
- High levels of academic achievement,
- First and second language fluency,
- Cross-cultural understanding and pride in one’s heritage, and
- A strong self-esteem.
Why do we offer a TWI program?
Two-Way Immersion programs are highly effective at serving English Learners. Studies demonstrate that by the time TWI students leave elementary school, they academically match or out perform their peers. In addition, they develop proficiency in a second language.
Sylvia Mendez students experience:
The same rigorous curriculum as in every other Berkeley elementary school.
A majority of instruction in Spanish in grades K-3, with English instruction reaching 50% in 4th and 5th grades.
Strong research-based English Language Development for our English Learners every day.
Classes composed of 50% native Spanish speakers and 50% native English speakers to the greatest extent possible.
A variety of curricular materials in the language of instruction.
Enriching activities including nutrition & health, farm & garden and the arts.
Active parent participation at home and at school is an important part of our success as a bilingual community.
We encourage parents to:
- Learn about the curriculum,
- Support their children with reading and homework,
- Volunteer, and
- Serve in parent leadership roles.
A bilingual parent liaison will work with families to facilitate involvement in their child’s education.
Do you have questions about Sylvia Mendez’s TWI program?
Sylvia Mendez Principal Veronica Valerio
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One of the most common objects reflected in this way is blue sky, which our brains interpret as light reflecting off a body of water. The reflected image appears below the object, which is why we call this an inferior mirage. The layer of warm air near the surface acts much like an ordinary mirror. As a mirror reverses direction left to right, an inferior mirage reverses direction from top to bottom (you see the same thing with a mirror if you tilt your head 90 degrees and look at reflections in the mirror.) The reversal happens because light from the top of a distant object will reflect closer to the observer than light from the bottom of the object. Therefore, inferior mirages usually appear inverted. Early in the morning or late in the afternoon, solar heating of the ground is not nearly as great, so inferior mirages are less likely to happen then. The same is true during autumn and winter when the sun is much lower in the sky.
150) If Earth were a spinning ball it would be impossible to photograph star-trail time-lapses turning perfect circles around Polaris anywhere but the North Pole. At all other vantage points the stars would be seen to travel more or less horizontally across the observer’s horizon due to the alleged 1000mph motion beneath their feet. In reality, however, Polaris’s surrounding stars can always be photographed turning perfect circles around the central star all the way down to the Tropic of Capricorn.
61) If the Earth were actually a big ball 25,000 miles in circumference, the horizon would be noticeably curved even at sea-level, and everything on or approaching the horizon would appear to tilt backwards slightly from your perspective. Distant buildings along the horizon would all look like leaning towers of Piza falling away from the observer. A hot-air balloon taking off then drifting steadily away from you, on a ball-Earth would slowly and constantly appear to lean back more and more the farther away it flew, the bottom of the basket coming gradually into view as the top of the balloon disappears from sight. In reality, however, buildings, balloons, trees, people, anything and everything at right angles to the ground/horizon remains so regardless the distance or height of the observer.
157) If “gravity” magically dragged the atmosphere along with the spinning ball Earth, that would mean the atmosphere near the equator would be spinning around at over 1000mph, the atmosphere over the mid-latitudes would be spinning around 500mph, and gradually slower down to the poles where the atmosphere would be unaffected at 0mph. In reality, however, the atmosphere at every point on Earth is equally unaffected by this alleged force, as it has never been measured or calculated and proven non-existent by the ability of airplanes to fly unabated in any direction without experiencing any such atmospheric changes.
81.) Newtonian philosophers teach us that the Moon goes round: the Earth from west to east. But observation – man's most certain mode of gaining knowledge – shows us that the Moon never ceases to move in the opposite direction – from east to west. Since, then, we know that nothing can possibly move in two, opposite directions at the same time, it is a proof that the thing is a big blunder; and, in short, it is a proof that the Earth is not a globe.
100) If Earth were a ball, the Southern Cross and other Southern constellations would all be visible at the same time from every longitude on the same latitude as is the case in the North with Polaris and its surrounding constellations. Ursa Major/Minor and many others can be seen from every Northern meridian simultaneously whereas in the South, constellations like the Southern Cross cannot. This proves the Southern hemisphere is not “turned under” as in the ball-Earth model, but simply stretching further outwards away from the Northern center-point as in the flat Earth model.
For most media and angles of incidence, the light transmits from one medium to the other. However, when passing from a medium of higher index of refraction into a medium of lower index of refraction at a sufficiently high angle of incidence, there may not be a real value for the angle of refraction. When this happens, the light cannot pass into the second medium. Instead, the light is reflected off the interface and back into the first medium. We call this phenomenon total internal reflection. Many devices make use of total internal reflection. Total internal reflection allows a prism with two 45-degree angles and one 90-degree angle to reflect light at a right angle. One could use a mirror mounted at a 45-degree angle to do the same thing, but total internal reflection is nearly 100% efficient, while the best mirrors are perhaps 85% efficient. Many optical devices, such as binoculars and periscopes, make use of this. Fiber optics are thin wires of glass. Being so thin, fiber optics are flexible and as easy to handle as any metal wire. Glass has a relatively high index of refraction, so light shining down a fiber optic is totally reflected internally by the walls of the fiber optic, if the fiber optic is not bent too sharply. We use fiber optics every day with telephone, cable TV, and internet connections.
129) To quote William Carpenter, “Why, in the name of common sense, should observers have to fix their telescopes on solid stone bases so that they should not move a hair's-breadth, - if the Earth on which they fix them moves at the rate of nineteen miles in a second? Indeed, to believe that ‘six thousand million million million tons’ is ‘rolling, surging, flying, darting on through space for ever’ with a velocity compared with which a shot from a cannon is a ‘very slow coach,’ with such unerring accuracy that a telescope fixed on granite pillars in an observatory will not enable a lynx-eyed astronomer to detect a variation in its onward motion of the thousandth part of a hair's-breadth is to conceive a miracle compared with which all the miracles on record put together would sink into utter insignificance. Since we can, (in middle north latitudes), see the North Star, on looking out of a window that faces it - and out of the very same corner of the very same pane of glass in the very same window - all the year round, it is proof enough for any man in his senses that we have made no motion at all and that the Earth is not a globe.”
6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. 7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
The most commonly accepted explanation of this is that the space agencies of the world are involved in a conspiracy faking space travel and exploration. This likely began during the Cold War's 'Space Race', in which the USSR and USA were obsessed with beating each other into space to the point that each faked their accomplishments in an attempt to keep pace with the other's supposed achievements. Since the end of the Cold War, however, the conspiracy is most likely motivated by greed rather than political gains, and using only some of their funding to continue to fake space travel saves a lot of money to embezzle for themselves.
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The Vantaa (Finnish: Vantaanjoki, Swedish: Vanda å) is a 101-kilometre (63 mi) long river in Southern Finland. The river starts from the lake Erkylänjärvi in Hausjärvi and flows into the Gulf of Finland at Vanhankaupunginselkä in Helsinki. One of the tributaries of the Vantaa river is Keravanjoki that flows through the town of Kerava north of Helsinki.
Use as water and power supply
The Helsinki-based energy company Helsingin Energia has a working power station museum located at the mouth of Vantaanjoki. The Vanhakaupunki Hydropower Plant produces an average of 500 MWh annually.
- "Helsingin Sanomat – Helsinki drinking water to be drawn from the Vantaa from mid-April". Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- "Helsingin Energia – Vanhakaupunki hydropower plant". Archived from the original on May 17, 2012. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
Media related to Vantaanjoki at Wikimedia Commons
|This Southern Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This article related to a river in Finland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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1242 N. Central Ave.
At the turn of the century, much of the small city of Phoenix was clustered just north of the Rio Salado’s wide flood plane. After the town suffered through several devastating floods those who could afford to moved to higher ground north of town. During the prosperous teens and twenties, the wealthy began to build Victorian and Queen Anne mansions along Central Avenue (then called Center Street) in an area once known as “Millionaire’s Row.” The Ellis-Shackelford House is the last remaining (intact) mansion in this area. There are a few other mansions left along Central — most familiar are the Cole Mansion and the Baker House, which together make up the Old Spaghetti Factory. But the Ellis-Shackelford house is the only mansion that remains true to its original form.
Dr. William Ellis moved to Phoenix from Ohio in 1907 and helped establish the Arizona Deaconess Hospital, now known as Good Samaritan. Dr. Ellis employed architect R. A. Gray to design the house, which he built for his wife Reba and daughter Helen. The home was completed in 1917, and employed a number of innovative technologies that were not common in Phoenix such as a cistern to catch rainwater coming off the roof, a solar water heater, central vacuum system, and electricity throughout the house. Stylistically the house is a combination of the Prairie Style* with Mediterranean touches, such as the tiled roof and double wooden brackets under the eaves. High quality detailing included a mahogany staircase and trim imported from the Philippines. The house is three stories with a full basement for a total of 6,600 sq ft. of living space and situated on an acre lot. Daughter Helen and husband Gordon Shakelford occupied the house until 1964. Afterwards it was converted into a boys home, the Arizona Historical Society Museum and now houses Arizona Humanities. Like “Frenchy” Vieux, this house was slated to be demolished during the construction of I-10, but was saved and completely restored in 2013. It can be rented for events — check here for more info.
*For more on Prairie Style architecture, visit the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust
Historical images courtesy of the Arizona Historical Society.
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Mobile Phone Terms
The mobile phone industry can be full of technical terms and phrases that may be confusing; here you can get the lowdown on common names and terms to help you understand your tariff and phone.
3G – Third Generation
This is the term used to describe Third Generation mobile technology; it supports higher data rates for high speed internet access on 3G enabled mobile phones.
4G/LTE – Fourth generation/Long Term Evolution
You may know this better as 4G. LTE, or Long Term Evolution, is the most advanced standard of mobile network technology to date. Set to increase download speeds by as much as ten times over 3G, which it will replace, LTE will transform how we use mobile internet.
Interesting to note: To give its full name, LTE is actually 3GPP Long Term Evolution for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, which is shortened to 3GPP UMTS LTE.
GPRS – General Packet Radio Service
This was an enhancement on 2G handsets delivering an always-on connection that gave speeds up to 28.8Kbps. The system is used on 2G and 3G handsets and is charged at a rate of volume transferred rather than a per minute charge as used in earlier mobile web browsing systems.
WAP – Wireless Application Protocol
Wireless application protocol allows users to connect a mobile phone to the internet using text based websites. This was one of the first systems to bring internet services to mobile phones and is charged on a per minute basis.
Devices that include Bluetooth allow them to be connected to other compatible devices to share files or data over a short wave radio signal. Initially when the service was introduced it was used a lot for sharing photos or music between devices, now it is more commonly used to send audio to wireless headsets or speakers.
Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity
Wi-Fi allows devices to be connected wirelessly to each other to transfer data using radio waves. The introduction of Wi-Fi to mobile phones as well as the increase in the number of free Wi-Fi hotspots has seen the popularity of web browsing on mobiles using Wi-Fi soar. Wi-Fi hotspots or utilisng your own Wi-Fi connection at home allows you to use the internet on your phone with little or no cost.
NFC – Near Field Communication
The Near Field Communication feature in mobile phones and other devices allows a transfer of data by touching devices together or bringing them within close range to each other. NFC has been rolled out for mobile payments allowing users to pay for small priced items in shops by tapping their handsets onto the payment terminal as well as use for a quick and easy way to transfer files by tapping phones together.
DLNA – The Digital Living Network Alliance
The Digital Living Network Alliance is designed to act as a bridge between your devices allowing you to send information between them. The DLNA function allows you to send a film or music track from your smartphone and play it on your TV or other DLNA compatible device.
Interesting to note: The Alliance was started by Sony in 2003 and now has over 200 members that produce devices with the DLNA standard.
HSCSD – High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
This system is an enhancement on the original transmission method used on the GSM network, which used to be CSD. Speeds of up to 57.6Kb/s can be achieved using this system thanks to the ability to use multiple channels to send the data through making it faster than previous methods. The usual method of charges for HSCSD use is used at a per minute rate.
HTML –HyperText Markup Language
HTML is the main language used to display web pages and other information on a web browser. HTML is made up of elements that contain the information in a code that is then read by the web browser and displayed in a web page format. The elements are not displayed on the web page as you view it as the browser is interpreting the information into a more readable format.
SNS - Social Network Services
Social Network Services is designed to bring together people in an online platform such as well-known networks like Facebook or Twitter. When this term is used regarding mobile phones this means that the handset already has or can have applications that allow you to access your social networks as well as view notifications straight on the phone through dedicated programs.
Java is a programming language designed for use on internet pages and when used in terms of a mobile phone this means that the handset will support Java based information on web pages and many games too. This language was designed to be simpler to use than other formats and created a whole new level of interactivity with web pages.
Interesting to note: Java was introduced by SunSystems in 1995 and now all major operating system developers and web browsers support Java offerings.
The term “dual-core” refers to a processing chip within a device such as a mobile phone or tablet. With more than one core there is more power for multitasking as one core can be powering some features whilst the other handles different applications. Each core has its own cache which means that the device can handle more intensive tasks.
As per “Dual-Core” but this term means the handset or tablet has four cores making it able to handle many more tasks as each core has its own cache rather than having a single core to process all tasks.
Dual band refers to phones that are able to operate on two frequencies, in mobile phones this means that a dual band phone can be used in the UK, Europe, Australasia and Asia. (Only quad-band handsets will work in some parts of Japan and Hong Kong.)
A tri-band mobile phone is able to operate on three different signal frequencies so it can be used overseas. A tri-band mobile phone will work in Europe, Australasia, USA and Canada and Asia (only quad-band handsets will work in some parts of Japan and Hong Kong.)
A quad-band phone can be used overseas and will work on four different operating frequencies. This means that a quad-band phone will work in Europe, Australasia, USA and Canada, South America and Asia.
Android is the name of the operating system created by Google and is present on many of today’s most popular mobile phones. The operating system is designed mainly for touchscreen mobile phones and tablets and is released as an open source code for developers. This means that there are a large number of developers all creating applications for the system giving users a huge choice of features and applications that are always evolving. The latest apps and content for Android handsets can be downloaded from Google Play (formerly the Android Market).
iOS is designed for use with Apple mobile devices and was originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod and has since been updated to work on the iPad and Apple TV. The system is designed for use by direct manipulation with multitouch functionality such as pinch, tap and swipe. The iOS uses applications with the latest available on the iStore.
Windows Mobile is the version of the Windows Operating system designed specifically for use with mobile phones. The system offers many of the features users will have experience with on their home PC’s including Internet Explorer, Outlook and Microsoft Office. Applications can be downloaded to Windows Mobile Phones from the Windows Market.
Multitouch is the term used to describe a touchscreen input method that can recognise more than one point of input at one time. The most commonly used multitouch methods include swipe for scrolling through pages of text or content pinch to zoom and reverse pinch to zoom out.
The term Roaming is used when taking a mobile phone abroad and connecting it to a network within another country.
A mobile phone answerphone system that works in a similar way to a home phone answering machine. The Voicemail system will pick up a call when you do not answer (depending on the settings you have chosen) and you will receive notifications of waiting messages, usually by a symbol on your phones homescreen.
The Hz (Hertz) is a unit of frequency. In computing, including smartphones, gigahertz, which is Hz to the power of 9, refers to the frequency of most central processing units (CPU) master clock rate. Therefore, GHz relates to the speed and how powerful your smartphone operates. Generally speaking, the more GHz your smartphone is packing, the quicker it will be, although this isn’t always the case as your phone’s speed is dependent on a number of different factors!
Interesting to note: Hertz is named after Heinrich Hertz, the German physicist.
GPS “Global Position System”
If you’ve heard GPS used in connection to your sat nav before, that’s because the two are intrinsically linked. GPS is a space-based system that uses satellites to provide information on location and time in all weather, anywhere on or near the earth. Your mobile phone uses GPS to determine your location for your maps and directions applications as well as other location-based apps, such as foursquare and Facebook.
Interesting to note: GPS is maintained by the US Government and is free to use for anyone with a GPS receiver.
GSM “Global System for Mobile Communications”
GSM is the term used for the standard of mobile phone protocols used on second generation mobile phones. The system was introduced when mobile phones switch from an analogue signal to a digital one and has been adopted worldwide. The GSM network operates on a number of frequencies and was originally designed for voice telephony and was later developed to support data transmission.
HD “High Definition”
High Definition is a term used to describe video content or screen technology that features a higher resolution than standard. When used in terms of a mobile phone this means that the handset can support HD video playback for better quality viewing.
A megapixel is a thousand pixels and is used to describe the number of pixels in an image or the image elements within a sensor of a digital camera. Typically the higher the megapixel rating of mobile phones on board camera the higher quality an image it will capture.
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Many people view over the counter medications as safe drugs, but the truth is that these substances can be just as harmful as illegal street drugs if they are abused or used in excess. Many common over the counter medications have ingredients that can be abused in order for an individual to get a feeling of euphoria or being high, but the medication is usually taken in larger than recommended doses. Nyquil is a common cold remedy that is frequently abused by teens and young adults, and this is also true for cough syrups and many other medications sold over the counter to treat common ailments and symptoms. When these drugs are used in large amounts some of the ingredients could cause damage to the organs or tissues in the body.
Many teens and young adults turn to over the counter medications or even prescription drugs because they view these alternatives as being safer than illegal street drugs, but this is false. Just because a substance can be purchased legally or without a prescription this does not mean that it is safe to abuse, and many emergency room visits in the USA and Canada are the result of over the counter medications. Many of these products may be combined with alcohol, and that can turn deadly in some cases because of interactions that occur when more than one substance is used. Parents need to talk with teens and make them realize the danger that abusing over the counter medications can have.
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Comparing tax and spending policies across states in a meaningful way across states or over time can be complicated by differences in population size, economic strength, or the changing cost of living. To account for these challenges, MassBudget often analyzes spending or taxation as a percent of a state’s economy. There are many ways to measure an economy, but for these purposes we typically use the state’s total personal income. For example, our Budget Browser allows for adjusting state spending by various inflation measures, including “Economic Growth,” which is the term used there for adjusting by state personal income.
WHY ANALYZE SPENDING OR REVENUE AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE ECONOMY?
A state’s budget or taxes represent a set of decisions about how much to pay for public goods such as education, transportation, housing, or health care. It is useful to consider a state’s total resources—essentially, the size of the economy—and use that base to compare that to how much the state chooses to spend on these various priorities.
If we just looked a total dollar amounts or even per capita amounts, we would not be taking into account that different states have differing abilities to raise or spend more money. For example, two states with very different average incomes could raise the same amount of money in taxes per capita, but the less wealthy state would have to tax its residents at a much higher rate to reach this same revenue level.
WHY USE STATE PERSONAL INCOME AS A MEASURE OF THE ECONOMY?
State personal income usually mirrors a state’s economy and is a good measure of a state’s “ability to pay” for government services. Looking at government spending or tax revenue as a percent of a state’s personal income makes sense because residents pay taxes out of various types of income, and a state’s budget is largely dependent on the tax revenue the state choses to raise. Similarly, personal income is a useful measure for tracking changes over time, considering whether taxes or spending is rising or falling as a share of our overall economy
WHAT COUNTS TOWARDS “STATE PERSONAL INCOME”?
State personal income is a measure of all the income from a variety of sources received by on on behalf of residents of a state. It includes salary, wages, and benefits from work, income from owning a home or a business, interest or dividends from financial assets such as savings accounts, stocks, or bonds, and income from the government such as Social Security or cash assistance. This measure is developed by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) each year. The BEA estimates do not include income from capital gains, and they also adjust to exclude income earned in a given state by out-of-state residents.
HOW DOES MASSBUDGET MODIFY OFFICIAL MASSACHUSETTS STATE PERSONAL INCOME ESTIMATES?
MassBudget often makes two important adjustments the official state personal income estimate provided by the BEA. These adjustments were recommended in a memo from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, “Assessing Alternative Measures of State Income.” To capture state income not included in the BEA estimates, we add in an estimate of realized capital gains income provided by the state Department of Revenue, and we make a residential adjustment to include back in the BEA estimate of earnings of residents out-of-state residents who work in Massachusetts. Since we only have these data for Massachusetts, however, do not make these adjustments when conducting 50-state comparisons.
ANOTHER NOTE OR TWO ABOUT USING STATE PERSONAL INCOME ESTIMATES
The BEA personal income measure does not include corporate profits, even though corporate profits represent an additional source of taxable income used widely to help support state government. Due to the multi-state nature of large corporations, it is difficult to allocate the proportional amount of corporate profits earned in a given state. Accordingly, MassBudget does not make an adjustment to state personal income estimates to include corporate profits.
Finally, it is very important when making comparisons over time to consider similar points in a business cycle. During periods of economic contraction or recession, the state personal income typically drops, but state spending often increases as the demand for services meeting critical needs increases. Conversely, during periods of economic recovery, government spending may not increase as rapidly as a quickly growing economy.
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Confined Space Safety Awareness
Confined Spaces Safety Awareness
A Confined space is any area that is not intended for human occupancy, has limited access or has the potential to contain a toxic or oxygen deficient atmosphere. Training is necessary for supervisors, stand-by-person, and workers entering confined spaces as per the Ontario Regulation (O. Reg. 632/05) set forth by the Ministry of Labour (MOL) covered by the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA).
Upon completion of this safety awareness training session participants will:
- Be able to define the term confined space and list several different examples of confined spaces in the workplace
- Be aware of the dangers associated with confined spaces
- Be able to state the main administrative control mechanisms used to protect people who are entering and working in confined spaces
- Be familiar with the Confined Space Entry Requirements for their particular work environment
- Be able to state the four generic groupings of the reasons why accidents occur in confined spaces
- Be aware of a range of control measures that can be introduced to minimize or eliminate the risk of injury while entering or working in confined spaces
- Training Manual
- Combination of multiple choice and true/false testing
- A certificate of completion and a wallet size card
Please complete the form below to request / arrange a training date for you or your group.
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There is a lot of information being written related to Health Literacy. Has your agency formally addressed the issues at a management and clinician level? How effective is the patient education that clinicians are spending valuable time and resources, if the health literacy level of patient is unknown? Can patient self-management and disease management be successful without assessing and addressing health literacy issues?
Approximately 88% of the U.S. population has health literacy issues! A person’s education level does not even matter, because even college graduates can be overwhelmed with the healthcare systems, information, choices, etc.
- Read more on Health Literacy in the Underserved Population (UP) Best Practice Intervention Package (BPIP) beginning on page 38
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) United Health Communication: Health Literacy, Cultural Competency, and Limited English Proficiency
- 5 hour free Health Literacy Course
Reading and studying health literacy is essential in improving care to the health disparate population, but until we put ourselves in the shoes of people with health literacy issues, we really don’t understand. Several ways to improve our assessment skills include:
- Listening and observing patients for signs of health literacy issues and knowing who is at a high risk (UP BPIP, p. 40)
- Read two scenarios about Navigating Healthcare Systems from the perspective of a person with health literacy issues
- Watch a short AMA video (5 minutes) on several different people with health literacy issues and how it affects their lives. Additional great videos listed and linked in UP BPIP (p. 44) – perfect to gain insight and share at staff meetings.
There are several free Health Literacy Assessment tools included in the UP BPIP (pp. 41 – 42) with scoring guides.
- Rapid Estimates of Adult Literacy in Medicine – Short Form (REALM-SF) – ARHQ
- Ask patient to read 7 common medical terms or diseases
- Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish Adults (SAHLSA-50) – ARHQ
- Ask patient to read 50 common medical terms or diseases in Spanish
- The Newest Vital Sign: A Health Literacy Assessment Tool for Patient Care and Research – Pfizer
- Ask patient questions related to an ice cream nutrition label (English & Spanish)
How health literate is your patient education tools? What education grade level are they? Do they use medical jargon or plain language?
- Readability Level information to determine grade level of written patient education materials and Simple Plain Language information (UP BPIP, p. 46)
What health literacy strategies and education does your clinical staff use?
- Teach-Back is a clinician feed-back technique to ensure that message sent was received, if not, the clinician needs to modify the teaching method (UP BPIP, pp. 44 – 46)
- Extra resources including videos are listed on table (UP BPIP, p. 45)
- Ask Me 3TM (UP BPIP, p. 43)
- Use 3 simple questions during every visit to prioritize key issues
- Additional Toolkits and Resources (UP BPIP, pp. 43 – 44)
Health Literacy is not just a onetime action plan or improvement process, it has to be a continuous process. It is our responsibility as healthcare providers to adapt and modify to meet the needs of all patients, especially those that have health disparities or are underserved for any reason.
Misty Kevech, RN Project Coordinator
HHQI National Campaign
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Aerial view of Harris Dam in South West WA
The Department of Water and Environmental Regulation takes great care to identify and protect areas from where drinking water is sourced. These public drinking water source areas include the catchments of surface water sources (dams, reservoirs) and the recharge areas of groundwater sources (bores). There are more than 140 across Western Australia, and this number changes as new sources are proclaimed, and old sources are abolished.
To help ensure safe, reliable and affordable drinking water supplies, we:
- determine the boundaries of public drinking water source areas and proclaims them under legislation
- prepare and review drinking water source protection reports for each public drinking water source area in the state
- adopt the Australian drinking water guidelines 'catchment to consumer', multiple-barrier, risk-based framework
- investigate and advise on development in public drinking water source areas that pose a contamination risk to drinking water and public health
- prepare and implement policies and strategies to achieve the maximum practical protection of drinking water sources
- develop and promote the use of water quality guidance describing water quality protection measures
- work with other agencies to manage recreation within public drinking water source areas
- work with the community, industry, local and state government and water service providers to manage public drinking water sources areas
- provide advice on the management of other drinking water sources across the state, such as Aboriginal community supplies, mine sites and private supplies
- promote the importance of drinking water protection and educates the community.
Our powers to manage drinking water are provided through the Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Act 1909 and the Country Areas Water Supply Act 1947. Both acts have a set of by-laws which enable protection of drinking water sources. Government is currently working towards an amalgamated set of by-laws so there will be consistency across the state. The Country Areas Water Supply Act 1947 also contains provisions for clearing of native vegetation within salinity controlled catchments.
For information about the quality of your tap water, please contact the Water Corporation.
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Scientific American. New Series, Volume 20, Issue 14, Apr 3, 1869
It appears that until 1864 the belief that there was nothing injurious in absinthe except the alcohol, was general enough. In that year, however, a mad doctor named Marce, communicated a paper to the Academy of Sciences, in which he demonstrated that the essence of wormwood was contained in the liquor called absinthe, in the proportion of twenty grammes of essence to 100 liters of alcohol, and argued that this essence had a peculiarly injurious effect on the brain.
In 1867 a petition was presented to the Senate, praying that the sale of absinthe might be absolutely forbidden. Nothing came of it; and now the question of absinthe has been once more brought forward by two physicians, MM. Magnan and Bouchereau, who, for the first time, have made regular scientific experiments with the questionable stuff. The object of the experimentalists was to show what the effect of pure alcohol would be on a guinea-pig, and what the effect of absinthe.
With this view, they placed a guinea-pig under a glass case, with a saucer full of essence of wormwood by his side, another guinea-pig being placed under another glass case with a saucer full of alcohol. The guinea-pig, who, so to say, was being treated with absinthe, sniffed at the fumes, and for a few moments seemed, like the ordinary absinthe drinker, supremely happy. Gradually, however, be became heavy and dull, and at last fell on his side, agitating his limbs convulsively, foaming at the mouth, and presenting all the signs of epilepsy. The same epileptic symptoms were manifested on the part of a cat and rabbit, who, in a similar manner, were made to inhale the fumes of absinthe.
Popular Science Articles
- Taxonomy of "Wormwoods" and related Artemisia Species
- The Life of an Anise-Flavored Alcoholic Beverage
- α-Thujone: γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation
- AOAC Official Thujone Detection Method
- Systematic Misinformation about Thujone in Pre-ban Absinthe
- Absinthe - W. Arnold, Scientific American
- General misconceptions about the wormwood-flavoured spirit absinthe
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The Wind in the Willows The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth Grahame
- The Wind in the Willows is Kenneth Grahame's beloved children's book about the adventures of Mole, Rat, Badger, and Toad, four animals living in the English countryside. Mole is the main character, but Toad often steals the show with his wild, reckless behavior. Over time, the four animals become close friends and learn how to live in peace with nature.
- The Wind in the Willows is structured around Mole's spiritual journey as he comes to understand the true meaning of the wind in the willows. On this journey, Mole has a series of smaller adventures with his friends, in the course of which he learns how to swim and sees the world for the first time.
- Friendship is an important theme in the novel. Mole first meets Rat while standing on a riverbank, gazing out at the rushing waters. Mole and Rat become fast friends and do everything together, including going on adventures that bring them into contact with Badger and Toad. Soon, all four animals become friends and find peace and happiness together.
The Wind in the Willows Kenneth Grahame
Scottish novelist, short story writer, and essayist.
The following entry presents criticism of Grahame’s novel The Wind in the Willows (1908). See also Kenneth Grahame Criticism.
Published in 1908, The Wind in the Willows is regarded as a classic children's novel. Originating from a series of bedtime stories Grahame told his son, Alastair, the book chronicles the adventures of a group of plucky animals, led by the impulsive and childish Mr. Toad. The Wind in the Willows remains one of the most popular books for children in England and the United States and has been translated into several different languages. In addition, it has been adapted for film, television, and the stage many times and inspired several sequels written by different authors.
Plot and Major Characters
The Wind in the Willows focuses on the adventures of a group of four animal friends that exhibit human behavior: Mole, Badger, Rat, and Toad. Commentators note that the book consists of three narratives placed together: the adventures of Toad, the tale of the friendship of Rat and Mole, and the two lyrical chapters on nature entitled “The Piper at the Gates of Dawn” and “Wayfarers All.” The story begins when Mole abandons the spring cleaning of his underground home to take a walk along the riverbank. He meets Rat, and the two become friends. Mole also becomes friends with Toad, the rich owner of Toad Hall. Toad convinces Rat and Mole to take a trip on his gypsy caravan, but during the ride they are forced off the road by a speeding automobile. Entranced, Toad abandons the caravan to follow the car. Rat and Mole return home. Later, Mole gets lost exploring the area across the river known as the Wild Wood. Rat rescues him, and the two find refuge in the safe and warm home of the Badger. Meanwhile, Toad has become obsessed with automobiles and has crashed several cars. Concerned about his young friend, Badger asks Rat and Mole to help him convince Toad to be more responsible. Their appeal to him fails, and Toad is caught stealing a car and is sentenced to twenty years in jail. Toad escapes jail and has many adventures on his trip home. When he finally arrives back at Toad Hall, he finds it overrun with weasels, stoats, and ferrets from the Wild Wood. With the help of his friends, they are able to run the squatters out of the house and enjoy a celebratory banquet. The story ends with Toad resolving to reform.
Commentators have identified one of the major thematic concerns of The Wind of Willows as the journey; in the story, various characters feel the pull of wanderlust and the need to explore space outside of their home region. Yet most of these journeys result in danger and homesickness. Several critics perceive The Wind in the Willows as nostalgic for a long-ago England, before industrialization began to alter the British landscape and customs. Grahame's antagonism toward...
(The entire section is 48,675 words.)
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» Technology Home «
E-mail Phishing Attacks
What is Phishing?
Phishing is the term given to communications, usually email, where the attacker tries to fool the target into revealing private information about themselves or their organization. Often claiming to be IT Solutions, the attacker will usually include hyperlinks to malicious websites in the email that appear to be legitimate or include malicious attachments. Simply visiting the URL or downloading the attachment can be enough to compromise your machine.
How does Phishing affect me?
If your account is compromised, attackers will often start sending out more phishing emails from your account. This could damage your reputation and decrease the trust others place in your future emails.
Additionally, attackers may be able to compromise any other accounts attributed to that email address. this could include bank accounts, social networking accounts, file back up, remote connection to your computer, and so on.
How can I tell if it's phishing?
Attackers will often use a sense of urgency in their messages. For example:
- "Your account will be disabled unless you act now!!!"
- "Please update your account information or your account will be terminated"
- "Your mailbox storage has exceeded the quota"
- Often, they will include a link or attachment. these will usually, although not always, require some action on our part, such as clicking or downloading, to be successful.
- Spelling and grammatical errors are very common among phishing communications. Many of the attacks originate from overseas or from people who don't speak English as their first language. Although this is not always the case, treat emails with excessive grammatical errors with extra scrutiny.
How can I protect myself from this?
DON'T CLICK ON LINKS!
When you receive an email about your account, instead of clicking on the link, open your browser and manually type in the site address. Because you are going to the site yourself, you can be more confident that you are going to the right place. A bank or other financial institution should never be sending you emails with links in them.
Seriously, Don't Click On the Links
Although a link in an email may appear to be leading you to a legitimate site, for example http://www.rctc.edu. It may in fact be leading you to a compromised or malicious site like http://compromised.website.com/rctc/edu. Attackers will make a link into a hyperlink that appears legitimate when you read it, while it instead opens a different address. It is important to be aware of what website you are on in your browser.
Take a Minute to Verify
If you receive an email about your bank account being compromised, take the time to call your bank. If in fact your account is compromised, you will be able to get addiotional assistance over the phone. It is important to use the phone number found on your bankcard and not a phone number included in the email.
Trust Your Spam Filters
Modern spam filters are able to block messages based on trends. For example, if 10,000 Gmail accounts received the same email from the same address wtih the same link to reset your password, then Google's spam filters are more likely to send that email directly to the spam folder.
How to report Phishing emails to Microsoft:
In outlook Office 365 (Accessing email through a web browser)
** Student and Staff/Faculty off campus
Click on the phishing scam message, click the down arrow next to Junk, and then click Phishing on the toolbar. Office 365 does not block the sender because senders of phishing scam messages typically impersonate legitimate senders. If you prefer, add the sender to your blocked senders.
How to report phishing emails from the Outlook client, (ie. icon on desktop/Outlook Application on Office computer) **Staff/Faculty only
Right click on message, click on Junk, click on Report as Phishing, then click Report
**Mac users will have to use Office 365 (ie. web browser) to report phishing emails
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Activities in Albania
A number of important archaeological discoveries have been made in Albania. The sites that are found in the North as well as in the South are great for those interested in ancient history as well as for the merely curious.
The city of Durres dates to the 7th century B.C. The modern city is built on top of the ruins of ancient Epidamnos or Dyrrachion, the latter transformed into Dyrrachium in the Roman period. During the 3rd century B.C. the relations of the city with the Illyrians was prospering, while Illyrian names account about 30% of all names engraved in grave stones found during excavations in and around the city.
Dyrrachium became a central battle place between the legions of Caesar and Pompey during the Civil War of 49-48 B.C. and suffered damage as a result of the war operations. During the reign of Augustus, in 30 B.C. Dyrrachium became a Roman colony, by the name of Colonia Iulia Augusta Dyrrachinorum. The largest of all public buildings were constructed in Dyrrachium during the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D. The amphitheater, partially excavated starting since 1960, has a seating capacity estimated between 15.000-20.000 people and is situated on the middle of the modern city, while other important buildings are the public baths of the 2nd century A.D. discovered in 1966, the remains of the aqueduct about 15 km long, built during the reign of Hadrian, the Byzantine walls and the round forum-macellum, build in the 5th-6th centuries A.D.
One of the most interesting finds from the city is the "Bukuroshja e Durrësit" the beauty of Durres mosaic, situated at the National Historic Museum in Tirana. The mosaic belongs to the 4th century B.C., and it is definitely one of the most beautiful of its kind in Albania.In the 9th century A.D. the Theme of Dyrachium is created, one of the two themes in the western Balkans, while in 1071 and 1081 the Normans attacked the city. From 1204 the city came under the Venetians and in 1501 the Ottomans managed to take it
Fortification of Gorica
Located on the junction of the Osum River and its branch Velabisht, while serving a two-fold function. From one part the fortification encloses totally the Osum valley, having in front of it Berati Castle and from the other side it controls the Velebisht river. From the north part the castle is defended from the natural rock, while from the other sides exactly from east and south and partly in west it is possible to clearly spot the fortification wall, that may be followed in its entire length.
This fortification wall dates to the 4-3 century B.C. There are indications that archeological remains found earlier on the site, date to the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, indicating that the site dates earlier to the 3 century B.C. The interruption of life in Gorica is strongly connected with Roman occupation in the 2nd century B.C.
The fortified hill of Peshtan
Archaeologists, based on the construction techniques and surface finds date this citadel to the 4th century B.C. To this period also belong large
qantities of pottery fragments found on the southern side of the hill.
Mbjeshova Castle is situated near the village of Mbjeshova, it covers a surface of about 1,5 - 2 ha. The surrounding wall is well maintained along the length of the hill.The fortification is double, formed by an inner wall serving at the same time as a staging ground for soldiers and a lookout. At the east side are situated three towers and an entrance, the castle dates at the 4-5 centuries AD. This castle is considered as one of the best maintained archeological centers of the area.
The fortress of Vokopola
The castle of Vokopola known as Ali Pashë Tepelena's castle, is located on a hill at northern-west part of Vokopola village near the city of Berat. The fortification is situated on a hill 765m above sea level.
Early Christian Bazilica of Shën Mëhill in Arapaj
Situated on the Shën Mëhill (Saint Michael) hill, 6 km from the city of Durrës, discovered in 1974 the remains of an Early Christian church. This church is known as Shën Mëhilli church.
The mosaic inside the basilica, covers a surface of about 54 m, and is well maintained. The numismatic material that has been found at the Arapaj Basilica is also rich and dates from the 5-th century A.D until the 13th-14th centuries A.D., thus showing that the basilica was in use for about 10 centuries.
The Monumental Tombs of Selca e Poshtëme
These 2,400 year old tombs are located 40 km from Pogradec. Selca was a town of the Illyrain tribe of Desartes founded in the sixth century B.C. It is thought that ancient Pelion, residence of Illyrian king Klit was here. This archaeological site is located 1,040 meters above sea level. Five monumental tombs in Ionic style have been excavated there. Four of them have been carved into tunnels. They are very rare in the Balkan Peninsula but can often be found in Southern Italy. A great number of personal possessions in gold and filigree have been found there.
Albanopolis ( Zgërdhesh)
The ancient town is located to the right of the Fushë Kruja to Kruja road by Halil village.
The city was built on a hill in a 10 hectare area. The ancient city flourished for three or four centuries but then was abandoned on the second century A.D.
The ancient city of Klos (Nikaia) it is situated in the proximity of Byllis, covering an area of ca.18 ha. There is a single entrance to the city and three defensive towers. Among the most important monuments are the small theatre, a stoa, and the traces of a stadium. The theatre had a capacity of ca. 800-1000 spectators and has preserved also 14 citizenship-granting inscriptions, dating to the 3rd century B.C. Life in Nikaia ends abruptly in 167 B.C., when the army of Paulus Aemilus ravaged Epirus and parts of Southern Illyria.
Located in Drino valley in Gjirokastra region by a village bearing the same name, this is Roman Adrianopolis of the second century A.D. The theatre was excavated in 1984 and has a capacity of 4,000 seats in 27 steps.
The first excavations began at the site in 1963 and since then a 30m long Stoa has been unearthed. The monument clearly resembles the Stoa of Apollonia, indicating the strong links between these two cities
Situated near the modern town of Cakran, the site of Gurë zeza, dominates the plain of Vjosa and the view extends to the Karaburun peninsula and the island of Sazan in the bay of Vlora. The partially preserved walls cover an area of over 15 ha.
The castle seems to have been built in the 4th century A.D. to withstand gothic invasions, while other finds bring the earliest date of occupation in the area to the 5th-4th centuries B.C.
Excavations near the cape of Treport have revealed traces of an ancient settlement dating from the 7th century B.C. Over the centuries the settlement extended and a new wall was built around it in the 4th century B.C.
It is sometime in the 6th century A.D. that the town changes name to Hagia Saranda or Forty Saints, but it is unclear under what circumstances this happened. This may be related to the construction of a great basilica on a hill overlooking the modern city of Saranda. Various monuments and archaeological finds from the city have came to light during many years of research, such as the synagogue/basilica, a portion of a Roman Imperial archway, a late antique house, an apsidal building, an Odeon, a cemetery, and a building with an elaborate mosaic, the so-called Dolphin pavement.
Fortified settlement of Gradishta e Belshit
The settlement of Gradishta e Belshit is located near the Belsh village on the west side of Devolli river. The main phases of identification at this settlement are dated from the Late Bronze Age period until the Late Antique period, including the refortification of the settlement. Inside the necropolis of the city materials date from the 4th-1st centuries B.C. and 4th-6th centuries A.D.
The Persqop fortress
The Persqop fortress is situated near the Petrela Castle, on the Vila mountain.The first phase of construction dates in the Illyrian period while on the Roman period the fortification was extended further.
The fortification of Rosuja
The fortification of Rosuja is situated 6km to the southwest of Bajram Curri, near the Binjaj village. From the excavations has been revealed that this site has been inhabited from the Early Iron Age until the 5th century A.D.
Inside the fortified area buildings of the Roman and Late Roman period have been found.
The cave settlement of Rrëza e Kanalit
The cave with a view over the bay of Vlora was first discovered in 1939.Eneolithic stone tools, pottery and animal bones indicate the use of the cave in early times, but also in later Medieval periods.
The tumuli burials of Shtoj
The plain of Shtoj is situated about 5 km to the northeast of the city of Shkodra,between the villages of Boks, Drago and the Bridge of Mesi, on the western side of the Kir river and dates from the Early Bronze Age until the Late Iron Age.
The cave settlements of Himara
Near Spile, on the side of the hill facing the sea, to the left of the national road Himara-Saranda, are situated three cave settlements. The deposits inside the caves date from the Eneolithic, to the Bronze Age and the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
The fortified settlement of Karos near Qeparo
The fortified settlement of Karos is situated 490m above sea level, on a hill along the Qeparo river. The hill side of the Qeparo village is about 1 km long and continues toward the western slope. The material collected from the archaeological excavations give a wide dating range starting from the Early Iron Age to the 4th century A.D.
The Kratul fortification
The Kratul fortification is situated on the homonymous hill, 143 m above the sea level, 6 km to the northeast of Shkodra and 600 m distant from the Bridge of Mesi. The archaeological material indicates that life at the settlement is active from the Early Iron Age until the 1st century A.D.
Music and Dance
Albania has a rich musical tradition and especially folklore. This is to be expected as the whole Balkan region is well known for its impressive musical heritage. The interpretation of Albanian folklore music varies a great deal from polyphony (songs without instruments) to flute or bagpipe polyphony to other kinds of songs and instruments altogether.
Albania also has a rich tradition of dances with a great variety of choreography and costumes mainly depending on the origin. There are epic as well as lyrical dances. Particularly famous for their elegance, rhythm and drama are the dances of Rugova, Tropoja, Devoll, Lunxhëria, the couples’ dance of Rrajca, lab dances and the çam dance of Osman Taga.
National Festival of Folklore
This is the most important event on folklore in Albania. It is organized in Gjirokastra Castle every four years. All Albanian folklore groups participate together with Albanian groups from Kosova, Montenegro, Macedonia the arbresh of Italy, Turkey, the United States, Greece and other countries. Folklore groups from other countries as well as international guests participate as well.
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5. Psalm 34: The Fear of the Lord
Were it not for the superscription to this psalm, Psalm 34 could be read as a beautiful response of praise and instruction based upon some unknown incident in which David was delivered from danger. Our difficulty in understanding the psalm arises from its historical setting:104 “A Psalm of David when he feigned madness before Abimelech, who drove him away and he departed.”105 I am immediately troubled by these words. Should David have been in Gath? Is his feigned insanity consistent with the dignity of the office of a king? Should God be praised because David pretended to be insane and thus escaped danger? Should others be taught (cf. vv. 11-22) on the basis of this kind of behavior? How can a psalm which condemns deceit (v. 13) be based upon the actions of a deceiver?
One might reason that these questions surface because of an inaccurate perception of the incident referred to in the superscription.106 Actually the opposite is true. The more one studies 1 Samuel 21:10-15 in context, the more distressing becomes David’s conduct when he was pursued by Saul. While I had previously viewed this time in David’s life as one of spiritual vitality and personal piety, a more careful study reveals that he was a man with feet of clay. Since the superscription is intended to turn our attention to the historical setting of the psalm, let us begin by considering David’s conduct as he fled from Saul. We will approach this broadly at first, looking at the context in which 1 Samuel 21:10-15 is found, and then consider the incident in Gath specifically.
The death of Goliath and the rout of the Philistines (1 Sam. 17) quickly swept David from obscurity to renown as a military hero. The women of Israel sang, “Saul has slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands” (1 Sam. 18:7). The popularity of David surpassed Saul, making the king extremely jealous (18:8-9). Saul began to look upon David as his rival, and eventually he was marked out for death (cf. 18:10-11, 20-29).
Just as Saul sinfully responded to David’s popularity, David also reacted wrongly to the danger occasioned by Saul’s murderous intentions. Deception became David’s way of dealing with danger. The events leading up to Psalm 34 begin in 1 Samuel 19 when David escaped Saul’s assassination plot (19:10). He fled Saul’s spear, being lowered from a window by Michal, his wife. She then (at David’s instruction?) deceived her father. To allow time for David to escape, Michal placed a dummy made from a household idol in his bed (19:11-17). Sometime later David was expected to sit at Saul’s table to celebrate the feast of the new moon. Fearing for his life he asked Jonathan to lie about his absence from the festivities. Jonathan falsely explained to his father that David had gone to offer a sacrifice for his family at Bethlehem (20:6).
Later David fled to Nob. There Ahimelech the priest questioned David as to why he appeared alone. David fallaciously replied to the priest that Saul had commissioned him to carry out an urgent task and that he was to rendezvous with his men at an appointed place (21:1-2). David requested provisions and a weapon from Ahimelech. He was given some of the consecrated bread107 and the sword he had taken from Goliath.
David’s flight to Nob was costly. Along with eighty-four other priests, Ahimelech was executed at Saul’s command. Saul’s paranoid purge included the slaughter of the men, women, children and cattle of Nob (22:6-19).108 David acknowledged to Abiathar, the only son of Ahimelech to survive the massacre at Nob, that he was morally responsible for the slaughter (v. 22).
How was it possible for David, in the words of Psalm 34, to “seek and pursue peace” (v. 14) with a sword? When David went out to do battle with Goliath he said that he did not require a sword for the Lord was on his side:
“This day the Lord will deliver you up into my hands, and I will strike you down and remove your head from you. And I will give the dead bodies of the army of the Philistines this day to the birds of the sky and the wild beasts of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel, and that all this assembly may know that the Lord does not deliver by sword or by spear; for the battle is the Lord’s and He will give you into our hands” (1 Sam. 17:46-47).
God was not only able to deliver David from Goliath without a sword, but He could also protect David from the treachery of Saul without David resorting to the use of Goliath’s sword. In 1 Samuel 19 we are told that David fled to Samuel at Ramah, after which the two of them went to stay in Naioth (v. 18). Saul heard that David was at Naioth and dispatched forces to arrest him. On three occasions Saul’s arresting forces were confronted by Samuel and a company of prophets; they were overcome by the Spirit of God so that they prophesied. Those men who were under the control of the Holy Spirit could not lay a hand on God’s anointed. Finally, Saul personally led his forces, only to prophesy himself (vv. 23-24). Without a sword or a spear, God was able to spare David’s life. Why, then, did David feel it urgent that he arm himself with a weapon?
In 1 Samuel 25 we find David and his men living in the wilderness of Paran (v. 1). There David gave Nabal’s shepherds protection without requiring payment. He therefore requested from Nabal a token of his appreciation (vv. 5-8). Nabal foolishly denied this request, refusing to acknowledge that David was the coming king of Israel, as his wife Abigail testified (v. 30). David impetuously set out to attack Nabal, intending to kill him and every male heir. Only by the wise and godly intervention of Abigail was David turned from his act of vengeance (vv. 9-35).109 Surely David was not “seeking peace” in the way he instructed others to do in Psalm 34.
One final incident must be mentioned before we turn to David’s first flight to Gath in 1 Samuel 21. David made a second flight to Achish in Gath in 1 Samuel 27. In this instance it is very clear that David fled to this Philistine city out of fear and unbelief:
Then David said to himself, “Now I will perish one day by the hand of Saul. There is nothing better for me than to escape into the land of the Philistines. Saul then will despair of searching for me any more in all the territory of Israel, and I will escape from his hand” (1 Sam. 27:1).
In contemporary terms, David must have thought, “Better Red than dead.” David fled to the Philistines because he didn’t believe God could spare his life any other way.
David’s actions were based upon pragmatism rather than on principle. He was willing to make an alliance with Israel’s enemies in order to feel safe and secure. The Philistines who once fled from David, the warrior of Israel (1 Sam. 17:50-52), were now David’s allies to whom he looked for protection from Saul. In order to win Achish’s favor, David convinced him that he was conducting raids upon Israelite towns, while actually he was attacking the Geshurites, the Girzites, and the Amalekites (27:8-12). David even told Achish that he would fight with him against the Israelites (28:1-2) which it appeared he was willing to do until a protest was raised by the Philistine commanders (29:1-5).
These events provide a backdrop for David’s predicament in 1 Samuel 21. In all previous incidents, violence and deception seem to have been more the rule than the exception. In continued flight from Saul David left Judah for Gath, the home town of Goliath (1 Sam. 17:4,23) and one of the five principle cities of the Philistines (cf. Josh. 13:3; 1 Sam. 6:17; 17:52). David apparently wished to remain anonymous, but such hopes were futile. He was soon recognized as the rightful king of Israel and a great military hero about whom songs were sung by the Israelite women (1 Sam. 21:11). These things were all reported to Achish, king of Gath.
The superscription to Psalm 56 suggests that David was placed under house arrest. David probably wondered if he was doomed to spend his life as the prisoner of Achish. After all, Israel and the Philistines were enemies and at war as nations. David was the enemy’s king (v. 11), or at least was going to be. And David was the one who had put their home-town hero Goliath to death. Things did not look good for David. It is not without reason that we are told, “David took these words to heart, and greatly feared Achish king of Gath” (v. 12).
An ingenious plan then came to David’s mind. Concealing his sanity, David began to manifest the symptoms of a lunatic. He scribbled on the walls and drooled down his beard (v. 13). How could such a maniac possibly pose a threat to Achish? In his present state of mind David would not be an asset to Achish in any armed conflict with Israel (cf. v. 15; 29:1ff.). The result was that David departed, not voluntarily as 22:1 might allow, but by force. The superscription to Psalm 34 indicates that this Philistine king “drove him away.”
I do not find it possible to praise David for the deception which characterized his actions while fleeing from Saul (cf. also 1 Sam. 27:8-12). Neither can I excuse David’s fraudulence in these events on the grounds of situational ethics, reasoning that in this “time of war” deceit was allowable.110 While Kidner attempts to minimize the wrong done here by referring to David’s deception as “abject clowning,”111 I find this an inadequate explanation. Let us be honest; this is not the same kind of “deception” we practice when we leave a light on in the house at night, allowing the burglar to conclude that we are home. This was deliberate lying. David’s actions, or at least some of them, were wrong. Not only are we hard-pressed to praise David for his cunning, we are caused to wonder how it is possible to praise God for David’s deliverance as Psalm 34 urges us to do. How can we possibly take seriously the instruction which David gives in the psalm? How are we to harmonize the situation of 1 Samuel 21:10-15 with the words of Psalm 34?
The solution to our problem is not to be found in the Book of 1 Samuel. It is not even to be found in Psalm 34. The key to our dilemma is contained in Psalm 56, which begins with these words: “For the choir director; according to Jonath elem rehokim. A Mikhtam of David, when the Philistines seized him in Gath.”
A look at Psalm 56, apparently based on the same event in David’s life, will help us to see the folly of David’s fears from which God delivered him: “When I am afraid, I will put my trust in Thee. In God, whose word I praise, in God I have put my trust; I shall not be afraid. What can mere man do to me?” (Ps. 56:3-4, cf. also vv. 10-11).
In 1 Samuel 21:12 we read: “And David took these words to heart, and greatly feared Achish king of Gath.” It was David’s fear of Saul that prompted him to flee to Gath to seek the protection of the Philistines (cf. 1 Sam. 27:1). It was David’s dread of man which caused him to deceive others with his lips (e.g. 1 Sam. 20:5-6; 21:1-2, etc.). It was David’s panic that led him to the conclusion that he must feign madness before Abimelech if he were to survive. Psalm 56 focuses on David’s fears, which prompted him to flee from Judah and to seek to preserve his life by deception. In Psalm 56 I believe David came to see his problem as that of fearing man rather than God. With a renewed trust in God (a fear of God), David now realizes that “mere man” (vv. 4, 11) can do nothing against him while God is his defense (vv. 3-4, 9-11).
It is my opinion that the sequence of events recorded in 1 Samuel 21 and Psalms 34 and 56 was something like this: Out of fear of Saul, David fled to Gath. He attempted to live in that city without revealing his identify, but was soon discovered (cf. 1 Sam. 21:11). When Achish learned of David’s identity and reputation as a soldier, he seized him (superscription, Psalm 56). Under house arrest, David began to ponder his situation and realized he was in grave danger (cf. 1 Sam. 21:12). David acted as though he was insane and was expelled from Gath. The king looked back upon these events at a point in time and came to understand that he had acted out of the fear of man and not out of the fear of God (cf. Psalm 56:3-4, 10-11). He was humbled before God and wrote Psalm 56 as his confession and vow of trust. Finally, Psalm 34 was penned to praise God for His deliverance (in spite of his deception and sin) and to teach the principles pertaining to the “fear of the Lord” which David had learned through this painful experience.
Psalm 34 must therefore be interpreted in light of the additional revelation of Psalm 56. We need not attempt to excuse David’s sin, because he confessed it and expressed his renewed trust in God. When we read Psalm 34 we understand that it was written by the same man who has already acknowledged his sin and is forgiven. The trust of which David speaks in Psalm 34 is that which he reaffirmed in Psalm 56. The key to our understanding of the relationship of Psalm 34 to 1 Samuel 21 is that David was forgiven and renewed as a result of his experience described in Psalm 56.
It should be noted that Psalm 34 is an acrostic, or alphabetical psalm, with the first word of each verse (including the superscription) beginning with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Other psalms, such as 25, 119 and 145, are also acrostics. This form served as a poetic device, which among other things, may have aided in the memorization of the psalm. Since much of the psalm takes the form of wisdom literature, it is not unusual that this form would be employed considering the subject matter of the psalm.
A Promise of Praise
Psalm 34:1-3 1 A Psalm of David when he feigned madness before Abimelech, who drove him away and he departed. I will bless the LORD at all times; His praise shall continually be in my mouth. 2 My soul shall make its boast in the LORD; The humble shall hear it and rejoice. 3 O magnify the LORD with me, And let us exalt His name together. (NASB)
David begins this psalm with a vow, or a promise: “I will bless the Lord at all times; His praise shall continually be in my mouth” (v. 1). Here David promises to persistently praise His God. His praise, while based upon a specific event in his life, is ongoing. It should be understood that David is not promising a marathon praise session, but rather is committing himself to the praise of God at every opportunity and in the midst of various states of mind, spirit, and body. Just as we are to “pray without ceasing” (1 Thess. 5:17)—to pray consistently and in all circumstances—David promises to praise without ceasing.
While verse one stresses the frequency of David’s praise, the second verse reveals the focus of that praise. His soul will “make its boast in the Lord” (v. 2a). David does not dwell on his experience, nor even on his deliverance, but on his Deliverer. The Lord is both the subject and the object of David’s praise.
Verses 2b and 3 remind us of the fellowship of praise. Praise can be private, but that is not the kind of praise which the psalms practice and promote. When David publicly praised God at worship, he did so purposing to promote worship on the part of the entire congregation.112 Those who loved God, as David did, could rejoice with him. Paul’s teaching in Romans chapter 12 indicates that New Testament worship should be a sharing in the joys of fellow-Christians: “Rejoice with those who rejoice, and weep with those who weep” (Rom. 12:15).
David therefore urges his fellow-worshippers to join with him in magnifying the Lord so that His name will be corporately exalted (v. 3).
4 I sought the LORD, and He answered me, And delivered me from all my fears. 5 They looked to Him and were radiant, And their faces shall never be ashamed. 6 This poor man cried and the LORD heard him, And saved him out of all his troubles. 7 The angel of the LORD encamps around those who fear Him, And rescues them. (NASB)
The praise of God in the psalms is based upon two central themes: (1) the acts of God and (2) the attributes of God. God’s works and His worth provide the basis for praise. In verses 4-7 David describes his deliverance, which is the basis for his praise and his teaching.
From the superscription to this psalm and the account in 1 Samuel 21, we know the details of the deliverance to which David is referring. If we did not have these additional details, we would hardly have concluded that David’s praise resulted from that incident with Achish. In view of the background to this psalm, several observations can be made here which will help us better understand the brief historical reference contained in verses 4-7.
(1) The fact that this psalm has a superscription which points us back to 1 Samuel 21 indicates that there was no attempt here to conceal David’s failures. Indeed, it would be safe to say that it was intended for us to interpret this psalm in the light of those failures. There is no effort to “cover up” for David to make him (or this psalm) look good.
(2) The brevity of the description of David’s deliverance should be understood in the light of David’s purpose for the entire psalm, which was to exhort others to share in the blessings of God’s protection and in His praise. David had purposed (and promised, cf. v. 1, 2a) to praise the Lord. While it would have been possible for him to embellish the account, it would have obscured the object of David’s praise, the Lord Himself. The more David minimized his personal experience and generalized God’s goodness, the more others could identify with him and join in his praise. If David’s flight to Gath and his relationship with these Philistines were less than commendable (as I believe was the case), then David would not wish to concentrate on his wrong doings but on God’s grace. There is little value in exploring David’s sin, but much to be gained from pondering God’s salvation.
(3) David is not stressing his deliverance from danger in these verses (which he encountered as a result of his own sin) as much as his deliverance from his fears. In verse 19 David writes that the afflictions of the righteous are many. The righteous must expect affliction. God does deliver His own out of some dangerous situations, just as He removed David from the hand of Achish. David’s fears were his greatest threat. Psalm 56 describes the change of heart David underwent, exchanging his fear of man for the fear of God.
(4) While verses 4-7 briefly account for David’s personal deliverance, they emphasize that what God has done for David, God also does for all His own. Notice the interweaving of the specific (David’s deliverance, vv. 4, 6) with the general (God delivers those who look to Him for salvation, vv. 5, 7). David exhorted all the righteous to praise God with him. While they can rejoice in David’s deliverance, they can do so even more enthusiastically when they are reminded that what God has done for David He has done (and will do) for them.
Verse 5 is most often understood as a reference to the countenance of those who look to the Lord for their deliverance.113 They look to Him, and they are never put to shame by being neglected or forsaken. Verse 7 changes the focus from the security and assurance of the saints to the instrument by which God’s protection is accomplished and guaranteed. This indeed is one of the few clear references to the “angel of the Lord” in this context in the Old Testament. Just as Elisha was confident of the protection of the angelic hosts when he and his servant were surrounded by the army of Syria (2 Kings 6), so David sees the “angel of the Lord” (whom I understand to be the pre-incarnate Christ) encamped about every saint.
Such protection is unseen under normal circumstances (e.g. 2 Kings 6:17), but nonetheless present. Only by the “eye of faith” can we be assured of divine protection. David was fearful of Achish because he had forgotten that his protector was ever-present. Those who look to God for their protection and deliverance must understand that deliverance may often take place in unexpected and unforeseen ways. In the Old Testament the Son of God was near at hand to save His people, but few were aware of it. In the New Testament the Son of God came to the earth in human flesh to dwell amongst His people and to save them, yet few recognized Him.
An Exhortation to Taste
God’s Provision and Protection Personally
8 O taste and see that the LORD is good; How blessed is the man who takes refuge in Him! 9 O fear the LORD, you His saints; For to those who fear Him, there is no want. 10 The young lions do lack and suffer hunger; But they who seek the LORD shall not be in want of any good thing. (NASB)
David has already exhorted those in the congregation to join with him in praising God as their provider and protector. Now he urges his fellow-Israelites to personally experience this protection and provision.
A significant shift occurs in verse 8. The psalm which is based upon a personal experience in David’s life begins with a commitment to praise God (vv. 1-3), then devotes only four verses to the deliverance of David (vv. 4-7, only two of which are specific). It then shifts from David’s experience to exhortation and instruction of others to experience the goodness of God in their lives. The remainder of Psalm 34 is addressed to others about their own relationship to God.
We can best understand verses 8-10 by answering two questions: (1) Who is David inviting to share his blessings? (2) What are the blessings which they are invited to enjoy with him? Let us consider these questions.
Those who are exhorted to “taste and see that the Lord is good” (v. 8a) are co-worshippers with David, Israelites who have come to worship God. They are not pagans, nor are they apathetic with regard to their attendance at worship. The blessings which they are encouraged to experience are those which David himself has experienced. The “goodness of the Lord” (v. 8a) is God’s protection (v. 8b) and His provision (v. 9b).
We can infer from verses 8-10 that the majority of David’s contemporaries did not experience the fullest blessings of God. After all, why exhort others to experience what they already possess? If the Israelites of David’s day were devout enough to regularly worship, why did they need to be encouraged to taste, to trust, and to fear the Lord? I would suggest that they, like many church-going people today, go through the rituals of worship, but fail to have the relationship with God which enables them to personally experience the provision and protection of God David had come to know.
Why did faithful, worshipping Israelites not know God’s love and care as they should? I believe that the answer is briefly given in verse 10, and the solution is carefully explained in verses 11-22. The one who “takes refuge” in God (v. 8) is depicted by the Hebrew term geber, which means “the strong man,” “the mighty man.”114 The one who is really strong is the one who finds his strength in the Lord and not in himself. Those who have been delivered from their fear of man are those who have come to fear the Lord.
Verse 10 illustrates the principle underlying verses 8 and 9 and also the principle which will be expounded in the following verses. There are few animals as awesome and as powerful as the young lion. He is the epitome of strength, and yet in spite of its strength, the young lion does go hungry. As great as it may be, its strength is no guarantee of abundant provision. In contrast to the young lion who lacks in spite of his strength, those who seek the Lord (uprightly and out of weakness) are assured that they shall not lack “any good thing.” While we are not promised every thing we may want if we trust in the Lord, we are promised we will not lack “any good thing.”
The emphasis of verses 8-10 is to invite others to experience the same kind of blessings for which David is praising God. The assumption is that most of his fellow-Israelites are not experiencing these blessings, despite their religious heritage and their devotion to religious ritual. Like the young lions, they have trusted in their own strength and have not trusted in God, and thereby have suffered want. How then shall they enter into the fear of the Lord (v. 9) and thus taste and see (v. 10) the goodness of the Lord? Verses 11-22 answer this question in detail.
Instruction in the Fear of the Lord
11 Come, you children, listen to me; I will teach you the fear of the LORD. 12 Who is the man who desires life, And loves length of days that he may see good? 13 Keep your tongue from evil, And your lips from speaking deceit. 14 Depart from evil, and do good; Seek peace, and pursue it.
15 The eyes of the LORD are toward the righteous, And His ears are open to their cry. 16 The face of the LORD is against evildoers, To cut off the memory of them from the earth. 17 The righteous cry and the LORD hears, And delivers them out of all their troubles. 18 The LORD is near to the brokenhearted, And saves those who are crushed in spirit.
19 Many are the afflictions of the righteous; But the LORD delivers him out of them all. 20 He keeps all his bones; Not one of them is broken. 21 Evil shall slay the wicked; And those who hate the righteous will be condemned. 22 The LORD redeems the soul of His servants; And none of those who take refuge in Him will be condemned. (NASB)
Observe the change in style in verse 11 from exhortation to instruction, from public praise to a kind of preaching.115 In a form nearly identical with that found in the Book of Proverbs, David begins to instruct men concerning one of the missing factors in their religion, one which has kept them from experiencing the blessings of God’s provision and protection—the fear of the Lord. The subject is introduced in verse 11. In verses 12-14 the results of a fear of God are described. Verses 15-18 depict the relationship which a fear of the Lord establishes. The rewards of a fear of the Lord are spoken of in verses 19-22. Let us consider each of these aspects of the “fear of the Lord.”
Verse 11 is an invitation to receive instruction concerning the “fear of the Lord”: “Come, you children, listen to me; I will teach you the fear of the Lord.” The invitation in verse 11 is to “children” (literally, “sons”). As in Proverbs the teacher often addresses the student as his “son” (cf. Prov. 1:8, etc.). The fear of the Lord is not an ill-defined, illusive concept, but one which can be taught and known. It is not only subjective, but objective. In addition, the fear of the Lord is not merely academic, but is worked out in very practical terms.
David has already praised God for being good to him (vv. 1-7). He furthermore has urged his fellow-Israelites to taste and see that God is good to them (v. 8). The fear of the Lord is now presented as the prerequisite to seeing the goodness of the Lord. God’s goodness is not for all. David has experienced it, and he urges others to taste of it as well. However, God’s goodness is directed only toward those who fear Him.
While the definition of the “fear of the Lord” is more extensive than a few brief verses, David epitomizes the outworking of this fear in verses 13-14. The fear of the Lord is not merely learned; it is lived. Just as James taught that “faith without works is dead” (James 2:14ff.), David teaches that the fear of the Lord is manifested in very practical ways. In verse 13 we are taught that the fear of the Lord is to result in the control of our lips, a prominent theme in the Book of Proverbs.
It is most interesting that David should bring up the matter of deceit here, for that seems to have been a predominant characteristic of his life as he fled from Saul. He asked Jonathan to lie concerning his absence at Saul’s table (1 Sam. 20:1- 6). He lied to Ahimelech about the purpose of his visit, which resulted in the death of many innocent people (1 Sam. 2:1-2; 22:11-19). He sought to deceive the people of Gath about his identity and his military prowess (1 Sam. 21:10ff.). How, then, could David speak of putting aside deceit? How could he be so hypocritical as to teach on the very point in which he had failed?
As we have already seen, David is teaching us as one who has learned this truth the hard way. David is telling us that when he feared Achish more than God he was more concerned with pleasing Achish than he was with obeying God. Fearing God involves acting consistently with God’s character and His commands. Psalm 56 informs us that David learned this lesson the hard way from his experience at Gath. In verses 13 and 14 David is attempting to communicate what he himself had learned about deceit.
In verse 14 the fear of the Lord is spelled out in more general terms. Not only must we guard our mouth, speaking the truth rather than deceit, but we must also depart from evil and practice what is right. We must aggressively seek peace. David had failed here as well. He had asked Ahimelech the priest for Goliath’s sword (1 Sam. 21:8-9). Why would he possibly need a sword to pursue peace? Why did David angrily seek to kill Nabal and every male in his house (1 Sam. 25:21-22)? Finally, why was David willing to go to war with Achish against Israel (1 Sam. 28:1-2)? These examples show that David was not a peace-seeker. Once again, David failed to seek peace because he feared Achish more than God. Therefore he can honestly teach what he has learned: the fear of the Lord is inconsistent with evil.
We learn then that the fear of the Lord is no ethereal, academic matter. The fear of the Lord involves acting consistently with God’s character and with His commands. It means we must forsake deception, and we must speak truthfully. It means that we must cease pursuing evil and must pursue peace instead. The fear of the Lord not only involves doctrine, it implements it.
Verses 12-14 suggest that the fear of the Lord demands a response, while in verses 15-18 that fear is dependent upon a relationship. Verses 13 and 14 describe the behavior of one who fears the Lord; verses 15-18 depict the relationship between man and God which is based upon such belief and behavior. While we are told what God does on behalf of the righteous in this section, the primary emphasis falls upon why God acts on man’s behalf to save and to deliver him from his troubles.
The fear of the Lord is the basis of a relationship between God and man. God is described as being “near the brokenhearted” (v. 18). His eyes and ears are ever attentive to the cries of the righteous (vv. 15,17), while His face is against the wicked (v. 16). Several things characterize the righteous in these verses. While verses 13-14 describe the actions of the righteous, verses 15-18 emphasize their attitudes. The righteous trust in the Lord as evidenced by their cries to Him for deliverance (vv. 15, 17). In contrast to the pride and arrogance of the wicked, the righteous are humble and brokenhearted (v. 18). The bottom line is that the righteous are dependent upon God, looking to Him for deliverance rather than trusting in their own strength. I believe this is also a lesson David learned in Gath. Human ingenuity did not save David (i.e. acting insane); he was delivered by God’s grace in response to David’s humble petition for deliverance. David was saved in spite of his cleverness and because of God’s mercy, which moved Him to answer David’s cry for deliverance.
Verse 11 speaks of the fear of the Lord in terms of its beliefs; verses 13 and 14 focus on its behavior; verses 15-18 on its basis. In verses 19-22 David expands verse 12 by describing the benefits of the fear of the Lord.
In verses 19 and 20 the fear of the Lord is described as providing the righteous with protection and deliverance from the wrath of man. We dare not suggest in the light of verse 19 that God’s care promises us that the righteous will not suffer. God will keep us in our afflictions, and He will ultimately deliver us from all adversity. The extent of our protection is stressed in verse 20. While this verse may be related to Exodus 12:46 and ultimately fulfilled in the life of our Lord (John 19:36), it probably should be applied to the righteous in view of the context of Isaiah 38:13 (cf. also Num. 24:8). In Isaiah the expression describes the defeat and despair of one who has been overcome by adversity. David teaches that this will not be the case of those who fear the Lord.
The emphasis seems to shift in verses 21 and 22 from the tests and trials of life to the judgment of God. Those who fear the Lord are not only assured of God’s protection in the adversities of life, but are also kept from divine retribution and wrath. In contrast to the righteous, the wicked will be slain by evil, and those who hate the righteous will be condemned. These verses describe the destruction of the wicked from both sides of the coin. On the one side, the wicked are destroyed by their own wickedness. They suffer divine retribution, as we see from the Book of Proverbs: “So they shall eat of the fruit of their own way, and be satiated with their own devices. For the waywardness of the naive shall kill them, and the complacency of fools shall destroy them” (Prov. 1:31-32).
On the other side, it is not simply fate which catches up with the wicked. God deals with the wicked because He is righteous and cannot overlook sin and also because He will not allow His righteous ones to be persecuted without finally executing justice on the evil-doers who oppress them. The wicked are “condemned” or “held guilty” (margin, NASB, v. 21).
Verse 22 is perhaps the most beautiful verse in this psalm for it assures us that while the wicked will experience retribution, the righteous will be redeemed: “The Lord redeems the soul of His servants; and none of those who take refuge in Him will be condemned” (v. 22). David knew that God not only saves men from temporal trials and tribulations, but that He saves men from their sins. The wicked will perish, but the souls of His servants are redeemed.
Please take note of something which is very important to the teaching of this psalm. The same word “condemned” is used in both verse 21 and verse 22. The wicked, we were told in verse 21, will be condemned. Those who take refuge in Him will not be condemned (v. 22). The word “condemned” assumes guilt in both instances. As the marginal note of the NASB informs us, it means to be “held guilty.” David intends for us to understand that both the wicked and the righteous are guilty. In the one instance the guilty are held guilty and are punished for their sins. In the other instance the guilty are redeemed and are not punished. The reason some are forgiven and others are not is that some “take refuge in Him” (v. 22), those who are “brokenhearted” and “crushed in spirit,” while others stubbornly resist God and “hate the righteous” (v. 21).
The word “redeems” is also important in verse 22, because it suggests that the forgiveness of those who take refuge in God is not without cost. From the New Testament teaching we know that we are redeemed, not by the shedding of the blood of animals under the Old Testament law, but by the shed blood of Jesus Christ (cf. Heb. 9:11-14; 1 Pet. 1:19). The important thing for us to remember is that some are saved, not because they are righteous, but because they have been redeemed, forgiven, and thus are no longer held accountable for their sins. Their sins have been paid for by Another.
This is especially important in regard to the historical background of Psalm 34. David was not delivered from the hand of Achish because of his righteousness but because of his relationship with God. David feared the Lord. When David sinned through his deception and violence, it revealed that he had allowed his fear of the Lord to wane, replacing it with the fear of man. God graciously delivered David, not due to his righteousness, but because of his relationship. In response to God’s merciful deliverance, David’s fear of God was renewed. As a result David not only could praise God, but he could also share what he had learned with others, urging them to experience the blessing of God in a richer and fuller way.
We should now be able to see the psalm beginning to come into focus. David’s actions in fleeing to Achish from Saul were not at all commendable. We need not make any effort to excuse or explain them. From our own experience we can readily understand why David would act in the way he did. David, under the pressure of the pursuit of Saul, had begun to weaken in his fear of the Lord and had come to fear men instead (in particular, Achish). This led to acts of deception for it was more important to David in his present state of heart to satisfy Achish than to please God.
David’s attitudes and actions in 1 Samuel 21 are remarkably similar to those of Abram, his forefather. Abram had not yet come to an adequate grasp of the power of God to provide and to protect him, even in spite of His promise in Genesis 12:1-3. When there was a famine in the land of Canaan, Abram feared that God could not provide for him, and so he fled from the land of promise to the land of Egypt (Gen. 12:10). Once in Egypt, Abram began to fear for his life because his wife Sarai was beautiful. He sought to protect himself by deceitfully telling the Egyptians she was his sister (and therefore eligible for marriage), not his wife. Graciously, God delivered Abram in spite of his sin, not because of it. It was only when Abram came to a more complete trust in God that he could offer up his son (his security in the ancient world) in faith, trusting in God to provide and protect. We need not minimize the sins of Abram or of David. God’s goodness is even greater when we recognize that God most often delivers us in spite of ourselves, and not because of our clever and cunning schemes.
We need not be surprised that David can praise God for his deliverance in Psalm 34 any more than we need be dismayed that he even goes on to teach us about personal and practical holiness. David could praise God because his heart was now right with God (as seen in Psalm 56). David could teach others about the fear of the Lord because he had come to understand it more fully from his own failures.
Psalm 34 should not distress us any more than should Psalm 32. David could praise God for the forgiveness of his sins (cf. vv. 1-7), and he could go on to teach others about following God, in spite of his sin with Bathsheba. He could teach with integrity because he had already dealt with his own sin in Psalm 51. From this psalm we learn that David had come to see the seriousness of his sin and had confessed it before God. In verses 3 and 4 of Psalm 32 we learn that David’s sin brought much pain and agony of soul. His sin was not taken lightly, either by God or by David, but once confessed David could praise God and exhort and instruct others.
Peter was a man very much like David in my estimation. Both seemed to be impulsive, and yet both had a heart for God. While God had purposed for Peter to become a leader of His church (cf. Matt. 16:17-19), He intended that a part of the process was to allow him to fail: “Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has demanded permission to sift you like wheat; but I have prayed for you, that your faith may not fail; and you, when once you have turned again, strengthen your brothers” (Luke 22:31-32).
I want to suggest to you that God is gracious. He has chosen to use fallible men to serve and to worship Him. God never takes our sin lightly, and we are warned of the dire consequences of sin, yet it is often through our failures that the greatest lessons of life are learned. We need not excuse David’s sins any more than we should attempt to excuse Peter. Yet what we can do is to praise God with them for His gracious deliverance. Furthermore, we should learn from these men that God is a gracious deliverer for us as well.
A friend and I were talking recently about some men in the ministry who somehow are able to live a double life—preaching the gospel on the one hand and yet living in immorality. I think that this Psalm helps to explain why some can live such a lie. They are hypocritical in their immorality because they have developed a pattern of hypocrisy. Because they are preachers and people hold them up as models, they feel that they cannot fail. Perhaps I should say, they conclude that they dare not admit that they fail. Those of us who are unwilling to admit that David sinned in his relationship with Saul and with Achish are certainly not willing to learn that Christian leaders fail, too. Consequently, our leaders, teachers, and ministers learn to live a lie. They give the appearance of having control over sin in their life, but they know they are weak. Having become conditioned to hypocrisy, when they fall into immorality they are inclined to continue to do what they have always done—play the role which people expect of them.
Please do not misinterpret my words here. I do not think we should be easy on sin or on sinners, including those of religious leaders. I am simply saying that we are unwilling to allow them to admit that they do fail, and so they become hypocritical. Neither do we want to be led by those who make mistakes. All of the leaders of the Old and New Testaments were men with “feet of clay.” We dare not demand more of men today. We need to be reminded that God does deliver us from our sins, if we but confess them and forsake them. The way to live righteously is not to ignore sin or to rationalize it, but to repent of it and to be restored. I pray that we may find the forgiveness and the restoration to fellowship and worship that David experienced and that he urges us to experience as well.
Do you desire length of days and a good life (v. 12)? Then learn from David that these things come from God to those who fear Him. “O taste and see that the Lord is good; how blessed is the man who takes refuge in Him!” (v. 8).
The message is one from a sinner to sinners. I pray that you will “seek refuge” in the Lord Jesus Christ, who is the Redeemer of mankind through His sacrificial death on the cross of Calvary. As believers, my prayer is that you and I will come to fear Him as we ought.
104 Psalms 3, 7, 18, 30, 34, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, and 142 are all psalms based upon episodes in the life of David. Cf. Derek Kidner, Psalms 1-72 (Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1973), p. 53.
105 I must say “apparently” because the superscription of Psalm 34 tells us that David “feigned madness before Abimelech,” while in 1 Samuel 21 the name of the king of Gath is said to be Achish. As the marginal note of the NASB indicates, Abimelech may be the title of Achish. This, if so, would be similar to the title “Pharaoh” which was used by Egyptian kings. Cf. A. F. Kirkpatrick, The Book of Psalms (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House [reprint], 1982), p. 170.
Perowne’s remarks are both perplexing and disturbing: “No value can be attached to the superscription with its historical reference, because while it is borrowed from I Sam. xxi. 13 , Abimelech is substituted for Achish, which looks like a confusion with the narrative in Gen. xx. xxi.; and further, the contents of the Psalm do not very readily, or naturally, harmonise with the supposed circumstances.” J. J. Stewart Perowne, The Book of Psalms (Grand Rapids: Zondervan [reprint], 1976), I, p. 298.
Leupold has a more balanced and biblical approach: “He resorted to the dubious expedient of feigning madness (‘changed his behavior’ says the Hebrew idiom) in the presence of the king. It is quite obvious that the contents of the psalm neither prove nor disprove this claim. Yet it is scarcely likely that the editors that attached this heading to the psalm will have done so without some good reason. In fact, we need only the following two assumptions: 1) that the psalm was not composed until a reasonable time had elapsed to allow David to produce a well-balanced, objective treatment of the case; and 2) that the vv. 13ff. indicate that the deception practiced was not what helped the author, in fact, such efforts are to be thoroughly discountenanced.” H. C. Leupold, Exposition of Psalms (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House [reprint], 1969), p. 278.
106 Those who are inclined to take the superscriptions to the psalms lightly must be reminded of this important fact, pointed out by Kidner: “In the Heb. text there is no break between these words and those which we normally print as the first line. Our custom of placing the title above the psalm, rather than as part of verse 1, is a matter of convenience, which does not alter its status as part of the text.” Derek Kidner, Psalms 73-150 (Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1975), p. 391, fn. 1.
107 Some may find it perplexing to note that Jesus’ words in Matthew 12:3-4 and Mark 2:25-26 seem to suggest that David was not wrong to ask for this consecrated bread. I believe that our Lord was saying that David was right in asking for that bread and that Ahimelech was right in giving it to him. The principle involved here is that the Sabbath was given for man’s benefit, not for a detriment. To “break the Sabbath” by healing a man was to keep the spirit of the law, for the purpose of the law was to benefit man. God intended for man to rest from his labors and to have time for worship, but this did not forbid picking a few heads of grain (Matt. 12:1). All of this deals with the principle of the purpose of the law, which was to be a blessing to man. The matter of David’s deception is not the question debated here, nor does Jesus minimize David’s sin by failing to bring up this issue, which would only weaken His argument. To sanction the eating of the consecrated bread is not to sanction David’s deception.
108 It is an interesting aside to observe that while Saul lacked the diligence and commitment to wholly obey God’s command by putting to death Amalek and all he possessed (1 Sam. 15:3, 9), he zealously slaughtered those he felt were disloyal to him at Nob (1 Sam. 22:16-19). How diligent we can be in the pursuit of our own selfish ambitions, and how slothful we often are in the pursuit of God’s revealed will!
109 As I have considered David’s decisions during his flight from Saul I have come to a tentative conclusion, which I share with you for your study and meditation. Many of David’s “bad” decisions were made with the counsel of those who were wise and godly. Abigail was able to persuade David to exercise better judgment (1 Sam. 25). Gad, the prophet, instructed David to get out of Moab and to return to Judah (1 Sam. 22:5), yet David seemed to decide on his own to leave Judah and flee to Gath (1 Sam. 21:1). In 1 Samuel 19:18 David fled to Samuel, where he is not said to act violently or deceitfully, yet after Samuel died David seemed to make some serious mistakes (cf. 25:1ff.; 28:3ff.). Later on, the prophet Nathan helped to keep David in line. Truly “no man is an island.” Many of our mistakes are the result of decisions made independently, rather than with godly counsel (cf. Prov. 11:14; 12:15; 13:10; 15:22; 24:6).
110 You will understand this to be my personal opinion, but I think it is difficult to dispute. The problem which underlies our thoughts to the contrary is that we tend to glorify biblical characters too much. We want so much for them to be models that we close our eyes to the weaknesses, character flaws, and sins of these “giants of the faith.” But remember that all of those listed in the “Hall of faith” in Hebrews 11 had skeletons in their closets—skeletons, I might point out, which God told us were there. God does not glorify sin, but neither does He minimize or glass over it. In the words of the New Testament, these were truly men “with a nature like ours” (James 5:17).
112 The verb rendered “O magnify…” is an imperative which may not have the force of a command here so much as an exhortation. Cf. James M. Van Dine, “An Exegetical Study of Psalm 34” (unpublished Master’s thesis, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas, 1974), pp. 29-30.
113 It is possible also to interpret verse 5 to mean that the righteous Israelites in the congregation look to David (rather than to the Lord) and are radiant and not put to shame since God has delivered him. Cf. Van Dine, pp. 33-38.
114 “… but the word for man here is a different one. It means properly a strong man, and suggests the thought that be he ever so strong in himself, man’s only true happiness is in dependence on Jehovah.” A. F. Kirkpatrick, The Book of Psalms (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House [reprint], 1982), p. 172.
Related Topics: Glory
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Presentation on theme: "Diction Powerpoint Project Jiyoon Cho, Caitlin Crommett, Jacqueline Jacobs, Corisa Oh, Alexandra Steinhaus IDEA English 2 Period 3."— Presentation transcript:
Diction Powerpoint Project Jiyoon Cho, Caitlin Crommett, Jacqueline Jacobs, Corisa Oh, Alexandra Steinhaus IDEA English 2 Period 3
Diction Word choice, or general character of the language used by the author. Words have three levels, and are selected based on their efficiency in these three areas: 1.Appearance 2.Sound 3.Meaning
Mono vs. Poly 1 syllable vs. multi syllable “It is the lark that sings so out of tune” “Straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps” –(Act 3 Scene 5. Romeo and Juliet) Romeo and Juliet
Euphonious vs. Cacophonous Pleasant Sounding vs. Harsh Sounding "Ms. Connors looks so eager. I like the sensation of succeeding brilliantly at somehting...” brilliantly= euhponious "By lunch time, my stomach boils with anger.” boil= cacophonous Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson
Literal vs. Figurative Accurate with out embellishment vs. comparison creating pictorial effect. “But not her maid since she is envious ”(Literal- act 2. Sc. 2) “But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun” (Figurative- act. 2 sc. 2 ) Romeo and Juliet
Denotative vs. connotative Exact meaning vs. Suggest, emotional meaning “I really love you. I’m crazy about you...” The doctor was a thin quiet little man who seemed disturbed by the war” A Farewell to Arms
Objective vs. Subjective Objective: Impersonal and unemotional language Example: “The lawn started at the beach and ran toward the front door for a quarter of a mile” (The Great Gatsby, page 6). vs. Subjective: Personal and emotional language Example: There was a slow, pleasant movement in the air, scarcely a wind, promising a cool, lovely day. (The Great Gatsby, page 152)
Active vs. Passive States Action vs. States Being Example of Active Diction from Hard Times, by Charles Dickens: “Mr. Gradgrind walked homeward from the school in a state of considerable satisfaction”(Pg 8). Example of Passive Diction from To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee: “John Hale Finch was ten years younger than my father” (Pg 5).
Concrete vs. Abstract Tangible, Specific vs. Conceptual Philosophical Example of Concrete Diction from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte: “Lady Lynn was a large and stout personage of forty: very erect, very haughty-looking, richly dressed in a satin robe of changeful sheen” (Pg 185). Example of Abstract Diction from Picture Perfect, by Jodi Piccoult: “It was the undisguised emotion in his eyes that made Cassie put her fear aside” (Pg 341).
Hyperbole vs. Understated Deliberate exaggeration of facts vs. Deliberate misinterpretation of less Example of a Hyperbole from The Odyssey by Homer: “We’re men of Atrides Agamemnon, whose fame is the proudest thing on Earth”(Pg 245). Example of Understated Diction from Hard Times, by Charles Dickens: “He sunk into a chair and moved once all that night”(Pg 67).
Pedestrian vs. Pedantic Layman’s terms vs. Borish inflated language intending to display importance Example of Pedestrian Language from To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee: “Ain’t everybody’s daddy the deadest shot in Maycomb County” (Pg 112). Example of Pedantic Diction from Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte: “Madam allow me an instant. You are aware that my plan in bringing up these girls, is not to accustom them to habits of luxury and imdulgence, but to render them hardy, patient, self-denying” (Pg 64).
Vulgarity This is a type of non standard diction. Vulgarity is language that is deficient in taste and refinement. Example: “Goddamn FBI don't respect nothin’” (Sonny, in The Godfather).
Slang Vernacular speech, sometimes humorous “Don’t play booty with me.” –Bill Sikes from Oliver Twist “He’s game enough now, I’ll engage.” –Toby on Bill Sikes
Colloquial Regional/ provincial language “Bloody hell!” ~Ronald Weasley From Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J.K. Rowling (statement indigenous to the English)
Jargon Language specific to a field or position “Late in the second quarter, he decided against a field goal on a fourth-and-one...drove 82 yards for a touchdown and a 20-19 lead at half-time.” By Chris Foster, L.A. Times Sports Section (football jargon)
Cliché Figurative language that has lost its freshness and clarity “Everything that has happened for me since moving here has just been icing on the cake. ” –Emeril Lagasse (A trite expression used to show how easily a task can be completed.)
Informal/Standard Diction This type of diction is language that is correct but conversational. It is used in casual situations, but still states accurate facts. Example: “We’ve heard names. That’s Johnny. Those two- they’re twins, Sam ‘n Eric” (Lord of the Flies, page 21).
Formal/ Literate Diction This type of diction is the language that is appropriate in more formal occasions. Example: “You are all kindness, Madame; but I believe we must abide by our original plan” (Pride and Prejudice, page 143).
Assonance Repetition of similar vowel sounds in closely associated words Example: “Through the balmy air of night How they ring out their delight!” “The Bells” by Edgar Allen Poe
Consonance Repetition of similar consonant sounds in closely associated words. Example: “He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” By Robert Frost
Alliteration Repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely associated words. Example: “I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet” “Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost
Words whose sounds suggest their meaning. Example: She heard the buzzing of the bee. Onomatopoeia
Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Minneapolis: Dover Publications, Incorporated, 1995. 143. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 2004. 6. The Godfather. Dir. Francis F. Coppola. Perf. Al Pacino, James Caan, and Marlon Brando. 1972. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York: Perigee Trade, 2001. 21. Bront, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. David Levithan. New York: Scholastic Paperbacks, 2004. Charles, and Robert D. Spector. Hard Times. New York: Bantam Classics, 1982. Robert, trans. The Odyssey. New York: Penguin Classics, 2006. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: HarperCollins, 2005. Mitchell, Margaret. Gone with the Wind. Grand Rapids: Grand Central, 1993. Picoult, Jodi. Picture Perfect. New York: Berkley Trade, 2002.
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Since 1996, Americans have become more comfortable with NEW TAXES!
The “Gore Tax,” which is now being collected (upon directive of the FCC) by telephone companies, began as a 5% fee (tax) on all interstate long-distance charges, which will, as AT&T is explaining to its customers, “give schools and libraries access to advanced services like the Internet.”
The Universal Service Fund is a vehicle for maintaining universal service in the telecommunications sector. In order to support telephone service in high cost areas, this fund, which is supported by long-distance service providers, pays subsidies to local exchange carriers (LECs) in proportion to their subscriber line costs. Subsidy payments from the USF were started in 1986, and its initial eight-year plan came to an end in 1993. The Federal Telecommunications Act, passed in the Spring of 1996, called for major changes in the telecommunications industry. The act placed an emphasis on competition and deregulation, and included new rules on who could tap funds in the Universal Service Fund (USF). The act went on to include changes in how the USF could be used. The Universal Service regulations were published in the Federal Register on June 17, 1997 and took effect on July 17, 1997 – just in time for the “budget deal.”
American Enterprise fellow James K. Glassman says of the Gore Tax, “The educational benefits are more uncertain, and 80 percent of schools are already connected to the Internet anyway.” Less than 2% of telephone tax revenues are actually being designated for “connection fees.”
For the first time, the 1996 Act includes schools and libraries among the explicit beneficiaries of universal service support. The legislative history indicated that Congress intended to ensure that eligible schools and libraries have affordable access to modern telecommunications and information services that will enable them to provide educational services to all parts of the nation.
K-12 schools and libraries are eligible for discounts of 20% to 90% on telecommunications services, Internet access, and internal connections. Funds will be distributed from a single, common universal service fund that has a cap of $2.25 billion per year for the entire United States. Any unspent funds carry over for use in the next year, with slightly different carry forward rules in the first two years.
By 2006, the fee had more than doubled to 10.9%. The FCC has subsequently voted to raise the Universal Service Charge or “Gore tax” as its become known on telephone users by $1 billion and by 2006 has now grown to become a $7 billion tax. If memory serves me, Article 1, Section 8 of Constitution still says only “Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes.” How is it that the FCC now has this authority?
In June, 2006 the FCC expanded the USF making Internet telephone calls subject to universal service fund charges for the first time, while raising by 30 percent the basic USF rate to be paid by customers with cellular service.
Rural Health Care
The FCC is encouraging the growth of telehealth in rural areas by making telecommunications rates for public and non-profit rural health care providers comparable to those paid in urban areas. The annual cap on federal universal service support for health care providers shall be $400 million per funding year. Telehealth is the use of communications technologies to provide and support health care at a distance. Examples of telehealth include the use of communications to provide patient treatment, often via still images or video, and the exchange and distribution of public health information.
Only certain health care providers are eligible to receive supported services under this FCC act. (i) Post-secondary educational institution offering health care instruction, including a teaching hospital or medical school; (ii) Community health center or health center providing health care to migrants; (iii) Local health department or agency; (iv) Community mental health center; (v) Not-for-profit hospital; (vi) Rural health clinic; or (vii) Consortium of health care providers consisting of one or more entities . Only public or non-profit health care providers shall be eligible to receive supported services.
Phone Number Portability
My phone bill from Southwestern Bell contained the following explanation:
“The Federal Telecommunications of Act of 1996 required local telephone companies to initiate measures that permit customers to keep their local telephone numbers if they change their local telephone service provider while remaining at the same location. This capability is commonly called “number portability. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has ruled that the costs to provide “number portability” may be recovered through a monthly service charge.”
My first reaction when I saw this new tax was, “What other local telephone services provider?” So, I called Southwestern Bell billing department to ask them about it. I spoke with Linda who very cordially told me she could not divulge that information about their competitors. She suggested I call the local operator and ask them. So I spoke with Frank who essentially repeated what Linda had told me and suggested I look in the Yellow Pages. Letting my fingers do the walking, I found a small obscure listing for a company that provided such service. So, I called them to inquire about their services. Guess what? They buy their lines from Southwestern Bell! What a deal … get billed by another company that is going to mark up their costs from the established company (SWB) and get to charge an extra fee (or tax) to boot. (Do I hear ‘conspiracy’ anywhere?)
Okay, say I don’t care about having “number portability” and want to cancel it. I call Southwestern Bell again, this time talking with April. She was again very cordial and tried her best to explain to me the new charge (within company guidelines of “what she can and cannot say.”) Come to find out that even if I never use the “number portability” service, I still have to pay for it in order to have the privilege of calling someone else who might take advantage of the service.
When is “enough – enough?” These lying politicians in Washington tell us that they are reducing our taxes … while they slip in all these additional fees. I asked April at Southwestern Bell if she had been getting many calls inquiring about this new tax. She said they had, but most people were satisfied after being told it was just another mandated tax levied by the Federal Government.
Personally, I’m getting a little tired (no, allot tired), of the government taxing, taxing, and taxing, all the while telling us they’re reducing taxes. They are simply doing what Bill Clinton and the U.S. Senate legitimized: lying!
My most recent phone bill from Southwestern Bell contains 36% taxes and fees! Someone please tell me how this is “the right thing to do.”
Perhaps you’ve seen the ad or received an email stating:
Internet Tax Alert
Congress is considering long distance charges for your internet connection.
CNN has reported that the Government would be deciding at any time to allow or not allow a Charge to your phone bill equal to a Long Distance call EACH time you access the Internet.
The above alert has been labeled a “hoax” and “urban legend” by some. But, the facts can speak for themselves… the FCC, not Congress recently ruled on this exact topic and it was not “hoax.” Folks, they may not be getting additional fees (taxes) in the next several months, but you should know they have their eyes on the “deep pockets” of the Internet and will incrementally raise prices (increase taxes) disguised as some other kind of fee.
If the phone companies have their way, you WILL end up paying more for basic service. The FCC has ruled that calls to ISP’s should be considered interstate transmissions, so ISPs may have to pay fees to local phone compies for using their wires. FCC Chairman William Kennard denies that consumers will end up paying higher rates. Right now, the charges are being waived as an exception, but given the huge stakes involved, you can count on a long drawn-out legal battle.
The term “net neutrality” was only coined recently, but the concept existed in the age of the telegraph, maybe even earlier. In 1860, a US federal law subsidizing a coast to coast telegraph line stated that “messages received from any individual, company, or corporation, or from any telegraph lines connecting with this line at either of its termini, shall be impartially transmitted in the order of their reception, excepting that the dispatches of the government shall have priority.”
– An act to facilitate communication between the Atlantic and Pacific states by electric telegraph. June 16, 1860
Network Neutrality essentially describes networks that do not favor particular network destinations or classes of applications over others. For example, a neutral network would not give better service to some web sites over others, and it would likewise not favor web-surfing or blogging over online gaming or Voice over IP. Network neutrality violations for political or moral reasons are not uncommon, for example China and Saudi Arabia both filter the internet, preventing access to certain types of websites.
Network providers often enter into peering arrangements among themselves that often stipulate how certain information flows should be treated. In addition, network providers often implement various policies such as blocking of port 25 to prevent insecure systems from serving as spam relays, or other ports commonly used by decentralized music search applications (often called “P2P” though all applications on the Internet are essentially peer-to-peer).
Large American internet content providers have claimed that network neutrality also concerns the question of network providers favoring or disfavoring certain websites (e.g. google.com) or certain brands of Voice Over IP over others. Advocates of network neutrality claim that large telecommunications providers are attempting to unfairly profit from their investment in residential networks: “[These companies] want to be Internet gatekeepers, deciding which Web sites go fast or slow and which won’t load at all”…”tax content providers to guarantee speedy delivery of their data.”…”to discriminate in favor of their own search engines, Internet phone services, and streaming video —while slowing down or blocking their competitors”…”to reserve express lanes for their own content and services.
Some broadband providers proposed to start charging content providers in return for higher levels of service. Packets originating from providers who pay the additional fees would in some fashion be given better than “neutral” handling, while those content providers who do not pay the higher fees would get a lesser level of service. Given this ability to accelerate the handling of selected packets, the service providers would perhaps give Quality of Service guarantees to given senders or recipients. This points out that once the net moves away from common carrier rules there are at least two levels of pricing: the price an ISP charges consumers for access and the price the ISP could charge Websites by varying bandwidth.
In 2004, a small North Carolina telecom company, Madison River Communications, blocked their DSL customers from using the Vonage VoIP service. Service was restored after the FCC intervened and entered into a consent decree that had Madison River pay a fine of $15,000.
Many broadband operators have imposed various contractual limits on the activities of their subscribers. In the best known examples, Cox Cable disciplined users of virtual private networks (VPNs) and AT&T, as a cable operator, warned customers that using a Wi-Fi service for home-networking constituted “theft of service” and a federal crime. Comcast blocked ports of VPNs, forcing the state of Washington, for example, to contract with telecommunications providers to ensure that its employees had access to unimpeded broadband for telecommuting applications.
Save The Internet, an advocacy organization led by media critic Free Press, has cited several situations as examples of discrimination by ISPs.
- In 2005, Canadian telephone giant Telus blocked access to voices-for-change.ca, a website supporting the company’s labour union during a labor dispute, as well as over 600 other websites, for about sixteen hours.
- Shaw Cable, a major Canadian internet provider, offers a “quality of service” upgrade for their VoIP service. A number of competing VoIP providers have issued complaints that Shaw may be downgrading competitor’s traffic. No evidence has been offered to support any such claim.
- In April, Time Warner’s AOL blocked all emails that mentioned www.dearaol.com, an advocacy campaign opposing the company’s pay-to-send e-mail scheme. An AOL spokesman called the issue an unintentional “glitch.”
- In February, 2006, some of Cox Cable’s customers were unable to access Craig’s List because of a so-called software bug in the Authentium personal firewall distributed by Cox Cable to improve customers’ security. Save the Internet said this was an intentional act on the part of Cox Cable to protect classified ad services offered by its partners. The issue was resolved by correction of the software as well as a change in the network configuration used by Craig’s List. Craig Newmark acknowledges this was not intentional.
I have personally encountered discrimination on the part of Cox Cable as they have violated net neutrality by blocking certain emails being sent through their SMTP servers. Although Cox will not disclose the criteria for blocking emails and denies the violations, I have demonstrated they do, in fact, censor a certain class of email messages sent by their customers.
Even though Cox Communications has implemented improvements in networking technology, which make providing broadband service cheaper, they still found a way of increasing their fees for broadband access by 5% in 2006. Was this perhaps a reaction to the competition for audio telecommunications over the Internet (including Voice Over IP technology) which threaten their revenues? Cox has been aggressively advertising their own VoIP service at a much higher cost than their competitors and since they have so far been banned from blocking their competitors traffic, perhaps they have found a way to charge everyone higher fees to make up the difference.
In the US Broadband services were once regulated differently according to the technology on which they were delivered. While cable Internet has always been classified by the FCC as an information service free of most regulation, DSL was once regulated as a telecommunications service. As the two types of networks have increasingly provided the same services, it has become difficult to justify different sets of rules, leading to the question of which rules should apply to both. In 2005 the FCC re-classified DSL according to the more permissive cable rules.
Proposals for network neutrality laws are generally opposed by the cable television and telephone industries, and some network engineers and free-market scholars from the conservative to libertarian. Opponents argue that (1) Network neutrality regulations severely limit the Internet’s usefulness; (2) network neutrality regulations threaten to set a precedent for even more intrusive regulation of the Internet; (3) imposing such regulation will chill investment in competitive networks (e.g., wireless broadband) and deny network providers the ability to differentiate their services; and (4) that network neutrality regulations confuse the unregulated Internet with the highly regulated telecom lines that it has shared with voice and cable customers for most of its history.
By late 2005, network neutrality regulations were included in several Congressional draft bills, as a part of ongoing proposals to reform the Telecommunications Act of 1996. They would generally require internet providers to allow consumers access to any application, content, or service. However, important exceptions allow providers to discriminate for security purposes, or to offer specialized services like “broadband video” service. These regulations generally forbid ISPs from offering different service plans to their customers.
Here’s another good article: What is Net Neutrality and Why Is It Important?
Cell phone subscribers in nearly every state pay anywhere from 20 cents to $1.50 a month for what is described in their bills as 911 improvements. In a recent Associated Press analysis, more than $200 million collected from cell phone users for upgrades to the 911 system has been diverted in the last two years to plug state budget holes, keep campaign promises and, in at least one case, buy police uniforms. In some states, the AP analysis found, less than half that money is actually going to help emergency dispatchers keep pace with the features of smart phones.
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By Monika Kocaqi and Dolly Wittberger
Violence against women is a violation of women’s human rights. Its different forms, including domestic violence, cause serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health problems. They also affect children, and lead to high social and economic costs for women, families, and communities. The cycle of violence is recurrent and enslaving. It leaves marks on minds, bodies, and spirits. It strikes at autonomy, destroys self-esteem, and reduces quality of life, with negative consequences for personal, family, and social relations. Committed aggressions are threatening and generally associated with social problems, unemployment, marginalization, social inequalities, loss of quality of life, increased health care costs, etc. The prevalence of violence against women is high: more than half of Albanian women (52.9 per cent) experience one or several of five types of violence (intimate partner violence, dating violence, non-partner violence, sexual harassment, and/or stalking) during their lifetime. Despite local government efforts to provide support to victims and survivors of domestic violence, the vast majority of cases remain unreported, and to openly address violence within family relations is still a taboo.
Considering the root causes of violence against women and domestic violence, and the impact on women and communities, this issue must be highlighted at the highest public levels, through continuous awareness-raising, informational, and educational activities. In order to support victims/survivors and prevent violence, it is extremely important to speak openly about the various forms of violence against women, including domestic violence. Society must recognize them as what they are; accept that they exist; discuss their signs, causes, and consequences; and ensure effective protection and prevention measures are in place. Given the long-lasting negatives effects on communities and societies at large, domestic violence cannot be considered as a private matter any longer. Communities should be supported to adequately respond to violence against women and cases of domestic violence. This is particularly true for communities in areas where outreach is limited due to geographical location, i.e. small villages or administrative units further away from the city where the Municipality is located.
Within this context, in November 2019, PLGP’s partner Municipality of Cërrik organized a kick-off event in the framework of the 16 Days of Activism Campaign against Gender-Based Violence in the Administrative Unit of Mollas. The activity was an integral part of the Mayor’s ongoing “One Month – One Community” initiative, aimed to enhance much-needed outreach to thus-far underserved Administrative Units. More than 52 participants including women, men, girls, and boys of different age groups (ranging from adolescents to elderly) participated in this activity. It was the first time that such a public activity happened in their village. For the members of this small rural community, the Mayor’s presence, as well as the presence of PLGP’s Chief of Party, sent a clear signal that they were important and considered citizens beyond the election time.
Information was provided on gender-based and domestic violence, their various forms, the protection provided by Albanian legislation, and relevant services that exist in the country and specifically in the municipality of Cërrik. Addressing violence against women and domestic violence requires responsible state institutions and involved actors to coordinate their actions and resources.
In his speech, Mayor of Cërrik highlighted the need to apply the multi-sectorial response, the significance of specialist support-services, and the importance of protecting women and family members from violence.
“I am very grateful to all women, men, girls and boys who participated in today’s meeting. I feel good that together we are trying to challenge those harmful gender stereotypes, which until recently have been considered as women’s issues only. Together we must say NO to violence against women and girls, because every violated woman is a daughter, a sister, a wife in a family. So, the family must be her shelter of happiness and not a place of violence,” said Andis Salla, the Mayor of Cërrik.
PLGP’s Chief of Party underlined the need to show zero tolerance to violence against women and domestic violence, as a precondition for building healthy families and peaceful societies.
Supported by PLGP, a considerable number of informative leaflets were produced and distributed during the event. They covered a brief description of the different forms of domestic violence, key elements of Albanian legislation on protection orders, and information on the services the Municipality of Cërrik offers, together with the respective help-line number which can be used to report violence and seek support.
“We are so happy that this activity is organized here in our village, and we really need similar outreach activities to be continuously organized in schools, with youth, teachers, and women of the community,” said Ms. Erona Gjini, a woman of this community and member of the Cërrik Municipal Council. The event was covered by the Municipality in social media, included in the calendar of activities shared among key national institutions and international agencies, and was also linked by hashtags to related global campaigns such as “Orange the World”, “Generation Equality”, and “16 Days”.
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From Free net encyclopedia
Insulation is any material used to reduce or “slow down” or “resist” the flow of energy. There are several different types of insulators:
- Thermal insulators reduce the flow of heat.
- Electrical insulators reduce the flow of electricity.
- Acoustical insulators reduce the flow of sound.
A material may insulate well in more than one way. Some materials, such as diamond, are superb insulators in one way (electrical), but extremely poor insulators in another way (thermal). A purified synthetic diamond conducts heat even better than copper, and has the highest thermal conductivity of any known solid at room temperature. Thus it is the worst thermal insulator known that's solid at room temperature.
Heat is the internal kinetic, vibrational energy that all materials contain (except at absolute zero). Heat spontaneously flows from a high temperature region to a low temperature region, and the greatest heat flow occurs through the path of least resistance.
The proximity of a high temperature region to a low temperature region constitutes a temperature gradient. Thermal insulation maintains a thermal gradient by reducing the flow of heat across the temperature gradient.
Insulation exists in most large appliances, for example, in ovens, refrigerators, freezers, and water heaters. In some cases, the insulation serves to prevent heat loss to the environment. In other cases, it serves to prevent heat gain from the environment.
Materials transfer heat in three ways:
Conduction, the most common means of heat transfer in solids, is the transfer of heat through atoms and molecules that are in direct contact with one another, when there is a temperature gradient between them. Materials with high thermal conductivity, such as metals, transfer nearly all of the heat via electrons, whereas materials with low thermal conductivity – insulators – transfer nearly all of the heat via phonons.
Convection, the most common means of heat transfer in liquids and gases, is the transfer of heat via a combination of conduction and fluid flow. For example, when you heat water on a stove, the entire pot of water warms up uniformly. The reason is that hot water at the bottom of the pan doesn’t just heat surrounding water via conduction, but also becomes less dense, rises, and heats the water in the middle and at the top of the pan. Once the water cools, it becomes more dense, sinks, picks up heat from the bottom, and continues the process.
Radiative heat transfer is the transfer of heat via photons (electromagnetic radiation). Radiation is the only form of heat transfer that can occur in the absence of any form of medium – through a vacuum. Movements of atoms and molecules cause the emission of photons into the surroundings constantly, carrying away some of the heat. Atoms and molecules are also constantly absorbing photons from other atoms and molecules. Since hotter materials emit more radiation than cooler materials, a net transfer of heat occurs from the hotter materials to the cooler materials. For room temperature objects, the majority of photons emitted are in the infrared spectrum. Hotter objects transfer heat through emission of photons in the visible spectrum or beyond
Insulators reduce the flow of heat by reducing one or more of these heat transfer mechanisms. For example, a layer of thick foam can reduce convection and conduction. A reflective metallic film or coat of white paint can reduce thermal radiation. Some materials are good insulators using one heat-transfer mechanism, but poor insulators using another. For example, metals tend to be excellent radiative insulators, but poor thermal (conductive) insulators.
For the remainder of this article, the term “insulation” will mean thermal building insulation.
Reasons for insulation
Americans spend large chunks of their money on heating and cooling. A house that is properly and sufficiently insulated:
- Is more energy-efficient, and therefore, saves the homeowner money.
- Does not need extra effort and expense to keep it comfortable – insulation is permanent and usually does not require maintenance.
- Is more comfortable. Floors are warmer, and temperatures are more uniform throughout the house. Thermal insulation of buildings is merely one means of achieving indoor comfort and energy-efficiency. Weatherization and thermal mass are others.
- Absorbs outside noise and is quieter.
Two indications that a house is poorly insulated and poorly ventilated:
- Dew and frost forms on cold surfaces in the attic, such as on the underside of the roof sheathing, during the winter.
- The attic is oppressively, almost unbearably hot in the summer.
The phrase “thermal envelope” refers to the conditioned or living space in a house. Normally, people treat the attic and basement as unconditioned space, but you can make either the basement, or the attic, or both, part of the conditioned space, if you choose.
Materials used for thermal insulation
A wide variety of substances can serve as insulators. For example, an insulator can be organic, inorganic, fibrous, cellular, reflective, rigid, soft, or granular. Most organic insulators are made from petrochemicals and recycled plastic. Most inorganic insulators are made from recycled materials such as glass and furnace slag.
A new home might use half a dozen different insulating materials in different parts of the house. Each type of insulation is suited to specific tasks, and not suited to others.
Some types of insulation are difficult to find. Your local hardware store may only have fiberglass and polystyrene. Furthermore, some insulation is difficult to install yourself and you would be smart to hire a contractor.
Commonly-used insulation materials in residential construction include batts and blankets, loose-fill, spray foam, rigid panels, and radiant barriers. Most residential insulation materials are primarily effective because they have low thermal conductivity; some are primarily effective at blocking convection or radiation. Some materials, for example, foil-faced rigid panels, reduce heat transfer effectively in more than one way.
Good thermal insulating materials can be styrofoam,aluminim foil/mylor,fiber glass batting,and fiber glass board.
Batts and blankets
These come in various thicknesses, depending on how much insulation capacity you need. Batts are precut, whereas blankets are available in continuous rolls. Blankets are ideal for covering joists and studs as well as the space between them. If you don't cover joists and studs with insulation, heat will tend to flow through them (known as "bridging" or "short-circuiting"), since they are the path of least resistance. Similarly, you can install batts in two layers across an unfinished attic floor, perpendicular to each other, for increased effectiveness.
Batts come in standard widths designed to fit snugly between framing (joists, rafters, studs) on 16-inch or 24-inch centers in ceilings, floors, and walls, and are generally easier to handle than blankets. However, batts can be challenging and unpleasant to install between joists under floors. You can run straps, or staple cloth or wire mesh across joists, to prevent insulation from sagging or falling down. Compressing batts reduces their effectiveness. Cut them to accommodate electrical boxes and other obstructions, and do not leave items resting on the batts.
Batts and blankets are susceptible to poor installation. Installers tend to leave bypasses (air gaps) that drastically reduce their effectiveness. Warm air and moisture always find their way to these bypasses. Even if you close all bypasses around batts and blankets, they remain poor barriers to air infiltration and are susceptible to convection loops, especially when there are large temperature differences on either side of the insulation (such as during cold weather). You can reduce air infiltration by adding a layer of cellulose loose-fill on top of the fiberglass. The only way to virtually eliminate air infiltration is with a near-perfect vapor barrier. An attic that only has fiberglass batts to keep out warm, moist air, but a poor or nonexistent vapor barrier, will probably not keep out the warm, moist air.
Commonly-used batts and blankets:
- Rock wool. Usually made from rock (basalt, diabase) or iron ore blast furnace slag. Some rock wool contains recycled glass. Nonflammable.
- Fiberglass. Made from molten glass, usually with 20% to 30% recycled industrial waste and post-consumer content. Nonflammable, except for the facing (if present). Sometimes, the manufacturer modifies the facing so that it is fire-resistant. Some fiberglass is unfaced, some is paper-faced with a thin layer of asphalt, and some is foil-faced. Paper-faced batts are vapor retarders, but are not good vapor barriers. Foil-faced batts are good vapor barriers. Be sure to face the vapor barrier in the proper direction.
You must protect yourself from the fibers when working with fiberglass. An increasing number of people think that airborne fiberglass could be nearly as dangerous as asbestos. (See health effects of fiberglass). With all of the superior alternatives now available, the "fiberglass era" may be coming to an end.
- High-density fiberglass (only available to contractors).
- Plastic fiber. Usually made from plastic milk bottles. Does not cause irritation like fiberglass, but more difficult to cut than fiberglass. Not used in USA. Flammable, but treated with fire-retardant.
Natural fibre insulations (around 0.04 W/mK) all can be treated with low toxicity fire and insect retardents, available in Europe
- Cotton and polyester. Usually made from mill waste. Uncommon in USA. Flammable, but treated with fire-retardant.
- Hemp fibre and polyester.
- Flax fibre and polyester.
- Coco fibre and polyester.
- Wool fibre with and without polyester.
- Lightweight Wood Fibre and polyolefin batt.
- Cellulose and polyolefin batt
- and some which mix different natural fibres.
Loose-fill and spray-in-place
Loose-fill materials can be blown into attics, finished wall cavities, and hard-to-reach areas. They are ideal for these tasks because they conform to spaces and fill in the nooks and crannies. They can also be sprayed in place, usually with water-based adhesives. They frequently consist of recycled materials, and therefore, are relatively inexpensive.
General procedure for retrofits:
- Contractor drills holes in wall with hole saw, taking firestops, plumbing pipes, and other obstructions into account.
- He pumps loose fill into wall cavity, gradually pulling the hose up as the cavity fills.
- He caps the holes in the wall.
- R-Value 3.4 - 3.6
- Class I Fire Safety Rating
- No Formaldehyde-based Binders
- High Recycled Content
- Less Harmful to Installer
Cellulose Insulation meets the following regulatory standards:
- 16 CFR Part 1209 (Consumer Products Safety Commission, or CPSC) - covers settled density, corrosiveness, critical radiant flux, and smoldering combustion.
- ASTM Standard C-739 - loose-fill cellulose insulation - covers all factors of the CPSC regulation and five additional characteristics, R-value, starch content, moisture absorption, odor, and resistance to fungus growth.
- ASTM Standard C-1149 - Industry standard for self-supported spray-applied cellulose insulation for exposed or wall cavity application - covers density, R-value, surface burning, adhesive strength, smoldering combustion, fungi resistance, corrosion, moisture vapor absorption, odor, flame resistance permanency (no test exists for this characteristic), substrate deflection (for exposed application products), and air erosion (for exposed application products).
- 16 CFR Part 460 - (Federal Trade Commission regulation) commonly known as the "R-Value Rule," intended to eliminate misleading insulation marketing claims and ensure publication of accurate R-Value and coverage data.
Disadvantages of loose-fill:
- Doesn't seal bypasses like closed-cell foams do.
- Need to pay attention to weight so ceilings do not sag.
- All loose-fill materials will settle over time, losing some of their effectiveness. If you install loose-fill, make sure you take into account the settled thickness (20% in the case of cellulose). Do not allow contractor to "fluff" insulation using fewer bags than the manufacturer specifies for your desired R-value.
- If you don't cover studs or joists with insulation, heat will tend to flow through them (known as "bridging" or "short-circuiting"), since they are the path of least resistance.
Commonly used loose-fill:
- Rock wool, also known as mineral wool or mineral fiber. Made from rock (basalt, diabase), iron ore blast furnace slag, or recycled glass. Usually gray with black specs, or white, and more brittle, denser, and more resistant to airflow than fiberglass. Clumps and loses effectiveness when moist or wet, but does not absorb much moisture, and regains effectiveness once dried. Nonflammable. Older mineral wool can contain asbestos, but normally this is in trace amounts.
- Fiberglass. Usually pink, yellow, or white. Loses effectiveness when moist or wet, but does not absorb much water. Nonflammable (because the fibers are not in a plastic resin, unlike the fiberglass used in cars and boats). See Health effects of fiberglass.
- Cellulose. Usually gray and consists of recycled, shredded newspapers, boxes, waste paper, and wood pulp. Cellulose, like rock wool, is denser and more resistant to air flow than fiberglass, but cellulose settles (and therefore, loses effectiveness) much more than fiberglass and rock wool. Persistent moisture can weaken the flame-retardants in cellulose. Dense-pack cellulose is highly resistant to air infiltration and is either installed into an open wall cavity using nets or temporary frames, or is retrofitted into finished walls. However, dense-pack cellulose blocks, but does not permanently seal, bypasses, as a closed-cell foam would. Furthermore, as with batts and blankets, warm, moist air will still pass through, unless there is a near-perfect vapor barrier. Wet-spray cellulose is cellulose mixed with water and adhesive to help the cellulose bind to the inside of open wall cavities, and to make the cellulose more resistant to settling. Wet-spray cellulose must be allowed to dry completely before sealing up the wall with a vapor barrier and drywall. Moist-spray cellulose uses less water to speed up drying time.
- Natural insulations such as granulated cork, hemp fibres, grains, all which can be treated with a low toxicity fire and insect retardants
Loose-fill that is not often used but perfectly acceptable given the right thickness
You can expect to find one or more of these in an old house.
- Cotton and polyester. Difficult to find this type of loose-fill in the USA.
- Wool, hemp, and other naturally harvested materials.
- Vermiculite. Generally gray or brown.
- Perlite. Generally white or yellow.
- Granulated cork. No longer used in the US but used in Europe. Cork comes from the bark of a tree, and is a pretty good insulator, but it absorbs water like all wood. Exposure to water reduces its effectiveness (as for all types of open cell/ open fibre insulations including synthetics) to much less an extent than that of other types of wood.
- Wood chips, sawdust, redwood bark, hemlock fiber, or balsa wood. No longer used. Wood absorbs water, which reduces its effectiveness as a thermal insulator. In the presence of moisture, wood is susceptible to mold, mildew, and rot.
- Corn cobs.
Spray foams (foam-in-place)
Normally, you would hire a contractor to install spray foam between wall studs. The contractor mixes the chemicals on site using special measuring and mixing equipment, and sprays or injects the expanding foam into the open wall cavity of an unfinished wall, or through holes drilled in the sheathing or drywall into the wall cavity of a finished wall.
Advantages of spray foams:
- You can fill wall cavities in finished walls without tearing the walls apart (like loose-fill).
- Work well in tight spaces (like loose-fill, but superior).
- Provide acoustical insulation (like loose-fill, but superior).
- Most of them expand while curing, filling bypasses, and providing excellent resistance to air infiltration (unlike batts, blankets, and most types of loose-fill, which can leave bypasses and air pockets).
- Increase structural stability (unlike loose-fill).
- Cementitious foam is fireproof.
- None uses CFC's anymore.
- You can use them in places where you can't use loose-fill, such as between joists and rafters. When used between rafters, the spray foam can cover up the nails protruding from the underside of the sheathing, protecting your skull.
- You can buy a can for small applications.
Disadvantages of spray foams:
- Some of them shrink while curing.
- Require protection from sunlight and solvents.
- All of them, except cementitious foam, are flammable, release toxic fumes when they burn, and require protection with fire-rated drywall on the interior of a house.
- Some still use HCFC's as blowing agents.
- Those that use non-air blowing agents eventually lose their trapped gases and suffer reduction in insulating effectiveness.
Advantages of closed-cell foams over open-cell foams:
- Closed-cell foams (such as polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, and "Great Stuff") seal off air flow, whereas open-cell foams (such as some, but not all, types of polyurethane) merely trap air and slow down airflow.
- Closed-cell foams are superior insulators (usually around R-6 as opposed to R-3 for open cell).
- Higher structural stability.
- Superior acoustical insulating.
- When you use a closed-cell foam, you may be able to do away with a vapor barrier. Most open-cell foams are resistant to water, but they do not block water vapor.
Commonly-used spray foams:
- Icynene spray formula. Icynene "does not shrink, sag or settle. Icynene adheres to most construction materials and is the perfect insulation for walls, attics, ceilings and floors. As it expands, the material forces its way into every corner and crevice, completely filling the cavity. It creates its own virtually continuous air barrier by adhering to structural components. It always ensures a well filled, air sealed building envelope. It contains no gasses, so none escape." Icynene uses a mixture of carbon dioxide and water, and does not use harmful chemicals such as CFC's or HCFC's. Flammability is relatively low.
- Sealection 500 spray foam. So called "water-blown" as it uses water in a chemical reaction to create carbon dioxide and steam which expands the foam. Sealection 500 uses no CFC's, no HCFC's, contains no ozone depleting products and does not support mold growth. This product is commonly used in floor, wall and attic assemblies in Climate Zones 1 - 8 in North America with some special considerations when used in northern Canada and Alaska. Sealection 500 creates an air barrier which prevents infiltration and therefore prevents virtually all moisture migration through the skin of a building. Flame spread is 21 and smoke developed is 217 which makes it a Class I material (best fire rating).
- Cementitious foam, such as Air-Krete. Advantages: Environmentally friendly. Consists of magnesium oxide and air, made from magnesium silicate extracted from seawater. Blown with air. Nontoxic. Nonflammable (actually fireproof). Does not shrink. Relatively chemically inert. Insect resistant. Mold resistant. Disadvantages: Expensive. Susceptible to damage from water. Fragile at low densities.
- Polyisocyanurate. Less flammable than polyurethane.
- Phenolic. Uses air as blowing agent. Shrinks while curing.
- Closed-cell polyurethane. White or yellow. Uses harmless gases such as carbon dioxide as blowing agents. Resistant to water wicking and water vapor.
- Open-cell (low density) polyurethane. White or yellow. Expands to fill and seal cavity, but expands slowly, preventing damage to the wall. Resistant to water wicking, but permeable to water vapor. Fire resistant.
- Great Stuff is a Dow Chemical product that comes in cans and consists of several complex chemicals mixed together (isocyanates, ether, polyol). Dow manufactures this for small applications, but there is nothing stopping you from buying dozens of cans for a large retrofit task, such as sealing the sill plate.
Lingering question: If you install spray foam between rafters, and your attic is part of the conditioned space of your house (not kept cold in the winter), do you still need to leave an air baffle to allow air circulation against the underside of the sheathing?
Rigid panel insulation is made from fibrous materials (fiberglass, rock wool) or, more commonly, from plastic foam. They are sometimes sold in sections designed to fit tightly in standard wall cavities. When sold this way, they are called "batts", and they come in different thicknesses to match the depth of your wall cavity, for example, approx. 5½ inches to match a 2 x 6 wall cavity.
Where rigid panels are most-often used:
- Some, such as EPS "beadboard", are suitable for ground contact and are used against footings and exterior backfilled foundation walls.
- Against exterior exposed foundation walls (should be coated to protect from sunlight).
- Against exterior walls between foundation and roof, installed between sheathing and siding.
- Either under or on top of the roof sheathing.
- Inside unfinished interior walls, either as pre-cut batts, or as panels cut to fit inside walls and secured in place.
- Where space is limited and you need to pack great insulating capacity into a small space.
Important note #1: If you insulate the foundation with rigid panels, but you stop using rigid panels where the siding begins, then you should install flashing in between the bottom course of siding and the top edge of the rigid panels, to prevent water from seeping behind the panels.
Important note #2: When insulating the exterior foundation, you should install the rigid panels in two staggered layers, and fill the gaps at the seams with spray foam, to keep moisture from penetrating from the outside. However, when insulating between the sheathing and siding, you should leave slight gaps between the rigid panels to allow moisture to escape from the exterior side of the sheathing.
Advantages of rigid panel insulation:
- High R-value per inch - useful where space is tight or cramped, such as cathedral ceiling.
- Protect foundation and damp-proofing during backfilling (and, of course, insulate foundation).
- All are lightweight and strong - although EPS can be crumbly.
- Add to structural strength of walls.
- Provide acoustical insulation as well as thermal.
- Most are easily cut with utility knife.
- All are water resistant, some more so than others (but none should face prolonged exposure to water).
- Will not rot.
- All are highly resistant to air infiltration. They can be virtually airtight if they are installed without gaps between adjacent panels.
- Some types use some recycled content. (Most, however, are made from petrochemicals.)
Disadvantages of rigid panel insulation:
- All are susceptible to UV damage and solvents. You should coat them with plaster or stucco where they are above ground and exposed.
- All are flammable (including fiberglass and rock wool panels, because of the plastic resin used to bind the fibers?) and produce toxic fumes when they burn. All of them should be covered with fire-rated drywall (gypsum board) when installed in the interior of a house, unless they have a low flame-spread rating (below 25). Check with your local building inspector to be sure.
- More expensive than most other types of insulation.
- Some types may be susceptible to termites in certain areas. Termites use them for nesting purposes.
- Rigid panels that have R-values higher than that of still air usually contain some type of insulating gas that was blown into them during manufacturing. For many years, manufacturers used CFC's or urea formaldehyde as blowing agents. These blowing agents eventually leak out of the panels. CFC's deplete the ozone layer, and formaldehyde is toxic. Some manufacturers still use HCFC's, which are still harmful to the ozone layer, but not as harmful as CFC's.
- Eventually, as the blowing agent leaks, air replaces the insulating gas, and the R-value of the panel drops.
- Most rigid panels are made from crude oil byproducts, and some toxic pollution results during their manufacturing.
Commonly-used rigid panels:
- Fiberglass and rock wool. These are mainly used for acoustic applications. A company called Roxul in Ontario, Canada uses rock wool as the basis for all of their products, including panels for insulating the exterior foundation. All of their products are naturally fire-resistant.
- Perlite - used in Europe
- Phenolic, also known as phenol-formaldehyde. Advantages: High strength. Less flammable than most other foams. Disadvantages: Material is mostly open-celled. This results in insulating capacity not as good as other foams, high water absorption, and high water vapor permeability. Degrades and releases some formaldehyde over time, but not nearly as much as urea formaldehyde.
- Polyurethane. White or yellow. Produced through mixing of isocyanate and polyether in presence of catalyst and blowing agent. Contains many tiny, closed cells. Relatively waterproof, and low water absorption, but must protect from prolonged exposure to water. Can use underground if conditions are relatively dry.
- Rigid cellular polystyrene (RCPS). This includes EPS, MEPS, XPS, XEPS, beadboard, blueboard, and Styrofoam.
- Polyisocyanurate (also known as isocyanurate?). More stable at high temperatures and less flammable than polyurethane. Denser and more rigid than polystyrene panels, but more expensive. Must protect from prolonged exposure to water. Usually contains some recycled plastic, such as from PET beverage containers.
- Structural insulating panels (SIP's), also called stressed-skin walls.
- Vacuum insulation consisting of thin panels with extreme insulation capacities, as high as R-50 per inch!. However, like double-glazed windows, these eventually lose their air-tight seal.
Natural fibre insulations (around 0.04 W/mK) all can be treated with low toxicity fire and insect retardents, often used in Europe
- Lightweight Wood Fibre board.
Structural insulating panels
Structural insulating panels (SIP's), also called stressed-skin walls, use the same concept as in foam-core external doors, but extend the concept to the entire house. They can be used for ceilings, floors, walls, and roofs. The panels usually consist of plywood, oriented strandboard, or drywall glued and sandwiched around a core consisting of expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate, compressed wheat straw, or epoxy. Epoxy is too expensive to use as an insulator on its own, but it has high R-value per inch (7 to 9), high strength, and good chemical and moisture resistance.
SIP's come in various thicknesses. When building a house, they are glued together and secured with lumber. They provide the structural support, rather than the studs used in traditional framing.
Advantages of SIP's:
- Strong. Able to bear loads, including external loads from precipitation and wind.
- Faster construction than stick-built house. Less lumber required.
- Insulate acoustically.
- Impermeable to moisture.
- Can truck prefabricated panels to construction site and assemble on site.
- Create shell of solid insulation around house, while reducing bypasses common with stick-frame construction. The result is an inherently energy-efficient house.
- Do not require much energy to manufacture.
- Do not use formaldehyde, CFC's, or HCFC's in manufacturing.
Disadvantages of SIP's:
- More expensive than other types of insulation.
Rigid cellular polystyrene panels
There are many types of rigid cellular polystyrene (RCPS). Styrofoam is simply Dow Chemical's brand name, and does not refer to any particular type of RCPS. Some polystyrene uses up to 50% recycled resin, including post-consumer plastic. Several states have banned polystyrene that uses CFC's as blowing agents.
- Molded expanded polystyrene, also known as MEPS, EPS, or beadboard, consists of many tiny foam beads molded and pressed together. EPS is manufactured in low-density and high-density versions. Low-density EPS is relatively inexpensive, resistant to the effects of moisture, and can be used underground. High-density EPS is even more moisture-resistant, and is manufactured for use on exterior foundation walls and burial against footings, if the soil is relatively dry.
- Extruded expanded polystyrene, also known as XEPS, XPS, or blueboard, has a smooth, cut-cell surface, is stronger than EPS, and is ideal for blocking air-infiltration. Dow Chemical colors their XPS blue and prints "Styrofoam" on the sides. Like EPS, XPS is also manufactured in low-density and high-density versions. High-density XPS is used for foundation slabs, concrete floors, roofs, and other applications that require higher bearing strength than EPS and low-density XPS.
Urea-formaldehyde foam (UFFI) and panels - no longer used
Description: Brittle, whitish gray or yellow foam produced through mixing of urea and formaldehyde, developed in Europe in the 1950's. Most states have outlawed urea-formaldehyde insulation since the late 1970's or early 1980's because of its tendency to release formaldehyde gas, causing air pollution and problems of indoor air quality. The entire foam insulation industry suffered a setback during this time.
Reasons for residential ban: The chemical bond between the urea and formaldehyde is weak, resulting in degradation of the foam cells and emission of toxic formaldehyde gas into the home over time. Furthermore, some manufacturers used excess formaldehyde to ensure chemical bonding of all of the urea. Any leftover formaldehyde would escape after the mixing. Since emissions are highest when the urea-formaldehyde is new and decrease over time, houses that have had urea-formaldehyde within their walls for years or decades do not require remediation.
- Good R-value per inch.
- Regains effectiveness when dried after having absorbed moisture.
- Open-cell material is good acoustic insulator.
- Contains no fire retardants, but resists spread of flames when burned.
Other disadvantages (besides release of formaldehyde):
- Low mechanical strength. Material is weak and brittle.
- High water absorption.
- High water permeability.
- High water vapour permeability.
- Shrinks when curing.
- May take several weeks to cure completely.
These materials reduce radiated heat, rather than conducted heat. For this reason, trying to associate R-values with radiant barriers is difficult and inappropriate.
- Glass windows with low-emissivity (low-E) coating. Low-E glass has an invisible metal coating suspended between layers of glazing that reflects radiation that would normally escape, back into the house, and reflect radiation that would normally enter, back to the outside. Thus, they keep the house warmer in winter and cooler in summer. They work similar to the way that a Dewar flask works, in which the metal is in contact with a near-vacuum, greatly reducing the conduction and convection that would normally occur, while taking advantage of the metal's superior radiative properties.
- Foil-faced polyurethane or foil-faced polyisocyanurate panels.
- Foil-backed bubble pack. This is thin, more flexible than rigid panels, works as a vapor barrier, and resembles plastic bubble wrap with aluminum foil on both sides. It is ideal for use on cold pipes, cold ducts, and the underside of the roof sheathing.
- Light-colored roof shingles and reflective paint. These help to keep attics cooler in the summer and in hot climates.
Aerogels are high-performance, low-density materials used in special applications. They are mostly air, but they are not foam. They are still expensive and do not yet find much use in consumer applications.
- Silica aerogel has the lowest density and lowest thermal conductivity of any known substance, and has high resistance to convective currents.
- Carbon aerogel absorbs infrared radiation, and, like silica aerogel, has high resistance to convective currents.
The properties of silica aerogel complement those of carbon aerogel; the combination has the best insulating properties of any known material.
Straw bale construction
Template:Main The use of highly-compressed straw bales as insulation, though uncommon, is gaining popularity in experimental building projects for the high R-value and low cost of a thick wall made of straw. Densely-packed straw, on a per-inch basis, only has an R-value of around 1.45, but the total R-value of a straw-bale wall can approach R-20. When using straw bales for construction, the bales must be tightly-packed and allowed to dry out sufficiently. Any air gaps or moisture can drastically reduce the insulating effectiveness.
Asbestos - no longer used
Asbestos once found common use as an insulation material in homes and buildings because it is fireproof, a good thermal and electrical insulator, and resistant to chemical attack and wear. We now know that asbestos can cause cancer when in friable form (that is, when likely to release fibers into the air - when broken, jagged, shredded, or scuffed). Only some people exposed to asbestos come down with cancer. The recommended course of action if you find asbestos in your house is to enclose (shield) and encapsulate (seal). Asbestos-cement shingles are harmless unless you saw into them.
When found in the home, asbestos often resembles grayish-white corrugated cardboard coated with cloth or canvas, usually held in place around pipes and ducts with metal straps. Things that typically might contain asbestos:
- Boiler and furnace insulation.
- Heating duct wrapping.
- Pipe insulation ("lagging").
- Ducting and transite pipes within slabs.
- Acoustic ceilings.
- Textured materials.
- Resilient flooring.
- Blown-in insulation.
- Roofing materials and felts.
Health effects of fiberglass
Fiberglass is the most common residential insulating material, and is usually applied as batts of insulation, pressed between studs.
Use personal protective equipment when you install fiberglass, such as mask, goggles, gloves, pants tucked into socks, and long-sleeved shirt, to protect yourself from the airborne fibers. Don’t use a 50-cent dust mask. Use a mask OSHA-certified to guard against airborne glass fibers. Some people believe that airborne glass fibers can cause cancer, and that fiberglass, on a per-fiber basis, is almost as dangerous as asbestos. See fiberglass timeline.
Miraflex is a new type of fiberglass batt that has curly fibers that are less itchy and create less dust. You can also look for fiberglass products factory-wrapped in plastic or fabric.
Health effects of loose-fill cellulose
Although cellulose is 100% natural, and usually made from recycled material, loose-fill cellulose is not as environmentally-friendly as some people would have you believe:
- Cellulose is treated with a flame retardant chemical, as well as boric acid or borax to resist insects and rodents. Some people think that the fire-retardant chemicals, insect repellants, dust, and newspaper ink in cellulose may be harmful to breathe and touch.
- Cellulose readily absorbs moisture, up to 20% of its weight. The flame-retardant chemicals in cellulose can turn corrosive when moist.
- When you install cellulose, you are essentially putting food out for many types of mold; all they need to thrive in this environment is some moisture. Many people are sensitive to the toxins that mold spores release. Once mold starts growing in damp cellulose, it can be extremely difficult to eradicate, even once you take away the source of the moisture.
Effectiveness of insulation
Thermal insulation usually works best on the outside of the structure, by allowing the walls, floor and ceiling to stay at room temperature, which prevents condensation in the living area of the house. Generally, spray foam and rigid panel insulation provide the most bang for the buck. They have the highest R-values per inch, and provide the best protection against air intrustion (and therefore, convective heat loss).
A well-insulated house requires a vapor barrier because of the risk of condensation on cold parts of the structure with resulting damage, such as mold and rot. The vapour barrier is usually a sealed plastic film inside the wall and should go on the warm side of the insulation:
- In a heated house, the vapour barrier goes close to the warm inside of the wall.
- In very warm climates, on a well-insulated air conditioned house, the vapour barrier should go on the outside so that the insulation is between the vapour barrier and colder, air conditioned parts of the house.
- In some parts of the country, vapor barriers are controversial. Some people believe that in temperate, humid climates, you should leave out the vapor barrier entirely. See here.
When you are building a house or remodeling any rooms in the house, you should install expanding closed-cell spray foam against the interior side of the sheathing, and between the studs, before installing (fire-rated) drywall. (If fiberglass batts exist, remove them.) Advantages of closed-cell spray foam in wall cavities:
- They keep the temperature and humidity in the wall cavities similar to that in the interior of the house.
- You don't need a separate vapor barrier. Closed-cell spray foam is virtually impermeable to moisture, and acts as its own vapor barrier, preventing moisture from condensing on the sheathing or studs. You no longer have to concern yourself with moist air leaking into the wall cavity and condensing.
R-valuesMain article: R-value
The R (Resistance) value of a material indicates its resistance to heat flow. R-values are measured at 75 °F (22 °C) and are calculated from the thermal conductivity, k, and the thickness, d, of materials: R = d/k.
The United States calculates R-values using different units than the rest of the world, namely, feet, degrees Fahrenheit, and British thermal units. Metric R-values are expressed as “RSI”, where the units for R are Kelvins x square meters / Watts (K•m²/W).
Some materials lose or gain R-value during changes in temperatures. This must be taken into account when comparing R-values since some materials, especially blown fiberglass , suffer significant loss of insulating ability at lower temperatures. Other materials gain R-value at lower temperatures, such as polystyrene.
Old insulation usually loses its effectiveness to some degree. Furthermore, newer insulation sometimes uses different manufacturing techniques or materials than older versions of the same type of insulation, and can therefore have higher R-values.
Additionally, installation conditions can significantly reduce R-value due to compression, wind washing or temperature differences creating air convection bypassing the insulation through even very small air gaps. Sprayed in place foam and densely packed cellulose insulations avoid air gaps.
The thickness of the materials must be considered when comparing R-values. For instance, the R-value of a 14-inch adobe brick is about R-4, while that of an equal thickness of cellulose, at R-3 per inch, is about R-42.
How much insulation your house should have depends on your building design, climate, energy costs, budget, and personal preference. Each state has different recommendations as to what R-values each component of a house should have.
Typical R-values per inch
All values are approximations, based on the average of the values listed on dozens of websites. If I saw wildly different values, then I took the lowest and highest values and expressed the R-value here as a range somewhere between them. For a more-official list, refer to one of these websites with duplicate R-value tables:
- Air with no external wind = R-5 (still) to R-1 (with convective currents).
- Single pane glass window = R-1.
- Wood chips and other loose-fill wood products = R-1.
- Snow = R-1.
- Straw bales = R-1.45.
- Double pane glass window = R-2.
- Double pane glass window with low emissitivity coating = R-3.
- Triple pane glass window = R-3.
- Wood panels, such as sheathing = R-2.5.
- Vermiculite loose-fill = R-2.13 to R-2.4.
- Perlite loose-fill = R-2.7.
- Rock wool loose-fill = R-2.0 to R-3.3.
- Rock wool batts = R-3 to R-3.85.
- Fiberglass loose-fill = R-2.2 to R-3.7.
- Fiberglass rigid panel = R-2.5.
- Fiberglass batts = R-2 to R-3.85.
- High-density fiberglass batts = R-3.6 to R-5.
- Cementitious foam = R-2 to R-3.9.
- Cellulose loose-fill = R-3 to R-3.8.
- Icynene spray = R-3.6.
- Icynene loose-fill = R-4.
- Urea-formaldehyde foam = R-4 to R-4.6.
- Urea-formaldehyde panels = R-5 to R-6.
- Phenolic spray foam = R-4.8 to R-7.
- Phenolic rigid panel = R-4 to R-5.
- Molded expanded polystyrene (EPS) = 3.7 for low-density, 4 for high-density.
- Extruded expanded polystyrene (XPS) = 3.6 to 4.7 for low-density, 5 to 5.4 for high-density.
- Polystyrene spray foam = R-5.
- Open-cell polyurethane spray foam = R-3.6.
- Closed-cell polyurethane spray foam = R-5.5 to R-6.5.
- Polyurethane rigid panel = 6 (expanded with air), 6.25 to 9 (expanded with CFC or HCFC).
- Dow "Great Stuff" = ?.
- Polyisocyanurate spray foam = R-4.3 to R-8.3.
- Foil-faced polyisocyanurate rigid panel = R-5.8 to R-7.4.
- Silica aerogel = R-10.
- Foil-backed bubble pack = R-6 to R-18?
- Vacuum-insulated panel = as high as R-30?
Materials such as natural rock, dirt, sod, adobe, and concrete have poor thermal conductivity (R-value typically less than 1), but work well for thermal mass applications because of their high specific heat.
Where to insulate
Where to insulate depends on where your living or conditioned space (the space that you heat and air-condition) ends and where your unconditioned space begins. Treat unconditioned space as if it were outdoors, minus the rain and snow. Insulate the living space as if you were insulating from the outdoors. For example, if your crawlspace is unheated, and you want it to stay that way, then make sure it has adequate ventilation, and insulate the floor above. If your attic is unheated, and you want it to stay that way, also make sure it has adequate ventilation, and insulate between and over the floor joists.
If you occasionally want to heat only some sections of the living space, you should insulate the walls between the sections you want to heat and the sections you don’t want to heat.
If the basement space is unheated, it may be best to insulate between floor joists (basement ceiling) instead of around the foundation (basement floor and walls). There is no harm done in insulating both the ceiling, and the floor and walls.
Generally, you should insulate:
- Attic, especially the attic door hatch.
- Doors and windows (see weatherization).
- Floors over unheated spaces.
- Ceilings with unconditioned spaces above.
- Knee walls and rafters of a finished or conditioned attic.
- All exterior walls.
- Walls between conditioned spaces (such as living room) and unconditioned spaces (such as unheated garage or storage area).
- Floors over unconditioned or outside spaces.
- Around the perimeter of a concrete floor.
- Around the slab (if present), close to grade level on the outside.
- Walls of finished, conditioned basement.
- Foundation walls above ground area.
- Foundation walls in heated basements
- At top of foundation, where foundation meets mudsill.
- Around perimeter of house at band joist.
- Between rafters, but leave an air space for ventilation between the insulation and the roof deck.
- Floors above cold spaces, such as vented crawl spaces and unheated garages.
- Any floor section that is cantilevered beyond the exterior wall below.
- Around slab floors built directly on the ground.
- Foundation walls of crawl spaces (people often insulate crawl spaces so poorly that the insulation is ineffective).
If you are curious what kind of insulation already exists, here are some ways to inspect your walls for insulation:
- Remove electrical cover plates and look through gap on side of electrical box.
- Remove piece of siding and sheathing.
- Drill hole in interior or exterior wall and extract sample.
Insulating ducts and pipes
Insulate all ducts and water supply pipes where they pass through unconditioned spaces, such as through an attic or crawlspace that is not heated or air-conditioned. This includes heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and return ducts, and both cold and hot water supply pipes.
Before insulating ducts and pipes:
- Cement duct joints.
- Check the ductwork for leaks, and repair any that you find. Do not use duct tape - it is not designed for permanent applications, and will dry out and fall off over time.
Why to insulate ducts and pipes:
- Preserve desired temperature of air or water, and save energy and money.
- Prevent condensation on ducts or pipes when cool duct or pipe runs through hot, non-conditioned space in the warmer months.
Insulating materials for ducts and pipes:
- Foil-faced fiberglass.
- Foil-backed bubble wrap.
- Rock wool, fiberglass, or another non-flammable loose-fill (not cellulose!) around stove and furnace pipes where they pass through floors and walls. If the stovepipe reaches high temperatures, you should not pack any insulation around the pipe.
- Preformed closed-cell foam pipe sleeves for water pipes.
You may want to wrap your water heater in a nonflammable thermal blanket, especially if you have an older, inefficient water heater that does not have much internal insulation.
Insulating around electrical fixtures
To prevent a house fire, keep insulation away from any electrical fixtures that generate great amounts of heat, such as ceiling fan motors, and older recessed lighting fixtures that are not IC-rated. Newer recessed lights contain a heat sensor to turn the lights off when they reach a threshold temperature. The newest recessed lights, known as IC-rated (Insulation Cover) fixtures, are designed so that they do not require any air clearance and will work safely buried deep in insulation. If you have non-IC-rated recessed lighting fixtures, you should install baffles around the fixtures to maintain at least 3 inches of clearance from insulation. This is a stop-gap measure to remedy the excessive heat. Ultimately, you should:
- Use low temperature compact fluorescent bulbs.
- Replace the old fixtures with new, IC-rated fixtures.
- Replace the recessed fixtures with non-recessed fixtures.
Insulating exterior of foundation
Ideally, a home should have poured concrete walls, waterproofing, and 2-inch rigid foam panels. Complete retrofit foundation insulation may be prohibitively expensive. Since most of the heat loss from a foundation occurs where the foundation is above grade and exposed, you can partially insulate the foundation wall and still have good results:
- Buy the thickest panels that you can find (2 inches is ideal).
- Dig around the foundation at least 6 inches down.
- Clean the foundation with water and let it dry out completely, then parge twice (that is, coat with two thin layers of Portland cement), for added protection and damp proofing.
- Attach rigid foam panels to the exposed part of the foundation. Make sure they are rated for use below grade, since part of them will be buried.
- Add a protective covering, such as cement plaster, fiberglass, plastic, or metal.
- Fill in and compact the soil.
The sheets of extruded polystyrene foam attached to exterior foundation walls before backfilling serve as insulation, but their main purpose is to protect the waterproof coatings or membranes applied to the foundation wall. You should protect them from backfilling, as well, since they will not function as effectively as possible if they are cracked or torn while backfilling.
Rigid foam panels applied to an external foundation wall:
- Protect both the foundation wall and its waterproof coating during backfilling.
- Reduce dampness.
- Some types of rigid panels provide drainage or direct groundwater to the footing drains.
How to apply insulation to an exterior foundation wall when building a house:
- Waterproof the foundation wall (usually consists of an elastomeric rubber membrane).
- While the waterproofing is still tacky, spread the appropriate type of adhesive on the back of a rigid foam panel. Each type of panel has a type of adhesive that is designed to work with that type of panel.
- Stick the rigid foam panel to the foundation.
- Carefully backfill, preferably after you frame the first floor. A thermal weak spot is the spot where the foundation touches the mudsill. While building a house, make sure the builder puts a rigid closed-cell foam gasket between the top of the foundation and the mudsill, around the entire perimeter of the house. You should use sheathing grade 5/8-inch plywood and 2 x 6 timbers when framing the exterior walls of a house, not only for structural strength, but also for the increased space for insulation.
Rigid foam panels do not have to stop where the siding begins. You can extend them up, underneath the siding, all the way up to the roof. When you secure them to the sheathing, make sure that you use galvanized nails or coated screws, and make sure they penetrate sufficiently into the studs, without cracking the panels. Unlike with the panels installed against the exterior foundation, with these panels, you should leave slight gaps between them to allow moisture to escape.
Exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) are a new type of home construction that uses “all-in-one” insulating and structural walls with a stucco-like finish. Face-sealed EIFS is susceptible to trapped moisture if it is not installed meticulously. Drainable EIFS allows moisture to escape. Some building experts think that EIFS should only be used in hot, dry climates because of its tendency to collect moisture.
Some contractors pour insulation into concrete blocks while building the foundation. Turn this concept inside out, and you have an insulated concrete form. An insulated concrete form (ICF) is a rigid foam block, usually polystyrene, that homebuilders can stack so their centers are aligned, insert reinforcing bars into, and fill with concrete. These foundations are both structural and insulating – insulation is incorporated directly into the foundation walls, rather than added as an afterthought. The tricky part is making sure that concrete fills all of the voids in the foam blocks.
Here is an example of an ICF home: Habitat for Humanity ICF Build Apr 2004
Audits, help, and incentives
In a home energy audit, professionals evaluate the energy efficiency of the home, using blower doors, infrared cameras, and other air leakage measuring equipment. They identify the greatest leaks and recommend the best ways to improve the energy efficiency of your house. They tell you what you should do first for the best bang for the buck.
Who to call for a home energy audit:
- Public utility companies, or their energy conservation department.
- Independent, private-sector companies such as energy services company, insulation contractor, or air sealing specialist.
- State energy office.
- Websites for any of the above.
Utility companies are usually eager to provide this service, as well as loans and other incentives to insulate. They also often provide incentives to switch, for example, if you are an oil customer considering switching to natural gas.
Where to look for insulation recommendations:
- Local building inspector’s office.
- Local or state building codes.
- US Department of Energy.
- Websites for any of the above.
Remember, code tells you the bare minimum. You should always insulate beyond what code requires. There is no reason why you can't insulate far in excess of code.
Insulate as completely as you can while building a house. This is much easier than retrofitting. For example, if you don’t install a closed-cell foam gasket to the sill plate when your house is under construction, there is no way to install it afterwards. You can spray foam into the gap, but this is not nearly as effective as having the gasket installed from day one.
Even though it is much easier to insulate a home as it is being built, you can still add insulation afterwards. Some states provide loans to install insulation in a pre-existing house, or allow you to apply for a tax credit afterwards.
- Purchase Radiant GUARD radiant barrier online HERE
- Industrial Insulation Basics
- R-value Recommendations from DOE/CE
- Foam and foam board insulation
- Natural Handyman, insulation article
- Austin Green Living insulation article
- New and alternative insulation materials
- Home Insulation
- Insulation and Weatherization Handbook
- Sheeps wool Home insulation
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Building Technologies.
- Loose-Fill Insulations, DOE/GO-10095-060, FS 140, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC), May 1995.
- Insulation Fact Sheet, U.S. Department of Energy, update to be published 1996. Also available from EREC.
- Lowe, Allen. "Insulation Update," The Southface Journal, 1995, No. 3. Southface Energy Institute, Atlanta, GA.
- ICAA Directory of Professional Insulation Contractors, 1996, and A Plan to Stop Fluffing and Cheating of Loose-Fill Insulation in Attics, Insulation Contractors Association of America, 1321 Duke St., #303, Alexandria, VA 22314, (703)739-0356.
- US DOE Consumer Energy Information.
- Insulation Information for Nebraska Homeowners, NF 91-40.
- Article in Daily Freeman, Thursday, 8 Sept 2005, Kingston, NY.
- TM 5-852-6 AFR 88-19, Volume 6 (Army Corp of Engineers publication).
- CenterPoint Energy Customer Relations.
- US DOE publication, Residential Insulation
- US DOE publication, Energy Efficient Windows
- US EPA publication on home sealing
- DOE/CE 2002
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Alaska Science Forum, May 7, 1981, Rigid Insulation, Article #484, by T. Neil Davis, provided as a public service by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF research community.
- Guide raisonné de la construction écologique (Guide to products /fabricants of green building materials mainly in France but also surrounding countries), Batir-Sain 2004
- Thermal Insulation
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Beautiful Paper Money Note from the Derby Fishing Company
issued in 1808. This historic document has a vignette of a woman standing on a rock with an anchor in the middle of the sea. This item is hand signed by the Company's President ( Canfield Gillet ) and Secretary ( Sam Andrews ) and is over 201 years old. Historic with signs or wear.
"Derby Fishing Company" was in its most- prosperous condition.
This company (famous in its day), was organized in Hull's tavern in Derby, January 15, 1 SO7. It carried on a very extensive fishing business on the Newfoundland Banks, taking the fish to Europe and the West Indies, and bringing home the products of those respective countries. Several of its vessels sailed regularly to Lisbon and ports in the Mediterranean, bringing home to New Haven cargoes of wine, oil, and salt. The company used the latter in preparing its fish.
The capital subscribed at the first meeting was, according to the act of incorporation, fifty thousand dollars. It was soon increased, and made two hundred thousand, the increase being allotted in shares of twenty-five dollars each.
Thc transactions of the company were, for that period, immense; and the duties which it paid during several years were equal to those paid by the three largest commercial houses of the port.
So extensive was its business transactions, that at one time a chest of specie, which was brought to Derby, required eight men to take it from the wagon and place it in the vault of the Derby bank. The bank building was the brick edifice still standing at Derby Narrows.
The newspapers of that day often spoke in high praise of the fine vessels owned by the company. Among these vessels were the " Victor," " Naugatuck" (which disappeared at sea), "Charles," " Housatonie," "Lark," "Sally," "Patriot," "Derby," and " Keziah." This latter ship, in 1S10, brought sixty Irish emigrants to New Haven direct from Belfast.
The stock of the company was owned in New Haven and Derby ; and at its inception several of the most eminent merchants of our town were directors.
After a few years of prosperity, the tide ebbed. Disasters overtook the company; several of its ships were lost at sea; others were captured and sold by the British and French admiralty orders; men to whom goods had been sold could not pay for them; and finally, in the summer of 1815, the company failed and made a disastrous ending.
The Derby Fishing Company was incorporated in 1807 to
engage in fisheries ; two years later It was grantd the privilege of writing marine Insurance. On account of the Interruption of its industries by the Embargo act, it was allowed to loan its capital.
The directors of the company, considering
this sufficient authorization, began the business of banking,
Issuing notes of circulation. This was considered by the
General Assembly an abuse of privileges granted, and the
company was summoned to appear before them. The following year a charter was granted for the establishment of a bank at Derby, but with the provisoes that the fishing company should hold no stock, nor should any one of Its ofl^icials
act as a director of the financial Institution.
The bank was required to furnish an annual statement to the General As-
sembly; this was the first time in the history of the State that
such a demand had been made. These restrictions, however,
were repealed two years later.
History of the old town of Derby, Connecticut
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How Much Energy in an Ounce?Albert Bartlett's letter in the June APS News corrects an estimate of the "energy in an ounce" from "85 million tons" to "607 thousand tons" of TNT. However, the energy released from even one ton of trinitrotoluene is quite a bit greater when it is burned slowly in air vs allowed to detonate. In any event, the energy in an ounce would be exactly equal to the energy of an ounce, not the energy of xxx tons! You know what I mean?
John Michael Williams
Redwood City, California
Whose Famous Constant?A common misunderstanding of the history of "Newton's" universal gravitational constant is repeated in the July issue of APS News. Newton did not use a constant in expressing the universal law of gravitation; he expressed it verbally in terms of direct and inverse proportionalities. In an interesting review of the history of "Big G" titled, "The Cavendish experiment as Cavendish knew it" (Am. J. Phys. v. 55, p. 210 ), B. E. Clotfelter points out that this constant is introduced for the first time only near the end of the Nineteenth Century. Cavendish referred to his own work as "Experiments to Determine the Density of the Earth." Clotfelter points out that there was no unit for force until the dyne was proposed in 1873, and that "...the idea of measuring such a constant (as G) is less likely to occur to an experimenter when no unit for force is available."
University of Texas at Austin
Advice Given to Budding Chemical Engineer
The July issue of APS News included a question from a parent whose son has taken the AP Physics exam and is interested in a career in chemical engineering. As an APS member with a degree in physics who now works in a chemical engineering department, I can only suggest to Mr. Levitt that chemical engineering is an excellent discipline for a scientifically curious young person to consider. The best chemical engineers regularly use their fundamental understanding of the physical world based on physics, chemistry, and mathematics to solve complex and fascinating problems. One useful source of information for young people interested in chemical engineering is a website hosted by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (http://www.aiche.org/careers). Many other disciplines also offer intellectually challenging career options, but I can think of no reason why Mr. Levitt should discourage his son from exploring a career in chemical engineering.
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
I suppose I am in a unique position to offer advice in that I started as an Engineering major (Electrical) but switched to Physics after my first college Physics course. And I worked with many Chemical Engineers during my career as a Polymer Physicist with DuPont. However, the most important advice I can give would be general advice I would give any parent with a child at this stage of life.
To Mr. Levitt:
- Don't sweat the decision. No matter what the choice now, it is likely to change.
- Encourage your son to get advice from a broad cross section of people (but my experience with high school guidance counselors has not been good).
- Most importantly, remember that it is your son's career and the decision must ultimately be his.
- Pick something and begin to focus on that. A good place to start is with one of the career exploration programs that let you "shadow" professionals in several occupations. It will give you a small taste of some of the possibilities.
- Until you learn more, keep an open mind. College opens new vistas for most students. Chances are that you will change no matter what you choose.
- Take a broad range of courses in college.
- Above all, if you have an abiding passion about some subject, find a way to pursue it.
- But remember, even with passion, life gets grim unless you can make a comfortable living.
- Keep an eye out for interesting opportunities. No one can predict what doors will be open to them in the future.
- One other point, there are very few jobs with no satisfaction and none without some sort of drudgery.
Specifically addressing Chemical Engineering:
- We will continue to need products made with chemical processes. I would expect demand to remain strong for Chemical Engineers and the salary is usually quite good.
- A wide variety of jobs are open including "hands on" design of plants and equipment, design and operation of systems to control the manufacturing process & basic research in a wide range of industries.
- It also offers an excellent entry into management.
Farren H. Smith
Camden, South Carolina
Whose Famous Formula?
In APS News, August/September 2000, the "This Month in Physics History" column was entitled "September 1905: Einstein's Most Famous Formula," and it stated: "But it was later that year (1905), in a paper received by the Annalen der Physik on September 27, applying his equations to study the motion of a body, that Einstein showed that mass and energy were equivalent, a startling new insight he expressed in a simple formula that became synonymous with his name: E=mc2. However, full confirmation of his theory was slow in coming. It was not until 1933, in Paris, when Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie took a photograph showing the conversion of energy into mass."
In contrast, the "100 YEARS AGO" item in the 6 April 2000 issue of Nature (Vol. 404, p 553) is taken from the 5 April 1900 issue of Nature (note the dates), and it states: "The calculations of M. Henri Becquerel show that this energy is of the order of one ten-millionth of a watt per second. Hence a loss of weight of about a milligram in a thousand million years would suffice to account for the observed effects, assuming the energy of the radiation to be derived from the actual loss of material."
The assumption that accounts for the stated figures in the April 1900 issue of Nature is E=mc2. But according to APS News, this is "Einstein's most famous formula" which in September 1905 was "a startling new insight." I think that there is a problem that ought to be resolved.
Caroline H. Thompson
Aberaeron, United Kingdom
APS News replies:
The author is quite correct that specific instances of the relation between mass and energy predated Einstein's work in 1905. To put this in proper perspective, we offer a quote from the book "Inward Bound" by the late physicist and historian of physics Abraham Pais: "...the strength of (Einstein's equations relating mass, energy and velocity) lies in their generality, their independence of dynamical details, in particular their independence of the origin and nature of the mass m. For specific forms of energy the relation
had been known well before 1905. Already in 1881, J.J. Thomson (see this month's This Month in Physics History-ed.) had noted the energy-mass equivalence for the case of an electrically charged body. Shortly thereafter, the first theoretical E-m-v relations appeared, based on a specific model of a charged particle: its shape shall be a rigid little sphere, whatever its velocity. This was the model studied in great detail by Max Abraham, theorist in Goettingen."
Copernicus and the Scientific Impulse
Owen Gingerich is not the first historian of astronomy to downplay the role of observational evidence in the inception of the heliocentric model and instead elevate the role of what he calls 'the Aesthetic Impulse' ("Copernicus and the Aesthetic Impulse," APS News, July 2000, THE BACK PAGE). There are similar sentiments expressed in Thomas S. Kuhn's The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought (Harvard Univ Pr, 1957), and also in Arthur Koestler's The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe (Hutchison, 1959). I have always felt uneasy with this attitude, for these reasons:
It is indeed legitimate to argue, as Owen Gingerich does, that "Copernicus relied on aesthetic principles, ideas pleasing to the mind." However, it is also justifiable to argue that Copernicus also relied on observational evidence, and further, on the epistemological inferences derived from them.
In his life work De Revolutionibus (1543), Copernicus made the following relevant points: "The Earth is impregnated by the Sun and generates offspring every year;" and more pertinently, the (brilliant and resplendent) Sun is "named by some the lantern of the universe," and by others the "visible god," "king of the sky," "pilot of the world," "overseer of everything," etc. (Now what is this, if not (almost literally blinding) observational evidence?) It is from these (quite enlightening) remarks that Copernicus went on to deduce that "the center of the universe is the natural point where to place the Sun so as to best illuminate the cosmos."
Copernicus also cites several ancient authors who assigned one or more motions to the Earth. Moreover, there is a passage in the extant manuscript of De Revolutionibus which mentions Aristarchus of Samos (third century BC). Although this passage was not printed in the first published version of De Revolutionibus in 1543, it is reproduced in some of the modern editions of the great book. Although Aristarchus's work on the heliocentric model has been lost, it is unambiguously mentioned in several other surviving books from antiquity, notably one by Aristarchus's contemporary Archimedes of Syracuse.
What is more interesting is that the only surviving book by Aristarchus is entitled (very significantly) On the Sizes and Distances (from the Earth) of the Sun and Moon. In this book, Aristarchus describes certain measurements that he carried out himself (one of which is inaccurate). Aristarchus then went on to do the correct mathematical analysis and computations from which he derived values for the four quantities mentioned in the title. Whereas Aristarchus's two values for the Moon are impressively accurate, his two values for the Sun are out by a factor of about 20 - owing to the inaccuracy of one measured quantity. This resulted in a solar system about 20 times smaller than true. These became the accepted values until the 17th century, as confirmed by Owen Gingerich when he remarked that "unknown to Tycho Brahe, the solar system was 20 times larger than he or anyone else imagined."
Nevertheless, Aristarchus's work still resulted in a Sun that was nearly seven times larger than the Earth in terms of radius, and about 300 times larger than the Earth in terms of volume. There is a suggestive anecdote about Rutherford's model of the atom. When asked why he placed the nucleus stationary at the center and the electrons orbiting the nucleus and not the other way around, Rutherford is said to have replied: For the same reason why we consider the elephant to be stationary and the fleas jumping up and down on him - and not the other way around.
In The Copernican Revolution, Thomas S. Kuhn stated: "the Greeks produced (no) evidence for the earth's motion." (p. 43) I submit that the known work of Aristarchus (discussed by Kuhn at some length) IS evidence, albeit indirect and inconclusive, for the earth's motion.
My reading of Copernicus's writings suggests to me that he wanted to replace the basically (as he obviously believed) untrue geocentric model with the essentially true heliocentric model. Copernicus hinted that a soundly composed heliocentric model would make more accurate predictions and a better calendar than those derived from the existing geocentric model. It was these justifiable beliefs and expectations that motivated Copernicus to go into all the trouble to construct a detailed new model of the universe. It took much more time and work by others, but Copernicus's beliefs and expectations were fulfilled in the end.
In conclusion, I would say that Copernicus was more of a modern scientist than Thomas S. Kuhn, Arthur Koestler, and Owen Gingerich have portrayed him. Moreover, what seems to have motivated Copernicus (and also Aristarchus, Galileo, Kepler, etc.) was the 'Scientific Impulse.'
©1995 - 2014, AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY
APS encourages the redistribution of the materials included in this newspaper provided that attribution to the source is noted and the materials are not truncated or changed.
Associate Editor: Jennifer Ouellette
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A vision of a pair of corkscrew horns with a dash of black in the milieu of the rising sun amidst the golden grass. Well that’s the famed Blackbuck in Velavadar. The Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is an Indian diurnal antelope found in the subcontinent, extinct in Bangladesh. They inhabit grasslands and scrubs and can be observed in large herds in the Blackbuck National Park in Velavadar in the Bhavnagar district in Western Indian State of Gujarat.
Velavadar National Park
Once upon a time, this was the private grassland of the Maharaja of Bhavnagar for hunting blackbucks with his famous hunting cheetahs.
In post-Independence India, this park was established in 1976 and doubled in size in 1980 covering an area of 34 square kms with Gulf of Khambhat on the south and wastelands and agriculture fields in the north.
The park is divided into the Grassland Area (17.5 square km) and the Wetland Area (over 10 square km) separated by a road. Both of these areas are often perceived as wasteland and are threatened. With growing awareness of the fragile ecosystem among locals, these areas are now beginning to be protected. Recently Velavadar has been classified as an Important Bird Area by Birdlife International.
Debarshi & I with our travel buddies – Dr. Asok Majumder and Wildlife Photographer – Siddhartha Goswami had traveled to Gujarat in January 2013 on a tour of migrant birds. Our journey covered Velavadar, Rann of Kutch and Marine National Park; I will cover them in later posts.
We had flown in from Kolkata very early and then drove down from Ahmedabad and reached by late afternoon just in time for the afternoon safari. We also went on the next early morning safari.
Both the days were quite worthwhile. We got very good sightings of Striped Hyena and Golden Jackal. Of course, the signature species was pronking all through and gave us great photographic moments.
For the uninitiated, pronking is a special behavior exhibited by black bucks to escape from the clutches of predators, although I felt that they were showing off their agility as well. The blackbucks just dashes off and suddenly leaps midair with all its fours in the air.
The male black bucks are distinguished from the females or calves by their moniker horns and black upper bodies compared to a fawn coloured bodies of the females.
We also spotted more of the Nilgais or the blue bull in the park. They are much much larger in size and are so named because of the bluish grey coat in adult males.
This park is truly a haven for bird watchers and more often for birds of prey. We spotted and clicked Steppe Eagle, Tawny Eagle and Imperial Eagle. Also touted to be one of the major harrier roosting sites globally, we spotted the Pallid Harrier, Montagu’s Harrier, Western Marsh Harrier and Short-eared Eagle Owl.
In addition, we sighted other species like Lark, Pipit, Grey Sandgrouse, Grey Francolin, and Stonechat.
We were not fortunate enough to spot the Lesser Florican, a critically endangered species locally known as the kharmor. It is an endemic Indian species of the Bustard Family and today the principal population is in this park.
When to Go?
The best time to visit Velavadar is the Indian winter; i.e.; from December to March .The Park is closed for the monsoon from Mid-June to Mid-October to support the breeding season of mammals and especially endangered species like Lesser Florican (Sypheotides indicus).
Blackbuck National Park Timings
Winters are really the right time for bird watchers in Velavadar. The weather is comfortable and temperatures often drop to less than 5 degrees late nights and early mornings. There are over 200 avian species and winter brings a considerable number of avian migrants from Central Europe.
Velavadar National Park Safari
As the name suggests, this is one of the best places to observe herds of Blackbuck either grazing in the golden grasslands or leaping with all fours midair. You can also see the large antelope, Nilgai.
Predator mammals like Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Golden Jackal (Canis aureus), Indian Fox or Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis) can be commonly observed, but the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a rare sight.
Bird Watchers will be absolutely delighted with more than 200 species apart from endangered bird species like the Lesser Florican or Stolizca’s Bushchat.
The grasslands have a lot of mammal sightings, while the wetlands are renowned for the water birds.
How to reach?
This national park is easily accessible by road, rail or flight.
The nearest airports are Ahmedabad about 170 km while the smaller airport in Bhavnagar about 51 km away.
Ahmedabad is also well connected by Indian Railways. You can also use the nearest junction – Dhola about 50 km away though not frequented by major trains.
In case you are not travelling by a private vehicle, you can also use a number of buses. Velavadar is connected with multiple cities in Gujarat. You can also book tickets online now. There are daily buses between Bhavnagar and Velavadar; leaving Bhavnagar at 2 or 3 pm and returning from Velavadar at 6 or 6:30 am.
Blackbuck National Park Velavadar hotels
There are just two places to stay in Velavadar.
The Exclusive Blackbuck Lodge and the Budget option of Kaliyar Bhavan Forest Lodge
The Blackbuck Lodge
We stayed here at the really posh and comfortable when visiting Velavadar. This is an epitome of luxury in the wilderness and has been featured in the Conde Nast Traveller Magazine as well. There are 14 air-conditioned cottages with soft beds, bathrooms with outdoor showers and an open rear patio. Nilgais actually came close to observe us when we sat in the patio. The dinner and breakfast buffet is multi cuisine and quite a generous spread while viewing lapwings, shrikes and cisticolas. You will also get great clicks of the starlit night skies. The lodge also arranges for safaris in their jeeps along with an experienced naturalist .For reservations, you can check out in this link.
Kaliyar Bhavan Forest Lodge
This is a much more economic option and is operated by the Forest Department. There are 4 rooms (both AC and non AC) and its immense attraction is that it is within the sanctuary. You can book this by making 100% advance payments by Demand Draft to the Forest department – Assistant Forest Conservator, Velavadar, Blackbuck National Park. Tel.: 0278-428644.
This is a trend similar to a lot of African countries where you can drive your own vehicle into the park in the outlined mud road. We also observed this in Panna National Park in Madhya Pradesh in India. You can also hire a vehicle (with the in-house naturalist) from the Blackbuck Lodge costing around ₹1800/- to ₹2000/- per safari. Foreign nationals are charged $5 per head for entry.
National Park fees cost ₹400 per vehicle (6 heads) and ₹100 for a forest department guide. Camera fees are additional ₹100 per camera.
The park allows Safaris in two slots – Sunrise to noon and again 2 pm to 6 pm depending upon the season.
Famed only amongst birdwatchers, I would still encourage you to visit this park anytime between December to March. The flat lands and the golden grasses make it one of the best places to observe herds of Blackbuck. Who knows, if you are in luck you may also get to see the critically endangered Lesser Florican!
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Discuss the propositions of social bond theory and the efforts to test it.
Social bond theory was introduced in the late 1960s by Travis Hirschi. It is the basis of a major approach to criminology that is still important today. The basic idea of social bond theory is that delinquency and other deviant behaviors are caused by a lack of strong social bonds between members of society. A person who does not have strong social bonds with others will be more likely to engage in delinquency and other deviant behaviors.
Social bond theory does not try to account for the motivations of the delinquent. Instead, it assumes that almost everyone has impulses that could cause them to act in delinquent or deviant ways. However, not all people act on these impulses because many people have strong social bonds with others. These social bonds control people and make it less likely that they will act in inappropriate ways. For example, if a person has close connections to their family members or to their church, they will feel constrained by those connections. They may still have impulses towards acting badly, but they will restrain those impulses because they are attached and committed to those people with whom they have social bonds.
There have been many attempts to test this theory empirically. Researchers do not agree on whether the data that they have obtained actually do support social bond theory.
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During SEM analysis, the specimen is irradiated with an electron beam and that causes accumulation of electric charges on the surface of the specimen and the quality of images is decreasing, thus in order to obtain a high quality images of non-conductive samples via SEM, it is necessary to create a conductive layer on the surface. The conductive coating prevents the sample from the surface charge and provides a ground‐potential surface, so that electric fields outside the sample are eliminated.
To prevent charge accumulation on the surface of non-conducting specimen, ultra-thin coating of electrically-conducting metal – such as gold (Au), gold/palladium (Au/Pd), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), chromium (Cr) or iridium (Ir) is necessary. This process is known as Ion-Sputter Coating. Inovenso ION COATER is suitable to use with all SEMoscope Desktop Scanning Electron Microscope models.
|Power Consumption||AC100V – 240V(50/60HZ), 500W (Rotary Included)|
|Target||AU& PT (Guarantee)|
|Rotary Pump||50L/min (60Hz), AC220V, 150W, 14,5 kg|
|Diameter Of Target||50,8 mm|
|Operating Vacuum||About 0,1 Torr|
|Maximum Ion Voltage||~ 1 KV|
|Chamber Size||100mm [Dia]|
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Ask-Kids Inventory for Children
The ASK-KIDS Inventory for Children provides a profile of children’s self-concept in relation to a diverse set of physical, cognitive, and social activities. It includes self-concept in 10 areas:
Simple diagrams of the activities provide a frame of reference for each of the selfconcepts that are indicated by children’s responses to five direct questions. Children'a responses are recorded using a simple 1-5 dot-point scale. Their responses form profiles of self-concept across the 10 activities. The materials are designed so that ASK-KIDS can be extended to other activities.
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Fox Sedge Seeds 8070 (Carex vulpinoidea). Native of Canada. Perennial.
Fox Sedge is the ultimate wetland sedge – individual plants can grow into clumps 60 cm tall by 60 cm in diameter (2′ x 2′). In mid-summer the brownish yellow seed heads, which resemble a miniature fox tail, spray out to create a stunning effect. Very adaptable plant as it grows in wet soils, standing spring water in ditches, seasonally flooded run-off areas and makes a perfect companion plant for wetland wildflowers. This is a great plant for areas too wet to mow but where a rich, green lawn like appearance is desired. Best results are attained from a fall planting. While an early spring planting will also work, it can take longer to establish. Hardy to Zone 3.
How to Grow
Native sedges do best when planted in the fall, between Oct. 15th and Nov. 15th. A late fall sowing naturally stratifies any seed that may be dormant. An early spring sowing in April will work but often not as effectively. If ideal growing conditions are unavailable, the seed may go dormant and not germinate until the spring of the following year.
Many native plants will not bloom until the second year of growth when grown from seed. Avoid the use of supplemental fertilizer as this encourages weeds at the expense of the native plants. During the establishment year, native species plantings should be watered when dictated by the weather. The following year’s growth adapts easily to local climate and soil conditions needing only what nature provides. Mow to 20 cm (8″) height at least once through the first year of growth should aggressive weeds threaten to take over the planting and again after the fall frosts have reduced annual foliage. Consider a controlled burn of prairie species where municipal laws permit. The encroachment of woody or non-prairie vegetation is curtailed by fire allowing the prairie community to thrive.
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- 1Four sheets of paper or parchment folded to form eight leaves, as in medieval manuscripts.More example sentences
- Pages printed on one or both sides, gathered into quires or folios, superseded papyrus and parchment rolls in the fourth century CE.
- Finally, the quires of pages are bound between two wooden covers and the spine is tied with damp leather.
- These, too, were the work of several artists working simultaneously on numbers of quires on details such as historiated initials, bas-de-page and marginal illustrations, and line endings.
- 1.1Any collection of leaves one within another in a manuscript or book.More example sentences
- Some of the resulting changes in practice, such as the systematic marking up of quires by scribes for assembly by the libraire, are of great value to the codicologist in reconstructing the original order of the manuscript.
- 1.225 (formerly 24) sheets of paper; one twentieth of a ream.More example sentences
- There's only so many pens and packs of post-its to go round, so if you want something exotic like a stamp pad or a quire of photo-copy paper, get in with your order fast.
- Myra had enclosed a quire of writing paper and three bottles of ink, no excuses for not writing now.
- This is Franklin's workshop; its shelves are heaped with junk: quires of paper, rags, hammers, tongs, bottles, wires, books, old shoes, rolls of leather, bones, feathers.
Middle English: from Old French quaier, from Latin quaterni 'set of four'.
More definitions of quireDefinition of quire in:
- The British & World English dictionary
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I. Dyke Wall Height Calculation:
Area of Dyke : 21582.5 M2
Height of Dyke Assumed : ‘H’ = 1.2 M
Height of Foundation ‘h’ which is 0.9M
Diameter of Foundation : ‘D’ = Diameter of Tank + 1.5 M
Number of Tanks : ‘n’
Fire wall dimensions : 200 MM Thk. X 600 MM High
Dyke enclosure vol. ≥ Working capacity of Largest tank + Dead volumes
A ≥ B + C
A) Dyke enclosure volume = Area of Dyke X Dyke Height
= 21582.5 X 1.2 =25899 M3
B) Working capacityof Largest tank = 17304 M3
C) Dead volume = All tanks foundation volume + Liquid volume of tanks (other than the largest tank) upto the Ht. of the enclosure + Dead volume of Fire wall
1) All Tank foundation volume:
Volume of a tank foundation = π/4 D2 X h X n
D1 : Fdn Dia of 300 tank = 37.5 M; D2 : Fdn Dia of 250 tank = 26.5 M; D3 : Fdn Dia of 210 tank = 22.5 M
n1 : Number of 300 tank fdns = 2 nos; n2 : Number of 250 tank fdns = 4 nos; n3 : Number of 210 tank fdns = 6 nos;
Volume of all tank foundations = π/4 D12 X h X n1 + π/4 D22 X h X n2 + π/4 D32 X h X n3
= π/4 X 37.52 X 0.9 X 2+ π/4 X 26.52 X 0.9 X 4 + π/4 X 22.52 X 0.9 X 6
= 1988.04 + 1985.56 +2147.08
= 6120.68 M3 …………………………………………………..(1)
2) Liquid volume of tanks (other than the Largest Tank) above Fdn upto Dyke Ht:
Liquid volume of tank above Fdn upto Dyke Ht. = π/4 d2 X (H-h) X n= π/4 d2 X (0.3) X n
Where, d : Dia of Tank
n : Number of tank
Total Volume of all tanks (other than the Largest Tank) above Fdn upto Dyke Ht:
= π/4 d12 X (0.3) X n1 +π/4 d22 X (0.3) X n2+π/4 d32 X (0.3) X n3
= π/4 X (36)2 X (0.3) X 1 +π/4 X (25)2 X (0.3) X 4+π/4 X (21)2 X (0.3) X 6
= 305.36 + 589.05 + 623.45
= 1517.86 M3 …………………………………………………..(2)
3) Dead Volume of Fire wall = 0.2 X 0.6 X (56 + 199+ 77.5 + 77.5 + 77.5 + 77.5 + 77.5) = 77.1 M3
= 100 M3 (Min Dead Volume of Sleepers & Crossovers) ……………..(3)
C) Dead volume = (1) + (2) + (3)
= 6120.68 + 1517.86 + 100
= 7738.54 M3
B + C = 17304 + 7738.54
= 25042.54 M3
A = 25899 M3
A > B + C
Dyke height (1.2 M) assumed is OK.
As per OISD, 200 MM free board is to be added to Dyke height
Dyke Wall Height = 1.2 + 0.2
= 1.4 M
II. Piping layout for Tank farm
- Piping from / to any tank located in a dyked enclosure should not pass through any other dyked enclosure. Piping connected to tanks should run directly to outside of dyke to the extent possible to minimize piping within the enclosures.
- Inside dyked area, earth shall be graded and gravel filled. H.P (High point) level inside the dyked area shall be 300mm above the outside grade & shall slope towards the drain sump inside dyke.
- In dyked area of tankfarm, arrangement shall be made to drain containment to either OWS or storm water drain by providing two valves. Generally for the first 10 -15 mins of rainwater will be routed through the OWS and subsequently through the storm water.
- Pumps & its associated piping shall be located outside the dyke wall.
- Pipes Crossing the dyke wall shall pass through a sleeve suitably sealed.
- Piping elevation to be fixed considering settlement values.
- Spiral stairways shall be provided on each tank considering ease of access and minimizing paving requirement. Wind direction consideration should be taken into account
- Pumps shall be provided in a curbed area (150 mm high) with proper provision for draining either to OWS & storm water drain. Pump plinth shall be minimum 300mm high from finished floor level.
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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Lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents: a national cross-sectional study
BMC Public Health volume 21, Article number: 816 (2021)
This study’s purpose was to examine the association between a broad range of lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents.
This study was based on national, self-reported, cross-sectional data from the Ungdata Surveys, conducted in 2017–2019. The target group comprised 244,250 adolescents (ages 13–19). Binominal logistic regression was used to analyse the association between lifestyle habits (physical activity, social media use, gaming, dietary habits, smoking, smokeless tobacco, alcohol intoxication) and depressive symptoms. The outcome measure was defined as a high level of depressive symptoms (≥80th percentile). Separate analyses were performed for boys and girls, and all models were adjusted for perceived family economy, parental higher education and age.
The odds of having depressive symptoms were significantly lower among those who reported being physically active at least 3 times per week (OR; boys: 0.81, girls: 0.83), used social media ≤3 h per day (OR; boys: 0.65, girls: 0.70), engaged in gaming ≤3 h per day (OR; boys: 0.72, girls: 0.77), were non-smokers (OR; boys: 0.74, girls: 0.72) and had not experienced alcohol intoxication during the previous 12 months (OR; boys: 0.66, girls: 0.67). Furthermore, the results indicated a significant inverse association between depressive symptoms and high consumption of a range of healthy food items and low consumption of unhealthy food and beverages among girls. Similar tendencies were found among boys (OR; 0.77–0.91). Finally, higher adherence to healthy lifestyle habits was associated significantly with lower odds of having depressive symptoms among both genders (OR; boys: 0.40, girls: 0.52).
A healthier lifestyle was associated with lower odds of having depressive symptoms. Additional research is needed to confirm a possible causal relationship.
Globally, depression is the fourth leading cause of illness and disability among adolescents ages 15–19 , and depressive symptoms continue to increase, especially among girls [2, 3]. Therefore, identifying factors that can reduce the risk of depressive symptoms is essential. Some studies that have examined associations between lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms among adolescents identified multifactorial associations [4,5,6], while others revealed gender differences [5, 7]. A recent prospective study reported that adolescents meeting recommendations for multiple lifestyle behaviours – including diet, physical activity, screen time and sleep – experienced fewer health care encounters due to mental illness than those meeting recommendations for a single behaviour . However, evidence confirms that meeting dietary recommendations developed to improve physical health also most likely may exert a positive effect on mental health . Overall, systematic reviews among children and adolescents have concluded that healthy dietary habits seem to be associated with reduced risk of depression and improved mental health, whereas unhealthy dietary habits seem to be associated with increased risk of depression and poorer mental health [10, 11]. Due to different methodological challenges and partly inconsistent results from previous studies , national and international health authorities have emphasised the need for increased knowledge about possible associations between dietary habits and mental health problems, including depressive symptoms [12, 13].
Furthermore, systematic reviews have concluded that decreased sedentary behaviour and increased physical activity levels are associated with reducing depression and, to a certain extent, psychological distress in children and adolescents [14, 15]. A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies also reported that higher levels of physical activity may protect against the future development of depression, regardless of age . However, a longitudinal study found no association between physical activity level (measured objectively) and depression .
High levels of screen time – which includes time spent on the web surfing, gaming, social media messaging and TV/movie watching – also have been associated with depressive symptomatology in adolescents [18, 19]. A recent systematic review of reviews concluded that although few studies have been conducted, there was moderate to strong evidence confirming an association between screen time and depression, but limited evidence indicated an association between social media use and symptoms of depression .
Finally, a strong association has been found between alcohol intoxication and prevalence of depressive symptoms among Norwegian adolescents, and that those with depressive symptoms are more likely to have experienced an earlier onset of alcohol use and more frequent alcohol consumption [21, 22]. Smoking also has been associated with symptoms of depression [23,24,25], and a recent longitudinal study reported that tobacco use during adolescence appears to influence the onset of depressive symptoms, especially among boys .
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with both lifestyle habits [21, 27, 28] and mental health problems [29, 30]; therefore, it is an important confounder to consider when analysing the relationship between lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms.
In the Norwegian governmental strategy plan for good mental health, special attention has been paid to promoting good mental health among children and adolescents, emphasising health-promoting lifestyles . To develop tailored measures, it is crucial to have knowledge about the range of protective and promotive factors that influence adolescents’ mental health . To the best of our knowledge, few previously published studies have reported on multiple unhealthy and healthy lifestyle habits among a large sample of adolescents concerning depressive symptoms. The present study aims to examine the association between physical activity, social media use, gaming, dietary habits, substance use and depressive symptoms, adjusting for age, family economy and parental higher education in a large national sample of Norwegian adolescents.
This study was based on data from the Ungdata Survey, an ongoing, nationally representative study of students from grades 8 to 13 across almost all municipalities in Norway. The Ungdata Survey aims to investigate adolescents’ health and well-being at the municipal and national levels (see www.ungdata.no). The survey is conducted by the Norwegian Social Research (NOVA) at Oslo Metropolitan University in a collaboration with all Regional Drug and Alcohol Competence Centres (KoRus). The surveys are financed partially by the Norwegian Directorate of Health and gauge different aspects of adolescents’ lives, i.e., health issues, local environment, school issues, diet and beverage consumption, relationships with friends and parents, leisure time activities and symptoms of depression. They also include questions about tobacco use and alcohol consumption.
In this study, data from surveys conducted from 2017 to 2019 were used. During this period, Ungdata was conducted in 417 out of 435 Norwegian municipalities. The few municipalities that did not participate were small municipalities with a very low population of adolescents. In the participating municipalities, students from almost all secondary schools participated and were not given any incentives. Parents and students were informed via mail in advance, and parents for adolescents ages 13–17 were assured that they could withdraw their children from participation at any time. Students decided in school whether they wanted to participate after being informed that participation was voluntary and that they could skip questions that they did not want to answer. The study was conducted as a web-based questionnaire administered at school during school hours with a teacher or an administrator present to answer questions. The students used approximately 30–45 min to complete the questionnaire. Altogether, 244,250 adolescents participated, for an overall participation rate of 87% in lower secondary school and 73% in upper secondary school . Both genders were represented equally, as were students at different grade levels in the sample, compared with official student statistics . Most of the participants (94%) answered all or almost all variables used in this paper. Independent researchers who did not participate in data collection managed and analysed an anonymous data file. The study was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Norwegian Centre for Research Data (NSD) approved all privacy aspects of the study.
Table 1 provides the Ungdata Survey 2017–2019 questions, response alternatives and variable definitions included in this study.
Symptoms of depression
The six items that measured depressive symptoms were derived from a scale based on Hopkins Symptom Checklist 90 [34, 35]. The depressive-symptom scale has been evaluated psychometrically among Norwegian adolescents and has demonstrated good reliability (Person Separation Index: 0.802). As a whole, the scale works reasonably well on a general level .
The adolescents provided information about physical activity, screen time, tobacco use, alcohol intoxication and daily diet, i.e., consumption of food and beverages (see Table 1). The cut-off value for physical activity (≥3 times a week) is used to measure moderate to high levels of physical activity. The cut-off value for screen use , consumption of healthy and unhealthy beverages, and food [38, 39] has been used in similar populations.
Perceived family economy and parental higher education were assessed using subjective measures (see Table 1), as in extant studies, to measure socioeconomic background [5, 40]. Class level was applied as a proxy for adolescent age.
Construction of the lifestyle habit score
To reflect on and quantify a broad range of lifestyle habits related to public health and health promotion, we constructed a lifestyle habit score (LSH) that assesses adherence to diet and beverage consumption (see Table 1), physical activity, screen use, gaming, smoking, smokeless tobacco and alcohol intoxication habits, along with their potentially healthy and unhealthy properties. Each of the 15 subscales was dichotomised, and the scoring values for each subscale were zero or one. The 15 lifestyle indicators (subscales) were chosen to comprise the score based on a combination of potential lifestyle factors. The LSH score was computed by adding up the 15 dichotomised subscale scores, yielding a possible scoring range of 0–15, with a higher LSH score indicating adherence to several healthy lifestyle habits (mean; 4.08, SD; 1.94). For description and analysis, the LSH score was divided into five groups based on quintiles.
The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software. A descriptive contingency table was created, and the study population was stratified according to depressive symptoms and gender. Baseline characteristics were presented as proportions, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in each stratum. Multivariate binomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between healthy and unhealthy lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms, and between LSH scores and depressive symptoms. A p-value of ≤0.05 was required for statistical significance. Multivariate analyses were conducted separately for boys and girls, and were adjusted for age, perceived family economy and parents’ higher education. The results were presented as odds ratios (ORs), with 95% CIs.
Table 2 provides the baseline characteristics of the study population, ages 13–19, during the 2017–2019 period, according to depressive symptoms and gender.
A significantly higher proportion of girls reported a high level of depressive symptoms compared with boys (31.7% vs. 12.3%). Overall, and in gender subgroups, those with a high level of depressive symptoms reported a significantly poorer family economy compared with the rest of the study population.
Among students with a low level of depressive symptoms, a higher proportion participated in physical activity 3 or more times per week and spent 3 h or less per day on social media or gaming, compared with those with a high level of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, a higher proportion reported high consumption of fruit, whole-grain bread and low consumption of salty snacks, candy, sugar-sweetened beverages, diet beverages and energy drinks. Additionally, a higher proportion reported no alcohol-intoxicating episodes during the previous 12 months and no use of tobacco, including smokeless forms. These patterns were observed in boys and girls separately.
However, there were differences due to age: Among those with a high level of depressive symptoms, a higher proportion of students were in grades 10–13.
Results from a binary multivariable logistic regression with the dichotomised depressive symptoms scale as the dependent variable for girls and boys are provided in Table 3.
The odds of experiencing a higher level of depressive symptoms were lower for girls and boys who reported being physically active 3 or more times per week, compared with those who did physical activity less than 3 times per week. Furthermore, the odds of having a higher level of depressive symptoms were lower for girls and boys who spent 3 h or less per day on social media or gaming, compared with those who spent more than 3 h per day on screen time.
The odds of having a higher level of depressive symptoms were lower for girls and boys who reported a higher consumption of fruit, whole-grain bread and fish, compared with those who reported a lower consumption of these healthier food choices, and for girls and boys who reported a lower consumption of salty snacks, diet beverages, energy drinks and candy, compared with those who reported a higher consumption of unhealthy food choices. Additionally, the odds of having a higher level of depressive symptoms were greater for girls and boys who reported a higher consumption of vegetables, compared with those who reported a lower consumption. Finally, the odds of having a higher level of depressive symptoms were lower for girls and boys who reported no current smoking activity or alcohol intoxication during the previous 12 months, and for girls who reported no current use of smokeless tobacco compared with the rest of the population.
Results concerning association of adherence to lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms among adolescents are provided in Table 4.
The highest degree of adherence to healthy lifestyle habits was associated with reduced odds of depressive symptoms. Moving from less to more healthy lifestyle habit adherence implied lower odds of depressive symptoms.
This study contributes to the field by examining how depressive symptoms are related to a range of lifestyle habits, including physical activity, screen use, gaming, dietary habits, alcohol intoxication, smoking and smokeless tobacco. Overall, the present study’s main finding was that depressive symptoms were less common among adolescents with healthy lifestyle habits. Our results confirmed an inverse association between consumption of several healthy food items and prevalence of depressive symptoms and a positive association between consumption of several unhealthy food items and beverages, and prevalence of depressive symptoms. However, the results unexpectedly also indicated a weak positive association between consumption of vegetables and having depressive symptoms. In contrast to our findings, a meta-analysis concluded that fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with guarding against depression, thereby supporting the current recommendation of increasing fruit and vegetable consumption to improve mental health . The weak positive association between consumption of vegetables and elevated depressive symptoms could be explained by the reverse causality effect, and the strong association with other possible confounders – such as social competence, family cohesion and appearance satisfaction – which were not included in the present study. Furthermore, recommendations on diet and soft drink consumption to prevent depression specifically have underlined the importance of high consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole-grain cereals, nuts, seeds and fish, and low consumption of processed foods, ‘fast’ foods, commercial baked goods, and sweets [13, 43]. These patterns also were confirmed in a recent meta-analysis of prospective studies, indicating that a higher-quality diet is associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms . However, other studies have not been able to identify any association between consumption of fish, fruit and vegetables, and depressive symptoms among adolescents [7, 45].
Furthermore, results from the present study indicated a strong positive association between consumption of energy drinks and depressive symptoms, which corresponds with results from a previously published systematic review . Results from the present study also found a weak positive association between sugar-sweetened beverages and depressive symptoms among girls, but not boys. Previously published studies confirmed an association between soft drink consumption and depressive symptoms regardless of gender and in females . However, extant studies have not been able to identify any association between soft drinks and depressive symptoms , and between low-quality diets and higher depression incidence . Inconsistent results from previous studies that have examined the relationship between diet and mental health in children and adolescents may be explained partly by the use of various measures of dietary factors, mental health problems and low methodological quality .
Findings from the present study also indicated an association between higher levels of physical activity and fewer depressive symptoms. This corresponds with a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies indicating that higher levels of physical activity help guard against future development of depression , and a review of reviews found partial evidence for a causal association between physical activity and depression . On the other hand, a study among UK adolescents did not reveal any association between physical activity and depressive symptoms . Physical activity is a complex measure, and little is known regarding the mechanisms between physical activity and mental health . How depressive symptoms and physical activity are operationalised and measured also may impact the relationship.
Both social media use and gaming were associated with a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in the present study, which corresponds with some [14, 18], but not all [52, 53], previous studies. A study among adolescents reported that social media use was associated with slight increases in depression, alcohol consumption and behavioural problems . The increasing availability of screen-based devices has resulted in more time spent on social media and online gaming among adolescents, compared with previous generations , and may explain discrepancy patterns, and that type and features of online activities might affect mental health in different ways .
Corresponding with our results, previous studies also have confirmed an association between use of tobacco, alcohol intoxication and prevalence of depressive symptoms among adolescents [21, 22, 42]. Strandheim et al. found that girls with symptoms of anxiety and depression reported more frequent alcohol intoxication, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. A systematic review concluded that internalising problems, including depression, was associated positively with more severe outcomes, such as heavy problematic drinking and alcohol use disorders, but associated negatively with alcohol consumption .
The present study revealed some minor gender differences in the associations between different lifestyle variables and depressive symptoms. Previous studies also have revealed gender differences; however, the impact from certain lifestyle factors varies. A previous study among Norwegian adolescents reported that alcohol and high levels of screen time were associated significantly with depressive symptoms among girls, while marijuana use, tobacco use and excessive screen time were associated significantly with depressive symptoms among boys . Furthermore, among Australian adolescents, boys with unhealthy dietary patterns and lower physical activity levels were more likely to experience depressive symptoms, while higher levels of screen time were associated with depressive symptoms in girls . Low appearance satisfaction has been revealed as an important confounder, particularly among females in the association between lifestyle risk and symptoms of depression . This discrepancy could be explained by the broad range of lifestyle habits used in our study, the absence of confounding factors and that few previously published studies have reported on the association between multiple unhealthy and healthy lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms in adolescents.
The present study indicates differences between adolescents with lower SES compared with those who have higher SES. Adolescents who reported perceiving a good family economy had lower odds of experiencing depressive symptoms compared with the rest of the population. This corresponds with a review that found higher SES to be associated with fewer mental health problems among young people . Additionally, depressive symptoms have been found to be more common among adolescent girls with lower SES compared with girls with higher SES . However, results seem to vary across different SES indicators chosen in various studies. Lund et al. suggested – based on a systematic review investigating the social gradient in stress and depressive symptoms among adolescent girls – that parental education, as an SES indicator, should be applied with care, although perceived financial situation seemed to be the most consistent SES measure across studies. A validity study comparing self-reported SES (parents’ occupations, Family Affluence scale and adolescents’ perception of their families’ socioeconomic, financial or social status) among adolescents suggested that although different indicators measure different SES dimensions, only perceived SES demonstrated a significant gradient in health-related quality of life .
We observed that higher, as opposed to lower, adherence to healthy lifestyle habits implied lower odds of having depressive symptoms, suggesting a need for multiple lifestyle changes. Similar to our results, previous studies have reported that mental health status was associated strongly with the number of health-promoting behaviours endorsed , and that increased numbers of risk behaviours were associated with an increased likelihood of depressive symptoms . Additionally, adolescents meeting recommendations for multiple lifestyle factors had fewer physician visits for mental illness than those meeting recommendations for a single behaviour .
The association of diet and beverage consumption and depression may be explained by inflammatory pathways . Adopting an anti-inflammatory diet and diets that include omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fibre might be linked to reduced risk of developing symptoms of depression . Although biological arguments have been made for a possible causal direction between diet and depression, reverse caution must be addressed, as it is plausible that the relationship could be bi-directional, and that depression could impact lifestyle habits. For example, emotions may influence eating behaviour both in terms of the choice of nutrition and volume consumed [62, 63]. Furthermore, depressive symptoms and depression also have been found to affect physical activity and increase risks from sedentary behaviour .
Lifestyle habits in previous studies have been shown to cluster or coexist with one another and have been associated with different levels of mental health symptoms [6, 66]. Several possible mechanisms may contribute to this. As demonstrated above, depressive symptoms, such as anhedonia and withdrawal, may make individuals predisposed to having more negative lifestyle habits, and Verger et al. suggested that diminished interest in health and being less receptive to health education messages could be one explanation for the clustering of negative lifestyle habits among those with depression. Furthermore, common background factors such as SES may influence both various lifestyle factors and depressive symptoms.
Examining lifestyle habits that can explore underlying mechanisms and improve mental health in both clinical and public health settings is vital to future research. Youth counsellors also should be aware of the relationship between depressive symptoms and lifestyle habits. However, although there are potential benefits at the individual level from engaging in healthy lifestyle habits, the present findings are also important for guiding health policies. The positive effects from adopting a healthy lifestyle, present opportunities for implementing health promotion interventions in schools, e.g., as part of a cross-sectoral strategy for public health. Public health strategies should include measures that facilitate the possibility of healthy lifestyle choices for all adolescents, e.g., through universal interventions such as school meals, safe environments that promote physical activity and reduced pricing for healthy food products.
Strengths and limitations
The present study’s major strengths were the large sample size combined with a high response rate. The data used in this study were collected in 2017–2019 and provide an up-to-date description of Norwegian adolescents’ lives. The outcome measure worked well psychometrically on a general level, but one item, ‘worried too much about things’, worked differently for boys and girls, and another item, ‘had sleep problems’, clearly misfits . A limitation in the present study was the cross-sectional design, which precludes inferences about causal relationships. Depressive symptoms may function not only as an outcome, but also may act as an exposure that is hampering lifestyle factors and can influence how young people evaluate their lifestyle and family economy. Furthermore, the use of self-reported measures may have led to unidentified misclassification or measurement errors. As far as we know, no evaluation has been performed in the Ungdata Survey regarding self-reporting of physical activity, screen time or diet and beverage intake. Furthermore, the associations found between different lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms might be influenced by other factors that were not controlled for in the present study. Thus, the results should be interpreted with caution.
Results from the present study indicate that healthier lifestyle habits were associated with a lower level of depressive symptoms in adolescents, as well as demonstrate support for the interrelationship between lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms. Adolescence is a critical time for establishing healthy lifestyle habits, and we hope that our results can contribute to a better understanding of supporting investment in adolescents’ adherence to a healthier lifestyle and be useful for general practice in promoting adolescents’ mental health. Moreover, the findings confirmed the positive consequences of practising healthy lifestyles during childhood and adolescence. Further research is needed to examine the direction and causality between these associations.
Availability of data and materials
The data and materials from the Ungdata Surveys are closed and stored in a national database administered by NOVA. The data are available for research purposes upon application. For request of the data, please contact email@example.com. Further information about the study and the questionnaires can be found on the web page (in Norwegian) (http://ungdata.no/).
Norwegian Social Research
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The Ungdata Surveys were conducted by the Norwegian Social Research Institute (NOVA) in a collaboration with regional centres for drug rehabilitation (KoRus) and the Municipalsectors organisation (KS). The authors wish to thank them for their cooperation and for conducting data collection.
No funding was received to produce this manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Data were obtained from an already established data material (Ungdata survey) collected by Norwegian Social Research. The data collection was based on informed consent. Norwegian Centre for Research Data (NSD) and Norwegian Social Research institute (NOVA) have assessed that the data collection is in line with the privacy protections and regulations. Permission to access and use the data were given by NOVA at OsloMet.
Consent for publication
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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About this article
Cite this article
Kleppang, A.L., Haugland, S.H., Bakken, A. et al. Lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 21, 816 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10846-1
- Lifestyle habits
- Symptoms of depression
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Students compare and contrast information from three sources to determine the reasons that have contributed to the declining panda population. They begin by watching the video "Wolong's Pandas" and taking notes on the reasons for the decline. Then they read the print text and take notes on new ideas. They place a check mark beside the ideas that occur in both sources. They should note any contradictory information. Then they watch the video "Bamboo Mountains" and take notes. Finally, they write a paragraph, based on information from the three sources that draws conclusions about why panda numbers are declining.
Why is this an important concept?
It is important for students to be able to compare and contrast ideas found in multiple sources to enable them to identify conflicting information and consistent information and critically evaluate sources. When students can compare and contrast information, they can make inferences and draw conclusions about topics. Comparing and contrasting information from multiple sources allows students to get a more comprehensive view of topics.
(1- 2) 50-minute periods
Pandas Compare/Contrast Chart Rich Text Format Document
Pandas: An Endangered Species Text handout Rich Text Format Document
Part I: Learning Activity
1. Photocopy and distribute the Pandas Compare/Contrast Chart for each student.
2. Students will watch Wolong's Pandas, about the shrinking bamboo supplies and how scientists developed food supplements for pandas who had been hurt in the wild. As students watch the video, they record the reasons for the declining number of pandas in the first column of the chart.
3. Distribute the Pandas: An Endangered Species Text handout text, that gives reasons why panda numbers are declining. If a reason is noted in column 1 and is also noted in the print text, students place a check mark in the "Same" column. If a new reason or a contradictory reason is introduced in the print text, students take notes in the Print Text column.
4. Next, students watch the video Bamboo Mountain. This segment shows many panda cubs being born in Wolong and explains that scientists are not sure what to do with the cubs because the bamboo forests are disappearing. It also gives reasons why bamboos forests are disappearing. While students view the video, they record reasons that panda cubs are declining in Column 3 or place a check mark in the"same as" columns.
5. In pairs, students share their notes and discuss the reasons why the numbers of pandas are declining.
For students who need additional teacher guidance:
1. Give students the purpose for viewing the first clip, reasons why pandas are declining. Tell students while watching the video Wolong's Pandas, to look for reasons why pandas are declining.
2. Model how to make notes in the first column of the chart.
3. Watch the video Wolong's Pandas.
4. Discuss the video and the notes students took. Make a transparency of the Pandas Compare/Contrast Chart to record information students contribute.
5. Next, students read the Pandas: An Endangered Species Text handout text in small groups or with a buddy.
6. Model how to take notes in column 2 or place a check in the "Same as Clip 1" column.
7. Before watching the video Bamboo Mountain, show students where to make notes and give them their purpose for viewing.
5. Watch Bamboo Mountain.
6. Students fill in notes in column 4 and check when information occurs in the first video or the print text.
7. Discuss reasons why the number of pandas are declining.
Part II: Assessment
Students use their Pandas Compare/Contrast Chart to write a paragraph that states their conclusions about the reasons why the panda population is declining.
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Mon people are an ethnic group from Myanmar (Burma), living mostly in Mon State, Bago Division, the Irrawaddy Delta, and along the southern Thai-Myanmar border. One of the earliest people to reside in Southeast Asia, the Mon were responsible for the spread of Theravada Buddhism in Myanmar and Thailand. The Mon culture is credited as a major source of influence on the dominant Burmese culture.
As the eastern Mon was absorbed into Thai/Siamese population long time ago, the western Mon of Myanmar faces the same pressure to assimilate. In Myanmar, the Mon is fighting for the retention of Mon language, culture, and political autonomy. Once the predominant ethno-linguistic group in Lower Myanmar (Burma), speakers of the Mon language number less than a million today, and those of Mon descent number anywhere between two million and eight million. The majorities of Mon speak and are literate only in Burmese language, and are often counted as members of the majority Bamar (Burmans).
At River Kwai Jungle Rafts, Mon is employed and works in the resort. We train them and give jobs to them so that they have a better life condition. It is easy to spot who are Mon who are not. Mon is always have make up on their face both male and female. They use Thanaka, natural face powder base make-up, serving as a sun protector and moisturizing. You could try it yourself too. They sell it in the village
“Thanakha” a unique traditional make-up has been used and adores by all women from Myanmar, which has been used for over 2000 years in Myanmar history. Till today most of the young lady from Myammar wears yellowish-white coating on her face in different pattern which also shows their traditional charm. Women’s own beauty is not affected even when sweats and nor sunburn but keep the skin cooler from heat. Wearing Thanakha is a distinctive feature of the culture of Myanmar (formerly called Burma), seen commonly applied to the face and other parts of body by women & girls, and sometimes also used by men & boys.
The earliest literary reference to thanaka is in a 14th-century poem written by Mon-speaking King Razadarit’s consort. The thanakha-grinding stone (flat and circular in shape) , Princess Datukalayar daughter of King Bayintnaung (15th Century), seen at that Shwe Mawdaw Pagoda Museum in Bago City stands witness to the centuries tradition of wearing thanakha in Myanmar.
Thanakha cream is made by grinding the bark/ wood or roots of a thanaka tree with a small amount of water on a circular stone slab called kyauk pyin. The pale, yellowish paste can be applied not only on the face but also on the body, arms and legs. In the regions of Upper Myanmar, thanakha sellers usually demonstrate the making of thanakha paste. This gives the buyers a chance to test the quality of the thanakha before buying it. They do this either by smelling and tasting or applying it on the skin. Pure thanakha tastes a little bitter and fragrant scent somewhat similar to sandalwood. Its yellowish paste cools the skin and does not peel off even when it is rubbed. Thanakha trees originally found/ grew along the forest and hilly area in Thailand, Myanmar and Himalayan ranges of India.
Thanakha combination with Myanmar climate benefits as thanakha paste tightens the pores, smoothens skin, removes acnes, controls oiliness, and prevents getting wrinkles caused by sunburn. Moreover this is the reason why women laborer applies thick layers of thanakha on their faces when they work in the paddy fields and also the color of thanakha goes well with the Myanmar’s yellow complexion.
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As nursing students journey along the educational pathway to a successful nursing practice, critical thinking is a necessary component. Its use, along with creative strategies to integrate it into all facets of nursing education has taken on more importance than ever. In addition to better defining goals and achievements for meeting critical thinking standards within courses and programs, a shift in thinking needs to occur. As part of a successful nursing education, each student must accept and proactively seek a responsibility for self-integration of critical thought processes. Use of individual information processing and learning styles allows for each and every student to take an active role in successful educational outcomes. This process, which can be individually customized, makes all learning meaningful since it employs methods through which the brain processes, categorizes and associates. Each student holds the key to his or her own success. While a combination of many factors and strategies can be utilized, certain ones take precedence and are quite simply to put into practice. In essence, there are three which serve as the launching point for use or development of additional ones. The three basic components necessary for critical thinking are:
Questioning or inquiry: this component not only includes what questions to ask, but how and why you are asking them. The ability to do this directly relates to comprehension, which is your base of knowledge. Each student needs to perform an honest appraisal about and reflection of this. Remember that all theory roads lead to clinical practice application, so question everything in this format. Association making and pattern recognition are important here.
Self- discipline: this should be fueled by your passion and commitment to nursing. It takes the forms of:
Adequate and meaningful study time
Utilization of learning style in studying and note taking
Goal setting- daily and weekly as well as for the longer term
Using a worksheet or template to organize your thinking
Taking care of yourself so that you can accomplish the goals you set
Maintaining a positive attitude
Creativity: being creative helps you to feed your learning style and can even make the learning and study process more fun. Additionally, the creative process ensures reinforcement of knowledge and assists you in applying it. Some ideas related to creativity (although they are limited only to your imaginations) are:
Solitary study sessions where you talk through your notes out loud
Taking notes using or thinking about descriptive phrases which connect theory with actions you would take
Studying as if you were taking the test- in other words reframing notes or concepts into test questions
Blending more visual and auditory methods into studying and note taking
It is easy to see how all of these concepts fit together and are part of each other. Each blends into the other and mandates that a student has an in-depth self -awareness. As that awareness expands to include critical thinking and the need for proactive acquisition and application of it, educational success and thus a successful transition to practice can surely follow. Mastering this process also leads to improved confidence as well as clinical reasoning and judgment skills.
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With all the talk about gamifying the classroom or incorporating video games into the lesson plan, one high school in Miami, Fla. is going a step farther. Starting this fall they will open a magnet program just for video games, according to the Miami Herald.
Students in the new magnet, called iTech Academy, will study how to design and program video games. The magnet is part of a state push for more science, technology, engineering and math programs.
From the Miami Herald story:
To create a game from scratch, students have to use problem-solving skills, math theory, physics, modeling, social skills, even deal with artificial intelligence and globalization, said Rene Barge, who teaches design classes at Miami Springs Senior High and will be the lead teacher for the new iTech Academy.
“It’s the zenith of complexity,” he said.
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The Met Office lacks no certainty when it comes to climate change. It tells us that it now offers “weather and climate change forecasts for the UK and the world”. It seeks to forecast short term weather, ten year general climate, and 100 year climate cycles. It belongs to the school of thought which says that we are living through a period of global warming, and argues that has been brought about by human generated CO2.
To reinforce the message the website is punctuated by the symbols of dangerous climate change. There is a picture of a baked landscape, clearly suffering from excessive heat and no rain. England in 2012 did not look like that anywhere. There is a thermometer obligingly showing 30 degrees C, a temperature we so rarely experience here in the UK. Today I thought I would share with you some of their more interesting forecasts and statements from 2012.
February 2012 “Climate change and drought video”. The Met Office was warning us abouta serious UK drought.
23 March “The forecast for average UK rainfall slightly favours drier than average conditions for April-May-June as a whole….the water resources situation in southern, eastern and central England is likely to deteriorate further during the April-May-June period”
End 2012 ” the second wettest year in the UK dating back to 1910 … with April and June being the wettest on record.”
“Throughout the year (2012) accurate forecasts and warnings from the Met Office have helped everyone…”
The mean temperature for 2012 was 0.1 degrees C below the 1981-2010 average.
On December 24th they lowered their ten year temperature forecast based on a new model.
This record invites a few questions:
Do the Met office agree there has been no warming for the last decade?
Do they agree that world temperatures can be increased or diminished by solar action? How do they model that?
Do they agree that the move to the Medieval Warm period and then back to the Mini Ice Age was unconnected with human CO2? How do they model for similar changes in the future?
Is their current forecast for mild wet winters and hot dry summers in the UK as global warming progresses? That was what they were saying in their general climate change views.
Could the change in currents and winds that gave us cold winters and cool wet summers recently affect future years?
What is the role of water vapour as a greenhouse gas? What influence can human conduct have on water vapour and cloud formation?
Wouldn’t it be a good idea to concentrate their money and research on weather, and try to improve the accuracy of the forecasts for the next few months, rather than attempting ten year and 100 year forecasts?
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What is my role as an educator?
Your role as a teacher is primarily to teach. However, in the course of your classes, you are at a unique place to notice the preliminary signs that something may be wrong with a student.
Your job is not to be a counselor. Your responsibility in this role is to learn how to identify students that may be hurting or at-risk, and to refer those students to the appropriate resource.
Where is the appropriate resource?
Start by becoming familiar with the resources available in the school. Most schools offer student counselors that you can reach out to. Additionally, public schools in PA are required to have a Student Assistance Program.
Your in-school resources will also have information on community agencies. Have a list of this information readily available in your desk so that when you notice concerning signs, you know who to refer your student to.
How do I talk about this with a student?
Honesty is always the best policy. Students – especially high school and college aged – can tell when you’re being less than truthful. In addition, youth that are struggling with depression or anxiety tend to be more in-tuned to the nuances of nonverbal communication. So our suggestion is to just be real.
Here’s a suggested script that may help bring up the conversation:
“[Student Name], Can I see you after class for a minute?”
“I’ve noticed some behavior that is concerning me. I noticed that your grades are dropping, you’re missing more days of school, and you seem tired all the time. I just wanted you to know that if you’re struggling, there are resources here at school that can help. If you want, I can go to the counselor with you if you are nervous going by yourself.”
This simple script does three important things:
– Lets the student know that you have noticed them and the change in behavior
– Lets the student know that you care and are available to talk
– Lets the student know that there are resources at school they can utilize, and that they don’t have to access those resources alone.
Some other great questions to ask:
- “How have you been feeling?”
- “Are you doing okay?”
- “You seem stressed, is everything alright?”
- “I’ve noticed [behavior] and I wanted to see how you were doing?”
- “I know things have been rough for you lately. Is there anything you would like to talk about?”
When talking with students, use a calm, gentle tone and remember that it’s okay to ask hard questions. If the student is saying that they haven’t been feeling great about themselves or exhibits signs of withdrawal from peers, lack of interest in typical activities, or desperation, it’s okay to ask deeper questions like, “Are you thinking about hurting yourself?” or “Are you thinking about ending your life/suicide?” Asking the difficult questions about how they are doing could save the student’s life.
Asking follow up questions is also important. If they are noting that they feel like hurting themselves, you will need to know if they have the means to do so, and if they have a time or date to do it. This is a sign that the student is serious about completing their self-harm/suicide plan.
If you do not feel comfortable talking with your student, get in touch with your in-school resources. Get the school counselor involved, or make a referral to the Student Assistance Program. Remember, your job as a teacher is not to be a counselor, but to identify and refer the student where they can get help.
Tips for Conversations
During your conversation it is important to be interested and involved with that student. Making eye contact and nodding, paraphrasing, and repeating back what you believe the student is saying can be helpful ways to show that they are important. Think about how you would want to be talked to. Remember students pick up on body language and tone just like adults. Are you talking down to the student? Are you nodding in understanding as they are speaking or leaning forward to show interest? Remember that your interest and involvement could save a life.
What not to do
The biggest mistake that adults do when talking to struggling students is devaluing the student’s feelings. This is often done unintentionally in the spirit of providing hope. The most common faux-pas sound similar to:
- “This is just a phase.”
- “This won’t matter 10 years from now.”
- “At least you have a family that loves you, at least your parent’s divorce means you’ll get two Christmases, at least [insert anything here].”
It is tempting for us as adults to view a student’s problems as insignificant, because we know what “real” problems look like – such as living paycheck to paycheck, or failing to pay bills, or going hungry. In comparison, drama with friend groups, bullying, or self-image problems can seem silly to us. However it is important to remember that while a student’s problems may seem insignificant to you, it is significant to them, and you must treat those problems with the same seriousness that the student is taking them. To do anything less is insulting to the student and devalues their very real feelings.
Additionally, it is tempting to give advice to the student. Initially, advice should be withheld until the student has spoken their piece or unless asked. When talking with a student, try using these phrases and clarifying questions to keep a conversation going:
- “Wow, that must have been really frustrating for you.”
- “I can see how that would have hurt your feelings.”
- “I imagined you felt betrayed when that happened.”
- “That must have been really frightening to experience.”
- “I can see how important this is to you.”
- “It sounds like this made you very angry.”
- “When this happened, what did you do next? What did you want to do?”
- “How did [other person] respond to that?”
- “What are you going to do now?”
These kinds of questions and statements allow the student to know that you are really listening and you are interested in hearing all angles of the story. When you have heard everything, you can then help prompt the student into action.
- “When I was in school, something similar happened to me. Would you like me to tell you about it?”
- “Can I tell you what I think about this situation?”
- “Would you like to hear my opinion?”
A common complaint of young people is that adults are too quick to judge and tell them what to do. By offering advice in such a way to allow the student to say “No”, you are respecting their ability to choose. Also, if they do say “No”, respect that answer.
When to get someone else involved
Anytime you are concerned about a student, you may get someone else involved. You may not feel comfortable tackling this issue and that is OK – if that’s the case, get the school counselor or the Student Assistance Program involved.
However, if you are comfortable talking with your student, keep in mind the important questions to ask. If your student is distressed, be sure to ask the following:
- Do you sometimes feel so hopeless that you want to go to sleep and never wake up?
- Have you ever thought about ending your life?
- (if yes), Do you have a plan for how you would do it?
- (if yes), Do you have the means to follow through with that plan? (e.g., access to a gun or pills)
- (if yes), Do you have a timeframe to do it?
- Have you ever attempted suicide before?
If the student expresses suicidal ideation (thinking about suicide at all, or a “Yes” answer to the first two questions), then you must get the school counselor or student assistance program involved. Do not let the school day end without reaching out to the in-school resources.
Following up with students can be another way to show concern and help the student trust authority figures and those who could help them. This is a huge part of caring for students and creating a school environment that is safe and knowledgeable about mental illness.
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Several unusual and important moth species have been recorded at Briddlesford Copse this year, demonstrating the high quality habitat that it provides for a wide range of fauna.
A study by the Isle of Wight Natural History Society in August discovered the tiny Triangle moth
(Heterogenea asella), a rare macro moth with a wingspan typically less than 20mm. The species is restricted to South East England and an unusual find even within that area. It is only the second time the species has been recorded on the Isle of Wight, the first being two days earlier on another part of the island. According to the Natural History Society’s report, this is “By far the most important find… and a testament to the quality of the habitat at Briddlesford.”
Several other species discovered during the study are rarely recorded on the Isle of Wight, including pine woodland species Pinafila bifasciana and the Small China-Mark (Cataclysta lemnata). The research also recorded species such as Mocha (Cyclophora annularia) and Kent Black Arches (Meganola albula) both of which are widespread on the island despite being Nationally Scarce across the UK as a whole.
The diversity of species recorded and the presence of some locally and nationally important moths is an indicator of the quality and variety of habitat that the managed woodland at Briddlesford provides.
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Chief conductor and Sydney Conservatorium associate viola professor Roger Benedict presents his scale system
The following is an extract from The Strad’s Teachnique article on Scales for Violists, published in our June 2020 issue. To read in full, click here to subscribe and login. The June 2020 digital magazine and print edition are on sale now.
Intonation (Equal Temperament)
If the instrument isn’t in tune it will be difficult to play scales in tune, but many people don’t know how to tune their instrument properly. On the viola, if we tune to an A and then adjust the three strings below it in absolutely perfect 5ths, the C string will sound flat compared to the A. (As it will against an open E violin string.) To solve this problem:
- Play a C on the G string, tuned to the open C string, with an A on the D string, tuned to the open A string.
- That 6th will likely sound slightly too wide. Retune the strings until it sounds acceptable. Each pair of strings in 5ths should still sound in tune.
Scales aren’t only about building speed, fluency and agility. They are also about harmony and sound. Practising them in a harmonic context will change the way you pitch each note, so try playing with a simple accompaniment (exercise 4), which you can record for yourself. Developing an understanding of harmonic structure can be especially useful for chromatic scales: so often I hear students begin in one key and end in another! That’s unlikely to happen if you use a harmonic framework (exercises 5 and 6).
Playing with a drone can help too: it strengthens the feeling that scales are sequences of intervals, not just lines of independent steps. Play F major slowly in linked bowing over a drone F. Record yourself playing the drone and play the scale over the top. (Avoid using a tuner because it will alter the way you hear the sound.)
Read: The Tetzlaff Quartet on recording Beethoven
Read: A genuine Amati or a clever fake?
Read: Top soloists discuss working with conductors
Read: New translations of Sarasate’s letters
Read: Bows from the courts of Napoleons I and III
Explore more Technique articles like this in The Strad Playing Hub
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The European Space Agency is working on a new mission that would act as an early warning system for dangerous, hard-to-see asteroids. Called NEOMIR (Near-Earth Object Mission in the InfraRed), the spacecraft would orbit between the Earth and the Sun at the L1 Lagrange Point, finding space rocks that otherwise get lost in the glare of the Sun.Continue reading “ESA is Building an Early Warning System for Dangerous Asteroids”
Arecibo Studied 191 Asteroids That Flew Past the Earth. All the Data are Available in a new Paper
Even from beyond the grave, Arecibo is still contributing to new discoveries. Back in October, researchers released a “treasure trove of data” from what was then the world’s most powerful radio telescope on the radar signatures of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). Not only will these observations help defend the planet if any of those asteroids happen to be hazardous, but they can also help the burgeoning asteroid mining industry scan for targets.Continue reading “Arecibo Studied 191 Asteroids That Flew Past the Earth. All the Data are Available in a new Paper”
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What Would Asteroid Mining do to the World's Economy?
About a decade ago, the prospect of “asteroid mining” saw a massive surge in interest. This was due largely to the rise of the commercial space sector and the belief that harvesting resources from space would soon become a reality. What had been the stuff of science fiction and futurist predictions was now being talked about seriously in the business sector, with many claiming that the future of resource exploitation and manufacturing lay in space. Since then, there’s been a bit of a cooling off as these hopes failed to materialize in the expected timeframe.
Nevertheless, there is little doubt that a human presence in space will entail harvesting resources from Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) and beyond. In a recent paper, a team of researchers from the University of Nottingham in Ningbo, China, examined the potential impact of asteroid mining on the global economy. Based on their detailed assessment that includes market forces, environmental impact, asteroid and mineral type, and the scale of mining, they show how asteroid mining can be done in a way that is consistent with the Outer Space Treaty (i.e., for the benefit of all humanity).Continue reading “What Would Asteroid Mining do to the World's Economy?”
Three New Potentially Hazardous Asteroids Discovered, Including a big one That Measures 1.5 km Across
An asteroid 1.5 km across is no joke. Even a much smaller one, about the size of a house, can explode with more power than the first nuclear weapons. When an asteroid is greater than 1 km in diameter, astronomers call them “planet-killers.” The impact energy released from a planet-killer striking Earth would be devastating, so knowing where these asteroids are and where they’re headed is critically important.
Our defensive capability against asteroid strikes is in its infancy, so advance notice of asteroids that could cross Earth’s orbit is critical. We’ll need time to prepare.Continue reading “Three New Potentially Hazardous Asteroids Discovered, Including a big one That Measures 1.5 km Across”
DART Sees Asteroid Didymos for the First Time. In two Weeks, it’ll Crash Into its Moon
NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission is on its way to rendezvous with the double-asteroid Didymos. When it arrives on September 26th, DART will collide with Dimorphos – the 160-meter (525-foot) moonlet that orbits the main body – to evaluate the kinetic impact technique for the very first time. This proposed method of planetary defense consists of a spacecraft colliding with an asteroid to alter its orbit and prevent it from colliding with Earth. In July, DART took its first image of the double-asteroid, which NASA released earlier this week!Continue reading “DART Sees Asteroid Didymos for the First Time. In two Weeks, it’ll Crash Into its Moon”
Two Spacecraft Could Work Together to Capture an Asteroid and Bring it Close to Earth for Mining
Humanity seems destined to expand into the Solar System. What exactly that looks like, and how difficult and tumultuous the endeavour might be, is wide open to speculation. But there are some undeniable facts attached to the prospect.
We need materials to build infrastructure, and getting it all into space from Earth is not realistic. (Be quiet, space elevator people.)Continue reading “Two Spacecraft Could Work Together to Capture an Asteroid and Bring it Close to Earth for Mining”
Samples of Asteroid Ryugu Contain More Than 20 Amino Acids
In 2014, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) dispatched its Hayabusa2 spacecraft to rendezvous with 162173 Ryugu, a Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) that periodically passes close to Earth. In 2018, this sample-return mission reached Ryugu and spent the next year and a half studying its surface and obtaining samples from its surface and subsurface. By 2020, these samples made it back to Earth, where scientists began analyzing them in the hopes of learning more about the early history of the Solar System and answering key questions about the origins of life.
Earlier this year, the first results of the analysis showed that Ryugu is (as expected) rich in carbon, organic molecules, and volatiles (like water) and hinted at the possibility that it was once a comet. Based on a more recent analysis, eight teams of Japanese researchers (including one from JAXA) recently announced that Ryugu carries strains of no less than 20 different amino acids -the building blocks of DNA and life itself! These findings could provide new insight into how life is distributed throughout the cosmos and could mean that it is more common than previously thought.Continue reading “Samples of Asteroid Ryugu Contain More Than 20 Amino Acids”
20% of Twilight Observations Contain Satellite Passes
With the rapid expansion of commercial space, there is a growing number of satellites in orbit around our planet. Most of these are in low-Earth orbit, which is becoming increasingly crowded. This has led some to be concerned about a catastrophic rise of space debris, as well as a growing frustration by astronomers due to the number of satellite sky trails.Continue reading “20% of Twilight Observations Contain Satellite Passes”
What Are Your Options When you’ve Only Got Hours or Days to Prevent an Asteroid Impact?
Imagine a scenario where we detect an asteroid heading straight for Earth. Imagine that it will arrive in a couple of days, or worse, only a few hours. What could be done to stop it?
It might be possible to protect ourselves and the planet on such short notice. But we’d have to test and build the right infrastructure to do it.Continue reading “What Are Your Options When you’ve Only Got Hours or Days to Prevent an Asteroid Impact?”
You Can Blow Up an Asteroid Just a few Months Before it Hits Earth and Prevent 99% of the Damage
So far, the battle between life on Earth and asteroids has been completely one-sided. But not for long. Soon, we’ll have the capability to deter asteroids from undesirable encounters with Earth. And while conventional thinking has said that the further away the better when it comes to intercepting one, we can’t assume we’ll always have enough advance warning.
A new study says we might be able to safely destroy potentially dangerous rocky interlopers, even when they get closer to Earth than we’d like.Continue reading “You Can Blow Up an Asteroid Just a few Months Before it Hits Earth and Prevent 99% of the Damage”
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Using cutting-edge DNA research methods, an international research team of archaeologists, geneticists and evolutionary biologists from 85 scientific institutions around the world has collected genomic data that spans the last 42,000 years of horse development and has tracked the contribution of various genetic lines to the formation of modern breeds. horses. The results of the work can be found on the pages of the journal Cell, research supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation.
People tamed a horse about 5.5 thousand years ago, after dogs, cattle and pigs. From the moment they learned to ride, milk horses and control their reproduction, the history of mankind has radically changed. The ways of traveling and developing new territories, transporting goods and conducting military operations have become different. Depending on the region and various needs, people selected animals according to different principles – this is how different breeds of modern domestic horses appeared. Continue reading
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Learn two years of math/algebra in 35 weeks!
173 award-winning lessons for the classroom or distance math instruction. These online pre-algebra and algebra lessons teach students to love and master mathematics through systematically watching quality videos and working out interactive problems.
$4.99 a month
($4.99 is an introductory offer)
HOW TO USE
THE ELEVATED MATH Program
– Scope & Sequence will help map out your lesson plans for teaching 5th – 9th grades.
– Find Get Started ideas in the Teacher Notes.
– Have students fill out the Guided Notes during the lesson.
– Use your discretion on how many Practice Problems are needed. Have students work through them on the video.
– After the video ends, use Independent Practice either individually or in groups.
– Make students aware of common errors. Find these in Common Error Alert in the Teacher Notes.
– Use Zoom and have students learn remotely. Share your screen to play a lesson. Assign students to breakout rooms to work on Challenge problems or Additional Practice Problems while you use a video for intervention.
– If all your students have the Internet and a device at home and can access the videos, “flip” your classroom and assign a portion or all a video for homework. Then use class time for discussion and solving problems.
– Need more problems? Find them in Additional Practice Problems.
– Use a lesson for intervention and math and algebra instruction for an individual student.
– Use the lessons to supplement or provide variation to your established math and algebra teaching.
– If you homeschool, see “for Teachers”.
– Make your children watch the videos to keep up and get ahead in their math learning. Encourage them to work out the problems as they go through the lesson.
– Find appropriate lessons for them to watch so the concepts they learn in school are better understood.
– Use the lessons for remedial math and algebra instruction.
– Watch the lessons yourself, and then help your children by correcting their homework and explaining the concepts. This will motivate them more than you imagine.
– Watch the lessons with them.
– Work out a math or algebra problem with them. If you don’t understand a concept, have your child explain it to you.
– This program is designed to help you catch up, get ahead and stay ahead in math and algebra. Math is problem-solving and your ability to solve problems will reap benefits the rest of your life. The world is desperate for good problem-solvers!
– With Elevated Math you learn at your own pace and teach yourself. Begin with M1.1 and move through the lessons as quickly as you can. If you know a subject, skip it, or better, work out some problems to ensure you understand the concepts.
– If you watch a lesson and do the problems each day – (a lesson takes about an hour to complete) – and you do this five days a week, you’ll learn two years of math in 35 weeks or eight months!
– If you are in math or algebra class and don’t understand your teacher’s explanation of a particular math concept, don’t be discouraged. Search for a similar lesson in Elevated Math and watch it.
– Use lessons to prepare for upcoming tests.
– Many take the SAT and ACT tests in their junior year. You’ll increase your score if you work through Elevated Math lessons before taking these tests. Check out the lists at the bottom of this website. The titles link directly to the videos.
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Monday marks the 10th annual National Pet Day, which celebrates four-legged friends around the country and helps find homes for adoptable animals.
Popular dog breeds such as the schnauzer and golden retriever are most likely to be adopted, along with tabby cats and gray cats, a Priceonomics study found.
But according to a PetFinder survey, "less adoptable" animals spend nearly four times longer in a shelter than the average pet. The wait time can be years.
U.S. & World
Stories that affect your life across the U.S. and around the world.
Common Shelter Breeds
The American pit bull terrier and the Chihuahua are the two most common dog breeds found in animal shelters, with thousands available for adoption, according to PetBreeds.com.
Although pit bulls have a reputation for being aggressive, the American Temperament Test Society says the breed has a friendly demeanor, with a temperament rating of 86.9 percent.
Chihuahuas, which have been appearing more frequently in shelters due to their pop culture popularity in the early 2000s, are extremely loyal and love people.
Often overlooked for wiggly puppies and furry kittens, older pets can spend years living in shelters. Many senior pets are already potty trained, know basic commands and have fewer needs than their younger counterparts.
They're generally calmer than puppies and kittens and adapt faster to family environments and first-time pet owners, according to the Sacramento Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Older pets are also less likely to damage your home or keep you up at night.
Over 4,000 adoptable rabbits are available through PetFinder. According to SaveABunny, a nonprofit rabbit rescue, rabbits are the third most common type of animals euthanized at shelters. They make great companions, but require a different type of work and attention than cats and dogs. Before making the decision to bring home a long-eared friend, be sure to know what to expect.
Unlike cats and dogs, rabbits require a specific indoor, caged environment. The ASPCA suggests having as large a space for your rabbit as possible, with room for a litter box with hay and plenty of food. Cages must be cleaned once or twice a week and litter boxes should be changed daily.
Rabbits need toys to chew and must also get plenty of exercise outside their cages. They need several hours a day to run and jump in a safe area, either inside or outside the house, according to the ASPCA.
The number of people who own reptiles has doubled over the past 10 years, according to an American Pet Products Association report cited in Animal Sheltering Magazine. As a result, shelters are seeing a large number of reptiles abandoned by owners who find themselves unprepared.
It's important to research the type of reptile you plan to adopt. Familiarize yourself with the animal's required living environment and make sure you can accommodate the reptile when it's fully grown.
Though specific care depends on the type of animal, home environment is an important factor for all reptiles. These pets are cold blooded and require specific temperatures and lighting, according to Pets at Home's guidelines.
For a good family pet, Reptiles Magazine suggests the bearded dragon and a variety of gecko species.
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Jessie Redmon Fauset, Influential Harlem Renaissance Writer & Editor
By Nava Atlas | On March 1, 2018 | Updated September 18, 2023 | Comments (0)
Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist, and novelist who was deeply involved with the Harlem Renaissance literary movement.
Jessie Fauset was known as one of the “midwives” of the movement, as someone who encouraged and supported other talents. She was especially noted for her work as an editor of The Crisis, NAACP’s journal, in the Harlem Renaissance era. In that capacity, she discovered and nurtured several major Black literary figures.
She also wrote four well-regarded novels and numerous short stories and essays; she was a prolific poet as well.
Jessie Redmon Fauset biography highlights
- A stellar student, Jessie Redmon Fauset experienced racial bias in her education, yet she did her undergraduate work at Cornell University and earned a Master’s degree in French from the University of Pennsylvania.
- W.E.B. Du Bois convinced her to move to New York City in 1919 to serve as the literary editor of The Crisis, the NAACP’s highly influential magazine.
- She proved to have a key eye for talent and helped launch the careers of some of the most notable authors and poets of the Harlem Renaissance movement.
- Fauset was also a respected poet in her own right, and had four well-received novels published in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Her novels portrayed middle-class black professionals rather than stereotypical characters, which was quite revolutionary at the time.
- After her last novel was published, Fauset returned to teaching. She taught French at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, remaining there until her retirement in 1944.
A religious upbringing
Growing up in the North Philadelphia area, Jessie was reared in what she called “a very conservative, very religious household.”
Born in Camden County, New Jersey, and raised in Philadelphia, she was the daughter of Redmon Fauset, an African Methodist Episcopal minister, and Annie (Seamon) Fauset. When she was quite young, her mother died; her father was remarried to a white Jewish widow (who converted to Christianity), with three children of her own.
Jessie’s father and emphasized education for their children, but the family struggled with poverty, especially after her father died. Two of the half-siblings were still quite young.
Bright and studious, Fauset was the first African American to graduate from the Philadelphia High School for Girls. It wasn’t easy to endure the bias she encountered, especially the snubbing by white girls she had thought to be her friends from earlier grades. She remained, and proved to be a stellar student as she had always been.
A stellar college student
Jessie wanted to continue her studies at Bryn Mawr College in her home city, but the institution was reluctant to admit a Black student. They circumvented the dilemma by securing a scholarship for her at Cornell University. Entering in 1901, she was most likely the first Black woman to attend the Ivy League school in Ithaca NY, and perhaps among the first females of any background.
At Cornell she excelled, studying classical languages, and becoming the first Black student to be elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Later, she earned a Master’s degree in French from the University of Pennsylvania, with summer study at the Sorbonne.
After graduating in 1905, she wanted to stay in Philadelphia and teach, but found the schools once again unwelcoming to an African-American woman. She did, however, find opportunities to teach French and Latin in Baltimore and Washington, D.C. schools. Though she enjoyed teaching, she had a quiet desire to work in publishing and to write.
Literary editor of The Crisis
In 1912, Jessie began to submit poems, stories, and essays to the NAACP’s magazine, The Crisis. The magazine’s chief editor, the eminent scholar W.E.B. Du Bois, must have been impressed with her work, since he wasn’t easy to please.
She was still teaching at the time, but Du Bois convinced her to move to New York City and work as the magazine’s literary editor. She accepted and began this new chapter in her life in 1919.
Fauset also oversaw the children’s magazine Brownies’ Book, which was also under the auspices of the NAACP and Du Bois. Published monthly from 1920 to 1921, it aimed to instill pride in African-American children about their history and heritage.
She also contributed her own writings — editorials, poetry, short stories, translations from the French of writings by black authors from Europe and Africa, as well as accounts of her worldwide travels. Such was her influence that she has long been considered one of the “midwives” of the Harlem Renaissance literary movement.
Jessie Fauset’s first novel, There is Confusion, was published in 1924, coming in the midst of her years as literary editor of The Crisis. In general, it was critically praised, even as white reviewers marveled at her depiction of middle-class American Black life, something that had yet to be done in a novel.
A middle class perspective
Jessie Fauset’s work was sometimes criticized by her contemporaries for not being confrontational or activist. Though she did touch on themes of passing in her work, the novels were rooted in the kind of middle-class upbringing she was familiar with. In a February, 1984 interview in the Philadelphia Inquirer her brother Arthur recalled:
“She was a conservative, but not a hidebound conservative. She wanted blacks to feel proud of themselves, and she also wanted to show a certain decorum that would clear them of the charge that they were not equal to the white man. That is one of the reasons that she is not better known among the blacks. She was not an angry black voice.
She was, at times, very emotional in her writing, but she was not very active along the lines of confrontation. She was not the sort of person, like Richard Wright, who would write to make people angry. That was not her way of doing things at all.”
Still, the Philadelphia Inquirer article observed, she was far from complacent:
“For all her advantages and academic opportunities, Fauset early on developed a burning social conscience, a passionate anger about the lives most Blacks had to lead, that was as much a part of her writing as the middle-class characters she used as vehicles to denounce the racism blacks struggled against. And behind the bourgeois conventions … was a personal experience that lent her writing an authenticity that few chose — or wanted — to acknowledge.”
A prolific poet
Some of the subject matter of her poetry was dark and rather grim. “Oblivion” tells of a desire to lie in a deserted, neglected grave far from everyone and everything.
Others, like “Dead Fires” and “La Vie C’est la Vie” seem rather fatalistic. It can be argued that the poems were an outlet for the frustration that this talented and capable woman had to endure because of race, but they allude to thwarted love and loneliness as well.
. . . . . . . . . .
See also: Jessie Redmon Fauset: Literary Midwife
. . . . . . . . . .
More novels and marriage
After leaving The Crisis in 1926, Jessie wanted to find work in publishing. Despite her experience and expertise, she was unable to find work due to racial bias. She even offered to work from home, to no avail.
Up until the early 1920s, African Americans were portrayed in stereotypical fashion by white authors in fiction. This inspired Jessie to write novels portraying black Americans in a middle-class setting, doing normal, everyday things, which was quite revolutionary at the time.
Even so, the educated middle-class characters in her novels experienced their share of prejudice, and like many works by Black authors of the period, her novels and stories dealt with themes of identity and passing.
Her novels received mixed reviews from Black critics and colleagues. Some praised her for depicting an aspect of black life that often didn’t see the light of print; others criticized her for an overly bourgeoise point of view. The Chinaberry Tree and Comedy: American Style were published in the depths of the Depression and weren’t as successful as her first two novels.
In 1929, Fauset married Herbert Harris, an insurance broker. She was forty-seven years old at the time of her marriage. The couple remained together until his death in 1958.
Leaving the literary life to resume teaching
After her last novel was published, Jessie’s writing output slowed considerably. And finally, she abandoned the literary life to return to teaching. Following her eight years at The Crisis, she taught French at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx. She remained at the same school until her retirement in 1944.
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Quotes by Jessie Redmon Fauset
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The legacy of Jessie Redmon Fauset
A 2017 article in The New Yorker, The Forgotten Work of Jessie Redmon Fauset, quotes Cheryl A. Wall, author of Women of the Harlem Renaissance as saying, “I think we lose a bit of our literary history if we do not acknowledge the contributions of Jessie Fauset.”
Further, the article quotes David Levering Lewis in When Harlem Was in Vogue: “There is no telling what she would have done had she been a man, given her first-rate mind and formidable efficiency at any task.” There’s evidence suggesting that Fauset herself felt the lack of appreciation for her endeavors.
Though she dropped out of the literary scene in the early 1930s, her talent, as well as her eye for that of other Black writers, deserves appreciation. She nurtured emerging voices of the Harlem Renaissance era, many of whom are still read today.
Though she may not have become as well known as some of those she nurtured and supported, it’s indisputable that she was one of the era’s most important figures. In her later years, Jessie Redmon Fauset moved back to Philadelphia, where she died at age seventy-nine in 1961.
More about Jessie Redmon Fauset
On this site
- 7 Poems by Jessie Redmon Fauset
- Literary Midwife: Jessie Redmon Fauset
- Quotes by Jessie Redmon Fauset
Major works (novels)
- There Is Confusion (1924)
- Plum Bun: A Novel Without a Moral (1928)
- The Chinaberry Tree (1931)
- Comedy, American Style (1933)
Short stories, and essays (very selected; her output of short works was enormous)
- “Emmy” (1912)
- “My House and a Glimpse of My Life Therein,” (1914)
- “Double Trouble,” (1923)
- “Impressions of the Second Pan-African Congress” (1921)
- “What Europe Thought of the Pan-African Congress.” (1921)
- Reader discussion of Fauset’s works on Goodreads
- Academy of American Poets
- Meet the Woman Who Edited the Greatest Voices of the Harlem Renaissance
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| 0.97825 | 2,464 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Jumat, 25 Desember 2009
Climate and Topography
Climate It is a tropical climate with relative humidity wind, wind speed ranges from 2.3 km / h - 4.5 km / hour. The temperature ranges of 23.4 to 31.7 degrees Celsius. Annual rainfall ranges from 2000 mm - 3000 mm. Humidity ranged from 75 to 89% with an average of 45% of the sun shines. Land is relatively flat topography and low. Only a small portion of the land area of the city lies in the high places, namely in the northern part of town. Most of the land is so marshy areas during the rainy season the area was inundated. The average altitude of between 0 to 20 mdpl.
In 2002 the minimum temperature occurs in the month of October 22.70 C, 24.50 C highest in May. Whereas the lowest maximum temperature of 30.40 C in January and highest in C. Sepetember 34.30 Land is not flooded plains: 49%, seasonally inundated land: 15%, continuously inundated land: 37% and the number of rivers that were still functioning 60 fruit (formerly of 108) the remaining functions as the primary drain.
Relative humid tropics, the temperature between 220-320 Celsius, precipitation 22-428 mm / year, tidal influence between 3-5 meters, and height of an average land 12 meters above sea level.
Sparkling Ampera Bridge at night
Type of Palembang layered soil alluvial, clay and sand, lies in the youngest layers, many contain petroleum, which is also known as the valley of Palembang - Jambi. Land is relatively flat and low, which is located fairly high in the north of the city. Some flooded city of Palembang, even more so when there is continuous rain.
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| 0.94802 | 375 | 2.9375 | 3 |
by Eric J. Lyman
ROME, April 2 (Xinhua) -- The economic gap between Italy's wealthy, industrialized northern regions and the agrarian, poorer south dates back generations.
Latest statistics show the gap is still expanding, while the government floats a plan that could widen it even further.
Italy's Ministry of Economy and Finance this week released new figures, showing the difference in wealth between northern and southern regions is reaching record proportions.
According to the statistics, the richest communities in Italy are clustered around the northern metropolis of Milan and other nearby regions.
The richest community is Basiglio, near Milan, where the average resident earns 47,808 euros (53,555 U.S. dollars) per year in declared taxable income. Several of the poorest communities in the south had average incomes of well below a quarter the rate in Basiglio.
All told, the three richest regions are Lombardy which includes Milan, Emilia Romagna which includes Bologna, and Lazio which includes Rome. The bottom three -- Basilicata, Molise, and Calabria -- are all deep in the country's south.
The ministry's figures showed the gap is growing compared to five or ten years ago. Economic growth rates in the northern regions are more than twice the rates in the south, the data showed.
"It ends up being a problem that feeds itself," Andrea Ciarini, an economic sociologist with the Department of Social and Economic Sciences at Rome's La Sapienza University, told Xinhua.
"It's not only a question of the northern regions having more money. They also have more political power and more opportunities, and so the gap grows."
Ciarini said there is no other country in Europe where the gap between the richest half of the country and the poorest half of the country is as large as in Italy.
The historical origins of the gap between north and south involve many factors, including the types of governments that thrived in each area, conquests, natural resources, and organized crime.
But once a gap is established, according to economist Vittorio Pelligra, it gives the wealthier areas built-in advantages, such as better schools, more investment, better infrastructure, and better health care.
"The northern parts of Italy are on par with the wealthy countries of northern Europe," Pelligra, who teaches at the University of Cagliari and who is the coordinator for the BERG research group and part of the North-South Economic Research Center, told Xinhua. "The south is more in line with the former communist countries of Eastern Europe or with North Africa."
One government proposal that could have an impact on the problem is an idea to give greater autonomy to the wealthiest northern regions. The plan, which is still in planning stages, would let those regions keep more of the taxes they collect internally and make decisions on how the money is spent on a regional level.
Both Ciarini and Pelligra said if it became law, such a plan would magnify the gap by reducing potential developmental resources from the south.
"There's a kind of social contract that is being ignored," Pelligra said. "A country can't move forward when there are first-class citizens in one part of the country and second-class citizens in another part."
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| 0.965952 | 685 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The choice of a nesting cavity is important because external factors can negatively affect the productivity of the wren couple. Environmental factors like temperature, temps above 105 or below 65, can destroy the eggs. Nesting parasites can also be a problem, once the chicks hatch, but the clever house wren will often include spider egg sacks when building their nest. When the spiders hatch they eat any parasites that make their way into the nest which helps keep the nestling safe. I photographed this house wren at the Carpenter Nature Center.
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| 0.917134 | 106 | 2.5625 | 3 |
An electric cooperative that operates a biomass electricity-generating plant in Halifax County hopes a proposed legislative amendment will allow the plant to sell its renewable energy credits in Virginia, instead of only out of state.
The roughly 50-megawatt NOVEC Energy Production Halifax County Biomass Plant began operating in 2013. Each year, it acquires 300,000 tons of fuel, primarily bark strippings, limbs and other material left over from forestry work, according to the Northern Virginia Electric Cooperative, which runs the plant through a subsidiary.
Burning that fuel generates enough electricity to power 16,000 homes, NOVEC says.
If state law changes to allow NOVEC to sell its renewable energy credits, or RECs, in Virginia, the not-for-profit co-op would have a new market for sales and the money would help pay the costs of running the plant.
It would also benefit consumers because a higher supply of renewable energy credits would theoretically lower the market price, reducing the cost of electricity, NOVEC says.
NOVEC President and CEO Dave Schleicher declined to offer specific revenue figures for how much money the sale of renewable energy credits currently generates, or an estimate of how being able to sell credits in Virginia might affect revenue.
He said the volatility of the market price of credits and the variable amount of electricity the plant produces based on the market price of other energy sources, such as natural gas, make it difficult to offer specific dollar amounts.
“For the most part, the renewable energy credit, it’s another source of revenue to keep the plant viable,” Schleicher said.
Generally speaking, biomass facilities create electricity by burning organic matter as fuel.
In 2021, there were 30 power generation facilities of varying sizes in Virginia categorized as having biomass as their primary fuel, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Some, like NOVEC’s Halifax plant or Dominion Energy’s Altavista, Hopewell and Southampton power stations, are fueled by wood. Others, such as the I-95 Energy/Resource Recovery Facility in Fairfax County, use garbage as fuel. Still others, such as a municipal facility in Martinsville, use landfill gas.
Biomass electricity generation is not without controversy. Proponents say it reduces dependence on fossil fuels by using renewable materials while benefiting the local economies from which the fuel is purchased. Opponents say it’s expensive and is more harmful to the environment than other sources such as wind or solar, although NOVEC argues its plant was designed to be environmentally friendly.
Because biomass is considered renewable energy, NOVEC can sell the Halifax plant’s output as renewable energy credits – but not in Virginia.
Renewable energy credits and standards
The Virginia Clean Economy Act, signed into law in 2020, mandated Dominion Energy and Appalachian Power, the state’s two largest investor-owned electric utilities, ramp up their carbon-free energy production in the coming decades while phasing out coal and biomass plants.
It also mandated Dominion and Appalachian maintain a certain minimum percentage of energy from renewable sources. This is called the renewable portfolio standard, or RPS.
The act doesn’t apply to NOVEC or other electric cooperatives, so the commonwealth doesn’t require them to maintain an RPS.
Because of that, NOVEC can’t sell its renewable energy credits in state, even though Dominion can sell credits from its biomass plants, Schleicher said. (Disclosure: Dominion is one of our donors but donors have no say in news decisions; see our policy. You can become a donor here.)
Appalachian Power does not own or operate any biomass plants.
“The logic was, if you’re excluded from the RPS standard, then you shouldn’t be able to benefit from the sale of renewable energy credits,” Schleicher said, explaining the history of the policy.
NOVEC says it’s the only utility in Virginia with a biomass plant that produces renewable energy credits but isn’t allowed to sell those credits in state.
Renewable energy credits are essentially a way of certifying the source and other characteristics of electricity generated by renewable methods.
Utilities can buy the credits to meet their renewable portfolio standards, or companies can buy them to meet their own voluntary goals or reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
NOVEC primarily sells its Halifax plant’s credits to utilities in Maryland, but the political future of woody biomass isn’t guaranteed there, as some lawmakers seek to remove it from the list of energy sources that can count toward renewable portfolio standards.
The governor’s amendment
A bill that passed the Virginia General Assembly this year removes the requirement from the Virginia Clean Economy Act that Dominion retire its biomass electric generation facilities by the end of 2028.
The bill also lays out conditions for how such facilities can count as renewable energy sources for RPS purposes.
Furthermore, the legislation instructs the state Department of Forestry to convene an advisory panel to study the use of materials for biomass facilities and develop best practices for sustainable harvesting of biomass.
Del. Israel O’Quinn, R-Bristol, was the chief patron of the bill in the Virginia House; a companion bill introduced by Sen. Lynwood Lewis Jr., D-Accomack County, passed the Senate.
On Wednesday, Virginia legislators are scheduled to meet in Richmond to consider Gov. Glenn Youngkin’s vetoes and recommended amendments to bills.
One of four proposed amendments to the bill in question is geared toward NOVEC, not Dominion or Appalachian.
It would allow NOVEC to count the Halifax plant’s output as renewable energy in Virginia – if the co-op has at least 148 megawatts of renewable energy online elsewhere.
Schleicher, the co-op’s CEO, said the 148-megawatt requirement would essentially create the utility’s own renewable portfolio standard, akin to the mandates in place for Dominion and APCo.
If the amendment passes, what’s next?
The question remains: Where would NOVEC get another 148 megawatts of renewable energy?
“That’s what we have to go figure out. It’s not just sitting out there,” Schleicher said.
Excluding the Halifax plant, renewables currently account for little of NOVEC’s portfolio.
The new sources wouldn’t have to come from facilities owned by NOVEC, or even facilities within NOVEC’s service area of more than 175,000 homes and businesses in Northern Virginia.
They would just have to come from sources connected to PJM, the massive regional transmission network that coordinates the movement of wholesale electricity across all or part of 13 states plus Washington, D.C.
Schleicher said NOVEC would need to find a developer on a renewable energy project to work with. The developer would need to go through a standard process of having its project studied by PJM and added to the transmission system.
Schleicher said that likely would take at least three or four years.
Biomass and the environment
Looking at the bigger picture, biomass is not a large part of Virginia’s energy mix.
It provided about 4% of the state’s electricity in 2021, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, well below natural gas at 57% and nuclear at 30%.
Its value as a source of renewable energy is a matter of debate.
Opponents of biomass electricity generation argue renewables are meant to be cleaner sources of energy such as solar and wind, not burning material.
Ivy Main is a lawyer who volunteers with the Virginia chapter of the Sierra Club, a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization, and serves as the chapter’s renewable energy co-chair. She has written about Virginia energy policy for more than 10 years on her website, Power for the People VA.
Main said that while woody biomass is renewable, it is highly polluting and expensive.
“It can’t compete with wind, solar, or methane gas, so no one is building new biomass plants today,” Main said in an email.
Selling renewable energy credits is the only way burning biomass makes financial sense for a utility, she said.
“The burning of woody biomass is bad for the climate, so the Sierra Club believes it should not earn any kind of subsidy from utility customers,” Main said.
She said the Sierra Club opposed allowing more woody biomass to qualify as renewable energy for RPS purposes and opposed removing the requirement that Dominion’s biomass plants close.
Furthermore, Main said the governor’s proposed amendment makes the new legislation worse.
“Not only does it encourage the burning of a carbon-intense fuel, but it asks Dominion and Appalachian Power customers to subsidize NOVEC’s biomass burning. The REC revenues would keep NOVEC’s rates lower, courtesy of Dominion and Appalachian customers,” Main said.
Other individuals and groups have criticized biomass facilities in general.
The Charlottesville-based Southern Environmental Law Center, for example, says wood-fuel biomass electricity generation is expensive, can pollute at least as much as coal-burning plants, and contributes to deforestation.
NOVEC says the Halifax facility was designed with the environment in mind – it meets stringent air-emissions regulations in part by capturing the particulate matter from burning fuel and turning that into fly ash, which it sells to farmers to improve their soil. It also uses effluent water from a nearby wastewater plant, rather than fresh water, to cool the facility.
The Halifax plant uses only leftovers from forestry operations, not newly cut timber, and the plant benefits the local economy by buying material from local businesses and landowners, saving them from having to dispose of it themselves, NOVEC says.
Without the Halifax plant, landowners likely would simply burn the leftover wood themselves, creating pollution, or let it rot in the field, creating methane, NOVEC says.
“The plant does have an environmental impact,” Schleicher said, “but our position is, compared to the alternatives for the local lumbering and forestry economy, the alternative would be open burning or decomposition out in the field, and we think this offers a more environmentally friendly alternative.”
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| 0.944067 | 2,187 | 2.75 | 3 |
Think back to your K-12 years. Did someone actually teach you how to take notes? If so, in which grade were you?My earliest memory of actually being taught how to take useful notes (formal outlining aside) was in my biology class in high school. Our teacher had her trusty overhead projector and would stop during her lecture to capture key points of what she had just said. She didn’t use Roman numerals or capital letters, but rather a series of bullet points, arrows, stars, etc. She would ask us to jot down these items along with her and to draw small sketches out to the side to help us remember processes and concepts.
I remember her stating at the end of the lecture, “By the end of this unit, I don’t want your notes to look just as they do now. I want to see underlines, highlights, arrows…I want to know that you actually used them to help you study.”
Little did she realize that she was following the classroom recommendations that would eventually be published in Classroom Instruction that Works:
- Give students teacher-prepared notes.
- Teach students a variety of note-taking formats. (She demonstrated informal outlining, webbing, and using pictures, knowing that different students would prefer different styles of notetaking.)
- Use combination notes. (She combined linguistic and non-linguistic representation of what we were learning.)
Students even as young as kindergarten learn to draw pictures to help them remember what they’ve studied. By upper elementary, students can, and should, have opportunities to see what good notes look like, for example, how to indent to show subordinate details.
BrainPOP movies and features include great resources to teach notetaking. They provide introductions to a wide variety of subjects and explain key vocabulary terms for students (using images, animations, audio, and print). They can also serve to review a topic already covered. All of BrainPOP’s movies have closed captioning. This feature, with any student, is an excellent literacy and visual reinforcement. Pausing at a key concept during a movie and inviting students to put the concept in their own words, or drawing a quick sketch to represent the concept, gives students the support they need to successfully learn and remember concepts. Each of BrainPOP’s short, animated videos offers ample opportunities to pause for discussions and time for students to take notes.
For example, a teacher may wish for her students to watch the movie on Franklin D. Roosevelt as they begin their unit on the Great Depression. Before watching the movie, she provides her students with a skeletal outline (see below). She may also choose to model notetaking on the typeable BrainPOP Vocabulary page, or do some shared writing with the class before handing out copies. Teachers may pick and choose notetaking tools provided on BrainPOP (closed captioning, graphic organizers, vocabulary) and use these to scaffold student learning during the movie.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
- Which number president? _________
- Served 19__ – 19__
- served ______ terms
- The Great __________ was happening when FDR took office
- “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” What do you think this means?
- Four key points of the New Deal in the movie
- Unemployed ____________
- Farmers _____________________
- The stock market ________________
- The banking system ____________
- Vocabulary terms to know
- Social Security ____________
- fireside chats ____________
- Eleanor Roosevelt ____________
- isolationism ____________
- United Nations ____________
By using a resource such as BrainPOP, students can watch a segment as often as they need in order to capture the main ideas. BrainPOP provides graphic organizers and activities that can serve to scaffold the process of summarizing, paraphrasing, and notetaking. Eventually, students will not need these scaffolding tools, but will be able to capture key ideas on their own. Instilling strong notetaking skills is a lifelong gift we can give to students.
Are you a BrainPOP Educator? Sign up today for BrainPOP Educators, our free professional community, where teachers can find and share innovative lesson plans, graphic organizers, video tutorials, and best classroom practices. You may contact Allisyn Levy at allisynl [at] brainpop [dot] com
by Elizabeth Hubbell, Educational Technology Consultant at McREL, and Allisyn Levy, Director of BrainPOP Educators
(*Note: this post is the second of a series of collaborative posts between BrainPOP Educators and McREL’s Using Technology with Classroom Instruction that Works. These articles will be cross-posted on the McREL Blog and on BrainPOP Educators Blog.)
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| 0.947077 | 1,018 | 4.1875 | 4 |
stage four - creating php code to retrieve the data from mysql
If you read the crashcourse for smarty you will see that a PHP page is made up of two distinct parts:
i) The Template - this is how the page should display the data
ii) The PHP - This pulls out the data and sends it to the template.
In this section we will be writing the code on PHP to retrieve the news articles from the database and then to pass that information over into the Smarty Templating Engine to display it to screen.
The PHP code is very simple and is fully commented, so either copy it, or read through it to understand what it going on
// These are the smarty files
// This is a file which abstracts the DB connecting functionality (Check out PEAR)
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->compile_check = true;
$smarty->debugging = false;
$smarty->use_sub_dirs = false;
$smarty->caching = true;
// This SQL statement will get the 5 most recently added new items from the database
$sql = 'SELECT * ';
$sql .= 'FROM `news` ';
$sql .= 'ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 0, 5';
$result = mysql_query($sql) or die("Query failed : " . mysql_error());
// For each result that we got from the Database
while ($line = mysql_fetch_assoc($result))
$value = $line;
// Assign this array to smarty...
// Display the news page through the news template
// Thanks to David C James for a code improvement :)
Notice that we set smarty to use caching
Smarty also has built-in caching capabilities to help speed up the page rendering. A copy of the template output is stored in a text file, then that is displayed upon subsequent calls to the request instead of dynamically rendering the page each time. This can speedup page rendering substantially, especially if there is a lot of processing involved to create the page such as database calls and variable assignments.
This is all the PHP code that we will need to write for this example, so lets move onto the good stuff!
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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http://www.devscripts.net/smarty/four.html
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en
| 0.819821 | 479 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The oil fever has struck the Arctic sooner than expected. Several of the world’s biggest oil companies are vying for access to Greenland after a gas discovery last month raised expectations for offshore exploration around the inhospitable nation.
Greenland, the planet’s largest island with a population of just over 56,000, had been searching for the black gold for decades. In the past, however, Greenlanders have been destined to make a living from fishing and $600 million in annual subsidies from the Danish motherland (making up 55 precent of the island’s budget – or 0.75 percent of Denmark’s.) So, quite understandably, a majority of Greenlanders are now looking favorably upon the latest developments and are supporting oil exploration as a way to create jobs and wealth in a country troubled by high unemployment and social problems such as alcoholism and the world’s highest suicide rate.
Besides, the islanders are hopeful the oil might yield sufficient revenue to finally throw off the yoke of external rule and maybe even turn their icy island into an Arctic Kuwait.
These developments come soon after Greenland’s latest step towards independence. Already in 1979, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, and in November 2008, voters in Greenland overwhelmingly approved a plan for expanding the island’s autonomy. The plan (which Denmark supported) allowed the small, mostly Inuit population to take control over the local police force, courts and coast guard and to make Greenlandic, an Inuit tongue, the official language.
It also set new rules on how to split future oil revenues between Greenland and Denmark, giving Greenland the first $13 million of annual revenues, while anything beyond that would be split equally between Greenland and Denmark. The new status quo then took effect on 21 June 2009, leaving the Danish royal government in charge only of foreign affairs, security and financial policy, while still providing the $600 million annual subsidy (or approx. $11,300 per Greenlander.) » More
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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en
| 0.945009 | 404 | 2.546875 | 3 |
IraqArticle Free Pass
- Government and society
- Cultural life
- Iraq from c. 600 to 1055
- Iraq from 1055 to 1534
- Ottoman Iraq (1534–1918)
- Iraq until the 1958 revolution
- The Republic of Iraq
- The 1958 revolution and its aftermath
- The revolution of 1968
- Iraq under Ṣaddām Ḥussein
During ancient times the lands now comprising Iraq were known as Mesopotamia (“Land Between the Rivers”), a region whose extensive alluvial plains gave rise to some of the world’s earliest civilizations, including those of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. This wealthy region, constituting much of what is called the Fertile Crescent, later became a valuable part of larger imperial polities, including sundry Persian, Greek, and Roman dynasties, and after the 7th century became a central and integral part of the Islamic world. Iraq’s capital, Baghdad, became the capital of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in the 8th century. The modern nation-state of Iraq was created following World War I (1914–18) from the Ottoman provinces of Baghdad, Al-Baṣrah, and Mosul and derives its name from the Arabic term used in the premodern period to describe a region that roughly corresponded to Mesopotamia (ʿIrāq ʿArabī, “Arabian Iraq”) and modern northwestern Iran (ʿIrāq ʿajamī, “foreign [i.e., Persian] Iraq”).
Iraq gained formal independence in 1932 but remained subject to British imperial influence during the next quarter century of turbulent monarchical rule. Political instability on an even greater scale followed the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, but the installation of an Arab nationalist and socialist regime—the Baʿth Party—in a bloodless coup 10 years later brought new stability. With proven oil reserves second in the world only to those of Saudi Arabia, the regime was able to finance ambitious projects and development plans throughout the 1970s and to build one of the largest and best-equipped armed forces in the Arab world. The party’s leadership, however, was quickly assumed by Ṣaddām Ḥussein, a flamboyant and ruthless autocrat who led the country into disastrous military adventures—the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) and the Persian Gulf War (1990–91). These conflicts left the country isolated from the international community and financially and socially drained, but through unprecedented coercion directed at major sections of the population—particularly the country’s disfranchised Kurdish minority and Shīʿite majority—Ṣaddām himself was able to maintain a firm hold on power into the 21st century. He and his regime were toppled in 2003 during the Iraq War.
Iraq is one of the easternmost countries of the Arab world, located at about the same latitude as the southern United States. It is bordered to the north by Turkey, to the east by Iran, to the west by Syria and Jordan, and to the south by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Iraq has 12 miles (19 km) of coastline along the northern end of the Persian Gulf, giving it a tiny sliver of territorial sea. Followed by Jordan, it is thus the Middle Eastern state with the least access to the sea and offshore sovereignty.
Iraq’s topography can be divided into four physiographic regions: the alluvial plains of the central and southeastern parts of the country; Al-Jazīrah (Arabic: “the Island”), an upland region in the north between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; deserts in the west and south; and the highlands in the northeast. Each of these regions extends into neighbouring countries, although the alluvial plains lie largely within Iraq.
The plains of lower Mesopotamia extend southward some 375 miles (600 km) from Balad on the Tigris and Al-Ramādī on the Euphrates to the Persian Gulf. They cover more than 51,000 square miles (132,000 square km), almost one-third of the country’s area, and are characterized by low elevation, below 300 feet (100 metres), and poor natural drainage. Large areas are subject to widespread seasonal flooding, and there are extensive marshlands, some of which dry up in the summer to become salty wastelands. Near Al-Qurnah, where the Tigris and Euphrates converge to form the Shatt al-Arab, there are still some inhabited marshes. The alluvial plains contain extensive lakes. The swampy Lake Al-Ḥammār (Hawr al-Ḥammār) extends 70 miles (110 km) from Al-Baṣrah (Basra) to Sūq al-Shuyūkh; its width varies from 8 to 15 miles (13 to 25 km).
North of the alluvial plains, between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, is the arid Al-Jazīrah plateau. Its most prominent hill range is the Sinjār Mountains, whose highest peak reaches an elevation of 4,448 feet (1,356 metres). The main watercourse is the Wadi Al-Tharthār, which runs southward for 130 miles (210 km) from the Sinjār Mountains to the Tharthār (Salt) Depression. Milḥat Ashqar is the largest of several salt flats (or sabkhahs) in the region.
Western and southern Iraq is a vast desert region covering some 64,900 square miles (168,000 square km), almost two-fifths of the country. The western desert, an extension of the Syrian Desert, rises to elevations above 1,600 feet (490 metres). The southern desert is known as Al-Ḥajarah in the western part and as Al-Dibdibah in the east. Al-Ḥajarah has a complex topography of rocky desert, wadis, ridges, and depressions. Al-Dibdibah is a more sandy region with a covering of scrub vegetation. Elevation in the southern desert averages between 300 and 1,200 feet (100 to 400 metres). A height of 3,119 feet (951 metres) is reached at Mount ʿUnayzah (ʿUnāzah) at the intersection of the borders of Jordan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. The deep Wadi Al-Bāṭin runs 45 miles (75 km) in a northeast-southwest direction through Al-Dibdibah. It has been recognized since 1913 as the boundary between western Kuwait and Iraq.
The mountains, hills, and plains of northeastern Iraq occupy some 35,500 square miles (92,000 square km), about one-fifth of the country. Of this area only about one-fourth is mountainous; the remainder is a complex transition zone between mountain and lowland. The ancient kingdom of Assyria was located in this area. North and northeast of the Assyrian plains and foothills is Kurdistan, a mountainous region that extends into Turkey and Iran.
The relief of northeastern Iraq rises from the Tigris toward the Turkish and Iranian borders in a series of rolling plateaus, river basins, and hills until the high mountain ridges of Iraqi Kurdistan, associated with the Taurus and Zagros mountains, are reached. These mountains are aligned northwest to southeast and are separated by river basins where human settlement is possible. The mountain summits have an average elevation of about 8,000 feet (2,400 metres), rising to 10,000–11,000 feet (3,000–3,300 metres) in places. There, along the Iran-Iraq border, is the country’s highest point, Ghundah Zhur, which reaches 11,834 feet (3,607 metres). The region is heavily dissected by numerous tributaries of the Tigris, notably the Great and Little Zab rivers and the Diyālā and ʿUẓaym (Adhaim) rivers. These streams weave tortuously south and southwest, cutting through ridges in a number of gorges, notably the Rū Kuchūk gorge, northeast of Barzān, and the Bēkma gorge, west of Rawāndūz town. The highest mountain ridges contain the only forestland in Iraq.
Iraq is drained by the Tigris-Euphrates river system, although less than half of the Tigris-Euphrates basin lies in the country. Both rivers rise in the Armenian highlands of Turkey, where they are fed by melting winter snow. The Tigris flows 881 miles (1,417 km) and the Euphrates 753 miles (1,212 km) through Iraq before they join near Al-Qurnah to form the Shatt al-Arab, which flows another 68 miles (109 km) into the Persian Gulf. The Tigris, all of whose tributaries are on its left (east) bank, runs close to the high Zagros Mountains, from which it receives a number of important tributaries, notably the Great Zab, the Little Zab, and the Diyālā. As a result, the Tigris can be subject to devastating floods, as evidenced by the many old channels left when the river carved out a new course. The period of maximum flow of the Tigris is from March to May, when more than two-fifths of the annual total discharge may be received. The Euphrates, whose flow is roughly 50 percent greater than that of the Tigris, receives no large tributaries in Iraq.
Do you know anything more about this topic that you’d like to share?
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Part of the contribution made by Descartes’ Discourse was to restore human reason to a status which allowed it to address questions until then regarded by religious orthodoxy as dangerous. In this respect Descartes is to the modern world what Thales, the so-called “Father of Philosophy,” was to the ancient world. The comparison is an illuminating one. Thales asked questions about the nature and origins of the world, and formulated answers that relied solely on reason and observation, making no ancient scriptures. He assumed that the world is a place that makes sense, and that the human mind is capable of understanding it. His example unleashed a brilliant epoch of free thought in classical antiquity, which gave birth to the Western tradition.
What Thales achieved for the human mind in ancient times, Descartes contributed to achieving for the human mind at the beginning of the modern age. He is therefore sometimes aptly described as the “Father of Modern Philosophy” to mark the comparison. He played a key role in helping to rescue enquiry about sublunary things from the stifling and long-frozen grip of religious authority. He did it not by rejecting that authority, for by his own testimony he was a devout Catholic all his life, but by separating things of heaven from things of earth, so that scientific reason could investigate the latter without anxieties over orthodoxy. This left the things of heaven untouched and unthreatened – so Descartes thought and hoped – by what scientific enquiry discovered.
Wednesday, August 15, 2007
The father of modern philosophy
From Descartes: The Life and Times of a Genius by A.C. Grayling
Posted by Hume's Ghost at 8/15/2007
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Dear Hoo uses,
Introduction to OGN(Origin protocol)
The Origin Token (also known as OGN) is a utility token that serves multiple purposes in ensuring the health and growth of the network. At a high-level, this native token is intended to serve several key functions on the platform. First, OGN is a multi-purpose incentive token that drives behavior for end users, developers, marketplace operators, and other ecosystem participants. In addition, OGN is a medium-of-exchange token that can be used for payments between buyers and sellers on the platform. Finally, it is intended that OGN will serve a critical piece in the future governance of the network.
Since April of 2019, Origin Tokens have already been used to incentivize various forms of participation from the Platform’s ecosystem participants. Origin Tokens are used to reward users, developers, marketplace operators, and/or other participants to perform actions and services that are beneficial to the health and growth of the Platform.
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Historically, the focus of arc-fault testing has been performed to determine if workers in the vicinity of medium-voltage equipment would be subjected to a fire hazard or to flying debris if an internal arc fault were to occur. However, increased awareness of the potential hazards related to electrical arcing faults has prompted the National Electrical Code (NEC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to impose new requirements on facility owners to determine the likelihood that employees would suffer second-degree burns as a result of an internal arcing fault, and to evaluate their low-voltage and medium-voltage switchgear.
As these standards are employed, facility owners must calculate the amount of energy that employees could be exposed to and provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) that will ensure employees are adequately protected against second-degree burns. These new requirements call for more sophisticated testing and analysis techniques than were previously required to evaluate medium-voltage equipment. As a testing facility, KEMA-Powertest foresees these new requirements presenting an opportunity for it to expand test services to a larger customer base. In addition to the traditional manufacturers of medium-voltage switchgear, we are now beginning to offer test and evaluation services to low-voltage equipment manufacturers, facility owners and the manufacturers of PPE materials and protective garments.
Recent changes to the NFPA 70E “Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces” include requirements that facility owners perform a flash-hazard analysis prior to allowing someone to work on energized equipment, to first determine the flash-protection boundary distance and the type of PPE required. There have been reports that OSHA has begun to aggressively monitor compliance with the NFPA 70E requirements, so employers are now developing plans to demonstrate compliance and fit their employees with the appropriate PPE.
We have seen these requirements generating increased interest in evaluating the protection level of clothing offered by the manufacturers of PPE. In the United States, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed standard F 1959/F 1959M-04 for evaluating the arc rating of the materials used in the manufacture of PPE clothing.
IEEE is also developing the IEEE P1584 Standard Test Method for Arc Flash Hazard Testing. This standard is used to evaluate how much a specific short-circuit protective device, such as a fuse or circuit breaker, limits the amount of incident energy available from a particular circuit. This enables the manufacturers of fuses and circuit breakers to compare their devices with those of their competitors and possibly gain a competitive advantage. Facility owners can reduce their liability and expenditure for PPE by specifying equipment with the lowest incident energy.
KEMA-Powertest has been developing capabilities to perform the testing and evaluations required by these standards to measure the incident thermal energy released from arc faults and the arc thermal performance value (ATPV) of flame-retardant (FR) materials. Our laboratory has recently constructed a special test fixture prescribed by the ASTM standard for evaluating the materials used for the PPE. We also have purchased a high-speed temperature-recording system used to measure the temperatures developed during arcing faults, and have developed new algorithm modeling needed to analyze the results and perform the statistical analysis specified in the standard. Recently, our lab has conducted arc flashes on real equipment with clothed mannequins in typical working positions, including new and unprecedented low-voltage work. These tests, captured on video clips, are being shared at conferences and seminars.
Michael Schacker has been president of KEMA-Powertest Inc., a high-power electrical testing laboratory in Chalfont, Pennsylvania, U.S., since 2004.
At the 2005/2006 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition in May, T&D World staff learned a great deal about the new arc-flash standards that are either being implemented or are in the final wording stage.
These new codes and standards from NEC, IEEE, OSHA and others will affect the personal protective equipment (PPE) that safety-apparel field workers are wearing, and they may change the boundary distances for performing day-to-day tasks where arcing faults could occur. All indications point to the enforcement of additional requirements for facility owners to evaluate each job task where the potential hazards related to electrical arcing faults may occur and determining (calculate) the level of risk to the worker. The installation of additional devices such as fuses and circuit breakers may also be required, most notably in low- and medium-voltage systems. This new focus on low- and medium-voltage arc-flash hazards will not only affect electric utility field operations and trainers, but also the providers of safety apparel, PPE testing labs and the manufacturers of fuses and circuit breakers.
To get an industry reading on this new development in arc-flash protection, Transmission & Distribution World editors talked with stakeholders about how these new standards will impact electric utility field operations.
This past year, Randy Wade represented PECO Energy (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), a unit of Exelon Energy Delivery Services, at an Edison Electric Institute (EEI) meeting in Atlanta, Georgia. EEI, in partnership with the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and OSHA, submitted language that was considered in the proposed CFR 1910.269 (T&D standard) revisions.
The charge of the 20-plus utility representatives at the EEI conference was to review and approve technical language to present to OSHA that would parallel NFPA 70E, but would give utilities more flexibility in the way they protect workers from arc hazards during day-to-day activities.
They proposed that OSHA require utilities to abide by one of two options to prevent a worker from receiving second-degree burns:
Provide employees with guidelines for the use of FR clothing and/or equipment with an arc thermal protection value rated to prevent a second-degree burn; or
Permit the use of approved/accepted programs, such as ARCPRO software, to perform a system analysis. The analysis would include fault current available, arc gap, distance from the arc and breaker-clearing times, to ensure that the total energy available at the work site does not exceed equivalent heat energy greater than 2 cal/cm2.
Wade says one procedure that may change is working on energized lines. Everyone agrees that working on something that has been de-energized is the most desirable option. In the past, with the demand for capacity, utilities have typically tried to avoid de-energizing. Now, with these new standards, utilities may consider de-energizing the circuit as the only option when employees are required to work with extreme energy exposures.
Transmission and distribution business must comply with CFR 1910.269 now, according to Wade. However, T&D is under no obligation to comply with NFPA 70E at this time. But OSHA does have a pending revision in the works for CFR 1910.269 that will contain similar, but not identical language, to NFPA 70E.
In the meantime, Exelon has begun organizing an ARC Hazard Energy Exposure review team with ComEd (Chicago, Illinois), PSE&G (Newark, New Jersey) and PECO. This team will chart every T&D task and establish the energy exposure using ARCPRO. After that, the team will look at what options would be advised for each situation.
As stakeholders revisit arc-flash hazards, the obvious question is, where are the biggest risks? Experts site the removal or installation of circuit breakers or fuses, the racking of circuit breakers in and out of switchgear and the removal of electric equipment panel covers as tasks that have the highest injury rates. Arc flashes can occur almost anywhere an electric utility line worker, trouble-call technician or maintenance worker is working around energized lines. Uninvolved workers and the public may also be at risk when an arc fault occurs. Of special concern are tasks on the system where additional equipment such as switchgear, transformers and fuses are involved. Most interesting is the fact that low-voltage testing and system analysis is a task where high numbers of arc-flash injuries are occurring.
Safety advocates point out that standard NFPA 79E was originally written to protect firefighters, and an arc-flash section happened to be included in the standard. It makes a blanket calculation in setting protective standards, but does not address any work methods or the way an electric system is operated.
PSE&G's Tom Verdecchio is a member of the National Electric Safety Code (NESC) Subcommittee 8, which addresses work methods. He reports that the committee is working on several rule revisions related specifically to arc-flash hazards. NESC codes are revised every five years. New rules will be proposed for the 2007 code stating that employers must perform an arc hazard study on any task exposing workers to an arc flash.
The proposed new rule adds tables to the code, which will allow the employer to choose the right level of protection without having to perform a study or do tedious calculations. These tables, based on fault current and clearing time, are the result of studies being done by utilities like PSE&G and PECO.
PSE&G has spent the past 24 months “engineering out the heat hazards” related to arc flash, says Verdecchio. The utility started with the highest risk areas, for example, linemen gloving on 13 kV. The two-year-old initiative includes analyzing the clearing time and distance to employees for each task.
PSE&G's field studies are showing that by reducing the clearing time of a circuit, the heat that an employee is exposed to will be reduced. In one case, the target was to keep the heat exposure to less then 5 cal/cm2 and less than second-degree burns to expose skin. Several utilities are now expanding the study to other exposure tasks related to arc-flash hazards. They hope to have collaborative results available by September 2006.
Another area where PSE&G is making changes is in FR clothing. For example, the utility has gone to a “Level 2 Clothing” applies to shirts, pants and T-shirts for overhead linemen. The utility is now studying FR levels and other preventative procedures on other tasks where arc flashes may occur.
It is worth repeating that when an arc-flash incident occurs, enormous amounts of concentrated energy explode through the air, through cabinets and circuits, and through anything or anyone in the vicinity. It is often unpredictable, but is always capable of doing serious damage to a person's hearing, eyesight and body. Depending on the voltage level, a ball of combusting heat is dispersed that can melt metal and severely burn a worker or anyone in the area. Pieces of metal and material may also be released like a bullet toward workers close and even not so close to the arc fault. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NOSH) has reported that from 1992 through 2001, there were 44,363 electrical-related injuries involving days away from work. Of those injuries, 17,101 were caused by electric arc-flash burns.
As we have heard from the industry, the final word on increased standards for arc flash is still being written. Everything from increased labeling requirements to more comprehensive exposure calculating practices may be on the horizon. But one thing everyone is in agreement on: Increasing the awareness and understanding of arc-flash hazards is one of the best ways to prevent arc-flash injuries.
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S. Koussevitzky et al., "Signals from chloroplasts converge to regulate nuclear gene expression," Science, 316:715–9, 2007. (Cited in 58 papers)
Joanne Chory, a Salk Institute molecular biologist, used Arabidopsis thaliana mutant screens to identify two key molecular players in the communications between chloroplasts and plant cell nuclei: GUN1, a protein found in chloroplasts that regulates RNA molecules, and ABI4, a nuclear transcription factor. The findings indicated that the few known chloroplast-to-nucleus signals converge on ABI4 and are integrated by GUN1 within the organelle and not in the cytoplasm or nucleus. "That was a big conceptual leap," Chory says.
A robust understanding of retrograde signaling—where chloroplasts alter the expression of nuclear genes that encode chloroplast-bound proteins—may help biologists reconstruct cellular endosymbiosis. "How did these organelles evolve communication?" asks Peter McCourt, a University of Toronto plant biologist. "That's a very big, interesting question to all biologists."
Although GUN1 and ABI4 are important, they don't tell the whole retrograde signaling story. Research teams around the world are now focusing on the chemical nature of the retrograde pathway's master go-between molecules (see box below).
Chory's lab is describing the mechanism whereby GUN1 links organellar and nuclear genomes. Meanwhile, Rachel Green of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem found that GUN1 is also involved in regulating circadian rhythms (Plant J, 51:551–62, 2007).
|Suggested chloroplast-to-nucleus chemical messengers|
|Protein—E. Ankele et al., The Plant Cell, 19:1964-79, 2007.|
|Singlet oxygen—K.P. Lee et al., PNAS, 104:10270-5, 2007.|
|Reactive oxygen species—C. Laloi et al., PNAS, 104:672-77, 2007.|
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Molecular electronics – using molecules in the construction of electronic circuitry – just took a significant step closer to reality. Principal investigator Dr. Robert Wolkow, postdoctoral fellow Dr. Paul Piva and a team of researchers from the National Institute for Nanotechnology of the National Research Council and University of Alberta have designed and tested a new concept for a single molecule transistor. They have shown, for the first time, that a single charged atom on a silicon surface can regulate the conductivity of a nearby molecule. Their discovery is published in the June 2, 2005 edition of the scientific journal Nature.
Image: Electric field emanating from the charged red atom causes energy level shifts in the molecule allowing current to flow. (Courtesy of the National Research Council of Canada)
Miniaturization of microelectronics has a finite end based on today’s technology. To continue, a new concept was needed which circumvented the limits of conventional transistor technology. The authors conducted an experiment to examine the potential for electrical transistors on a molecular scale. Their approach has solved what has been an insurmountable hurdle to making a molecular device – getting connections onto a single molecule.
They demonstrated that a single atom on a silicon surface can be controllably charged, while all surrounding atoms remain neutral. A molecule placed adjacent to that charged site is ‘tuned’, which allows electrical current to flow through the molecule from one electrode to another. The current flowing through the molecule can be switched on and off by changing the charge state of the adjacent atom. The results are promising and are considered to be a scientific breakthrough.
“We have shown the potential for devices of unheard-of smallness and unheard-of efficiency.� says Dr. Wolkow. “A technology based on this concept would require much less energy to power, would produce much less heat, and run much faster.
Molecules are exceedingly small, on the scale of a nanometre. Wolkow’s team solved the connection problem by using the electrostatic field emanating from a single atom to regulate the conductivity of a molecule, allowing an electric current to flow through the molecule. These effects were easily observed at room temperature, in contrast to previous molecular experiments that had to be done at temperatures close to absolute zero in order to measure a conductivity change. Another significant aspect of this breakthrough is the fact that only one electron from the atom is needed to turn molecular conductivity on or off. On a conventional transistor, this gating action requires about one million electrons.
“This concept could circumvent the limits of conventional transistor technology and permit miniaturization on a nanometric scale. Better…faster…cheaper – that’s the promise of molecular electronics. In our case, we also have a potentially powerful green technology because of its minimal power and material requirements, and the biodegradable nature of the device.�
Wolkow, a world-renowned researcher in nanotechnology, says that although his results represent a key step toward molecular electronics, more steps are required. He advocates doing research on hybrid molecular/silicon devices. “This way, we can piggyback on all the great capacity that has already been established for silicon, and just supplement it. Our prototype works on silicon – thus allowing the old technology to merge with the new. “
“I am optimistic that molecular electronic devices can be made using our method because I don’t see a reason why the remaining hurdles can’t be overcome. And given the promise of such devices – great speed, small size, and high efficiency – the hurdles are definitely worth tackling.�
Field Regulation of Single Molecule Conductivity by a Charged Surface Atom
Nature, 02 June 2005
Paul G. Piva1,2, Gino A. DiLabio2, Jason L. Pitters2, Janik Zikovsky1,
Mohamed Rezeq1,2, Stanislav Dogel1, Werner A. Hofer3 & Robert A. Wolkow1,2
1 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
2 National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
3 Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Source: University of Alberta
Explore further: Thinnest feasible nano-membrane produced
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Being hydrated is essential for our brains to function. Water helps to regulate the body’s temperature, flushes waste and toxins from the body and lubricates your joints. Increasing your water intake is also one of the key things to do if you want to improve your skin, your digestion, your energy levels, your concentration and your mood. It also supports the bodies natural detoxification pathways to flush out toxins and waste.
As a general rule, we should be drinking a minimum of 8 glasses of water per day, with an extra litre for every hour of exercise that we do. Signs that you are not drinking enough water include: a dry mouth, dark-coloured urine, headaches, low energy, poor concentration, anxiety, sugar cravings, constipation and water retention.
1. Buy a water bottle. This may seem obvious but you’re much more likely to be topping up your hydration levels if you have a water bottle in your handbag/on your desk/in your car to remind you to drink it. Always choose a glass water bottle rather than plastic – this ensures you are not consuming any BPA or BPS found in plastic water bottles. These are endocrine (hormone) disrupting chemicals which have been linked to reproductive issues (PCOS, endometriosis, period pain, infertility) as well as obesity and even some cancers.
2. Add some flavour. Sometimes the cause of not drinking enough water simply comes down to boredom of taste. Try adding blueberries, sliced lemon, grapefruit, fresh mint or sliced cucumber to keep your taste buds interested.
3. Set a reminder. Abolish the excuse “I just forget to drink water” with some handy apps to remind you to drink up. Try Daily Water or Hydro Coach.
4. Drink herbal tea. Don’t forget that herbal tea (but not black tea, and definitely not black coffee, sorry!)contributes to your daily intake of water and come with some extra health benefits. Try chamomile tea to calm a frazzled nervous system, or ginger tea for an upset tummy.
5. Eat your water. Foods such as celery, lettuce, cucumber, tomatoes and watermelon all display a high water content, so include these in your diet as much as possible.
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Fuchsia rust is caused by the fungus Pucciniastrum epilobii. The disease occurs throughout the United States and is common in Massachusetts, particularly during the winter months. The most serious losses occur during propagation; however, diseased plants at any stage of growth are unmarketable. Potted plants may recover from this disease but defoliation significantly weakens the plants and occasionally results in death.
The disease is first recognized when large circular areas of chlorosis appear on the upper surface of the leaves. On the underside, masses of yellow-orange urediospores are produced. As the disease becomes severe, the spores appear on both sides of the leaves and the circular spots become less distinct. Occasionally, the spores form along the veins. Affected leaves may be deformed and defoliation commonly occurs.
Rust fungi are highly specialized parasites that are dependent on living plants for growth and development. Most have complex life cycles that include up to five different spore stages and two different hosts to complete their life cycle. Pucciniastrum epilobii, the cause of Fuchsia rust, requires both Abies (fir) and Epilobium (fireweed) to complete its lifecycle. Fuchsia is related to fireweed and is also a host of the fungus. The life cycle is as follows. Teliospores, which allow the fungus to survive the winter, form on infected fireweed in autumn (teliospores have not been reported on fuchsia). In the spring, the teliospores germinate and produce basidiospores which infect the needles of various species of fir (in our region, white and balsam fir). Sexual conjugation of the fungus occurs on the fir needles followed by the development and release of aeciospores. The aeciospores can only infect fireweed, and perhaps fuchsia, but cannot reinfect fir. The fungus then produces urediospores on infected fireweed and fuchsia. The rusty appearing blisters on the foliage contain masses of these urediospores. The urediospores reinfect fireweed and fuchsia repeatedly, but cannot infect fir. The fungus can reside in the greenhouse, spread, and reinfect fuchsia as long as infected fuchsia or fireweed are present.
The initial source of spores may be from fireweed or fir. Stock kept outdoors during the summer may become infected by air-borne spores. Stock plants brought in from elsewhere may also be a source of the disease.
Eliminate fireweed in the vicinity of the greenhouse. Fuchsias that have rust should be discarded or isolated from healthy fuchsias. Diseased plants can be cut back to the wood, thus reducing the inoculum in the greenhouse. When plants begin to develop new foliage, it will be free of rust but a protective fungicide should be applied. Plants should be spaced to provide good air circulation. Avoid wetting the foliage during watering.
Fungicides: Many fungicides are registered to control rust diseases on ornamentals. Few of these materials list Fuchsias on their label and should be tested before applying to the entire crop. Dithane (mancozeb), Exotherm Termil (chlorothalonil), and Medallion (fludioxonil) do list Fuchsia on their labels. The following table is a selection of some commonly used fungicides for control of Rust diseases.
|Common Name||Trade Name||Rate/100 gal||Comments|
|azoxystrobin||Heritage||1-4 oz||Broad crop clearance. Apply as a preventative|
|chlorothalonil||Daconil, Echo, Manicure||5.5 fl oz||Broad crop clearance. Avoid applications during bloom.|
|flutolanil||Contrast 70 WSP||3-6 oz/100 gal||Test on plants not listed on label.|
|kresoxim-methyl||Cygnus||3.2-6.4 oz||Broad crop clearance.|
|mancozeb||Protect, Dithane, Fore||See label||Broad crop clearance.|
|myclopbutanil||Eagle||6-12 fl oz.||Test on plants not listed on label.|
|praclostrobin||Insignia||4-8 oz/100 gal||Broad crop clearance. Apply as a preventative|
|thiophanate-methyl||Cleary's 3336||12-16 oz||Broad crop clearance.|
|triadimefon||Strike||2-4 oz||Test on plants not listed on label.|
|triflumizole||Terraguard||4-8 oz||Do not use on Impatiens.|
The addition of an adjuvant such as Triton B-1956® to the fungicide will improve performance. Begin spraying at the first sign of disease and repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals. Dithane M-45® is compatible with most commonly used agricultural fungicides, insecticides and growth regulators. Consult a spray compatibility chart for specific combinations.Prepared by Dr. Robert L. Wick, Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, Fernald Hall, Room 111, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003. Tel. (413) 545-1045 Fax (413) 545-2532.
Revised 12/2013 by M.B. Dicklow
UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Laboratory
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A sort of HATBAND, presumably one designed to hold decorative FEATHERs, and fashionable in the seventeenth century as shown, for example, in the picture of the Gunpowder Plot Conspirators painted in 1605 by an unknown artist, and that of the Squire of Alsatia painted in1688 by Laroon [Cumming (1984, reprint 1987)]. The one example found in the Dictionary Archive is dated the same year as the Gunpowder Plot [Inventories (1605)].
Not found in the OED
Sources: Inventories (early).
References: Cumming (1984, reprinted 1987).
[fither bolster; ffether boulster; ffether bolster; ffeather boulster; ffeather bolster; fetherbolster; fether bolster; feather boulster; feath bolster]
A BOLSTER stuffed with FEATHERS rather than with FLOCKS, or any of the stuffings occasionally - and illegally - used. The contents of feather bolsters for sale were restricted by Parliament in 1495 to 'Dry pulled FEATHERS', with FEN DOWN and 'scalded Feathers' specifically excluded, but by implication also DEER HAIR, GOAT HAIR, HORSE HAIR and NEAT HAIR which had been 'wrought in Lime-vats'. Feather bolsters were more common than a mere count would indicate, as it seems often to have been assumed that the bolster would have the same stuffing as the bed with which it was associated as in 'One feather bed bolster and appertenances' [Inventories (1743)].
OED earliest date of use: 1533
Found described as SMALL
Sources: Acts, Inventories (early), Inventories (mid-period), Inventories (late).
[tub with feathers; tub & feathers; ffether tub]
Most households where FOWL were kept must have had need of a receptacle in which to keep the FEATHERS plucked from slaughtered birds. Presumably the feather TUB was used for this purpose, and presumably, though the examples do not mention it, the tub had some sort of cover to keep its contents safe. Entries like 'one Tubb and ffethers in it' suggest that there was nothing specific in the design of feather tubs, but that they were merely distinguished from other tubs by their contents [Inventories (1707)].
Not found in the OED online
Sources: Inventories (mid-period), Inventories (late).
The root meaning of 'fell' is a SKIN with its hair or fur still on. Later it was applied to a FLEECE. Since the descriptor 'sheepes' was used in the only example in the Dictionary Archive, 'fell' seems likely to have had the latter meaning there. On the other hand, it may be a shortened version of WOOL FELL.
OED online earliest date of use: c1000 as a skin; 1600 as a fleece
Found described by SHEEP
Sources: Acts, Inventories (early).
An AXE with a long handle suitable for felling trees. A list drawn up in the 1670s of equipment needed by a group of emigrants to America included five felling axes [Diaries (Josselyn)], which gives some indication of their importance as a wood-working TOOL.
OED online earliest date of use: 1486
Sources: Diaries, Inventories (late).
[ffellow; ffellie; felowe; fellie; fellee]
The term refers to the curved piece of WOOD that, when joined together in a GANG, formed the rim of a WHEEL. Four or five were needed to make up a four-foot front wheel of a WAGON. Felloes were made from ASH, ELM or BEECH cut and roughly shaped when still green, then left to season and harden for several years before the final shaping and fitting [Sturt (1923, reprint 1980)]. They were attached to the SPOKEs, which radiated out from the NAVE. Each of these components of a wheel was made of a different wood.
OED online earliest date of use: c888
Found described as CART, COACH
See also CART FELLOE.
Sources: Acts, Inventories (early), Inventories (mid-period), Inventories (late).
References: Sturt (1923, reprint 1980).
A TEXTILE made from WOOL or mixed fibres compressed, rolled or fulled to bind them together. Either FELT WOOL, of which there were many types, was used, or the fur from the BEAVER SKIN, CONY SKIN or RABBIT SKIN.
Felt was used mainly to make FELT HATs, and by association the term indicated both hats made of felt and, on occasion, hats in general. Many of the terms that might be expected as descriptors for felt hat are found in association with felts. Some of these denote the WOOL from which the hat was made, hence 'estridge womens felts' made from ESTRIDGE WOOL [Inventories (1604)], 'Spanish or Portingale felts' made from SPANISH FELT WOOL [Rates (1582)], or 'pollonian feltes' made of POLONIA WOOL [Inventories (1604)].
OED earliest date of use c1000 as a fabric; c1450 as a hat
Found described as with BANDs, without bands, brayed, COARSE, COLOURED, DUTCH, DYED, FINE, FRENCH, NEW, pollonian, PORTUGAL, SMALL, SPANISH, lined with TAFFETA, undyed, unlined, untrimmed, lined with VELVET, WHITE, WOOL Found made in sizes or styles suitable for BOY, CHILDREN, GIRL, MEN, WOMEN, YOUTH
Found in units of DOZEN Found rated by the DOZEN
See also FELT WOOL, HAT, RABBIT FUR.
Sources: Acts, Diaries, Houghton, Inventories (early), Inventories (mid-period), Inventories (late), Patents, Tradecards.
[felt cloke; cloakes of felt]
In the late-sixteenth century and the early seventeenth, CLOAKs made of FELT became fashionable. Both the cloaks themselves and pieces of felt of the appropriate size were apparently imported from FRANCE, where the making of FELT HATs had first been established. The entry in the Book of Rates of 1660 went into some detail, describing such felt pieces as 'for Cloaks, French-making, three yards and an half long, one yard and an half broad the felt' [Rates (1660)].
OED online earliest date of use: 1599
Found in units of PIECE
[ffelt hatt; felte hatte; felte hatt; felte hat; felt or wool stuff or beaver hat; felt or beaver stuff hats; felt hatt]
The term was often abbreviated to FELT. HATs made of FELT seem to have been developed as a manufacture in Normandy in the mid-fifteenth century from whence they were introduced into London. Their manufacture spread rapidly throughout England with an important centre just north of Bristol. Making felt hats required special short-fibred carding wool, sometimes called FELT WOOL. Much of this was imported from Spain and Portugal (SPANISH FELT WOOL), and later from Austria (ESTRIDGE WOOL) and Poland (POLONIA WOOL). Their manufacture involved several processes: carding, basining, felting, dressing, pouncing or pounding, blocking and dyeing. By 1609 the BEAVER HAT or CASTOR had been introduced using BEAVER WOOL. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, the Huguenots of Wandsworth (SW London) introduced yet another type called the Caudebac hat after the place they came from near Rouen. These hats were made of a fine, waterproof felt using a mixture of fine vicuna wool and rabbit wool [Kerridge (1985)]. Often all types were lumped together regardless of origin as 'Felt or Wool, Stuff or Beaver Hats' [Acts (1784)].
Once the basic shape had been made, a felt hat could be LINED with fashionable SILK fabrics like SARSENET, TAFFETA or VELVET [Inventories (1598)], or left UNLINED, and decorated with a HATBAND.
OED earliest date of use: 1457
Found described by NEW
Found in units of DOZEN, PIECE
Sources: Acts, Inventories (early), Newspapers, Patents.
References: Kerridge (1985).
A type of short-staple WOOL, often imported, for making FELT, particularly for HATs, felt wool is not to be confused with WOOL FELL, which was often known as 'Fell wool'. Topsell (1607), cited by the OED, gave it as an alternative name for Feltriolana, which would seem to be a term with much the same meaning. Felt wools were imported from Spain and Portugal, hence SPANISH FELT WOOL, and later from Austria as ESTRIDGE WOOL and from POLAND as POLONIA WOOL [Kerridge (1985)].
OED online earliest date of use: 1609
Found imported and rated by the POCKET
Sources: Houghton, Rates.
References: Kerridge (1985).
[fell-wort; fell wort]
The vernacular name of Gentian amarella and other native species of GENTIAN, sometimes used even of the officinal Gentiana lutea. Nicholas Culpeper began his article on Gentian, 'called also felwort and baldmony', by distinguishing between the 'gentian ... imported from beyond the sea', by which he presumably meant Gentiana lutea, and the GENTIAN ROOT of the pharmacopoeias, and the two native sorts. These, he claimed, 'have been proved by the experience of the most able physicians, to be rather of superior excellence to that of the foreign herb'. Certainly the natives gave roots that could be used in the same way as the officinal ones. Along with the usual extensive claims of virtue for the plant, Culpeper noted that there is no 'more excellent herb for strengthening the stomach, and helping the digestion'. Steeped in WINE, it 'refresheth such as are weary with travelling' [Culpeper (1653, new ed. n.d.) under Gentian]. John Houghton, quoting 'Mr Ray' commended it for 'divers physical uses' suggesting that it was equal to JESUITS BARK 'for the cure of agues' [Houghton].
OED earliest date of use: c1000
References: Culpeper (1653, new ed. n.d.).
[ffenylsyd; fennel-seed; fennell-seed; fennell; feniculi; fenelseed; fenell]
A group of fragrant umbellifers, the most important being Foeniculum vulgare. It is a short-lived perennial, but in cultivation is usually treated as a biennial or an annual, so that only the seeds have been noted in the Dictionary Archive. It was probably brought over by the Romans, but is now widely naturalised; so much so that it is one of the chief herbs mentioned in an ancient 'Nine herbs charm' quoted by Leyel. This reads: 'Thyme and Fennel, two exceeding mighty ones. These herbs the wise Lord made. Holy in Heavens; he let them down, Placed them into the seven worlds As a cure for all, the poor and the rich ...' [Leyel (1937, pb 1987)].
Two species of fennel have been widely cultivated for their medicinal and culinary virtues. The result is that several garden varieties have been developed and their nomenclature is confused; the descriptor 'COMMON' may refer to the wild or bitter variety (by Vilmorin-Andrieux labelled Foeniculum vulgare), or to the so-called garden one (called by him Foeniculum officinale) [Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885 Eng. ed.)]. Both are in fact garden plants. Foeniculum vulgare has given rise to a variant, Foeniculum vulgare var dulce, (called by Vilmorin-Andrieux Foeniculum dulce). It is now usually known as FINOCHIO or FLORENCE fennel. Culpeper adds to the confusion by stating that 'Every garden affordeth this [i.e. fennel] so plentifully, that it needeth no description' adding that 'The sweet fennel is much weaker in physical uses than the common fennel, and the wild is stronger than the tame ...', with no further help on varietal names [Culpeper (1653, new ed. n.d.)]. In the previous century Gerard had also distinguished the common from the sweet commenting that the latter 'doth not prosper well in this Countrey: for ... in the second yeare after his sowing, it will degenerate from the right kinde, and become common Fennell' [Gerard (1597, 1985 ed.)]. This suggests sweet fennel was but a superior sort of common fennel that never became truly fixed. In the Dictionary Archive it is almost impossible with any certainty to assign any entry concerning fennel to its proper headword, although sometimes the context seems straightforward. For example common fennel has been noted under 'Seeds in the Kitchen Garden' in the same document as sweet fennel was placed among 'Physical Herb Seeds' [Tradecards (n.d.)]. Both SPANISH and ENGLISH fennel seed have been noted in the same document, where the former was valued at 13d LB and the latter at 2d. Whether this is a true reflection of difference in quality it is impossible to say [Inventories (1665)]. Fennel seed had only appeared for the first time in the Rates a few years previously in 1657, suggesting that English seed had satisfied the market up to then. Maybe the introduction of imported seed initially gave it undue prestige.
According to Evelyn, fennel 'expels wind, sharpens the sight, and recreates the brain'. He recommended the young stalks be 'dressed like sellery [CELERY], while the young leaves could be minced and dressed with OIL and VINEGAR to 'correct the cold materialls' [Evelyn (1699, new ed. 1996)]. The seeds of Foeniculum vulgare were used to flavour liqueurs and to make sauces to accompany oily FISH like MACKEREL with which it was said to have an affinity [Culpeper (1653, new ed. n.d.)]. Recipes for pickling the young shoots (or possibly FINOCHIO) appear in some eighteenth-century recipe books [for example Nott (1726, 1980 facs.)]. The seeds of any of these fennels were regarded as a remedy for flatulence, but they had many other uses, such as 'to help the shortness of breath' and 'to ease the pains of as well as break the stone' [Culpeper (1653, new ed. n.d.)].
OED earliest date of use: c.700
Found described as COMMON, ENGLISH, 'Fennel Seed the lesser', SPANISH Found describing SEED, WATER Found as an ingredient of DAFFYS ELIXIR Found in units of LB, OZ
As seed: Found rated amongst the DRUGS Found rated by the POUND
See also FINOCHIO, RED FENNEL, SWEEL FENNEL.
Sources: Diaries, Houghton, Inventories (early), Inventories (mid-period), Inventories (late), Rates, Recipes, Tradecards.
References: Culpeper (1653, new ed. n.d.), Evelyn (1699, new ed. 1996), Gerard (1597, 1985 ed.), Leyel (1937, pb 1987), Nott (1726, 1980 facs.), Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885 Eng. ed.).
[fenell and damask rose water]
A form of EYE WATER made from FENNEL, of which Nicholas Culpeper wrote 'The distilled water of the whole herb or the condensate juice dissolved, but especially the natural juice, that in some counties issueth out hereof of its own accord, dropped into the eyes, cleanseth them from mists and films that hinder the sight' [Culpeper (1792)].
Not found in the OED online
See also DISTILLED WATERS.
Sources: Inventories (early).
References: Culpeper (1792).
[vynycrick; vynnicreek; vynicricke; vynicrick; venitricke; venicricke; venecricke; venecreke; finnickrike; ffenukrike; ffenukricke; ffenugreek; ffenuegreeke; ffenny crick; ffennugrick; ffenngricke; ffenigrig; ffenigrick; ffenicricke; ffenicrick; ffenerick; ffenegreg; ffenecreke; fernicricke; fenygrige; fenugreeke; fenugreck; fenucrik; fennecricke; fennecrick; fenigrige; fenigrig; fenigrecke; fenicricke; fenicrei; fenicreck; fenegrik; fenegricke; fenegrick; fenegirg; fenecricke; fenecrick]
A leguminous herb, Trigonella foencumgraecum, of the PEA family, known also as Foenum-graecum or Greek hay. It is native to the Mediterranean region and cultivated for its SEED, which are small and very hard, with virtually no aroma until heated [David (1970)]. Although Fenugreek is now used as an aromatic addition to eastern dishes, pickles and chutneys, in the early modern period it was generally used medicinally, not least because it was believed to have diuretic and cleansing qualities. Nicholas Culpeper defined Fenugreek as 'hot in the second degree, and dry in the first', and gave a long list of what it might cure [Culpeper (1653, new ed. n.d.)].
OED earliest date: c1000
Found listed under PHYSICAL HERB seeds
Found in units of BOX, LB, OZ Found in the Rate Books among the DRUGS, rated by the 112 LB, HUNDREDWEIGHT
Sources: Inventories (early), Inventories (mid-period), Inventories (late), Rates, Tradecards.
References: Culpeper (1653, new ed. n.d.), David (1970).
[fern-ashe; fern and wood-ashes]
ASHES made from burning BRAKES, FERN, HEATH or LING, etc. and a useful source of POTASH. John Houghton claimed that this was the most important ingredient in BALL SOAP [Houghton]. He claimed also that was used in some CASTILE SOAP [Houghton], a claim supported by an early patent for making SOAP [Patents (1624)]. Production seems to have been on quite a big scale, as an act in 1706 attempted to regulate the burning in Sherwood Forest due to damage caused to the Forest and the Game therein [Acts (1706)].
The 'Bracken ash' noted in one probate inventory as '27 Bushels of Bracken Ass at 4 shillings p. bushel', was presumably much the same [Inventories (1762)].
OED online earliest date of use: c1386 under Fern
Sources: Acts, Houghton, Inventories (late), Patents.
[furnamback; ffarnandobucke; fernambuco; farnambuck; buckbrassill]
A corrupt variant of Pernambuco, the name of a port in Brazil. It was an alternative name for the DYE WOOD otherwise called BRAZIL imported from the New World; hence entries like 'Brazil or Furnamback Wood' [Acts (1720)] and the confusing entry that combines the two names; 'buckbrassill iij qr'trs C at xvjs' [Inventories (1583)]. The wood was hard and reddish in colour and came from the South-American tree, Caesalpinia echinata.
OED earliest date of use: 1595
Found described as for dyers use
Found in units of C Found rated by the HUNDREDWEIGHT of 112 LB
See also BRAZIL.
Sources: Acts, Inventories (early), Rates.
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Christmas with the Presidents 1
The White House observance of Christmas before the twentieth century was not an official event. First families decorated the house modestly with greens and privately celebrated the Yuletide with family and friends.
Christmas in Early America: the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England found no Biblical precedent for a public celebration of Christmas (recall that the goal of these groups was to simplify religious worship and to cut away all religious rituals and celebrations not specifically cited in the Bible); nothing in the Bible established any date for the birth of Christ; the holiday was instead established by Roman tradition, thus making it – in their view – one of the many “pagan” holidays that had been inculcated into the corrupt church that had persecuted them, and which they and other religious leaders wished to reform. Consequently, Christmas in New England remained a regular working day. In fact, Massachusetts passed an anti-Christmas law in 1659 declaring: “Whosoever shall be found observing any such day as Christmas . . . shall pay for each offense five shillings as a fine to the country.” The law was repealed in 1681, but the holiday still was not celebrated by religious non-conformists or dissenters (i.e., the Puritans and Pilgrims); it usually was celebrated only by a few Anglicans (later Episcopalians), Catholics, and other more formal or high-church-tradition New England families. It was not until the 1830s and 1840s that Christmas celebrations were just beginning to be accepted in New England (primarily due to the influence of large-scale Christmas celebrations in cities such as New York) – although as late as 1870 in Boston public schools, a student missing school on Christmas Day could be punished or expelled. By the 1880s, however, Christmas celebrations had finally become as accepted in New England as they were in other parts of the country. 2
White House Tree History Christmas Tree Trivia:
- In 1889, the tradition of a placing an indoor decorated tree in the White House began on Christmas morning during the Presidency of Benjamin Harrison.
- In 1895, First Lady Frances Cleveland created a “technology savvy” tree when she hung electric lights on the White House tree (electricity was introduced into the White House in 1891).
- 1901-1909, Teddy Roosevelt banned the Christmas tree from the White House for environmental reasons.
- In 1923, President Calvin Coolidge started the National Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony now held every year on the White House lawn.
- In 1929, First Lady Lou Henry Hoover established the custom of decorating an official (and not just a personal) tree in the White House – a tradition that has remained with the First Ladies.
- In 1953, the Eisenhowers sought out Hallmark Cards to assist them in creating a presidential Christmas card – the beginning of the official White House Christmas card.
- In 1954, the annual Christmas tree lighting ceremony is named the Pageant of Peace. It is held each year in early December to light the National Christmas Tree and includes performances by popular entertainers before the lighting of the National Christmas Tree by the President. The National Christmas Tree remains lit through January 1.
- In 1961, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy began the tradition of Christmas Tree themes when she decorated the Christmas tree in toy trimmings from the Nutcracker Suite ballet by Tchaikovsky.
- In 1963, the first Christmas card to include an explicitly religious element was the Kennedy card featuring a photo of a Nativity Scene set up in the East Room of the White House. Jack and Jacqueline had signed 30 cards before their final trip to Dallas. None was ever mailed. The National Christmas Tree that year was not lit until December 22nd because of a national 30-day period of mourning following President Kennedy’s assassination.
- In 1969, the Pageant of Peace was embroiled in legal controversy over the use of religious symbols, and in 1973, the nativity scene that had always been part of the pageant was no longer allowed.
- In 1979, the National Christmas Tree was not lighted except for the top ornament. This was done in honor of the American hostages in Iran….
- In 1981, President Ronald Reagan authorized the first official White House ornament, copies of which were made available for purchase.
- In 1981, Barbara Bush took the first of twelve rides in a cherry-picker to hang the star at the top of the National Christmas Tree.
- In 1984, the Nativity Scene was allowed to return to the Pageant of Peace, and when the National Christmas Tree was lit on December 13th, temperatures were in the 70s, making it one of the warmest tree lightings in history.
- In 2001, the first White House Christmas card to contain a Scripture was chosen by Laura Bush. Quoting from Psalm 27, it said “Thy face, Lord, do I seek. I believe that I shall see the goodness of the Lord in the Land of the Living,” which is what Laura Bush believed would happen after the tragedy of September 11. She chose that Scripture on September 16 (only 5 days after 9/11) based on a sermon the chaplain had preached at Camp David. The Bushes regularly used Scriptures on their Christmas cards.
George & Martha Washington (1789-1797)
At a time when Christmas was still quite controversial in a new nation, Martha Washington’s holiday receptions were stiff and regal affairs, quite befitting the dignity of the office of President of the United States and invitations were much desired by the local gentry. A Christmas party was given by the Washington’s for members of Congress on Christmas Day, 1795, at which a bountiful feast was served to the guests – all men with the exception of the First Lady!
The festivities at the Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia would start at daybreak with a Christmas fox hunt. It was followed by a hearty mid-day feast that included “Christmas pie,” dancing, music, and visiting that sometimes did not end for a solid week.
Andrew & Rachel Jackson (1829-1837)
From the earliest times memorable parties have been held for the president’s children or grand-children. One of the most elaborate was President Andrew Jackson’s “frolic” for the children of his household in 1834. This party included games, dancing, a grand dinner, and ended with an indoor “snowball fight” with specially made cotton balls.
Abraham & Mary Todd Lincoln (1861-1865)
During the first Christmas of the war (1861), Mrs. Lincoln arranged flowers, read books, helped serve meals, talked with the staff, and cared for the wounded at Campbell’s and Douglas hospitals. She personally raised a thousand dollars for Christmas dinners and donated a similar amount for oranges and lemons when she heard that there was a threat of scurvy.
During the Christmas season of 1863, the Lincolns’ son, Tad, had accompanied his father on hospital visits and noticed the loneliness of the wounded soldiers. Deeply moved, the boy asked his father if he could send books and clothing to these men. The President agreed and packages signed “From Tad Lincoln” were sent to area hospitals that Christmas.
One Christmas Tad Lincoln befriended the turkey that was to become Christmas dinner. He interrupted a cabinet meeting to plead with his father to spare the bird. The President obliged by writing a formal pardon for the turkey named Jack.
Benjamin & Caroline Harrison (1889-1893)
In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison, his grandchildren, and extended family gathered around the first indoor White House Christmas tree.
Grover & Francis Cleveland (1885-1889; 1893-1897)
When Grover Cleveland first became President in 1885, there was no Christmas tree during the first Cleveland administration, but when daughters Ruth, Esther, and Marion were born, this changed in the second administration. In 1894, three years after electricity was introduced in the White House, the first electric lights on a family tree delighted the young daughters of President Grover Cleveland.
Mrs. Cleveland’s main Christmas activity, rather than entertaining and decorating, was her work with the Christmas Club of Washington to provide food, clothing, and toys to poor children in the D.C. area. She took the time to wrap and distribute gifts to the children and sat with them for a Punch and Judy show. Although Christmas Club charities in Washington date back to the 1820’s, no previous first lady had taken as prominent a role in these activities as Frances Cleveland, who helped set a tradition of good works carried on by many other First Ladies.
Theodore & Edith Roosevelt (1901-1909)
President Theodore Roosevelt, an avowed conservationist, did not approve of cutting trees for Christmas decorations. However, his son Archie smuggled in a small tree that was decorated and hidden in a closet in the upstairs sewing room.
The Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt family Christmas traditions were quite simple. On Christmas Eve, they would pile into the family sleigh (later the motor car) and travel to Christ Church in Oyster Bay, New York. Following the pastor’s sermon, TR would deliver one of his famous “sermonettes” on the meaning of the holiday. The service would close with one of his favorite hymns “Christmas By the Sea.” On Christmas morning, gifts would be opened and then the family would spend the day hiking, playing games, and going for sleigh rides.
For many years TR played Santa Claus at a school in Oyster Bay, New York, listening to the children and then giving them Christmas presents that he had selected himself.
Calvin & Grace Coolidge (1923-1929)
In 1923, President Calvin Coolidge touches a button and lights up the first national Christmas tree to grace the White House grounds. (Until 1923, holiday celebrations were local in nature.) It was the first to be decorated with electric lights – a strand of 2,500 red, white and green bulbs. While radio station WCAP broadcast the event to possibly a million Americans, the President gave no speech. The evening centered, instead, on Christmas carols and other festive music performed at the tree-lighting ceremony, including by the Epiphany Church choir and the U.S. Marine Band. Later that evening, President Coolidge and first lady Grace were treated to carols sung by members of Washington D.C.’s First Congregational Church.
That year, the erection of a National Christmas Tree was the first of several holiday practices instituted during the Coolidge Presidency that are still with us today. It was 1927 when President Coolidge issued a holiday message to the nation – and then only a brief one written by his own hand on White House stationery. Its text was carried in newspapers across the land on Christmas Day. Finally, in 1928, on his last Christmas Eve in office, the President delivered to the nation via radio the first tree-lighting speech. It was 49 words in length.
Herbert & Lou Hoover (1929-1933)
First Lady Lou Henry Hoover established the custom of decorating an official (and not just a personal) tree in the White House in 1929. Since that time, the honor of trimming a principal White House Christmas tree on the state floor has belonged to our first ladies.
Christmas 1929 was memorable for the Hoovers because an electrical fire broke out in the West Wing of the White House during a children’s party. The Oval Office was gutted, but Mrs. Hoover kept the party going. The Marine Band, meanwhile, played Christmas carols at a volume calculated to drown out the sound of the arriving fire engines.
The following year the same children were invited back for another party at which time each child was given a toy fire engine as a memento. The invitations to the 1930 party read as follows: “This is not like the Christmas parties you usually go to...for Santa Claus has sent word that he is not going to be able, by himself, to take care of all the little girls and boys he wants to this year, and he has asked other people to help him as much as possible. So if you bring some presents with you, we will send them all to him to distribute.” The party was an enormous success.
Hoover, December 25th, 1931
Your annual Christmas service . . . is a dramatic and inspiring event of national interest. It symbolizes and vivifies our greatest Christian festival with its eternal message of unselfishness, joy, and peace. 3
Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt (1933-1945)
Eleanor initiated Christmas planning each year. Her gift giving list included over 200 names. She began buying gifts in January and regularly put things away in her special “Christmas Closet.” Throughout the year she added new items – gifts for family, friends, and almost everyone on the White House Staff. Each October, she would take over a storage room on the third floor of the White House to wrap the gifts. On Christmas, Franklin would be so interested in the gifts for others that it might be three or four days after Christmas before he was persuaded to open his own.
For the President, Christmas was a time for family and close friends. The tree was set up on Christmas Eve and the President directed his grandchildren in the placement of every ornament. After the tree was decorated, FDR had the grandchildren gather around while he read Charles Dickens’ “A Christmas Carol” or recited it from memory. Following the reading, the children would race upstairs to the President’s bedroom where they would hang their stockings on his mantel.
FDR, December 24th, 1935
Around the Manger of the Babe of Bethlehem “all Nations and kindreds and tongues” [Revelation 7:9] find unity. . . . The spirit of Christmas breathes an eternal message of peace and good-will to all men. We pause, therefore, on this Holy Night and . . . rejoice that nineteen hundred years ago, heralded by angels, there came into the world One whose message was of peace, who gave to all mankind a new commandment of love. In that message of love and of peace we find the true meaning of Christmas. And so I greet you with the greeting of the Angels on that first Christmas at Bethlehem which, resounding through centuries, still rings out with its eternal message: “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good-will to men.” 4
FDR, December 24th, 1939
In the happiness of this Eve of the most blessed day in the year, I give to all of my countrymen the old, old greeting – “Merry Christmas – Happy Christmas.” . . . Let us rather pray that we may be given strength to live for others – to live more closely to the words of the Sermon on the Mount and to pray that peoples in the nations which are at war may also read, learn and inwardly digest these deathless words. May their import reach into the hearts of all men and of all nations. I offer them as my Christmas message:
“Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
“Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.
“Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth.
“Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.
“Blessed are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy.
“Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.
“Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.
“Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.” 5
FDR, December 24th, 1941 (Following Pearl Harbor)
There are many men and women in America – sincere and faithful men and women – who are asking themselves this Christmas. . . . How can we meet and worship with love and with uplifted spirit and heart in a world at war, a world of fighting and suffering and death? . . . How can we put the world aside . . . to rejoice in the birth of Christ? . . . And even as we ask these questions, we know the answer. There is another preparation demanded of this Nation beyond and beside the preparation of weapons and materials of war. There is demanded also of us the preparation of our hearts – the arming of our hearts. And when we make ready our hearts for the labor and the suffering and the ultimate victory which lie ahead, then we observe Christmas Day – with all of its memories and all of its meanings – as we should. Looking into the days to come, I have set aside a day of prayer. 6
FDR, December 24th, 1944 (Following D-Day)
Here, at home, we will celebrate this Christmas Day in our traditional American way – because of its deep spiritual meaning to us; because the teachings of Christ are fundamental in our lives; and because we want our youngest generation to grow up knowing the significance of this tradition and the story of the coming of the immortal Prince of Peace and Good Will. [He then led in a prayer for the troops] We pray that with victory will come a new day of peace on earth in which all the Nations of the earth will join together for all time. That is the spirit of Christmas, the holy day. May that spirit live and grow throughout the world in all the years to come. 7
Harry & Bess Truman (1945-1953)
It became a tradition for the First Family to go home to Independence, Missouri, for Christmas. The Chief Executive, however, always remained in Washington until after the staff party on Christmas Eve.
Truman, December 24th, 1945
This is the Christmas that a war-weary world has prayed for through long and awful years. . . . We meet in the spirit of the first Christmas, when the midnight choir sang the hymn of joy: “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.” Let us not forget that the coming of the Savior brought a time of long peace to the Roman World. . . . From the manger of Bethlehem came a new appeal to the minds and hearts of men: “A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one another.” . . . Would that the world would accept that message in this time of its greatest need! . . . We must strive without ceasing to make real the prophecy of Isaiah: “They shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning-hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.” In this day, whether it be far or near, the Kingdoms of this world shall become indeed the Kingdom of God and He will reign forever and ever, Lord of Lords and King of Kings. 8
Truman, December 24th, 1949
Since returning home, I have been reading again in our family Bible some of the passages which foretold this night. . . . We miss the spirit of Christmas if we consider the Incarnation as an indistinct and doubtful, far-off event unrelated to our present problems. We miss the purport of Christ’s birth if we do not accept it as a living link which joins us together in spirit as children of the ever-living and true God. In love alone – the love of God and the love of man – will be found the solution of all the ills which afflict the world today. 9
Truman, December 24th, 1950 (During the Korean War)
At this Christmastime we should renew our faith in God. We celebrate the hour in which God came to man. It is fitting that we should turn to Him. . . . But all of us – at home, at war, wherever we may be – are within reach of God’s love and power. We all can pray. We all should pray. . . . We should pray for a peace which is the fruit of righteousness. The Nation already is in the midst of a Crusade of Prayer. On the last Sunday of the old year, there will be special services devoted to a revival of faith. I call upon all of you to enlist in this common cause. . . . We are all joined in the fight against the tyranny of communism. Communism is godless. Democracy is the harvest of faith – faith in one’s self, faith in one’s neighbors, faith in God. Democracy’s most powerful weapon is not a gun, tank, or bomb. It is faith. . . . Let us pray at this Christmastime for the wisdom, the humility, and the courage to carry on in this faith. 10
Truman, December 24th, 1952
Through Jesus Christ the world will yet be a better and a fairer place. This faith sustains us today as it has sustained mankind for centuries past. This is why the Christmas story, with the bright stars shining and the angels singing, moves us to wonder and stirs our hearts to praise. Now, my fellow countrymen, I wish for all of you a Christmas filled with the joy of the Holy Spirit, and many years of future happiness with the peace of God reigning upon this earth. 11
Dwight & Mamie Eisenhower (1953-1961)
Unlike other Presidents who distinguished political from household staff, the Eisenhowers brought both together (more than 500 in all) for a Christmas party each year. For the White House staff, Mamie purchased gifts in area department stores, personally wrapping each one to save money.
President Eisenhower took a personal interest in the gifts and cards that were sent from the White House. Ike was an artist in his own right and allowed six of his own paintings to be used as Christmas gifts and cards during his administration. In eight years, Hallmark produced a prodigious 38 different Christmas cards and gift prints for the President and First Lady. No previous administration, nor any since Eisenhower’s, has sent such a variety of holiday greetings from the White House.
For the Christmas of 1958, Mamie pulled out all the stops in decorating the White House. She had 27 decorated trees, carols were piped into every room and greenery was wrapped around every column.
John & Jacqueline Kennedy (1961-1963)
In 1961, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy began the tradition of selecting a theme for the official White House Christmas tree. She decorated a tree placed in the oval Blue Room with ornamental toys, birds and angels modeled after Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker Suite.
The first card to contain an explicitly religious element was in 1963, which featured a photo of a crèche set up in the East Room of the White House. Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, had signed 30 cards before their final trip to Dallas where he was assassinated. None of these cards were ever mailed.
Lyndon & Ladybird Johnson (1963-1969)
Lyndon and Ladybird Johnson spent four of their six presidential Christmases in Texas rather than Washington. The Christmas of 1967 (the 7th) was special for the Johnsons because their daughter, Lynda, was married to Charles Robb in the White House on December 9th with 650 guests in attendance. The celebrating continued during Christmas and they spent that Christmas in Washington, the first in seven years.
The Johnsons final Christmas in the White House in 1968 was a time of reflection for them and the opportunity to say goodbye to their friends. On December 23rd, President Johnson sent Christmas greetings to the American troops in Southeast Asia, which included his two sons-in-law.
The First Lady committed herself to the beautification of America and the planting of trees. Except for their unplanned first Christmas in the Executive Mansion, all the cards and gift prints of later years were to feature trees.
LBJ, December 22nd, 1963
We were taught by Him whose birth we commemorate that after death there is life. . . . In these last 200 years we have guided the building of our Nation and our society by those principles and precepts brought to earth nearly 2,000 years ago on that first Christmas. 12
LBJ, December 15th, 1967
In a few days we shall all celebrate the birth of His Holiness on earth. . . . We shall acknowledge the Kingdom of a Child in a world of men. That Child – we should remember – grew into manhood Himself, preached and moved men in many walks of life, and died in agony. But His death – so the Christian faith tells us – was not the end. For Him, and for millions of men and women ever since, it marked a time of triumph – when the spirit of life triumphed over death. 13
Richard & Pat Nixon (1969-1974)
The Vietnam War was going strong when the Nixons entered the White House in 1969. Pat Nixon personally supervised an elaborate plan for decorating the White House. For the first time in a quarter century, wreaths were hung in every window. In the Great Hall stood a 19-foot fir tree with ornaments that featured the flowers of the fifty states. In response to the National Christmas Tree, war protestors set up their own tree and decorated it with soda pop cans and tin foil peace symbols.
Christmas celebrations during the following years were often filled with controversy and difficulty. In 1969, the Pageant of Peace was embroiled in legal controversy over the use of religious symbols, and in 1973, the nativity scene that had always been part of the pageant was no longer allowed.
Gerald & Betty Ford (1974-1977)
In 1975, to honor America’s upcoming bicentennial celebration, the National Christmas Tree was decorated with 4,600 red, white, and blue ornaments and 12,000 lights. On the top of the 45-foot blue spruce sat a 4-foot gold and green replica of the Liberty Bell. There were also 13 smaller trees representing the 13 colonies and 44 other trees placed in a row representing states and territories.
Ford, December 18th, 1975
As we gather here before our Nation’s Christmas tree, symbolic of the communion of Americans at Christmastime, we remind ourselves of the eternal truths by which we live. . . . In our 200 years, we Americans have always honored the spiritual testament of 2,000 years ago. We embrace the spirit of the Prince of Peace so that we might find peace in our own hearts and in our own land, and hopefully in the world as well. 14
Jimmy & Rosayln Carter (1977-1981)
One of the most interesting and controversial aspects of the Carters Presidential Christmases concerned greeting cards. In 1977, the Carters ordered and sent 60,000 Christmas cards, substantially more than any previous administration. In 1978, the number jumped to 100,000 and in 1979 when there were 105,000, President Carter finally established a White House committee to look into the problem of too many Christmas cards!
The hostage crisis in Iran dominated the holiday celebrations of 1979 and 1980. In 1979, the National Christmas Tree and fifty surrounding trees each showed a single light, one for each of the hostages. The President promised to turn on the other lights when the hostages were freed. Because the hostages were still in captivity, the following year the lights on the tree were turned on for 417 seconds on Christmas Eve – one second for each day they had been held.
Carter, December 15th, 1977
Christmas has a special meaning for those of us who are Christians, those of us who believe in Christ, those of us who know that almost 2,000 years ago, the Son of Peace was born to give us a vision of perfection, a vision of humility, a vision of unselfishness, a vision of compassion, a vision of love. 15
Carter, December 18th, 1980
In the first Christmas, the people who lived in the land of the Jews were hoping for a Messiah. They prayed God to send them that savior, and when the shepherds arrived at the place to see their prayers answered they didn’t find a king, they found a little baby. And I’m sure they were very disappointed to see that God had not answered their prayers properly, but we Christians know that the prayers had been answered in a very wonderful way. God knew how to answer prayer. 16
Ronald & Nancy Reagan (1981-1989)
In 1981, President Ronald Reagan began another custom by authorizing the first official White House ornament, copies of which were made available for purchase.
In 1984, the Nativity Scene was allowed to return to the Pageant of Peace.
Christmas in Illinois, where both Ronald and Nancy Reagan grew up, was a sharp contrast to their Christmases in Washington. The President has recalled that his family never had a really fancy Christmas. During the Depression, when they couldn’t afford a Christmas tree, his mother would decorate a table or make a cardboard fireplace out of a packing box.
Reagan, December 23rd, 1981 (click here to listen to this)
At this special time of year, we all renew our sense of wonder in recalling the story of the first Christmas in Bethlehem, nearly 2,000 year ago. Some celebrate Christmas as the birthday of a great and good philosopher and teacher. Others of us believe in the Divinity of the child born in Bethlehem, that He was and is the promised Prince of Peace. . . . Tonight, in millions of American homes, the glow of the Christmas tree is a reflection of the love Jesus taught us. . . . Christmas means so much because of one special child. 17
Reagan, December 16th, 1982
In this holiday season, we celebrate the birthday of One Who, for almost 2,000 years, has been a greater influence on humankind than all the rulers, all the scholars, all the armies and all the navies that ever marched or sailed, all put together. He brought to the world the simple message of peace on Earth, good will to all mankind. Some celebrate the day as marking the birth of a great and good man, a wise teacher and prophet, and they do so sincerely. But for many of us it’s also a holy day, the birthday of the Prince of Peace, a day when “God so loved the world” that He sent us His only begotten Son to assure forgiveness of our sins. 18
Reagan, December 15th, 1983
Many stories have been written about Christmas. Charles Dickens’ “Carol” is probably the most famous. Well, I’d like to read some lines from a favorite of mine called, “One Solitary Life,” which describes for me the meaning of Christmas. [He then read the full story.] . . . I have always believed that the message of Jesus is one of hope and joy. I know there are those who recognize Christmas Day as the birthday of a great and good man, a wise teacher who gave us principles to live by. And then there are others of us who believe that He was the Son of God, that He was Divine. If we live our lives for truth, for love, and for God, we never need be afraid. 19
Reagan, December 12th, 1985
We do not know the exact moment the Christ Child was born, only what we would have seen if we’d been standing there as we stand here now: Suddenly, a star from heaven shining in our eyes, shining with brilliant beauty across the skies, a star pointing toward eternity in the night, like a great ring of pure and endless light, and then all was calm, and all was bright. Such was the beginning of one solitary life that would shake the world as never before or since. When we speak of Jesus and of His life, we speak of a man revered as a prophet and teacher by people of all religions, and Christians speak of someone greater – a man Who was and is Divine. He brought forth a power that is infinite and a promise that is eternal, a power greater than all mankind’s military might, for His power is Godly love, love that can lift our hearts and soothe our sorrows and heal our wounds and drive away our fears. . . . If each of us could give but a fraction to one another of what He gave to the whole human family, how many hearts could heal, how much sorrow and pain could be driven away. 20
George & Barbara Bush (1989-1993)
Mrs. Bush took particular pleasure in hosting a special party for homeless children from the Central Union Mission in Washington, DC. She distributed special Christmas bags filled with gifts and then read them Christmas stories. She sometimes would tell the stories in her own words, giving it her own personal touch.
The First Lady added her own special touches to the holiday with her annual cherry picker ride to hang the star at the top of the National Christmas Tree, a trip she took 12 times beginning in the Reagan Administration as the wife of the Vice President.
Bush, December 18th, 1989
During the beautiful and holy season of Christmas, our hearts are filled with the same wonder, gratitude, and joy that led the psalmist of old to ask, “When I consider Thy heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained, What is man, that Thou art mindful of him? And the son of man, that Thou visitest him?” At Christmas, we, too, rejoice in the mystery of God’s love for us – love revealed through the gift of Christ’s birth. Born into a family of a young carpenter and his wife, in a stable shared by beasts of the field, our Savior came to live among ordinary men. Yet, in time, the miraculous nature of this simple event became clear. Christ’s birth changed the course of history, bringing the light of hope to a world dwelling in the darkness of sin and death. Today, nearly 2,000 years later, the shining promise of that first Christmas continues to give our lives a sense of peace and purpose. Our words and deeds, when guided by the example of Christ’s life, can help others share in the joy of man’s Redemption. 21
Bill & Hillary Clinton (1993-2001)
Clinton, December 22nd, 1997
The beloved Christmas story itself is a story of light, for, as the Gospel of John tells us, Jesus came into the world as “the true Light” [John 1:9] that illumines all humankind. Almost 2,000 years later, that Light still shines amid the dark places of our world. 22
Clinton, December 21st, 1999
Saint Matthew’s Gospel tells us that on the first Christmas 2000 years ago, a bright star shone vividly in the eastern sky, heralding the birth of Jesus and the beginning of His hallowed mission as teacher, healer, servant, and savior. . . . His luminous teachings have brought hope and joy to generations of believers. . . . His timeless message of God’s enduring and unconditional love for each and every person continues to strengthen and inspire us. . . . Love, peace, joy, hope – so many beautiful words are woven through our Christmas songs and prayers and traditions. 23
George & Laura Bush (2001-2009)
George W. Bush is the first president to choose a Yule card with a Scripture. First lady Laura Bush supervises the card selection. She picked cards with Bible verses when her husband was governor and has continued to do so in the White House.
In 2001 George and Laura incorporated a scripture depicting their faith in post 9/11 times. It said “Thy face, Lord do I seek. I believe that I shall see the goodness of the Lord in the Land of the Living.” Psalm 27. Laura Bush believed that this is what really happened after the tragedy of September 11.
In 2004 George and Laura sent holiday cards with a Bible verse from Psalms (95:2): “Let us come before him with Thanksgiving and extol him with music and song.”
Bush, December 6th, 2001
Now once again, we celebrate Christmas in a time of testing, with American troops far from home. . . . It is worth recalling the words from a beautiful Christmas hymn. In the third verse of “Oh Holy Night” we sing, “His law is love, and His gospel is peace. Chains ye shall break, for the slave is our brother. And in His name all oppression shall cease. . . . We fight so that oppression may cease, and even in the midst of war, we pray for peace on Earth and good will to men. 24
Bush, December 4th, 2003
Throughout the Christmas season our thoughts turn to a star in the east, seen 20 centuries ago, and to a light that can guide us still. . . . The story of Christmas is familiar to us all, and it still holds a sense of wonder and surprise. When the good news came first to a young woman from Nazareth, her response was understandable. She asked, “How can this be?” The news would bring difficulty to her family and suspicion upon herself. Yet, Mary gave her reply, “Be it unto me according to Thy word.” The wait for a new king had been long, and the manner of his arrival was not as many had expected. The king’s first cries were heard by shepherds and cattle. He was raised by a carpenter’s son. Yet this one humble life lifted the sights of humanity forever. And in His words we hear a voice like no other. . . . We don’t know all of God’s ways, yet the Christmas story promises that God’s purpose is justice and His plan is peace. At times this belief is tested. During the Civil War, Longfellow wrote a poem that later became a part of a Christmas carol, “Hate is strong and mocks the song of peace on Earth, good will to men.” That poem also reminds us that hate is not the final word: “Then pealed the bells more loud and deep, `God is not dead, nor doth He sleep, the wrong shall fail, the right prevail, with peace on Earth, good will to men.”‘ 25
1. Much of the general information in this piece concerning the Christmas practices of the presidents is directly excerpted from the primary sources: “Background Info: Christmas at the White House,” White House Historical Association (at: http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_press/press_archives/whha_info-whchristmas.pdf), “Christmas at the White House,” Herbert Hoover Presidential Library-Museum (at: http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/WHChristmas/index.html); and from the White House (at: http://www.whitehousechristmas.com/WHC/default.ASPX). The direct presidential quotes related to Christmas are each individually footnoted.(Return)
2. The information on historic Christmas in early America is taken from Celebrate Liberty (2003), David Barton, editor, pp. 192-193, n, available at http://www.wallbuilders.com/store/product170.html.(Return)
3.Herbert Hoover, “Message to the Nation’s Christmas Trees Association,” The American Presidency Project, December 25, 1931, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=22957). (Return)
4. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Christmas Greeting to the Nation,” The American Presidency Project, December 24, 1935, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15005).(Return)
5. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Radio Christmas Greeting to the Nation,” The American Presidency Project, December 24, 1939, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15854).(Return)
6. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Christmas Eve Message to the Nation,” The American Presidency Project, December 24, 1941, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16073).(Return)
7. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Address to the Nation,” The American Presidency Project, December 24, 1944, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16485).(Return)
8. Harry S. Truman, “Address at the Lighting of the National Community Christmas Tree on the White House Grounds,” The American Presidency Project, December 24, 1945, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12250).(Return)
9. Harry S. Truman, “Address in Connection With Lighting of the National Community Christmas Tree on the White House Grounds,” The American Presidency Project, December 24, 1949, Harry S. Truman’s Christmas Eve Broadcast, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13373).(Return)
10. Harry S. Truman, “Address Recorded for Broadcast on the Occasion of the Lighting of the National Community Christmas Tree on the White House Grounds,” The American Presidency Project, December 24, 1950, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13698).(Return)
11. Harry S. Truman, “Remarks Upon Lighting the National Community Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 24, 1952, Harry S. Truman’s Christmas Eve Broadcast, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14368).(Return)
12. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Lighting of the Nation’s Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 22, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson’s Christmas Eve Radio and T.V. Broadcast, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26587).(Return)
13. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Lighting of the Nation’s Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 15, 1967, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=28610).(Return)
14. Gerald R. Ford, “Remarks at the Lighting of the National Community Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 18, 1975, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=5445).(Return)
15. Jimmy Carter, “Christmas Pageant of Peace Remarks on Lighting the National Community Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 15, 1977, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=7019). (Return)
16.Jimmy Carter, “Christmas Pageant of Peace Remarks on Lighting the National Community Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 18, 1980, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=44421).(Return)
17. Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Nation About Christmas and the Situation in Poland,” The American Presidency Project, December 23, 1981, Reagan’s Christmas Address from the Oval Office, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=43384).(Return)
18. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks on Lighting the National Community Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 16, 1982, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=42123).(Return)
19. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks on Lighting the National Community Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 15, 1983, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=40873).(Return)
20. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks on Lighting the National Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 12, 1985, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=38161).(Return)
21. George H. Bush, “Message on the Observance of Christmas,” The American Presidency Project, December 18. 1989, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=17953).(Return)
22. William J. Clinton, “Message on the Observance of Christmas,” The American Presidency Project, December 22, 1997, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53733).(Return)
23. William J. Clinton, “Message on the Observance of Christmas,” The American Presidency Project, December 21, 1999, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=57106).(Return)
24. George W. Bush, “Remarks on Lighting the National Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 6, 2001, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=73502).(Return)
25. George W. Bush, “Remarks on Lighting the National Christmas Tree,” The American Presidency Project, December 4, 2003, (at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=63610).(Return)
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The Consent Process
Please note: All studies and their informed consent documents must have been reviewed and have been stamped approved by the CPHS prior to the enrollment of any human subjects. Only copies of the consent form that includes the appropriately dated CPHS approval stamp can and must be used when obtaining consent.
Informed consent to research is not simply the signing of a document, nor verbal or implied acquiescence to participation. Instead, informed consent describes a process by which potential subjects are offered information about the research as it applies to them, followed by a reasoned and voluntary decision to participate.
Whether given verbally or in writing, specific information about each study must be tailored to the level of understanding of each person invited to consent, assent or give permission. Because research subjects come from a variety of backgrounds and educational levels and are frequently under physical and emotional stress, it is important that consent forms are easy to understand. If a medical term is essential, include a lay definition.
Only after providing sufficient opportunity to consider whether or not to participate, and after possibilities for coercion or undue influence are minimized, should prospective subjects be asked for consent.
The informed consent document provides a guide for the researcher and potential subject. The document must describe the research in such a way that the potential subject will understand the information necessary to reach an informed choice about participation.
The principal investigator is responsible for ensuring that informed consent is obtained from each research subject and that the document is signed and dated appropriately. The PI remains responsible even if the obtaining of informed consent has been delegated to other members of the research team. Informed consent must be obtained prior to initiation of any screening procedures that are performed solely for the purpose of determining eligibility for research.
Signed ICFs, and all study data, are to be retained by the principal investigator for a minimum of three years.
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Volcano Worksheet Pdf
Molten rock is called magma inside the earth s crust and lava once it escapes outside.
Volcano worksheet pdf. Some of the worksheets for this concept are volcano review work work eruptions and forms of volcanoes south carolina geological survey types of volcanoes volcanoes work volcanic eruptions volcano vocabulary list definitions disaster name volcanoes fire under the surface volcano work. From volcano word searches to blank volcano diagrams to label and volcano glossary lists you. Suspended or slowed down. The volcano erupts with a huge blast.
Peanut has really been interested in cutting lately so i thought this worksheet including cutting out labels would be perfect for him. Northside isd last modified by. During a volcanic eruption gases and magma are pushed out of the opening and spill over the sides of the opening. Crater cone lava eruption ash magma 2 order the sentences 1 6.
Volcano vocabulary list definitions disaster a sudden calamity especially one causing widespread damage or suffering. Older students can use this printable to take notes during the lesson or for volcano themed creative writing such as a poem or story. 1 magma pushes up the hole in the volcano. The layers of lava make a cone.
1 21 2015 5 36 00 pm company. Volcanoes exercises 1 use the words in the box to label the picture. Imagine slicing one in half and seeing what s inside. These volcano worksheets are designed from the outset to appeal to those wishing to learn about volcanoes and tectonic processes.
Erosion the process by which material from the earth s surface is worn away by forces such as glaciers wind and waves. A volcano is an opening in earth s crust that lets molten rock escape from deep inside the earth. Displaying top 8 worksheets found for types of volcanoes. Gas ash and burning rock shoot out of the peak.
Volcano types worksheet author. The parts of a volcano free worksheet volcanoes have different parts. Plates earthquakes and volcanoes maite cózar activity 18 fill in the blanks with the words below sliding pushing pulling new ocean floor volcanoes earthquakes new mountains unscramble the words and complete the questions push into each other slide past each other pull apart 1 what happens when tectonic plates. Dormant in a state of temporary inactivity or rest.
Volcano theme paper use the volcano theme paper to have students to write a report detailing what they ve learned about volcanoes.
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Reverse Insulin Resistance NOW
Is this you?
- Do you have a belly that exceeds your hips?
- Are you still hungry or crave sweets after your meals?
- Do you feel groggy and foggy after your meals?
- Do you have high LDL Cholesterol, high blood pressure, high blood sugar and high Triglycerides.
If this does sound like you, you are not alone. Atleast 70-80 million people in the US alone have Insulin Resistance. The good news is – you can prevent it and reverse it naturally with diet, lifestyle and nutritional interventions.
What is Insulin Resistance?
Insulin Resistance (also known as Pre-Diabetes) is when our body no longer hears the message of insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood by helping glucose get into the cells. It opens the door to your cells for glucose to get in.
This can go very wrong if someone has too much sugar and carbohydrate intake over a long period of time. This makes insulin get very tired of hearing the message over and over to store MORE sugar into the cells. The result is Insulin Resistance. Insulin Resistance is when insulin cannot open the door to your cells anymore to drop off sugar for it to be burned as energy. That sugar begins to damage the tissues of the body and is also stored as fat and triglycerides. The insulin also remains high because it is trying so hard to get your blood sugar into your cells. Eventually, this can lead to Type 2 Diabetes as your pancreas wears down it’s production of insulin.
Signs of Insulin Resistance are:
- Extra Weight (particularly around the middle)
- Type 2 diabetes
- Blood Sugar Imbalances
- High blood pressure
- Abnormal cholesterol levels
- Heart disease
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Why the Worry?
Insulin Resistance, also known as Metabolic Syndrome and Pre-Diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions around the globe with 70-80 million people in the US alone.
Insulin Resistance has become recognized as the gateway to many of the chronic diseases that have emerged so strongly in the 21st century. Many of the chronic diseases today are offshoots of Insulin Resistance. It is the starting point of a variety of diseases processes such as:
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Cancers (prostate, breast, ovarian)
It is a condition that can have devastating consequences. It is also a condition that can be prevented AND reversed with diet, lifestyle and specific nutritional interventions. Yes, there IS something you can do about it.
Why the Belly?
You might call it a potbelly, a pooch, a gut, a beer belly. This is one of the best indicators that you may have an early or progressed stage of Insulin Resistance. Look down at your toes. Do you see your belly instead of your toes? Or stand to the side and look at yourself in the mirror. You get the point. Most likely, you KNOW if your belly exceeds your hips. Nonetheless, this is an indication that you may very well be developing Insulin Resistance.
With Insulin Resistance, your insulin levels remain high. There are many insulin receptors in tummy fat. Insulin is a fat storage hormone. High levels of insulin block you from burning fat and enhances fat storage. Double whammy.
Not only that, belly fat is unlike other fat in your body. It is charged with fat and inflammatory “switches”. Ready and waiting at any moment to make fat and inflammation. These messages from your belly fat communicate to the rest of your body creating problems that result in chronic disease. Inflammation in the belly fat can mean inflammation in any other part of the body – including the brain.
There are 2 Types of Belly Fat
They are both serious health risks, however they are each a little different. Both of them greatly increase the risk your risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, various forms of cancer, and other chronic, degenerative diseases.
- Subcutaneous Fat - This fat lies directly beneath the skin and on top of the abdominal muscles.
- Visceral Fat - This fat lies deeper in the abdomen beneath your muscle and surrounding your organs. Visceral fat gives men the "beer belly" appearance where their abdomen protrudes excessively but at the same time, also feels sort of hard if you push on it. This type of fat is more dangerous. It releases more inflammation into the body.
Prevent and Reverse your Insulin Resistance
Insulin Resistance is a serious condition that can lead to a variety of chronic diseases that have a devastating potential. You CAN prevent AND reverse your Insulin Resistance before it is too late. Take charge today. Reverse your Insulin Resistance Now. Schedule your "Complimentary Energy Breakthrough Session" now. ($295 Value)
Hypoglycemia is another serious condition regarding blood sugar regulation. Hypoglycemia is when your blood sugar has gone too low. Low blood sugar results in an inadequate supply of glucose to the brain and causes a serious strain to the body and can be dangerous.
Typically, people may notice symptoms such as shakiness, weakness and altered mood and thinking when they have waited too long to eat or have missed a meal. Ever notice that you get cranky and a little shaky when you have missed a meal?
Hypoglycemia is serious. This is your body in an acute stress response to get glucose (blood sugar) to the brain. If you continually put your body through this cycle of stress you are prematurely aging your body AND your brain.
Do you ever:
- Crave sweets during the day?
- Get irritable if meals are missed?
- Depend on coffee to keep yourself going or started?
- Get lightheaded if meals are missed?
- Feel like eating relieves fatigue?
- Feel shaky, jittery, or have tremors?
- Get agitated, easily upset, nervous?
- Have poor memory or feel forgetful?
- Wake up in the middle of the night?
Hypoglycemia goes way beyond just making you feel weak and shaky. Your adrenals are releasing stress hormones to shake stored sugar from your muscles and liver. That is why you get cranky and shaky. You have cortisol and adrenaline being released into your system triggering a process to pull stored sugar from your muscles and liver into your blood stream so it can get to the brain and your cells.
Simultaneously, insulin is released to help the glucose get into the cells and to bring the blood sugar back down to normal. All of this happens when you wait too long to eat or skip a meal. Consider it a roller-coaster that happens at the expense of your healthy sugar metabolism AND your health. Over time this roller coaster will damage your brain, make your pack on belly weight and set the stage for insulin resistance and premature aging.
Sound extreme? Well, it’s not. For example, chronic bouts of low blood sugar impact your brain in many ways. One of the many ways is that when cortisol is released in response to your low blood sugar (remember cortisol is released to get your blood sugar back up to normal), the cortisol impacts a part of your brain called the Hippocampus. This part of brain is what enables your short term memory. Have you ever waited too long to eat or skipped meals and felt like your memory was diminished? Well, your hippocamus is being affecting in addition to brain fog kicking in because of the lack of glucose for your brain cells to function optimally.
Additionally, chronic bouts of low blood sugar will make you susceptible to pack on belly weight. Why? Because of the chronic release of cortisol and insulin to regulate your blood sugar back to normal. Both cortisol and excess Insulin will make you pack on weight around your belly.
All of this puts tremendous strain on your Adrenals, the small walnut sized glands that sit on top of your kidneys. Every time your blood sugar goes low, your adrenal glands have to rally to secrete cortisol and adrenaline. This can fatigue and wear out your adrenal glands to the point of making you ALWAYS feel tired.
To avoid hypoglycemia it is import to eat glycemically balanced meals and not go more than 5 hours without eating. Avoid eating sugars, caffeine, sugary drinks and excessive carbohydrates. For snacks have something with a little protein, fat and carbs, such as a sliced apple with almond butter.
If you feel want to prevent or reverse Hypoglycemia, please Schedule your "Complimentary Energy Breakthrough Session" now. ($295 Value)
May You Be Well & Thrive!
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60% of wild animal populations have been lost in the past 40 years. In addition, farming contributes to CO2 buildup in the atmosphere leading to climate change. It also results in soil degradation, and water and air pollution.
In 1986 the EU introduced the first agri-environment scheme which was carried out in the UK. Agri-environment schemes now operate throughout the EU. These are schemes which pay farmers to carry out ecosystem services and biodiversity renewal on their land. Examples include afforestation grants, restoration of bogs and wetlands, carbon sequestration and measures to increase the population of pollinators. (A full list and description of ecosystem services can be found below).
Ecosystem services are grouped into four broad categories: Provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and oxygen production; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Ecosystem services have an economic value and the associated grants attempt to reflect this.
EU agri-environmental legislation provides that every Member State may enact its own regulations specifying standards and environmentally sensitive areas. Thus Member States have substantial scope for adapting basic principles and implementing them in their own way.
The UK has developed several agri-environment schemes. The Countryside Stewardship scheme, for example, provides grants for woodland creation and management, organic land management, management of hedgerows, support for bird habitats, wildlife support, etc.
‘Glastir’ is a sustainable land management scheme in Wales launched in 2012. Its goals include “combating climate change, improving water management and maintaining and enhancing biodiversity.” It aims to deliver measurable outcomes at both a farm and landscape level in a cost effective way.
All these schemes allow farmers to continue to raise animals on their land. In our recent publication ‘Transition to an Irish Vegan Agricultural System’ we recommended that subsidies should ideally only be granted to farmers who divest from animal farming and transition to ecosystems services and plant-based farming.
The following is a list of examples of Ecosystems Services, followed by a brief explanation of each:
- Biodiversity Restoration
- Restoration of bogs
- Restoration of wetlands
- Restoration of native grasslands
- Carbon Sequestration
- Pollination of crops and other plants
- Provision of clean drinking water
- Flood attenuation measures
- Maintenance of soil health
- Maintenance of Aquatic Systems
- Creation of protected areas
- Food production
Much of the world’s native forests were originally cut down in order to create pasture for grazing animals. Today the average forest cover in the EU is 34%. In the UK it is 13%, in Ireland 11%, Australia 17% and in the US it is 33%.
Forests are powerful carbon dioxide sinks. Cutting down forests simply adds to the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere. Most countries now have afforestation projects which incentivise farmers to plant trees on their land.
This is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats. Restored habitats help to increase the populations of wild species which are currently in major decline such as birds, bees, butterflies, aquatic species and wild animals.
Restoration of Bogs:
Bogs are of high importance for biodiversity and have distinctive assemblages of animal, fungal and plant species. The peat in bogs is an important place for the storage of carbon. If the peat decays, carbon dioxide would be released to the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Undisturbed, bogs function as a carbon sink.
Restoration of wetlands:
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. Water saturation largely determines how the soil develops and the types of plant and animal communities living in and on the soil. Wetlands may support both aquatic and terrestrial species. The prolonged presence of water also creates conditions that favour the growth of specially adapted plants.
Restoration of native grasslands:
Native grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses. Sedge, rush, clover, herbs and native wildflowers also thrive in grasslands.
Soil, forests, peat bogs and wetlands all play a part in carbon sequestration. Soils hold four times the amount of carbon stored in the atmosphere. About half of this is found deep within soils. Globally, soils are estimated to contain approximately 1,500 gigatons of organic carbon to 1m depth, more than the amount in vegetation and the atmosphere. The total carbon reservoir in Irish forestry exceeds 1 billion tonnes, most of which is in the soil.
In the days prior to mechanisation and intensification farming was very pollinator friendly because it was rich in flowering plants, hay meadows and annual flowers in cereal crops. There were more wildflowers along lanes and in field corners due to less spraying. There were more flowers in hedgerows due to less mechanisation, and countries grew more of their own fruits and vegetables. In the past 50 years, advances in farming have reduced the amount of flowers and the result is that we now have fewer bees.
Actions that can be taken to encourage pollinators include:
- Maintaining native flowering hedgerows
- Allowing wildflowers to grow around the farm
- Providing nesting places for wild bees
- Minimising or eliminating artificial fertiliser use
- Reducing or eliminating pesticide use
Provision of clean drinking water:
Drinking water can become contaminated as the result of runoff from agricultural land. This runoff may include slurry, antibiotics, pesticides, fertilisers and other chemicals. Slurry is a source of E.coli contamination which can be fatal.
Excessive quantities of Nitrogen and Phosphorous (contained in fertilisers) can reach the water causing eutrophication (ie. the overabundant growth of green plant material in water).
It is important that farmers switch to organic farming methods which avoid the use of both chemicals and artificial fertilisers. By divesting from animal farming the problem of slurry and antibiotic contamination is eliminated.
Flood alleviation measures:
Measures that can be taken to help mitigate or prevent flooding include :
- Planting of hedges
- Restoration of native grassland and wetland
- Planting vegetation on bare ground, especially in winter
- Ensuring that land is not compacted by the use of heavy machinery
- Ensuring that field drains are not put in place in areas where these are found to contribute to flooding, or breaking existing field drains which are contributing to flooding.
Maintenance of soil health:
Soil is a living ecosystem, essential for human and environmental health. Soil is a biological engine where micro-organisms play a fundamental role in the decomposition of organic matter into nutrients available for plants, animals and humans. Together with larger organisms, such as earthworms, these micro-organisms contribute to the structure of the soil making it more permeable to water and gases which is very important in recharging surface and ground water resources and preventing flooding. Besides providing a habitat for below-ground biodiversity, soil is essential for the survival of most above-ground species. Chemical pollution by fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics can destabilize the population dynamics of soil organisms, by affecting their reproduction, growth and survival.
Aquatic systems include rivers, ponds, lakes and streams. Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for fishes, molluscs, insects, plants and mammals. These ecosystems are also the most threatened – they are strongly affected by habitat modification, fragmentation and destruction, invasive species, overfishing, pollution, forestry practices, disease and climate change. These combined threats have led to catastrophic declines in freshwater biodiversity.
These are areas which are protected because of their environmental, scenic or landscape value, biodiversity value, geodiversity value, and cultural or historic value. They include national parks, nature reserves, world heritage sites, marine nature reserves, environmentally sensitive areas, areas of outstanding natural beauty, special areas of conservation, special protection areas and biosphere reserves.
Food production is another service provided by the ecosystem. Modern methods of growing food crops involve mono-cropping and the use of pesticides, fertilizers and heavy machinery – all of which have detrimental effects. Ideally, food production should be organic, thereby eliminating the use of chemicals.
Vegan organic food production methods have demonstrated huge yields when compared to traditional methods. In 2018 The Humane Party in the US produced a report comparing the productivity of a small-scale vegan-organic farm to conventional and organic agriculture outputs. Their findings were as follows:
- The vegan-organic farm was 2.3% more productive than conventional and 41.6% more productive than organic farming methods.
- The vegan-organic farm generated 868% more income than conventional and 421% more income than organic agriculture practices per kilogram of produce.
- The vegan-organic farm was 33.5% more productive than conventional and 85% more productive than organic farming methods when on-farm waste is considered.
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Where the Buffalo Roam
At Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway, the official Texas State Bison Herd sets the mood for a true Wild West adventure.
By Elaine Robbins
"No more buffalo/blue skies or open road," sings James McMurtry in his ballad No More Buffalo. McMurtry apparently hasn't been to Caprock Canyons. In this Panhandle park, you can still find classic John Wayne scenery and a Wild West experience far from the madding crowds.
Where the grasslands of the High Plains give way to red rock canyons, you can hitch up your horse — or mountain bike — and ride across the wide-open spaces under endless blue skies. In this setting, it doesn't come as a surprise when you first glimpse buffalo (bison) grazing in the distance.
But even though McMurtry's lyrics aren't entirely literal, there is trouble brewing under this big blue sky, as there usually is in the world of the Hollywood western. This historic herd — the remnants of the herd that Panhandle cattleman Charles Goodnight started in 1876 — faces an uncertain future. Down from a peak of 250 in 1933, the herd now numbers just 59 animals, and recent birth rates have been disappointing.
When James Derr, associate professor of veterinary pathobiology with Texas A&M's College of Veterinary Medicine, was called in to help, he suspected that genetic inbreeding caused by more than a century of geographic isolation was the culprit. "Bison are incredibly fertile animals," says Derr. "Almost every other bison herd has the problem of excess animals. Right now there's probably a couple thousand too many bison at Yellowstone or Wind Cave National Park or Badlands National Park or the National Bison Range in Montana. But when we go to Caprock Canyons, that's not what we see."
Using sophisticated DNA technology, Derr tested the genetic variation in the Caprock Canyons bison herd. "We found out they had significantly less genetic variation than any of the federal herds and most of the state and private herds." Natalie Halbert, a postdoctoral research associate in veterinary medicine at Texas A&M University, created computer models to simulate potential outcomes for the herd. "Given the current problems with natality and mortality and the lack of genetic variation at present," she says, "it's most likely in the next 50 years the population is probably not going to survive."
But now media mogul and conservationist Ted Turner is riding to the rescue. It seems fitting that the man who helped preserve many classic western movies is now helping biologists save another icon of the American West. In 2003, Turner donated three young bulls from one of his New Mexico herds. This summer, one of the bulls was bred to several females from the Goodnight herd. "We hope to inject some genetic variability without altering the unique DNA of this herd," says Danny Swepston, who oversees the Caprock herd as the TPWD's Panhandle wildlife district leader.
If the experiment is a success, it will lead to a more stable future for the historic herd, believed to be the last of the great Southern Plains bison herd, which was split from the northern herd in the 19th century, when the transcontinental railroad was built. Although most people associate the bison with places like South Dakota and Yellowstone, it is actually a Texas native species that ranged most of the state. (The Yellowstone herd was actually started, in part, with animals from Texas's Goodnight herd.) "People think of the Panhandle as being the only prairie area, but if you look at an ecological map, you'll see that we had the Blackland Prairie, the Cross Timbers area, the Gulf Coast Prairie," says Swepston. "Bison covered, in varying degrees, every part of Texas except the Trans-Pecos and parts of the Pineywoods of East Texas. In fact, the first sighting of a bison in Texas by a European was just west of Houston."
Bison were ideally suited to the prairie. They thrived on the rich native grasses. As they moved, their hooves tilled the earth, and their dung fertilized it. Their wallows and hoof prints held water that sustained other species. Since they traveled more than cattle do, they improved rather than degraded the land. "They didn't have clear migration patterns like, say, the wildebeest in Africa's Rift Valley," says Derr. "They were moving to find the best and most nutritious grasses."
Although 100 years of isolation — first on Goodnight's JA Ranch and now on the state park — has threatened their genetic variability, Derr believes this resilient creature will survive the current challenge. "Really, bison should have become extinct with all the other large mammals at the end of the Pleistocene," he says. "But clearly bison are a survivor species. They survived numerous population crashes in the past where they completely disappear from the fossil record. I think their genetic architecture provides them the ability to survive population crashes of that nature."
Riding the Range
But travelers to Caprock Canyons State Park will find more than bison — and a new pair of genes — to set the Wild West mood. You can soar across the landscape with the windows down in your pickup truck while playing the ballads of The Flatlanders — Joe Ely, Jimmie Dale Gilmore and Butch Hancock. For sheer scenery, it's hard to beat the 55-mile Quitaque-Silverton-Turkey loop. (Quitaque, pronounced KITTY-kway, is the nearest town to the park.) Stop along the way in Turkey, former home of the king of western swing, Bob Wills, and peer in at the Bob Wills Museum and the old-time 1927 Hotel Turkey.
The 6-mile drive along the park road offers terrific canyon views. A new observation platform will include viewing scopes for peering down at a portion of the herd in the new 28-acre bison addition to the breeding facilities. The distance between the viewing platform and the pen gives the bison the chance to live in a wild state.
The 64-mile converted rail-trail invites horseback riders and mountain bikers. The park staff at Caprock provides water stations for horses, but bring plenty of potable water for humans. To complete the backcountry experience, bring a bedroll and camp along the trailway.
For beginning bikers, the best stretch is the 5-mile route from Monk's Crossing to the 742-foot-long Clarity Tunnel, a former railroad tunnel now listed in the National Register of Historic Places and is home to a colony of Brazilian free-tailed bats.
But the most spectacular segment is the 17-mile, one-way trip from South Plains to Monk's Crossing. Park at Monk's Crossing and catch a shuttle to South Plains. From there, the route starts in the cotton fields of the High Plains but it quickly turns to the red rock of the Caprock Escarpment. Pedal through the beautiful Quitaque Creek valley and then head through the Clarity Tunnel. Along the way, you'll cross steep canyons and lovely cottonwood creeks. Keep a sharp eye out for mule deer, African Aoudad sheep, white-tailed deer and bobcats.
Besides the trailway, there are 26 more miles of trails in the park itself. The seven-mile Upper Canyon Trail — for hikers only — takes you deep into South Prong and North Prong canyons. Leave the Tevas at home: There's a good reason John Wayne wore cowboy boots (think rattlesnakes). The trail begins in the canyon bottom, where it crisscrosses a sandy, meandering creek. Next, a steep climb sends you scrambling up the canyon walls. When you make it panting to the top, you'll be rewarded with an expansive view of a remnant piece of High Plains. Traverse the shortgrass prairie and then descend into North Prong Canyon. There, you can cool down at Fern Cave, a seeping overhang quivering with maidenhair ferns. Descend to the canyon bottom, where Rocky Mountain junipers provide just enough shade relief to prepare you for the last leg of the hike. The final trek across a sun-baked Badlands landscape brings to mind a Gary Larson cartoon in which two vultures quip over a carcass, "At least it's a dry heat."
If you like a less strenuous park experience, Caprock offers swimming, boating and fishing in Lake Theo. Or you can just pull up your RV or Range Rover, toss some grub on the grill and sit back and enjoy the spectacular sunset. As the sun sets, raise a toast to the great herds that once thundered across the prairies and plains. Perhaps someday soon they'll be restored to their place on the prairie to roam wild once again.
Back from the Brink
The bison you see today are survivors of a troublesome chapter in U.S. wildlife history: the near extermination of the great herds. Millions of bison once thundered across the prairies and plains of the American West. Just picture what one observer saw on an 1871 cattle drive through the Panhandle: "On a plain about halfway between the Red Fork and the Salt Fork we had to stop our herds until the buffalo passed. Buffalo, horses, deer, antelope, wolves and some cattle were all mixed together and it took several hours for them to pass, with our assistance, so we could proceed with our journey. I think there were more buffalo in that herd than I ever saw of any living thing, unless it was an army of grass-hoppers in Kansas in July 1874."
The slaughter that followed was spurred by a combination of factors: demand for buffalo robes, simple bloodlust and a deliberate campaign to decimate the Plains Indians, who stood between the settlers and the rangeland they coveted. Wrote Wyman Meinzer in these pages in May 1998: "Fueled by the European demand for robes and industrial leather, the slaughter of the Texas bison herd began in earnest in spring of 1874. By late 1878, buffalo hunters had killed more than 3.5 million of these animals across the Texas plains. When the big Sharps rifles finally fell silent, only a few hundred animals remained."
Mary Ann Goodnight, the wife of Panhandle cattleman Charles Goodnight, realized that the slaughter was sending the buffalo to the brink of extinction. She urged her husband to save a few of the animals, and he captured five wild bison calves to start the herd in 1876. The herd was donated to the TPWD in 1997 by the JA Ranch. San Angelo State Park and Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site also have bison, but they are not part of the official state herd.
Today bison populations have rebounded to about 350,000 to 400,000 head living in public and private herds. All of them are descendants of five foundational herds established in the late 1880s to save the species from extinction.
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It's no secret the great outdoors is great for your health. Find out why from three Australian wellness experts.
Since ancient times, gardens have been considered healing spaces, allowing people to roam freely, think silently and breathe deeply. However, for most of us gardening time means an hour on the weekend or a few frenzied days per season.
We asked the experts about the most common health benefits of gardening so you may be more inspired to get your hands dirty this weekend!
1. It's a Practical Workout
"From an energy perspective, a 60kg person walking briskly for 30 minutes will burn approximately 527kJ, and when gardening approximately 284 kJ's," explains nutritionist, author and founder of Nutritional Edge, Zoe Bingley-Pullin. "Energy aside, lifting, pulling and swinging all work on muscle tone and core strength and you will likely feel muscles you previously had no idea of!" she says.
2. Soak Up those Rays
"Gardening allows you to spend more time outside in the sun, which helps increase the body's ability to produce vitamin D," explains Lisa Guy, naturopath and founder of Bodhi Organic Tea. "You need this essential nutrient for healthy bones and teeth, for a strong immune system, and to help prevent chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and depression."
3. It Reduces Stress
Taking time out in the fresh air doing a mindful activity such as gardening is an easy way to reduce stress levels. Studies have shown being in nature can reduce levels of the stress hormone cortisol so taking a break during the day to tend to your garden or end your day in the backyard is an excellent way to give your body some time out to relax and unwind. In today's society, we are ‘on' 24/7 so acting to preserve our mental wellbeing is critical, experts agree.
"Gardening is a complex activity which encompasses all aspects of health and wellness in a process that achieves both therapeutic and preventive measures for both body and soul while experiencing the joys of nature," explains Sydney-based GP Dr. Jillian Forer.
4. It's Fruitful - in More Ways then One!
Gardening allows you to grow your food, free from pesticides and herbicides. "What better way to look after your health than to eat fresh, seasonal, organic fruits, veggies and herbs from your garden?" asks Lisa. "According to a pilot study by the Swedish Environmental Research Institute 2015, pesticide levels decreased in urine samples taken from a family that switched from a non-organic diet to an organic diet," she continues. "Eating organic reduces the levels of some chemicals which our food exposes us to, which can help reduce any damaging long-term health effects."
5. A Total Sensory Experience
Gardening can evoke feelings of connection, grounding and a sense of purpose within a larger reality. "Contact between your skin and ground whether it be grass or soil is an act of 'earthing,'" explains Zoe, "a fast-growing movement linking the connection to earth's natural energy with vibrant health."
Gardening simultaneously enhances each sense, explains Dr. Jill. "Sight by the vision of the vast green and blue open spaces, sound by birdsong and the rustle of leaves, touch by the textures of foliage and soil, taste by sampling the fruits of your labour and smell through the fragrance of blossoms."
6. Rest and Relaxation
"Breathing in and out fresh air when gardening is a way to slow down the nervous system and switch our body into rest and digest mode," Zoe explains. "There is also some suggestion exposure to bacteria found within soil can trigger the release of serotonin, our neurotransmitter responsible for feelings of happiness and relaxation," she adds, "so it may be time to take the gardening gloves off!"
7. A Sense of Self
It's undeniable that nurturing your plants will lead to feelings of love, fulfillment and feeling proud that you have nurtured seedlings into a new life form, Zoe points out. "Similarly, knowing where your food comes from can increase your appreciation for it and allow you to feel more satisfied with less."
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The Nooksack River is a beautiful part of Ferndale. But it is not without its hazards. Flooding is something to be prepared for all year round. Keep your eye on the river forecast graph as provided by the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service and National Weather Service and shared here.
This graph from NWS Seattle shows recent history and the current forecast for the river level at the point where it flows under the Main Street bridge in Ferndale.
How to read the graph:
Look to the left axis for the river level in feet and recent past and upcoming dates along the bottom axis.
More information from the National Weather Service website:
At 23 feet (major flood stage)
The Nooksack River will cause major near record flooding from near Ferndale downstream to the mouth, overtopping levees on both sides of the river and flooding roadways on the Lummi Peninsula including Haxton Way. Deep and swift flood waters will inundate residential areas…farm lands…and roads. In addition…flood waters could overflow and flood the Sumas drainage. Flooding will occur all along the river including headwaters…tributaries…and other streams within and near the Nooksack River Basin.
At 22 feet
The Nooksack River will overflow levees and banks along the east bank of the river from Hovander Park downstream to Marietta, causing widespread flooding from near Ferndale downstream to the mouth with swift waters in residential areas and over farmlands and roads. Erosion may damage some river banks. Flooding within the City of Ferndale affects Main Street in the vicinity of the Whatcom Transportation Authority Station.
At 20.5 feet (moderate flood stage)
The Nooksack River will overflow levees and banks along the east bank of the river from Hovander Park downstream to Marietta, causing widespread flooding from near Ferndale downstream to the mouth with swift waters in residential areas and over farm lands and roads. Erosion may damage some river banks.
At 20 feet
The river will flood additional areas within the City of Ferndale including low-lying residential areas and roads including Washington Street, Portal Way and 2nd Avenue.
At 18 feet (minor flood stage)
The river begins overtopping its banks within the City of Ferndale flooding low-lying areas within the City and low pasture lands along the river from near Ferndale downstream to the mouth. Impacted areas can include VanderYacht and Hovander Homestead Parks.
At 17 feet
The Nooksack River will overtop levees along Bertrand Creek and near Marine Drive, causing shallow flooding of low pasture lands along the river and additional roadways within the floodplain including Slater Road.
At 16 feet
The river begins spilling over its banks into low pasture lands flooding some roadways that are not protected by levees including Marine Drive and Ferndale Road.
At 15 feet (based on historical observations)
- Expect water over the roadway on Ferndale Road north of Marine Drive and also north of Slater Road
- Expect water over the roadway at the corner of Barrett and Paradise Roads
- Expect flooding of the WDFW parking lot on Marine Drive
- Expect water over the roadway at corner of Marine Drive south of Country Lane
Minor Flooding – minimal or no property damage, but possibly some public threat or inconvenience.
Moderate Flooding -some inundation of structures and roads near streams. Some evacuations of people and/or transfer of property to higher elevations
Major Flooding – extensive inundation of structures and roads. Significant evacuations of people and/or transfer of property to higher elevations.
NOTE: Official minor and moderate flood stage levels were lowered in October of 2017
|Flood Stage||New minimum level||Old minimum level|
|Minor Flood||18.0 Feet||19.0 Feet|
|Moderate Flood||20.5 Feet||21.0 Feet|
|Major Flood||23.0 Feet||23.0 Feet|
Each category has a NWS definition based on property damage and public threat.
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