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Today the world’s most used Internet search engine, Google, turns 12 years old. Google was previously unclear about the exact date, sometimes celebrating their birthday on the 7th of September. It has been solidified by the logo on the Google webpage today though. Here are some interesting facts about Google: - The Google.com domain was registered on September 15, 1997. - Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Page and Brin while they were attending Stanford University. - Google was founded in September 1998 in Menlo Park, California in the United States by Sergey M. Brin and Lawrence E. Page. - Google’s index of web pages is the largest in the world, comprising of billions of web pages. - Google searches this immense collection of web pages often in less than half a second. - Google became popular by way of word of mouth. To date no television or radio advert campaigns have been run to promote the company. - Today Google has a world-class staff of more than 2600 employees (known as Googlers). - The company headquarters is called the Googleplex and is located in Mountain View, California. - Users can restrict their Google searches for content in 35 non-English languages, including Chinese, Greek, Icelandic, Hebrew, Hungarian, Estonian and Afrikaans. - The Google search engine receives about 1 billion search requests per day. - The name ‘Google’ was an accident. A spelling mistake made by the original founders who thought they were going for ‘Googol’. Google has become such an integrated part of the Internet and the world today. The term “Google It” has been thrown around in conversations all around the world in the last few years. Feel free to share this post with your friends if you’ve found it interesting. Feedback on this post is also appreciated.	<urn:uuid:b944d92c-5ac4-4707-82f9-60e9cf0c7950>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://blog.junkmail.co.za/happy-12th-birthday-google/446	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735792.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803083123-20200803113123-00598.warc.gz	en	0.964363	394	2.84375	3
By Foodism Team PCOS – Must-have and Must-avoid Foods Diet suggestions to relieve PCOS Symptoms An informal recce reveals that an estimated one in five (that comes to 20 per cent) Indian women suffer from a hormonal disorder termed Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). If not monitored in time and controlled by a proper diet and lifestyle, the condition can have serious health impacts. Foodism brings to you a brief on PCOS along with foods to abstain from and foods to intake for women suffering from PCOS About Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) What is PCOS? PCOS is a hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges. It is typically earmarked by irregular periods or by no menstruation at all. Women with PCOS archetypically have multiple cysts in their ovaries, caused by an overproduction of hormones called androgens. Albeit the exact cause of PCOS is yet not known; but few factors that may play a role include- - Excess insulin which may increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation - Low-grade inflammation (white blood cells' production of substances to fight infection) which stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens, which can lead to heart and blood vessel problems - Research suggests that certain genes might be linked to PCOS - Excess androgen produced by the ovaries resulting in hirsutism and acne Common symptoms include: - Menstrual irregularity - Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) - Male pattern baldness Women with unmanageable PCOS may be at greater risk for: - Heart disease - Endometrial (uterine lining) cancer - High blood pressure - Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure - Miscarriage or premature birth - Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (a chronic liver inflammation caused by fat accumulation in the liver) - Metabolic syndrome (a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase risk of cardiovascular disease) - Type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes - Sleep apnea - Depression, anxiety and eating disorders - Abnormal uterine bleeding - Diet and lifestyle changes - Birth control pills to regularise periods - Metformin to prevent diabetes - Statins to control high cholesterol - Hormones to increase fertility - Cosmetic procedures to remove excess hair Must-have Foods for PCOS Patients - High-fibre vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts et al - Lean protein like fish, tofu, chicken et al - Anti-inflammatory foods and spices like – turmeric; tomatoes; Kale; spinach; walnuts; olive oil; fruits, such as blueberries and strawberries; fatty fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon and sardines etc. - High-fibre foods that can help combat insulin resistance by slowing down digestion and reducing the impact of sugar on the blood. Some options include – greens like red leaf lettuce and arugula; green and red peppers; beans and lentils; almonds; sweet potatoes; winter squash; pumpkin Foods that PCOS Patients Must Limit or Avoid The following foods that can spike blood sugar, increase inflammation, and cause weight gain need to be abstained from by those who are looking at mitigating PCOS symptoms - As women with PCOS are challenged with processing carbohydrate, limiting the intake of refined carbs can lead to weight loss, which in turn decreases androgen levels responsible for acne, abnormal hair growth, and anovulation, or an irregular menstrual cycle. Examples of carbohydrates to avoid include: - White bread - Pizza dough - Regular pasta - White rice Women with PCOS need to abstain from concentrated sweets and sugars, like fruit juice Examples of sugary beverages to avoid include: - Fruit juice - Bottled smoothies - Cold-pressed juices Sugary, Processed Foods Sugary foods i.e. processed (packaged) foods too are a strict no-no for the PCOS diet as besides containing harmful chemicals they may also destroy the gut micro biome. Replace these with farm-to-table, whole foods. Examples of processed foods to avoid include: - Cakes, candy, cookies, and other sweets - Sweetened cereals - Yogurts with added sugar - Ice cream with excess added sugar or sugar substitutes Saturated and Trans-fats Saturated fats and trans-fats, found in foods like overly processed meats, aren’t beneficial for weight loss or a healthy balanced diet and can hence pose a problem for PCOS patients; moreover they are pro-inflammatory especially in the gut. Examples of fats to avoid include: - Saturated fats - Red and processed meats like fast food hamburgers - Trans-fats - Doughnuts, French fries, frozen pizza et al Research claims that limiting dairy intake could not only enable certain women with PCOS to lose weight but also help alleviate some of their hormonal PCOS symptoms. Patients who suffer from gut issues linked to dairy intolerance can opt for a vegan diet; but those who do not suffer from intolerance to dairy products can opt for healthier options (say plain Greek yogurt vis-à-vis candy-topped yogurt) to ensure their calcium and Vitamin D intake. Examples of dairy products to restrict include: - Artificial or heavily processed cheeses - Yogurts with added sugar - Ice creams with sugar alcohols or tons of added sugar Limiting alcohol intake is an absolute mandate for women with PCOS as they already have high rates of fatty liver; moreover alcohol is a direct toxin to the liver and gut micro biome. But yes an occasional glass of red wine with dinner won’t be harmful. Examples of alcohol to avoid include: - Cocktails made with sugary mixers like juice or bottled mixers - Canned cocktails It’s also a good idea to reduce or remove inflammation-causing foods, such as fries, margarine, and red or processed meats from the diet of women suffering from PCOS. Lifestyle Changes to Explore Alike many disorders, PCOS too responds positively to proactive lifestyle choices. Exercise (around 150 minutes a week) and daily physical movement can help to mitigate insulin resistance, especially when combined with low sugar intake, and a low-inflammation diet. Moreover the symptoms associated with PCOS can cause stress so stress reduction techniques like yoga and meditation which calm the mind and let you connect with your body, can help. Consulting a therapist or other medical professional would also be beneficial. Taking proactive steps regarding your health can improve your mood as well as reduce your PCOS symptoms.	<urn:uuid:2deabac0-f5f6-461b-a51d-01d0214e4370>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://foodism.xyz/food-stories/pcos-must-have-and-must-avoid-foods	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948951.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329054547-20230329084547-00234.warc.gz	en	0.910511	1,480	3.03125	3
Climate change due to rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases is the first global problem that humanity has ever faced. I don’t mean to downplay other big problems, like major wars, ozone holes, and declines in biodiversity. These things have been, and continue to be huge, complex and more than a little troubling, but they only involve parts of the world. Climate change is truly global because it has to do with our air, which is literally everywhere. It is also expected to have pervasive and far-reaching implications for other big systems, including the oceans and our globalized economy. Climate change is on my mind because of two recent studies that look at different parts of the global carbon budget, from different perspectives. One is a study of shale gas production, which has become a major industry in parts of Saskatchewan. Based on research published in the latest Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (click here for a summary), the amount of gas (and therefore carbon) that might come from a shale gas well can’t be estimated using models for conventional oil and gas, because shale gas wells are drilled horizontally and conventional wells are drilled vertically. The study also shows that “eventually, gas diffusion causes the pressure in the well to drop, and gas production decreases exponentially.” This conclusion is sobering, partly because of the word “exponentially.” That’s a good way to change – by leaps and bounds – when it refers to positive things, but not when it describes a decrease in our energy supply. The second study looks at changes in CO2 levels over the last 800,000 years. By studying ancient polar ice and bubbles of air that are trapped in it, scientists have shown that changes in global temperature and CO2 move in parallel. The odd thing is: past increases in temperature seemed to happen first, followed by a rise in CO2. People who are skeptical about climate change have used this point to cast doubt on these studies, but that should be harder to do now, thanks to a recent paper in Science. By applying a new method to identify the age of ancient bubbles and global temperatures, Parrenin et al. have shown that global temperatures did not rise first, during periods of abrupt change. In fact, they found “no significant asynchrony” between changes in global temperature and atmospheric CO2. It will be interesting to see what the skeptics have to say about that.	<urn:uuid:b7ce3d29-f926-449c-9c51-37ab8f9f373c>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	https://royalsaskmuseum.ca/trex/education/blog/of-ice-and-shale	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145534.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221172509-20200221202509-00401.warc.gz	en	0.949371	507	3.21875	3
Remember standardized testing: bubbling in the letters for your first and last name, making sure to write in block letters, memorizing your ID number, making sure you bubbled in all the bubbles neatly, avoiding the temptation to build a Christmas tree in the answer space… Oh, and making sure you do all this with a number two pencil. The teachers would walk around the room, making sure you’re using an acceptable pencil (and come to think about it, what pencils sold in the school supply aisle weren’t number two?). You kept your eraser handy in case you skipped a question and bubbled number eight’s answer in number seven’s spot. But what’s so special about number two? Remember the tree bears? Papa Bear’s porridge was too hot, Mama Bear’s was too cold, and Baby Bear’s was just right. Baby Bear would really like number two pencils since they’re right in the middle of the pencil hardness spectrum. Mama and Papa would disapprove. I think Mama was an artist and Papa was an architect. They never told us that in the story. Be thankful you can own a pencil sharpener now, though. If you lived in Britain a hundred years ago, you would have had an illegal item on your hands.	<urn:uuid:0d3cfb80-ce3a-45b0-9ae6-e222d3c2c8e0>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.sushimustwrite.com/2010/06/02/no-number-two-pencils-arent-number-one/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647810.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601110845-20230601140845-00149.warc.gz	en	0.962099	274	2.734375	3
Article provided by stevepavlina.com A common mistake for personal growth newbies is to wrap one’s self-esteem into short-term results. This often leads to self-blame and excess worry when results are below expectations. If we use the lenses of truth, love, and power (our fundamental growth principles), we can see why beating yourself up for mistakes and failure is an ineffective approach that doesn’t actually help you grow. The Truth Lens When viewed through the truth lens, we can readily see why beating ourselves up for mistakes will only make things worse. Since all input serves as a form of programming for our brains, it’s predictable that negative self-talk, especially when it becomes habitual, will serve to lower our future performance. We’re essentially programming ourselves to perform poorly when we use negative self-talk. We behave like a computer that installs a virus to slow itself down. When you make mistakes, blaming yourself as an individual isn’t a very useful way to address problems. Problems could have been caused by circumstances outside of your control. Even if you made a mistake due to ignorance or poor performance, it’s more intelligent to view such a mistake as a software problem. Something in your thinking or behavior caused the problem, and therefore your best bet is to work on improving your thoughts and behaviors (i.e. your mental software), so you can avoid similar problems in the future. As a human being with a human brain, you’re a learning machine. There isn’t much value in a learning machine that programs itself to lower its own performance. Trying to avoid mistakes would indeed prevent some mistakes, but mistakes are essential to the learning process. A learning machine that cuts off its ability to make mistakes would eventually become a static machine that’s incapable of further growth. To continue learning and growing, it’s important to accept that mistakes are going to happen and that this is how you learn. You may have been taught or conditioned to believe from a young age that mistakes are bad and must always be avoided… or that if you make mistakes, it means you’re a lesser human being somehow. As you become more conscious and self-aware, however, you’ll recognize that these were foolish lessons that are out of alignment with reality, and you can consciously choose to discard such unhelpful beliefs. These beliefs are throwbacks to outdated thinking. Today we live in a knowledge-rich age where continuous learning and growth are more important than avoiding mistakes. The Love Lens Consider the consequences to your overall happiness if you fall into the habit of beating yourself up for mistakes. Does it make you any happier to wrap negative results into your self-image? What does thinking of yourself as a failure do for your emotional life? More often than not, such thinking will invite negative emotions like fear, worry, and stress. If you wrap failures into your self-esteem, then you didn’t just fail. You’ve become the failure. You are the mistake. And this means you can no longer trust yourself to make intelligent decisions going forward. You have to expect further failure and therefore further negative impact to your self-esteem. This is a stressful proposition, and it’s going to encourage you to hold back from stretching yourself. You’re probably not going to risk further damage to your self-esteem. The more you try, the more you risk failure, and therefore the more you invite further degradation of your self-image. This will most likely lead you to tighten up when it comes to taking otherwise worthwhile risks. Your rate of learning and growth will slow down, and you’ll plateau. The lens of love reveals that people grow fastest when their lives are aligned with their desires. Do you want to plateau and live a largely static life for your remaining decades? Is this prospect in alignment with how you’d ideally like to experience this existence? Do you want to play it safe and basically remain stuck till you die? Also consider the impact on your relationships with other people. If you get into the habit of allowing failure to downgrade your self-esteem, then it will be much harder to take social risks. Socializing is rife with failures big and small. Sometimes you’ll be rejected. Sometimes you’ll behave in a socially awkward manner, and people will notice. Such failure experiences help you to socially calibrate your behaviors, but if you can’t handle failure, then you’ll prevent yourself from achieving social savvy. You’ll remain stuck in that socially awkward phase, and that’s likely to lead to some degree of loneliness and a feeling of disconnection from others. If you aren’t so resistant to mistakes and failure, you can skill-build faster in this area, and you can enjoy the fruits of a rich and abundant social life. Furthermore, growth-oriented people tend to cluster together, so they can encourage each other and grow faster. In such social networks, people don’t often make room for those who beat themselves up. It’s similar to nonsmokers avoiding smokers, largely because the former can’t stand the smell of the latter. Likewise those who drop into the downward spiral of low self-esteem will tend to attract social connections that resonate with such patterns, such as abusers and other negative minded folks. Your social network will eventually reflect your neural network. Like it or not, the social and emotional consequences of beating yourself up for failure can be severe. And overcoming such behavior can feel like digging yourself out of a pit when you’ve attracted a social situation that reinforces your current plateau or downward spiral. The Power Lens Beating yourself up for mistakes is disempowering as well. Imagine if Siri behaved this way. What if each time you asked her for help and she made a mistake, she beat herself up, and over time she began updating her programming to try to avoid making more mistakes? Eventually Siri would start to sound like the character Sadness from the Pixar movie Inside Out. Hey Siri… what’s a good movie to see? Geez, I dunno. You didn’t like the last one I suggested. Do you know that Siri will sometimes defend her self-esteem if you try to harshly criticize her? Hey Siri… you suck! I’m doing my best, Steve. Do you forgive yourself so easily? Do you accept that mistakes are okay since they’re a natural part of the learning process? Isn’t it more empowering to believe that you’re always doing your best? You can continue to learn, grow, and improve, but for right now, why not just accept that you’re doing the best you can? If you could have done better, you would have. There’s no point in beating yourself up for mistakes. There is, however, much to be gained by extracting lessons from your mistakes and applying those lessons to improve your future thinking and behaviors. Consider life’s challenges as a form of strength training. You wouldn’t bemoan the weights for being heavy. Heavy weights help you get stronger. They’re supposed to be challenging; otherwise you wouldn’t grow as much. Growth vs. Self-Blame Since self-blame is out of alignment with truth, love, and power, the practice will only slow you down. At best you’ll plateau, and at worst you’ll succumb to a downward spiral. To avoid such a pit of despair – or to dig yourself out of one – the solution is to regard yourself as programmable and to realize that your programming can be changed. Stop identifying yourself with the software that’s been programmed into your head. Recognize that just like Siri, you’re capable of learning and growing. You can upgrade your software. Given the state of your current software, you’re already doing the best you can, and you can’t expect to do any better. Your mental and emotional software is performing as it was programmed. If you want to see better performance, then you’ll need to upgrade your software, and for human beings, this means training yourself with new experiences. This also means inviting more mistakes and failures as part of the learning process. Can you make some grand mistakes with no loss to your self-esteem? This is a key challenge of conscious growth. I’ve endured some grand failure experiences in my time. I’ve gone through a bankruptcy and a divorce. I was expelled from college. I was arrested multiple times as a teenager. I was kicked out of my apartment for falling behind on rent. I can come up with plenty of reasons to beat myself up. Yet my self-esteem is still rock solid positive, and I feel terrific about my path of growth. I learned a lot from those experiences, and without them I wouldn’t have the resilient mental software I now have. I understand that if I want to learn and grow, I have to allow room for mistakes and failure experiences. In the years ahead, I expect to make even more mistakes. I’ll learn and grow from those mistakes too. I have to maintain this attitude in order to keep improving my mental software. What sense would it make to inject a low self-esteem virus into the mix by beating myself up? How could that possibly improve my performance? It could only improve my performance in the same way that being infected by a virus could. I’d learn to overcome the virus and become stronger as a result. This is an excellent way to frame self-esteem challenges – they show up to help you build even greater resilience. Is this type of growth mindset normal in your life? Do most of your friends think this way? Most of mine do. Otherwise why would I want them as friends? What would be the point of having friends who will make me think that I’m somehow damaged or defective just because I fail now and then? In my life people with such negative attitudes are called “not friends.” 😉 An important part of personal growth is accountability. When you pursue challenging goals, it can be especially helpful to have people holding you accountable – people who are keeping tabs on your progress. In Conscious Growth Club, we now have monthly accountability challenges where people agree to perform certain actions for at least a month, such as a new 30-day trial. Along the way they share regular progress updates with the group, including daily entries in a Google spreadsheet. This form of accountability works well for many people. The extra social pressure can make success more likely. But sometimes we fall short. We miss a day. We don’t get as much done as we intended to. In such cases there’s still no point in beating ourselves up. As we saw above, that isn’t going to help. Instead we need to look for ways we can adjust our programming to improve our performance. We want to analyze our assumptions and behaviors while avoiding the unhelpful practice of self-blame. Beating ourselves up isn’t the answer. Accountability is a powerful tool, but we must wield it carefully. We need to avoid using it to give ourselves lashings when we fall short of our intentions. I think the proper use of accountability is to add positive pressure to get ourselves into the sweet spot of challenge and to feel strongly motivated to take action. Additionally, when we make mistakes or experience failure, we can leverage the accountability group as our personal brain trust to help us diagnose problems and make adjustments, so we can increase our chances of success going forward. Accountability isn’t meant to be an additional threat to our self-esteem. The purpose of accountability is to help us learn and grow faster and more effectively than we could without it. It’s a performance tool. Positive Reframes That Allow Room for Mistakes When I was learning public speaking, one of the biggest shifts that helped me overcome nervousness was to adopt the belief that the audience is always on my side. The audience doesn’t want me to fail. How would that benefit them? Of course they want me to do well. I’m there to support the audience, and they’re there to support me. We all want the best for each other. If I make a mistake, it’s okay. People make mistakes, and sometimes mistakes are interesting to watch – even entertaining. As long as I recognize that we’re all on the same side, I’m free to relax and do my best. Another reframe that helped tremendously was to think of myself as an explorer instead of an expert or guru. A guru sounds too perfect. An explorer is going to make mistakes because that’s part of the exploration process. What an explorer shares is always a work in progress because there’s always more exploring to do. I also see an explorer as being capable of deeper honesty. The label of expert can be challenged, and therefore some might see a need to defend it. Can an expert still fail and make mistakes? It seems harder to create space for failure with this label. If you’re such an expert, then why did you fail? With this label there may be a tendency to cover up mistakes to protect one’s branding (or your own self-image if you start to believe the label yourself). Behind the scenes, experts are just as human as everyone else. They make a lot of mistakes. They procrastinate. They fall short again and again. I like the explorer label because it feels more aligned with reality. Feel free to adopt it if you like it too. With this sort of label, we’re free to learn and grow, and we can screw up as much as we need to. You can fall off a cliff and still be an explorer. The label doesn’t need to be defended by the pretense of perfectionism. Even young kids can be explorers. Going a bit deeper, I think it’s especially helpful to adopt the belief that the universe is always on your side. This is a very empowering lens for processing mistakes and failures. Why did life do this to you? Why did you have to go through tough times? It’s all just training to help you learn and grow. It’s strength training for your consciousness. One of the most powerful reframes you can use is to apply gratitude where you might otherwise have a tendency to think poorly of yourself. Instead of beating yourself up when you fail, try saying “thank you” instead. Thank the universe for bringing you a meaningful growth challenge. Look at the weight that’s right in front of you, and feel some excitement that it’s going to help you grow stronger. The more mistakes and failure you can handle without loss of self-esteem, the faster you can grow, and the grander and more expansive your growth experiences can be.	<urn:uuid:aec56e81-0fc4-49a0-acc4-c8b8531b4fb5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.personaldevelopmenttoolbox.net/leadership/articles/mental-toughness/beating-yourself-up/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00303.warc.gz	en	0.956624	3,128	2.53125	3
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bag-pipe BAG-PIPE (Celt. piob-mala, ullan-piob, cuislean, cuislin; Fr. cornemuse, chalemie, musette, sourdeline, chevrette, loure; Ger. Sackpfeife, Dudelsack; M. H. Ger. Suegdbalch; Ital. cornamusa, piva, zampogna, surdelina; Gr. ἄσκαυλος (?); Lat. ascaulus (?), tibia utricularis, utricularium; med. Lat. chorus), a complex reed instrument of great antiquity. The bag-pipe forms the link between the syrinx (q.v.) and the primitive organ, by furnishing the principle of the reservoir for the wind-supply, combined with a simple method of regulating the sound-producing pressure by means of the arm of the performer. The bag-pipes consists of an air-tight leather bag having three to five apertures, each of which contains a fixed stock or short tube. The stocks act as sockets for the reception of the pipes, and as air-chambers for the accommodation and protection of the reeds. The pipes are of three kinds: (1) a simple valved insufflation tube or “blow-pipe,” by means of which the performer fills the bag reservoir; (2) the “chaunter” (chanter) or the melody-pipe, having according to the variety of the bag-pipe a conical or a cylindrical bore, lateral holes, and in some cases keys and a bell; the “chaunter” is invariably made to speak by means of a double-reed; (3) the “drones,” jointed pipes with cylindrical bore, generally terminating in a bell, but having no lateral holes and being capable, therefore, of producing but one fixed note. The main characteristic of the bag-pipe is the drone ground bass which sounds without intermission. Each drone is fitted with a beating-reed resembling the primitive “squeaker” known to all country lads; it is prepared by making a cut partly across a piece of cane or reed, near the open end, and splitting back from this towards a joint or knot, thus raising a tongue or flap. The beating-reed is then fixed in a socket of the drone, which fits into the stock. The sound is produced by the stream of air forced from the bag into the drone-pipe by the pressure of the performer's arm, causing the tongue of reed to vibrate over the aperture, thus setting the whole column of air in vibration. The drone-pipe, like all cylindrical tubes with reed mouthpieces, has the acoustic properties of the closed pipe and produces the note of a pipe twice its length. The drones are tuned by means of sliding-joints. The blow-pipe and the chaunter occupy positions at opposite extremities of the bag, which rests under the arm of the performer while the drones point over his shoulder. These are the main features in the construction of the bag-pipe, whose numerous varieties fall into two classes according to the method of inflating the bag: (1) by means of the blow-pipe described above; (2) by means of a small bellows connected by a valved feed-pipe with the bag and worked by the other arm or elbow to which it is attached by a ribbon or strap. Class I. comprises: (a) the Highland bag-pipe; (b) the old Irish bag-pipe; (c) the cornemuse; (d) the bignou or biniou (Breton bag-pipe); (e) the Calabrian bag-pipe; (f) the ascaulus of the Greeks and Romans; (g) the tibia utricularis; (h) the chorus. To Class II. belong: (a) the musette; (b) the Northumbrian or border bag-pipe; (c) the Lowland bag-pipe; (d) the union pipes of Ireland; (e) the surdelina of Naples. 1. The Highland Bag-pipe.—The construction of the Highland pipes is practically that given above. The chaunter consists of a conical wooden tube terminating in a bell and measuring from 14 to 16 in. including the reed. There are seven holes in front and one at the back for the thumb of the left hand, which fingers the upper holes while the right thumb merely supports the instrument. The holes are stopped by the under part of the joints of the fingers. There is in addition a double hole near the bell, which is never covered, and merely serves to regulate the pitch. As the double reed is not manipulated by the lips of the performer, only nine notes are obtained from the chaunter, as shown:— The notes do not form any known diatonic scale, for in addition to the C and F being too sharp, the notes are not strictly in tune with each other. Donald MacDonald, in his treatise on the bag-pipe states that “the piper is to pay no attention to the flats and sharps marked on the clef, as they are not used in pipe music; yet the pipe imitates several different keys which are real, but ideal on the bag-pipe, as the music cannot be transposed for it into any other key than that in which it is first played or marked.” Mr Glen, the great dealer in bag-pipes, gave it as his opinion “that if the chaunter were to be made perfect in any one scale, it would not go well with the drones. Also, there would not be nearly so much music produced (if you take into consideration that it has only nine invariable notes) as at present it adapts itself to the keys of A maj., D maj., B min., G maj., E min. and A min. Of course we do not mean that it has all the intervals necessary to form scales in all those keys, but that we find it playing tunes that are in one or other of them.” Mr Ellis considers that the natural scale of the chaunter of the bag-pipe corresponds most nearly with the Arab scale of Zalzal, a celebrated lutist who died c. A.D. 800. The three drones are usually tuned to A, the two smallest one octave below the A of the chaunter, and the largest two octaves below. The three principal methods of tuning the drones are shown as follows:— The excessive use of ornamental notes on the Highland bag-pipe has arisen from a technical peculiarity of the instrument, which makes a repetition of the same note difficult without the interpolation of what is known among pipers as “cuts” or “warblers,” i.e. grace notes fingered with great rapidity (see below for an example). These warblers, which consist not only of single notes but of groups of from three to seven notes, not consecutive but in leaps, assist in relieving the constant discord with the drone bass. Skilful pipers have been known to introduce warblers of as many as eleven notes between two beats in a bar. The use of musical notation for the Highland pipe tunes is a recent innovation; the pipers used verbal equivalents for the notes; for instance, the piobaireachd Coghiegh nha Shie, “War of peace,” which opens as shown here, was taken down by Capt. Niel MacLeod from the piper John M'Crummen of Skye as verbally taught to apprentices as follows:— \|“\|\|Hodroho, hodroho, haninin, hiechin, Hodroha, hodroho, hodroho, hachin, Hiodroho, hodroho, haninin, hiechin,” &c. The conclusion of the tune is thus expressed: Written down this seems a mere unintelligible jumble, but could we hear it, as sounded by the pipers, with due regard for the rhythmical value of notes, it would be a very different matter. Alexander Campbell relates that a melody had to be taken down or translated “from the syllabic jargon of illiterate pipers into musical characters, which, when correctly done, he found to his astonishment to coincide exactly with musical notation.” A Highland bag-pipe of the 15th century, dated MCCCCIX., in the possession of Messrs J. & R. Glen of Edinburgh, was exhibited at the Royal Military Exhibition in London in 1890 (see fig. 1 (4)). There were two drones, inserted in a single stock in the form of a wide-spread fork, and tuned to A in unison with the lowest note of the chaunter, which had seven finger-holes in front and a thumb-hole at the back. The old Irish Bag-pipe.—Very little is known about this instrument. It is mentioned in the ancient Brehon Laws, said to date from the 5th century (they are cited in compilations of the 10th century), in describing the order of precedence of the king's bodyguard and household in the Crith Gabhlach: “Poets, harpers, pipers, horn-blowers and jugglers have their place in the south-east part of the house.” The word used for (bag-) pipers is Cuislennaïgh, a word associated with reed instruments (cuiscrigh = reeds; O'Reilly's Irish-English Dictionary, Dublin, 1864). The old Irish bag-pipe, of which we possess an illustration dated 1581, had a long conical chaunter with a bell and apparently seven holes in front and a thumb-hole behind; there were two drones of different lengths—one very long—both set in the same stock. It is exceedingly difficult to procure any accurate information concerning the development of the bag-pipe in Ireland until it assumed the present form, known as the union-pipes, which belong to Class II. The cornemuse and chalemie were the bag-pipes in use in France, Italy and the Netherlands before the advent of the musette, to which they bear the same relation as the old Irish bag-pipe does to the union-pipes, or the cornemusa or piva to the sampogna or surdelina in Italy. Two kinds of cornemuses were known in France during the 16th and 17th centuries, differing in one important structural detail, which affected the timbre of the instruments. Père Marin Mersenne has given a detailed description of these varieties and of the musette, with very clear illustrations of the instruments and all their parts. The cornemuse or chalemie used by shepherds, and as a solo instrument (see fig. 1 (1)), was similar to the Highland bag-pipe; it consisted of a leather bag, inflated by means of a valved blow-pipe; a large drone (gros bourdon) 2½ ft. long included the beating-reed, which measured 2½ in., and was fixed in the stock; the small drone (petit bourdon), 1 ft. in length including a reed 2 in. long, also had a beating-reed and was fixed in the same stock as Sackpfeife or Dudelsack. The Sackpfeife or Dudelsack of Germany was an instrument of some importance made in no less than five sizes, all described and illustrated by Michael Praetorius. They consist of the Grosser Bock or double-bass bag-pipe, a formidable-looking instrument with a single cylindrical drone of a great length, terminating, as did the chaunter also, in a curved ram's horn (to which the name was due). The chaunter had seven finger-holes and a vent-hole in front, and a thumb-hole at the back. The drone was tuned to G, an octave below the chaunter. The Bock, of similar construction, was pitched a fourth higher in C. The Schäferpfeife had two drones in B♭ and F. Praetorius explains that the upper notes of the chaunter of this sackpfeife had a faulty intonation which could not be corrected owing to the absence of the thumb-hole, usual in all other varieties of the instrument. The Hümmelchen had two drones tuned to F and C. The Dudey or treble sackpfeife was the smallest of the family, and had three drones tuned to E♭, B♭ and E♭, and a chaunter with a compass ranging from F or E♭ to C or D. Praetorius also mentions a different kind of sackpfeife he saw in Magdeburg (see op. cit. Theatrum, pl. v., No. 4), which was somewhat larger than the schäferpfeife and pitched a third lower. There were two chaunters The Calabrian bag-pipe has a bag of goatskin with the hair left on, and is inflated by means of a blow-pipe. There are two drones and two chaunters, all fixed in one stock. Each chaunter has three or four finger-holes and the right-hand pipe has the fourth covered by a key enclosed in a perforated box; both drones and chaunter have double reeds. The ancient Greek bag-pipe (see Askaules), and the Roman tibia utricularis, belonged to this class of instrument, inflated by the mouth, but it is not certain that they had drones (see below, History). II. The second class of instruments, inflated by means of a small bellows worked by the arm, has as prototype the musette (see fig. 1 (3)), which is said to have been evolved during the 15th century; from the end of the 15th century there were always musette players at the French court, and we find the instrument fully developed at the beginning of the 17th century when Mersenne gives a full description of all its parts. The chief characteristic of the musette was a certain rustic Watteau-like grace. The face of the performer was no longer distorted by inflating the bag; for the long cumbersome drones was substituted a short barrel droner, containing the necessary lengths of tubing for four or five drones, reduced to the smallest and most compact form. The bores were pierced longitudinally through the thickness of the wood in parallel channels, communicating with each other in twos or threes and providing the requisite length for each drone. The reeds were double “hautbois” reeds all set in a wooden stock or box within the bag; by means of regulators or slides, called layettes, moving up and down in longitudinal grooves round the circumference of the barrel, the length \|the eight holes of the grand chalumeau.\| \|the seven keys of the grand chalumeau.\| \|the six keys of the petit chalumeau.\| The four or five drones were usually tuned thus: The chaunters and drones were pierced with a very narrow cylindrical bore, and double reeds were used throughout, causing them to speak as closed pipes, which accounts for the deep pitch of these relatively short pipes (see Aulos). Martin Hotteterre was hardly the first to introduce the second chaunter for the bag-pipe, since Praetorius in 1618 figures and describes the Magdeburg sackpfeife with two chaunters, but without keys and with a conical bore. The surdelina or sampogna is described and illustrated by Mersenne as the musette de Naples; its construction was very complicated. Mersenne states that the instrument was invented by Jean Baptiste Riva (who was living in Paris in 1620), Dom Julio and Vincenze; but Mersenne seems to have made alterations himself in the original instrument, which are not very clearly explained. There were two chaunters with narrow cylindrical bore and having both finger-holes and keys; and two drones each having ten keys. The four pipes were fixed in the same stock, and double reeds were used throughout; the bag was inflated by means of bellows. Passenti of Venice published a collection of melodies for the zampogna in 1628, under the title of Canora Zampogna. The modern Lowland bag-pipe differs from the Highland bag-pipe mainly in that it is blown by bellows instead of by the mouth. The Northumbrian or Border bag-pipe, also blown by means of bellows, is chiefly distinguished by having a chaunter stopped at the lower end so that when all the holes are closed, the pipe is silent. There are seven finger-holes, one for the thumb, and a varying number of keys. The four drones are fixed in one stock and are tuned by means of stoppers, so that, as in the musette, any one of them may be silenced. A fine Northumbrian bag-pipe from the collection of the Rev. F. W. Galpin is illustrated (fig. 1. (5)). The union pipes of the 18th century, or modern Irish bag-pipe, blown by bellows (see fig. 1. (2)), had one chaunter with seven finger-holes, one thumb-hole and eight keys, which together gave the chromatic scale in two octaves. The drones were tuned to A in different octaves, and three regulators or drones with keys, played by the elbow, produced a kind of harmony; the regulators correspond to the sliders on the drone-barrel of the musette. History of the Bag-pipe.—There is reason to believe that the origin of the bag-pipe must be sought in remote antiquity. No instrument in any degree similar to it is represented on any of the monuments of Egypt or Assyria known at the present day; we are, nevertheless, able to trace it in ancient Persia and by inference in Egypt, in Chaldaea and in ancient Greece. The most characteristic feature of the bag-pipe is not the obvious bag or air-reservoir from which the instrument derives its name in most languages, but the fixed harmony of the buzzing drones. The principle of the drone, i.e. the beating-reed sunk some three inches down the pipe, was known to the ancient Egyptians. In a pipe discovered in a mummy-case and now in the museum at Turin, was found a straw beating-reed in position. The arghoul (q.v.), a modern Egyptian instrument, possesses the characteristic feature of drone and chaunter without the bag. The same instrument occurs once in the hieroglyphs, being sounded as-it, and once on a mural painting preserved in the Musée Guimet and reproduced by Victor Loret. During Jacques de Morgan's excavations in Persia some terracotta figures of musicians, dating from the 8th century B.C., were discovered in a tell (mound) at Susa, two of which appear to be playing bag-pipes; the chaunter, curved in the shape of a hook from the stock, is clearly visible, the bag under the arm is indicated, and the lips are pursed as if in the act of blowing, but the insufflation tube is absent; a round hole in one of the figures suggests its presence formerly. Among the names of musical instruments in Daniel iii. 5 and 15, the sixth, generally but wrongly rendered “dulcimer,” is thought by many scholars to signify a kind of bag-pipe (see commentaries on Daniel and the theological encyc.). This belief is based on the supposition that the Aramaic sumpōnyā is a loan-word from the Greek, being a mispronunciation of συμφονία. The argument is, however, exceedingly weak. In the first place, the date of the book of Daniel is matter of controversy, hingeing partly on precisely such questions as the true significance and derivation of sumpōnyā. Second, it is possible that the word sumpōnyā is a late interpolation. Third, its exact form is uncertain; in verse 10, sippōnyā is used of the same instrument, suggesting a derivation from the Gr. σίφον (tube or pipe). Fourth, even if συμφονία is the source of the word, there is very little evidence that it was used for any particular instrument. The original natural sense of συμφονία is “concord of sound,” “a concordant interval,” and the evidence of its use for a particular instrument is of the 2nd century B.C., and, even so, very slight. Only one passage (Polyb. xxvi. 10. 5) really bears on the question, and there the translation of the word depends on a context the reading of which is uncertain (see Symphonia). It is, however, curious that the bag-pipe was known in Italy and Spain during the middle ages, the two countries through which Eastern culture was introduced into Europe, by the name of zampogna or sampogna, which strongly recall the Chaldaean sumpōnyā; and further that in the same countries the word sinfonia should be coexistent with zampogna and have the original meaning attached to the classical συμφονία, “a concord of sound.” A single passage only in Dion Chrysostom (see Askaules) is enough to prove that the instrument was known in Greece in A.D. 100. The Greeks had undoubtedly received some kind of bag-pipe from Egypt (in the form of the as-it), or from Chaldaea, but it remained a rustic instrument used only by shepherds and peasants. This conclusion is supported by allusions in Aristophanes and in Plato's Crito, which undoubtedly refer to the drone: “This, dear Crito, is the voice which I seem to hear murmuring in my ears like the sound of the flute (aulos) in the ears of the mystic; that voice, I say, is humming in my ears.” Aristophanes, in his play The Acharnians, indulges in a flight of satire at the expense of the musical Boeotians, by making a band of Theban pipers play a Boeotian merchant and his slave into town. The musicians are dubbed “bumblebee pipers” (βομβαύλιοι, l. 866) by the exasperated inhabitants. The verb used here for “blowing” is φυσᾶν, the very word applied to blowing or inflating the bellows (φῦσα), and not the usual verb αὐλεῖν, to play the aulos. Another instrument, mentioned by Aristophanes in Lysistrata (ll. 1242 and 1245), which was probably a kind of bag-pipe, is also derived from φῦσα, i.e. physallis, the “concrete,” and physateria the “collective” form of the instrument. We leave the realm of inference for that of certainty when we reach the reign of Nero, who had a passion for the Hydraulus (see Organ: History) and the tibia utricularis. That the bag-pipe was introduced by the Romans into the British Isles is a conclusion supported by the discovery in the foundations of the praetorian camp at Richborough of a small bronze figure of a Roman soldier playing the tibia utricularis. The Rev. Stephen Weston, who made a communication on the subject to Archaeologia, points out further the interesting fact in connexion with the instrument, that the Romans had instituted colleges for training pipers on the bag-pipe, a practice followed in the Highlands in the 18th century and notably in Skye. Gruterus mentions among the fraternities a Corpus et Collegium Utriculariorum, and Spon also quotes the Collegio Utricular. The bag-pipe in question appears to have two drones in front pointing towards the right shoulder, and although no chaunter is shown in the design, both hands are held in correct positions over the spot where it ought to be; it may have been broken off. The bronze figure has been reproduced from drawings by Edward King in three positions. The statement made by several writers on music that a bag-pipe is represented on a contorniate of Nero is erroneous, as a verification of certain references will show. The error is due in the first place to Montfaucon, who misunderstood the explanation of Bianchini's drawing which he reproduced. The contorniate referred to is one containing the hydraulic organ, and the legend Laurentinus Aug., but no bag-pipe. Bianchini gives a drawing of a bag-pipe with two long drones, which, he says, was copied from a marble relief over the gateway of the palace of the prince of Santa Croce in Rome, near the church of San Carlo ad Catinarios. If the drawing be accurate and the sculpture of classical Roman period, it would corroborate the details of the instrument held by the little bronze figure of the Roman soldier. From England the bag-pipe spread to Caledonia and Ireland, where it took root, identifying itself with the life of the people, as a military instrument held in great esteem by the Celtic races. The bag-pipe was used at weddings and funerals, and at all festivals; to lighten labour, during the 18th century, as for instance in Skye, in 1786, when the inhabitants were engaged in roadmaking, and each party of labourers had its bag-piper. It was used in old mysteries at Coventry in 1534. Readers who wish to follow closely the history of the bag-pipe in the British Isles should consult Sir John Graham Dalyell's Musical Memoirs of Scotland (London, 1849, with illustrative plates). \|Fig. 2.—Ancient Persian bag- (From Sir Robert Porter's Travels in Georgia, Persia, &c., vol. ii. p. 177, pl. lxiv.) On the downfall of the Roman empire, the bag-pipe, sharing the fate of other instruments, probably lingered for a time among itinerant musicians, actors, jugglers, &c., reappearing later in primitive guise with the stamp of naïveté which characterizes the productions of the early middle ages, and with a new name, chorus (q.v.). An illustration of a Persian bag-pipe dating from the 6th century A.D. (reign of Chosroes II.) is to be found on the great arch at Takht-i-Bostan (see fig. 2). This very crude representation of the bag-pipe can only be useful as evidence that during centuries which elapsed between the moulding of the figurine found in the tell at Susa, mentioned above, and the carving in the rock at Takht-i-Bostan, the instrument had survived. The reign of Chosroes was noted for its high standard of musical culture. The fault probably lies with the draughtsman, who drew the sculptures on the arch for the book. Nothing more is heard henceforth of the tibia utricularis. If the drawings of the early medieval bag-pipes, which are by no means rare in MSS. and monuments of the 9th to the 13th century, are to be trusted, it seems hard to understand the raison d'être of the instrument shorn of its drones, to see how it justified its existence except as an ill-understood reminiscence. What could be the object of laboriously inflating a bag for the purpose of making a single chaunter speak, which could be done so much more satisfactorily by taking the reed itself into the mouth, as was the practice of the Greeks and Romans? There is a fine psalter in the library of University Court, Glasgow, belonging co the Hunterian collection, in which King David is represented, as usual in the 12th century, playing or rather tuning a harp, surrounded by musicians playing bells, rebec, guitar fiddle (in 'cello position), quadruple pipes or ganistrum, and a bag-pipe with long chaunter having a well-defined stock. The insufflation tube appears to have been left out, and there are no drones to be seen. There are interesting specimens of bag-pipes in Spanish illuminated MSS. such as the magnificent volume of the Cantigas di Santa Maria, in the Escurial, compiled for King Alphonso the Wise (13th century). There are fifty-one separate figures of instrumentalists forming a kind of introduction to the canticles, and among the instruments are three bag-pipes, one of which is a remarkable instrument having no less than four long drones and two chaunters which by an error of the draughtsmen are represented as being blown from the piper's mouth. The fifty-one musicians have been reproduced in black and white by Juan F. Riaño and also by Don F. Aznar. Another fine Spanish MS. in the British Museum, Add. MS. 18,851, of the end of the 15th century, illustrated by Flemish artists for presentation to Queen Isabella, displays a profusion of musical instruments in innumerable concert scenes; there are bag-pipes on f. 13,412b and 419; one of these has two drones, one conical, the other cylindrical, bound together, and a curved chaunter. The most trustworthy evidence we have of the medieval bag-pipe is the fine Highland bag-pipe dated 1409, and belonging to Messrs J. & R. Glen, described above. Edward Buhle points out that from the 13th century the bag-pipe became a court instrument played by minnesingers and troubadours, as seen in literature and in the MSS. and monuments. It was about 1250 that the human or animals' heads were used as stocks and as bells for the chaunters. The opinion advanced that the bellows were first added to the bag-pipe in Ireland seems untenable and is quite unsupported by facts; the bellows were in all probability added to the union-pipes in imitation of the musette. In the Image of Ireland and Discoverie of Woodkarne, by John Derrick, 1581, the Irish insurgents are portrayed in pictures full of life and character, as led to rebellion and pillage by a piper armed with a bag-pipe, similar to the Highland bag-pipe. The cradle of the musette is inconceivable anywhere but in France, among the courtiers and elegant world, turning from the pomps and luxuries of court life to an artificial admiration and cult of Nature, idealized to harmonize with silks and satins. The cornemuse of shepherds and rustic swains became the fashionable instrument, but as inflating the bag by the breath distorted the performer's face, the bellows were substituted, and the whole instrument was refined in appearance and tone-quality to fit it for its more exalted position. The Hotteterre family and that of Chédeville were past masters of the art of making the musette and of playing upon it; they counted among their pupils the highest and noblest in the land. The cult of the musette continued throughout the 17th and 18th centuries until the 'seventies, when its popularity was on the wane and musettes figured largely in sales. Lully introduced the musette into his operas, and in 1758 the list of instruments forming the orchestra at the Opéra includes one musette. Illustrations of bag-pipes are found in the miniatures of the following MSS. in the British Museum.—2 B. VII. f. 192 and 197; Add. MS. 34,294 (the Sforza Book), f. 62, vol. i.; Burney, 275, f. 715; Add. MS. 17,280, f. 238b; Add. MS. 24,686 (Tennyson Psalter), f. 17b; Add. MS. 17,280, f. 82b; Add. MS. 24,681, f.44; Add. MS. 32,454; Add. MS. 11,867, f38; &c. &c. (K. S.) - See E. G. Graff, Deutsche Interlinearversionen der Psalmen (from a 12th-cent. Windberg MS. at Munich), p. 384, Ps. lxxx. 2. “nemet den Sulmen unde gebet den Suegdbalch.” - These harmonics may be obtained by good performers by what is known as “pinching” or only partially covering the B and C holes and increasing the wind pressure. - The notes marked with asterisks are approximately a quarter of a tone sharp. - “Complete Tutor for attaining a thorough knowledge of the pipe music,” prefixed to A Collection of the Ancient Martial Music of Caledonia called Piobaireachd, as performed on the Great Highland Bag-pipe, Edinburgh, c. 1805. - Paper on “The Musical Scales of Various Nations,” by Alex. J. Ellis, F.R.S., Jrnl. Soc. Arts, 1885, vol. xxxiii. p. 499. - Tutor for the Highland Bag-pipe, by David Glen (Edinburgh, 1899). - Tutor for the Highland Bag-pipe, by Angus Mackay (Edinburgh, 1839). - A Collection of Ancient Piobaireachd or Highland Pipe Music by Angus Mackay (Edinburgh, 1839), p. 128. - A Collection of Piobaireachd or Pipe Tunes as verbally taught by the M'Crummen Pipers on the Isle of Skye to their apprentices, as taken from John M'Crummen (or Crimmon) by Niel MacLeod of Gesto, Skye (Edinburgh, 1880). - Albyn's Anthology, vol. i. p. 90. - Descriptive Catalogue of the Musical Instruments exhibited at the Royal Military Exhibition, London, 1890, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1891, pl. ix. A, and description p. 57. - Ancient Laws of Ireland, Brehon Law Tracts, published by the Commissioners for publishing the Ancient Laws and Institutions of Ireland (Dublin, 1879), vol. iv. pp. 338 and 339. - John Derrick, Image of Ireland and Discoverie of Woodkarne (London, 1581), pl. ii. - L'Harmonie universelle, vol. ii. bk. v. pp. 282-287 and 305 (Paris, 1636-1637). - Syntagma Musicum, part ii., De Organographia (Wolfenbüttel, 1618); republished in Band xiii. of the Publicationen der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung (Berlin, 1884), chap. xix. and pl. v., xi., xiii. - See E. Thoinan, Les Hotteterre et les Chèdeville, célèbres facteurs de flûtes, hautbois, bassons et musettes (Paris, 1894), p. 23. It is probable, however, that M. Thoinan, who makes this statement, has not considered the possibility of the word musette applying in this case to the small rustic hautbois or dessus de bombarde, also written muse, muset, musele, which occurs in many ballads of the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. See Fr. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française du IXe au XVe siècle (Paris, 1888). - Musettes de Poitou; probably the cornemuses used in concert with the Hautbois de Poitou. - Op. cit. vol. ii. bk. v. pp. 287-292. - See Ernest Thoinan, op. cit. pp. 15 et seq. (cf. Jules Ecorcheville, “Quelques documents sur la musique de la Grande Écurie du Roi” in Intern. Mus. Ges., Sammelband ii. 4, p. 625 and table 2, “Grands Hautbois”). - Méthode pour la musette, &c., by Hotteterre le Romain (Paris, 1737), 4to, chap. xvi. - Traité de la musette avec une nouvelle méthode, &c. (Lyons, 1672), pp. 25-27 and plate. A copy of this work is in the British Museum. - Op. cit. bk. v. p. 293. - Illustrated and described by Capt. C. R. Day, Descriptive Catalogue, pl. ix. fig. C, p. 62. - L'Egypte au temps des Pharaons—la vie, la science et l'art; avec Photogravures, &c. (Paris, 1889) 12mo, p. 139. - See Délégation en Perse, by J. de Morgan (Paris, 1900), vol. i. pl. viii., Nos. 10 and 14. - Dion Chrysostom, ed. Adolphus Emperius (Brunswick, 1844), p. 728 or lxxi. (R) 381. See Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie, s.v. “Askaules.” - 54, B. Jowett's Eng. translation (Oxford, 1892). - A suggestion the writer owes to Mr G. Barwick of the British Museum. - See “Researches into the Origin of the Organs of the Ancients,” by Kathleen Schlesinger, Sammelband ii. Intern. Musik. Ges. vol. ii, 1901, pp. 188-202. - Suetonius, Nero, 54 (S. Clarke's translation and text). - Archaeologia, vol. xvii. pp. 176-179 (London, 1814). - Inscriptiones antiquae totius orbis romani (Heidelberg, 1602-1603). - Miscell. erudit. antiquitatis. - Munimenta antiqua, vol. ii. (London, 1799), p. 22, pl. xx. fig. 3. - See Montfaucon, Suppl. de l'antiq. expliquée, vol. iii. pl. lxxiii., Nos. 1 and 2, and explanation p. 189; Francesco Bianchini, de tribus generibus instr. mus. veterum, Romae, 1742, pl. ii., Nos. 12 and 13, and p. 11; Suetonius, Vitae Neronis, ed. Charles Patin, cap. 41, p. 304, where the contorniate in question, whose musical instrument differs essentially from Bianchini's and Montfaucon's, is figured. - See Catalogue of the Exhibition of Illuminated MSS. at the Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1908, No. 31. - Notes of Early Spanish Music (London, 1887), pp. 120 and 121. - Idumentario Española (Madrid, 1880). - Die musikalischen Instrumente in den Miniaturen des frühen Mittelalters, p. 50 (Leipzig, 1903). - An interesting pamphlet by Eugène de Bricqueville, Les Musettes (Paris, 1894), p. 36, with illustrations. - See Antoine Vidal, Les Instruments à archet (Paris, 1871), vol. i. p. 81, note 1.	<urn:uuid:0b6ce815-018e-4b97-bb4a-594151d94237>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bag-pipe	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103910.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817185948-20170817205948-00415.warc.gz	en	0.937962	8,655	3.390625	3
If you have read the article entitled How Radar Works, then you know how normal radar works. A normal radar set sends out a radio pulse and waits for the reflection. Then it measures the doppler shift in the signal and uses the shift to determine the speed. Laser (or lidar, for light detection and ranging) speed guns use a more direct method that relies on the reflection time of light rather than doppler shift. You have probably experienced the reflection time of sound waves in the form of an echo. For example, if you shout down a well or across a canyon, the sound takes a noticeable amount of time to reach the bottom of the well and travel back to your ear. Sound travels at something like 1,000 feet (300 meters) per second, so a deep well or a wide canyon creates a very apparent round-trip time for the sound. A laser speed gun measures the round-trip time for light to reach a car and reflect back. Light from a laser speed gun moves a lot faster than sound -- about 984,000,000 feet per second (300,000,000 meters), or roughly 1 foot (30 cm) per nanosecond. A laser speed gun shoots a very short burst of infrared laser light and then waits for it to reflect off the vehicle. The gun counts the number of nanoseconds it takes for the round trip, and by dividing by 2 it can calculate the distance to the car. If the gun takes 1,000 samples per second, it can compare the change in distance between samples and calculate the speed of the car. By taking several hundred samples over the course of a third of a second or so, the accuracy can be very high. The advantage of a laser speed gun (for the police anyway) is that the size of the "cone" of light that the gun emits is very small, even at a range like 1,000 feet (300 meters). The cone at this distance might be 3 feet (1 meter) in diameter. This allows the gun to target a specific vehicle. A laser speed gun is also very accurate. The disadvantage is that the officer has to aim a laser speed gun -- normal police radar with a broad radar beam can detect doppler shift without aiming.	<urn:uuid:1760f3a4-3448-467c-b5f2-74774f5ec20c>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/question396.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707184996/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122624-00023-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920228	463	3.65625	4
Founded in 1871 as part of the post-Civil War Reconstruction efforts, Birmingham is a cornerstone of American history. Explore these five attractions to learn about Birmingham’s historical impact, which still affects our society today. Civil Rights Institute Image by Bill Dillard via Trover.com Located in the Civil Rights District, a beautiful area of town with hotels and restaurants, the Civil Rights Institute chronicles the course of the Civil Rights movement from 1950 to 1960. This interactive museum offers informative, haunting exhibits about the country’s struggles from segregation to integration. The many displays use life-size models, historic recordings, and multimedia features to show how the battles of the past are relevant today. Museum tickets cost $15, and discounts are available for children and seniors. Also in the Civil Rights District is the Jazz Hall of Fame. From the early days of boogie-woogie to the latest jazz fusion, you can explore how jazz is woven into all musical genres, including hip hop, alternative, and rock. The Jazz Hall of Fame is also dedicated to nurturing future musicians. It offers classes and seminars for jazz enthusiasts of all ages. Nothing brings the world together like music. Image by Jennifer Hott-Greenway via Trover.com Don’t miss your chance to visit the 16th Street Baptist Church in the Civil Rights District. Established in 1873, this was the first African-American church in Alabama. It was the central meeting place for leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, and in May 1963, the church was the starting point for marches and demonstrations. The church is best known as the site of the bombing that killed four little African-American girls. The tragedy led to a massive backlash and sparked the passing of the Civil Rights Bill of 1963. A short drive from the city you’ll find the largest aviation museum in the South. The 75,000-square-foot facility houses aircrafts, photos, and artifacts depicting the history of flight. You can sit in a World War II fighter jet or a modern-day A-12 Blackbird. The museum also explores the history of military flight, with exhibits from the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Tuskegee Airmen. Museum tickets cost $7, but all military personnel and their families can enter for free. Sports Hall of Fame Sports and athletes are as influential today as they were in the past. At the Sports Hall of Fame, you can learn more about Alabama’s contributions to the world of sports. The museum has over 5,000 pieces of memorabilia from athletes who were born in Alabama, attended school in Alabama, or otherwise impacted sports in Alabama. This organization also encourages higher education by offering sports awards and scholarships to local high school athletes. On some vacations, you plan for relaxation, and on others, you plan to learn something. Birmingham, Alabama, might not be the sexiest of vacation spots, but the city’s importance to the development of the South is clear in its historical sites. A visit to these places will give you a historical perspective on the social climate of our country today.	<urn:uuid:7ea418d4-8191-4321-8b6c-68e2e95e2101>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	https://sydneyaaliyah.com/tag/alabama/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424559.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723122722-20170723142722-00136.warc.gz	en	0.944538	642	2.90625	3
Importing Revolution Via Children One sign of an imperial government is that it does what it wishes with whole populations. It can shift some here; move some there. It can deport some there; import some here. Who will say “No” when facing armed might? Authoritarian governments can pretty much do what they wish to do. The motives behind moving whole populations via executive fiat break down into two main categories. One is to prevent revolution and unrest by moving and quarantining what are considered indigestible peoples in order to weaken their resistance to the powers that be. Thus we find Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon forcing rebellious Jews into exile, there to languish until their return to Jerusalem some seventy years later under the reign of Cyrus the Great. The pattern established by the first diaspora was to be repeated over and over again, a prime example being the exile of the Jews from Spain in 1492 by Isabella and Ferdinand. Jews (and other peoples) historically have suffered the fates of being stuffed into ghettos, driven from their native countries, sold into slavery, sent to gulags, and crowded into prison camps. Even extermination has been used as a “final solution” to the problem of unwanted peoples. Such tactics remain ways for any tyrannical government to dispose of people deemed dangerous to the health and power of an almighty state. But there is a second reason for moving people around, and that is to foster revolution by actively promoting unrest. The goal is to achieve “fundamental transformation” of a country by tearing down existing structures, replacing them with a new order of government. For instance, during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), rebel army officer Generalissimo Francisco Franco marched on Madrid. The city was a Republican stronghold and critical to Franco’s success. He attacked the city with four columns of troops. But within, according to General Emilio Mola, there was a “fifth column” of what Ernest Hemingway would call “a clandestine group of traitors.” These subversives and saboteurs would rise up against the Loyalists when Franco’s fascist insurgents arrived, creating chaos in order to tilt the balance toward Franco. They were determined to undermine the nation’s solidarity by any means at their disposal. In short, the insertion of subversives into major centers of population would create chaos that would be critical to Franco’s success. Considering the radical weltanschauung of our administration, committed as it is to open borders and total amnesty, it is not hard to guess that the current influx of immigrants from South America are the equivalent of Franco’s fifth columns. Of course, the children are unwitting and innocent victims who are being callously used by those committed to achieving an agenda unrealizable by the utilization of constitutionally established institution such as congress. The fact is that the current influx of immigrants into the United States has every appearance of a coordinated effort on the part of our current imperial administration and certain South American governments to bypass Congress and immigration law. Every indication is that there is an intention to destroy the borders of our country along with the sovereignty of the states and cities into which the masses of people are being bused and flown to be herded into warehouses, military bases and other facilities. It’s a brutal and callous move on the part of the Obama cabal. But, then, the Left is notorious for using children to achieve its ends. Liberals know Americans have a soft heart, especially when it comes to little ones. Thank God, every effort will be made to see the innocent are cared for. The question is, “Why?” Why are these kids being used? We cannot seriously believe the chief reason masses are being shuttled to our cities is in order they become Democrat voters, thus ensuring political balance of power favorable to the Democrat Party. While children do grow up and eventually become voters, acquiring new Democrats is not the chief reason our borders are being overrun. The reason for the influx of South American children — and God only knows who else along with them — may well be that their importation into the hearts of our towns and cities will prove to be useful fifth columns around which radical groups such as La Raza can rally. Radicals love nothing so much as manufactured crises, which they then put to use for their ends. In other words, the influx is intentional and is not about to be stopped, particularly since the Obama administration has furloughed ICE agents. Let’s also not forget the person in charge of the Domestic Policy Council is Cecilia Munoz, a supporter of the DREAM Act and former senior vice president for the radical open-border National Council of La Raza. According to a Townhall article written by Katie Pavlich: “Muñoz is an immigration expert who worked for the National Council of La Raza, the largest Latino civil rights and advocacy organization in the United States, until she joined the administration in 2009. The group works to improve opportunities for Hispanic Americans and advocates legislation that would provide a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants. […]Key among the secondary organizations is the radical racist group Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan, or Chicano Student Movement of Aztlan (MEChA), one of the most anti-American groups in the country, which has permeated U.S. campuses since the 1960s, and continues its push to carve a racist nation out of the American West.” [Italics mine.] Pavlich writes that Munoz “is the perfect government bureaucrat for Obama to channel his open-border, pro-amnesty agenda through under the guise of La Raza being a ‘civil rights” organization.’ ” Is it possible that Munoz, along with other radical open border and amnesty supporters, are behind the current children’s crusade? The children themselves are unwitting fifth columnists, but the radical La Raza types who attach themselves to the children are not unwitting. They are quite capable of being fifth columns, groups of people who are prepared to act traitorously and subversively out of secret sympathy with enemies of the country in which they live. The children provide a perfect focal point around which La Raza’s militants can rally. LaRaza will ally themselves to Obama and the federal government as opposed to loyalty to the city and/or state in which they are dropped. Together, the children and radical advocates for Obama’s agenda are the perfect Trojan horses. In fact, La Raza militants have already arrived in Murrieta, claiming they are there to “protect” the children. The militants have taken up the role of sympathizers with the children and their families, but the alliance is being made in order to give the radicals a legitimate place from which to foment unrest and to promote the cause of an American West returned to its “rightful” owners. Watch for organizations with innocuous-sounding names like “The Displaced Children’s Center” to be rapidly established. With those types of organizations as cover, and supported by federal funds, La Raza and other disaffected militants also could be aided and abetted by leftist sympathizers within churches — Catholic and Protestant — who by reason of Marxist liberation theology have leftist leanings in alignment with the Obama administration. Many churches are dominated by priests and pastors who believe in amnesty and who believe in establishing sanctuary cities committed to protecting peoples they see as refugees from oppression rather than as peoples who have broken the laws of our country or who are invaders without any regard for the due process other immigrants dutifully follow. In sum, it is hard not to suspect the power of the imperial federal government and its bureaucracies is being used to create a diaspora of radicalized discontents within our cities and towns. After all, have we not seen this administration hell bent on supporting radical interests wherever they are found, be they in the Middle East or here at home in America? It remains to be seen if American citizens resist the effort of a radicalized administration to overrule constitutionally-appointed authorities and to destroy state and even national sovereignty — a nation without borders is no longer a nation. It is up to the citizens of the United States to see the handwriting on the wall as yet another manufactured crisis is instigated by an administration that just might decide it has to step in to quell by force the very unrest it has created — just in time to derail the 2014 elections. First published at American Thinker Top 6 on BarbWire.com We have no tolerance for comments containing violence, racism, vulgarity, profanity, all caps, or discourteous behavior. Thank you for partnering with us to maintain a courteous and useful public environment where we can engage in reasonable discourse.	<urn:uuid:7e612c47-ad58-4561-8048-88b19c733561>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://barbwire.com/2014/07/13/importing-revolution-via-children/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126017.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824004740-20170824024740-00473.warc.gz	en	0.959579	1,843	2.9375	3
In the midst of a viral pandemic, it’s hard to think of viruses as anything but a plague on humanity. In reality, viruses hold real promise as a treatment for cancer. This summer, Viterbo University senior biology student Kaitlin Schiferl is conducting research to assess the promise of viral cancer treatments. An Elk Mound native, Schiferl is one of 16 Viterbo students selected for the university’s Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship program. SURF students are paired with faculty mentors, 12 of them this summer, who help the students write research project proposals and then supervise their experiments. Schiferl is working with Luke Bussiere, an assistant professor of biology who came to Viterbo last year after completing his doctoral degree work at Iowa State University. Bussiere’s doctoral thesis focused on understanding the interaction between mammalian orthoreovirus and cancerous tissue to better understand what tumor types and environments that would be most promising for viral therapy. The idea of viral cancer therapy actually goes back to the 1890s, when doctors encountered a cancer patient who contracted an influenza infection. In the wake of the viral infection, doctors discovered that the patient’s leukemia went into remission. “It’s not heard about a lot, but to be fair people have known about this for a long time,” Bussiere said. “What we realize now is viruses love cancer. They love replicating in tumors.” The beauty of using the mammalian orthoreovirus is the virus very rarely results in any disease in people, but it has been shown to be deadly to some tumors. Clinical trials have been running for about 15 years on the reovirus, Bussiere noted, and viral therapy using a form of the herpes virus has been approved in the United States for treatment of skin cancer. Reovirus treatment has been shown to kill some tumors, and recently it has been shown to suppress the hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a) that makes tumors aggressively grow. One big question, though, is whether the viral therapy also could prevent metastasis, the spreading of the cancer to other areas of the body, which is stimulated by accumulation of HIF-1a. “When a tumor is just in one location, your odds are usually pretty good,” Bussiere said. “Our research is looking at if the reovirus doesn’t kill the tumor, can it at least inhibit spread.” Viterbo’s SURF program pays Schiferl a stipend to work 20 hours a week on the research project, which involves cultivating breast cancer cells, infecting them with the reovirus and testing them for evidence of downregulation of two specialized proteins that cancer cells produce to help them metastasize. “The hypothesis is if we detect a decrease in the RNA encoding both of those proteins, it could inhibit the spread of cancer,” Schiferl said. If the reovirus treatment does reduce the proteins, the next step will be to determine whether it hampers the creation of blood vessels to feed the cancer. “The blood vessels are the highway for cancers to spread,” Bussiere said. It has been hard but rewarding work for Schiferl, who also is working this summer as a certified nursing assistant in the oncology department at Gundersen Health System. She’s had to learn new skills for conducting the research, including advanced microscopy and the care and feeding of a cancer cell line, as well as learning the theoretical underpinnings of how viruses and cancer cells work. Schiferl’s research could well be useful to those conducting viral cancer therapy clinical trials. Down the line, this could lead to saving lives. “I think it’s exciting. I don’t think enough students take advantage of these kind of research opportunities,” said Schiferl, who will be a senior in the fall and plans to go on to graduate school to become a physician assistant. “It’s really a great experience that helps you grow and develop a deeper understanding.” AT A GLANCE SURF: Viterbo University's Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship program offers stipends to students for research projects overseen by faculty members in a wide variety of disciplines. MENTORS: Professors supervising students participating in Viterbo’s SURF program include Chris Mayne, Ted Wilson, Kerry Busteed, Mary Ellen Haupert, Matthew Bersagel Braley, Tiffany Lein, Tyler Flockhart, R. Charles Lawrence, Susanna Driscoll, Luke Bussiere, Maria Morgan Bathke and Janet Holter. RESEARCHERS: Here are the student participants and the titles of their SURF projects: - Tristan Meighan: Derivation of a Dendritic Cell Line from the Bone Marrow Cells of Mice for Antigen Processing and Presentation - Amanda Tranberg: The Influence of Black Light Trapping on Insect Diversity - Tess Durscher: Examining the Filipino Culture’s Perspective on Addressing Mental Health Disorders - Rhiannon Baasch: Ethel Smyth: Forging an Intersection between Music and Feminism - Faith Meltz: Meaning Making as CNAs during COVID-19 - Sharice Elbert and Samantha Schnick: The Feasibility of Growing and Selling Greens and Herbs to the Viterbo Cafeteria - Jerica Mueller and Alexis Oestreich: CNAs, Religion, and COVID - Mira Kendall: Environmental Enrichment in Adolescence Induces Resiliency - Alex Boardman: BDNF and NMDA/AMPA Expression in Enriched Environment Exposed Rats and the Resiliency Development Against Stressors that Affect Neuron Management and Plasticity - Easton Halverson: Captopril’s Potential in Diminishing Fibrotic Activity of Radiation Induced Pulmonary Myofibroblasts - Kaitlin Schiferl: MRV Use for Inhibition of Angiogenesis - Brianna Houle: Intermittent Fasting and Metabolic Effects - Alisha Lozenski: Enriched Environment Induces Resiliency - Bailey Nuutinen: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Burnout in Philippines Nurses	<urn:uuid:7d1cfbb7-41df-4ac1-9830-29897ad4ce07>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	http://www.viterbo.edu/news/viterbo-summer-research-may-advance-viral-cancer-treatment	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943555.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320175948-20230320205948-00143.warc.gz	en	0.917279	1,342	3.03125	3
The National Atlas of the United States displays several hundred layers of GIS data for the United States. The data is organized into the following categories. Agriculture (Information about Farms, Livestock, and Crops) Environment (Information about hazardous sites) People (Information about crime rates, economy, food stamps, jobs, mortality rates, population density, etc.) Biology (Information . . . → Read More: United States National Atlas The Geologic Map of North America was published in 2005 by John C. Reed, Jr. (USGS), John O. Wheeler (Geological Survey of Canada), and Brian E. Tucholke (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). This is an amazing piece of work that covers the entire continent of North America at a scale of 1:5,000,000. The map . . . → Read More: Geologic Map of North America This Geologic map of Oregon consists of semi-transparent colored polygons that cover the entire state. Click on a colored area to get the applicable geologic unit symbol. Then open up the Legend to look up the symbol and the characteristics of that geologic unit. Google Earth Library . . . → Read More: Geologic Map of Oregon The European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World (EuDASM) is a massive repository of scanned soil and geologic maps covering large areas of Africa, Asia, Canada, Caribbean Islands, Europe, Latin America, and the United States. The maps were archived over the years by ISRIC – World Soil Information and were recently been . . . → Read More: European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World This collection contains 28 1×2 degree geologic maps covering the entire state of California. The 1:250,000 scale maps were produced in the 1960s and 1970s by the USGS and State of California Division of Mines and Geology. Google Earth Library California Geological Survey . . . → Read More: California Geologic Maps Highly detailed digital geologic maps of the US states (not including Alaska and Hawaii) with consistent descriptions (lithology, age, etc) from state to state. The original geologic data was from various sources and compiled by the USGS into KML format. Click on a polygon to bring up information about that geologic unit. From . . . → Read More: State Geologic Maps Compilation	<urn:uuid:b46421ec-13e6-4647-9647-67738910e6eb>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://www.gelib.com/tag/geology	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010502819/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090822-00040-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.884121	502	3.015625	3
Congress has long been interested in knowing how much fraud exists across the federal government. But reliably determining how often fraud occurs—and its impact—is especially challenging. In this "GAOverview," we discuss 3 key challenges. Specifically: - Agencies define fraud differently, making fraud and related data difficult to study across agencies - Because of the deceptive nature of fraud, it isn't always detected or reported - Existing data on fraud is incomplete and inconsistent We also discuss resources for combating fraud in the federal government, including our online antifraud resource. Why This Matters Congress has long been interested in how much fraud exists across the federal government. Reliably determining the extent of fraud – both frequency and impacts – in all federal programs could help Congress and agency officials prioritize fraud prevention and detection resources. In light of this interest, we examined select data on federal fraud and three key reasons that make determining the total extent of fraud especially challenging: varying definitions, imperfect detection and reporting, and insufficient data. What Data on Federal Fraud Currently Exist? Various entities report data that provide insights into the extent of federal fraud. However, differing methodologies, incomplete data, and inconsistent reporting mean that these figures cannot be added to determine total fraud. The Council of Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency (CIGIE) reports annually on its accomplishments to the President and Congress. In its fiscal year 2021 report, CIGIE estimated that recoveries and receivables from investigations (e.g., ordered restitution, fines, or settlements from resolved and ongoing criminal and civil cases) totaled $12.1 billion. However, this amount included potential crimes beyond fraud, such as theft and mismanagement of government funds. Using information collected from federal agencies, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reports confirmed fraud data—i.e., fraud cases that have been confirmed by a court and do not represent anything settled out of court with or without admission of guilt—on its website paymentaccuracy.gov. For fiscal year 2021, $4.5 billion was reported as confirmed fraud. However, this number may not include all confirmed fraud data. For example, the Department of Defense reported at least $1.1 billion in confirmed fraud to CIGIE in fiscal year 2021, but reported $0 in confirmed fraud to OMB in the same period. These disparate figures raise questions about the quality of reported federal fraud data. Why Is Determining the Total Extent of Fraud Challenging? - Varying Definitions of Fraud Impact Reporting GAO defines fraud as the act of obtaining something of value through willful misrepresentation, which is determined through a court or other adjudicative system. Other entities use broader definitions that include settlements, suspected fraud, or prevented fraud. These varying definitions can result in different reported fraud amounts, which could prevent comparison and summary across agencies. - Fraud Is Not Easy to Detect or Prove Experts note that some potential fraud goes undetected. This may be due to ineffective internal controls or the deceptive nature of fraud. Even when potentially fraudulent activity is detected it may be difficult to determine intent, which is a key component of fraud. For example, improper payments may reflect errors made without the intent to defraud. - Fraud Data Are Insufficient Existing data on fraud are insufficient for determining the total amount of federal fraud. For instance, Inspectors General report on certain results of investigations but do not uniformly record and report fraud and related data. Similarly, federal programs that report improper payment data do not consistently assess what proportion of those payments were the result of fraud. Further, the extent of nonfinancial fraud— obtaining things like a passport, Social Security number, or certification— is unlikely to be included in fraud data. What Could Help Better Determine the Total Extent of Fraud? - Use Definitions Consistently. Although fraud statutes are often tailored to apply to specific types of fraud, using common definitions when measuring and estimating fraud could improve the comparability of reported data. Consistent definitions may allow experts to compare and aggregate data across agencies, assess trends, and show progress in fraud prevention. - Improve Detection and Reporting. Using fraud detection and reporting mechanisms, such as hotlines and data analytics, may help agencies learn of fraudulent activity. Incentives may also aid detection and reporting. For example, the United Kingdom presents Public Sector Counter Fraud Awards to government employees who lead anti-fraud efforts. - Enhance Data Collection. Timely and complete collection of reliable data may help agencies better understand fraud trends, impact, or scope. Although this may require increased resource investment for reporting entities, consistent, complete, and accurate data may allow agencies to detect previously undiscovered fraud, strengthen controls, and better identify fraud’s impact. Determining the total extent of federal fraud is a difficult and nuanced task without one simple solution. However, using definitions consistently, improving detection and reporting, and enhancing data collection may improve our understanding of the total extent of federal fraud. GAO will continue to explore ways to identify and address potential federal fraud. For more information, contact Rebecca Shea at (202) 512-6722 or SheaR@gao.gov.	<urn:uuid:af8323c9-47ed-4c4c-b203-5d0faa94c961>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-106110	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00315.warc.gz	en	0.916671	1,063	2.828125	3
If you’ve read our blog or explored our site before, you probably know that heat pumps are unique in that they are able to offer homeowners both effective cooling and incredibly efficient heating. This week, we’ll go a little further in-depth about how heat pumps are able to manage this feat. You just may find that the heat pump is precisely the type of home comfort system that you’ve been looking for. Reversible Heat Transfer A heat pump is not the same thing as a packaged system, which has separate heating and cooling equipment but packages that equipment together in one unit. Instead, the heat pump is a single system capable of reversing its operation. It does this by reversing its refrigerant cycle. A component in the heat pump called the reversing valve allows for this operation. During the summer, when you are cooling your home, the heat pump will function more or less just as a split central air conditioner does. Refrigerant is evaporated in the indoor evaporator coil, absorbing heat from the air surrounding that coil. It then goes to the outdoor unit, where the condenser coil condenses it and allows its heat to be dispersed into the air. When the cold weather comes and you switch your system over to the heating mode, the refrigerant cycle is reversed. This also reverses the operation of the system’s coils. Now, the outdoor coil is used to allow the refrigerant to absorb heat. That refrigerant is then compressed in order to maximize its thermal energy. When it makes it to the indoor coil, it condenses, and its heat is used to warm the interior of your home. This heating method requires only the use of a small amount of electricity.	<urn:uuid:5c51711a-fca9-4844-aee8-e7477ee9a8bf>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://idealservicesonline.com/2016/08/01/how-can-a-heat-pump-both-heat-and-cool/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00388.warc.gz	en	0.952325	350	2.609375	3
Amino acids are monomers that form the basis of vital proteins for the proper functioning of our body. The amino acids are composed of an amino group (NH 2 ) that is a basic radical, and a carboxyl group (COOH) that is an acid group. The proteins of living beings are composed of the combination of 20 important amino acids for the body. The binding of 2 amino acids is due to a peptide bond between the carbon of the carboxyl group of the first amino acid and the nitrogen of the amino group of the second amino acid. This binding releases a molecule of water and forms what is called a peptide. The ligation of 2 or more peptides is called a polypeptide and, in turn, 1 or more polypeptide chains linked with a certain amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure form a functional and mature protein. Depending on their structure, amino acids can be differentiated in the forms of L and D. Amino acids structure Amino acids are generally made up of a carbon, a carboxyl group (COOH), an amino group (NH 2 ), a hydrogen and a functional group called a side chain or group R. In this sense, the carboxyl group is linked to the amino group through the same carbon (central atom), called alpha carbon. This carbon is associated with a hydrogen and an R group, which will determine the chemical behavior of the amino acid. At the biological level, the 20 amino acids whose combinations form proteins have, therefore, different side chains. The simplest side chain is the one that constitutes the amino acid glycine, whose group R consists only of a hydrogen molecule. The sequence and type of amino acids necessary to synthesize the proteins in the ribosomes are determined by the information contained in the messenger RNA (mRNA or mRNA). In this sense, amino acids are essential elements for the creation of polypeptide chains (future proteins) that translate ribosomes through the work between mRNA and transfer RNA (tRNA). Types of amino acids There are a large number of amino acids, approximately, about 250 amino acids that are not part of the proteins and 20 amino acids that make up the proteins, also known as alpha-amino acids. The 20 amino acids that make up the proteins are classified according to: - the type of side chain or group R (hydrocarbons, neutrals, acid or base), - its chemical behavior (acidic, basic, polar or non-polar), and - whether it is synthesized or not by the human body (essential or non-essential). However, beyond their classification all amino acids are important for the human body and to maintain a good state of health. Essential amino acids Essential amino acids are those that the human body is not able to generate and are obtained through food. Of the 20 amino acids, 10 are the essential ones: leucine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and tryptophan. Non-essential amino acids The non-essential amino acids are 10 and are those that the body can synthesize. They are of great importance because they generate the proteins necessary for the proper functioning of the organism. The non-essential amino acids are: glycine, alanine, proline, serine, cysteine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine and tyrosine. The 20 amino acids The 20 amino acids whose combinations constitute the proteins necessary for the proper biochemical functioning of our organisms are called alpha-amino acids. Below are the 20 alpha-amino acids along with their classification, according to the type of side chain or group R (hydrocarbons, neutral, acid or base), their chemical behavior (acidic, basic, polar or non-polar) and if it is synthesized or not by the human body (essential or non-essential). Amino acid function Amino acids fulfill various functions that are basic to the vital metabolic process of the organism, since they are the basis of proteins. In this sense, amino acids share many of the functions of proteins, such as enzymatic and hormonal. Among its most important functions can be mentioned: - Nutrient transport - Repair or growth of body tissues. - Storage of nutrients such as water, proteins, minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and fats. - They can provide energy. - Maintains the balance of body acids. - It allows muscle contraction. - It allows the proper development and functioning of organs and glands. - They are involved in the repair of tissues, skin and bones, as well as wound healing.	<urn:uuid:097ff00b-db73-4b9f-ac6d-0ce160df1da2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.gradchem.com/what-do-amino-acids-stand-for/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00022.warc.gz	en	0.9129	1,005	4.25	4
In California, we’re always talking about conserving water, usually because of a drought, and increasingly because of our growing population and likely future of water shortages due to climate change. But research shows another compelling reason: conserving water means conserving energy. Pumping and treating water is energy-intensive — the state water project, with its big pumps to get water over the Tehachapi Mountains to Southern California, is the state’s single biggest user of electricity. And the energy associated with water use — such as from dishwashers, hot water heaters, and laundry machines — adds up to a lot of pollution and waste. The California Energy Commission estimates that twenty percent of our electricity is associated with water use, mostly by urban customers. UC Berkeley and UCLA Law Schools are issuing a white paper today outlining policies to reduce the most energy-intensive water use. Called Drops of Energy, the white paper also discusses the most prevalent barriers to conserving this water and ways to overcome them. It stems from a workshop discussion we convened with water agency managers, businesses, environmental groups, and state and local leaders. It is the seventh in our ongoing Business and Climate Change Research Initiative. Some key recommendations for water agencies and state leaders: - implement rate structures that encourage and reward water use efficiency; - gather and publicize water consumption data to help policy-makers and consumers understand where the inefficiencies lie; - coordinate a statewide marketing campaign to encourage water conservation and water use efficiency as a way of life; and - expand energy-efficiency funding programs to water consumers, such as a public goods surcharge on water bills to help consumers pay for water efficiency improvements. So the next time you let your tap run or refuse to upgrade that inefficient water heater or dishwasher, know that you’re not only wasting water and money, you’re wasting energy.	<urn:uuid:6b2c5cef-484c-43cb-8955-0ad1b5f4ce41>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://legal-planet.org/2011/05/19/new-white-paper-on-reducing-water-use-to-save-energy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685129.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919112242-20170919132242-00445.warc.gz	en	0.924125	386	3.515625	4
Oncology is the study of tumours and cancers. Oncologists are medical doctors who specialize in the study and treament of cancerous tumours. They consult other specialists such as radiologists, surgeons and pathologists, and decide on the course of treatment. They are often called upon to confirm diagnoses suggested by other medical professionals. They manage the treatment of patients who have cancer and need radiotherapy, chemotherapy or x-ray treatment. A radiation oncologist is a physician who specialises in treating cancer through radiation therapies and methods. Radiation oncologists investigate the use of x-rays, electrons and gamma rays to destroy cancer. Radiation therapy is used on most types of cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, brain tumours and others. Roughly half of all cancer patients need radio- or chemotherapy at some time during their illness. For those with incurable cancers, the treatment helps patients deal with their symptoms. For example, if they have pain in their bones, radiotherapy can be a very useful treatment. Radical treatment is a method used to try and cure patients. Thus radiation oncologists use a mixture of very aggressive treatment for people who have a good chance of being cured, and very simple treatments for people who have incurable cancer but still need treatment and help. Radiation therapy involves various kinds of radiation treatment techniques. The most common types of radiation therapy are three-dimensional treatment planning, external beam radiation, IMRT, stereotactic radiosurgery, prostate seed implants, brachytherapy and concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The oncologist selects the most effective radiation technique for each particular patient, to destroy abnormal (cancer) cells while sparing the normal surrounding tissue. The process of these treatments is not painful as patients cannot see, smell, taste, hear or feel the radiation treatment. In many cases, radiation therapy is combined with surgery and chemotherapy to achieve the best outcome. When patients come to a radiation oncologist, they have usually just had surgery or a biopsy. The oncologist will often spend about an hour with the patient just talking about the problem and what the most appropriate therapy is. If a patient needs radiotherapy, the radiation oncologist will plan that treatment. This may involve using computers because some tumours are in sensitive areas such as the throat and the treatment has to be planned very carefully to avoid areas such as the spinal cord and the brain. Radiation oncologists use three-dimensional images to work out precisely where the tumour and the normal tissue are, so the treatment does not have unnecessary side effects. Radiation therapists carry out the actual treatment that oncologists prescribe. During radiation treatment, the oncologist generally sees the patient about once a week to make sure that they are alright, and to help manage any side effects they might have. They also care for their patients after treatment, until the patient is fully recovered. With all the new technological developments, oncologists can now cure cancers that were incurable 20 years ago.	<urn:uuid:71751be6-c18a-42bb-b4e3-cd8853b6c15f>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	https://www.gostudy.net/occupation/oncologist	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109682.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821232346-20170822012346-00351.warc.gz	en	0.963274	621	3.46875	3
drilling machinery, © Richard Thornton/Shutterstock.com equipment used to drill holes in the ground for such activities as prospecting, well sinking (petroleum, natural gas, water, and salt), and scientific explorations. Drilling holes in rock to receive blasting charges is an operation in tunneling, mining, and other excavating. Most modern drilling machines are either percussive (chipping rock or ground intermittently by impact) or rotary (involving a cutting or grinding action). A combined rotary-percussive drill uses both types of action when the hardness of the stratum warrants it. The simplest rotary drill is the earth auger, which is hand-operated and resembles the wood auger used in carpentry. The earth auger, used principally for drilling holes in relatively soft earth, is armed with either a spiral drill or a pod-type drill and is attached to a shaft by a socket joint. Successive sections are added to the shaft as the hole deepens. Rotary drilling may be adapted for use at any angle and is suitable for underground mining. In most rotary drilling, hollow rods of steel provide circulation of cooling water or other fluid. There are three kinds of rotary drill bits: (1) drag bits, which cut the rock with two, three, or four wings, sometimes tipped with tungsten carbide, and are used mostly in soft rock; (2) roller bits, which operate with a crushing action by means of wedge-shaped teeth and are used for harder rock; (3) diamond bits, which grind away the rock. The coring-type diamond bit makes an annular hole, the core of which provides a sample cross section of the strata penetrated, and is used for prospecting. Percussive drilling is slower than rotary drilling but has a number of special applications, such as for shallow holes. In percussive drilling, blows are applied successively to a tool attached to rods or a cable, and the tool is rotated so that a new portion of the face is attacked at each blow. Another simple percussive drill consists of one or more lengths of wrought-iron pipe open at both ends, driven by a heavy hammer or, for larger holes, a light pile driver. A second cylinder is sunk inside the first, and water is pumped down the inner pipe to loosen soil and raise debris. For deep boring, rotary drilling has replaced these methods. Long after the rock drill was invented, manual drilling by two men was still usual in mining operations. One man turned the drill, while the second swung the hammer. Most advances in drilling machinery have been developed by tunnelers. The driving of two particular tunnels, the Mont Cenis (Fréjus) tunnel, between France and Italy, and the Hoosac tunnel, in Massachusetts, U.S.—both driven during the 1850s and ’60s—produced a great number of innovations in rock-drilling equipment, most notably the compressed-air drill. The first patented rock drill was invented in 1849 by J.J. Couch of Philadelphia. Its drill rod passed through a hollow piston and was thrown like a lance against the rock; caught on the rebound by a gripper, it was again hurled forward by the stroke of the piston. A notable development was a hammering-type rock drill for overhead drilling devised by C.H. Shaw, a Denver machinist, before 1890. Cuttings dropped out by gravity. This machine was called a stoper when it was used in Colorado and California mines. A pneumatic feed held the machine in place and fed the steel into the rock. These two developments, hammering action and air-leg feed, became important in modern machines. The problem of removing the cuttings from horizontal drill holes was eventually solved by the invention of the hollow drill with an air channel for blowing compressed air into the bottom of the hole. Modern rock drills are commonly mounted on large rigs to bore many holes at one time; the Mont Blanc Tunnel between France and Italy (1960s) was the first tunnel the entire diameter of which was drilled and blasted in a single operation. At the opposite end of the scale, lightweight pneumatic rock drills have also found wide favour in mining and certain tunneling operations. The chief prototype is that designed by Eric Ryd of Sweden, employing a tungsten carbide bit.	<urn:uuid:24bcda20-dca8-4f6b-bc0f-60e465e526d4>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/171652	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678704694/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024504-00065-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962622	915	3.59375	4
What if we tell you that marshmallows can be grown in your garden without any problems? But not the sweet chubby candy you could think about, but healthy and pretty plants. The marshmallow bush is cultivated in many countries on an industrial scale, used in landscape design and, of course, would be appropriate in the pharmaceutical garden. Today we want to tell you how to grow marshmallows and how it is good for health. - What Is a Marshmallow Plant? - What Does a Marshmallow Plant Look Like? - Where Do Marshmallow Plants Grow? - Marshmallow Plant Growing - How to Propagation Marshmallow Plant? - Precautionary Measures - Benefit for Health of Marshmallow Plant - Collecting Althea Marshmallow Plant Root What Is a Marshmallow Plant? Marshmallow (Althaea plant) is a medicinal herbaceous perennial plant of the Malvaceae family. Its healing properties have been known to people since ancient times. Once upon a time it was cooked and eaten as a vegetable by the Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks. Moreover, as mentioned in the Bible, this plant was eaten during the famine. The Althaea is also very beautiful and blooms with light cream flowers. What Does a Marshmallow Plant Look Like? The plant is large, up to 6 ft high. It is distinguished by a single stem. Not prone to branching. It is characterized by a short, multi-headed rhizome and abundantly growing lateral roots. Flowers 1-2in in diameter grow on short pedicels, located in the axils of the middle and upper leaves. The corolla is pink, while the petals of the marshmallow flower are tinted in pale pink or white. Where Do Marshmallow Plants Grow? The wild marshmallow plant is found in Europe and Asia and is also cultivated by enterprises specializing in the cultivation of medicinal plants. Plants are also easy to cultivate in the garden. Marshmallow Plant Growing The marshmallow plant, also known as Althaea officinalis, is a perennial herb that is native to Europe, Africa, and Asia. It is commonly grown for its root, which is used to produce marshmallow candy, as well as for medicinal purposes. Here are some tips for growing marshmallow plants: Marshmallow plants prefer full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter. It’s best to plant marshmallow seeds in the spring or fall, or you can propagate the plants by taking cuttings in the summer. If planting from seed, it’s best to start the seeds indoors about 6-8 weeks before the last frost date in your area. Once the seedlings have grown to about 2 inches tall, you can transplant them into the garden. Marshmallow plants should be spaced about 2 feet apart to give them enough room to grow. If propagating from cuttings, select a healthy, mature plant and cut a 4-6 inch stem from the top of the plant. Remove the leaves from the bottom 2 inches of the stem, and then plant the cutting in a pot filled with a mixture of perlite and potting soil. Keep the soil moist and place the pot in a warm, bright location until the cutting has rooted, usually in about 2-3 weeks. Once the cutting has rooted, you can transplant it into the garden. Marshmallow plants prefer moist soil, so it’s important to water them regularly, especially during hot, dry weather. The plants should be watered deeply once a week, or more frequently if the soil is dry. Be sure not to over-water, as marshmallow plants are susceptible to root rot. Mulching around the base of the plants can help retain moisture and prevent the soil from drying out too quickly. Marshmallow plants benefit from regular fertilization with a balanced fertilizer, which will provide them with the nutrients they need to grow healthy and strong. Fertilize the plants once a month during the growing season, but be careful not to over-fertilize, as this can cause excessive leaf growth at the expense of the roots. Avoid fertilizing the plants in the fall, as this can cause them to produce new growth that will be damaged by frost. Marshmallow plants can grow up to 5 feet tall, so it’s important to prune them back to about 3 feet in the fall to prevent them from becoming too leggy. Pruning will also help the plant to produce more flowers and larger roots. To prune the plant, simply cut back the stems to about 3 feet in height, taking care not to cut into the main stem of the plant. How to Propagation Marshmallow Plant? You can easily propagate the marshmallow plant by seeds or using the root sections. The marshmallow tree plant is propagated mainly by seeds, which are characterized by a long-dormant period. It is best to sow seeds before winter and apply scarification during spring sowing. Before sowing, it is advisable to soak them in warm water for several days. Plants bloom in the second or third year, and flowering lasts from June to September. When growing a plant on a personal plot, it must be borne in mind that marshmallows can grow up to 6-7in in height with good care. Mature plants can also be propagated by dividing the rhizome. This breeding method may well be combined with the procurement of raw materials. Plants are dug up in spring or autumn, and the rhizomes remaining after harvesting are planted to a depth of 4-6 in. In general, the Althaea plant is safe to consume, but be sure to check with your doctor. The only thing is that the Althaea can interfere with the absorption of certain drugs. It is also not recommended consuming it 14-15 days before the planned operation, as it can increase the risk of bleeding. Marshmallows can also cause hypoglycemia. If you have been diagnosed with diabetes, also refrain from consuming marshmallows. Benefit for Health of Marshmallow Plant From time immemorial, it was believed that the root of the marshmallow has healing properties. For medicinal raw materials, a marshmallow root of 3, 2, and one year of age is used, which contains mineral salts, vitamins, pectins, fatty oils, more than 10% sugar, up to 37% starch, and up to 35% mucous substance. Due to the high content of starch and mucous substances, marshmallow root is used as an astringent for gastrointestinal disorders, in the treatment of the duodenum, gastric ulcer, pneumonia, whooping cough, bronchitis, gastritis, bronchial asthma, and in the treatment of catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. Althea flowers and leaves are also used as medicinal raw materials. Fresh marshmallow leaves can be consumed as a salad plant. Everyone knows that aloe vera is a plant used for sunburn. Marshmallow root extract can also help with severe sunburn. One study has shown that an ointment containing 20% marshmallow root extract can reduce skin irritation. Consult your dermatologist in advance about using marshmallow root as a remedy for sunburn, eczema, or psoriasis. Collecting Althea Marshmallow Plant Root If your main goal was to plant marshmallows for medical use, then you can harvest as early as 2-3 autumn after planting. If you harvest in late fall, do it after the roots have died, but always before the ground freezes. Also, use a sharp shovel. If you do not want to lose the Althaea after harvest, take care of replanting the crown. After you have collected the roots, they should be peeled, chopped, and dried. If you do not want to wait 2-3 years for the Althaea to grow, you can buy them in the online store. Can Marshmallow Roots Be Given to Children? This is one of the most common remedies given to a child for respiratory diseases. Babies should take the drug with caution and consult a doctor. Does Marshmallow Root Help with Weight Loss? Starch, pectins, and a large amount of mucus (about 35%) are excellent for weight loss. Mucus can reduce appetite and prevent the absorption of fat after eating. Starch helps mucus and keeps the satiety effect. Do not forget that marshmallows not only have medicinal properties but also look very impressive. The plant is characterized by pubescent grayish-green leaves and showy flowers. The Althaea looks good in various landscape compositions, can be planted in the background, and its tallness allows it to be used to decorate unsightly walls, fences, and other structures.	<urn:uuid:0062da81-c100-4ce4-92f1-f3c217f49b0d>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://growplants.info/marshmallow-plant/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00480.warc.gz	en	0.946034	1,863	3.078125	3
A common, grey and white raptor with a black shoulder. The upper parts are bluish grey, with black wing coverts which appear as a distinctive, black shoulder patch. The under parts are white. There is a small black mask around the eye. Young birds have a reddish-brown wash on the head and breast and the feathers of the upper parts are tipped white. The bill is short with a sharp, hooked tip to the upper mandible. The bill is black, while the feet and legs, and the cere (skin at the base of the bill) are bright yellow. The eye is dark red in adult black-shouldered kites and brownish-orange in immature birds. Habitat: Although found in timbered country, they are mainly birds of the grasslands. Size: Length: 35 to 38 cm Wingspan: Between 80 and 95 cm. Diet Description: Insects, rodents and small birds. Socialisation: Able to hunt by hovering on upturned wings about 50 meters above the ground. When prey is sighted, the kite "parachutes" gracefully straight down into the grass. Black-shouldered Kites are highly nomadic – moving about in search of prey.	<urn:uuid:d711b84c-aa02-4026-8c52-3fdeed6626e8>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://visitstothepark.wordpress.com/2012/08/08/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656833.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609201549-20230609231549-00039.warc.gz	en	0.926686	261	3.4375	3
Conservators at the National Portrait Gallery have uncovered a small painted passage in a portrait of Sir Walter Ralegh which reveals the depth of the explorer's devotion to Queen Elizabeth I. The discovery was made during preparation for the Gallery's forthcoming exhibition Elizabeth I & Her People (10 October 2013 – 5 January 2014), when centuries of old over paint were removed. Found at the top left-hand corner of the painting, the sea can be made out just below an emblem of a crescent moon, indicating Ralegh's willingness to be controlled by the Queen in the same way the moon controls the tides. Elizabeth had been compared to the moon goddess Cynthia, and experts now say the newly-revealed water must refer to the explorer himself (using the pun Walter/water). The discovery also indicates Ralegh's later letters to Elizabeth with similar coded references to moon and water, once thought to have been written while he was imprisoned for his secret marriage to Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of Elizabeth's ladies-in-waiting in 1591, now date from the same period of the painting. Ralegh's ‘Cynthia' cycle of poems written in his italic handwriting for the Queen can also be seen in the Elizabeth I and Her People exhibition. The cycle was referred to in Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queen of 1590, and Spenser probably saw the poem in manuscript form in 1589 while both were in Ireland (one year after this portrait was painted). In the poem Ralegh represents Elizabeth I as Cynthia, the moon goddess (a powerful, benevolent virgin, who was also known to be capricious when affronted). His use of such symbolism flatters the Queen, while recognising his own difficult position and Elizabeth's complicated relationship with her male courtiers. Tarnya Cooper, Curator of Elizabeth I & Her People says: We know it was the patron rather than the painter who would have helped to devise the content of portrait compositions at this time. Therefore this discovery provides exciting new evidence about Ralegh's creative ingenuity. It shows how portraiture, like poetry was used as a tool to present personal messages of devotion to the queen. Andrew Hadfield of University of Sussex, added: This is a fascinating discovery which suggests that Raleigh was at work on his strange Cynthia poems in the late 1580s and that he may have regarded his position at court as perilous and unstable well before his secret marriage. We know that he had a literary friendship with Edmund Spenser, an equally complicated and conflicted figure, and they may have been developing their poems about the queen together in the 1580s. With of over 100 objects, including accessories, artefacts, costumes, coins, jewellery and crafts, the exhibition shows how members of a growing wealthy middle class sought to have their likenesses captured for posterity as the mid-sixteenth-century interest in portraiture broadened. ELIZABETH I & HER PEOPLE Supported by The Weiss Gallery 10 October 2013 – 5 January 2014, National Portrait Gallery, London www.npg.org.uk Adult £13.50, Concs. £12.50/£11.50 Graham Spicer is a writer, director and photographer in Milan, blogging (under the name ‘Gramilano') about dance, opera, music and photography for people “who are a bit like me and like some of the things I like”. He was a regular columnist for Opera Now magazine and wrote for the BBC until transferring to Italy. His scribblings have appeared in various publications from Woman's Weekly to Gay Times, and he wrote the ‘Danza in Italia' column for Dancing Times magazine.	<urn:uuid:574d2afc-f168-45dc-ae50-d7804dc796b0>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.gramilano.com/2013/10/hidden-code-discovered-walter-ralegh-portrait/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511075.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003092549-20231003122549-00506.warc.gz	en	0.977054	770	3.015625	3
How to teach a child safety When you voice safety rules to your child, you need to explain to them why this is important. You can achieve his submission by using the phrase: “Because I said so,” but this will not convince the child of the importance of the rule. Try to assure him that the rules are not needed to make his life less joyful, but to make him safe. The more fair and reasonable the rules seem to the child, the more likely that he will accept them and adhere to them. Do not bully a child. If you do not want the child to climb trees, you should not tell him: “You will fall and turn your neck.” Say better: “You may fall, and you will be hurt.” If you exaggerate a possible danger, this can lead to one of two consequences (or both at once): the child will cease to trust you. He will not believe you, because he understands: what you say is unlikely; the child will believe you, but he will grow up with confidence that the world is a terrible place full of dangers. When a child does not comply with the established rules, you must let him know that his dangerous behavior has consequences. If a child runs out onto the carriageway, you must immediately return him to a safe place, repeat the rule again, explaining his reasons (for example, to say that drivers may not see the child) and warn that this should not be done. Such a warning should be done only once. If the child is still repeating dangerous behavior, you need to establish strict consequences for him. They should be related to the need to ensure the child’s safety. For example, if he runs out onto the roadway again, it is worth taking him home. Explain to the child the connection between his behavior and consequences: “I warned you that you should not run along the roadway. This is dangerous. If you can’t play outside safely, play at home. ” When the rules set by you seem fair to the child, and he understands the need for his own safety, he will abide by these rules. He will not obey you in order to please you, but because he will begin to consider your rules as his own. For the safety of the child, more is needed than just following the rules. The child must trust his own instincts about what is dangerous and what is not. With your help, he needs to develop his inner voice, which will warn him of a possible danger. This voice will deter the child from getting into a car with a stranger, walking in deserted places, etc. Therefore, teach your child to trust instincts. Each time, hearing this inner voice, he must listen to it. Another way to develop a child’s self-preservation instincts is to rehearse security situations with him. Do it in a playful way. Combine simple problems with more complex ones: What would you do if a stranger came for you to kindergarten and offered to take you home? What would you do if your ball rolled out onto the road? What would you do if you got lost in a supermarket and couldn’t find me? What would you do when another child fell from a tree? What would you do if another child sat on the edge of the hill and refused to go down? What would you do by breaking a glass? What would you do if your friend suggested you do something dangerous? If the child is puzzled by your questions, offer him several options to choose from. A child can give completely unexpected answers, for example: “I will wait until the ball itself comes back to me”; “I will offer the child a candy so that he descends from the hill”, etc. Do not laugh at such answers of the child. He speaks quite seriously, and his answers correspond to his age. Instead, praise him for his quick wits, suggest a better solution, and next time ask the same question.	<urn:uuid:3a1d6b6e-37d8-4ef7-9255-1f8f52496d15>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	http://bobbysussersongs.com/post116	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347435238.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603144014-20200603174014-00206.warc.gz	en	0.976611	838	3.484375	3
The Indian government’s electrification plans offers major opportunities for renewable energies, with small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) best placed to meet them. They, however, face challenges in raising sufficient capital at the right cost. Innovative mechanisms are needed, and here is presented one offering the possibility of pooling available capital and using it to finance green-energy SME expansion. India’s overall demand for energy has increased significantly in recent years, largely due to population growth, rapid industrialisation and rising standards of living. Energy supply, however, has been unable to keep pace with the growing demand, resulting in a persistent demand/supply mismatch. The Indian power sector has traditionally been dependent on thermal power,1 but is now shifting towards renewable sources of energy. The government, faced with a persistent energy deficit and limited access to fossil fuels, is encouraging the renewable energy sector,2 and, because of a progressive regulatory framework, renewable generation pricing is approaching grid parity. Despite these promising conditions, the vigorous Indian renewables sector still faces challenges, the main one of which is a lack of adequate financing. Some innovative mechanisms have recently been introduced but if renewable energy projects are to be encouraged, others need to be developed. Access to finance is vital It is estimated that India will need more than USD 200 billion in clean energy financing over the next 10 years if the country is to meet its targets for electrification and economic growth. In the solar sector, which offers the most promising opportunity for rapid electrification, raising finance, and especially equity capital, has been difficult. It is worth noting that although a renewable energy plant costs less to operate once it is up and running, it is more capital intensive to develop than a conventional (thermal) one. It is, therefore, crucial to ensure access to finance if renewable-energy projects are to be encouraged. There are several reasons for the difficulty in accessing equity funding, some linked to Indian financial markets, others to the nature and small size of solar projects. To date, banks have preferred to finance projects with debt rather than equity, primarily because of the variable reliability of Indian off-takers. Despite the energy focus shifting from coal to solar and wind, most banks are over exposed to coal projects. Although specialised government financial institutions3 as well as bilateral and multilateral development banks4 financially support government policies, a deeper pool of funding is needed to sustain the enthusiasm of the Indian renewables industry, which requires a lot of small investments. For a number of reasons, however, the financial markets do not favour investment in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which largely make up the renewables sector. Most investors prefer businesses that show considerable growth potential in a large market, whereas SMEs more often focus on providing grass-roots solutions to a small number of consumers. Additionally, SMEs often sell into markets with weak or no credit ratings and are unable to insure the payment default risk as this is generally too expensive at small transaction levels as well as being too complex for SMEs implement. Furthermore, SMEs, by definition, have limited balance sheets and are thus often unable to attract low-cost capital. Similarly their limited liquidity and relative lack of formal systems and processes required by institutional investors hamper their access to commercial financing, increasing costs, constraining growth and limiting their ability to develop green energy projects. Around the world, and especially in India and Africa, there are opportunities for SMEs to contribute to the growth of renewable energy, and particularly solar power. But because of a high perception of risk and limited scale, a large number of these opportunities have limited growth potential as capital is only available at prohibitive rates, if at all. Yieldco, an inspiring funding mechanism It has already been proven in the grid-connected solar power market globally that companies that can aggregate small projects have not only been successful in meeting the challenge of prohibitive financing costs by scaling, but have also been able to mitigate the risks inherent in a diversified portfolio using the yieldco mechanism. A yieldco is usually created by a parent company, typically a large player with the necessary capital to purchase third-party assets or build projects themselves, that bundles long-term operating assets to generate predictable cash flows. Because they are composed of assets that are up and running, yieldcos present a lower risk profile than new projects typically exposed to construction risks. Investor returns are directly linked to the operating performance of the underlying assets with the resulting cash available for distribution, passed on as dividends. From a developer’s perspective, the mechanism has proved successful in lowering the financing cost for the solar industry. The transfer of projects to a yieldco subsidiary enables companies to maximize project value by lowering the cost of capital, most of which in solar projects is required upfront, making that an extremely important metric for solar developers. Given a lifetime of 20–25 years for solar projects, yieldcos provide sustainable and reliable cash flows and help monetise projects – the capital raised can then be used to finance new projects at lower rates than those available through expensive equity finance or to pay off expensive long-term debt. Yieldcos serve as a valuable funding mechanism, and are being used by such renewable energy giants as Abengoa, ACS, NextEra Energy, NRG Energy, and SunEdison. All have set up yieldcos to raise millions of dollars through initial public offerings; indeed, since 2013, yieldcos have raised a total of USD 3.8 billion and acquired more than 8 GW of assets of which 78% are renewables. A new mechanism for the off-grid market Azure Power has designed an innovative mechanism on green energy finance, denominated Azure Life™, mimicking diversified portfolio ownership. It has the potential to do for the off-grid market what yieldcos have done for grid-connected solar. And the potential is great. In India around 880 million people live in villages (Indian census, 2011), an estimated 20,000 of which are unelectrified (ICEA, 2013). These rural people and more than 50% of the urban population use wood and coal as fuel for cooking. Given the supply and demand mismatch, the off-grid market has huge potential for growth and development. In 2014 the World Resources Institute estimated that, in India, the off-grid energy access market included 114 million households with an income of less than USD 2 a day (Bridge to India, 2014). Further, the International Energy Agency estimated that around half of those without access to electricity spend more than USD 60 billion annually on energy (IEA, 2010), primarily using inefficient fuels such as kerosene. This suggests that even in the base of the pyramid market, people are willing to pay for services and solutions such as solar lanterns, home lights, street lamps, solar water pumping systems and heating systems. Overall, decentralized renewable energy enterprises offer a market opportunity valued at more than USD 2.04 billion annually. Although there are several SME initiatives around the country to provide micro-solar solutions to the underserved population, each has limited access to capital, and therefore limited growth potential. A facility along the lines of a yieldco, however, could be extremely efficient in providing a larger pool of efficient capital for such projects. With such a facility as Azure Life™ that provides a constant pool of capital based on their potential to scale, SMEs could recycle cash by dropping their assets into Azure Life™, continuing both their own and the facility’s growth. Azure Life™ would pool capital from individuals, multilateral development banks, pension funds and commercial financial institutions that are interested in climate-change mitigation and socio-economic development and have return expectations of 3–5% in emerging markets, while monitoring portfolio risk and performance over the term of the investment. At the same time, in welcoming SMEs into a family with a proven track record and assets, Azure Life™ could set technology and financing standards as well as manage assets, including legal and currency risks, across defined jurisdictions. With a standardised and efficient accreditation process, such as that established within agencies including the Small Industries Development Bank of India5 for managing World Bank and Global Environment Facility grants, a facility similar to Azure Life™ could enable credible SME participation.6 Once accredited, the SME’s assets passed to the facility could act as a guarantee against a predefined, standard set of technical and financial parameters. With the payout from the drop down, the SMEs could then expand their activities, moving resulting new assets to the facility – with it paying a premium for the right of first offer on such assets. Regular monitoring by the facility of the technical and financial parameters would ensure proper yield cover to the investors – the yield available, typically 85% of free cash from such assets set after taking into account all risks pertaining to distribution tax/costs and currency deprecation, would take all necessary provisions and safeguards into account. The new Indian government’s electrification plan to electrify every household by 2019 offers a major social and economic opportunity, implying almost 400 million new power consumers. In many ways, SME’s are best suited to meeting the needs of electrification for widespread rural communities – key to meeting India’s ambitious energy targets. This type of innovative facility could allow the private sector to involve itself in the development of climate-change friendly energy sources, provide SMEs with much needed but difficult to raise finance, and facilitate and speed up the provision of electricity to hundreds of millions of people. 1 69% of the installed power capacity is generated from conventional sources of energy (coal, oil and natural gas) as of fiscal year 2014. 2 In 2010, the Indian government announced the National Solar Mission, which is a federal scheme to promote the renewable energy sector. The scheme announced a target of 20 GW by 2022, which has been recently updated to 100 GW by 2022 by the new government. At present, about 3.1 GW has been installed and new tenders for almost 2.7 GW were rolled out in the recent months. 3 Such as the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) and PTC India Financial Services Ltd (PFS). 4 Including the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Agence Française de Développement group (AFD) including Proparco. 5 SIDBI is an independent financial institution aimed to support the growth and the development of micro, small and medium-scale enterprises in India. 6 The accreditation process entails working with accreditation experts that help prepare and process applications with information required by banks and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved rating agencies, thus handholding the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) through the process seamlessly. References / Bridge to India, 2014. Beehives or elephants? How should India drive its solar transformation? Available online: http://www.tatapowersolar.com/bti/Report_Beehives%20or%20elephants_September%202014.pdf // Indian census, 2011. Database. Available online: http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdataonline.html // Indian Central Electricity Authority, 2013. Annual Report 2012-13. Available online: http://cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/annual_rep/2012-13/ar_12_13.pdf // International Energy Agency, 2010. World Energy Outlook. Available online: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weo2010.pdf	<urn:uuid:70f0d433-1037-41f6-af62-3518ec851296>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	http://blog.private-sector-and-development.com/2015/12/10/pooling-an-innovative-way-of-releasing-capital-for-renewable-energy-india/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387219.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525032636-20200525062636-00338.warc.gz	en	0.940872	2,362	2.625	3
Tea happens to be one of the most popular beverages across the globe. While the caffeine-based drink is known to increases alertness and decreases sleepiness, a recent study has revealed that drinking tea at least three times a week could lead to healthy years of life and longer life expectancy. Yes, you read that right. The study was published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, a journal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Dr Xinyan Wang, who is the author of the study said, “Habitual tea consumption is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease and all-cause death. The favourable health effects are the most robust for green tea and for long-term habitual tea drinkers.” The study was conducted on 100,902 participants of the China-PAR project2 with no history of heart attack, stroke, or cancer. They were then classified into two groups: habitual tea drinkers and never or non-habitual tea drinkers and followed-up for a median of 7.3 years. As per the findings of the study, habitual tea drinkers who maintained their habit in both surveys had a 56% lower risk of fatal heart disease and stroke, 39% lower risk of incident heart disease and stroke and 29% decreased risk of all-cause death compared to consistent never or non-habitual tea drinkers. Senior author Dr Dongfeng Gu, said, “The protective effects of tea were most pronounced among the consistent habitual tea drinking group. Mechanism studies have suggested that the main bioactive compounds in tea, namely polyphenols, are not stored in the body long-term. Thus, frequent tea intake over an extended period may be necessary for the cardioprotective effect.” Another thing to be noted here is that drinking green tea was linked with approximately 25% lower risks for incident heart disease and stroke, fatal heart disease and stroke, and all-cause death. However, no significant associations were observed for black tea. Dr Gu noted that a preference for green tea is unique to East Asia. The researchers concluded that randomised trials are required to validate the results and to illustrate nutritional guidelines and advice for lifestyle.	<urn:uuid:d03a65bf-330b-4309-bb6e-e27044002bcf>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.healthshots.com/health-news/drinking-tea-regularly-can-help-you-live-longer-and-healthier-no-we-arent-kidding/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738573.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809192123-20200809222123-00383.warc.gz	en	0.953986	447	2.8125	3
The La Trobe led study, partially funded by the Game Management Authority and published recently in Ecology and Evolution, has revealed hog deer introduced to Victoria in the 1860s are comprised entirely of hog deer and chital hybrids within the Gippsland region. Lead researcher Erin Hill, from the School of Life Sciences at La Trobe University, said the study is the first to show hog deer in Victoria are hybrids. “Exactly when the hybridisation occurred is unknown. It may have occurred in their native range, in captivity prior to release, or following release in Victoria, as chital deer were introduced at about the same time,” Ms Hill said. “We examined and sequenced the genetic makeup of 80 deer in Victoria and found no trace of pure hog deer living in the wild. Associate Professor Jan Strugnell, from James Cook University, also an author on the study, said that established chital populations in Australia only exist in pockets in Queensland and New South Wales. “Given chital species were eradicated in Victoria almost 100 years ago, it’s clear this hybrid species has survived over generations because it is fertile.” Ms Hill said that the discovery of widespread hybridisation could affect the management of hog deer in Victoria. “This is due to the long-held belief that this introduced species could play an essential role in the conservation of the species throughout its native range,” Ms Hill said. “Victoria is home to one of the few remaining stable populations of hog deer left in the world.” Ms Hill said it is vital to stress the importance of the introduced species for conservation, despite their newly discovered hybrid status. “Our study has revealed that translocations of introduced Victorian deer back into the native range would likely need to be restricted to areas where hog deer and chital co-exist naturally,” Ms Hill said. “This would include the northern regions of India, where native chital and hog deer are endangered due to overhunting and habitat loss.” Ms Hill said more research is needed before translocations can occur. “The next steps are to assess the hybridisation rate of hog deer and chital within the native range in India, and to further explore the idea of translocating Victorian hog deer back to the native range by measuring the levels of genetic variation within the Victorian population,” Ms Hill said. “Genetic variation is important as it allows individuals to adapt to their environment, and so it is important to reintroduce as much genetic variation as possible back into the native range to ensure long-term survival of the species.” Media contact: Dragana Mrkaja – 0447 508 171 – email@example.com	<urn:uuid:c8d415b3-675c-4658-a93b-69f6fc561489>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/victorian-hog-deer-genetics-revealed	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146647.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227033058-20200227063058-00377.warc.gz	en	0.956537	576	3.296875	3
Today Year 2 visited Tullie House Museum in order to learn more about the life of Florence Nightingale, why we still remember her today, the conditions of Scutari hospital and what she did to improve those conditions. We started the day by meeting 'Florence Nightingale' and asked her some questions about her life and shared with her what we already had learnt about her in class. Then she discussed what she was wearing and how it differed from what women wear today. After this she passed around some containers which replicated some of the smells from Scutari hospital... some of the children were really shocked how bad the smells actually were! After Florence had talked about her life and answered questions the children worked on different activities where they handled replicas of objects used during Florence's time. Then they compared objects from the past to objects in the present day and discussed what they were used for and how they had changed. Then the children got the opportunity to dress up as soldiers from the Crimean War and also as nurses treating the wounded. They then performed various drama activities and practised using bandages.	<urn:uuid:3fc543db-4e4b-40ff-8d8d-af45ca322d07>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://www.bookwell.cumbria.sch.uk/florence-nightingale-at-tullie-house/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425144.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725102459-20170725122459-00322.warc.gz	en	0.989909	225	3.125	3
This is the re-posting of a comment first appeared on the blog internetSERVICE (http://www.internetservice.net/2011/10-ways-the-internet-changed-wars-forever) We no longer rely on the Pony Express to bring us the news. Nor do we have to huddle around the stationmaster at the train depot while he keys in an interrupted message about a gang of desperadoes that’s headed your way. With today’s internet, there aren’t many places left on the planet where virtually instantaneous communication, audio and/or video, are not attainable. This, naturally, has changed how battles are won and how wars are fought. No longer can great numbers of troops be moved far, before being detected and reported on by an opponent. News speed isn’t the only thing about war that the internet has affected. Below are some direct and indirect effects that the internet has had, both on military and civilian personnel. - Instantaneous – It took more than a month for news of the Boston Tea Party to reach London. Today we can send and receive news worldwide faster than we can brew a cup of tea. - Civilians – Often, the only coverage or first coverage of many international incidents and events comes via cell phone communications. News teams may not have arrived, or the action may occur in areas banned to the world press. - Military Operation Communication – Internet gadgetry and programming allow coordinated planning where more information is disseminated instantly to all areas within the entire command. Small units will know where their nearest contacts are, and whether they are likely to be “friendly” or not. - Remote Control – UAVs, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, have been in use since 1849, when Austrian troops were attacking the Italian city of Venice. Though some balloons dropped payloads of explosives on their intended targets, other balloons blew back over Austrian lines. Today, internet remote control allows precise planning and pinpoint accuracy using predatory drones. - Gamer Mentality – Even online recruitment ads utilize the gamer approach, because youth will relate to it more easily. GI Joe has been replaced by Call of Duty. - “Everybody” Has It – It gets harder and harder to secure your own activities from hackers and saboteurs, since the internet makes technology available widely, cheaply and almost instantly. - Spy Versus Spy – Information and disinformation highway. Strategic “leaks” are common in the intelligence world, and are often used to confuse and disorient opponents and potential threats. - Surveillance – It’s amazing what can show up via satellite imagery. The reality of today’s techno-wizardry equals or surpasses the science-fiction visions of yesteryear. - Up Close Means Personal – Thanks to apps like Skype, troops in the field are able to see and hear family members who are thousands of miles away. The emotional aspects of armed conflict are brought into American living rooms every night on the news, and the internet plays a key role in how reporters work in the field. - Future – With technology advancing at ever-increasing rates, the only certainty is that the wonders of today will soon be no more than historical curiosities. Who remembers when eight-track tapes ruled? (eight-track audio tapes were popular in the 1970s). The internet is also a valuable tool when conducting the end of any conflict; faster communication can help facilitate a quicker end to the hostilities	<urn:uuid:e9b4e139-6e5a-46a6-ad57-905babd64080>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://www.medialaws.eu/10-ways-the-internet-changed-wars-forever/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948868.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328170730-20230328200730-00219.warc.gz	en	0.927996	722	2.953125	3
Pennsylvania statutory law is divided between several different sources. This section of the guide discusses those sources and the differences between them. Use the pull-down menu or the links below to see your access options. - Slip laws: When the General Assembly enacts a bill, the bills are first published individually as slip laws. - Laws of Pennsylvania: At the end of every legislative session, all of the slip laws passed in that session are bound into one or more volumes titled Laws of Pennsylvania, also known as the pamphlet laws. Because the Laws of Pennsylvania are arranged chronologically, by order of passage, rather than by subject matter, they are not ideal for most day-to-day legal research. - Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes: In the 1970s, the Commonwealth began publishing an official code, the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, which organizes laws by subject matter. However, not all laws passed by the General Assembly can be found in the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. Only laws of a general and permanent nature qualify for codification. Budget and appropriation bills are not codified, for example. Furthermore, not all laws passed prior to 1970 have been codified in the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. - Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes Annotated and Consolidated Statutes Annotated: Purdon's is an unofficial codification of the Commonwealth's statutes published by Thomson Reuters. In addition to the statutory text, it also includes cross-references, footnotes, historical notes, and commentary.	<urn:uuid:d55cf9e0-90fd-4791-876f-f7187b9ca778>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://drexellaw.libguides.com/c.php?g=366026&p=2473430	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738964.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813073451-20200813103451-00013.warc.gz	en	0.934649	309	2.71875	3
This article may contain affiliate links. For details, visit our Affiliate Disclosure page. Mathematics is a fascinating subject, and one of the fundamental concepts in math is exponentiation. Exponentiation is a mathematical operation that raises a base number to a power. When we write a base number and a power, we use the exponent notation. For example, 2^3 means 2 raised to the power of 3, which is 2 multiplied by itself three times, resulting in 8. One common exponent that people come across is “six squared,” which is a notation that may puzzle some people. In this blog post, we will delve into what six squared means, explore its significance, and understand the mathematical concepts behind it. The Meaning of Six Squared: Six squared is a mathematical notation that represents the square of the number six. Squaring a number means multiplying it by itself, and we use the exponent notation to denote it. When we square a number, we raise it to the power of two, represented by the superscript “2.” Therefore, 6 squared is the same as 6 raised to the power of 2, which can be written as 6^2. In other words, 6 squared is the result of multiplying 6 by itself, which gives us 36. The exponent notation is a shorthand way of writing repeated multiplication, and squaring is a fundamental operation in mathematics that has numerous applications. The Significance of Six Squared: Six squared may seem like a simple mathematical concept, but it has significant applications in various fields, including physics, engineering, and computer science. In physics, the area of a square with side length 6 units is 6 squared, which is 36 square units. Similarly, in engineering, the power of a machine with 6 units of force and 6 units of speed is 6 squared, which is 36 units of power. In computer science, the number of elements in a 6×6 matrix is 6 squared, which is 36 elements. Therefore, understanding the concept of six squared is essential in these fields, and it has practical applications that can aid in problem-solving. The Concept of Squaring: Squaring is a fundamental operation in mathematics, and it is the first step towards understanding other mathematical operations like roots and logarithms. When we square a number, we multiply it by itself, which means we are finding the area of a square with side length equal to the number. For example, when we square 6, we are finding the area of a square with side length 6 units, which is 36 square units. Similarly, when we square a negative number, we get a positive result because multiplying two negative numbers gives a positive number. For instance, (-6)^2 is the same as multiplying -6 by itself, which gives us 36. Therefore, squaring is a critical operation that lays the foundation for other mathematical concepts. Squaring Fractions and Decimals: Squaring is not limited to whole numbers, and we can also square fractions and decimals. Squaring a fraction means squaring both the numerator and the denominator separately. For example, (2/3)^2 is equal to (2^2)/(3^2), which simplifies to 4/9. Similarly, we can square decimals by multiplying them by themselves. For example, 0.5^2 is equal to 0.25. Squaring fractions and decimals is a useful operation, especially in geometry and physics, where we deal with measurements that are not whole numbers. The Relationship between Squaring and Roots: Squaring and finding roots are inverse operations, and understanding the relationship between them is crucial in solving mathematical problems. When we square a number, we find the area of a square with side length equal to the number. On the other hand, when we find the square root of a number, we find the side length of a square with area equal to the number. For example, the square root of 36 is 6 because the side length of a square with area 36 is 6. Similarly, the square root of 4 is 2 because the side length of a square with area 4 is 2. Therefore, squaring and finding roots are related, and they can be used together to solve mathematical problems. Squaring and Pythagorean Theorem: The Pythagorean Theorem is a fundamental concept in geometry that relates to the relationship between the sides of a right triangle. The theorem states that the sum of the squares of the two shorter sides of a right triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is the longest side of a right triangle and is opposite the right angle. The Pythagorean Theorem can be expressed mathematically as a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where a and b are the shorter sides of the triangle, and c is the hypotenuse. The theorem is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras, who is credited with its discovery. The Pythagorean Theorem has numerous applications in geometry, physics, and engineering, and it is a crucial concept to understand. When we square the shorter sides of a right triangle and add them together, we get the square of the hypotenuse. For example, if the shorter sides of a right triangle are 3 and 4 units, then we can square them and add them together to get 3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25. The square root of 25 is 5, which is the length of the hypotenuse. Therefore, understanding squaring and the Pythagorean Theorem is essential in solving mathematical problems that involve triangles. Squaring and Algebra: Squaring is a useful operation in algebra, where we deal with variables and unknowns. When we square an equation, we get a new equation that has a different form but is equivalent to the original equation. For example, if we have the equation x + 3 = 7, we can square both sides to get x^2 + 6x + 9 = 49. The new equation has a quadratic term, which means it can be solved using methods like factoring, completing the square, or using the quadratic formula. Squaring equations can help us solve complex problems and can also lead to new insights and discoveries. Squaring and Probability: Squaring is also an essential concept in probability, where we deal with the likelihood of events occurring. The probability of an event happening is always between 0 and 1, inclusive. When we square the probability, we get a new value that represents the likelihood of the event happening twice in a row. For example, if the probability of a coin landing heads up is 0.5, then the probability of it landing heads up twice in a row is 0.5^2, which is 0.25. Therefore, squaring probabilities can help us calculate the likelihood of multiple events occurring. In conclusion, six squared is a mathematical notation that represents the square of the number six. Squaring is a fundamental operation in mathematics, and it has numerous applications in various fields. Squaring lays the foundation for other mathematical concepts like roots and logarithms, and it is related to the Pythagorean Theorem and algebra. Squaring fractions and decimals is also possible, and squaring is crucial in probability for calculating the likelihood of multiple events occurring. Understanding the concept of six squared is essential for problem-solving in various fields, and it is a basic concept that every student of mathematics should understand. By squaring a number, we are multiplying it by itself, and this operation can help us solve complex problems and lead to new insights and discoveries. Mathematics is a beautiful and intricate subject that has applications in almost every field of study. By understanding the concept of six squared and squaring in general, we can unlock the potential to solve problems in a variety of fields. Whether it’s in geometry, algebra, probability, or any other area, the ability to square numbers is a powerful tool that every student of mathematics should have in their toolbox. So, the next time you come across the notation six squared or any other squared number, you will have a better understanding of what it means and how it can be used to solve mathematical problems.	<urn:uuid:4c9aea86-f509-4102-b0ee-60c6314f2977>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://metsminorleagueblog.com/what-does-six-squared-mean/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923062631-20230923092631-00289.warc.gz	en	0.942503	1,706	4.125	4
The Madonna of the Pinks 'The Madonna of the Pinks ("La Madonna dei Garofani")', about 1506–7 Oil on yew, 27.9 x 22.4 cm Raphael’s famous Madonna of the Pinks remained well known as an autograph work right into the 19th century. But by the second half of the century its status had changed to that of a copy, until close visual examination identified several pentimenti. Infrared reflectography revealed an underdrawing characteristic of the artist, and good lighting showed off its fine quality. Subsequent investigations have confirmed the painting’s status as an original work by Raphael. A famous picture To judge from the numerous 16th- and 17th-century painted copies, not to mention several reproductive prints, Raphael’s ‘The Madonna of the Pinks’ has always been famous. In the early 19th century, the painting was one of the highlights of the Camuccini collection in Rome. It continued to be esteemed when acquired, along with the rest of the Camuccini collection, by Algernon, 4th Duke of Northumberland in 1853. The Duke gave ‘The Madonna of the Pinks’ a splendid Renaissance revival frame designed by Giovanni Montiroli (which will be displayed beside the picture for the duration of the National Gallery exhibition Close Examination: Fakes, Mistakes and Discoveries). Yet during the second half of the 19th century the painting’s fame declined, especially after 1860 when the Raphael scholar Johann David Passavant denounced it as a copy. Rediscovering the Raphael For most of the 20th century the picture remained unappreciated in a corridor at Alnwick Castle, the seat of the Duke of Northumberland. Then, on a visit to the castle in 1991, Gallery curator Nicholas Penny was struck by a pentimento where the landscape runs through the tower in the background. Such an alteration would be highly unusual in a copy. The painting was brought to London for examination. In the optimal light of the conservation studio and with the aid of an infrared reflectogram, the work’s exceptional quality became apparent. The picture had a distinct chance of being by Raphael. The remarkably free underdrawing revealed by the infrared reflectogram bore close resemblance to his graphic work, as well as to the underdrawing of his Florentine works such as the ‘Small Cowper Madonna’ in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. The panel was identified as the ‘lost’ Raphael in an article in ‘The Burlington Magazine’ in 1992 and the attribution has subsequently been accepted by most scholars. A remarkable acquisition In 2002 the Duke announced his intention to sell the picture and the National Gallery mounted a campaign to acquire it. As the attention of the press mounted, detractors sought to deny Raphael’s authorship. The Gallery’s scientific, conservation and curatorial departments undertook further research to establish the picture’s attribution and authenticity even more definitively. As the painting was not the Gallery’s property, no paint samples could be taken. Luckily, however, the panel was small enough to be examined under the microscope, so certain pigments could be identified and related to Raphael’s known work. The Virgin’s grey-mauve chemise, for example, contains a red lake pigment mixed with natural azurite and white, with some black in the shadows – a combination that frequently occurs in early works by Raphael. An unusual dark grey pigment on the Virgin’s sleeve was identified as powdered metallic bismuth, which was also used in The Ansidei Madonna and The Procession to Calvary – both in the National Gallery. The green curtain in ‘The Madonna of the Pinks’ was observed to have originally been painted as mauve (a change that would not have been made in a copy). Since the acquisition in 2004, samples have been taken from the very edges of the composition, which are hidden by the frame. These have confirmed the presence of lead-tin yellow pigment and identified the binding medium as heat-bodied walnut oil, which might have aided drying. The samples have also established that the painting is underdrawn with a metalpoint composed of lead and tin, the same used in The Garvagh Madonna in the National Gallery. The imprimatura was found to be a mixture of lead white, a small amount of lead-tin yellow and powdered soda-lime glass containing manganese, a combination that is characteristically seen in Raphael’s early panels. The wood panel has recently been analysed and found to be yew. Scott Nethersole is the Harry M. Weinrebe Curatorial Assistant at National Gallery. This material was published on 30 June 2010 to coincide with the exhibition Close Examination: Fakes, Mistakes and Discoveries N. Penny, ‘Raphael’s “Madonna dei garofani” Rediscovered’, ‘The Burlington Magazine’ 134, no. 1067, Feb. 1992, pp. 67–81 Raphael Research Resource (online resource, supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation) A. Roy, ‘The Re-emergence of Raphael’s “Madonna of the Pinks”’, ‘Raphael’s Painting Technique: Working Practices Before Rome’ (Proceedings of the Eu-ARTECH workshop), eds A. Roy and M. Spring, Florence 2007, pp. 87–92 A. Roy, M. Spring and C. Plazzotta, ‘Raphael’s Early Work in the National Gallery: Paintings Before Rome’, ‘The National Gallery Technical Bulletin’ 25, 2004, pp. 4–35 M.E. Wieseman, ‘A Closer Look: Deceptions and Discoveries’, London 2010, pp. 88–91	<urn:uuid:42a199c7-4511-4acb-9cb2-e27b411c445b>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/research/the-madonna-of-the-pinks	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776435465.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234035-00025-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955388	1,253	2.765625	3
CAMILLA, TEXAS. Camilla is at the intersection of Farm roads 222, 3128, and 3278, seventy miles north of Houston in eastern San Jacinto County. The community was named for one of its early settlers, Mrs. Camilla Hardin Davis, shortly after the Civil War. L. S. McMickin owned the first store at Camilla, and Jim McMurrey opened a second store there, along with a large cotton gin. The agricultural settlement became the site of one of the county's first Farmers' Alliance groups. Camilla received a post office in 1895, and though this office was subsequently discontinued, the area population, which largely earned its livelihood from locally grown cotton, was estimated to be 100 through the first half of the twentieth century. The community had three rated businesses as late as 1961. By the mid-1960s, however, the number of residents had fallen to about seventy, and the community no longer reported any businesses. The population of Camilla was still reported as seventy in 1990, though it had increased to 200 by 2000. Ruth Hansbro, History of San Jacinto County (M.A. thesis, Sam Houston State Teachers College, 1940). The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Robert Wooster, "CAMILLA, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrc11), accessed July 24, 2014. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.	<urn:uuid:ffd17e7d-d051-4edb-a6fd-fb06c2c0dfa2>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrc11	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892806.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00250-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973264	332	2.734375	3
First Peoples Struggling to Survive What Kind of Government Is This? Influenza, First Nations, and federal government policy First Nations peoples have their own stories of the 1918 flu, and you will hear some of those in their own words elsewhere on this website. This is a flu story about government, drawn from public archives, that explains much about the relationship between federal officials and institutions and First Nations people – a relationship that medical historian Mary Jane McCallum has characterized as one of segregation, isolation, and trauma. Margaret Gagnon was just a girl in 1918 when the flu swept through her Lheidli’Tenneh community at Shelley, north of the town of Prince George in central British Columbia. Years later, she could not recall what happened when she got sick, only that it was autumn when she fell ill and that it was spring before she walked again through the village. Then as the snow melted away, and the rivers rose, she saw what was left of her village: a place of cold empty homes. Her family in disarray, Margaret was forced to go to Lejac Residential School, 160 kilometres away at Fraser Lake. As with other Canadians, the flu devastated families on reserves across Canada. First Nations’ death rates were higher than most: eight times higher than the general population in BC. Yet First Nations had what other people did not: a public health-care system operated by the Department of Indian Affairs. But the role that government played in the lives of Indigenous people made them less likely to receive the care they needed to survive the flu. By considering Margaret’s story, we can see it as a nested narrative, one that makes better sense if we set it into the context of Canada’s relationship with the First Nations. The federal health-care system for “status Indians” had developed in piecemeal fashion at the end of the 19th century. When Ottawa first undertook this work, at the urging of First Nations leaders, government officials did so to help prevent epidemic diseases, such as smallpox, from breaking out on reserves. Across Western Canada, a system of health care emerged: the federal government paid doctors, nurses, and others to visit reserves to dispense medicine and to vaccinate the inhabitants. In 1905, career civil servant Duncan Campbell Scott – one of the principle architects of the Indian residential school system in Canada – became the chief accountant at the Department of Indian Affairs (DIA). When he reviewed how much money the government was spending on First Nations health care, he wondered why. The federal government, in his opinion, was under no legal obligation to do so. Whatever moral obligation might have existed in the days of treaty-making was now long gone, he argued: smallpox seldom broke out on reserves. During the decade before the 1918 flu outbreak, Scott slashed the health services budget. He stopped paying departmental doctors by the visit and put them on very low salaries. The best doctors simply dropped out of the service, while others tried to combine reserve work with private medical practice or contract work for a local company. Pulled in many different directions, these doctors were seldom able to make First Nations health care their first priority. When a disease as widespread as the flu struck in 1918, DIA doctors struggled to meet the needs of reserve residents when their paying patients needed them as well. Margaret Gagnon recalled being told that the DIA doctor never visited from nearby Prince George. He had no time, little energy, and less incentive to travel to Shelley. If the flu had arrived even 10 years earlier, a doctor would not have had to travel at all to attend to Margaret and her family. Until 1911, the Lheidli-T’enneh community was situated where it had always been – at the confluence of the Fraser and Nechako rivers, right next to the town of Prince George. In 1911, however, the Canadian government amended the Indian Act to force the relocation of any reserve community considered to be too close to a white settlement. The town leaders of Prince George grasped the chance to open up the real estate at that prime location to settlers and, influencing the vote by the Lheidli-T’enneh band councillors by burning their homes, forced them to move to the location known as Shelley, some distance upriver. One of their many justifications for doing so was to protect the town population from rising rates of diseases, particularly tuberculosis, among Indigenous people. By 1918, the focus and intent of the federal health-care system for First Nations had changed from protecting Indigenous lives to protecting settler lives. It was no longer smallpox that worried government officials, but rather tuberculosis (TB). The tubercle bacillus can infect any part of the body, but it is pulmonary tuberculosis that’s most commonly associated with TB. Spread by droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or spits, it is highly contagious, especially in overcrowded or unsanitary conditions. By 1918, while still a disease of urban slums, TB infection rates among Canadians were dropping. Yet on Indian reserves and in residential schools, the disease was spreading. The problem was clearly known as early as 1909 when Dr. Peter Henderson Bryce, the DIA’s first chief medical health officer, studied the problem. But his recommendations – to improve the health conditions of residential schools, to increase the number of doctors, nurses, and hospital beds available to status Indian patients – went against Scott’s parsimonious tendencies. Scott personally attacked Bryce, called his recommendations naive, and, finally, forced him from office. To Scott’s mind, the solution to the “Indian problem” was assimilation, not government support. Scott would, however, agree to fund infirmaries in residential schools. The problem was that the residential schools themselves served to spread the disease: these facilities concentrated sick children; weakened them with poor nutrition, overwork, and abuse; infected the healthy with TB that lurked in all the schools; and then sometimes sent the sick home to die, spreading the disease to family and friends who gathered at their bedsides. As families like Margaret’s foundered after the flu, more children were sent to the residential schools, where their mental, spiritual, and physical health would forever be impaired. Margaret spoke little about Lejac, but her classmate, Saik’uz Elder Mary John, remembered it as a place of loneliness and hunger. Lejac itself is gone, but its cemetery remains on the windswept shore of Fraser Lake. In sum, we can see that Margaret’s story is not a singular tragedy but a systemic one. The federal government consistently made decisions that negatively affected the health of First Nations members even as it administered a health-care system that was purportedly designed for their benefit. In so doing, the federal government allowed influenza to take its toll among First Nations communities and set up conditions in which Indigenous people would continue to suffer high rates of disease for generations to come. Taped interview with Margaret Gagnon by Mary-Ellen Kelm, September 1993, Prince George, BC. Library and Archives Canada, National Health and Welfare, RG 29. vol. 853–096.1 May 1919; “Vital Statistics, 1919,” British Columbia, Sessional Papers, 1920. Mary-Ellen Kelm, Colonizing Bodies: Aboriginal Health and Healing in British Columbia, 1900–1950. (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1998), 104-152; James B. Waldram, D. Ann Herring and T. Kue Young, Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives. 2nd edition. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006),173-209. Kelm, Colonizing Bodies, 111. Frank Leonard, A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Railway and Northern British Columbia, (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1996), 175; Frank Peebles, “City’s 100th anniversary built on village’s ashes,” Prince George Citizen, March 17, 2015. Waldram, Herring and Young, Aboriginal Health, 69. Kelm, Colonizing Bodies, 112–3 Maureen K. Lux, Separate Beds: A History of Indian Hospitals in Canada, 1920s–1980s. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 23. Ian Mosby and Tracey Galloway, “‘Hunger Was Never Absent’: How Residential School Diets Shaped Current Patterns of Diabetes among Indigenous Peoples in Canada,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 189, no. 32 (August 14, 2017): E1043–45. Bridget Moran, Stoney Creek Woman: the Story of Mary John. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1988.	<urn:uuid:ff741fc5-c990-4d4e-9110-f472ffdd9b62>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://definingmomentscanada.ca/1918-influenza-pandemic/history/first-peoples-struggling-to-survive/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00362.warc.gz	en	0.965528	1,893	3.203125	3
Center for Educational Research 3141 Chestnut Street, Bossone 512 Philadelphia, PA 19104 This book focuses on the use of Maple in solving Engineering problems. The student first becomes familiar with the use of Maple and then it's use as a tool for solution of mathematical operations such as calculating derivatives, solving applied maxima and minima problems, solving differential equations, and calculating integration while solving problems in an engineering context. site is best viewed with Internet Explorer v6 for Windows (v5 for Mac) or higher, Netscape v7 or higher, or any browser meeting the W3C web standards.	<urn:uuid:b107e322-4e7c-4aee-a816-72fedb537bee>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www-gateway.vpr.drexel.edu/includes/display_project.aspx?ID=279&maincatid=105&subcatid=1019&thirdcatid=0	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321553.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627203405-20170627223405-00130.warc.gz	en	0.901697	127	2.9375	3
Dynamics of rice planthoppers (RPH) and natural enemies using yellow paper sticky trap and existence of rice stunt virus after outbreak as a buffer management to RPH control Brown planthopper (BPH) outbreak had often occurred in Indonesia, especially in West Java, among others Subang and Karawang as a hot spot areas. The research of dynamics population of rice planthoppers (RPH), natural enemies and existence of rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) to anticipate rice damage was carried out in rice field at Sukamandi research station of Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR). The results showed that the BPH and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) population were very low and didn’t damage to rice crop, and also didn’t find symptoms of RRSV and grassy stunt virus (RGSV) after outbreak of both BPH and RRSV. Monitoring of RPH and natural enemies on DS 2011 using yellow paper sticky trap (YPST) was very good and effective as well as visual counting. Population of BPH and spiders on visual counting was lower than on YPST, but in WS 2011/2012 otherwise. The WBPH population and Paederus fuscipes on visual counting was higher than on YPST on both DS and WS. The population of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis on YPST observations was significantly higher than on visual counting on both DS and WS. The general results of pests and natural enemies with visual counting wasn’t always higher than YPST observation, and vice versa.This depends on the abundance and movement activity of each pests and natural enemies. Control to BPH and WBPH by insecticide on economic thresholds based on natural enemies (predators) didn’t require to be done on both the DS and WS, due to the value of RPH corrected by natural enemies (Di) always lower than the economic threshold that have been set based on the price of grain at harvest.This indicates that the presence predators of spiders, Lycosa pseudoannulata, P. fuscipes, and C.lividipenis have been able todecrease the population of rice planthoppers. Baehaki SE. Dynamics of rice planthoppers (RPH) and natural enemies using yellow paper sticky trap and existence of rice stunt virus after outbreak as a buffer management to RPH control. International Journal of Entomology Research, Volume 2, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 58-66	<urn:uuid:5b6eaf25-bfd2-4e68-9d21-90dafe2b0257>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://www.entomologyjournals.com/archives/2017/vol2/issue6/2-6-12	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00448.warc.gz	en	0.932729	528	2.75	3
Computer Viruses are an everyday occurrence in business and home computing. Generally, anti-virus programs are able to intercept and delete most computer viruses before they affect important systems and/or information. The possibility exists, however, of a computer virus effecting systems on a large-scale basis that would impact the daily lives of Americans. The Haverhill Police Department uses computers in our Communications Center, our Police Vehicles, and our Police Headquarters; however, the Department also has redundant systems in place in the event our computer systems were to go off-line. The Communications Center, which handles all incoming non-emergency and emergency 911 lines, trains for the handling and dispatching of calls without the use of computers. A color-coded card system, originally used in the days before computers were used for taking calls and dispatching Officers, can be used to document all incoming emergency and non-emergency calls, transfer the call information to the dispatcher, and maintain a document of the incident for future review. The Police Department (and all other City Departments) also have a Continuity Of Operations Plan (COOP) to ensure that normal operations can continue in the event of the total destruction of City Hall, Police Headquarters, or any other City facility. In the unlikely event that such devastation would occur, the Police and City services to the community would not be interrupted. Home \| Mayor's Office \| Departments \| Resources \| Site Map \| Feedback Office of the Mayor City of Haverhill, Massachusetts City Hall, Room 100, 4 Summer Street, Haverhill, MA 01830 Developed by enilsson.	<urn:uuid:f9e333cf-368b-4bd9-b69b-44099dfae54c>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://ci.haverhill.ma.us/departments/EMA/compute_virus.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702525329/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110845-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.934846	332	2.515625	3
Start conquering obesity and sedentary behavior at an early age. Your kids will thank you later By Maria Masters and Adam Bornstein Parenting has never been easy. Since the beginning of time, men have tried to keep their children safe and healthy. But instead of protecting kids from, say, starvation and predators, like our cavemen ancestors, these days we’re up against a modern batch of challenges: obesity and sedentary behavior—two equally formidable enemies. And since these are fairly new problems, your parents and grandparents might not have all the answers. Well, we don’t either. Follow these 10 rules to keeping your kid active, though, and you’ll have a great head start. Rule 1: Don’t Rely on Organized Sports Just because your kid is in T-ball doesn’t mean that he’s active enough. A new study in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine found that less than 25 percent of student athletes receive the recommended 60 minutes of daily exercise. Plus, the researchers found that the kids spent about 30 minutes of their practice sessions being completely inactive. Coaches need to make sure everyone is participating in the game, so some children might have to wait their turns to head onto the field, say the scientists. They suggest that adults should take a more active role in the practice sessions, even if that means monitoring children with a pedometer. And for ideas on how to boost your kids’ exercise habits, read The Fit Family Activity Plan. Don’t worry too much about the rules. “Making a game or activity too rigid is the best way to guarantee that a kid won’t want to be active,” says Men’s Health FitsSchools advisor Jim Liston, C.S.C.S. “Your job is to facilitate play, not dictate it.” So if kids stop playing an organized game and start chasing a butterfly, just go with it. “As long as young kids are running, jumping, and having fun, they’re improving their health and athletic ability.” Find out more about FitSchools—and find out how you can help fight childhood obesity. If you want your kid to get off the couch once in a while, you have to do the same. Case in point: A 2010 study by British researchers found that 6-year-old girls were nearly 3.5 times more likely to watch more than 4 hours of television a day if their parents similarly stared at the tube for 2-4 hours a day. As for boys, the scientists found that the little guys were about 10 times more likely to watch TV for 4 hours a day if their parents did as well. Luckily, the solution is simple—turn off the tube. But what about “educational TV,” you ask? Fact is, only 1 out of every 8 shows for children are real learning opportunities. Read The Truth About Educational TV to find out which shows your kids should be watching. We’re not saying that your child should start spending more time in the living room than the backyard, but kids can have a good workout by playing certain video games. Recently, the American Heart Association officially stated that Wii Fit Plus and Wii Sports Resort games are legitimate ways to stay active. And a recent study in the journal Pediatrics found that kids (aged 10-13) who played Dance Dance Revolution had an exercise session that was comparable to walking at a moderate-intensity pace. For more quick tips on how to make your child healthier, happier, and smarter, read The Princess Diatribes. It’s no wonder childhood obesity is so prevalent: “We tell our children to eat healthy, but then we reward their good behavior with junk food,” says Liston. No, there’s nothing wrong with an occasional treat. But to consistently reinforce a kid with ice cream and candy for a job well done—such as finishing his homework—delivers the wrong message. In fact, you should use caution in rewarding kids with any kind of food, including healthy fare. “This practice can teach them that it’s good to eat even when they’re not hungry,” explains Liston. Instead, give them another kind of reward—like extra playtime outside. And to send your kids off with the fuel they need to learn (and play), check out how to Pack the Perfect School Lunch. Forget the phrase “Keep your eye on the ball.” Why? Because the first time most a kid hears it, he (or she) has no idea what you’re talking about. Instead, show him how to hit a baseball with these 6 steps: 1. Stand a few feet away and tell your kid to look at the ball. 2. Move toward him with the ball in your hand while continually instructing him to keep looking at the ball. (This way, he’ll learn to track it.) 3. When you approach the strike zone, tell him to slowly try to hit the ball with the bat. 4. Go back to the starting point, then toss the ball into the strike zone and allow him to swing. 5. Review what he did well and give him instruction for improvement. Kids aren’t stupid. Say your son whiffs at three pitches in a row. The modern parent often says, “Good try.” But that type of hollow praise doesn’t console him, or help him the next time he steps up to the plate. “Praise should be specific and authentic, as in, ‘Good job juggling the ball 10 times. I see you’ve been practicing a lot. Your efforts have paid off,’ ” says Liston. “You should also mix instruction and encouragement when your child makes a mistake.” Look for a teaching point, even on a strikeout. For instance, you might say, “Good eye on that second and third pitch. Keep swinging at pitches like those, and the hits will come.” Want to join in on the fun? We’ve compiled a list of 28 trips that are custom-made for a child (of any age) and his dad. Remember the days of running around with the neighborhood kids from dawn until dusk? Wasn’t that fun? Well, it’s also an essential way to keep your kid in shape: UK researchers found that children who have an active, neighborhood playmate are 2-3 times more likely to be physically active themselves when compared to kids who don’t live near a buddy. Kids develop the coordination to run, catch, and throw at different rates, says Liston. The trouble is, they’re often expected to perform at certain levels based solely on their ages. As a result, a child whose development is slower than average may never have the opportunity to catch up with his peers. “If a kid tries to catch a baseball on the run before he’s able to catch a beach ball while standing still, he won’t have the tools he needs to be successful, says Liston. Unfortunately, many parents and coaches think the solution is for the child to try harder, when the real secret is backing up to a simpler task that the kid can improve upon. Encouraging your kids to participate in “vigorous” sports—like basketball and soccer—can cause your children to become more active, according to research in the journal Health Psychology. In the study, kids who received support from their parents were more likely to sign up for team sports (and less likely to spend their time sitting around) than the children who’s parents didn’t give them a push. Obvious—and simple, right? Then what are you waiting for?	<urn:uuid:e8ae0fa5-ce50-4981-9fc5-dab9bdffb7b4>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://blog.lindenhurstmartialarts.com/leadership/rules-kids-fitness-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806760.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123070158-20171123090158-00607.warc.gz	en	0.963699	1,637	2.78125	3
\|1.\|\|To introduce by a first act; to make a beginning with; to set afoot; to originate; to commence; to begin or enter upon.\| \|2.\|\|To acquaint with the beginnings; to instruct in the rudiments or principles; to introduce.\| Providence would only initiate mankind into the useful knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our industry. \|3.\|\|To introduce into a society or organization; to confer membership on; especially, to admit to a secret order with mysterious rites or ceremonies.\| The Athenians believed that he who was initiated and instructed in the mysteries would obtain celestial honor after death. \|v. i.\|\|1.\|\|To do the first act; to perform the first rite; to take the initiative.\| \|1.\|\|Unpracticed; untried; new.\| \|2.\|\|Begun; commenced; introduced to, or instructed in, the rudiments; newly admitted.\| \|n.\|\|1.\|\|One who is, or is to be, initiated.\| \|Noun\|\|1.\|\|initiate - someone new to a field or activity\| \|2.\|\|initiate - someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field\| \|3.\|\|initiate - people who have been introduced to the mysteries of some field or activity; "it is very familiar to the initiate"\| uninitiate - people who have not been introduced to the mysteries of some field or activity; "it diverts the attention of the uninitiate" \|Verb\|\|1.\|\|initiate - bring into being; "He initiated a new program"; "Start a foundation"\| \|2.\|\|initiate - take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of; "This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants"\| \|3.\|\|initiate - accept young people into society, usually with some rite; "African men are initiated when they reach puberty"\| \|4.\|\|initiate - bring up a topic for discussion\| \|5.\|\|initiate - prepare the way for; "Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War Two"\| Synonyms: lead up INITIATE. A right which is incomplete. By the birth of a child, the husband becomes tenant by the curtesy initiate, but his estate is not consummate until the death of the wife. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1725.Greek, abecedarian, accept, accomplished, activate, actuate, admit, affiliate, alphabetarian, apprentice, articled clerk, associate, at concert pitch, begin, beginner, belonger, boot, break ground, break the ice, bring up, broach, brother, card-carrier, card-carrying member, cardholder, career, catechumen, charter member, christen, clubber, clubman, clubwoman, coach, coached, committeeman, comrade, conventioneer, conventioner, conventionist, conversant, create, debutant, drill, dues-paying member, enlist, enlistee, enroll, enrollee, enter on, enter upon, entrant, establish, fellow, finished, fledgling, float, found, fraternity man, freshman, get going, get off, get under way, give rise to, greenhorn, guildsman, head, head up, honorary member, ignoramus, induct, inductee, initiated, insider, install, instate, instigate, instruct, introduce, invent, invest, joiner, kick off, launch, lead, lead off, lead the way, life member, lift up, member, neophyte, new boy, newcomer, novice, novitiate, one of us, ordain, pioneer, pledge, postulant, practiced, pre-educate, precede, prepared, primed, probationer, probationist, professional, raise, raw recruit, recruit, ring in, rookie, set agoing, set going, set in motion, set off, set on foot, set up, sign on, sign up, sister, skilled, socius, sorority girl, sorority woman, stand first, start going, start up, take in, take the initiative, take the lead, take the plunge, take up, teach, technical, tenderfoot, train, trained, trigger, turn on, tutor, tyro, usher in	<urn:uuid:39dfd51e-d47a-45de-a52b-ecf6f2b6378a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://webster-dictionary.org/definition/initiate	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00381.warc.gz	en	0.886393	932	2.765625	3
ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide that Can Make the Difference AbstractAdenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes convert adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in double-stranded (ds) RNAs. Since Inosine is read as Guanosine, the biological consequence of ADAR enzyme activity is an A/G conversion within RNA molecules. A-to-I editing events can occur on both coding and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small regulatory RNAs of ~20–23 nucleotides that regulate several cell processes by annealing to target mRNAs and inhibiting their translation. Both miRNA precursors and mature miRNAs undergo A-to-I RNA editing, affecting the miRNA maturation process and activity. ADARs can also edit 3' UTR of mRNAs, further increasing the interplay between mRNA targets and miRNAs. In this review, we provide a general overview of the ADAR enzymes and their mechanisms of action as well as miRNA processing and function. We then review the more recent findings about the impact of ADAR-mediated activity on the miRNA pathway in terms of biogenesis, target recognition, and gene expression regulation. View Full-Text Scifeed alert for new publicationsNever miss any articles matching your research from any publisher - Get alerts for new papers matching your research - Find out the new papers from selected authors - Updated daily for 49'000+ journals and 6000+ publishers - Define your Scifeed now Tomaselli, S.; Bonamassa, B.; Alisi, A.; Nobili, V.; Locatelli, F.; Gallo, A. ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide that Can Make the Difference. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 22796-22816. Tomaselli S, Bonamassa B, Alisi A, Nobili V, Locatelli F, Gallo A. ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide that Can Make the Difference. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(11):22796-22816.Chicago/Turabian Style Tomaselli, Sara; Bonamassa, Barbara; Alisi, Anna; Nobili, Valerio; Locatelli, Franco; Gallo, Angela. 2013. "ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide that Can Make the Difference." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14, no. 11: 22796-22816.	<urn:uuid:958bcd82-700e-45fb-907a-fd6dd63ad526>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://mdpi.com/1422-0067/14/11/22796	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105455.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819143637-20170819163637-00706.warc.gz	en	0.850439	560	2.828125	3
You've just been diagnosed with diabetes...what now? Diabetes is a disease that can be self-managed, but it is important for you to have the proper education, tools and support. Your health care team as well as this web-site are ready to help you find support in your area for help in managing your diabetes. What is Diabetes? Diabetes occurs when your body is unable to break-down glucose in your blood stream and use it properly for energy. This is because either your body has stopped producing insulin or your insulin is not working properly. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone that is released from your pancreas throughout the day and night to maintain your blood glucose levels at a normal level. When you develop diabetes, your blood glucose levels go higher than normal because your pancreas is not working properly. High glucose levels over a long period of time can cause damage to your blood vessels, and nerves. The good news is that through extensive research, we know that these complications can be prevented. It is up to you, with support from your family, friends, and health care team, to try to keep your blood glucose levels in a normal range. There is no cure for diabetes, but we have the education, tools and support to help you manage it well. To learn more about managing your diabetes, you can refer yourself for Diabetes Education using a self-referral form. "To Do" List: When you are first diagnosed: Obtain a blood glucose meter from your pharmacist and start checking your blood sugar as directed. For help on choosing a meter, click here 10% of people with diabetes (more than 8,000 children and adults in Ontario) have Type 1 diabetes (formerly called Juvenile Diabetes). The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, although a number of research studies are underway. It occurs more frequently between 4 and 9 years of age, but it can also occur at any age. We also know it occurs more frequently in the spring and fall. Type 1 diabetes occurs when your pancreas stops making insulin as a result of an auto-immune response, meaning the insulin-producing cells of your pancreas (beta cells) stop making insulin. Without insulin, you cannot survive. If your pancreas does not make insulin, you have to take insulin as an injection under the skin (it is not available in pill form). People with Type 1 diabetes must take insulin for the rest of their lives. For more information on Type 1 diabetes, click here Type 2 Diabetes The majority of people have Type 2 diabetes. This is the type of diabetes that is rapidly increasing in our population. It usually occurs in adults, although we are starting to see children with Type 2 diabetes, directly related to being overweight. For people with Type 2 diabetes, your pancreas is still making insulin, but you have become resistant to your own insulin, or your pancreas is not producing enough insulin . This may be because of genetics, culture, weight, age or inactivity, to name a few risk factors. Type 2 diabetes can be managed with lifestyle changes, pills and/or insulin. Comparison between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Usually adults, but now some children Family history of Type 1 diabetes Family history of Type 2 diabetes Overweight (especially large waist) Certain ethnic groups (Aboriginal, Arabic, Hispanic or Asian) Lifestyle and Genes Symptoms at Diagnosis Often few symptoms and often Pills and sometimes Insulin Why is it important to manage my diabetes? High blood glucose levels cause short-term and long-term complications. Short-term complications are things such as feeling tired, developing infections or having blurred vision. These can all be corrected with lowering your blood glucose levels to normal levels. For people with Type 1 diabetes, there is risk of developing Diabetic Ketoacidosis, if you miss taking your insulin. This can be a life-threatening condition, and can be avoided by monitoring your blood glucose regularly and taking your insulin as directed. Long-term complications are more permanent and result from having high blood glucose levels for a long time (5 to 10 years). High blood glucose levels over time damage your blood vessels and your nerves, causing kidney damage, blindness or many other complications. Often there are no symptoms of this occurring until the complications have set in. For people with Type 2 diabetes, it is especially important to get good control of your blood glucose levels as soon as you are diagnosed, because it is likely you have had abnormal glucose levels for a period of time before you were diagnosed. Myth: Eating too much sugar causes diabetes Fact: Eating too much sugar does not cause diabetes. Eating too many calories can make you overweight, making you at higher risk for Type 2 diabetes. Myth: Type 1 diabetes is the "bad" diabetes Fact: There is no "bad" or "good" diabetes. The bad part of diabetes are the complications that occur if you don't manage it well. These complications occur from high glucose readings over a span of 5 to 10 years, so can occur with either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Myth: People start with Type 2 diabetes but progress to Type 1 diabetes Fact: Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are different diseases. They are not different stages of the same disease. Sometimes people with Type 2 diabetes need to go on insulin to control their blood glucose, but they still have Type 2 diabetes on insulin. Myth: You have to follow a strict diabetic diet Fact: There is no "diabetic diet". People living with diabetes should follow a healthy meal plan based on Canada's Food Guide, just as all people should do. People with Type 1 diabetes can give extra insulin as required to cover any extra carbohydrates they eat. History of Diabetes It's interesting to know that diabetes was first identified in the 1st century A.D. by Egyptians and Greeks and was described as a "melting down of the flesh and limbs into urine". This was because people with Type 1 diabetes had excessive urination and weight loss. The word "diabetes" originates from the Greek word meaning "a siphon" because people "passed water like a siphon". The full term for diabetes is "diabetes mellitus". "Mellitus" is Latin for honey, which is how they described the urine of people with diabetes as their primitive diagnostic test included tasting the urine to see if it was sweet. It wasn't until 1922 in Toronto, that Dr. Frederick Banting discovered insulin which finally offered a treatment for diabetes. In 1959, researchers identified a second type of diabetes, that didn't require insulin--Type 2 diabetes. Since that time much research has been done on Type 2 diabetes. There are now a variety of treatments available including pills, insulin and most recently another injectable called a GLP-1.	<urn:uuid:3aa89cb4-8929-485b-b635-2436548ef4f6>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.waterloowellingtondiabetes.ca/Public-What-s-My-Type.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657144.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610062920-20230610092920-00718.warc.gz	en	0.945729	1,477	3.71875	4
Originally a small project in the data visualization community, #MakeoverMonday features a weekly chart or graph and a dataset that community members reimagine in order to make it more effective. The results have been astounding; hundreds of people have contributed thousands of makeovers, perfectly illustrating the highly variable nature of data visualization. In Part 1, we introduce recent developments in the quantitative and qualitative data visualization field and provide a historical perspective on data visualization, its potential role in evaluation practice, and future directions. This issue delivers concrete suggestions for optimally using data visualization in evaluation, as well as suggestions for best practices in data visualization design. It focuses on specific quantitative and qualitative data visualization approaches that include data dashboards, graphic recording, and geographic information systems (GIS). A comprehensive yet quick guide to the best approaches to designing data visualizations, with real examples and illustrative diagrams. Whatever the desired outcome ensure success by following this expert design process. Data visualization involves graphical and visual tools used in data analysis and decision making. The emphasis in this book is on recent trends and applications of visualization tools using conventional and big data. This book discusses data and information visualization techniques-the decision-making tools with applications in health care, finance, manufacturing engineering, process improvement, product design, and others. This book is a contribution to the multi-disciplined and multi-faceted conversation concerning the forms, uses and roles of data visualization in society. Do data visualizations do 'good' or 'bad'? Do they promote understanding and engagement, or do they do ideological work, privileging certain views of the world over others? Innovative Approaches of Data Visualization and Visual Analytics evaluates the latest trends and developments in force-based data visualization techniques, addressing issues in the design, development, evaluation, and application of algorithms and network topologies. The first complete publication of W.E.B. Du Bois's colorful charts, graphs, and maps presented at the 1900 Paris Exposition.Famed sociologist, writer, and black rights activist W.E.B. Du Bois exhibited a series of groundbreaking data visualizations at the 1900 Paris Exposition, offering a view into the lives of black Americans.	<urn:uuid:9c56e2eb-0559-4f53-94e1-52446df1ace4>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://resources.nu.edu/c.php?g=1058063&p=7689478	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948858.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328104523-20230328134523-00126.warc.gz	en	0.875108	452	2.640625	3
LESSON 3 SELF TEST EXERCISES Upon completion of the text assignment, solve the following self test exercises based on lesson objectives. NOTE: The following exercises are study aids. References to related information in the reading material are shown in parentheses after each question. Write your answer in the space provided below each question. When you have finished answering all the questions for this lesson, compare your answers with those given for this lesson in the back of the booklet. Review the lesson as necessary. Objective 1. WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION. Discuss the elements of a typical water supply waste and distribution system used in military field installations. (Answer questions 1 through 3.) 1. Refer to figure 3-1. If you were interested in looking at specific details of the filter bed, which drawing number would you refer to? (para 3-2)(fig 3-1) 2. A water distribution plan will show the general location and size of the pipes along with valves, sumps, water tanks, and other fixtures. Figure 3-2 is an example of one such distribution plan. What size pipe, in inches, is used to transport the water from the supply system to the water tank? (para 3-3) (fig 3-2) 3. Referring again to figure 3-2, approximately how many feet of 2-inch pipe are needed to connect the utility building-8 with the main distribution line? (para 3-3) (fig 3-2) Objective 2. PLUMBING SYMBOLS. Identify the symbols used on plumbing plans for piping, fittings, valves, and fixtures for water distribution and waste disposal. (Answer questions 4 through 6.) 4. Different symbols and line conventions are used to indicate the various plumbing features on a plumbing plan. How are the types and locations of acid- and/or water-carrying pipes indicated? (para 3-6,a) 5. Pipe fittings are represented by symbols which combine lines and various geometrical shapes. Which of the figures shown represents a concentric reducer fitting? (para 3-6, b) (fig 3-6)	<urn:uuid:89950dc9-28cc-46d6-b388-fe3ae104175b>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://armyengineer.tpub.com/en01136/Lesson-3-Self-Test-Exercises-159.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323604.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628101910-20170628121910-00052.warc.gz	en	0.908509	469	3.5	4
New Bridge (Curry Moor) \|Location Map ( geo)\| The New Bridge on Curry Moor is a rather unusual structure, in that it includes a set of sluice gates on the upstream side of the road. The bridge and sluice were constructed after 1960 and have become the tidal limit of the Tone, which was formerly tidal for another mile or so to Knapp Bridge. The bridge is built from concrete, and consists of 4 short spans across the river, although this is more to do with the width of the sluices than a need to support the deck so often. Much of the concrete piers and sluice have been stained red by the mud in the water, with the River Tone draining a large area with Red Sandstone bedrock. The road is slightly humped over the bridge, although again this seems to be related to the need to lift the deck up for the sluice gates. It is only just wide enough for two way traffic, and whilst the road is very quiet, in practice traffic tends to hold back if it sees oncoming vehicles. Just over a mile upstream from New Bridge, and no longer open to traffic, Knapp Bridge was built in 1820 and is a single-span masonry structure on the site of an older bridge. Indeed, in 1707 the Conservators of the river replaced a shoal with lock gates nearby to maintain the rivers navigability. \|New Bridge (Curry Moor)\|	<urn:uuid:1ca89365-d6fd-4e8a-bac2-a12f1698ad16>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=New_Bridge_(Curry_Moor)	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00267.warc.gz	en	0.951352	299	2.703125	3
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) for Osteoarthritis Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) are two chemically related substances that have been studied for osteoarthritis. DMSO is used topically (applied to the skin). MSM is sold as a dietary supplement, either alone or in combination with other ingredients such as glucosamine. Only a small amount of research has been conducted on DMSO or MSM for osteoarthritis. No conclusions can be reached about whether either of these substances is helpful. - The safety of DMSO and MSM is uncertain because little research has been done on this topic. Side effects of DMSO include digestive upset, skin irritation, and a garlic-like taste, breath, and body odor. Side effects of MSM include allergic reactions, digestive upsets, and skin rashes. - If you’re using or considering DMSO or MSM for osteoarthritis, consult your health care provider. For more information on osteoarthritis, visit the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Web site. For More Information The NCCIH Clearinghouse provides information on NCCIH and complementary and integrative health approaches, including publications and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical literature. The Clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners. Toll-free in the U.S.: 1-888-644-6226 Telecommunications relay service (TRS): 7-1-1 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org (link sends email) Know the Science NCCIH and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide tools to help you understand the basics and terminology of scientific research so you can make well-informed decisions about your health. Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information. A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed® contains publication information and (in most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals. For guidance from NCCIH on using PubMed, see How To Find Information About Complementary Health Approaches on PubMed. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) The mission of NIAMS is to support research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases; the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research; and the dissemination of information on research progress in these diseases. Toll-free in the U.S.: 1-877-22-NIAMS This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Duplication is encouraged. NCCIH has provided this material for your information. It is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your health care provider(s). We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your health care provider. The mention of any product, service, or therapy is not an endorsement by NCCIH.	<urn:uuid:3e8702ad-d3aa-4590-ac48-35dfc6112f57>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/dimethyl-sulfoxide-dmso-and-methylsulfonylmethane-msm-for-osteoarthritis?nav=govd	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510214.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926143354-20230926173354-00093.warc.gz	en	0.872257	755	2.546875	3
A couple of months ago I had the opportunity to test the Virtusphere for two days and could since watch several beginners try this device. The Virtusphere is a 2.6m sphere of 120kg made of ABS plastic, lying on wheels, with an incredibly sophisticated movement detection device below (a mouse!), used as a virtual reality locomotion device. You enter the sphere by a small hatch, and are instructed to take small steps first. So a small step you make, and the sphere starts to roll, and you make another step to keep balance, and .. you’re walking! During the first session you might even be able to run, and a lot of people did! Especially girls who generally perform better than guys. Ray Latypov, the inventor behind the Virtusphere along with his brother, started programming games 15 years ago in Russia. He made enough money out of his games to finance the first prototypes of the Virtusphere. Ray Latypov and the Virtusphere But why build a sphere? “Once you know the task, walking, the device is easy to create!”, Ray says. The Virtusphere doesn’t have any active part, there is no motor. The sphere movement only comes from the steps of the user. The sphere lies on wheels : Ray says this is an advantage over the treadmills because the motors induce some latency.. This is a point I’d like to verify myself. But this advantage has a drawback: as the sphere has a bit of inertia, you have to learn to start the movement correctly, and more importantly, learn of to stop the movement. This is not completely natural and induces instability that has to be managed by the user. This is particularly a problem for tall people ( >= 1.80m ) that are much less at ease. Moreover, due to the size of the sphere, the walking area is not really planar; this forces you to slightly modify the way you walk. A bigger type of sphere with 3m diameter exists that would reduce this issue. This inertia and the not so flat ground makes it an unnatural walking, this is why you may not want to use the sphere for studies on real-life walking. The CyberWalk project built an omni-directional treadmill to study the natural walking. You would think that you’d get claustrophobic, but thanks to the design you can see outside quite well provided that the ball has a minimum speed. This is also an advantage when you wear and HMD. As the lateral vision plays an important role in balance, seeing the real world “horizon” helps a lot in staying on your feet. When you wear an HMD in the sphere your balance is affected, meaning you have more chances of falling. For the moment only the head orientation is tracked. We believe that tracking the head position (not just orientation) accurately will greatly improve balance. By the end of the two days, we had a nice virtual environment running, and a stereo wall just next to the sphere displaying the view of the user. It’s a fun locomotion device, that really catches the eye as a futuristic VR device. It may not be a natural walking, but the military are using it as a training device where the user can jump and roll, so choosing between this and an omni-directional treadmill (ODT) mainly depends on your application … and your budget; the Virtusphere is around 50’000$, whereas the ODT is 20 times more for now.	<urn:uuid:0674d5c3-1ef4-4a3b-ae1f-f0239c018200>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://cb.nowan.net/blog/2008/05/22/virtusphere-review/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609530895.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005210-00483-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95955	741	2.515625	3
Many people find themselves confronted with damp in their homes at one stage or another. The first indication of a problem can often be damp patches on walls, not to mention the presence of mould. The first step to discovering how to deal with damp is figuring out which type of damp you have. We’ve all heard about rising damp, but condensation and penetrating damp are just as likely (if not more so) to occur. Here we’ll learn about all three and discover what causes rising damp as well as the other two common forms of damp. Damp walls are a pain as your décor can easily and quickly be ruined. Condensation can cause your walls to become damp, especially around windows, although it can just as easily happen elsewhere. When learning how to deal with damp you will realise that condensation occurs more commonly in the winter months. The walls get colder and the air in the room is warmer, thus causing condensation to form. If your windows are old or single-glazed they will be more prone to condensation. Double-glazing usually resolves the problem. Another form of damp is penetrating damp. In contrast to condensation, which is caused inside the home, penetrating damp begins outside the home and moves through the walls (hence the name). This will occur when there is a problem outside the property that is allowing the damp to move through the walls or ceilings. In order to treat damp in this instance, you will have to determine what is causing the damp to come in. In some cases it will be very obvious what the problem is. For instance, a damp patch near the ceiling upstairs may turn out to be caused by faulty guttering. This fails to allow water from the roof to flow into the guttering and away from the walls. Instead, it flows down the walls, hence allowing the damp to penetrate into the building. In recent years, with the sharp increase in the number of households having cavity wall insulation (mostly as a result of energy efficiency government grants becoming available), faulty cavity insulation has become a major issue, allowing moisture that has penetrated the outer walls to travel through the cavity into the internal walls. If you’ve had your cavity insulated and think that this may be the cause of your damp, then it’s possibly you may have to have the insulation removed. Once the problem causing the damp is resolved, you should notice a significant improvement. Over time the signs of damp will disappear as the walls dry out. You may also want to invest in a good damp proof paint for external walls if you identify poor upkeep as the source of the problem. This type of paint is waterproof so it doesn’t matter how much it rains – the paint will prevent it from seeping into your walls. Rising damp is also appropriately-named as it refers to the damp rising up through the fabric of a building. This happens in many areas so it is not unusual; however most modern buildings will have a damp-proof course to prevent it from rising above a certain level. It is usually laid during the construction process; however some older buildings may have it put in long after they were built. You will recognise this on many properties as a series of holes drilled into the walls that are then filled with a damp-proofing material. This rising damp treatment should prevent the damp from getting any worse. You’ll be able to spot rising damp as it tends to cause damage low down in the downstairs rooms. Your skirting boards may suffer and rot for example, and this is unlikely to happen in just one place. The décor on the lower portions of the walls may also be affected as the damp rises up the walls. As you can see, choosing the right damp treatment depends on identifying the source and type of the damp from the start. Only then can you hope to treat it effectively. You can take the DIY route with some solutions – for example if you find you have penetrating damp due to a gap between a window and the wall next to it, you can probably fill this yourself. However if you discover the flashing on your roof has caused water to penetrate into your home, you’ll likely want to hire a roofer to resolve it. Damp can have a profound effect on your home. It is always imperative to deal with it as soon as you possibly can, to ensure the damp doesn’t get a chance to worsen. In some instances – and particularly with rising damp – it is best to get some quotes from damp specialists. They will be able to identify the problem and provide the best solution for you and your home. Once the damp is dealt with and the walls have dried out, you can confidently redecorate to get your home back to normal.	<urn:uuid:53172128-9354-4e63-a772-a698adae34c3>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://www.house-extension.co.uk/what-is-the-best-way-to-deal-with-damp/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878639.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702080623-20200702110623-00566.warc.gz	en	0.969529	972	2.953125	3
* political, social, and economic instability; * a lack of access to basic educational and vocational opportunities; * civil war and oppressive political regimes; * a culture of domestic violence and the degeneration of the family structure; * discrimination, i.e. caste systems or gender related discrimination; * prevalence of high mortality diseases such as HIV-AIDS, malaria, typhoid, etc. leading to abandonment; As ACI considers what role it can play on the global stage to help eliminate the tragic reality of human trafficking, I believe it is important to articulate our commitment as follows: Affecting Change International, its leadership team, board members, corporate and civil society partners strongly condemn the criminal act of trafficking in human beings. We recognize that it violates basic human rights and violates the dignity and integrity of the individual being trafficked. We recognize the need to commit to doing all we can to: * raise public awareness of what we beleive to be the basic cause of human trafficking, which is extreme poverty, and will work to develop partners willing to help those communities and families that are most at risk; * be an advocate in public venues for the most vulnerable communities; * research, write, and develop effective aftercare programs for those recovering from a trafficking situation; * network with law enforcement, secular and faith-based nonprofits, and other relevant actors, locally and internationally, to develop effective collaborative efforts to challenge the global human trafficking crisis. I would love to hear your thoughts on how ACI can further accomplish our goals to positively impact this global situation. Also, if you would like to partner with ACI, email me at firstname.lastname@example.org and we can discuss how we can make a difference together. Making a Difference Together, David L. Neely, President Affecting Change International	<urn:uuid:69701c3f-357b-4127-952b-6ea243da6e02>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.affectingchange.org/aci-blog/archives/07-2012	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736057.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810145103-20200810175103-00323.warc.gz	en	0.922524	380	2.546875	3
Sprucing up the forestry industry. Forestry products contribute approximately $28 billion to Canada’s GDP and spruce trees account for nearly 60% of all the seedlings planted annually. Building on a decade of groundbreaking research on spruce genomics, Genome Canada is funding the development of marker technologies to identify seedlings that have superior growth and wood properties, or superior insect resistance. Genetic marker systems and biomarkers will be developed and applied to Canadian forestry programs. It is estimated that by applying “Marker Aided Selection” (MAS) to just 20% of Canadian spruce plantations, wood yield could increase by 1.5 million cubic meters per year, boosting GDP by $300 million. Using methods such as MAS also allows wood production to be concentrated on a smaller land area, allowing more forest to be set aside for conservation. Over the longer term, these methods will also enhance the competitiveness of the Canadian forestry by boosting yield and enhancing the value of its products. The project will conduct impact analyses of the economic, socioeconomic as well as the legal and policy instruments that could affect the use of MAS in provincial jurisdictions and help develop high value jobs in rural communities by diversifying the “bioproduct” pipeline.	<urn:uuid:effb86e5-3fcd-442d-b3b5-8e2a9e5d65c6>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/smartforest-spruce-marker-technologies-sustainable-forestry	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704073244-20200704103244-00017.warc.gz	en	0.938392	251	2.921875	3
HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP damage causes diabetes, Alzheimer’s and heart disease. A UCLA study shows it changes genes in the brain which impair memory and ability to learn. More importantly, this study also reveals some amazing new research that shows the ability of certain fatty acids to reverse damage to your genes. These fructose induced changes can also lead to Parkinson’s, depression, bipolar disorder and other brain impairments. It increases your glucose and triglycerides levels which lead to obesity, inflammation and related diseases. Fructose is found in most baby foods, if you can believe that, while adults get it mostly from sweetened drinks and packaged foods. Americans consume 27 pounds of fructose in an average year. We are unknowingly altering our genes and health while the FDA is missing in action to regulate it. The UCLA study(1) seems to have found the antidote. It’s an omega-3 fatty acid known as docosahexaenoic or DHA which reverses these negative changes. “DHA changes not just one or two genes; it seems to push the entire gene pattern back to normal, its remarkable,” said Dr. Yang(professor of integrative biology and physiology). DHA does this by increasing the strength of the synapses(the connection between two nerve cells). They warn that it is not a “magic bullet” and should be combined with a healthy diet since the body doesn’t produce enough DHA on its own. HOW TO REVERSE THE EFFECT The researchers view food as a pharmaceutical compound that nourishes the brain and body. Besides avoiding high fructose corn syrup, try avoiding sugary drinks and desserts and generally eating less sugar and saturated fat. In terms of what to eat, Omega-3 fatty acids and DHA are found in many fish like mackerel, tuna, wild salmon(not farmed), walnuts, flaxseed, as well as veggies and fruit. Fruit also contains fructose, but also has vitamins, minerals, carbs, and fiber. Its natural while high fructose corn syrup is processed from corn without the healthy ingredients. Corn syrup itself is just glucose and not as damaging as fructose which is glucose and fructose combined. The scientists recommend avoiding both since they are unnecessary sugary supplements. Besides a healthy diet, some people take supplements of omega-3. You sometime see EPA/DHA on the bottle which are both fatty acid compounds in omega-3s. Always research the best absorption rate on any supplement you decide to take to get maximum benefit. Now that I have been reading food labels to avoid fructose, I’m really shocked at how many foods contain this. It’s mainly a phenomenon in the United States and is slow to catch on in the rest of the world. So, in addition to avoiding fructose and eating omega-3 foods, I personally have been using Krill oil that has EPA and DHA. Krill oil has the omega-3 fatty acid and tends to have better absorption and is easier on the stomach. L. Johnson of www.creativeretirementforwomen.com (1)Originally from: EBioMedicine.com. Retrieved on 4-22-16 from: http://www.medicalnewstoday. com/releases/309479.php	<urn:uuid:60d4b721-5dba-4820-b9e1-85594768a6c9>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://blog.creativeretirementforwomen.com/2016/05/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806939.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123195711-20171123215711-00674.warc.gz	en	0.947911	687	3.015625	3
Give serious and ample thought to the organization's mission. The purpose of the business must be clear before it can be run successfully. The purpose settled on will ultimately guide all future business decisions. When the purpose is clear, write the mission statement. This should be a brief, succinct synopsis of the purpose of the business. It should answer the question "Why does this agency exist?" The mission statement clarifies and focuses the business purpose. Beyond that, it commits the agency to the purpose and communicates it to employees, customers, and the world at large. Effectively constructed, a good mission statement can be a very powerful marketing tool. Write the mission statement from the customer's perspective. It should be simple but elegant, and should inspire the staff to greatness. However, do not confuse mission with capabilities. A gas station might be in business to sell gas, but it can also change tires. The spectrum of capability extends infinitely from the core of the business (its mission) to the distant horizon of marginal ability. For example, the mission of a school might be to educate children, but the school might also be capable of providing day care or adult education. A mental health agency might have a mission of providing acute care and also be capable of training the community in prevention of mental health problems. It is the job of the business manager to clarify the mission and determine the capabilities. A good business manager knows where to draw the line in order to retain effective business focus. If the parks and recreation department takes up mowing neighborhood lawns just because it is capable of doing so, it could seriously jeopardize its ability to focus on its real mission. The boundaries drawn around a business could be the difference between doing things well and doing all things. The most effective businesses are those that know how to stick to their knitting. Specify Targeted Goals For The Organization While the mission statement identifies general policy directions of an organization, goals specify how these general policy directions will be carried out Goals: A limited number of statements, which translate the association's mission into major policy direction. Some organizations include goals within their mission statement. However, these should he separated from the mission statement so that they can be used as a tool to assess the success of the organization in fulfilling its mission. Goals will necessarily be broad statements, limited in number, and focused on the unique characteristics of the organization.	<urn:uuid:68bc9322-2fc4-4a38-a7ba-8be21326287e>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	http://literacy.kent.edu/Oasis/grants/fundamentals6.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00312.warc.gz	en	0.946827	483	2.53125	3
Some-easy-questionJanuary 11, 2021 is-this-a-metaphor-or-hyperbole-her-hair-was-a-mass-of-gray-ringletJanuary 11, 2021 Just answer this quastion and you should know how many papers it should be Question: How are we to make sense of the two accounts of the Cortesâ€™ conquest of the Aztec Empire (please characterize each narrative)? What does this say about colonialism, civilization and modernity? How should we, as historians, write the story? Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? We have qualified writers to help you. We assure you an A+ quality paper that is free from plagiarism. Order now for an Amazing Discount! Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount! NB: We do not resell papers. Upon ordering, we do an original paper exclusively for you.	<urn:uuid:ee663966-6a83-4fe7-9f13-3cfdd0bf13eb>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://urgentpaperwriters.com/the-cortes-conquest-of-the-aztec-empire/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943747.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321225117-20230322015117-00292.warc.gz	en	0.927506	196	3.484375	3
This is supplemental to the Reading Wonders 2nd grade curriculum. There is a page for each weekly lesson including Units 1 though 6. Each page contain the 10 words following the weekly phonics rule. The phonic rule letter are missing. Students add the letter to complete the word. These can be used as a complete page or cut apart to make individual cards.	<urn:uuid:864e80fb-0aa1-4006-a85c-534476f065eb>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Reading-Wonders-2nd-Grade-Spelling-Practice-Missing-Letters-2308946	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00544.warc.gz	en	0.913186	72	2.6875	3
Stem Cell Therapy Rescues Motor Neurons in ALS Model News Aug 01, 2007 In a study that demonstrates the promise of cell-based therapies for diseases that have proved intractable to modern medicine, a team of scientists from the University of Wisconsin-Madison has shown it is possible to rescue the dying neurons characteristic of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neuromuscular disorder also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. The new work, conducted in a rat model and reported online in open-access journal PLoS ONE, shows that stem cells engineered to secrete a key growth factor can protect the motor neurons that waste away as a result of ALS. An important caveat, however, is that while the motor neurons within the spinal cord are protected by the growth factor, their ability to maintain connections with the muscles they control was not observed. "At the early stages of disease, we saw almost 100 percent protection of motor neurons," explains Clive Svendsen, a neuroscientist who, with colleague Masatoshi Suzuki, led the study at UW-Madison's Waisman Center. "But when we looked at the function of these animals, we saw no improvement. The muscles aren't responding." At present, there are no effective treatments for ALS, which afflicts roughly 40,000 people in the United States and which is almost always fatal within three to five years of diagnosis. Patients gradually experience progressive muscle weakness and paralysis as the motor neurons that control muscles are destroyed by the disease. The cause of ALS is unknown. In the new Wisconsin study, nascent brain cells known as neural progenitor cells derived from human fetal tissue were engineered to secrete a chemical known as glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), an agent that has been shown to protect neurons but that is very difficult to deliver to specific regions of the brain. The engineered cells were then implanted in the spinal cords of rats afflicted with a form of ALS. "GDNF has a very high affinity for motor neurons in the spinal cord," says Svendsen. When implanted, "the (GDNF secreting) cells survive beautifully. In 80 percent of the animals, we saw nice maturing transplants." The implanted cells, in fact, demonstrated an affinity for the areas of the spinal cord where motor neurons were dying. According to Svendsen, the cells migrate to the area of damage where they "just sit and release GDNF." The Wisconsin team transplanted the cells on one side of the spinal cord and used the untreated side to compare the affects of the transplanted cells and their chemical secretions. "We only put the transplant in one small area of the spinal cord and only on one side," Suzuki says. "The areas where we saw the human cells were the only areas where we saw protection of motor neurons." But while the motor neurons exposed to GDNF were protected, the Wisconsin team was unable to detect the connections between the neurons and the muscles they govern. "Even in animals that had lots of motor neurons surviving, we didn't see the (muscle) connection, which explained why we didn't see functional recovery," says Suzuki. Although the obvious next step in the research is to try and ferret out the reasons the protected motor neurons are unable to hook up with muscles, Svendsen suggests the work further supports movement toward clinical trials in humans. "We think the cells are safe, and they do increase the survival of the motor neurons," Svendsen argues. "This may be very important for patients that lose neurons every day. However, it's not a trivial intervention - you have to drill a hole in the spinal cord to get the cells releasing GDNF in. But there are few options for these patients and we will continue to move forward with this approach." LifeArc Becomes Technology Transfer Partner to London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineNews LifeArc, the medical research charity, has partnered with London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine to provide a range of services in technology transfers.READ MORE Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Successfully 3D PrintedNews A breakthrough in the 3D-printing of human pluripotent stem cells means scientists are one step closer to being able to 3D print human organs and tissues for transplantation therapy.READ MORE Comments \| 0 ADD COMMENT EMBL Course: Transgenic Animals - Micromanipulation Techniques Apr 10 - Apr 11, 2018	<urn:uuid:9e853d6d-312a-4007-b16c-fe357da22a4c>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	https://www.technologynetworks.com/cell-science/news/stem-cell-therapy-rescues-motor-neurons-in-als-model-210346	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428300.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727142514-20170727162514-00622.warc.gz	en	0.955686	917	2.890625	3
Climate change is going to affect agriculture across the world as rising temperatures make many dry regions even drier, hot regions hotter, and wet regions more prone to flooding. All of those changes are going to affect the way the world's food is grown. Some regions are going to get better for growing food, but the places where most of the food is grown currently are going to see a decrease in crop yields, Bank of America Merrill Lynch's Sarjbit Nahal noted in a recent report on the future of food security and agriculture. A change in temperature by a few degrees doesn't sound like much. But in the long-run and in the grand scheme of things, just a few degrees of temperature change can have massive implications for global agriculture. "A world even 1.5°C [warmer] will mean more severe droughts and a global sea level rise, increasing the risk of damage from storm surges and crop loss and raising the cost of adaptation for millions of people," Nahal wrote. "Under 3-4°C warming, large negative impacts on agricultural productivity can be expected, and there is some empirical evidence that higher atmospheric levels of CO2 could result in lowered protein and micronutrient (iron and zinc) levels of some major grain crops (e.g., wheat and rice)," he continued. "The projected impacts on subsistence and export crops production systems (e.g., soybeans, maize, wheat, and rice) would be felt at the local, national, and global levels." Here's a map from Nahal showing how crop yields could fluctuate under a 3°C warming scenario.	<urn:uuid:2143329f-79e3-4f64-80f3-b822bca23613>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-will-change-how-we-grow-food-2015-4	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736972.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806151047-20200806181047-00254.warc.gz	en	0.951058	334	3.65625	4
\|Institution:\|\|University of Arizona\| \|Keywords:\|\|Agriculture – Arizona; Grain – Arizona; Forage plants – Arizona\| \|Full text PDF:\|\|http://hdl.handle.net/10150/205164\| Kenaf was grown as a hay crop in Mohave Valley to determine its growth characteristics, hay yield, and feed quality. The first cutting occurred 75 days after planting when plants were approximately 30 inches tall and had 30 nodes. Hay tonnage was only 1,000 lbs dry matter/acre, crude protein was 20.7 %, ADF was 40.2 %, and TDN was 57.5 %. Forage quality was adequate for beef cattle and sheep.	<urn:uuid:7c9698fa-5c75-4ebd-bd9b-a882fb638d9d>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://www.dissertation.com/abstracts/1700820	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824293.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020173404-20171020193404-00445.warc.gz	en	0.948511	150	2.703125	3
Degradation of Air Quality (PM10) with Seasonal Change and Health Risk Assessment in Metro City Kolkata Air Quality (PM10) with Seasonal Change and Health Risk Assessment Over the last few years, the whole nation is consistently facing a severe level of air pollution during the winter season. Air pollution level in all over India has started to get aggravated during the post-monsoon season due to an association of both atmospheric and anthropogenic factors. PM10. i.e. inhalable particles with a diameter less than or equal 10 micrometres, is a criteria air pollutant out of total twelve in India having great importance. In this study, seasonal variation of PM10 concentration was measured near Jadavpur, Kolkata from December 2017 to March 2018. During the study period results of ambient air quality monitoring data for the average concentration of PM10 ranged between 103.67 – 323.70 µg/m3. It is observed that in 100% of the cases, the 24hr average concentration of PM10 contravened the NAAQS (100 μg/m3) limit. The maximum concentration of PM10 was observed during the winter season (238.81±63.12 μg/m3) from January to February. To understand the existing air quality scenario, the Air quality index (AQI) value is computed based on PM10 concentration which is belonged to ‘Moderate’ to ‘Poor’ categories. It is observed that in December about 43% of days belong to the ‘poor’ category and 57% is of ‘moderate’, wherein the month of January only 25% days are a part of the moderate category, and the rest are of poor category. In the case of February month, only 17% of poor days are observed, and the air quality scenario gets improved with approaching summer season as in March air quality became moderate. Thus it is noticed that PM10 is a critical pollutant at this site in Kolkata. In this study, the number of higher rates of mortality and morbidity risk, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk for an exposed population is also estimated due to exposure to PM10. Alessandrini, E. R., Stafoggia, M., Faustini, A., Berti, G., Canova, C., Togni, A. De, … Forastiere, F. (2016). Association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and mortality in susceptible subgroups: A multisite case-crossover analysis of individual effect modifiers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 184(10), 744–754. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww078 Ali, Z., Shahzadi, K., Sidra, S., Zona, Z., Zainab, I., Aziz, K., … Colbeck, I. (2015). Seasonal variation of particulate matter in the ambient conditions of Khanspur, Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 25(3), 700–705. Bathmanabhan, S., & Saragur Madanayak, S. N. (2010). Analysis and interpretation of particulate matter - PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 emissions from the heterogeneous traffic near an urban roadway. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 1(3), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2010.024 CPCB. (2009). National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 1–4. CPCB. (2012). Epidemiological Study on Effect of Air Pollution on Human Health (Adults) in Delhi. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), (July). Retrieved from http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_161_Adult.pdf CPCB. (2013). Guidelines for the Measurement of Ambient Air Pollutants Volume-I : NAAQMS/36/2012-13. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Retrieved from http://cpcb.nic.in/openpdffile.php?id=UmVwb3J0RmlsZXMvMjdfMTQ1ODExMDQyNl9OZXdJdGVtXzE5Nl9OQUFRTVNfVm9sdW1lLUkucGRm CPCB. (2014). National Air Quality Index. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), (January), 1–44. DCOWB. (2011). Census of India 2011 Series-20 Part XII-B. 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American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(3), 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20368 Gallus, S., Negri, E., Boffetta, P., McLaughlin, J. K., Bosetti, C., & Vecchia, C. La. (2008). European studies on long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter and lung cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 17(3), 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0b013e3282f0bfe5 Ganguly, R., Sharma, D., & Kumar, P. (2019). Trend analysis of observational PM10 concentrations in Shimla city, India. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51(March), 101719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101719 Haque, M. S., & Singh, R. B. (2017). Air pollution and human health in Kolkata, India: A case study. Climate, 5(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5040077 Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2008). Health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution, 151(5), 362–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.030 Khaniabadi, Y. O., Daryanoosh, M., Sicard, P., Takdastan, A., Hopke, P. K., Esmaeili, S., … Rashidi, R. (2018). Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases related to outdoor PM10, O3, SO2, and NO2 in a heavily polluted megacity of Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(18), 17726–17734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1902-9 Khaniabadi, Y. O., Polosa, R., Chuturkova, R. Z., Daryanoosh, M., Goudarzi, G., Borgini, A., … Naserian, P. (2017). Human health risk assessment due to ambient PM10 and SO2 by an air quality modeling technique. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 111, 346–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.07.018 Khaniabadi, Y. O., Sicard, P., Khaniabadi, A. O., Mohammadinejad, S., Keishams, F., Takdastan, A., … Daryanoosh, M. (2019). Air quality modeling for health risk assessment of ambient PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 in Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 25(5), 1298–1310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1487277 Li, H., Guo, B., Han, M., Tian, M., & Zhang, J. (2015). Particulate Matters Pollution Characteristic and the Correlation between PM (PM 2.5 , PM 10 ) and Meteorological Factors during the Summer in Shijiazhuang. Journal of Environmental Protection, 6(May), 457–463. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2015.65044 Manojkumar, N., & Srimuruganandam, B. (2019). Health effects of particulate matter in major Indian cities. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1651257 Vaduganathan, M., De Palma, G., Manerba, A., Goldoni, M., Triggiani, M., Apostoli, P., … Nodari, S. (2016). Risk of Cardiovascular Hospitalizations from Exposure to Coarse Particulate Matter (PM10) below the European Union Safety Threshold. American Journal of Cardiology, 117(8), 1231–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.01.041 WHO. (2019a). Air pollution. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1 WHO. (2019b). Ambient air pollution: Health impacts. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.	<urn:uuid:9fd23161-c29c-456f-ba10-de5eec243970>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	http://ijalsr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/79	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00219.warc.gz	en	0.776862	2,296	2.84375	3
The Beagle Record: Selections from the Original Pictorial Records and Written Accounts of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Darwin and the Beagle Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation The Darwinian Revolution Somatic Selection and Adaptive Evolution Patterns of Evolution It is interesting that the scientific discovery that has had the greatest influence on human thought has no practical use whatever. Darwin’s demonstration that there was a time when no men existed and that we are directly descended from animals provided a whole set of new problems about the nature and limitations of religion, philosophy, and science. Yet the history of the origins of the new science of biology is still not fully understood. Did it grow out of the earlier sciences? Are we sure even today that it is an exact science, conforming to the same principles as the others? The progress of astronomy, physics, and chemistry has been charted through the centuries. But biology is a subject so recent and yet so extensive that we find it hard to see when it started or indeed where it begins and ends today. All thinking depends on the brain, so can there be boundaries between philosophy and biology? Conversely all living things consist of molecules, so does the study of life derive its fundamental principles from those of physics and chemistry? Some biologists enthusiastically say “Yes,” while others revile them as “reductionists.” Such thoughts lead us to basic metaphysical problems about whether there are fundamental laws of the universe and if so how much can human beings know about them. These were questions that were being discussed before Darwin, as the books under review amply show. Evidence that evolution has occurred did not answer them, indeed made them more acute by blurring the old distinctions between man and the rest of nature. The growth of knowledge since then has made it quite certain that evolution has occurred and we now have some insights into its nature. It is often said that evolution has no direction, but it seems to me that the understanding that we now have of living processes shows clearly that the striving of organisms to maintain their improbable state has been the cause of an overall change that can be called progressive. The evidence for this comes from many sources. Knowledge of the repeated changes of ancient climates explains why so many creatures have become extinct. Others have then been stimulated by the new conditions to acquire fresh information that has allowed them to survive. As a result there has been, over the years, an increase in living things of information and complexity of structure and behavior. It is true that molecular biologists have raised new problems about evolution and their focus on mutation has led to emphasis on what Jacques Monod has called Chance and Necessity. These biochemical workers are very ingenious but they should not be allowed the last word about evolution. They mostly work with bacteria and the nature of their methods forces them to consider single substances, or few of them, such as DNA or proteins. Biologists and paleontologists who study the lives of whole complicated creatures, living and extinct, emphasize other factors besides chance, and they nearly all find evidence of progress in evolution. As the Harvard ornithologist Ernst Mayr puts it, “If we study the record of life on earth from its very beginning we do note a progression.” The nature of the evolutionary process is thus still actively debated today. It is interesting to compare the themes that we are arguing about with those that were discussed before and after Darwin’s great contribution in 1859. The Beagle Record is especially valuable for giving a fresh view of the conditions under which the foundations for that contribution were laid. Richard Keynes is Darwin’s great grandson, now professor of physiology at Cambridge. He has been several times to South America to study how electric eels produce their shocks and while in Buenos Aires in 1968 he was shown the sketchbooks of Conrad Martens, who was for some months the artist on the voyage of the Beagle. They include beautiful pictures of the places the ship visited and this gave Keynes the idea of weaving around them the book under review. He has made a very happy selection from Darwin’s own account in his autobiography and notebooks and letters. Interspersed with these are pieces from the Narrative of the voyage written by Captain FitzRoy after the return and not republished since 1839 (except for a selection by Stanbury for the Folio Society in 1977). Even more interesting are some letters written by FitzRoy and never published before. The result, excellently produced by the Cambridge University Press, is a truly marvelous book, which will please both scholars and laymen. Besides retelling this famous story it provides a fascinating account of the relations of two able men, with very different characters. Alan Moorehead’s book on the Beagle voyage, first published in 1969 at the time of his successful film treatment of the voyage, has recently been republished. The text is here all his own, as readable and indeed as “graphic” as the illustrations themselves. Of course we need more than the words of the participants if we are to understand the significance of Darwin’s work. Michael Ruse and Neal Gillespie both deal with the thought of the period, Ruse more as a historian, Gillespie as a philosopher. Ruse uses as his subtitle “Science Red in Tooth and Claw,” which suggests something of his tone and style, though luckily the book itself has little to say on that theme. He presents the intellectual issues raised by Darwin in the setting of society and science in nineteenth-century Britain. He points out that Darwin’s was a characteristically British discovery and discusses why it was only slowly taken up on the Continent and in America. Unfortunately his attempt to give the essence of men’s thoughts in modern terms can seem naïve. “Lamarck tried hard to be a good materialist” evokes a smile. That Darwin “by the time he left Cambridge…determined to seek a place in Science” is a statement that needs documentation and does not get it. Incidentally neither Ruse nor Gillespie emphasizes sufficiently that what moved Darwin was mainly his intense interest and pleasure in the study of living things. Ruse successfully introduces us to characters and ideas that influenced Darwin. There were many earlier suggestions that species had been transformed, and theories on how this might have occurred. The geologist Lyell, for instance, whose work Darwin followed closely, discussed how species became extinct as the result of a “struggle for existence” in which “all the plants of a given country are at war with one another.” Darwin had plenty of suggestions to work with even before, in 1838, he came upon the ideas of overpopulation first published by Malthus in 1798. Indeed in 1844 a detailed exposition of evolution appeared in The Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Robert Chambers, though published anonymously. Ruse discusses carefully how Darwin’s facts and the changing climate of ideas ensured that the Origin convinced people of evolution in 1859 after so many had previously failed to do so. Every generation defines its problems in a different way. Historians of science have used various techniques to express this process of continuous change of ideas. In tracing the origin of modern views of evolution Gillespie uses the concepts of “epistemes” as postulated by the French philosopher Foucault and the “paradigms” of the American Thomas Kuhn. Foucault believes that “In any given culture and at any given moment there is always only one episteme that defines the conditions of possibility of all knowledge.” Gillespie in effect denies the truth of this position since he claims that in the period before Darwin there were two major epistemes, which he calls creationism and positivism. Creationists believed in the intervention of God in the affairs of the world at its beginning, and perhaps still today. Positivists “saw the purpose of science to be the discovery of laws which reflected the operation of purely natural or ‘secondary’ causes.” Foucault would presumably say that there cannot be two epistemes, and indeed these two views are more like Kuhn’s paradigms. Whatever we call them they are still with us today. It is dangerously easy to forget that there are many, many millions of people who still believe in miraculous interventions. In spite of what rational theologians argue about “myths” simple people still expect miracles, and religious and political leaders are only too happy to promise them. Luckily it is not common to find scientists believing in such superstitions, though some come pretty close to it. Biologists have very good evidence for believing that animals and plants have arrived at the present state by some form of gradual change under the influence of “natural” causes. Indeed we know for certain that evolution goes on steadily every day, for instance as pests and parasites become resistant to the drugs we invent to destroy them. Yet several of the questions about natural selection that worried people in the last century are still not settled. Scientists for example have very different views on rates of evolution; there is evidence that at some periods it was not gradual at all, but very rapid. This almost takes us back to the idea—popular during the nineteenth century—that a series of catastrophes took place, of which the last was the biblical flood. Most biologists today. having little historical sense, think of the theory of catastrophes as an absurd biblical literalism. The books by Ruse and Gillespie both explain (as is already well known) that the theory had various forms and was a serious attempt to explain the known succession of geological strata. What Ruse and Gillespie have not noticed is that recent evidence now suggests that there have indeed been quite catastrophic revolutions in animal and plant life. It has long been known that there have been times when animals and plants changed drastically. Geologists divided up the earth’s history into periods because they saw such sharp breaks. The best known of them was at the end of the Cretaceous period, when the giant reptiles disappeared and the mammals began their great increase. It is estimated that at that time three quarters of all the species of animals and plants became extinct, which is more extinctions than would be expected if half the world’s stockpile of nuclear weapons exlpoded. It was especially the large animals that disappeared, whereas the small lizards and shrew-like mammals survived. What killed off the giants? Evidence from the cores of deposits recovered from the sea floors by the Deep Sea Drilling Project allow us to determine the climate in ancient times from the proportion of the isotopes of oxygen in the skeletons of the fossils. This shows that at the end of the Cretaceous period there was a sudden world-wide fall of temperature, followed by an equally rapid rise. Both changes may have been too quick to allow adjustment by organisms that had become accustomed to the relatively stable warm conditions of Cretaceous. The exact times taken for these changes are still uncertain but were undoubtedly short by geological standards (less than half a million years) and may have been much shorter, even as little as 100 years. Even more dramatic is the suggestion by the Canadian paleobiologist Russell that the extinction of so many large animals might have been caused by the explosion of a supernova. These are colossal stellar expansions which for about two weeks, radiate as much energy as ten billion suns. They occur about once every fifty years per galaxy. This means that one may occur every seventy million years close enough to affect the earth. It could therefore explain the extinctions, for the large animals would have been more susceptible to radiation damage. Nearer to our own time there have been almost equally rapid extinctions. Some scientists believe that the composition of borings of arctic ice shows that there was a period about 100,000 years ago when the climate changed from glacial to as warm as today in only 100 years. Not everyone accepts these extreme figures, but all geologists agree that there have been rapid and repeated changes of climate. Paleontologists who study the fossils find corresponding evidence of repeated massive extinctions of species of animals and plants and their replacements by new ones. So both paleontology and paleoclimatology suggest that there have been catastrophic changes in the past and presumably will be again in the future. Some of these changes have been rhythmic, in relation to cycles of sunspots and changes in the earth’s orbit, and these can be forecast. The really large and rapid changes may depend upon the properties of galaxies and here we come near to the limits of our knowledge. If there is a possibility of bursts of radiation that might make large creatures like ourselves extinct we should very much like to be able to forecast them. Discussion of whether they are the product of detectable laws of nature becomes much more than academic. Darwin would certainly have rejoiced at all the recent evidence about change. He postulated that the continual adaptation to new circumstances depended on selection among the many varied individuals within each species. I think that he would therefore also have welcomed the facts that molecular biologists bring to this controversy, though they themselves are often non-selectionists. They find that many of the molecules in the body can exist in numerous slightly different forms, each determined by heredity. Your enzymes and mine differ as much as our faces. The biochemists find it difficult to believe that all of the genes responsible for these differences have been preserved by natural selection. But Darwin’s point was precisely that it is the presence of this great variability that makes adaptation by natural selection possible. The slight difference in action of almost identical enzymes may provide the basis for the evolution of all the marvelous complexities of the body. Some biologists such as Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin of Harvard have rightly protested that this does not mean that all variations are necessarily valuable.* We can go too far in trying to find “adaptive significance” in every feature of every plant or animal. The American mathematical biologist Sewall Wright has long claimed that in small communities evolutionary change may proceed by chance, the process known as “genetic drift.” If two such drifting populations of a species remain separate for long enough they may come to differ so greatly as to be unable to breed. Geographical barriers are thus probably very important agents in the origin of new species. Even though chance plays a part, animals and plants can survive only by adequate response to environmental conditions. The continuity of life in a changing world depends on the presence of many slightly different creatures of each sort. The most complex organs, such as the eye, have been developed by the selection of many small variants of each feature of them. This process of selection among a huge number of infinitely small variables can also explain the correlated evolution of different parts of the body—the giraffe’s long neck can only be useful if he has a heart that can pump blood up it to his brain and so on. Nature’s way of meeting future contingencies is to provide infinitely many creatures with small differences. Some people find it difficult to believe that this procedure can be effective, perhaps because it is so very different from the methods of careful designing that we use today to make our machines (though earlier procedures were more like nature’s). The desire to find some other mechanism than natural selection is certainly strong, and to some people it seems obvious that the more rapid adaptations to circumstances produced by change during the lifetime of the individual must be passed on. This is the Lamarckian view, that acquired characters are inherited. E.J. Steele is a Canadian immunologist who has, as he says, “stuck his neck out” to present a modern version of Lamarck, suggesting how the cells of the body might send information to the eggs and sperms to be passed on to the next generation. Darwin himself of course felt the need for just such a mechanism. He hesitatingly suggested the hypothesis of pangenesis, “though I very much fear it will appear to everyone far too speculative,” as he puts it in a letter to Fritz Muller. Steele’s speculation is that the carriers of information from the body cells to the germ cells are like the so-called C-type RNA viruses. They are able to “capture” the genes of one cell and then go on to infect another one. This is indeed an ingenious idea and it has appealed so strongly to Karl Popper that he recently chose Steele’s book as his favorite among those published during the last year. I doubt whether biologists will be so ready to join in reviving Lamarckism. Apart from everything else they will remember that the erroneous theories of Lysenko had disastrous effects on agriculture in Russia. A serious reason for doubting Steele’s theory is that it is based on the behavior of clones of cells, that is to say sets that are dividing continuously, as do those of the bone marrow or the skin. But the chief bearers of experience and learning that we want to pass on to our children are the nerve cells, and they never divide, they do not form clones. Steele admits this and tries to get around it, but neurologists will not easily be convinced. Still, the discovery of transfer by viruses is one of the unexpected facts that remind biologists how much there is they do not know. Of course the capacity to learn or to adapt the tissues during a lifetime is one of the chief aids to survival and genes that promote it are likely to be selected. But such adaptation is not a matter of “chance.” The whole individual must strive if its learning and adaptive powers are to be effective. We hear far too much nowadays about the chance factor in evolution. Genetic drift indeed probably occurs, but Sewall Wright never claimed that it could explain the adaptations of living things, which must depend upon selection of heritable variations. Change of genes by mutation is certainly a matter of the chance effects of radiation and other factors. But the power to adapt does not have to wait upon the accident of mutation. All species contain vast reserves of variation that can be called upon by sufficiently strong efforts to survive. Of course the capacity to make such effort is itself genetically variable. The manifestation of every characteristic is, as I have put it elsewhere, “double dependent,” partly on heredity, partly on the influence of the surroundings. Many controversies would be avoided if people realized that all characteristics show double dependence. Of all the “eternal questions,” as Stephen Jay Gould called them, that have been asked about evolution the most fascinating is whether there has been a discernible progress. The answers given by those who should be qualified to know can be seen in a set of essays by seventeen scientists collected by Professor Arthur Hallam of Birmingham in England. It is striking that most of the authors detect some direction in the changes that have occurred. “We have evidence of an upward spiral of efficiency within the Cenozoic Mammals both for locomotory adaptations and for intelligence.” Of course this leaves open the question of what we mean by “efficiency.” Throughout the evolution of each group of animals there have been wholesale extinctions and replacements. Does this mean simply that the same environment is occupied by successively more and more “efficient” animals? This partly depends on the difficult question of what is meant by “the same environment.” Still, the evidence, taken together, is that there has been an increase in the total amount and variety of life on earth. Competition, variation, and effort have ensured that animals and plants have continually colonized new niches, for instance when first plants then fishes came on land, and insects and birds took to the air. Each new habitat puts different demands on the organism of the creature, which can be met only by new devices. Roots or legs or wings are the product of new information, encoded in the genes. Inherited information is what differentiates living from lifeless matter and increase of information is the real sign of progress in evolution. The higher organisms can do more different things than their ancestors because they inherit more information. Moreover they can learn with their sense organs and brains how to improve still further their responses to the environment. The basic aim of every living thing to strive to find how to survive has thus led to a steady accumulation through the ages of information on how to live better. Human beings have greater powers of accumulating such knowledge than any other animals. I conclude that Darwin’s theory of evolution did not deprive man of his place at the center of creation, at least on earth. Proper consideration of the evidence of those who have fully studied past and present life fully validates our belief that we do indeed have the honor, privilege, and responsibility of being in that position. See for instance R.C. Lewontin, "Adaptation," in Evolution: A Scientific American Book (W.H. Freeman, 1978).↩ See for instance R.C. Lewontin, "Adaptation," in Evolution: A Scientific American Book (W.H. Freeman, 1978).↩	<urn:uuid:13b888ca-f066-44aa-9f64-c23c4591c820>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1980/feb/07/evolution-toward-what/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163038079/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131718-00069-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.972027	4,348	3.328125	3
Fiber optics have revolutionized the technology of nearly countless industries since Donald Keck and Peter Schultz working at Corning applied for a patent, titled “Method of producing optical wave guide fibers,” in May 1970. The ready availability of fiber optics today has driven industries and markets as diverse as computer networking, cable TV, telecom, surgery, dentistry, spacecraft design and others to new levels of capacity and performance. However, the origin of fiber optics began long before 1970. Even during the 1950s doctors used fiber optic endoscopes to peer inside the human body. But far more improbably, the origin of fiber optics stems from the scientific principle known as total internal reflection, which had early scientists grappling with that mysterious phenomenon as long ago as 1841. The Earliest Days Total internal reflection speaks to the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. Daniel Colladon first demonstrated how light could be guided around curves while serving as a professor at the University of Geneva in 1841. He collected sunlight and routed it through a water tank with a jet at the far side. When the sunlight pouring into the tank reached the jet at a glancing angle, the light was captured in the stream of water that fell, in a parabolic curve, to the ground. Instead of traveling in a straight line as light usually does, light was “captured” inside the curving stream of water exiting the jet. Causing light to follow a curved path inside a stream of water captured the imagination of many in the scientific Victorian audience of the day. Eventually, this strange and exciting phenomenon made its way to the general population—most notably during the Exposition Universelle of 1889 in Paris—where fountains of light kept visitors spellbound, and where the 300-foot Eiffel Tower was introduced to amazed citizens. Water, of course, didn’t prove to be a useful wave guide for light except for the entertainment value fountains brought to the public at World Fairs. However, by the end of the 19th century, researchers had succeeded at fashioning glass fibers as thin as silk, which eventually led Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation to begin producing what has today become a commodity. That fiberglass technology gave birth to today’s fiber optics materials. In 1954, Dutch scientist Abraham Van Heel covered a bare fiber strand with a transparent covering that had a lower refractive index. The differential between the refractive index of the fiber and its cladding kept light photons “locked” inside the fiber and greatly reduced interference between fibers. Van Heel’s discovery serves as the foundation of commercial grade fiber optics today. How Fiber Optics Work Coherent light photons emitted by a laser travel through a fiber optic strand, bouncing repeatedly off the walls of the strand like tiny balls pushed through a physical pipe. When the individual photons of light hit the walls of the glass pipe at a small angle (less than about 42 degrees), they are reflected back into the center of the pipe to continue on their way. Those photons that hit the walls of the pipe at a larger angle would normally “leak” out of the pipe. However, if the pipe is surrounded by a substance that has a higher refractive value, those photons are again reflected back into the main pipe as if they had hit a polished mirror. This is the mechanism known as total internal reflection. The main part of the fiber optic cable, the middle, is known as the core. If only the core were used to transmit photons from point to point, some of them—those that hit the “wall” at greater than 42 degrees—would escape and flash off to some other place. However, the cladding keeps the light photons inside the core. Types of Fiber Optic Cables Fiber optic cables can be manufactured as single mode or multi-mode units. A single mode fiber optic strand has a thin core that ranges between 5 and 10 microns in diameter. All the light photons travel down the middle of the core without bouncing along its edges. Much of the fiber that enables the Internet, as well as telecom and cable TV, use single mode fibers that are usually wrapped together in large bundles to increase the number of signals carried by a given fiber optic cable. The core of multi-mode fiber optic cables may use fibers that run 50 to 100 microns in diameter. This larger core allows light of varying wavelengths to travel together through the cable. Red, green, blue and other colors of light, including invisible infra-red light, can all travel together with each carrying a different “channel” of communication and data. Single mode fiber can send information up to 100 km (about 60 miles) without the need for amplification, while multi-mode cables work effectively only at short distances, such as within a data center or local area network. Advantages of Fiber Optics For decades, copper wire carried voice, images, data and intelligence from one point to another. However, fiber optics deliver some advantages over copper. For instance, the TAT-7 trans-Atlantic copper cable was AT&T’s seventh such cable. It provided service between the late 1970s and 1994. It connected New Jersey and southwest England, allowing some 4,000 simultaneous phone calls between the two continents via copper. Their TAT-8 fiber optics cable spanning the Atlantic contained two pairs of fiber. Each pair was able to carry 280 million bits per second (280 Mbps), allowing the equivalent of 35,000 phone calls, almost nine times the capacity of TAT-7. Beyond bandwidth and capacity, fiber offers additional benefits over copper. - Lower cost. Manufacturing an optical cable can be less expensive than copper of the same length. Further, some futurists predict earthly supplies of copper will be exhausted as soon as the late 2040s. This has led companies including Deep Space Industries, Kepler Energy and Space Engineering, Planetary Resources and others to begin formulating plans to mine asteroids to replace copper and other metals important to our technological lifestyles. In the meantime, fiber faces no such supply challenge. - Fiber optic cable is thinner. Optical fibers can be drawn to diameters of 50 microns (0.00197 inch). The manufacturing process adds a cladding that typically brings the diameter to 125 microns. Then, a protective coating increases overall diameter of the fiber strand to 250 microns (0.00994 inch). This thinness makes fiber ideal for medical devices such as bronchoscopes, endoscopes and laparoscopes. Plus, fiber’s light weight and thinness simplify the design of technological equipment. Further, because fiber is so thin, many more pairs can be bundled into a cable of a given diameter than if copper were used. - Less attenuation. A typical 50 micron fiber with 125 micron cladding has an attenuation coefficient of 3dB when 850nm light is passed through the fiber, and only 1 db at 1300nm wavelength. Copper, on the other hand, attenuates the signal according to both the length of the cable and the frequency of the signal in question. A typical CAT-5 twisted pair cable ranges from 13dB loss per 1,000 feet at 4 MHz to 67 dB at 100 MHz. In addition, fiber does not suffer from cross-talk interference between conductors, nor is it affected by external electromagnetic fields. - Lower power. With low attenuation factors, signals in fiber degrade less than in copper. Therefore, low power laser transmitters can be used rather than high powered electrical transmitters required for copper. Low power translates to lower operating costs. - Fiber is inherently safer. Because no electrical current flows in fiber, the likelihood for overheating and fire damage is non-existent. - Pulling Tension. If you plan to pull copper cable through conduit, be aware that it’s rather delicate. Copper cable has a 25-pound tension limit, while basic fiber has a 100-200 pound limit. - Copper wires emit an electromagnetic field whenever current passes through them. Bad actors can use a sensitive antenna to pick up the energy radiated from a copper cable to compromise the security of a computer network. Because fiber optics do not carry electrical current, there is no radiated energy to be tapped by an antenna. To listen in on a fiber network causes attenuation, which can be detected using a reflectometer to find the location of a tap on fiber cable. Fiber has brought incredible advances to almost every aspect of 21st century living. Even though companies are bringing amazing new technologies to market—such as wireless power that allows devices to run and recharge without a power cord—it’s difficult to see how the flexibility, economics and performance of fiber optics might be replaced with a more advanced technology. Yet, even as we say that, organizations like Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are working on optical amplifiers that effectively double the throughput of existing fiber optic cables. Perhaps the future of fiber optics is just as unknowable and unlimited as its improbable past. New England Wire has extensive experience with the special handling and processing requirements of fiber. We are happy to incorporate fiber optics into your custom cable design or work with you on a specialty project using fiber. Incidentally, if you’re interested in a thorough and entertaining summary of fiber optics, take time to find Jeff Hecht’s book, one of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation’s technology series, City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics.	<urn:uuid:38bccee0-38aa-4375-b997-67ecc85733c8>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://www.newenglandwire.com/fiber-optic-usage-scenarios/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348517506.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606155701-20200606185701-00296.warc.gz	en	0.934407	1,961	3.796875	4
Endangered Species Designation Offers Diamond Darter a Chance to Shine On The diamond darter (Crystallaria cincotta), a tiny fish that has faced serious threats, will now be protected under the Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced late last month. The diamond darter’s protected status will take effect on August 26.Like its diamond namesake (the fish sparkles when it reflects light), the darter is rare and found only in areas where the conditions are just right to support it. Habitat loss, degraded water quality and other stresses over time have restricted the fish—once present in the southern Appalachians from Ohio to Tennessee—to a 22-mile stretch of West Virginia’s Elk River. This small population size, says the Fish and Wildlife Service, makes the species vulnerable to the effects of invasive species, loss of genetic fitness and catastrophic events, such as toxic spills or floods fueled by climate change. “It is an honor and a responsibility to have one of the rarest fish in the world surviving in one of our rivers,” says Angie Rosser, executive director of the West Virginia Rivers Coalition (WVRC), which advocated for listing the darter as endangered with critical habitat designation. An affiliate of National Wildlife Federation, WVRC is dedicated to protecting the quality of West Virginia’s water resources and striving to conserve and restore the state’s exceptional rivers and streams. Recognized as one of the most ecologically diverse rivers in West Virginia—more than 100 species of fish and some 30 species of freshwater mussel call the waterway home—the Elk is also considered one of The Mountain State’s most vulnerable. Continued threats include insufficient wastewater treatment and natural resource extraction and development, says Kathleen Tyner, WVRC’s conservation and advocacy program manager. While she and her peers regard the federal listing and the safeguards such affords as welcome news for the diamond darter, WVRC has not slowed its own efforts to protect habitat for the fish and other species.Recently, for instance, the nonprofit urged its members to oppose the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection’s proposed changes to the state’s Water Quality Standards rule. If adopted, the revisions would allow for significantly more pollution from the discharge of aluminum, which is toxic to aquatic life. WVRC is also active in the coalition of partners advocating for the establishment of Birthplace of Rivers National Monument in the Monongahela National Forest. The proposed monument is home to the headwaters of six rivers, including the Elk. “As West Virginia celebrates 150 years of statehood, our congressional leaders have an opportunity to set aside some of the most special wild places in West Virginia for future generations, honoring a rich mountain culture deeply connected to the land,” says Tyner.	<urn:uuid:ae77b1bc-718b-4d19-95f3-f3a34786fa98>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://blog.nwf.org/2013/08/endangered-species-designation-offers-diamond-darter-a-chance-to-shine-on/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424909.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724182233-20170724202233-00525.warc.gz	en	0.932328	587	3.4375	3
Why consider a Montessori Education? Your child will be in good company. See for yourself! Does your child have a joy and passion for learning? Here are some of the ways a Montessori education keeps that flame burning. A Montessori education fosters: - creative and innovative thinking - initiative and self reliance - critical thinking - problem solving skills - the ability to lead - a love of learning Below some famous Montessori graduates share how their Montessori experience shaped their success. Toward the end (~1:00) of this short video, Google Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin talk about how a Montessori education contributed to their success. NBA MVP Stephen Curry: "Montessori helped me become the person I am today." Near the beginning (0:54 - 1:55) of this TED Talk, Will Wright talks about highlight of his education being at a Montessori school from K to 6th grade. See more videos and information on the American Montessori Society website "To get a feel for what Montessori is all about, there’s nothing like seeing it in action!"	<urn:uuid:86a1acd5-503b-443f-8806-dd2d717cda74>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://www.mrcserie.org/enrollment	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149819.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714083206-20200714113206-00056.warc.gz	en	0.931479	245	2.703125	3
Reading time ( words) Wearable technology is part of a megatrend involving integration of electronics into every aspect of our surroundings. Our most immediate surroundings - our clothing, watches and even our bodies themselves - are a key part of this. Features such as sensors, actuators, processors, interfaces and all that is needed to support and power them are being integrated onto and into the body with unprecedented reach and volumes. But the use of sensors to quantify the physical features on the body is nothing new. The medical profession has been monitoring features such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature and others for more than a century. Medical instruments with sensors were to enable medical-grade accuracy, used by trained physicians on reluctant patients. Early instruments may have been the stuff of horror films, but modern medicine has now brought increasingly invisible, practical and comfortable devices, made with patient comfort in mind, yet maintaining uncompromisable accuracy. The dawn of consumer wearable technology opens up new possibilities for sensor developers. Consumers are placing advanced electronic objects on, close-to, and even inside, the body for the first time in large volumes. Therefore, the challenge is to fill these objects with useful things to make valuable products. Bluetooth® Low Energy has improved low power communication ability, investment pours into improving power solutions and processors, but what about the sensors? When it comes to the revenue growth rates for various sensor types, product iteration timelines are a key feature. The medical space typically follows 5-10 year product iterations. In contrast, consumer electronics iterations can take less than 6 months. The industries merge in the wearable sensor space, with each bringing it's own challenges. Sensors from the consumer electronics space are commoditised quickly; for example, the margin made on typical MEMS IMUs for consumer electronics has dropped to <20%, from nearly 50% five years ago. In contrast, the regulatory restriction on medical sensors (including the development time and significant associated costs) keeps margins well above 100%. Regulation, product subsidies and strong IP protection all help this.> But what does this mean for the industry? The IDTechEx report characterises sensors into categories by specific type (e.g. glucose sensors) and general type (e.g. chemical sensors), as well as other charts showing the state of the industry and 10 year market forecasts. One example output figure is shown below. In 2015, more than 98% of the wearable sensors sold were originally developed for another industry, and then minimally adapted to a wearable product. The best examples of these are IMUs and optical sensors; two of the largest sectors, and both based on commodity hardware adapted from the automotive/consumer electronics industry. The next decade shows a significant change in this pattern. Made-for-wearable sensors are beginning to reach the market, and will contribute significantly to the units sold and revenue growth over the next decade. In 2025, more than 30% of the sales volume will come from emerging sensor types. The emerging sensors, with examples as given in the figure, are where most of the hardware interest and investment now lies. For the old sensors, the value comes from developing software, data analysis algorithms and user interfaces to maximize their efficiency. Details of how these value chains are setup is provided in the IDTechEx report, and case studies are used to illustrate some of the key trends in the last year. For further information about wearable sensors technologies and markets see the report HERE. IDTechEx guides your strategic business decisions through its Research and Events services, helping you profit from emerging technologies. We provide independent research, business intelligence and advice to companies across the value chain based on our core research activities and methodologies providing data sought by business leaders, strategists and emerging technology scouts to aid their business decisions. IDTechEx Events provide an analytical, commercial outlook, taking into account market requirements, competitive technologies and development roadmaps. Attendees are presented with the full, diverse range of technologies; but the main thrust is always on end-user needs and commercialization strategies. Learn more at www.IDTechEx.com.	<urn:uuid:16c62952-4854-437f-977b-42392f754291>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	http://iconnect007.com/index.php/article/90564/made-for-wearable-sensors-market-worth-55b-by-2025/90567/?skin=ein	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523476.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607013327-20200607043327-00368.warc.gz	en	0.939052	833	3	3
\|Population\|\|527 (Dec 2012)\| \|- Density\|\|54 /km2 (141 /sq mi)\| \|Area\|\|9.77 km2 (3.77 sq mi)\| \|Elevation\|\|556 m (1,824 ft)\| \|Surrounded by\|\|Montsevelier, Corban, Vermes, Schelten(BE), Beinwil(SO)\| Mervelier is first mentioned about 1184 as Morswilre. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Morschwil, however, that name is no longer used. Mervelier has an area of 9.77 km2 (3.77 sq mi). Of this area, 4.29 km2 (1.66 sq mi) or 43.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.07 km2 (1.96 sq mi) or 51.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.35 km2 (0.14 sq mi) or 3.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 (2.5 acres) or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.03 km2 (7.4 acres) or 0.3% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.3%. Out of the forested land, 50.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 14.0% is used for growing crops and 10.5% is pastures, while 1.6% is used for orchards or vine crops and 17.7% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located in the Delemont district, in the Val Terbi at the foot of the Schelten Pass along the Scheulte river. Coat of arms Mervelier has a population (as of December 2012[update]) of 527. As of 2008[update], 1.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -6.3%. Migration accounted for -2.3%, while births and deaths accounted for 1.5%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks French (543 or 92.8%) as their first language, German is the second most common (31 or 5.3%) and English is the third (3 or 0.5%). There is 1 person who speaks Italian. As of 2008[update], the population was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. The population was made up of 267 Swiss men (47.5% of the population) and 5 (0.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 285 Swiss women (50.7%) and 5 (0.9%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 303 or about 51.8% were born in Mervelier and lived there in 2000. There were 152 or 26.0% who were born in the same canton, while 84 or 14.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 33 or 5.6% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2000[update], there were 202 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.9 persons per household. There were 42 households that consist of only one person and 40 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 199 apartments (91.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 15 apartments (6.9%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (1.4%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 2.16%. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 43.57% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (22.05%), the CVP (22.05%) and the CSP (8.14%). In the federal election, a total of 192 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.1%. As of 2010[update], Mervelier had an unemployment rate of 3.1%. As of 2008[update], there were 26 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 48 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 23 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 12 businesses in this sector. There were 253 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.5% of the workforce. In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 75. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 19, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 41 of which 25 or (61.0%) were in manufacturing and 16 (39.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 15. In the tertiary sector; 4 or 26.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 33.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 2 or 13.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 20.0% were in education. In 2000[update], there were 20 workers who commuted into the municipality and 197 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 9.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 13.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 70% used a private car. From the 2000 census[update], 472 or 80.7% were Roman Catholic, while 54 or 9.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.34% of the population), and there were 3 individuals (or about 0.51% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 39 (or about 6.67% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 16 individuals (or about 2.74% of the population) did not answer the question. Mervelier has an average of 144.8 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1,184 mm (46.6 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Mervelier receives an average of 139 mm (5.5 in) of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 13.1 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 14.7, but with only 121 mm (4.8 in) of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 76 mm (3.0 in) of precipitation over 12 days. In Mervelier about 203 or (34.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 35 or (6.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 35 who completed tertiary schooling, 80.0% were Swiss men, 17.1% were Swiss women. The Canton of Jura school system provides two year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school followed by some form of Tertiary school or they may enter an apprenticeship. During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 34 students attending 3 classes in Mervelier. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality. The municipality had 2.5 primary classes and 34 students. There are only nine Secondary schools in the canton, so all the students from Mervelier attend their secondary school in another municipality. - Swiss Federal Statistics Office – STAT-TAB Ständige und Nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Region, Geschlecht, Nationalität und Alter (German) accessed 17 September 2013 - Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeindedaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen - Mervelier in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. - Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (German) accessed 25 March 2010 - Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (German) accessed 21 December 2011 - Flags of the World.com accessed 22-December-2011 - Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 (German) accessed 19 June 2010 - Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 22-December-2011 - STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 (German) accessed 2 February 2011 - Canton Jura Statistics- Population résidante permanente au 1er janvier 2010, canton du Jura et communes (French) accessed 2 March 2011 - Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen (German) accessed 28 January 2011 - Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 (German) accessed 29 January 2011 - Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton (German) accessed 28 May 2010 - Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 (German) accessed 28 January 2011 - Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (German) accessed 24 June 2010 - "Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990" (in German, French, Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss. Retrieved 8 May 2009., the Mervelier weather station elevation is 556 meters above sea level. - EDK/CDIP/IDES (2010). Kantonale Schulstrukturen in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein / Structures Scolaires Cantonales en Suisse et Dans la Principauté du Liechtenstein (Report). http://edudoc.ch/record/35128/files/Schulsystem_alle.pdf. Retrieved 24 June 2010. - Effectifs de l'école enfantine 2009-2010 (French) accessed 19 December 2011 - Effectifs de l'école primaire (French) accessed 19 December 2011 - François Kohler: Mervelier in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mervelier.\|	<urn:uuid:0373e839-0d76-48d8-aab6-a0b3e6d83682>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervelier	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538110.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00010-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.915847	2,412	2.59375	3
Tuesday, Jul. 29, 2014 71 ° Fair One area where students have the opportunity to experiment is with their use of alcohol. Though colleges do not endorse drinking for students under the legal drinking age, students find ways to access alcohol. Nationally, a very large majority – about 80 percent – of college students use alcohol. The research on college student drinking is interesting in that it shows that more than 70 percent of college students report that when they drink, they drink four or fewer drinks on any one occasion of drinking. This is of importance for at least two reasons. The first is that it points to the fact that a very significant majority of students drink moderately, if at all. Secondly, it is notable that so many students select a level of drinking which places them within a comparatively safe range, since other independent research has shown that people who drink fewer than five drinks on any occasion are much less likely to find themselves in trouble because of their drinking than people who drink five or more drinks. Presumably, this relates to the general level of intoxication where judgment is so clouded that people make poor choices. It is also true that between 25 and 30 percent of college students drink alcohol at a level that is regarded as problematic in the general population. Were they to continue drinking at this level in the longer term, they would be regarded as alcoholic. Fortunately, about two-thirds of the students who drink at this level have reduced their drinking significantly within months or years of leaving college. The remaining one-third (of the 25 to 30 percent who drink at this level) continues drinking and is subject to all of the many problems associated with long-term alcohol misuse. Unfortunately, it is not possible to distinguish clearly between those students whose drinking is a short-term part of their college experience and those who will go on to struggle with the problem of alcoholism. Therefore, it probably is most accurate to say that heavy drinking in college is a risk factor for the development of alcoholism in later life, although it is a precursor of alcoholism for only a small number of the students who drink in this fashion: probably about nine percent of all college students. Obviously, this is a significant concern, as it produces the risk of a very significant life problem. In reality, the risks for most college students are not from the drinking, per se, but from the physical and legal/administrative risks, which can occur as a consequence of the circumstances of the drinking. If you are among the students who already are using or expecting to be using alcohol, it is desirable to be aware of some of the facts relating to its use so that you are in the best position to make informed judgments. The purpose of this discussion is to raise issues and provide information to consider. As you weigh the facts and make your judgments, a major goal to keep in mind is to minimize the risks to yourself, both physical risks and risks to your good standing as a student and as good citizen. The range of potential risk is enormous, going from mild (e.g., hangover symptoms or a single missed class or assignment) to very severe (e.g., serious accidental injury or death). Yet even at the relatively mild end of the continuum, alcohol-related problems could lead to prolonged aggravation and expense. In this sense, a thoughtful student might think about their plans for using alcohol with an eye on "harm reduction strategies." If you are going to choose to use alcohol, as most students do, you can choose to do so in a ways that are calculated to reduce the risks to you. Nothing will eliminate the risk entirely, but certain calculations will diminish the risk to more acceptable levels. First, it is clear that for most college students, those under 21, the possession and use of alcohol are illegal and involve a risk of criminal prosecution. In fact, about 40 percent of college students face disciplinary action for their use of an illegal substance (primarily alcohol) at some point in their college career. Fortunately, for most, this is a one-time event only, which does not lead to any enduring consequences. For some, however, the administrative or legal consequences can be severe and even life-altering. To avoid this sort of difficulty, you will need to make choices about when, where and with whom you will drink, as well as about the amount you will drink. Here are some points to keep in mind: Size influences alcohol tolerance, such that smaller people have less tolerance than larger people. Gender is also a significant influence. A woman drinking an equal amount of alcohol in the same period of time as a man of an equivalent weight may have a higher blood alcohol level than that man. The gender difference is due to metabolic differences in how the body processes alcohol. Women must exercise particular restraint if they are to achieve moderate alcohol consumption. For most people, drinking about one drink an hour can be considered to be a good target to maintain safe, low-risk levels of consumption. This is the rate at which most people's bodies can metabolize alcohol. It should be noted that "one drink" refers to 1 1/2 ounces of liquor, 12 ounces of beer or 5 ounces of wine; these all contain approximately the same amount of alcohol and usually are referred to as a "standard drink." According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a driver's ability to divide attention between two or more sources of visual information can be impaired by BACs [BAC = Blood Alcohol Concentration] of .02 percent or lower. Two drinks in one hour would make most males and females exceed .02. At BAC of .05 percent or more impairment occurs consistently in eye movements, glare resistance, visual perception, reaction time, certain types of steering tasks, information processing, and other aspects of psychomotor performance. Thus, even a very low level of alcohol consumption decreases driving safety. The following information is provided to give you some frame of reference for judging the effect that a given level of blood alcohol will produce in a person's behavior. Blood Alcohol Concentration Chart for Men Weight in Pounds *Subtract .01% for each 40 minutes of drinking. One drink is 1.25 oz. of 80 proof liquor, 12 oz. of beer, or 5 oz. of table wine. Blood Alcohol Concentration Chart for Women \|Drinks\|\|Weight in Pounds\| If you have any questions regarding the information contained in this section or concerning your own drinking choices, please don't hesitate to contact one of the counselors. The Student Counseling Center offers a wide range of information on mental health and substance use issues and provides caring, confidential help from professionals experienced in helping students deal with those issues. Bill Brown can be reached at 455-5730 and Marea Hyman can be reached at 455-3131 Please note: Ideas and information in this section were adapted from the Villanova University website.	<urn:uuid:6262fb12-00a1-470b-b3fe-57ca71f88a30>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://www.vwc.edu/student-life/counseling-services/alcohol-abuse-in-college.php?view=mobile	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510268533.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011748-00214-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.945425	1,400	2.96875	3
Amable Sanchez was born in 1880 in Guatemala. During the war she worked as a Spanish teacher in Berlin-Kreuzberg. Though she kept her Guatemalan nationality, it is not known when or why she went to Berlin, where she stayed until her death in 1966. On February 27th, 1943, during the last great raid for the deportation of all the Jews still living at the German Reich, Amable Sanchez offered her help to her Jewish neighbor Erna Caminer, who, condemned to hard labor, escaped her arrest by chance. When the Gestapo tried earnestly to arrest her at her apartment, Amable Sanchez offered to accommodate her. Three days after, she took her to the house of a non-Jewish friend who gave refuge to other three Jewish women. When the hideout became more dangerous due to suspicious neighbors, Erna Caminer came back to Amable Sanchez? apartment. By then, her daughter was living there, who, by being married to an Arab, was not yet subjected to repression. Amable Sanchez registered Erna Caminer under a false name at the police department and gave her the key to her place to hide there in case of danger. She also supplied her with food until the end of the war. Edited by: Adriana Karagozian	<urn:uuid:69dd4b30-ec0f-4574-abd9-781e96b55189>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/general/amable-sanchez-guatemala/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163055810/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131735-00087-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.983632	266	2.671875	3
Believe it or not, there are actually TWO North Poles – the one at the top of the earth and what is known as MAGNETIC NORTH. Magnetic north is actually in northern Canada, and that is where compasses point to. Now, on to your question…if you were standing exactly on top of the magnetic north pole, your compass would point nowhere in particular since the place it is used to pointing to is at your feet! You should know that finding magnetic north is not always easy – the spot is actually moving about 10 miles northwest every year. Since it was discovered in 1831, magnetic north has traveled many miles from its original spot!	<urn:uuid:f45ba776-cc70-42da-8bd0-f7c97206f2c6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sciencebob.com/what-would-a-compass-point-to-is-you-were-at-the-north-pole/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00044.warc.gz	en	0.985342	134	3.59375	4
IF nine men - Brown, White, Adams, Miller, Green, Hunter, Knight, Jones and Smith - play several positions on a baseball team 1. Smith and Brown won $10.00 playing poker with the pitcher. 2. Hunter was taller than Knight and shorter than White, but each of these weighed more than the first baseman. 3. The third baseman lived across the corridor from Jones in the same apartment house. 4. Miller and the outfielders play bridge in their spare time. 5. White, Miller, Brown, the right fielder and the center fielder were bachelors. The rest were married. 6. Of Adams and Knight, one played an outfield position. 7. The right fielder was shorter than the center fielder. 8. The third baseman was brother to the pitcher's wife. 9. Green was taller than the infielders and the battery - except for Jones, Smith and Adams. 10. The second baseman beat Jones, Brown, Hunter and the catcher at a game of cards. 11. The third baseman, the shortstop, and Hunter made $150 speculating in U.S. Steel. 12. The second baseman was engaged to Miller's sister. 13. Adams lives in the same house as his own sister but dislikes the catcher. 14. Adams, Brown and the shortstop lost $225 each speculating in copper. 15. The catcher had three daughters; the third baseman had two sons; and Green was being sued for divorce. you are a jerk.	<urn:uuid:349141b7-08e9-470a-b0f9-864e55c6da4e>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://forums.xkcd.com/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=5264&start=200	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700438490/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516103358-00061-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973014	317	2.921875	3
During everyday travels, everyone encounters at least one of our 234Carroll County school buses. What are motorists required to do? The Maryland Motor Vehicle School Bus Stop Law states: "When aschool bus is stopped on a roadway with the alternating flashing lights operating, you must stop 20 feet from the rear of the stopped school bus and/or 20 feet from the front. You must remain stopped until the alternating flashing lights are not operating and the bus resumesmotion." Remember, students are crossing. * Eight-point light system: Sometimes it can be very confusing for motorists to know when or where to stop. Most of our Carroll County school buses have what is called an "eight-point light system," which consists of amber flashing lights and red flashing lights to protect our students. How do they work? As the school bus approaches a stop, the driver must put the amber flashing lights in operation at least 100 feet before bringing the bus to a full stop. When you see the amber lights begin to flash, slow down and begin stopping so that you are at least 20 feet from the bus when the driver opens the door and the red lights begin flashing. At this point, students are now crossing. Remain stopped until the bus moves. * Loading zones: Everyone is familiar with a school bus stopped on the roadway with the red lights operating. But what do you do when a bus is off the traveled portion of theroad and just the right turn signal is operating? This is called a "loading zone" and is used to protect our students by reducing the possibility of a rear-end collision on high-speed roadways. When you see the right turn signal operating and the bus is off the traveled portion of the roadway, you do not have to stop. Students are not crossing the road. Traffic can continue to move. * Changes to enhance crossing safety: Many changes have occurred during the years ofschool bus transportation to improve safety when crossing. The eight-point light system, with the stop arm on the left side of the bus, improved the visibility of a stopped bus for the motorist. This helps, but we need to be aware of the "danger zones," or areas surrounding a school bus in which children may not be as well-protected. This is very important when students are crossing. Last year, all Carroll County school buses were fitted with a crossing control arm to make certain that our students cross 10 feet in front of the bus. By crossing 10 feet in front of the bus, students are kept a safe distance from the bus and have greater visibility, allowing them to stop, look and listen before crossing. * Safety awareness: Safe crossing of our students must be a combined effort. Carroll County drivers receive extensive training in crossing procedures. Our system educates students before they begin riding a school bus through kindergarten orientation and school bus safety programs. Even with the many programs, we still need the help of parents and motorists. Safety awareness begins and is continually reinforced at home. Talk about bus safety at home; make school bus rules important. Remember, safety at the crossing can be realized when our students are protected by the following rules: Students must ride safely and motorists must stop for school buses. Inez Reichert and Joyce Mays are school bus driver trainers with the Carroll County public school system.	<urn:uuid:e7dfecc7-37f3-4e80-b349-66e01bfae783>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-12-01/news/9113012846_1_school-bus-crossing-carroll-county	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892648.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00073-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957056	690	3.1875	3
Researchers from the University of Kansas are curious about about a certain chromosome called the Fragile-X chromosome, one of the genetic markers for autism gained from the mother, so it's a good thing they've been awarded a $2.4 million dollar grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to research the effects of parenting of children with autism as well as to study their genetics. The grant will last five years, allowing the university researchers to continue a ten-year study on the Fragile-X chromosome. Scientists believe that not only will studying the genetics of these children but also the developmental implications of different types of parenting across many variables, including the genetic markers. In doing so, they may be able to understand more deeply the dynamic relationship between environmental factors and genetic autism. Read the Entire Article A customized collection of grant news from foundations and the federal government from around the Web. Unable to select database	<urn:uuid:a911a264-f7f4-4852-86bc-4b38e23bf7db>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://www.topchildrensgrants.com/NewsItem/120784/226/Researchers+awarded+%242.4M+NIH+grant+to+study+leading+genetic+cause+of+autism	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439019.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604032435-20200604062435-00289.warc.gz	en	0.953198	189	2.703125	3
The True Sabbath Day The True Sabbath Day The seventh day of the week, the day commonly known as Saturday, is the Sabbath day of YAHWEH the Almighty God of Israel. It was ordained of God as a day of physical rest for all mankind, and the obligation to observe it arises from - Yahweh’s own example - His act of blessing the seventh day - And His explicit command to keep it holy. The word Sabbath implies rest, peace, tranquillity and refreshment. And who will doubt but that in this turbulent and confused world every soul on earth is in need of spiritual rest and refreshment. Consequently, those who faithfully remember the Sabbath of the Most High and draw apart from the world each weekend to worship Him on His holy day, will receive the spiritual blessings promised in His Holy Word; blessings that will find full scope in the ages to come. - The seventh day Sabbath according to the Bible, was blessed, sanctified and set apart for sacred use by the God of Israel at the creation of the world, and on that memorable occasion it was first observed by the Lord Himself. - Furthermore, all mankind is required by divine law to keep holy the seventh day of the week. The Sabbath command is one of the Ten Commandments, a law which is not only scheduled to outlast this universe but which every soul on earth is obliged to observe. Therefore as long as heaven and earth shall last, the seventh day of the week is the Sabbath day. Disobedience of Yahweh’s law, of which the Sabbath commandment is merely a part, is sin. These unequivocal facts cannot be rejected without serious consequences. (Exodus 20:8-11, Matthew 5:17-19, 1 John 3:4) - Sabbath desecration is strongly condemned by the true prophets of God and their inspired messages have been recorded in the Scriptures for the benefit of succeeding generations of readers from every nation under heaven. Dare we ignore their warnings? (Ezekiel 20:19-24, Ezekiel 22:8,26,31, Jeremiah 17:27) - In recognition of the Sabbath commandment Yeshua the Messiah (Jesus Christ) kept holy the seventh day of the week (Saturday) and the Scriptures testify to the fact that it was his custom to do so. - Like his Master, it was also the custom of the Apostle Paul and his companions to observe the seventh day Sabbath, the day commonly known as Saturday. The disciple were still observing the true Sabbath day some sixteen to twenty years after the resurrection. (Acts 17:2, Acts 18:4) - In addition to the above, new converts, both Jews and Gentiles alike, regularly attended the synagogue for worship on the Saturday Sabbath, and the fact that interested Gentiles in Antioch requested further instruction of Paul “on the next Sabbath” is irrefutable evidence that no separate Sunday meetings were being held there by those early Christians. In other words, the Gentiles were willing to wait a full week, till the next Saturday, for a meeting. Why? Because they knew that Paul and his companions did not normally meet for divine worship on a Sunday, but would instead be available for discussion again on the next Sabbath. On the next Sabbath (Saturday) almost the whole city arrived for the meeting. - In his prophecy concerning the destruction of Jerusalem, the Master advised his followers to pray that their flight from the city “be not in the winter, neither on the Sabbath day.” This passage is also strong proof that Jesus Christ had absolutely no intention whatsoever of doing away with the Sabbath commandment at the cross. On the contrary it shows his high regard for the Sabbath day in that he advised his followers – who were mostly Jews – to even go to the extent of praying to God about it, that He would make it possible for them to keep the Sabbath day some 40 years after the crucifixion! - The Seventh day Sabbath is also the divine Sign which the God of Israel places in the minds of His people. It is Yahweh’s Signature which He inscribes on the believer’s mind to commemorate his work of creation, sanctification and salvation through Jesus. The Sabbath is, in fact, the eternal memorial token of the perpetual covenant between The Almighty and His Church. What’s more, it will continue to be so even in the new heavens and the new earth. (Exodus 20:12&20, Isaiah 66:22-23) - The Sabbath rest is a token or sample of the divine Rest of God which the Most High is eagerly looking forward to. Many believers are going to be excluded from that divine rest because of their deliberate and persistent disobedience of the Sabbath commandment. (Psalm 95:10-11, Hebrews 4:9-11) - Students are therefore advised to “Remember the Seventh day to keep it holy.” If they do this, they will, according to the divine declaration, feast on the heritage of Jacob and be made welcome in the Holy Mountain of God. (Isaiah 56:2-7, Isaiah 58:13-14) - In some strange way the Most high values His Sabbath days more than any human mind can appreciate. They are to Him a unique, spiritual treasure of inestimable worth. Try to understand His pleadings in these amazing words: \|“And I gave them my statutes, and shewed them my judgments, which if a man do, he shall even live in them. Moreover also I gave them my sabbaths, to be a sign between me and them, that they might know that I am the LORD that sanctify them.” - Note how the Sabbath is given a special place of honour, far above the other statutes and judgements, important as they obviously are. Yahweh’s Sabbath is an eternal token of sanctification; the sacred sign that sets the obedient believer apart from all the other peoples of the earth. It is His SIGN, His Signatre on the true believer’s mind. We trust that you dear student are not missing out on this vital commandment? - In addition to the weekly Sabbath day, Yahweh the Almighty God of Israel has seven annual Sabbaths. Every one of them is a memorial of a great event in the Plan of Salvation. The explanatory booklet entitled The Festivals of the God of Israel is available online. Author: David B Loughran Stewarton Bible School, Stewarton, Scotland	<urn:uuid:faea3eee-b1f5-464f-a48c-4dbffb253338>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://www.acog7.org.uk/the-true-sabbath-day/?shared=email&msg=fail	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806832.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123123458-20171123143458-00291.warc.gz	en	0.95227	1,355	2.921875	3
From Middle English narow, narowe, narewe, narwe, naru, from Old English nearu (“narrow, strait, confined, constricted, not spacious, limited, petty; limited, poor, restricted; oppressive, causing anxiety (of that which restricts free action of body or mind), causing or accompanied by difficulty, hardship, oppressive; oppressed, not having free action; strict, severe”), from Proto-Germanic narwaz (“constricted, narrow”), from Proto-Indo-European (s)ner- (“to turn, bend, twist, constrict”). Cognate with Scots naro, narow, narrow (“narrow”), North Frisian naar, noar, noor (“narrow”), Saterland Frisian noar (“bleak, dismal, meager, ghastly, unwell”), Saterland Frisian Naarwe (“scar”), West Frisian near (“narrow”), Dutch naar (“dismal, bleak, ill, sick”), Low German naar (“dismal, ghastly”), German Narbe (“a closed wound, scar”), Norwegian norve (“a clip, staple”), Icelandic njörva- (“narrow-”, in compounds). - (General American) IPA(key): /ˈnæɹoʊ/, /ˈnɛɹoʊ/ - (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈnæɹəʊ/ Audio (US) (file) Audio (US) (file) - Rhymes: -ærəʊ - Having a small width; not wide; having opposite edges or sides that are close, especially by comparison to length or depth. a narrow hallway 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 14, in The China Governess: - Just under the ceiling there were three lunette windows, heavily barred and blacked out in the normal way by centuries of grime. Their bases were on a level with the pavement outside, a narrow way which was several feet lower than the road behind the house. 2013 July-August, Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, in American Scientist: - Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus. That’s because the lenses that are excellent at magnifying tiny subjects produce a narrow depth of field. A photo processing technique called focus stacking has changed that. - Of little extent; very limited; circumscribed. - Bishop Wilkins - The Jews were but a small nation, and confined to a narrow compass in the world. - Bishop Wilkins - (figuratively) Restrictive; without flexibility or latitude. a narrow interpretation - Contracted; of limited scope; bigoted a narrow mind - Having a small margin or degree. a narrow escape The Republicans won by a narrow majority. 2011 September 18, Ben Dirs, “Rugby World Cup 2011: England 41-10 Georgia”, in BBC Sport: - As in their narrow defeat of Argentina last week, England were indisciplined at the breakdown, and if Georgian fly-half Merab Kvirikashvili had remembered his kicking boots, Johnson's side might have been behind at half-time. - (dated) Limited as to means; straitened - narrow circumstances - Parsimonious; niggardly; covetous; selfish. - a very narrow and stinted charity - Scrutinizing in detail; close; accurate; exact. - But first with narrow search I must walk round / This garden, and no corner leave unspied. - (phonetics) Formed (as a vowel) by a close position of some part of the tongue in relation to the palate; or (according to Bell) by a tense condition of the pharynx; distinguished from wide. - (transitive) To reduce in width or extent; to contract. - We need to narrow the search. - (intransitive) To get narrower. - The road narrows. - (knitting) To contract the size of, as a stocking, by taking two stitches into one. narrow (plural narrows)	<urn:uuid:ee403194-684e-4a73-ba3c-a398b6b2e5ea>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/narrow	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323730.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628185804-20170628205804-00065.warc.gz	en	0.900021	962	3.28125	3
News & Updates Thanks to all of you who posted comments on our recent Facebook question: Is it ever OK to burn trash in your campfire? Why or why not? How many of us have seen a trashed fire ring? Trash begets trash. It's just a fact. Ideally, all trash should be packed out, every time, everywhere. Burning trash is generally not acceptable under any circumstances. Even paper products, while combustible, don't always burn completely and can lead to flying embers. Another item that shouldn't be burned is food. It generally takes a hot fire to fully combust foods, and leftover food scraps are a strong attractant to wildlife. Another issue is the toxins released from burning different items. The Missoula Technology and Development Center (MTDC), a USDA Forest Service research facility, released a study in 2004 on campfire toxins which can be viewed here: http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm04712833/index.php For more research on campfire impacts, visit: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m533171002750054/ For your next campfire, keep the following in mind: • Ask about pertinent regulations and campfire management techniques. • Judge the wind, weather, location, and wood availability. Decide whether it’s safe and responsible to build a campfire. • Where there are no fire rings or grates, bring a fire pan or set aside time to build a mound fire. • Have a trowel or small shovel and a container for saturating the ashes with water. • Never leave a fire unattended. • Don’t try to burn foil-lined packets, leftover food, or other garbage that would have to be removed later. • Burn the wood completely to ash: Stop feeding the fire, and give yourself an hour or more to add all the unburned stick ends. • Saturate the ash with water. Make sure it’s cool to the touch, and remove any trash. • Scatter all the ashes widely with a small shovel or pot lid. • Restore the appearance of the fire site. Let’s protect and enjoy our natural world together Get the latest in Leave No Trace eNews in your inbox so you can stay informed and involved.	<urn:uuid:7eac7d63-f5a5-4176-92ca-9901fb12b6d9>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://lnt.org/burning-trash/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00152.warc.gz	en	0.893506	498	2.796875	3
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (SIVA) (FUNCTION (sensory neuron (take sensory… PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (SIVA) Consists of nerve and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord Unlike CNS, PNS is not protected by skull, spine or blood brain barrier. PNS is divided into somatic nervous nervous system autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system Connects CNS to the organs alllow brains and spinal cord to receive and send information. take sensory information and send to brain and spinal cord. fight or flight state carry information from brain and spinal cord to muscle fibres throughout the body. (physical action) rest and digest state. DISEASE AND DISORDER thoracic outlet syndrome exposure to poisons infection (virus, HIV) Trauma or pressure on nerves	<urn:uuid:3f42ff36-0e50-44fd-9c0e-637f4369cf42>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://coggle.it/diagram/W7MW_QWWyXmYOIt4/t/peripheral-nervous-system-siva	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657146845.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713194203-20200713224203-00261.warc.gz	en	0.72306	204	3.390625	3
We see thousands of art files each week at Printkeg. It is quite surprising to see the large percentage of artwork that does not include bleed area. We struggle with designers and non-designers, and due to the workload, we are beginning to charge a small fee to accommodate all of the requests. What is bleed area? Bleed is a printing term used to describe a document which has images or elements that touch the edge of the page, extending beyond the trim edge and leaving no white margin. When a document has bleed, it must be printed on a larger sheet of paper and then trimmed down. What is the problem? If you do not address bleed area, there is a risk that essential text and images will be cut from the final product or uneven white lines could appear on the edges. How do you add bleed area to completed art file? Since we receive a high number of flattened art files without bleed, there are some quick tactics in Photoshop we implement to adjust. Tactic #1 – Simply resize your art We would resize an 11×17 poster to 11.25 x 17.25. Some commercial printers may only require your file to 11.125 x 17.125. (Image –> Image Size) Tactic #2 – Add canvas area If your poster is 11×17, and the artwork uses a solid color for the background, you can make the art 11.25 x 17.25 with the Canvas Tool. Be sure to use the color picker to select your background color. (Image –> Canvas Size) Tactic #3- Use Transform Tool to stretch the edges. In some cases, if you use tactic #1, a valuable area of text might get cut off since it is too close to the edges. Tactic #2 may not work since the background is not a solid color. If this occurs, you can increase the canvas area then use the transform tool. Highlight the edges of the graphic then pull that area to cover the new canvas area. The more area you can grab with the tool, the less noticeable the stretching. (After selecting an area, click Edit –> Transform or Command T) It may look a tad weird, but once trimming occurs it is barely (if at all) noticeable). Tactic #4 – Combination of tactics #1 to #3 Some art we see has a variety of the main areas right next to the edge. Solely extending the canvas area may still not provide enough bleed area. This problem requires you to make the art a tad smaller (10.75×16.75 for an 11×17 file) then using tactic #2 (transform tool) or #3 (extend canvas area). Tactic #5 – Move individual items away from the edges If your artwork is not yet flattened, you should move items about .25″ away from the edges. In the above examples, we focus on 11×17 posters, but the strategies can be implemented with any size including 4×6, 8.5×11, 8×10 and more. Thankfully, we have created many recorded actions in Photoshop to quickly resolve the daily bleed issues we see the most often. The only time we charge customers (a $9 Just Make My Graphic Work Fee) is if the art requires further manual work from a designer. Learning these easy tactics of addressing bleed will help you no matter what commercial print company you choose. In our support area, we provide some videos showing some of the above tactics.	<urn:uuid:18a48d35-b0ee-48e1-9f2e-0276861a190c>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://blog.printkeg.com/6857-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107065.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821003037-20170821023037-00437.warc.gz	en	0.903088	729	2.546875	3
Detachment is a way of life and a guiding principle for social interactions. Recently , I read a very good book on this subject , “Let Go Now: Embracing Detachment” by Dr. Karen Casey. .Of course, Indian scriptures are full of the concept of detachment .Speeches by Vivekananda also helped me to clarify my confusions about the subject. As a practical and helpful guide for living , I describe below the essentials of detachment. 1. Accept people as they are .Do not try , or even expect to change them in any way. Have no expectation of help or support from them .Do not expect others to invite you , talk to you , or not to ignore you. Do not let their behaviour affect your feelings about yourself , your thoughts and your actions. How others behave is not your responsibility. It is their choice. Accept it and do not try to change it , even if it is unkind. When some one tries to provoke you , you have a choice not to do any thing. When some one verbally attacks you , you have a choice not to say anything . It may be better to stand aside and remain quiet. Realize that your life is not dependent on what others are doing or saying . 2. Get rid of the fear of abandonment .Let others leave you if they want .Let them go on their journey even if it is with out you. You have taught them what they needed to learn from you .But do not push them if they want to stay .You can be detached and still be friends or associates. Detachment permits respect , love and honour for others. 3. Mind your own business. Do not interfere in others’ business. Be clear when a business is not yours. Observe the rule of ‘need to know’. Live and let live. 4. Let others have their own opinions. You can have your own , different opinions. Offer a suggestion only if asked. Otherwise , keep mum. Do not succumb to the suggestions of others when you feel these are not right for you. If a conversation is becoming disrespectful to you , just leave it. If people make fun of you , do not shout back or react. Be free from the desire to fight back. 5. Have freedom and responsibility. Do what feels right to you .You do not need some one else’s approval .But you are responsible for your actions and decisions. You are responsible for what has so far happened in your life or whatever is happening now. Do not blame others .Do not let past , yours or someone else’s determine your present .Move on . 6. Do not expect attention from others. Accept when they are distant , indifferent or unfriendly. 7.Give hope to others when they are faltering. Be a cheer leader , and not a judge. Pray for them to help them . Allow others to save face in all interactions. Observe them and acknowledge their existence. But you need not remain visible. 8. If some one is angry , let him or her be. You do not need to assuage any one else’s anger. 9.Do not criticise , do not blame. Do not get affected by criticism or praise .Be beyond likes and dislikes. 10. Forgive others. 11. Be free from jealousy and comparison. 12.Give up striving for rewards, praise , and fruits of actions. 13.Be free from anger, greed and lust. 14. Be grateful. Detachment cannot be achieved in a few days . It has to be a goal for life .It has to be practised at all moments , in all situations.	<urn:uuid:407d00a4-7576-431a-835c-b5d71f74c364>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	http://vngarg.blogspot.com/2017/06/detachment.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690591.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925092813-20170925112813-00184.warc.gz	en	0.946168	761	2.5625	3
School council is an integral part of school life. The elected council are the voice of the children in school. They play a similar role to politicians and take the people’s views to a debate. The children have to apply for school council and convince their peers that they can do the job. Applications are then put to general vote. When appointed, those appointed take their role very seriously to ensure that the children in school are given a voice. Many changes have been brought about over the past couple of years due to the hard work of the council. Meet The School Council! Back to Pupils	<urn:uuid:77f01e28-2c46-4477-9d56-a474c1874809>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	http://www.stalbertsprimary.co.uk/pupils/school-council/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143365.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713100145-20200713130145-00450.warc.gz	en	0.985825	123	2.890625	3
For the second year in a row, 8th Grader Sophia Buckwalter was named junior high champion of her county science fair. Sophia reached out to Adafruit to thank us for our tutorials! “I wanted to follow up with how I did at my local County Science Fair in Lancaster, PA. I was awarded Junior Champion, as a middle school student that is the highest award one can receive. I was also nominated for the Junior National Science Fair (Broadcom)…I really want to extend my gratitude for your tutorials (especially Tony DiCola’s) again, because I would not have been able to construct my STEM project and make it this far with out it.” Sophia’s project focused on measuring guitar notes, via lancasteronline: This year, Buckwalter’s project focused on the tone of notes played by a guitar, while last year she looked at how long a guitar note was sustained. The daughter of Kathy and Greg Buckwalter, of Manheim, Buckwalter used two methods to test the tone of different woods used in making guitars. For her project, she obtained 10 samples of exotic woods, including Sitka spruce and ovangkol, from Martin Guitar in Nazareth, Northampton County. She found that both methods worked to predict the tone of notes but one method, spectrogram analysis, revealed more about the piece of wood used in the guitar. Buckwalter plays both acoustic and electric guitar, and likes classic rock. She is partial to Les Paul, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. For her next year’s project, she said she might actually try to make a guitar herself. Each Tuesday is EducationTuesday here at Adafruit! Be sure to check out our posts about educators and all things STEM. Adafruit supports our educators and loves to spread the good word about educational STEM innovations! Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts. Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer! Learn resistor values with Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground” – Adafruit’s Apps! Maker Business — Lessons Learned Scaling Airbnb 100X Wearables — ABS ABC Electronics — When do I use X10? Biohacking — The Quantified Self Approach to Lowering Blood Glucose No comments yet. Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.	<urn:uuid:af3a342f-4bf3-4303-bdf4-c7ef6400997f>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	https://blog.adafruit.com/2014/04/15/student-honored-at-local-science-fair-cites-adafruit-tutorials-as-helpful-resource-makereducation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686077.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919235817-20170920015817-00696.warc.gz	en	0.945679	541	2.515625	3
Two theories of morality Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 1977 - Philosophy - 95 pages In this expanded version of his Thank-Offering to Britain Fund lectures, delivered at the British Academy in February 1976, Stuart Hampshire compares two radically different conceptions of morality, those of Aristotle and Spinoza, authors, he claims, of the most plausible of all moral philosophies. He discusses the relation between moral intuitions and moral theory, and the contrasting ideas of moral normality and moral conversion. Spinoza's theory of the relation between mind andbody is expounded and its relevance to recent theories is explained. What people are saying - Write a review abstract ideal accepted action activity adequate explanation argued argument Aristotle Aristotle's behaviour brain causes choice circumstances coherence complex conception conflicting moral claims conscious constitute correct Critique of Judgement decision Descartes desires and beliefs dispositions double aspect theory emotions enjoyment epistemology existentialist experience explain expressed external freedom of mind friendship grammar human ideas imagination individual injunctions intellectual intelligible interests justice kind laws of physics laws of thought logic man's material equivalent ment moral ideal moral intuitions moral judgements moral opinions moral prohibitions moral theory moralist natural Nicomachean Ethics normal notion object observer order of priority overriding particular passions perceive perception person philosophy of mind physical changes pleasure point of view political practical reasoning principles propositional attitudes question rational rational reconstruction recognize reflection relation scientific Secondly sense sensory deprivation sentiments single criterion situation social specific Spinoza standpoint theoretical THEORIES OF MORALITY things tion utilitarian wrong	<urn:uuid:f1f94833-07e9-434f-a2c9-50e397412079>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://books.google.com/books?id=jZwlAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_similarbooks_r&cad=2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776435941.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234035-00091-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.811207	306	2.78125	3
A varied group of plants Dianthus are best known as Sweet Williams, Garden Pinks and Carnations. They are grown both as perennials and annuals depending on species and climate. Generally they are easy to grow, sun loving and requiring little water once established. They can be grown in pots or baskets on a patio or near a barbecue area they add colour and fragrance. In the ground they are a tough reliable plant. A great choice for the rock garden or a clump in the garden border. Despite what you may read, Dianthus do not belong the the carnation family, its the other way around, carnations are Dianthus caryophyllus cultivars. So what we call Dianthus, Carnations, Pinks, Sweet Williams are not all the same, they are however closely related. All are best in a sunny position in a humus rich well drained soil. They do thrive in good soil, however many are tolerant of poorer soils as well. These are a pest free plant and require little maintenance. Deadhead after flowering to promote a second flush of flowers. A little water during long dry spells is appreciated. With a high frost tolerance Dianthus make great border plants. Once established these plants do not have a high water requirement but do appreciate an occasional deep soaking. How to Prune Dianthus You can cut back dianthus after flowering using secateurs or even hedging shears. Simply deadheading by removing each spent flowerhead back to a leaf node is one way. You can also use the hedging shears to prune the whole clump back by 1/3 at once, this is quick and will revitalise the whole clump.. With regular pruning they will repeat flower all through summer. This is also a great time to fertilise. Propagation from cuttings The easiest methods of propagation are by division of established clumps and by cuttings taken in summer. For cuttings look for a non flowering stem - Take a cutting around 4 – 6 inches (10 – 15 cms) long with 4 sets of leaves. - Remove the leaves from the lower half. - Dip in a hormone rotting powder or some homey. - Plant in a light compost. - Keep warm and sheltered. ( A cloche or plastic bottle over the top will increase humidity) - Mist spray - Watch for new sign of growth. - Harden of in more sun. Propagation from seed For variety, try growing Dianthus from seed. You can collect your own or buy seeds online. - The seeds are small and need to be planted on a fine sifted bed of compost or potting soil.The growing medium should not be wet and soggy. - Dianthus seeds are best sown in spring although early autumn can work in warmer climates. - We tend to sow our Dianthus seeds in pots rather than tray, this allows us to grow them on in the pot for 12 months before dividing. They reach a good size and are easier to handle. - Mist spray the surface of the growing medium. - Spread the seeds as evenly as possible on the surface, mist spray again. - Cover the seeds with a thin layer of vermiculate or sifted potting soil/compost. - Seeds should germinate in around 14 – 21 days. - Keep the seeds in a well lit position with occasional mist spraying. - Once the seeds germinate keep the seedlings moist, but not wet. - If you are growing the seedlings in trays, once the seedlings get to around 1 – 2 inches in height (2.5 – 5 cm) You can pot them up into individual containers. Used in the garden border, cottage gardens, picking gardens and grown in containers. Some are best in rock gardens, most are adaptable in growing conditions. Dianthus or “Garden Pinks” are a perennial plant used widely in gardens for many years. Some varieties are called carnations, however with over 300 species, the variety available is huge. Despite many of the the common names not all species and cultivars are pink. Many species are available however it is usually the named cultivars that are sold in nurseries. - D. caryophyllus (Clove Pink) is a species from the Mediterranean, fragrance, drought and heat tolerant and some cultivars are often called carnations. - D. gratianopolitanus or ‘Cheddar Pinks’ are similar. - D. chinensis is the China Pink - Dianthus barbatus (Sweet William) - Dianthus barbatus the Chocolate sweet William’ - Dianthus deltoides (maiden pink) D. deltoides ‘Arctic Fire’ is a white flowered variety with a dark ruby eye. - Dianthus x allwoodii - Botanical name – Dianthus - Common Name – Pinks, Clove Pinks, Carnations, Sweet Williams - Origins – Mediterranean area to Asia - Growth rate – Medium - Foliage – Green and varied depending on species. - Flowers – White to Reds and multi coloured - Height – From ground cover plants to 1 metre - Spread – Clump forming - Frost tolerant – Yes - Drought tolerant – Yes, moderatly - Container growing – Yes Dianthus plants are available for sale from the following nurseries 52 Rodd St Canowindra NSW 2804 An online nursery specialising in drought and frost tolerant perennials and fragrant, edible and herbs. 395 Lesters Rd Ascot VIC 3364 - phone (03) 53434303 Specialising in beautiful perennials & bulbs including new releases from Europe & USA. Many hardy, rare & difficult to find ‘drought hardy’ plants, quality vegetable & flower seeds. 'Umbango' 750 Humula Rd, Humula NSW 2652 Phone 0408692773 Great Range of Perennial plants available for sale by mail order. PO Box 7040 Leura NSW 2780 Rare woodland plants, Trilliums Epimediums, Arisaemas, plus much more.www.lynnsrareplants.com.au P.O. Box 589 Mowbray Heights Tasmania 7248 Mail order: Suppling a range of bulbs and pere nnial plants suitable for pots and troughs. Includes Alliums	<urn:uuid:672a3600-76fa-4e1a-a993-e248d5af8bc7>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.nurseriesonline.com.au/plant-index/perennial-plants/dianthus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735885.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804220455-20200805010455-00210.warc.gz	en	0.888165	1,360	2.59375	3
June 3, 2011 Created by the CIA in 1955 as a place to develop top-secret projects, Area 51 is not on any official map and its existence is ardently denied by the government. Only now has the CIA declassified a trove of Cold War documents and images allowing a glimpse into an untold history. Following its construction, workers on Area 51 were cut off from the outside world and for years not even radio signals or TV were allowed to penetrate the secret compound. But the security paid off, and from the late 1950′s until the late 1960′s the Air Force developed the most advanced spy plane the world has never seen. In a recently de-classified series of photos, National Geographic outlines the story of the OXCART project tasked with getting the first true stealth plane, the Archangel-12 (A-12) into the air. The craft was invisible to radar, flew at 2,000 mph, and could capture ground objects 12-inches long from 90,000 feet. Rumors of the A-12 irked the Soviets to no end and they delivered a constant parade of satellites over Area 51 to see what they could learn. Employees were given a schedule of when the “tin cans” would be passing overhead and they’d roll the plane into hangars before it could be seen. Unfortunately, the Soviet infrared satellites picked up the cool shadow of the A-12 on the pavement after it had been moved, and though they were able to draw a mock-up of the A-12 they never gained knowledge of the design. Through its development, the plane flew almost 3,000 test flights, at least one of which ended in tragedy. In 1963, an A-12 crashed in the desert outside the base and a rapid government cover-up wiped nearly all traces of the incident from public record. Only with the burst of declassified documents and pictures, a few of which are pictured below, has the story finally come to light. See more pictures at National Geographic. This article was posted: Friday, June 3, 2011 at 8:02 am	<urn:uuid:4d5b65ea-2f76-4087-80ad-2152b995b82c>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.prisonplanet.com/declassified-cia-files-show-tests-of-the-first-stealth-plane-in-area-51.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609540626.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005220-00639-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.970665	431	3.34375	3
Cessation is about helping people quit smoking. As NSRA does not do programming, we focus on cessation policies and systems that can encourage more people to make an attempt to stop using tobacco products and improve the success rate of those who do so. Harm reduction is a highly controversial area of tobacco control. It recognizes that not all tobacco users are willing or able to quit and seeks instead to reduce the harm to them and to society from their continued use of tobacco products and/or non-pharmaceutical products containing nicotine. \|April 25, 2018\|\|E-Cigarette Regulation Update March 2018\| \|April 9, 2018\|\|E-Cigarette Research Update: March 2018\| \|March 16, 2018\|\|Next Generation Products in Canada: An Update on Heated Tobacco\| \|March 1, 2018\|\|iQOS: Will This Really Change Everything?\| \|March 27, 2015\|\|New Tobacco Industry Products: The Phoenix Rises from the Ashes\| \|August 8, 2013\|\|Position Statement on Electronic Cigarettes\| \|May 10, 2012\|\|The Buzz on E-Cigarettes\| \|June 15, 2010\|\|Harm Reduction in Tobacco Control: What is it? Why should you care? Policy Analysis\|	<urn:uuid:2ef829d6-0201-403a-85c5-6820fe4218a9>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	https://nsra-adnf.ca/key-issues/cessation-policy-harm-reduction/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145746.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223032129-20200223062129-00548.warc.gz	en	0.887024	256	2.671875	3
In this, you learned about if block conditional expressions in DOS batch programming - if block - if-else block - nested if if block example if in the batch are used to evaluate conditional expressions and execute the lines of code based on the conditional result. a conditional expression is true, executes code. @echo off SET active= true SET name= john if %active%==true echo active is true if %name%==eric echo name is not john active is true conditional expressions are evaluated to be true or false and execute code based on it. These expressions are case-sensitive. If else in batch programs It executes conditional express with if and else blocks If (expressions) (codeblock1) ELSE (codeblock2) if the expression is true, codeblock1 executes, else i.e false, codeblock2 is executed. codeblock1 and codeblock2 wraps inside Here is an if else example @echo off SET active= false if %active%==true (echo active is true) else (echo active is not true) active is not true The above variable is evaluated in if block and based on the result if block or else block is executed. nested if-else blocks nested if blocks are defined in another if blocks. here is a syntax. if(expression1) if (expression2) codeblock if expression1 is true, Then expression2 is evaluated and if true, the code block is executed. You can also include an if-else block inside the if block. Here is an example @echo off SET active= true SET name= john if %active%==true if %name%==john echo "name=john and active=true" name=john and active=true How to check variable exists in DOS batch programming? if defined is used to check variable exists or not. if the defined variable code block if variable is defined, the code block executes Here is an example @echo off SET dept= sales if defined dept (echo variable dept exists) else (echo variable dept not exists) variable dept exists defined can be used with if block as well as nested if-else blocks	<urn:uuid:b5bfa48d-1f88-41a7-bbe3-b2cd5886a59c>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://www.w3schools.io/terminal/batch-if-block/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648858.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602204755-20230602234755-00291.warc.gz	en	0.777045	500	3.4375	3
Right or Not Right? Back Ground In 1970’s, Ford had been criticized by the public due to a defective fuel system design. Although Ford had access to a new design which would decrease the possibility of the Ford Pinto from exploring, the company chose not to redesign the system, which would have cost $11 per car, even though the analysis showed that the new system would result in 180 less deaths (1999, The Valuation of Life As It Applies To the Negligence-Efficiency Argument). The company defended itself by using the accepted risk/benefit analysis to indicate that costs of making the change were higher than the fatality costs. This analysis was based on Judge Learned Hand’s BPL formula, where if the expected harm exceeded the redesign costs, then Ford must make the change, whereas if the redesign costs were higher than fatality costs, then it didn’t have to. Ford legally chose not to make the fuel system changes which would have reduced the fatality rate. However, it was legal doesn’t mean that it was ethical to the society. It is hard to accept how companies can put price tag on a human life. To me, it is unethical to determine that people should die or be injured because it would cost too much money to prevent it. Some things just can’t be measured in price, and that includes human life. Christopher Leggett stated in his case analysis: “Ford adopted a policy of allowing a certain number of people to die or be seriously injured even though they would have avoided it. From a human rights perspective, Ford disregarded the injured people’s rights and therefore, in making the decision not to make adjustments to the fuel system, acted unethically. ” However, there are arguments supports the risk/benefit analysis. People believe that efficiency does not equal immoral and all things must have common measure. In Ford Pinto Case, proponents stated: “Ford is not sacrificing all safety features of the Pinto, it is a question of to what degree Ford feels safety features are necessary. Decisions involving gradation of risks are made every day, just not under such strict scrutiny. ” Similarly, highways would be safer if the speed limit was 25 miles per hour. However, this must be balanced with the cost of slower traffic. By choosing higher speed limit, we are sacrificing lives to make travel quicker and cheaper. Therefore, it was not totally immoral for Ford to choose between levels of safety. The risk/benefit standard matches with overall economic value and is economically efficient, and therefore is the correct standard to apply. However, we have to look at the standard on an individual case-by-case basis before applying it. In the Ford Pinto case, it seems unethical to place a “price” on a life. The Company was not wrong in applying this risk/benefit standard, while the decision to not to redesign the fuel system was totally wrong. In Ford Pinto Case, the author states: “The Ford Pinto case indicates there is a belief held by most of the public that it is wrong for a corporation to make decisions which may sacrifice the lives of its customers in order to reduce the company’s cost or increase its profits. When we change the topic to whether we should let engineers to rebuild some problematic highways to prevent accidents, even though the costs of making the change were much higher than the fatality costs. I believe the answer is clear now. Reference: Christopher Leggett. The Valuation of Life As It Applies To the Negligence-Efficiency Argument. 1999. http://www. wfu. edu/~palmitar/Law&Valuation/Papers/1999/Leggett-pinto. html Cite this The Ford Pinto Case Essay The Ford Pinto Case Essay. (2016, Dec 02). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/the-ford-pinto-case/	<urn:uuid:ff5dbdb7-bd6d-486d-aae3-08e670e36cfc>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://graduateway.com/the-ford-pinto-case/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347400101.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528201823-20200528231823-00284.warc.gz	en	0.966858	819	2.765625	3
Aug.17, 2000 -- Remember oat bran? It was supposed to help with digestion, prevent cancer, reverse heart disease -- you name it, oat bran did it. Until it more or less disappeared off the radar of our collective consciousness. Today, it seems that green tea is everywhere, being touted as capable of doing just about anything. Recent scientific studies have indicated that green tea could protect against cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis, as well as aid in weight loss. And you can't walk into a cosmetics store these days without bumping into a skin care product containing green tea. Many believe the tea in skin products can help ward off skin cancer and signs of aging. But can green tea really be good for your skin? An article published in the August issue of the Archives of Dermatology says yes -- in theory. "There may be some benefits of green tea in the human skin products," Hasan Mukhtar, PhD, and colleagues say in the article, which summarizes all the known information about green tea's effects on the skin. Mukhtar is a professor and the director of research in the department of dermatology at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. Still, Mukhtar says, it's not clear whether the amounts of green tea found in the skin products now available are enough to have any benefit. In other words, don't run out and stock up on green tea masks, creams, and bubble baths just yet. Green tea is consumed mostly in Asian countries, including India, Japan, Korea, and China; it's not quite as popular as its cousin, black tea, which is consumed by more than 75% of tea drinkers. Like black tea and oolong tea, green tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant -- but unlike the other two varieties, its leaves are not fermented before steaming and drying; they remain fresh. Mukhtar believes, as do others, that green tea's antioxidant property is key to its skin-protective qualities. "Of all the antioxidants known to mankind, the components of green tea are the most potent," says Mukhtar. "Antioxidants are those agents which can counteract the effects of oxidant radicals." Oxidant radicals -- or free radicals, as they are commonly called -- are byproducts of the body that can cause damage to cells and tissues. Antioxidants bind to the free radicals, deactivating them before they can cause harm. Green, black, and oolong teas -- along with coffee, red grapes, kidney beans, raisins, prunes, and red wine -- contain large quantities of polyphenols. Polyphenols, which are a class of bioflavinoids, have been shown to have antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Most of the polyphenols in green tea are catechins. Catechins, which are antioxidants by nature, have also been shown to function as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. One of the major catechins in green tea has been shown to be the most effective agent against skin inflammation and cancerous changes in the skin.	<urn:uuid:208d6d0f-efc1-4fc2-a958-e966f332ec92>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.webmd.com/beauty/skin/20000817/green-tea-could-be-good-for-your-skin-study-finds	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705043997/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115043-00048-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962565	646	2.53125	3
Blue light from digital screens is here to stay. That’s important for adults and children alike. Our world has significantly changed in the few decades with the advancement of technology. You can’t escape it! As adults, almost every job is now technologically driven. Even if there’s no screen at work, we’re so involved with our phones we’d hit the panic button without them (Keys, PHONE, wallet is what I always say stepping out of the house). At school, note taking has become almost exclusively done on our computers. Class information, handouts, power point are all on screens. Starting in elementary school, kids are on Chrome books. And to top this sunday off with a cherry, our first and last actions most days involve our cell phone—not to mention the nearly habitual checking and recheck throughout the day. Don’t get me wrong, you don’t need to go live off in the woods and throw all technology out the window. Blue light is of some benefit. Studies have shown that a healthy dose of blue light can help maintain mental performance during waking hours. However, studies have also shown that blue light affects our circadian rhythm, especially in young kids. Our optic nerve does not just send information for our brain to interpret vision. According to an article on optic nerve anatomy, there are 10-20 efferent fibers in each optic nerve that send nerve impulses at night to the Limulus brain–which holds our circadian clock. Blue light can block the activation of these fibers and decrease the amount of melatonin. That’s a problem because melatonin is essential to quality sleep. This not only affects work and school performance, but also our attention and focus to be productive during the day. Anyone who has insomnia wishes for one night of “good sleep”, but as non-insomniacs we are disrupting the “good night sleep” by utilizing screens before going to bed. Not only is that we use screens so much, but also that we don’t take breaks! We work non-stop and before we know it, the bell rings, or it’s time to clock out and go home. We also don’t hydrate well or blink our eyes with computer work. Bright screens make us stare and drink coffee so we work faster and feel more focused. This leads to chronic dry eyes even in children–whom should not have dry eyes at such young ages. Blue light has also shown in some cases to worsen the intensity of migraines and headaches, especially around the eyes– it causes digital eye strain. So what should we do? - Follow the 20/20/20 rule, which is every 20-30 minutes of working on a screen, look far away (20 ft) and blink your eyes and relax them for about 20 seconds. - BLINK! It’s silly to suggest but the action of blinking promotes tear production and lessens dry eyes. - About an hour before bed time, young or old, put the phone/tablet/computer/iPad away. Let your eyes rest and not strain with the constant near work. - Limit screen time for the young ones; again, dry eyes should not be present in kids but it’s becoming very prevalent. - THE MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL: We cannot escape screens, they are everywhere. And we cannot escape LED. Ask our 6 wonderful doctors about the EyeZen lens and/or transitions: EyeZen is a blue light blocking lens that can be used with and without prescription glasses. It comes in 5 levels, level 0-4. Level 0 starts with just the blue light blocking affect and no increase in plus/magnification for reading vision. Levels 1-4… I like to call them baby magnifiers. When we read or do near work, our natural eye physiology causes our eyes to move down and inwards (converge), it also forces our accommodation (focusing) muscles to dial in and work harder. They EyeZen levels 1-4 have some accommodation relaxing affect by applying more plus power at the bottom of the lens, which helps relax our focusing muscles and hence lessen eye strain at near with prolonged near work/screen-time. As a pediatric optometrist, I educate all parents about this for their kids of all ages since Chrome books are used in nearly all schools. But I also educate patients of all ages about EyeZen since we all use screens. This includes my wonderful grandma-in-law who is 88 and up to date on Social Media more than me! Transitions are another wonderful option to protect our eyes from blue light. This is also great because not only do you get your prescription glasses and sun protection all in one, but you also get the blue light blocking affect whether the lenses have transitioned or not. Moral of the story folks is tlease protect your eyes and your young ones’ eyes from harmful UV and blue light, enjoy the many things technology has to offer safely, and also enjoy your restful night sleep. Call our office and schedule your next eye exam with one of our doctors and discuss EyeZen and Transitions. Happy Pumpkin Spice and fuzzy socks season everyone! P.S we have a great promo going on with both! So pick up your digital device and call.	<urn:uuid:6999071d-bc7a-47c0-b202-4c9873474e90>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.coastalvisionva.com/2019/10/blue-light/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00246.warc.gz	en	0.941061	1,106	3.046875	3
The western highveld zone has pockets of forest which support five restricted range species of the South African forests Endemic Bird Area (EBA). The eastern lowveld supports two restricted range species of the South-east African coast EBA. As a result of the extensive altitudinal variation, Afrotropical Highlands biome with 12 of its species in Swaziland, East African Coast biome with 5 species and Zambezian biome with 3 species are represented. The 3 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) designated by BirdLife International in Swaziland cover 580 km2 or 3.3% of the area of the country. The IBAs are as follows. \|Important Bird Area\|\|Administrative Region\| \|Malolotja Nature Reserve\|\|Hhohho\| \|Hlane and Mlawula Game Reserves\|\|Lubombo\| Malolotja Nature Reserve is one of only a few sizeable areas of pristine high-altitude grasslands remaining in the country supporting regular populations of Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea. Mahamba Mountain also covers an area of high-altitude grassland and Mahamba Gorge is the site of the largest Southern Bald Ibis Geronticus calvus colony in Swaziland. Hlane and Mlawula Game Reserves are situated in north-east Swaziland and are the only breeding sites in the country for Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus and White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis with Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres seen regularly. For further details, download the country IBAs from BirdLife International.	<urn:uuid:6edd06c2-514b-4f1b-a436-26dc3b32438e>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	https://www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/Swaziland/ibas?language=fr	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738746.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811090050-20200811120050-00261.warc.gz	en	0.868046	343	2.796875	3
Herr Adam is a lawyer working in Rosenheim, a small town in Bavaria, West Germany. In the summer of 1967, the telephones in his office seemed to go wrong. He called in Siemens, who had installed the phones, but they couldn’t find a fault. He then called in the Post Office. They replaced the Siemens phones with official Post Office ones and put meters that showed calls being made in the office. On 10th October, for example, forty-six calls were made in fifteen minutes from 7.42 to 7.57 a.m.! The phones were replaced by ones which had locks. There was still no improvement: between five and six hundred calls were made in one week. When he saw the bills, Mr. Adam thought that someone at the Post Office was pocketing his money! A serious row developed between him and the Post Office Accounts Department. Then, on 20th October 1967, all the office fluorescent lights came out of their sockets and fused. They were mended by a local electrician, but exactly the same thing happened again. The German Electricty Board took over the case. Paul Brunner, Auxiliary Works Manager, arrived on 15th November 1967. The next day, instruments were installed to measure the electricity coming into the office. At the same time as light bulbs exploded and the photocopier went wrong, abnormal amounts of electricity were recorded. These were so extreme that the instruments broke down. Readings from the central supply and then from the generator nearby were normal, however. The electricity was coming from somewhere else, but where? In the same month, a girl was cut by flying glass, lights began to swing and pictures on the walls changed places. Paul Brunner realised that this was beyond him and handed the matter over to two of Germany’s leading physicists, Dr. Karga and Dr. Zicha. They were fascinated and did their own research. They could find no answer except that there was some external force that activated the electrics in the office and the telephones. They, in turn, handed the case over to parapsychologist Professor Bender and the police. Professor Bender and the police centred their attention on the people working in the office and noticed that one office clerk in particular, Anne-Marie Schneider, showed signs of stress at the time of the happenings although she wasn’t aware of it. Professor Bender noticed that the strange happenings began at 7.30 a.m., the time that this girl began work, and stopped completely when she took a week’s holiday. On her return, things went from bad to worse. Desk drawers kept flying open and, on one occasion, a cash-box opened and the money inside fell onto the floor. The office was in chaos and everyone, including Anne-Marie, was terrified. Mr. Adam decided to ask her to leave. From the day she left, the office returned to normal and there has been no other explanation other than ghosts for all these strange happenings. Mark the best choice. 1. Problems with telephones occurred . a) at the Post Office b) in a lawyer’s office c) in Siemens d) at the Electricity Board 2. Line 12, ‘row’ probably means . a) agreement b) argument c) treatment d) payment 3. Mr. Adam blamed the Post Office for . a) refusing to replace his phones b) installing faulty phones in his office c) locking all his office phones d) sending him high telephone bills 4. Paul Brunner . a) was hurt by flying glass and handed the case over to physicists b) could not solve the problem and so gave up his investigation c) received help from Dr. Karga and Dr. Zicha to do his investigation d) worked with the police until the end of the problem	<urn:uuid:5971fba4-dcdc-4094-b313-bf4ee119055d>	CC-MAIN-2017-26	http://www.newsky24.com/ghost/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00289.warc.gz	en	0.985813	812	2.5625	3
Research optical phenomena and experiment with light! The planetary model provides a visual explanation of the phases of the moon as well as solar and lunar eclipses. Optical lenses with different focal lengths, mirrors, LED light barriers, and a large number of parts allow students to build a microscope, magnifying glass, telescope, and periscope. The sundial can be used to tell the time. The model uses fiber optics to explain what a total reflection is, and how light can be used to transmit data. This educational construction set gives students an in-depth look at the world of optics and light. Optics & Lights can be used in both supervised and unsupervised learning, and is part of the basic equipment at many schools. Innovative fischertechnik learning materials support you in teaching technical concepts in a practical way and introducing them to your secondary school and college students or your apprentices.The included didactic activity booklet with teacher and instructional materials offers display models and tasks to help you quickly prepare lessons, and includes problems with solutions, handouts, and copy templates. The total of 270 fischertechnik parts are clearly divided in one sorting insert. Everything is delivered in a sturdy storage box, along with easy to understand assembly instructions for 15 models of different difficulty levels. This pack covers; Refraction, Reflection of light, Light and shadow, Fiber-optic cable, Optical illusions. - Practical STEM learning that covers optics and lights. - Build 15 different Models. - Each kit contains 270 components. - Suitable for Primary level, Secondary level. - Key Learning Objectives Include: - Research optical phenomena and experiment with light. - Understand the key points refraction, reflection, light and shadows, fiber optics, and optical illusions. - Understand how lenses work with different focal lengths, LEDs, mirrors, fiber optics, LED light barriers, and much more. - Build a microscope, magnifying glass, telescope, periscope, sun dial, Morse telegraph, planetary model, and much more. - Deepen and practice project and group work. - 1 x Fischertechnik - Optics and Lights STEM Pack (containing 270 parts). - Parts Summary. - Length: 44cm. - Width: 31.5cm. - Height: 8cm. Same Day Dispatch - Orders placed online before 3:00pm Monday - Friday (excluding public holidays and our Christmas shutdown period) are always dispatched the same day provided the goods are in stock. If the goods are not in stock we will endeavour to contact you as soon as possible to discuss a dispatch date. - If you live on the UK mainland and don't have any large materials or lithium batteries in your order it will cost £3.95 (£4.74 including VAT) if you spend less than £40 (£48 including VAT). - If you spend between £40 and £200 (£48 - £240.00 including VAT, excluding large materials or lithium batteries) delivery is free to most locations, £12 (£14.40 including VAT, excluding large materials or lithium batteries) to Northern Ireland and £15 (£18.00 including VAT, excluding large materials or lithium batteries) to UK remote locations. For a list of postcodes that will be charged the remote location rate click here. - If you spend over £200 (£240.00 including VAT, excluding large materials or lithium batteries) delivery is free within the UK. Rest of the world - These orders are sent via UPS, and the cost is dependant on the service you choose at checkout. Alternatively you can choose the free collection option and have your own courier collect it from us. International orders can only be shipped to the registered card address. Please note: International orders may be charged import duty dependant on local import laws and duty rates. These charges are usually billed to you directly from UPS. - Delivery times vary for international orders depending on the service selected and the destination. You can see the delivery time and cost at the shipping stage, or by using the shipping estimator from within the shipping basket. - If you would like to collect your order, or use your own courier then there is an option you can select during checkout. We do not charge a packaging or handling fee for this service, and you will receive an email when your order has been processed, you can collect half an hour after receipt of this email. - For information about all of the delivery options we offer click here. Ask a question about this product Payment & Security Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.	<urn:uuid:c2ecf38c-7d01-438d-a8d7-fe5924457c77>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://kitronik.co.uk/products/3913-fischertechnik-optics-and-lights-stem-pack	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00175.warc.gz	en	0.891856	958	3.453125	3
A race for cosmic souvenirs has begun after scientists said there were still many pieces of the meteorite that fell to earth near the Russian city of Chelyabinsk last week waiting to be found. The extraterrestrial origin of 53 rock fragments collected on the frozen surface of Lake Chebarkul was confirmed during analysis conducted by the Urals Federal University in the early hours of Monday. But this is just the start of the process of gathering the debris left by the large meteorite, which exploded on entering the earth’s atmosphere and hit the ground in a series of fireballs on Friday. Viktor Grokhovsky, a member of the Russian Academy of Science’s meteorite committee, has been put in charge of the scientific search operation. "There are a lot more fragments to be discovered in many other places … it’s only a matter of time," he said. The search is being concentrated at the moment around a six-metre wide hole in Lake Chebarkul, about 50 miles from Chelyabinsk, discovered by locals shortly after the meteorite hit the ground. Military divers spent much of the weekend scouring the bottom of the lake, but were hampered by poor visibility and found nothing. Despite the failure of the divers, there was still likely to be a piece of meteorite in the lake of at least 50cm in diameter, said Grokhovsky. Local officials said on Sunday that the formal search was being abandoned, but scientists will continue the hunt. No one from the eight-strong scientific team has yet been able to examine the whole surface of the lake because of a cordon put in place by the authorities over the weekend. Analysis of the pieces recovered so far, none of which had a diameter greater than 1cm, suggests that 10% of the meteorite was made up of iron. Traces of sulphite and the mineral olivine were also present. "It was a stone meteorite that belongs to a class of ordinary chondrite meteorites," said Grokhovsky. Likely to be named Chebarkul after the lake where the first fragments were found, the meteorite is the biggest such object to hit the earth in more than 100 years. Within the academic community there appeared to be a difference of opinion on Monday as to the exact nature of the object, when some experts said it was conceivable that it was a comet that had struck southern Russia at 9.20am on Friday. "In Chelyabinsk we saw a type of comet in which there was almost no meteorite remaining," said Alexander Bagrov, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Astronomy Institute, Interfax reported. "It was mainly made up of a mass of ice, of which no trace is left." The argument reflects the same debate that raged after the last big meteorite impact, the so-called Tunguska event in Siberia in 1908. For decades afterwards Russian scientists, trying to explain the absence of an obvious impact crater, argued over whether the blast was caused by a meteorite or a small comet. Chess-playing computers may cause the robot apocalypse 2014 04 23 Sore-loser chess programs might be the end of us all... In the movie The Terminator, we heard the human side of the story of Judgment Day, with the machines getting smart and seeing us as a threat. It wasn’t until the sequel that we heard the tale from the machine’s point of view, as it chose to start World War III ... Archeologists’ findings may prove Rome a century older than thought 2014 04 23 It is already known as the eternal city, and if new archeological findings prove correct Rome may turn out to be even more so than believed until now. Next week, the city will celebrate its official, 2,767th birthday. According to a tradition going back to classic times, the brothers Romulus and Remus founded the city on 21 April in the year ... Swedish MP ordered chemtrail probe 2014 04 23 A Swedish MP who launched an official government investigation into the existence of chemtrails tells The Local why he thinks Swedes deserve the truth, even if it may leave some conspiracy theorists unsatisfied. "I can’t speak for other MPs, but I’ve had many, many calls over the past eight years about chemtrails. And these questions are not so easy to answer," ... Mystery of Bizarre Duck-Like Ocean Sound 2014 04 23 If it quacks like a duck... it’s not always a duck. Scientists have reportedly gotten to the bottom of the mysterious ’Bio-Duck’ sound in the Antarctic. Here’s a recording of the strange sound (it’s kind of a stretch to say it sounds like a duck, but who are we to second guess the biologists?). Mystery of Bizarre Duck-Like Ocean Sound Solved By Tanya Lewis ... ’Extreme’ Carbon Dioxide Reduction will be a Death Sentence for Humanity & Planet Earth 2014 04 23 If we allow a fraudulent pseudo-environmentalist cult to control every aspect of our lives then our children are doomed to a totalitarian existence which Stalin could only have dreamed of. “The common enemy of humanity is man. In searching for a new enemy to unite us, we came up with the idea that pollution, the threat of global warming, water shortages, famine ...	<urn:uuid:5020aeab-d702-4830-a851-9d45c808b794>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.redicecreations.com/article.php?id=23942	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00317-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960388	1,134	2.625	3
The SuperMoneyMaker Pump sounds like something that Billy Mays might offer on cable TV, but it's an agricultural tool that's encouraging economic sustainability in Africa. The device, which won Martin Fisher the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT award for sustainability, can pull water 30 feet below, in a well, and then push it through a pipe to irrigate two acres of land. The idea is to allow farmers to grow crops continuously throughout the year, rather than concentrate on a single, seasonal crop. Potentially, the pump enables land to be used more efficiently and lets farmers grow more food. The pump sells for about $100, but users can earn about $1,000 a year with it, according to KickStart, a nonprofit organization formed by Fisher. In all, 62,000 farmers in these nations use MoneyMaker pumps. Fisher has also invented a device called the Hip Pump. Selling for around $35, the Hip Pump lets farmers get water out of the ground by leveraging their body weight. More than 4,300 farmers in Mali, Kenya, and Tanzania already use the Hip Pump. . Several African nations, plus China and Australia, are already experiencing water shortages. Depleting ground water can exacerbate the situation, but Africa is also facing crop problems. The Lemelson-MIT Awards are given annually to various inventors. The foundation was created by Jerome Lemelson, who was a controversial patent holder during his life. The history of the so-called "Lemelson patents" prompted changes in U.S. patent laws.	<urn:uuid:63a29b4a-fad5-4549-8a8d-4e0569596317>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	https://www.cnet.com/news/inventor-of-inexpensive-water-pump-wins-lemelson-award/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448095.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728062501-20170728082501-00291.warc.gz	en	0.959948	320	2.84375	3
General Studies Series Part 7 – Environment and Ecology has been written for the aspirants of Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination. It will also help the students in the preparation of various state services examinations. Starting with the fundamentals of environment and ecology, the book covers the topics like important organisations related to environment, international protocols and conventions. It delves deeps into the major ecological issues like global warming, climate change, pollution etc. It also provides an insight on the international cooperation in the field of environment. At the end of the book, practice questions, based on the latest pattern of UPSC, have been provided for the purpose of self-assessment. The book has been written in a simple and lucid language. Illustrations have been provided to facilitate the better understanding. Key features :- – Covers fundamentals of environment and ecology – Provides detailed insights on global warming and climate change – Explains the functions and mandates of key environmental institutions – Provides details of environmental governance in India – Provides solved questions of the previous years’ preliminary examinations from the year 2011 to 2019 – Presents 120 practice MCQs for self-assessment – Provides trend analysis of the Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2018 and 2019	<urn:uuid:ccffcf33-86c1-44b1-9834-8a3f4a3fae7a>	CC-MAIN-2020-16	https://www.oakbridge.in/product/environment-and-ecology-part-7-gs-prelims/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00040.warc.gz	en	0.915947	251	2.6875	3
Lately, a major step forward has been made in using CRISPR technology in neurosciences. Over the past few years, scientists have been using gene sequencing to uncover genes that are important in brain development and in neurological diseases. The next step is to figure out if disrupting these genes can cause any of these diseases. A recent article published by the MIT’s Brain Scan explains how CRISPR seems to be the perfect technology to make this happen. For example, if scientists believe that a mutation in specific gene is causing the neurological disease, they can introduce that mutation or multiple mutations into the embryo of a mouse via the CRISPR system. These mice and their offspring will contain this mutation and then scientists can study their behavior and physical changes and see if they have the “mouse version” of neurological disease. These mice can then be given potential drugs to see if those drugs help relieve symptoms. As explained in the recent SITN article, another advantage is that it takes only about two months to create a mouse model with neurological disease using CRISPR because the components are more easily introduced into the embryo and multiple breeding steps are not required. In contrast, previous methods for making mouse models can take up to two years from design of the mutated gene to multiple rounds of mouse breeding to make sure that the mouse offspring have the correct genetic mutation. Dispite the promising results, a few challenges still exist. Firstly the human genome is large and sometimes, CRISPR system will make unintended cuts in the DNA. In this way, unintended mutations might arise which might affect the health or even survival of the animal and can confuse the results of any experiments. Secondly, it is very difficult to get the CRISPR components to cross the blood-brain barrier. Some progress has been made by stripping the CRISPR components down and stuffing them into a modified non-disease-causing virus that can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, however the effectiveness is still being investigated. Finally, there are ethical issues to consider when proposing CRISPR as a gene therapy for humans or even using CRISPR in primate animal models. While primates are used in a number of brain imaging studies, the ethics of genetic manipulation in these animals, and potentially in humans, is still being hotly contested. Jana Erjavec, PhD, BioSistemika LLC - Why is CRISPR such a hot technology - CRISPR/Cas9 Brings Hope for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Treatment	<urn:uuid:fb09b087-10ef-4483-9b13-d5b624f4d491>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.splice-bio.com/how-can-we-understand-our-brain-better-with-crispr/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510520.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929154432-20230929184432-00022.warc.gz	en	0.93161	522	4.03125	4
July 13, 2021: During the nighttime hours, five bright planets are visible. Jupiter and Saturn are visible from late in the evening until sunrise. Mercury is visible before sunrise, while Venus, Mars, and Venus are in the evening sky. by Jeffrey L. Hunt Chicago, Illinois: Sunrise, 5:28 a.m. CDT; Sunset, 8:25 p.m. CDT. Check local sources for sunrise and sunset times for your location. The five bright planets are visible during the nighttime hours during mid-July. Tour the planets starting before sunrise. Bright Jupiter and Saturn are in the south-southwest about an hour before sunrise. Jupiter is the brightest “star” in the morning sky. Look for it over one-third of the way up in the south-southwest. Hold a binocular steady to see up to four of the planet’s largest satellites. A spotting scope or small telescope clearly shows the planet’s globe. The Jovian Giant is retrograding in Aquarius. During this illusion, our planet is catching up to and passing between Jupiter and the sun. Compared to the distant stars, the planets seem to back up or move westward compared to the starry background. Earth passes between the sun and Jupiter on August 19. Saturn is retrograding, as well, in front of the stars of Capricornus. It is at opposition on August 2. Saturn is 19.7° to the lower right of Jupiter. It is brighter than most of the stars this morning except for Jupiter, Mercury, Arcturus, and Vega. The star Fomalhaut is to the lower left of Jupiter. Mercury is putting on a performance in the east-northeast about 45 minutes before sunrise. The speedy planet is making its 2021 summer morning appearance. The planet is low in the east-northeast during morning twilight. Find a clear horizon in that direction. It nearly always shows itself during twilight and rarely is visible in a dark sky from mid-northern latitudes. Mercury continues to brighten, but it is lower each morning until it disappears into bright morning twilight in about a week. Venus and Mars, along with the crescent moon, are in the western sky after sunset. Last night Venus was closest to Mars, a conjunction. They are still close this evening. Venus is 0.5° above the Red Planet. Mars is not as bright as it was earlier in the year. Use a binocular to spot it below Venus. Saturn is entering the evening sky. It rises over an hour after sunset, while Venus sets 104 minutes after sunset. If you have clear horizons in the east-southeast look for Saturn about 80 minutes after sunset, low in the sky. Venus and Mars are low in the west-northwest at this time. As the night unfolds, Venus and Mars set in the west. Saturn appears higher in the sky and Jupiter follows. As the calendar day ends, Jupiter is over 14° above the east-southeast horizon. Saturn is to the upper right of the Jovian Giant. There’s the buffet of bright planets. During the night, Jupiter and Saturn appear farther southward and the sequence begins again. Mercury is part of this celestial counter of delightful sights for about another week. Detailed Daily Note: July 13: One hour before sunrise, Saturn is nearly 24° up in the west-southwest. Retrograding in Capricornus, the Ringed Wonder is 2.5° to the lower right of θ Cap. Bright Jupiter is 19.7° to Saturn’s upper left. Also retrograding, the Jovian Giant – in Aquarius – is 2.5° to the upper left of ι Aqr, 4.3° below θ Aqr, and 4.3° to the lower right of σ Aqr. Use a binocular to observe that Jupiter is to the upper left of a diagonal line from 38 Aquarii (38 Aqr, m = 5.4) to 42 Aquarii (42 Aqr, m = 5.3). The gap between the stars is 1.9°. During the next few mornings watch the Jovian Giant move between the two stars. Fifteen minutes later, Mercury (m = −0.5) is over 5° up in the east-northeast and over 22° to the lower left of Aldebaran. One hour after sunset, brilliant Venus is nearly 6° up in the west-northwest, 0.5° above Mars and 9.7° to the lower right of Regulus. Higher in the western sky, the moon (4.0d, 16%) is about 12° up in the west, 10.0° to the upper left of Regulus. Saturn rises 63 minutes after sunset. The Ringed Wonder, Venus, and Mars are in the sky at the same time if you have favorable views of the horizons where the three planets appear. Jupiter rises 117 minutes after sunset, but 13 minutes after Venus sets. The Venus – Jupiter opposition occurs in a week. This signals that both planets soon appear in the sky at the same time. Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn are in the sky together until Venus moves toward inferior conjunction early next year. Since Venus is moving away from Mars, the Jupiter – Mars opposition occurs later this month, four planet – planet oppositions during a short span. The moon sets less than three hours after sunset. As midnight approaches, Saturn is over 20° above the southeast horizon, while Jupiter is over 14° up in the east-southeast. Articles and Summaries - Venus as an Evening Star - Venus Evening Star (Summary) - Mars during 2021 (Summary) - July Planet Summary 2021 (Summary) 2023, July 1: Mercury at Superior Conjunction, Brilliant Venus July 1, 2023: Mercury begins an evening appearance with superior conjunction at the sun. Brilliant Venus is in an interval of greatest brightness after sundown.Keep reading 2023, June 30: Venus-Mars Quasi-Conjunction, Moon with Antares June 30, 2023: Venus’ chase of Mars ends this evening with a quasi-conjunction. The bright evening gibbous is near Antares.Keep reading 2023, June 29: Venus Brakes, Scorpion Moon June 29, 2023: Venus slows as it approaches Mars after sunset. Farther eastward, the bright gibbous moon is with the Scorpion’s head.Keep reading	<urn:uuid:e8845245-3c0c-41af-9255-88305a753a8b>	CC-MAIN-2023-23	https://whenthecurveslineup.com/2021/06/30/2021-july-13-planetary-buffet/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654016.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607211505-20230608001505-00131.warc.gz	en	0.922712	1,384	3.296875	3
Ironies abound in this play’s first two acts, perhaps the most notable being that the first scene is more disturbing than it is funny. Shakespeare’s comedies typically deal with marriages, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream is no exception. However, the circumstances of scene one are shockingly dark. Theseus is excited that his marriage draws near, and, in a moment of particularly dark mirth, he assures Hippolyta that while he “wooed with [his] sword,” and won “love” through dealing injuries, his wedding will be held “in another key/With pomp, with triumph, and with reveling” (1.1.16-19). Shakespeare’s choice of the word “sword” has an undertone of bawdiness, but also of surprising violence. The irony of this dialogue is that Hippolyta, until recently the sovereign Queen of the Amazon warriors, appears submissive, not offering a word of protest against her new patriarch. In contrast to Hippolyta’s puzzling silence, Hermia’s retorts seem downright outspoken. Her laconic response to Theseus’s insufferable speech -“So is Lysander”- is shocking in this violently sexist context (1. 1. 52). The implicit violence of the Athenian attitudes toward women is crystallized when Theseus tells Hermia what will happen if she does not submit. “Either to die the death, or to abjure/For ever the society of men” (1. 1. 65-66). Hermia faces death in either event: the death of the body in execution, or the death of sexuality in a nunnery. Thankfully, Shakespeare relents in the second scene by introducing the troupe of bumbling artisans-turned-actors. This group is meeting to practice for the staging of The Most Lamentable Comedy and Most Cruel Death of Pyramus and Thisbe, a tragedy that the actors are too dense not to realize is inappropriate for the festive “key” of Theseus’s wedding. (Shakespeare is also mocking the pretentious titles of contemporary plays, clunky names that contrast with the sprightliness of A Midsummer Night’s Dream). Bottom, whose name will become hilariously appropriate in the coming acts, is immediately recognizable from his ridiculous manner of speech: he pompously recites some middling poetry, offers to play multiple parts at once, and brags of his ability to play a tyrant. The hilarity is that Bottom’s speech and style individuates him, even among the “mechanicals.” The readers knows Bottom immediately, whereas the higher class characters are nearly interchangeable. Demetrius and Lysander profess love for the same woman in similar styles. Hermia and Helena have nearly identical names and go through similar trials of love. And Shakespeare presents two royal couples that battle: Theseus and Hippolyta (just come from the battlefield), and Oberon and Titania (currently waging magical war on one another). Amid all this, Bottom and Puck will be the standout characters. Finally, there is the irony of where love comes from. In Helena’s view, “Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind/And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind” (1. 1. 234-235). This contrasts hilariously with Oberon’s explanation of the love potion: he saw the “bolt” of Cupid fall “upon a little western flower,” which makes it into an ingredient for a love potion (2.1. 165-166). And when one is under this spell of Cupid’s, what does one fall in love with? The first thing one sees!	<urn:uuid:3a701ab8-983e-4e6b-b2b0-ba7b317d69ec>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	https://newpaltzshakespeare.wordpress.com/2013/09/03/irony-in-a-midsummer-nights-dream/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424287.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723062646-20170723082646-00053.warc.gz	en	0.922664	799	2.5625	3
Summer Power Saving Tips Here are some tips to make your house feel like a home and not an oven on hot days, without sending your electricity bill or your greenhouse gas emissions through the roof. - On hot days, heat comes straight through unprotected windows Shade your north and west facing windows. - A bit of strategic opening and shutting can make a big difference. Shut your windows and curtains on hot days. Open up the house when it gets cool in the evening and use thick curtains with block out backing or solid blinds. - Shut the door to particualrly hot areas so they don’t heat the rest of the house. - Use a fan first instead of turning on the cooling. Fans are a good money and power saving tip costing virtually nothing to run. - Set your thermostat to 26°C, which should keep your home comfortable and save you money. Setting your thermostat just 1° cooler can up your cooling bill by 15%. - Just cool the room you’re in to save lots of energy, and give your cooler a chance to work properly, instead of trying to cool a bigger area. Shut the doors to this room and seal the gaps so the cool air doesn’t escape. - Get some insulation which doesn’t just keep your house warm in winter, but also keeps it cool in summer, particularly if you combine bulk insulation (big batts) with foil insulation (thin sheets). Ceiling insulation can cut energy usage by 45%, paying for itself in reduced energy bills. - Enjoy the great outdoors when it gets cooler in the evenings. - Avoid using halogen lights, dishwashers, cooking appliances and dryers which all produce heat during the hottest part of the day - Look after your air conditioner - keep the outdoor bit of it shaded (e.g. with plants) and clean filters regularly.	<urn:uuid:036cbfb6-de9f-4a66-b14d-44c19cf3ec79>	CC-MAIN-2017-43	http://www.melvillecity.com.au/environment-and-waste/environmental-snippets/summer-power-saving-tips	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823255.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019065335-20171019085335-00025.warc.gz	en	0.90517	390	2.515625	3
St. Kitts and Nevis is twin-island federation whose economy is characterized by its dominant tourism, agriculture and light manufacturing industries. Mostly, the coastal families living there maintain small gardens and poultry to round out the menu helping, but most of the people purchase their daily goods from the general stores itself as the most of the goods are imported and expensive. The income that results from production of sugar is among the significant part of the total income of the people of St. Kitts. Both the islands produce a wide range of agricultural products for exports. Nevis has a small stock of cattle which is exported. Both islands have industries that assemble electronic goods which are again exported. The main exports of the country include tobacco, beverages, cotton, and electronics. The most important and biggest element helping it in its economy is clearly tourism which generates more than 50% of the national revenue. The island of St. Kitts and Nevis offers a diverse range of cultural and recreational activities. The perfect sandy beaches and warm clear waters surround a treasure of historic sites, exhilarating music and colours. It is famous for its musical celebrations including the Carnival that happens every year, officially for a period of 10 days. Starting from 24 December the traditions begin with Calypso King and Queen Competition, the Miss St. Kitts beauty and talent pageant, the Caribbean Queen show, following with various nights of youth and talent contests. The last week of June features the St. Kitts Music Festival along with Nevis Culture that offers parade of costumed troupes, arts and crafts with talents shows and local food fair for the people. Besides this there are events happening year round including Fishing tournaments, Caribbean Cup fir the multi-island bicycle race. St. Kitts and Nevis produces some of the richest fruits and vegetables in the Caribbean due to its rich volcanic soil and fertile coastline. The fruits include mangoes, papayas, and bananas. Roti, conch fritters, fish cakes, spiny lobsters, crab back, pelau and conch are among the popular dishes served and consumed by the people of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Beverages include coffees, and fruit juices which are popular among the people there. The dishes here offer a different and a spicy combination of unusual flavours. In addition to the staples like rice and beans, the island is also known for ‘goat water’ a stew generally made from the bones and meats of goats. The official language of the people in St. Kitts and Nevis is English, but a small number of people still speak St. Kitts Creole which is a Caribbean Creole language with it roots originating from the slave populations brought to the island from West Africa during the 17th century. The people residing in the islands are highly religious. About 95% of the islanders are ‘Protestants’, mainly ‘Anglican’ and ‘Methodist’. But virtually all of them identify them as Christians. The remaining people belong to other Christian denominations, though there are some ‘Rastafarians’ and ‘Baha’ followers as well. Cricket is the most commonly played sport in St. Kitts and Nevis and the top players here have contributed to the West Indies cricket team. St. Kitts and Nevis is the smallest country on earth to host a World Cup event; it was one of the host venues of the 2007 seven Cricket World Cup. International success is achieved in the field of football as well by the St. Kitts and Nevis national football team, popularly known as the ‘Sugar Boys’. ‘Kim Collins’, an ace field athlete has won gold medals at both ‘World Championships’ in Athletics and Common Wealth games and has contributed in the fields of sports for his country.	<urn:uuid:6cf3ced1-ab87-4d27-8e98-556c4dc9d09f>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	http://simplyknowledge.com/popular/gk_detail/saint-kitts-and-nevis	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897844.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709002952-20200709032952-00009.warc.gz	en	0.96292	791	2.625	3
This is an engaging root word activity which will help students learn common root words that will help them gain skills to understand and build vocabulary. There are ten common root words with kid friendly definitions, visuals, and examples of each root word. The second part of the PowerPoint is a game where each slide contains three clues to help students figure out the root word. Each clue flies in one by one to give struggling students time and more information to come up with the correct answer. This fun activity can be used as whole class or in small groups. Students can use white boards or simple notebooks to participate. In whole group, students write their answers on white board or notebook, turn it down, and then students put up white boards or notebooks over their heads for teacher to quickly check answers. Great resource for SLOT (Sustained Learning Over Time), NWEA and M-STEP review.	<urn:uuid:d61277b9-475d-42cb-8fdc-e18eb5eaba24>	CC-MAIN-2017-39	https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Root-Words-Practice-Activity-3384344	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920232245-20170921012245-00279.warc.gz	en	0.939304	178	4.46875	4
Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) and Macrogen, a biotechnology company, released on Wednesday the result of whole-genome sequencing of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) by using next-generation sequencing (NGS). It is the first such research paper in Korea. The joint research team obtained a respiratory sample of the first confirmed patient, a Chinese woman who entered Korea from Wuhan, China, and inoculated it on cells, succeeding in the pure culture of the virus. The researchers then checked the proliferated virus using a transmission electron microscope and confirmed the novel coronavirus particles taking round shapes with pointed tips like a crown. They conducted a whole-genome sequencing using next-generation sequencing later. \|The image of the first confirmed patient’s new coronavirus seen through a transmission electron microscope\| The researchers found the virus isolated from the first confirmed patient was 99.7 percent identical to the nucleic acid sequence of isolated virus in China, and also underwent nine genetic mutations. However, they said, in-depth studies are needed to discover the significant effects of those mutations have. The isolated virus was named "BetaCoV / Korea / SNU01 / 2020". The team plans to focus on securing the samples of other confirmed patients in Korea to continue researches. "The nine confirmed mutations indicate that we need to keep researching individual genetic analysis of confirmed patients, and we will cooperate with SNUH in follow-up studies," Macrogen said. Professor Oh Myoung-don of Infectious Diseases Department at SNUH also said, "We could conduct whole-genome sequencing with NGS technique to reveal the characteristics of the separated virus in a short time, and NGS will be helpful in the future as well." Professor Oh works as the director of COVID-19 Central Clinical Consultant Task Force. He also served as an advisor to the government whenever a new virus broke out in Korea. Professor Oh's team released the first COVID-19 research on Feb. 4, which showed the progress of the treatment of the first confirmed patient. The SNUH published its study in the Korea Academy of Medical Sciences on Wednesday, with the title of "Virus Isolation From the First Patient with SARS-Cov-2 in Korea." \|Genetic strains of isolated new coronavirus, named by the joint research team as “BetaCoV/Korea/SNU01/2020,” written in red ink. (Source: SNUH and Macrogen)\| <© Korea Biomedical Review, All rights reserved.>	<urn:uuid:71e3ec29-2dea-440b-b765-3425f5a4efaa>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	http://www.koreabiomed.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=7473	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388758.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525130036-20200525160036-00019.warc.gz	en	0.937588	541	2.546875	3
Solving Equations with ther Variable on Both Sides To solve an equation that has the variable on both sides, use the properties of equality to write an equivalent equation that has the variable on only one side. Then solve. When you solve equations that contain grouping symbols, you may need to use the distributive property to remove the grouping symbols. Some equations may have no solution because there is no value of the variable that will result in a true equation. For example, x + 1 = x + 2 has no solution; it cannot be true. An equation that is true for every value of the variable is called an identity . For example, x + x = 2 x is true for every value of x. Solve 3( x - 2) = 4 x + 5. First use the distributive property to remove the parentheses. 3x - 6 = 4x + 5 Next, collect all the terms with x on one side of the equal sign by subtracting 3x from each side. 3x - 6 - 3x = 4x + 5 - 3x \|- 6 = x + 5 \|\|Add like terms. \|- 6 - 5 = x + 5 - 5 \|\|Subtract 5 from each side. \|- 11 = x Solving Equations and Formulas Some equations contain more than one variable. To solve an equation or formula for a specific variable, you need to get that variable by itself on one side of the equation. When you divide by a variable in an equation, remember that division by 0 is undefined. When you use a formula, you may need to use dimensional analysis, which is the process of carrying units throughout a computation. Solve the formula d = rt for t . The variable t has been multiplied by r, so divide each side by r to isolate t. Thus , where r	<urn:uuid:8f1e68a2-4710-4462-acb0-bbb0c5b83e55>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.polymathlove.com/solving-equations.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00406.warc.gz	en	0.876451	436	4.09375	4
What is mental health first aid? A first aid is generally provided to an injured with #Dettol and cotton. But you must be wondering what this mental health first aid is! First aid means instantaneous relief, or momentary help provided to a suffering person till he or she can reach an expert or doctor. The first help refers to the immediate relief provided to a person showing mental ailment symptoms, so that he or she calms down and gets the time to recognize his/her problem and reach out a professional. For e.g. if a person panics because he feels he is late for a flight, your duty will be to calm him down with a cool voice and reiterate “everything will be alright”, and that you have been in the same situation which never went beyond control. When an anxious person can relate himself to a similar experience of another, he relaxes. This is called first aid. Mental distress can be severely damaging for the personality of your loved ones, and it helps you realize that you are responsible too in restoring their mental wellness. Stress and depression can have graver impacts on the mind which leaves a person disoriented, fatigued, disheartened, and hopeless. They feel they are alone, such, that this situation can lead to suicidal tendencies. So how can you help your close ones if they are showing symptoms of such ailments? - It is important to note significant changes in a friend’s behaviour- anyone apart from a medical expert cannot diagnose mood disorders. But you can notice some special changes in behaviour, if a friend is suffering from depression, anxiety or such kind of special disorders. Do not ignore the symptoms. If a friend is suddenly quiet, take it as a signal that there may be something wrong. Remain aware that each individual is different and not everyone experiencing a mood disorders will show the typical signs and symptoms. - If you really want to help improve your awareness- start reading more articles and books on mental health problems and their symptoms. Knowledge will help you identify the challenge in a professional way. - Your approach should be focused on your friend- let your friend speak. Choose a proper time in private, so that a one to one talk can be generated, and your friend feels comfortable. Let him know, that you have been noticing changes in him, hence use ‘I’ in your narrative., so that he or she is convinced that you are concerned, and that you have not heard something from someone. - Your support is very important- Treat the person with dignity. Do not blame him or her for reiterating over his or her pains and sufferings. Be a good listener so that he or she is encouraged to talk. Make him feel that you are there and things will be alright. - Don’t do things which can damage the situation- Being sarcastic, violent, or critical towards a person with mental aid requirement, can shatter his or her confidence. There is no point asking him or her to snap out of the situation with a click, that is not possible. It is a process, and requires time, and you have to respect that space and time, rather than forcing him or her to get rid of it and stop bothering you; this can make him feel lonely and unwanted. - Encourage the person to get medical help- denial will be the first reaction. But do not get discouraged. Know the reasons why he or she is avoiding medical aids. Make him or her understand that it is important and is being suggested for the better, not worse. - Try to identify suicidal warnings- do not ignore if your friend is having suicidal thoughts. Speak to him clearly about suicide and attempts and its consequences to discourage him or her from doing so.	<urn:uuid:c1c515c2-550d-420a-b75a-c63222d26dc4>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://www.ewellnessexpert.com/blog/155/first-help-in-mood-disorders	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806620.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122175744-20171122195744-00498.warc.gz	en	0.963144	767	3.375	3
August 19, 2017 by kittynh WASHINGTON – He was our FIRST PRESIDENT, and he WON. LEE- He was a general and he lost. When your enemy puts up a statue of you, that means they respect you. Washington statue in London. Washington in Budapest, because nations around the world have statues to him. He still stands for the hope of Democracy. The French love Washington. They helped him win the war, and also he inspired their own attempts at Democracy. He’s still respected as a statesman today. Why stop at ONE? Here is Washington with his beloved friend Lafayette. Lafayette is buried on AMERICAN SOIL in Paris. Lee got a statue because he was a great and well loved movie star and an inspiration to Asians and people everywhere. Also if you google “Lee statue” this pops up! This one seems to be not controversial. General Robert E. Lee got a lot of statues as he was a general that lost. He never liked statues and I admire him as he wrote that statues and monuments to the South would cause our nation great strife. Unification of the Union was something he worked hard for. Even he would be on the side of the people saying “Take it down.” He never wanted THIS to be his legacy. (his family agrees, they are good people indeed.) Most people get it’s not about Lee.	<urn:uuid:c268db7c-946a-41d4-ac84-0914ee76c406>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://yankeeskeptic.com/2017/08/19/the-difference-between-lee-and-washington-statues/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00082.warc.gz	en	0.98368	294	2.65625	3
The aircraft was operating as United Airlines flight UA 815, a direct service from Los Angeles USA to Sydney. The planned flight time was 14 hours 38 minutes, and the aircraft carried fuel for 16 hours 17 minutes. Because of equipment unserviceability and crew duty time limitations, the planned departure time was delayed by some 13 hours. The aircraft had departed Los Angeles at the maximum brakes release weight of 315740 kilograms, which included 153300 kilograms of fuel. The maximum fuel capacity for the aircraft was 154960 kilograms. The flight proceeded without recorded incident and the crew contacted Sydney Arrivals Control at 1844 hours, when the aircraft was 200 nautical miles (370 kilometres) east of Sydney. The controller advised that holding would be required, with an expected duration of 10 to 15 minutes. The aircraft was subsequently cleared to descend from flight level 420 to flight level 210, with a requirement to reach the new level by 60 miles by Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) from Sydney. The aircraft entered a holding pattern at 60 DME at 1908 hours. Sydney Airport was closed to arriving aircraft at 1900 hours, because of thunderstorm activity. This information was relayed by the controller at 1905 hours by virtue of an all-stations call. However, as indicated by the subsequent transmissions, that call was not heard by the crew of the aircraft. The crew made two requests for an expected approach time, and were advised at 1912 hours that the delay was anticipated to be about 10 minutes. At 0923 the crew reported that a fuel emergency situation would be declared if clearance was not forthcoming in 5 minutes, and at 1925 the crew reported a remaining fuel endurance of one hour. They were advised that Sydney was closed to all operations because of thunderstorms. A fuel emergency was declared at 1928, and the crew requested approval to conduct an approach to Sydney. This was refused and the aircraft was directed to the RAAF base at Williamtown, where a safe landing was made at 1949 hours. Fuel remaining after landing was 7250 kilograms. Sydney Airport re-opened for normal operations at 1952 hours. Sydney Operations Control had imposed a requirement for arriving aircraft to carry an additional 30 minutes fuel endurance to allow for the thunderstorms at Sydney. However, the particular storm took over 2 hours to cross the Sydney Airport airspace. The Airport was closed from 1900 to 1918 hours, and from 1924 to 1952. It was evident that the 30 minutes fuel requirement was inadequate under the existing circumstances. United Airlines is one of three overseas based carriers which has been approved by the Department of Aviation to be responsible for its own operational control. This control is exercised from Chicago, USA. For aircraft on the Los Angeles - Sydney route, approval to proceed past a point located to the east of Norfolk Island is dependent on the fuel state of the aircraft and the expected weather conditions at Sydney. The necessary clearance had been obtained in this case. However, by subsequently closing Sydney Airport to all aircraft and denying the United flight the opportunity to conduct an approach, Sydney ATC over-ruled the operational control which the airline had been approved to exercise. When remaining fuel endurance is requested, Australian pilots are taught to provide a figure which relates to the total fuel on board. However, the United Airlines policy is for the pilot to give a figure based on the remaining flight fuel only i.e., the figure given does not include the 30 minutes mandatory reserve. This anomaly needs to be explored and resolved in order that pilots and ATC are aware of the actual fuel situation, so that priorities can be accurately established. The fuel policy of United Airlines provides for a minimum of 17000 pounds (7710 kilograms) to be available on arrival at Sydney. This is sufficient to allow the aircraft to go around from the landing approach in the event of the preceding aircraft blocking the intended runway, proceed to a suitable emergency alternate aerodrome (Williamtown), and land with the mandatory reserve fuel intact. The pilot in command had elected to divert to Williamtown before the last possible time for such a diversion. His decision was probably related to the advice given by ATC that Sydney was closed because of a stationary thunderstorm over the aerodrome. As a result of the investigation of this incident, the Bureau makes the following recommendations. 1. The question of whether overseas carriers should abide by the fuel policy of the state of registry or the fuel policy of Australia should be resolved. 2. The right of ATC to deny approaches and otherwise impose operational control on overseas carriers which have been approved to exercise this control themselves should be examined. 3. The current policy of requiring 30 minutes extra fuel be carried when thunderstorms are forecast to affect aerodromes for periods of up to 30 minutes should be reviewed, in the light of the difficulty of accurately assessing the speed and duration of such storms. 4. That ATC ensure, that information regarding the change in status of an aerodrome has been received by all aircraft affected by that change. \|Date:\|\|27 March 1987\|\|Investigation status:\|\|Completed\| \|State:\|\|New South Wales\| \|Release date:\|\|07 May 1987\|\|Occurrence category:\|\|Incident\| \|Report status:\|\|Final\|\|Highest injury level:\|\|None\| \|Aircraft manufacturer\|\|The Boeing Company\| \|Type of operation\|\|Air Transport High Capacity\| \|Damage to aircraft\|\|Nil\| \|Departure point\|\|Los Angeles USA\|	<urn:uuid:67873dfb-ba45-4bc8-8850-7772ccc59078>	CC-MAIN-2020-34	http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/1987/aair/aair198702606/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738653.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810072511-20200810102511-00081.warc.gz	en	0.967818	1,101	2.96875	3
Be more self-sufficient & learn how to humanely transform an animal into food, tools and survival needs Coming Spring 2020 Instructor Shane Brown - fresh & dried meat - bone broth - musical instruments Do you know where your meat comes from? Do you avoid buying or eating meat because of ethical issues with modern large-scale agricultural practices? Are you interested in learning about animal anatomy, preparation and nutrition of different parts of an animal, and connecting with the source of where your food comes from? Do you follow a plant-based lifestyle but want to learn to process animals for potential survival situations? Learn how to process and preserve an animal for later use. We will be humanely butchering a locally farm-raised goat and honoring his/her life by using each part of the body to make nutritious food, as well as materials for clothing, musical instruments, and more. This class will draw from age-old human traditions and knowledge, developed from times when the only way of living was to use everything you had in a wise and waste-free way. This can help us return to a more responsible way of living on the Earth. This is a very hands-on class. Over the course of two days we will go over as many of the following activities as possible based on participant interest and energy: - how to ethically slaughter, how to butcher and prepare fresh meat and organs for immediate consumption - methods for preserving meat - making bone broth - preparing the skin to make a soft leather - extracting tendons to use as string or thread - shaping bones into tools - making glue with the skin - extracting hooves to make rattles - making instrument strings out of the intestines In intimately experiencing the sacred act of taking of life and using it to give life to ourselves and our community, we humans participate in and celebrate the gift that is the cycle of life. Participants will bring: - you own snacks, vegetables, grains and fruits (as desired) to compliment the meals - cooler & containers to take home a portion of the meat & other processed pieces (as desired) - work clothing for cooler mornings/evenings and warm days - your own camping gear Earthroots will provide all class materials & instruction $175 per person for the two-day course, meat to take home & includes camping (optional) Children ages 8-15 must be registered and have a registered adult participating alongside them to attend. To register via Mail: send one Enrollment Form per family (see link in right column) and one Medical & Release Form per person (see link in right column). Send check or money order to – P.O. Box 504, Trabuco Canyon, CA 92678. This class is part of the Ancestral Arts Series, check out what is happening next month!	<urn:uuid:fe74773b-2a3b-41e1-bca4-35c3acddcbe8>	CC-MAIN-2020-10	https://earthrootsfieldschool.org/adult-programs/using-the-whole-animal/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146643.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227002351-20200227032351-00141.warc.gz	en	0.921589	592	3.109375	3

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