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Have you ever wondered how plants drink? Get ready to turn your kitchen into a science lab as you try this fun hands-on experiment.
In this experiment you will see how plants move water around inside them!
What you need:
- Stalk of celery with leaves
- Half a glass of water
- 1 teaspoon (tsp) of food colouring
What you do:
1. Ask an adult to cut the bottom of the stalk of celery so that it is fresh.
2. Fill a glass of water halfway.
3. Add a teaspoon of red food colouring or a color of your choice.
4. Stand the stalk of celery in the water.
5. Wait 24 hours and see what happens!
Explore: What do you think will happen?
Let’s Talk Science!
The celery stalk is the stem of the celery plant. It absorbs water and minerals from the soil through root hairs by means of osmosis. Osmosis is a process by which some liquids and gases pass through a kind of skin called a membrane. The water passes into nearby cells and is carried up to the plant’s stem and leaves.1
What do you think will happen if you try this experiment with a piece of lettuce?
What would happen if you divided the celery stalk into two jars using different colours?
- Judy Breckenridge, Muriel Mandell, Anthony D. Fredericks, Louis V. Loeschnig (1998). 365 Super Science Experiments with Everyday Materials. Scholastic Inc., p.101.
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| 0.910937 | 341 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Many students are uncomfortable in a traditional school setting. "One size" does not fit all. We tailor the learning environment to each student's needs - recognizing that each child learns in a different way. Because of this, many children excel beyond their peers in traditional school settings. Students attending CMA are able to explore, learn, and discover not only their environment, but interpersonal relationships as well. We guide students with communication, social interactions, and proper play so they are well-equipped with life skills they need. Each student has a unique learning style and as such, will not be labeled or discouraged; but instead, encouraged to pursue individual studies at their own pace and with the assistance of the Lead Guide. This practice is unique to Montessori methodology.
Our Lead Guides (teachers) are Montessori certified and bring additional experience in Child Development, Spanish, Business Management, Culinary Arts, & Fine Arts. Collectively, we have over 70 years teaching experience. Our guides and assistants work closely together to ensure your child receives care and consideration for their individual needs as they progress through our programs.
Christian Montessori Academy is a member of the International Montessori Council, maintaining a code of ethics and standards as set forth.
Primary (ages 3-6)
CMA's Primary classrooms provide opportunities for the child to explore, learn, & discover not only their environment, but interpersonal relationships as well.
Between the ages of 3 & 6, children are curious about everything. The classroom environment is warm and inviting, enabling the child to feel comfortable in discovery. The multi-age classroom facilitates cooperative learning, grace & courtesy, and independent thinking skills.
In the Primary classroom, children develop their practicial life skills and learn to care for their environment. They discover the relationship between shapes, colors, and sizes through the sensory materials. A plethora of mathematics, language, science, and geography materials are readily available for their use.
Each child learns at his or her own pace and as such, will not be forced to learn subjects they are not interested in or ready for, which is unique to Montessori education.
Lower, Upper, & Middle School Classrooms (ages 6-15)
Montessori education doesn't end with Kindergarten - in fact, it is really just beginning. CMA's Elementary classrooms are designed to maximize independent learning and exploration. The curriculum allows each child to advance in all levels by directing the child's curiosity and sensitivity through each subject area.
One of the unique advantages in the Montessori classroom is the encouragement given to children to expand their horizons and explore new dimensions beyond the immediate learning situation. While many children are capable of completing a worksheet or an assignment, Montessori children want to explore the "why" and "how" things are the way they are. Paper and pencil have merit, but when combined with concrete learning materials and an unlimited ceiling, the child reaps the greatest benefit - meeting his or her own need for understanding.
As the students progress through each Montessori level, they increase their opportunities for real-life experiences.
Our Middle School class enjoys learning interviewing skills when writing and designing the school's newsletters. They also participate in community service-learning projects by conducting fundraisers and donating proceeds to charitable entities.
Field trips are an essential part of the Montessori experience and all ages participate.
Extra Curricular Activities
Our students enjoy a variety of extra curricular activities to enrich their learning experience. Spanish, recorder, cooking, sewing, physical education activities, art classes, Bricks4Kidz, piano lessons, drama classes, and swimming.
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One of the keys to commercialization of advanced biofuels is the development of cost-competitive ways to extract fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The use of enzymes from thermophiles – microbes that thrive at extremely high temperatures and alkaline conditions – holds promise for achieving this. Finding the most effective of these microbial enzymes, however, has been a challenge. That challenge has now been met by a collaboration led by researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI).
|The microbial world of biomass deconstruction became more
clear with a JBEI/JGI/EMSL study of a thermophillic bacterial
consortium adapted to switchgrass. This splatterplot is a visual
representation of the consortium’s metagenome.
(Image courtesy of Patrik D’haeseleer, JBEI)
Working with a compost-derived consortium of thermophillic bacterium adapted to grow on switchgrass, a leading potential fuel crop, and using a combination of metagenomic and metaproteomic technologies, the collaboration has identified individual microbial species whose enzymes were the most active in deconstructing the switchgrass biomass. Major institutes in addition to JBEI participating in this collaboration included DOE’s Joint Genome Institute (JGI), and EMSL, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).
“This marks the first time that the functional roles of individual microbial populations within a consortium have been linked with specific enzyme activities, in this case cellulase and hemicellulase,” says Steven Singer, director of JBEI’s microbial communities program. “Since these activities are broadly relevant to biofuel production, this is one of the first real-world applications being met by combining metagenomics and metaproteomics.”
Singer, who is also a research scientist with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab)’s Earth Sciences Division, is the senior author of a paper describing this research in the journal PLOS One titled “Proteogenomic Analysis of a Thermophilic Bacterial Consortium Adapted to Deconstruct Switchgrass.” Co-authors are Patrik D’haeseleer, John Gladden, Martin Allgaier, Patrik Chain, Susannah Tringe, Stephanie Malfatti, Joshua Aldrich, Carrie Nicora, Errol Robinson, Ljiljana Paša-Tolić, Philip Hugenholtz and Blake Simmons.
Advanced biofuels – liquid transportation fuels synthesized from the sugars in cellulosic biomass – offer a clean, green and renewable alternative to gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. However, unlike the simple sugars in corn grain, the cellulose and hemicellulose in biomass are difficult to extract in part because they are embedded in a tough woody material called lignin. Thermophilic microbes are believed to be a rich source of cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes for lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction that are active at elevated temperatures and in the presence of pretreatment chemicals such as ionic liquids.
“Natural microbial communities that deconstruct biomass, such as those found in cow rumen or compost piles, are often too complex to decipher roles for individual microbial populations,” says Singer. “However, enrichment cultures established with defined substrates and at constant temperatures offer the possibility of simplifying these complex microbial communities and identifying functional roles for specific populations within the community.”
As part of their efforts to develop a cost-effective way to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass into sugars for fuel, researchers in JBEI’s Deconstruction Division cultivated the switchgrass-feeding, compost-derived consortium of thermophiles.
“Using pretreated switchgrass at temperatures up to 80 degrees Celsius, we demonstrated that this consortium is an excellent source of enzymes for the development of enzymatic cocktails tailored to biorefinery processing conditions,” says Blake Simmons, a chemical engineer who heads JBEI’s Deconstruction Division and was a member of this research collaboration.
To identify the functional roles of community members within the switchgrass-feeding consortium, Singer, Simmons and their colleagues first used shotgun sequencing, a powerful metagenomics technique that enabled them to determine the metabolic potential of all the members of the consortium. They then used metaproteomic measurements to identify those enzymes, predicted by metagenomic analysis, that were actually produced by the microbial community.
|Steve Singer directs the Joint BioEnergy Insitute (JBEI)’s microbial
communities program. (Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt, Berkeley Lab)
“Doing metagenomics by shotgun sequencing is a bit like raiding a toy store and tossing hundreds of jigsaw puzzles onto a pile,” says Patrik D’haeseleer, a computational systems biologist who holds appointments with both JBEI and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and is lead author of the PLOS One paper.
“Each individual puzzle piece may carry some useful information, but you only start to see the bigger picture once you reassemble the pieces,” D’haeseleer says. “Our collaborators at JGI used deep sequencing of millions of small pieces of DNA, and generated a partial assembly based on direct matches between the pieces. We developed a novel phylogenetic binning method to separate those partially assembled pieces into the major bacterial genomes in the consortium. This allowed us to then model the metabolic potential of all those members of the consortium.”
Analysis of metagenomic sequencing data identified the most abundant microbial populations in the consortium to be closely related strains of Thermus thermophilus and Rhodothermus marinus. However, based on the assigned fractions of the switchgrass deconstruction proteome, the strains showing the most active role in switchgrass deconstruction were Gemmatimonadetes and Paenibacillus. By comparison, the more numerous Rhodothermus strain contributed fewer enzymes to biomass deconstruction.
“By leveraging the unique capabilities of the JGI and EMSL with those at JBEI, we’re developing a more comprehensive functional understanding of how microbial consortia work to breakdown lignocellulose, and identifying the genes and enzymes that are responsible for this deconstruction,” Simmons says. “The list of genes and enzymes generated by this study has been placed into our expression pipeline and are being used to develop optimized cocktails that are capable of generating high sugar yields from pretreated lignocellulosic biomass.”
This research was supported by the DOE Office of Science.
JBEI is one of three Bioenergy Research Centers established by the DOE’s Office of Science in 2007. It is a scientific partnership led by Berkeley Lab and includes the Sandia National Laboratories, the University of California campuses of Berkeley and Davis, the Carnegie Institution for Science, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. DOE’s Bioenergy Research Centers support multidisciplinary, multi-institutional research teams pursuing the fundamental scientific breakthroughs needed to make production of cellulosic biofuels, or biofuels from nonfood plant fiber, cost-effective on a national scale.
DOE’s Office of Science:
DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the Unites States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time.
Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, press release, 2013-07-25.
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Designing with CSS – Part 4: Preparing Your Page for Debugging
Preparing Your Page for Debugging
We investigated the float technique earlier in this series and now it’s time to use it to create a column in your design. Floating an image within a paragraph allows the text to move up alongside the image. There are two examples of this in the basiclayout.html file: one immediately below the
h1 title and another immediately below the
h2 title. Creating the second column works the same way: When you float the div that becomes the left column, the main content div can sit alongside it.
I discussed floats in depth in the Working with Floats section of Part 2 of this article. For the right-hand column, you will use the content div you created in basiclayout.html. The wrapper div acts as the parent container rather than the
p element in the example shown in Part 2.
It is good practice to give your divs distinct background colors when laying out your design. This gives you a precise view of exactly what is going on in your page at even the quickest of glances. I find that using “debugging colors” in divs is an excellent way to monitor exactly what is going on in your page.
Dreamweaver 8 has a fantastic new feature that can do this for you at the click of a button—no more manually adding debugging colors for Dreamweaver 8 users! By accessing the “Visual Aids” icon on the document toolbar, you can simply switch on background colors and Dreamweaver 8 handles the rendering for you.
The CSS Layout Background colors are applied at random, in this instance you can see that our content div has been given a green background color.
The screen shot in Figure 2 is taken in the Dreamweaver 8 Design view. Notice how Image 2 extends outside the content div, and how easy it is to see the boundaries of the content div now that it is highlighted by the CSS Layout Backgrounds.
If you give the content div a background color of red—or any color of your choice—and preview this page in Microsoft Internet Explorer, you will see that the content div expands to include the height of Image 2. This is an example of IE getting the CSS specification for floats absolutely wrong. The cause of the white space above the green content div background you see in Figure 2 is from the margin setting on the
#content h1 selector. Change the value of that property to see how it affects your page layout. The new CSS features in Dreamweaver 8 are great, though you should always test in as many browsers as you can. One of my favorite new CSS features in Dreamweaver 8 is the “CSS Layout Outlines.” I have this feature switched on permanently so I can see exactly what is going on in my page as I design.
On the next page you will return to the basiclayout.css file and add a div to create a left column.
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Slovenia, a small country in Central Europe, was once part of Yugoslavia, a federation of communist states that existed from 1945 until its dissolution in 1992. During this time, Slovenia was indeed a communist country, with all aspects of life, including marketing, heavily controlled by the government. Marketing in communist Slovenia was characterized by a lack of competition and innovation, with state-run enterprises dominating the market. Advertising was limited, and the few advertisements that existed were heavily regulated and often featured communist propaganda. Consumer goods were in short supply, and the quality of products was often poor. With the fall of communism in 1991, Slovenia began the transition to a market economy, and marketing practices in the country began to change dramatically. The government began to liberalize the economy, and private enterprise was encouraged. This led to the emergence of a new generation of entrepreneurs, eager to introduce new products and services to the Slovenian market. Today, marketing in Slovenia is characterized by a strong focus on innovation and creativity. The country’s small size and lack of competition have made it an ideal testing ground for new products and services, and Slovenian companies are increasingly using technology and social media to reach consumers. One example of this is the Slovenian startup company Outfit7, which created the popular mobile app Talking Tom. The app has been downloaded over 8 billion times and has become a global sensation, generating millions of dollars in revenue for the company. Another example of the changing face of marketing in Slovenia is the success of the country’s wine industry. Slovenian wines, which were once largely unknown outside the country, have gained international recognition in recent years, with the help of a new generation of wine producers who are using social media and online marketing to promote their products.
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| 0.976848 | 355 | 2.78125 | 3 |
"Hyderabad And The Indian Union"
Newspaper clipping of a letter titled "Hyderabad and the Indian Union", from Taraknath Das, published on the Washington Post editorial page, July 3, 1948. Das argues that the U.N. is an impartial body, and its support of Pakistan on the issue of Kashmir is a direct result of U.S. pressure to please the pan-Islamist bloc in order to ally with it against the Soviet Union.
Date: July 3, 1948
Type: Newspaper Clipping
Source: Washington Post
Creator: Taraknath Das
Collection: Godha Ram Channon, Papers of
Item History: 2014-11-07 (created); 2014-12-09 (modified)
* This digital object may not be sold or redistributed, copied or distributed as a photograph, electronic file, or any other media without express written consent from the copyright holder and the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA). The user is responsible for all issues of copyright. If you are the rightful copyright holder of this item and its use online constitutes an infringement of your copyright, please contact us by email at firstname.lastname@example.org to discuss its removal from the archive.
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| 0.888953 | 267 | 2.75 | 3 |
what is 2x + 2x
2x+2x = 4x
this we can understand as follows ... if you see the variable term x is common on both therefore we can factor it out , and we get , x(2+2)
now inside the bracket is 2+2 which is 4
therefore we get x (4)
or 4x (answer)
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| 0.939544 | 118 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Men Into Space (1959-60)
First Woman on the Moon - Season 1, Episode 11 - Dec. 16, 1959. It is decided to conduct an experiment to see if women could handle the rigors of spaceflight and living on the Moon. The plan is to send a woman to the Moon for 90 days. Initially she doesn't cope very well through a lack of training or projects to complete. Eventually she comes up with a novel set of activities to try and show her value to the mission
To Download or Embed this video, go to this link.
Back to the Men Into Space (1959-60) Library
back to Uncle Earl's Classic TV Channel
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| 0.953762 | 138 | 2.625 | 3 |
Mixed-gender friendships and how they change with age
Toddlers are often found playing with each other irrespective of gender. By the age of four, children understand their gender and its stability. By seven years, they also know that changing appearances, clothes, or hair length doesn’t make them a boy or a girl. Gender identity, which now begins to strengthen, is their first step to formation of a social identity outside the family. This is further strengthened by associating with members of the same sex to the complete exclusion of the other.
This is also the time when culturally determined gender roles start to creep in. Statements like, ‘girls are sensitive,’ ‘boys do not cry’ start getting absorbed. The two genders start feeling fierce prejudices towards each other, and friendships are formed within gender. So basically, a boy learns that he is a boy and what makes him that, mixes exclusively with other boys, and further strengthens his gender identity by degrading the opposite sex. Sad, but true.
This goes on till adolescence when, thanks to a cocktail of hormones coupled with other factors, the genders find themselves getting attracted to each other. Having grown to believe in stereotypical images of a girl being submissive and a boy being aggressive (Powlishta, 1995) an imbalance surfaces, which often sets the tone for future relationships.
How do cross-gender friendships help develop life skills in kids?
In today’s world where gender boundaries are blurring as far as the professional world is concerned, and also seen is a sharp rise in gender-related bias, there is an urgent need to teach children about friendship and its relative independence from gender.
Mixed-gender peer interactions have the following effects:
– The only way the mindset towards the members of the opposite sex changes is through interaction. Mixed-gender friendships teach both the boys and the girls to respect each other and accept them as individuals rather than just a ‘boy or a ‘girl.’
– Children find themselves in a fix if they are required to interact with children of the opposite sex. I remember a dance class back in school – our teacher pulled her hair out trying to get us to lock arms without giggling or jeering. Being friends, regardless of gender, increases social competence.
– When friendship transcends the boundaries of gender, it brings with it a feeling of self-worth.
– Playing, spending time with, and generally being friends with the opposite gender also teaches boundaries and lays a foundation for handling future relationships including marriage.
– And ultimately a better adjusted work life. When you grow up being friends, chances are that you would respect someone for the work they do regardless of their gender. When my son comes home and appreciates his friend for her exceptional mathematical prowess, I swell with pride since in him I see an adult who wouldn’t degrade his female co-workers for being just that – women.
Encouraging mixed-gender friendships – tips for Indian parents
Although it is an uphill task, considering that friendships happen outside the home and are largely affected by the external world, we as parents can help our children make the right choices and fight the tide.
Bust gender stereotypes
Since cross-gender friendships are largely affected by prejudice against the opposite gender, try to lessen the effects of gender stereotypes. A boy playing with a doll or a girl exploring Lego trucks is perfectly fine. A homogeneous play opportunity opens up communication and instils respect for the other gender.
Encourage kids to express their feelings
Sentences like ‘boys are wild and girls are sweet,’ should be forbidden. If a girl is angry, let her express her rage and if a boy is hurt, it is okay if he sheds a tear. Acknowledge a wide range of emotions as being characteristic to anyone irrespective of gender.
Encourage mixed-gender activities
A lot of times, schools as well as parents hint at the suitability of certain activities for a specific gender. Girls are made to join cooking classes and you rarely see boys playing sports like throwball. Encourage children to experiment and ask the school to form mixed-gender teams.
Do not make a big deal out of mixed-gender interactions
Indian parents are phobic to the prospect of our children mingling with the opposite sex. We might say that we are okay but indirect subtle messages convey otherwise. If the child is discussing a classmate, be interested regardless of the gender of the kid being talked about. Do not appear overly interested when the child is discussing someone of the opposite sex.
Birds and bees help
We brush aside the birds and bees, but lack of knowledge increases the distance between the two genders. If they know the differences, they are also likely to understand their insignificance in determining a person.
Often I see the parents handling boys and girls differently. When you meet your son’s female classmate, be as casual as you’d be with the boys and vice versa. You don’t have to soften your tone or be gentler than you normally are – girls aren’t made of porcelain and neither are boys made of coarse stone. The less differences they perceive, the better it is.
Teach them to deal with teasing
The other day my nine-year-old came home seething with anger. His classmates had teased him for talking to his female friend and called them ‘girlfriend-boyfriend.’ So we talked about how teasing is a milder form of bullying. Anything out of the ordinary becomes a target. We can’t sit the world down and change it, but we can build a shield around ourselves and not be affected.
– Teach your child to believe in his own self rather than forcing himself into the traditional mould of gender roles.
– Teach him to evaluate the importance of his friends – males as well as females.
– Ask him to question what is more important – his friend, or the silly teasing.
– Discuss with (and not tell) the child how it is fine to be different, and unacceptable to end friendships out of fear of jibes from other kids
– Never look upset when the child comes home and tells you about any teasing. If you are upset, he will not tell you the next time.
– Be compassionate, ask questions, give honest answers, and never get over-protective and warn about the possibility of being teased about mixed-gender friendships. When your child questions you about it, tell him that he might get teased but that you are confident that he can handle it. Warning, on the other hand, might amount to scaring.
– Indulge in role-play. Ask him to tease you so that you can model appropriate responses and after that switch roles.
These are some things that all of us can start with. The long-term effects of sex segregation are still a matter of research; however, it is very clear that mixed-gender peer interactions benefit a child’s holistic growth.
– The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender edited by Thomas Eckes, Hanns M. Trautner
– Narahara, M. (1998). Gender stereotypes in children’s picture books. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED419248
– Sedney, M. A. (1987). Development of androgyny: Parental influences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 311-326.
– Spence, J. T. & Helmreich, R. L. (1980). Masculine instrumentality and feminine expressiveness: Their relationship with sex role attitudes and behaviors.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 147-163.
Previosuly posted at: Womensweb.in
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Researchers at the University of Oslo will examine 5000 poop diapers in the world’s biggest bacterial examination of the baby stool. The aim is to examine how bacteria evolve inside the intestine the first year of life.
– We have one of the largest baby poop collections in the world, says researcher Eric de Muinck to NRK.
Babies are born with no intestinal bacteria, however when they approach their first anniversary, the bacterial diversity is equally to adults. The composition may have a major impact on their health.
While other studies has received samples from many babies, but few from each, Muinck and his colleagues at the University of Oslo have followed a handful of babies.
With help from parents of infants, they have collected feces from 13 anonymous babies every day for a whole year.
He call himself “The poo delivery man”. After the parents have taken out samples, they put them in the freezer. Equipped with dry ice, Muinck has collected the temperature sensitive samples.
5,000 DNA samples of baby poop should reveal how bacteria in the intestine of infants change.
– We want to see whether vaccination has any effect on the intestinal flora. Bacteria has been linked to both the development of allergies, type 1 diabetes and even autism, says Muinck.
The DNA analysis will be used to create a mathematical model that can provide a greater insight into the ecological balance in the intestines.
To calculate the correlation between all genes, researchers must turn to Norway’s fastest machine, the supercomputer Abel at the University of Oslo. It is ten thousand times faster than a regular PC.
The researchers have high hopes to learn much new about the ecological balance in the intestines, and how the bacterial groups interact.
Text by: Anette Broteng Christiansen, ThorNews
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
Transported or travelling by sea.‘seaborne trade’
travelling, transportable, transferable, portable, movable, locomotive, manoeuvrableView synonyms
- ‘There is an overconcentration of ownership in seaborne iron ore trade.’
- ‘They were passports to wealth and power, all of which could be revealed to you in the safety of your study, without your ever needing to experience the danger and tedium of seaborne travel.’
- ‘Now known to history as D-Day, Operation Overlord, the greatest seaborne invasion in history, began the long-awaited invasion of Europe.’
- ‘However, the invaders were horsemen, not sailors, and the seaborne links of the network survived.’
- ‘And so, ironically in a land whose enormous wealth depended upon its control of seaborne trade, this entire vast sweep of coast was almost empty.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/seaborne
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| 0.92917 | 247 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The ecstatic press releases started even before the conference to replenish the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria officially closed last month in Montreal. The fund, which channels donor money to local programs that fight the three diseases in places where they are the most damaging, especially sub-Saharan Africa, had put out a call for $13 billion for its next three years of programming. By the end of the conference, the fund had raised $12.9 billion.
The bulletins out of Quebec captured the relief of a public health community that has watched its international financing dwindle, even as scientific advances make it increasingly possible to actually end some of the world’s worst diseases. That includes HIV, officially the deadliest epidemic in history, according to the United Nations. The decline in global health funding threatens not just to stymie scientific advances against diseases like HIV, but to actually reverse gains made in the past decade.
That’s why the celebration following the Global Fund’s replenishment was premature, according to health activists. Without bigger, more sustained and more diversified commitments, hundreds of thousands of people will continue to die from diseases that are easily prevented and treated. The situation calls into question the international community’s ability to meet public health threats, even as new dangers continue to emerge.
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<urn:uuid:caf0b76e-3570-4de4-8e18-2b119652ae25>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/global-health-funding-faces-a-shortfall-of-billions-to-fight-diseases/
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en
| 0.958009 | 269 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If you take a walk, the easiest animals you will likely see are birds. Birds are some of the most fascinating creatures on earth. We wake up to their songs in the morning; they are in our cities, farms and even schools. They are however facing many challenges on planet earth, and you can do something to help them.
By age 14, Washington was already on a career path towards nature interpretation and conservation. He is a passionate author and nature photographer. He is a National Geographic Explorer, linking with his study on urban African Crowned Eagles. His MSc. study, from Kenyatta University, focuses on urban birds of prey.
As a young conservationist in his country, he has become a voice of hope for the future scientists. Washington’s dream is to see a world where everyone cares about nature, and wants to help birds have a better home on earth.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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http://tedxnairobi.com/speaker/speaker-3/
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| 0.975207 | 181 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We often field questions about how SQLCipher encryption works. In one common scenario, a developer wants to convert an existing standard SQLite database to an encrypted SQLCipher database. For example, this might be a requirement for an application that was not previously using SQLCipher, and must convert an insecure database to use SQLCipher full database encryption during an upgrade.
In such cases, developers may initially attempt to open a standard SQLite database and then call
PRAGMA key, thinking that SQLCipher will open the existing database and rewrite it using encryption. That is not possible, however, and such attempts will be met with a “file is encrypted or is not a database” error (code 26 / SQLITE_NOTADB).
The reason is that SQLCipher encryption works on a per-page basis for efficiency, and
PRAGMA key can only be used:
- when opening a brand new database (i.e. for the first time), or
- when opening an already encrypted databases.
It follows that the correct way to convert an existing database to use SQLCipher is to create a new, empty, encrypted database, then copy the data from the insecure database to the encrypted database. Once complete, an application can simply remove the original plaintext database and use the encrypted copy from then on.
SQLCipher has supported
[ATTACH] between encrypted and plaintext databases since it's initial release, so it has always been possible to do this conversion on an table-by-table basis. However, an even easier option was added to SQLCipher 2.0, in the form of the
sqlcipher_export() convenience function.
The purpose of
sqlcipher_export is a to duplicate the entire contents of one database into another attached database. It includes all database objects: the schema, triggers, virtual tables, and all data. This makes it very easy to migrate from a standard non-encrypted SQLite database to a SQLCipher encrypted database, or back in the other direction.
To use sqlcipher_export() to encrypt an existing database, first open up the standard SQLite database, but don't provide a key. Next, ATTACH a new encrypted database, and then call the
sqlcipher_export() function in a SELECT statement, passing in the name of the attached database you want to write the main database schema and data to.
$ ./sqlcipher plaintext.db
sqlite> ATTACH DATABASE 'encrypted.db' AS encrypted KEY 'newkey';
sqlite> SELECT sqlcipher_export('encrypted');
sqlite> DETACH DATABASE encrypted;
Finally, securely delete the existing plaintext database, and then open up the new encrypted database as usual using
The same process also works in reverse to create a plaintext, fully decrypted, copy of an encrypted SQLCipher database that can be opened with standard SQLite.
$ ./sqlcipher encrypted.db
sqlite> PRAGMA key = 'testkey';
sqlite> ATTACH DATABASE 'plaintext.db' AS plaintext KEY ''; -- empty key will disable encryption
sqlite> SELECT sqlcipher_export('plaintext');
sqlite> DETACH DATABASE plaintext;
It is also possible to use the
sqlcipher_export() function in specialized cases to change or customized SQLCipher database settings. These advanced concepts are covered further in the documentation.
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<urn:uuid:cc41a543-8280-4aca-81d9-93aa74315b95>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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https://discuss.zetetic.net/t/how-to-encrypt-a-plaintext-sqlite-database-to-use-sqlcipher-and-avoid-file-is-encrypted-or-is-not-a-database-errors/868
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423681.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721022216-20170721042216-00125.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.820296 | 730 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Enjoying the late summer butterflies? Soon butterflies like the Black Swallowtail, pictured in the photo by Laurie Sheppard, will not be around. According to How to Spot Butterflies, by Patricia Taylor Sutton and Clay Sutton (Houghton and Mifflin Company, 1999), these butterflies will have mated, produced eggs and died by mid September. Their caterpillars will pupate and winter over until next spring. Over much of the country, Black Swallowtails, as well as other swallowtails, are “double brooders” - in spring the new butterflies will mate, lay eggs and die, with their egg-caterpillar-pupa cycle resulting in a second wave of butterflies from mid to late summer. This second “wave” is what we are seeing now.
Other butterflies go through only one brood cycle - some are long lived, like the Mourning Cloak, but others live only a short time as butterflies, mating and laying eggs. After the larva feed, they go into the pupa stage and remain there until the next spring, in some cases, for almost a year. Some butterfly species have life cycles which last for several years.
Some additional resources about butterflies include http://www.dallasbutterflies.com, the website for the Dallas Lepidopterists’ Society, maintained by Dale Clark, who was the speaker for Second Saturday at Hagerman NWR in June, and two books recommended by Clark: Field Guide to Butterflies of North America by Jim Brock and Kenn Kaufman, and Butterflies of Oklahoma, Kansas and North Texas by John M. Dole, Walter B. Gerard and John M. Nelson.
Butterflies abound at Hagerman NWR, and a free two page Butterfly Guide is available at Refuge Headquarters. For more information about programs and activities at Hagerman NWR, see http://www.friendsofhagerman.com, and for the official Refuge website, see http://www.fws.gov/southwest/refuges/texas/hagerman/index.html.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://friendsofhagermannwr.blogspot.com/2010_08_01_archive.html
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| 0.93894 | 430 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released on December 15th, 2010 approximate that 48 million Americans get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die each year as a result of foodborne diseases. Given that the odds of becoming ill are 1 in 6 Americans, it is not a matter of if you might become sicked by a foodborne pathogen but when and how serious the illness will be. Considering the fact that foodborne illnesses and death are preventable, it is unacceptable to think that someone in the United States is hospitalized every 10 minutes as a result of eating contaminated food.
Approximately 20% (9.4 million) of the 48 million annual illnesses are caused by 31 known foodborne pathogens [insert hyperlink here with data on 31 pathogens].
Foodborne illness usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or food storage. The most common causes of foodborne illness, hospitalizations and death are from bacteria or bacterial exotoxins, viruses and parasites. Of the 9.4 million domestically-acquired foodborne illnesses caused by known pathogens 5.5 million (59%) were caused by viruses, 3.6 million (39%) were caused by bacteria, and 0.2 million (2%) by parasites.The pathogens responsible for causing the most illnesses were: norovirus (5.5 million, 58%), Salmonella (1.0 million, 11%), Clostridium perfingens (1.0 million, 10%) and Campylobacter (0.8 million, 9%)
Of the 228,744 annual hospitalizations resulting from foodborne disease, nearly 56,000 were caused by contaminated food eaten in the United States. Of these hospitalizations, 64% were caused by bacteria, 27% by viruses, and 9% by parasites. The leading causes of hospitalization were nontyphoidal Salmonella (35%), noroviurs (26%) Campylobacter (15%) and Toxoplasma gondii (8%). Of the 2,612 annual deaths resulting from foodborne disease, 1,351 were caused by contaminated food eaten in the United States. Of these deaths, 64% were caused by bacteria, 25% by parasites, and 12% by viruses.
The leading cause of death were Salmonella (28%), Toxoplasma gondii (24%), Listeria monocytogenes (19%) and norovirus (11%).
OUTBREAKS OF FOODBORNE DISEASE
From 2004-2009, 9-27% of cases of E.Coli O157 infection and 5-8% of cases of Salmonella infection were associated with outbreaks each year. According to FoodNet recent outbreak investigations have identified novel contaminated food sources, including: jalapeno peppers, peanut butter--containing products, and raw cookie dough [Provide more information on specifics of each outbreak – in addition to inserting the hyperlink to the MMWR articles]
Foodborne illness usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or food storage. Food preparers should follow the easy lessons of "Clean, Separate, Cook, and Chill":
Clean - Wash hands, utensils, and cutting boards before and after contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs to avoid spreading bacteria when preparing food.
Separate - Use different cutting boards for meat, poultry, seafood, and vegetables and keep raw meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs apart from foods that won’t be cooked.
Cook – Use a food thermometer - you can't tell if a food item is done by how it looks.
Chill - Keep your refrigerator at 40 degrees or below to keep bacteria from growing and chill leftovers and takeout foods within 2 hours.
TREATMENT (could do sub-pages for each of the microorganisms)
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION…(i.e. organizations, etc.) · CDC FDA WHO (IF I look at anything International…will likely keep focused on US-only though for incidence/epidemiology/etc.)
THINGS TO CONSIDER
Foodborne illness from patient point-of-view
o Resiliency to illness/disease and any untoward outcome(s)
Foodborne illness from public health & medical provider point-of-view
Foodborne illness from company (with contaminated product) point-of-view
o Response to crisis
Foodborne Illness & Disease Jennifer Chapman
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Press Release: New estimates more precise. December 15, 2010
Scallan, E, Hoekstra, RM, Augulo, RV, Tauxe, MW., Roy, SL, Jones, JL, Griffin, PM. Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States – Major Pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17(1), January 2011
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preliminary FoodNet Data on the Incidence of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food --- 10 States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly. April 16, 2010 / 59(14);418-422.
[For the future - my course project?]
I’d like to expand the above webpage(s) and create a website. For the website I’d create a series of real-life stories from infectious disease doctors, potentially from the City’s Health Department (maybe a restaurant inspector, food safety handler/personnel?), and (hopefully) from someone who has had personal experience with a foodborne illness. It would be more detailed and involve more design than the webpages for the TOPIC section. [Eventually -- likely in another course I'd like to expand this topic and develop a cirriculum targeting elementary school children including activities/projects for them to develop on their own or to learn from].
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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http://cpor.org/foodborneillness.cgi
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| 0.937095 | 1,205 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Northwest Seaport Maritime Heritage Center in Seattle is in the midst of building a new and historically accurate upper deck on the lightship Swiftsure, which is a National Historic Landmark. Nautical archaeologists have generate blueprints by documenting existing structures on the lightship’s upper deck. They have spent hours removing artifacts, such as the ship’s wheel, deckhouse windows, and the ship’s bell.
The vessel, designated Lightship No. 83 or “LV-83” when it was in service, is currently at the Lake Union Shipyard in Seattle, where it will undergo a survey. Rotted deck wood and the deckhouses will also be removed. “The shipyard will conduct hazardous materials abatement and cleaning of the steel deck framing,” says Shannon Fitzgerald, Northwest Seaport board president.
Launched in 1904, the lightship is is need of significant restoration, says Nathaniel Howe, Northwest Seaport vessel manager. “When the ship returns to the Historic Ships Wharf [at Seattle’s Lake Union Park], the deck rebuild project will be on display for the public to observe as shipwrights and their apprentices lay, fasten, and caulk the new wooden deck.”
The Swiftsure shipyard project is one of Northwest Seaport’s top priorities. The organization also owns the 1889 tug Arthur Foss.
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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https://joefollansbee.com/2013/05/26/restoration-work-on-lightship-swiftsure/
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en
| 0.939179 | 291 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Bass Drum
The bass drum comes in basically three types. The concert bass drum is the largest of the bass drums and mounted to a rolling or stationary stand in the symphony orchestra. The performer plays it while standing. The second is the marching bass drum which the marching performer supports by an attached shoulder/neck strap. The marching bass drum is significantly smaller than the concert type. Then comes the bass drum used as a part of the stage drum kit or drum set and is the smallest of the three. In the stage drum kit, the bass drum, also called the 'kick drum', is not played with a hand mallet but rather a mallet attached to a foot pedal which swings the mallet into the drum when depressed by the drummer's foot. Review the images below.
Marching Bass Drum
Stage Bass (Kick) Drum
Use of the Bass Drum
The mallet used to play the bass drum is basically a wooden stick with a felt pad mounted on one end. The player will use two identical mallets, one for each hand, left and right.
Since the percussion section is viewed as the main beat keeper in most bands and ensembles, the bass drum provides a foundation in the music for the orchestra to follow, that is, when it is used. Many compositions do not implement the bass drum or use them in only certain musical sections.
The bass drummer must possess the same kind of training and skills as other musicians. He must be able to read and interpret sheet music on the fly while maintaining a proper and accurate count of the beat according to the time signature.
Both the concert and the marching versions of the bass drum are played by hand swinging the mallet into the drum head to sound the beat. The concert and marching drums are played while standing. The 'stage kit' bass drum is played while seated with a foot used to press the kick pedal which swings the mallet into the drum head to produce the sound.
Concert Bass Drum
The Hornbostel–Sachs System classifies the Bass Drum as a directly struck membranophone which produce sound through vibrations of a tightly stretched membrane which is struck. Other percussion may be classified as shaken, plucked, singing, or friction membranophones, or or indirectly struck idiophones.
Where in the Orchestra
The concert bass drum shares with other untuned percussion instruments the area encircling the central rear of the orchestra.
Song Featuring the Bass Drum & Other Percussion
Video Left: Christian Rock recording artists 'For King and Country' perform 'Fix My Eyes' at 'The Live Room' at Grand Victor Sound in Nashville, TN.
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https://musicalhelp.org/bass-drum
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en
| 0.941969 | 567 | 2.875 | 3 |
Green Hydrogen (GH2)
GH2: a strong contender to replace fossil fuel
"The simplest and most powerful molecule"
Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, forms the hydrogen gas (H2: molecular hydrogen) w/ the highest energy-weight ratio. In a world ruled by fossil fuels (oil & gas), it can be positioned as the "new" natural gas (NG) [EFI, 2022].
H2 is known for its versatility i) in coupling sectors (energy, mobility, industry, heating), ii) for serving economic niches difficult to electrify (as they require high energy densities), and iii) for scalable seasonal storage, an attribute not contemplated in other forms of energy storage, such as Li-ion batteries.
Green hydrogen (GH2)
Much attention has been paid for its potential role in combating climate change. Green hydrogen (GH2), the one produced w/o or w/ low carbon emission (discussions of "how low" can go on...), can clean up the i) agribusiness chain w/ the production of nitrogen fertilizers from green ammonia (via Haber-Bosch process), ii) mining sector, w/ the decarbonization of its operations (by replacing diesel oil) and the production of green explosives (from green ammonia), iii) steel sector, w/ the production of green pig iron (acting as fuel & reducing agent), and iv) cement industry, acting as fuel in high-speed furnaces.
- From fossil fuels
H2 is a synthetic energy carrier. Not existing in nature in its pure state, it is produced from fossil fuels (96% of the global H2 production at the end of 2021) by i) steam reforming of NG (most used today) and other light hydrocarbons (47% of the total H2 production), ii) partial oxidation of heavier hydrocarbons (refinery residues), and iii) coal gasification [DJ, 2023].
- From renewables
Sustainable H2 production (GH2) is obtained i) by splitting water by electrolysis (4% of the total H2 production) or ii) by steam reforming, if bio-based feedstock is available [LINDE, 2023]. Electricity & CAPEX represent the greatest opportunities to reduce the total cost of GH2 production via electrolysis. Regarding to steam reforming tech, GH2 can be produced from biogas (60% CH4 + 40% CO2) as a renewable resource using a multi step process, including mainly i) biogas reforming, ii) water-gas-shift reaction, and iii) hydrogen separation.
- From renewables - SCW tech
Alternatively, a promising tech based on supercritical water (SCW), under development at Chemical Institute/UFG, allows the decentralized GH2 production from residual liquid biomass, agroindustrial effluents, and even urban residential sewage - low cost & high availability raw materials (related ref.: [JCP, 2021]). Currently, 50-65% of the gaseous product from the gasification of liquid waste by SCW tech (operating at 22 MPa / 374 °C) is H2, a fraction that can be separated & purified to values greater than 99% w/ the addition of membranes or adsorption systems.
As the SCW gasification reactor can be integrated w/ renewable primary sources, e.g., solar, OPEX and consequently LCOE is greatly reduced. SCW gasification of biomass has advantages over already established routes for H2 production, such as biogas reform: direct conversion of organic waste into H2 w/o the need for intermediate steps to remove contaminants and H2S, portability, and installation in small areas.
- From renewables - SPEG tech
In addition, Solena Plasma Enhanced Gasification (SPEG), a disruptive tech developed by SGH2 Energy, produces GH2 from any kind of waste, including paper, plastics, tires, and textiles. It uses a plasma-enhanced thermal catalytic conversion process optimized w/ oxygen-enriched gas (reaching 4000 °C) that disintegrates waste feedstock into its molecular compounds, w/o combustion ash or toxic fly ash. The HQ syngas produced, w/o byproducts produced by other gasification companies, goes through a PSA system resulting in H2 at "six nines" purity [SGH2, 2023]. Production costs are projected to be USD 2/kg,
From the other side of the system, fuel cells generate electricity thru the oxidation of H2 (oxygen is obtained from the air), powering electric cars/machines and producing water vapor as a byproduct. In this conversion, about 50% of energy is lost. Other downside of H2 fuel cells is the high cost of the (critical) materials (e.g., Platinum, Iridium, Palladium) used to produce the catalysts, raising the upfront cost of energy cells (and also of water electrolysis systems).
H2 can also be burned in furnaces to generate heat or in internal combustion engines (ICE) for mobility applications, producing energy, water vapor, and NOx (nitrogen oxides), therefore not being classified as a zero-emission process, but pollutant of atmospheric air.
For large-scale storage of renewable energy, hydrogen is the most suitable alternative. Nevertheless, H2 storage emerges as obstacle to establishing the infrastructure for hydrogen tech, having become one of the key research areas in the H2 topic.
Many questions, few answers
Figure 1 summarizes the hydrogen supply chain, highlighting H2 producing rainbow (disruptive green tech approaches SCW & SPEG are not shown), and end use. Within this figure, WoodMac reveals two of the most important questions related to the H2 paradigm, namely:
1. How competitive will each type (color) of H2 be?
2. What will future supply chains look like and what are the economics (*)?
(*) a composition between asset level economics & country level economics
Unfortunately, the answers are not straightforward. But we already have some (solid) bets, such as the one from Bloomberg, which states that the long-term goal for H2 to become a viable fuel is for it to cost USD 1-2/kg, far from the current cost of GH2, USD 3-5/kg [BNEF, 2022].
The only certainty is that there's no turning back: many countries have already deployed hydrogen strategies, roadmaps and/or preliminary guidelines, as can be seen in the rightmost column of this table. South America is preparing its strategy to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors by taking advantage of its locational attributes (details here). For content in Portuguese related to this topic, please click here.
Please wait… new content coming soon!
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<urn:uuid:fad088bd-bb2b-4f65-b56a-5c2eb0a181a4>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.cleantechhub.club/about-3-1
|
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en
| 0.901862 | 1,441 | 2.90625 | 3 |
An artist's depiction
|Theories|| · Cryptid|
The Bermuda Beast is a colossal beast said to live in the Bermuda Triangle, reportedly responsible for the disappearances of the planes and other vehicles that disappear over the Bermuda Trangle. The creature has never been seen and thus is purely hypothetical in nature.
It is supposedly four times the size of the Eiffel Tower (3,044 feet), and is the largest cryptid.
The rest of the creature's physical appearance is unknown, leading many to illustrate what they think the Bermuda Beast looks like.
There are several explanations as to what the creature could be. Theories include:
- An undiscovered species (a Cryptid)
- A hoax
- This cryptid is a man-made concept used in a theory to explain the famous Bermuda Triangle.
|Bermuda Beast · Ningen · Qupqugiaq · Rhinoceros Dolphin · Sky Jellyfish · Sky Serpents|
|Miscellaneous Alien Sightings|
|Miscellaneous UFO Sightings|
|Black Knight Satellite · Foo Fighters|
|Aging Doll · Angel Hair · Bloop · Bottomless Pits · Eerie Silence Phenomenon · Glitches in Reality · Ringing Stones · Skyquakes · Smoke Ring · Star Jelly|
|Black-eyed Children · Black Stickmen · Cloud Giant · Dopplegangers · Flying Humanoid · Shadow People · Time Travelers|
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<urn:uuid:f8fe9799-bc44-4eb7-a26e-c020a9fff6e3>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://obscurban-legend.wikia.com/wiki/Bermuda_Beast
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|
en
| 0.783615 | 299 | 2.75 | 3 |
1.1. European Energy Policies and Objectives
Buildings are responsible for around 40% of energy consumption and 36% of CO2
emissions in the EU, making them the single largest energy consumer in Europe [1
]. The renovation of existing buildings with the primary aim of reducing energy consumption has become a very contemporary topic in recent years. Considering that almost 50% of the EU’s final energy consumption is used for heating and cooling, of which 80% is used in buildings, the achievement of the EU’s energy goals is linked to the EU’s efforts to renovate its building stock by giving priority to energy efficiency, making use of the “energy efficiency first” principle [2
]. “The ‘energy efficiency first principle’ means taking utmost account of cost-efficient energy efficiency measures in shaping energy policy and making relevant investment decisions” [3
]. The Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings contains clear objectives related to long-term strategies for the renewal of the building stock in Europe. In addition, the European Green Deal provides guidelines on how to transform all sectors of the economy by ensuring the complete zero emission of greenhouse gases by 2050. One of the guidelines of the European Green Deal refers to the renewal of existing building stock in order to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption [4
]. The EU countries agreed to almost double their annual energy savings obligations in the coming years. Under the recast Directive, EU countries will be required to achieve an average annual energy savings rate of 1.49% from 2024 to 2030, up from the current requirement of 0.8%, driving energy savings in critical sectors such as buildings, industry, and transport [5
]. To pursue the ambition of energy gains and boost renovation in the EU, the EU Commission in 2020 published the strategy “A Renovation Wave for Europe—Greening our buildings, creating jobs, improving lives.” Across the EU, deep renovations that reduce energy consumption by at least 60% are carried out in only 0.2% of the building stock per year [6
1.2. Serbian Energy Policies and Objectives
Even though Serbia is not an EU member, the governments of the Western Balkans committed to the “Green Agenda for the Western Balkans” as a concrete plan to expand the European Green Deal to Southeast Europe. The Green Agenda for the Western Balkans is a regional development strategy aimed at addressing the challenges of climate change and green transition while assisting Western Balkan countries in aligning their environmental regulations with European standards and norms [7
]. The objectives of the Green Agenda in Serbia are as follows: enhancement of the strategic and legislative framework, co-financing the implementation of innovative pilot projects in practice, and mobilization of additional funding for expanding projects that contribute to Serbia’s green transformation. In this way, the project will contribute to the green transformation of the economy and society in Serbia [7
]. No official date is available on refurbishment actions and their results in Serbia [8
]. The Government of the Republic of Serbia defines strategies through a series of documents aimed at balancing three key factors of sustainable development: sustainable development of the economy, industry, and technology; sustainable development of society based on social equity; and environmental protection with rational use of natural resources [9
]. One of the most important aspects of this policy is the exploitation of buildings, as this sector has a high saving potential of primary energy consumption. Renovation of the existing building stock has a large untapped potential for energy savings and implementation of measures to increase energy efficiency [12
1.3. Research Question and Objectives of the Study
Energy retrofitting of existing buildings involves improving the thermal envelope of the building to enhance its energy performance. When it comes to renovating existing residential multi-family buildings, it is necessary to conduct multiple analyses of the building to identify all its deficiencies. In addition to assessing the thermal performance of the building envelope, it is important to analyze the spatial and organizational characteristics of the apartments and the functionality of the building’s communication systems. The research focuses on defining various approaches for the complex renovation of existing multi-family buildings, which include energy retrofitting and modernization of apartments, as well as improving the building’s communication systems.
One quarter of the multi-family residential buildings in Serbia were built in the period from 1946 to 1970 [13
]. The first regulations regarding thermal protection in Serbia emerged in the late 1960s [14
]. Consequently, it is characteristic of these buildings that they lack adequate thermal insulation according to today’s thermal regulations. The residential stock built before these regulations is relevant for research inquiries into energy improvements through thermal envelope retrofitting. These buildings have functional and spatial–organizational deficiencies due to their initial design aimed at providing small apartments for as many people as possible, resulting in inadequate spatial unit dimensions and rigid spatial organization [15
]. Moreover, these buildings have high energy consumption for heating [15
This research presents an analysis of the spatial–organizational, functional, and energy improvement of a multi-family residential building constructed in Serbia during the period of mass construction after World War II. The research analyzes the application of the methodology of complex and integrated refurbishment by adding volume to existing multi-family buildings to achieve high energy efficiency, modernize residential units, and improve vertical building communications. The research aims to review the advantages and limitations of applying volumetric addition strategies for housing comfort improvement in multi-family residential buildings built during the mass construction period.
1.4. The Concept of Comfort and the Conditions of Comfort
Comfort is the well-being of a person based on their subjective perception of several external parameters, and it is also related to the health of the occupants. As such, it is a basic requirement that the building needs to fulfill. Because of its subjectivity, this perception is influenced by not only physical conditions but also physiological (e.g., age, gender) and intermediary conditions (e.g., clothing). Comfort, therefore, is exceedingly difficult to quantify in exact values that satisfy everyone [16
]. A lot of research and practice has focused on studying the components of comfort and identifying the criteria for comfort [17
The Regulation on Energy Efficiency of Buildings RS 61/2011 defines the conditions that influence the achievement of residential comfort: The conditions of comfort are all those conditions in a building (thermal, air, visual, and acoustic) in which a person feels comfortable [19
Thermal comfort represents the psychological state that corresponds to a pleasant feeling of thermal conditions in a space where thermal balance of the body is achieved. The objective parameters of thermal comfort include air temperature, mean radiant temperature of surfaces, air movement velocity, and air humidity [19
Air comfort represents the conditions that ensure an adequate amount of clean air in a building, thereby providing air quality that is free from health risks for the occupants [19
Visual comfort represents the conditions that enable good visibility as well as accurate and quick perception with minimal strain on the eyes [19
Acoustic comfort represents the conditions in which the noise level in a room is such that it does not cause a sense of discomfort [19
According to Alfirević, in contrast to the previously mentioned terms of comfort, spatial comfort has not been clearly defined, even though it is one of the key terms when discussing human needs and functionality of space in architecture. Along with being widely used in practice and the fact that a clear scientific determination of this term is still lacking, its use is understood as the equivalent of the comfort of a certain space [20
]. Numerous authors have shared the opinion that spatial comfort results from the good quality of functional organization of space [20
]. In his research, Alfirević systemizes physical parameters that contribute to the achievement of the feeling of spatial comfort. The physical parameters are as follows [20
distance between space boundaries—the boundaries of space can be perceived (are perceptible) when they determine the domain up to which the view can extend or be anticipated, when they cannot be viewed, but their location can be assumed. If a boundary disturbs the view, in the sense that it is close to the view’s position, it creates the impression of blocking the space and “confining” the person in it;
space configuration—when the rooms are united in a single space following the principle of open space and when they can be connected flexibly as the need might be, when the rooms are positioned in a linear order following the principles of enfilades or are in cyclical order, as is the case in circular connection;
openness of space—towards the surroundings is the principle based on the idea of grouping and orientation of space towards the motifs in the surroundings. The concept results from the aspiration of the creator to use a high aesthetic level of viewpoints from the interior (in one or more directions) but also to achieve the perception of a larger spatial comfort through visual connection of the interior and the exterior;
shape of space—can be of importance in achieving spatial comfort if we consider the aspects of its regularity and interior organization (density of furniture in space) [20
1.5. Complex and Integrated Refurbishment
One of the most important advantages of renovating existing residential buildings is extending their lifespan and improving the building’s comfort.
For the refurbishment of buildings, it is important to apply the principle of adaptability. Strategies for designing adaptable existing buildings are flexibility, or enabling minor shifts in space planning; convertibility, or enabling changes in use within the building; and expandability, or adding space to a building. The criteria considered for assessing the potential for adaptation of existing buildings are as follows: external space (availability of construction sites and existing infrastructure), internal space (size of spaces and rooms, relationships between them, and communication routes in the layout), and spatial and structural characteristics [21
Apart from traditional methods of energy-retrofitting existing buildings, the question of comprehensive improvement is becoming increasingly relevant, which includes both energy and spatial–functional renovation and enhancement. The approach of renovating existing buildings by adding new structures has significant functional advantages that distinguish it as one of the more important methods for comprehensive building renewal. This primarily refers to the possibility of adding specific functional elements to the existing building that were previously lacking, such as elevators, emergency staircases, or terraces, which can enhance the spatial–functional quality of the building and improve the comfort of its occupants [22
The question of investing in the renovation of multi-family buildings is closely tied to ownership considerations. According to statistics, 98.3% of homes in Serbia are privately owned [23
]. The subject multi-family residential stock was built between 1946 and 1970 during the socialist period when the state financed the construction of buildings. In the early 1990s, mass privatization began, with the sale of socially owned apartments to previous tenants, which brought a series of severe consequences for the housing sector, one of the most significant being the rapid deterioration of the residential fund. The causes can be found in inadequate regulations, a lack of enforcement mechanisms, low levels of compliance with these regulations, weak government institutions, and a housing culture inherited from the socialist era [24
]. The social status of households and a strong, united, and resilient residential community play a crucial role in such extensive renovations. In this context, municipal policy support in the form of subsidies and grants is of essential importance [25
]. The key challenges in achieving sustainable housing renovation often revolve around conflicting sustainability goals and conflicting stakeholder interests. To tackle these challenges effectively, an innovative approach toward sustainable housing renovation is essential. This innovative approach includes the process of innovation (linear versus organic) and the typology of innovation (product versus process and business versus social) toward sustainable housing renovation are discussed [26
]. Apartment owners should be involved in sustainable renovation design for multi-family buildings. Some research suggests frameworks for the initial stages of socially sustainable renovation design, facilitating the occupants’ active and timely engagement by establishing suitable participation mechanisms in a structured manner [27
1.6. Sustainable Refurbishment
The motivation for renovating existing buildings is linked to the three pillars of sustainability: environmental, social, and economic aspects. The key environmental strategy is to reduce energy consumption from fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. The primary economic strategy is to decrease the cost of the energy used for heating. The key social strategy is to improve the users’ quality of life [21
The ecological aspect is primarily related to reducing the energy required for heating buildings and decreasing carbon dioxide emissions. Energy consumption is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions, so by improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings, the energy required for heating is reduced, which directly impacts the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
This study examines the potential for using prefabricated lightweight wooden assemblies in the complex and integrated refurbishment of the existing multi-family housing stock. Prefabrication provides a satisfying solution for numerous factors affecting modern construction practices, contributing to faster construction, reduced labor costs, improved safety, sustainability, and waste reduction. By using prefabrication, projects can achieve greater efficiency and address the challenges posed by traditional construction methods [29
This research focuses on the application of environmentally friendly materials and products for building renovation. This involves the use of natural materials (wood, stone mineral wool) and products based on natural materials (wood-based products, gypsum boards, stone façade panels, etc.), as well as materials that can be recycled without emitting toxic substances during the recycling process (aluminum).
It is crucial to emphasize that by utilizing existing buildings and extending their lifespan through renovation rather than demolition and new construction, significant natural resources can be conserved. This has both environmental and financial benefits. The demolition of old buildings and the construction of new ones require a substantial amount of energy to be embedded in the new building. In addition to these issues, substantial amounts of waste are generated from demolishing the old building and constructing the new one.
The economic aspect of sustainable renovation revolves around the interplay between cost reduction for heating and energy savings, along with the conservation of natural resources. Energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings lead to significant reductions in the energy needed for heating, thereby lowering heating costs.
Expanding the building’s usable area by adding volumes, forming extensions on free facades, or constructing additional floors on the roof can increase the heated floor area. Although such complex interventions demand substantial initial investments, economic analysis can demonstrate their profitability and viability. This is particularly true for constructing additional floors, which could house extra residential units that could be sold or rented out, effectively recovering the initial investment. Moreover, adding functional elements is an essential benefit that requires greater investment but raises the building’s value and accessibility. These elements enhance the building’s security and directly impact its commercial value.
Additionally, it contributes to social benefits by ensuring accessibility for people with disabilities, elderly individuals, and families with children. Improving the quality, appearance, security, and accessibility of a building positively affects the quality of life for its occupants. Increasing the usable floor area and spatial reorganization of residential units are of utmost importance for enhancing the users’ comfort and quality of life.
It becomes evident that the benefits arising from the energy improvement of an existing building cannot be strictly categorized under just one aspect of sustainability, as they can be observed on multiple levels that interconnect and complement each other.
2. Materials and Methods
The research methodology has several steps. The first step involves analyzing the types of existing multi-family housing built in the period of mass construction after World War II in Serbia based on a predefined classification [15
]. The existing multi-family residential building consisting of three units with separate entrances was selected for the research. This building was chosen because it aligns with the typical characteristics of the building type described in the “Atlas of multi-family buildings in Serbia” [15
] and based on which the energy performance class for this type of building was calculated in the “National typology of residential buildings in Serbia” [13
The second step involves the analysis of the spatial organization, function, and energy performance of a selected multi-family free-standing building with three units.
The third step presents three variants of building improvement. Case 1 involves improving the thermal insulation of the entire building envelope without any spatial, organizational, or functional changes to the building. Cases 2 and 3 present variants of complex and integrated refurbishment using volumetric additions, which include energy, spatial, organizational, and functional improvements of the building. Case 2 represents a variant of complex renovation, which includes relocating vertical communications outside the existing building to increase the usable residential area and enable the creation of dual-oriented apartments. This variant was chosen for analysis because, in this case, the thermal envelope area is reduced, while the usable heated area is increased. Case 3 represents a variant of complex renovation, which involves increasing the usable space of apartments without relocating the existing staircase. Apartments in this variant remain single-oriented, but their usable area is increased. These two variants were selected to conduct a comparative analysis of energy improvement possibilities and energy consumption savings for heating, as well as an analysis of the spatial–organizational characteristics of apartments in both improvement options. The energy performance of all variants is evaluated using Knaufterm software, which is the most used calculation tool for calculating energy performance and determining the energy performance class of a building in Serbia. The energy needed for space heating in all cases was calculated by applying the seasonal method according to EN ISO 13790 [30
] based on a one-zone model.
The fourth and last step includes a comparative analysis of the results of the energy simulations and a comparative analysis of the spatial comfort of the variants of building improvement. The advantages and limitations of applying the volumetric addition strategy to the existing building are determined. The research methodology is depicted in Figure 1
2.1. Multi-Family Housing Stock Built in the Period from 1946 to 1970 in Serbia
According to the results of a study conducted in 2012 within a more comprehensive research project aimed at forming the national methodology and respective typology of residential buildings in Serbia, based on previous research projects carried out with the methodology developed within the European Project TABULA (Typology Approach for Building Stock Energy Assessment), 25% of the total stock of residential multi-family buildings in Serbia was built in the period from 1946 to 1970 [14
]. This period is characterized by intensive housing construction, the dynamic growth of cities, the development of new settlements, and block construction [14
The classification of multi-family buildings according to architectural–urban planning parameters and building characteristics includes the following types:
A free-standing building on a separate plot does not border neighboring buildings on any side;
A free-standing building consisting of two or more identical units with separate entrances (lamellas), in an open city block;
A building in a row, within a series of different buildings in a closed city block, borders neighboring buildings on one or two sides;
A high-rise free-standing building with more than 10 floors on a separate plot does not border neighboring buildings on any side [14
According to the established typology of multi-family buildings, in the construction period from 1946 to 1970, the most represented type was free-standing buildings, with a share of 10.95%, followed by free-standing buildings formed of two or more identical units, with a share of 7.46% of the total stock of multi-family residential buildings (see Figure 2
]. The buildings built in this period have common characteristics: the architectural form of the buildings was compact and geometrically regular, the façade was simple, and the windows were small. The buildings were built in a traditional way, in a massive construction system, with brick as the dominant material. Similarities are also noticeable in the spatial organization: the kitchen includes a dining space, and there is no separate dining room. The central position of the entrance to the building, the position of the staircase, and the absence of an elevator are also consistent in these types of buildings and represent their common characteristics. Such similarities between the types, which do not exist in any other period, derive primarily from the post-war housing policy, which aimed to provide the minimum housing space in the shortest possible time for many people using known constructive systems and traditional building techniques [14
]. Rational solutions, common to all buildings, are the result of regulations for residential construction that aim to define the minimum dimensional and technical standards. As thermal insulation appeared only at the end of the 1960s, buildings from this period do not have an adequate solution for thermal conductivity [14
]. However, the simple cubic forms and simple materialization of the building envelope make them extremely suitable for energy renovation because significant improvements can be achieved with simple measures [14
2.2. Various Aspects of the Complex and Integrated Refurbishment of a Building Using the Strategy for Volumetric Addition
The sustainable renovation goal is to improve living conditions in existing multi-family residential buildings and achieve high energy efficiency standards. Various parameters affect the heating energy calculation: the materialization and quality of the building envelope, the ratio of the volume of a building to the area of the building envelope (shape factor), the total usable heated area, and the “exposure” of the building [19
]. In common practice, improvement measures are based on bettering the conductivity characteristics of building envelopes through the addition of insulation layers and window replacement, a process that can have several qualitative levels [31
]. The focus of this research is to investigate a more complex approach based on the application of volumetric additions to the volume of a building. This method, apart from changing the thermal characteristics of an envelope, changes the shape factor and increases its useful living space, enabling the redefinition of the existing apartments of minimal dimensions and outdated and rigid spatial organization [32
]. Based on previous results, it can be concluded that an increase in the number of floors reduces energy use for heating per square meter, because it increases the share of apartments situated in the central part of the building (as seen by the height of the building), which have better energy performance of dwellings on the ground and the last floor [33
]. According to previous research focusing on the impact factors of a building’s shape on final building energy use, correlations exist between the size and shape of the non-heated staircase area and the overall size and shape of the building in the context of total energy consumption for heating [34
The functional characteristics of the building, such as inadequate vertical communications, can also be improved by applying volumetric additions. A vertical volumetric addition on the roof of a building increases its useful living space (see Figure 3
), which can be commercialized presenting an economic base for overall intervention. An increase in the number of floors of a building is possible only if the preliminary load-bearing analysis shows that a building is suitable for such an intervention.
The strategy for adding volumetric extensions to facades and on the roof of an existing building in a complex and integrated renovation depends on the building type, structural strength of all described building types, and construction site size and accessibility. As free-standing buildings were built in an open city block, there is sufficient surrounding space that is necessary for this renovation approach. Regarding free-standing buildings consisting of two or more identical units, it is not possible to apply this strategy to dilatation spaces and walls between them. In such buildings, there is a possibility of volumetric addition to the side facades of its end units. As these buildings were also built in an open city block, there is free space around them. In the case of buildings in a row in a closed city block, two facades are free, but in general, as these buildings were built on the regulation line, extension on the street façade is not allowed. Interventions to increase the volume of such a building are possible on the courtyard façade, but due to the applied sustainable refurbishment approach, which implies the use of prefabricated lightweight panels, the possibility of interventions on this façade is not considered because it is inaccessible to cranes (see Figure 4
). High-rise, free-standing buildings with more than 10 floors were not taken into consideration because their percentage share in the total multi-family housing stock in Serbia is small.
This research analyzes the possibility of applying the strategy of volumetric additions to multi-family free-standing building consisting of three units.
2.3. The Selected Residential Multi-Family Free-Standing Building Consisting of Three Units
A multi-family residential building with three units was selected for the research. This building was constructed in 1964 in an open city block in Belgrade, Serbia. There are three identical buildings constructed simultaneously, interconnected by side walls (see Figure 5
). More buildings in the immediate and wider vicinity were constructed during the same period and belong to the same multi-family residential buildings.
The multi-family residential building has a cubic form with shallow recesses in the façade that house balconies (see Figure 6
). The building comprises a basement and five floors. The basement is used as a storage space, while all other levels are designated for residential purposes. According to the original technical documentation, the building has 24 cm thick transversal load-bearing hollow brick walls. The ceiling is a reinforced concrete structure 14 cm high. The 24 cm thick brick façade walls are plastered. The building features a traditional wooden pitched roof with a very low slope covered with sheet metal.
The selected building consists of three units, and each unit has its own staircase. There are two entrances to the building. One entrance provides access to two units, while the other entrance is reserved for one unit. The building does not have elevators. The side units of the building are symmetrical. Most of the apartments have access to a small loggia. All apartments have a one-sided orientation. The spatial organization is the same on all floors. According to the original documentation, most of the apartments on the upper floors had loggias (see Figure 7
The spatial organization of the side-positioned units consists of two larger apartments (Type A) with a usable area of 66.55 m2, and two smaller apartments (Type B) with a usable area of 33.9 m2, positioned around the staircase located in the central part, which lacks natural lighting. The apartments have an outdated and rigid spatial organization. There is no clear division between the day and night zones. The living room and kitchen are positioned in the central part of the apartment, while the bedrooms are located on the left and right sides of the living room.
The spatial organization of the centrally positioned unit consists of two smaller apartments (Type C) with a usable area of 21.65 m2
, and two larger apartments (Type D) with a usable area of 43.9 m2
, positioned around the staircase located in the central part, which lacks natural lighting (see Figure 7
The thermal envelope of the building consists of all elements that separate the heated from the unheated parts of the building, or different comfort zones within the building, where heating may be temporarily interrupted due to the non-use of certain spaces [19
]. The building’s heated area includes the apartments on all floors, while the stairwell and basement are not heated. The apartments are heated by a central district heating system with steel radiators. According to the Knaufterm software calculation of heat transfer coefficients for the entire thermal envelope and of its elements that are next to unheated spaces, they are significantly higher than in energy-efficient buildings (see Table 1
The thermal envelope segments of the selected building do not meet the criteria set in the Regulation on the Energy Efficiency of Buildings for maximum heat transfer coefficient values [19
]. Based on this significant observation, the building serves as an excellent example for a research study that will focus on the thermal envelope of the building to achieve better energy performance results.
It is noticeable that some residents have independently implemented certain energy improvements, but the study will consider the original state of the existing building without subsequent interventions. In the selected building, as well as in similar examples of multi-family residential buildings, each apartment is individually owned, and each owner decides and approaches the energy retrofitting of their segment of the thermal envelope. This often leads to partial and discontinuous application of thermal insulation on the façade walls, which directly affects the aesthetic appearance of the building and raises the issue of an inadequately resolved thermal envelope, a common occurrence in existing practice. In practice, it is challenging to reach a consensus among all apartment owners to address the issue of building reconstruction.
This building belongs to the G energy efficiency class, which is the lowest on the scale of energy efficiency classes for residential buildings (see Figure 8
). It can be concluded that it would be extremely desirable to carry out energy efficiency renovation to reduce the total energy for heating and, therefore, improve the energy efficiency class.
2.4. Case 1—Energy Efficiency Retrofit of the Building Envelope of the Existing Building without Volumetric Additions
Case 1 represents a variant of the energy efficiency retrofit of the existing building through interventions on the thermal envelope and on its elements that are next to unheated spaces without volumetric additions or expanding the useful space. In order to achieve the best possible energy performance of the building, it is necessary to perform energy retrofitting at every position of the thermal envelope, considering that none of the thermal envelope positions currently meet the allowed maximum heat transfer coefficient values for existing buildings according to the Rulebook on Energy Efficiency [19
] (see Table 2
Based on the mentioned interventions on all positions of the thermal envelope of the reference building, significant results have been achieved in reducing heat losses and energy required for heating. The same percentage of savings was obtained for primary energy as well as for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Based on the energy required for heating per square meter, the building falls into the C energy performance class (see Figure 9
). It can be concluded that through interventions aimed at energy improvement in all positions of the thermal envelope, outstanding results in energy savings for heating can be achieved. This energy improvement allowed the building to transition from a very low to a very high energy class, which was the goal of this improvement variant.
2.5. Approaches for Complex and Integrated Refurbishment in the Selected Residential Multi-Family Building
The research presents two approaches to complex refurbishment of the existing building using the strategy of volumetric addition. The first approach involves completely relocating the circulation areas of the building to create a gallery-type building. The existing building’s dimensions are reserved exclusively for residential purposes, with the goal of providing a dual orientation for the apartments. New staircases, elevators, and access communication galleries are planned as additional volumes on the longitudinal façade of the building. The second approach to the complex refurbishment involves enlarging the residential units by adding volume while retaining the existing staircase inside the building and adding an elevator to each unit of the building. In this case, the heated area of the apartments is increased, but the one-sided orientation of the apartments is maintained. Both conceptual solutions in these renovation variants include the addition of an extra floor (see Figure 10
). The goal of these approaches to the complex refurbishment of a building is to enhance spatial comfort and improve the building’s energy performance.
2.6. Case 2—Complex and Integrated Refurbishment of the Existing Building
Case 2 represents a variant of a complex and integral refurbishment of the existing building by proposing communication galleries with two staircases and two elevators as additional volumes on the longitudinal façade, which would increase the usable living space of residential units (see Figure 11
The architectural conceptual design includes the addition of an extra floor for residential purposes. The design incorporates balconies supported by independent columns and foundations on strip footings. The balconies serve different purposes: on one side, they function as communication spaces connecting the apartments to the newly formed staircases and elevators. On the other side of the building, the balconies serve as open relaxation areas, providing each apartment with access to a spacious balcony (see Figure 12
and Figure 13
The most significant interventions are planned in the spatial organization of the floors, where the existing staircases are removed and, in their place, intermediate structures are formed. The entire floor is now residential, and the project design includes the formation of eight residential units on each floor. The apartments have dual orientations. On one side of the façade, an entrance to the apartments is provided with the addition of a windbreak, serving as an intermediate space between the heated interior and the outdoor area and functioning as a thermal barrier (see Figure 13
Analyzing one unit of the building in its existing state, it currently consists of a centrally located staircase and four apartments: two larger ones with a useful area of 66.55 m2
and two smaller ones with a useful area of 33.9 m2
. The apartments have a one-sided orientation. In the conceptual design, the load-bearing transverse walls are retained to maintain the stability of the building, while the partition walls are removed, and reorganization is carried out to create three apartments with dual orientation. The spatial organization is based on dividing the apartments into a daytime zone (entrance, living room, kitchen, and dining area) and a nighttime zone (bedrooms and bathroom). The living room, kitchen, and dining area form one integrated zone without separating the walls between them. The bedrooms are oriented towards the facades for natural lighting. The newly designed apartments have larger areas than the existing ones. The largest apartment (Type A) has a heated useful area of 85.2 m2
and includes three bedrooms. The other two apartments have two bedrooms, each with a clear division between the day and night zones, and their useful areas are (Type B) 81.5 m2
and (Type C) 70.2 m2
(see Figure 14
By applying complex and integrated renovation, alongside spatial and functional improvements, the primary goal is to achieve the energy efficiency of the building. Therefore, the aim of this variant is the energy improvement in all positions of the thermal envelope and the use of highly rated, energy-efficient prefabricated lightweight assembly systems in the added parts of the existing building extension.
In Case 2, the thermal envelope of the building has fewer segments and covers a smaller area compared to the existing state and Case 1. This is because the internal staircase, which was unheated, has been eliminated in this variant, resulting in a fully compact heated zone, which directly impacts the energy performance of the building. Interventions have been made on all existing segments of the thermal envelope to achieve the allowed maximum heat transfer coefficient values for existing buildings, according to the Rulebook on Energy Efficiency [19
]. The new positions in the thermal envelope (façade walls of the added part and a flat roof) are designed as prefabricated lightweight assemblies with an exceptionally low heat transfer coefficient (see Table 3
With significant interventions that resulted in a more compact volume of the heated space, a reduction in the number of positions of the thermal envelope, a decrease in the surface area of the thermal envelope, and extensive enhancement of the thermal envelope, the building has transitioned from the lowest to an exceptionally high energy performance class (see Figure 15
). This achievement was the primary goal of this improvement variant, which serves as an example of a deep renovation of an existing building.
2.7. Case 3—Complex and Integrated Refurbishment of the Existing Building
Case 3 represents a variant of a complex and integral refurbishment of the existing building by proposing volumetric additions on longitudinal facades, which would increase the usable living space of residential units from a spatial and organizational aspect, and the addition of elevators from a functional point of view.
The staircase has been retained in the central part of every unit of the building, and a lift has been added next to each staircase. In this variant, the same number of apartments as in the existing state have been retained, but the spatial organization of the apartments has been modified. Due to the small dimensions of the apartments, a strategy of adding volume has been implemented to increase the usable area of the apartments. On the longitudinal facades, the useful area of the apartments has been expanded by adding extensions. The architectural conceptual design includes the addition of an extra floor for residential purposes (see Figure 16
and Figure 17
Analyzing one unit of the building, the central staircase and four apartments have been retained. A lift has been added next to the staircase. Instead of two larger apartments with a usable area of 66.55 m2
and two smaller apartments with a usable area of 33.9 m2
, the solution includes four apartments with similar sizes: 62.5 m2
and 63.7 m2
. The apartments have a one-sided orientation. In the conceptual design, the load-bearing transverse walls are retained to maintain the stability of the building, while the partition walls are removed and reorganization is carried out to create four more comfortable apartments than the previous ones. The spatial organization is based on dividing the apartments into a daytime zone (entrance, living room, kitchen, and dining area) and a nighttime zone (bedrooms and bathroom). The living room, kitchen, and dining area form one integrated zone without separating the walls between them. The bedrooms are oriented towards the facades for natural lighting. The newly designed apartments have larger areas than the existing ones (see Figure 18
The most important aspect of the complex and integrated refurbishment is increasing the energy efficiency of the existing building to improve its energy class and reduce energy losses for heating as much as possible. In Case 3, the thermal envelope of the building has more segments and covers a bigger area compared to the existing state and Case 1. This is because of volumetric additions to the longitudinal façade walls and to the roof. Interventions have been made in all existing segments of the thermal envelope to achieve the allowed maximum heat transfer coefficient values for existing buildings, according to the Rulebook on Energy Efficiency [19
]. The new positions in the thermal envelope (façade walls of the added part, flat roof, and internal walls facing unheated spaces) are designed as prefabricated lightweight assemblies with an exceptionally low heat transfer coefficient (see Table 4
Due to different types of wall structures, the position of the inner wall facing unheated space is divided into three segments in this analysis. The first two internal walls facing the unheated space are the existing internal walls of the building, which differ in the type of wall construction material and which, according to the energy calculation of the existing state, do not meet the maximum permitted heat transfer coefficient for this position. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out interventions in these positions by adding thermal insulation material. Based on the mentioned interventions in all positions of the thermal envelope and by adding new positions in the thermal envelope, significant results were achieved in terms of reducing heat losses and the energy required for heating (see Figure 19
Based on the analysis of three variants for improving the energy performance of the existing building, a comparative analysis of the energy performance of the current state of the building and the three improvement variants can be conducted (see Figure 20
The first improvement variant involves enhancing all components of the thermal envelope to achieve better energy performance for the building. The surface area and volume of the building remained the same as in the current state. With this improvement, excellent results were achieved, with an 81% reduction in specific annual heating energy consumption compared to the current state. Similar savings were obtained for primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
The second improvement variant represents a complex and integrated renovation where the surface area and the number of thermal envelope positions are reduced while the volume of heated space is increased. Due to the higher compactness of the heated space volume, better results were obtained compared to Case 1, despite almost doubling the surface area of the heated space. The specific annual heating energy consumption is reduced by 89% compared to the current state. A similar percentage of savings (84%) is achieved for primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The energy performance class of Case 2 is better than Case 1 due to the increased surface area of the heated space and greater energy savings for heating.
The third improvement variant also represents a complex and integrated renovation, but with the addition of volume on the longitudinal facades, while the unheated stairwell space remains in its original position. This results in a larger number of thermal envelope segments and the largest surface area of the thermal envelope. Similarly, the heated area in this case is larger than in the previous variants. The results of this improvement variant are similar to Case 2, with an 87% reduction in specific annual heating energy consumption compared to the current state. The same level of savings is achieved for primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions (80%). This variant achieves an energy performance class B, the same as in Case 2, which is an excellent result compared to the energy performance of the current state.
Based on the analysis of three variants for the improvement of the existing multi-family residential building, a comparative analysis of functional and spatial–organizational parameters can be conducted (see Figure 21
). The positioning of vertical communications (staircases and elevators) has influenced the number, orientation, and area of the apartments on the typical floor of the improvement variants of the existing building.
In the current state of the building and Case 1, there are four types of apartments with different areas (66.55 m2, 43.9 m2, 33.9 m2, 21.65 m2), and all apartments are single-oriented.
In Case 2, the apartments have significantly larger areas (85.2 m2, 81.5 m2, 70.2 m2, 78.47 m2) compared to the existing state, as they have a dual orientation. The drawback of this improvement variant is the lack of smaller apartments for families with fewer members or for singles.
In Case 3, the apartment areas were slightly increased compared to the existing state by adding volume to the longitudinal facades, resulting in extensions to the apartments. The drawback of this improvement variant is that the apartments have a single orientation.
Based on the analysis of the physical parameters of spatial comfort from the literature through the variants of improvement for the existing building, it can be concluded that Case 2 satisfies the physical parameters defined by Alfirević [20
] (see Figure 22
The parameter “distance between space boundaries” is fulfilled in Cases 2 and 3, because the kitchen and living room form a single zone without partition walls that would restrict the view. The view is not blocked, and distinct functions are combined in one space.
The parameter “space configuration” is fulfilled in Cases 2 and 3, because the kitchen and living room are united in a single space following the principle of open space and positioned in a linear order according to the principles of enfilades.
The parameter “openness of space” is fulfilled in Case 2 because the apartments have a dual orientation, which affects the visual connection between the interior and exterior to achieve greater spatial comfort.
The parameter “shape of space” is fulfilled in Cases 2 and 3 because a clear distinction in the spatial organization of the daytime and nighttime zones of the apartments has been achieved.
It can be concluded that the dual orientation of apartments, the clear separation of the living and sleeping areas, and the formation of a multi-functional open space without partition walls have a significant impact on the spatial comfort of living.
The research results show significant potential for energy savings in all three analyzed approaches to energy retrofitting. In all three improvement cases, high energy performance classes were achieved. However, Cases 2 and 3 reached a better energy performance class than Case 1, despite the increased useful heated surface area and heated volume of the building. The increased space also influenced the improvement of both the spatial–organizational and functional characteristics of the building in Cases 2 and 3.
By applying a complex and integrated refurbishment approach, multiple benefits can be achieved. Besides energy retrofitting by improving the energy performance of the building envelope, the spatial and functional enhancement of the building is also a focus of this renovation approach. The advantages of implementing the volumetric extension strategy in an existing building in this research can be observed through several aspects: the method of realization, the use of natural materials, and the results achieved in terms of living comfort. In this way, it becomes evident that the strategies arising from a comprehensive and integrated improvement in the existing building cannot be strictly classified into just one aspect of sustainability, but they can be observed at several interconnected levels. By conducting interventions on the entire building envelope, increasing the usable space of the building, improving its functionality, enhancing the energy performance of the building envelope, using materials and products of natural origin, and applying innovative construction techniques that involve environmentally friendlier materials and prefabrication, which are more time-efficient and environmentally cleaner than conventional construction techniques, exceptional results can be achieved.
The problems accompanying complex and integrated refurbishment would be the duration of the work and the accommodation of tenants in the meantime, the issue of ownership relations, and the housing community’s consent for such work to be done.
Further research should proceed in several directions. One research direction should focus on the analysis of the stability of existing multi-family residential buildings constructed between 1946 and 1970 and static assessments of the feasibility of adding volume to existing buildings. Another research direction should be centered on the economic justification of such extensive renovations. Research on the economic viability of complex renovations should include an analysis of initial investments, calculations of energy consumption savings for heating, long-term heating cost reduction, and an assessment of the building’s value before and after complex refurbishment. The third research direction should address the investigation of relationships and the roles of stakeholders in complex renovation of existing buildings. Issues related to ownership, building occupants, the unity and resilience of the residential community, municipal and city policies regarding subsidies and incentives for building renovations, and various renovation and development funds require extensive research and the definition of a framework and model for conducting such renovations.
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Learn All Year Long
Read for My Summer
Beat the summer heat with engaging activities from ReadWriteThink.org.
ReadWriteThink has a variety of resources for out-of-school use. Visit our Parent & Afterschool Resources section to learn more.
Comics and Graphic Novels
Whether children and teens are reading for pleasure or as part of their school experience, comic book adaptations provide a fun and meaningful way to process, respond to, and remember what they're reading. Instead of creating traditional book reports or writing summaries, get "graphic" by creating a comic book or cartoon adaptation of the major scenes from the books.
Children of all ages can learn about comic scripting techniques and how to adapt a traditional book to a comic book or cartoon. They can recall and share important knowledge about key literature without using the traditional book report, which allows some variety while still asking them to recall typical information about the books that they read.
This activity was modified from the ReadWriteThink lesson plans "The Comic Book Show and Tell" available online at http://www.readwritethink.org/lessons/lesson_view.asp?id=921 and "Book Report Alternative: Comic Strips and Cartoon Squares."
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Food Allergy Testing
Saliva or blood testing to determine food allergies that can be symptoms of digestion disorders, fatigue, and even pain. Consuming foods that you are intolerant to can block your weight loss efforts.
Sometimes referred to as “delayed allergies”, IgG food reactions require removal of the offending foods for several months to years. Individuals with neurological, gastrointestinal, and movement disorders often suffer from IgG-mediated food reactions. These people may continue to eat offending foods, unaware of their potential effects.
There are 93 foods tested in the IgG Food Allergy Test w/ Candida that will identify the offending food so they can be eliminated from the diet. This elimination of IgG positive foods can improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, autism, AD(H)D, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and epilepsy according to numerous clinical studies.
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The middle region of South Pacific that lies between Society Islands to the East and Tonga to the West is the exact location where Cook Islands is placed.
The Cook Islands is a self-governing group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. The flag of the Cook Islands features the Union Jack to the top left corner and has fifteen white stars to the right.
Name Cook Islands
Total Area 236 sq km
Population 10,777 (2012 est.
National Day 4 August 1965 (Constitution Day)
Currency New Zealand dollar (NZD), Cook Islands dollar
Official Languages English, Cook Islands Maori
Major Religion Protestant, Roman Catholic
There are a total of 15 islands under Cook Islands. The map of Cook Islands points the exact location of these islands. Also the forest areas, socio-culturally rich sites and historical areas are highlighted in the Cook Island map. Being categorized into two parts north and south, Cook Islands boasts of a sizable population. The local people of Cook Islands are known as Polynesians. Pukapukan, English and Maori are the three widely spoken languages of Cook Islands.
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| 0.887026 | 229 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The view that geographic factors such as climate, natural resources, disease burden or soil quality directly explain why some countries are poor still has many proponents. But these diehard geographic determinists notwithstanding, most people recognize that such geographic factors cannot explain world inequality today.
That being said, the dominant explanation about world inequality at the start of the early modern period (around 1500) is all about geography. This explanation, developed and popularized in Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs and Steel, links inter-continental inequality circa 1500 to the historical distribution of domesticable animal and crop species. Where there were a lot of these the Neolithic Revolution — the transition from hunting and gathering to herding and farming — happened earlier and was more productive. In these places population density took off, and this spurred both technological progress and the emergence of complex societies.
A fascinating argument. But it is not an explanation for modern world inequality.
Diamond argues that the Spanish were able to dominate the civilizations of the Americas because of their longer history of farming and consequent superior technology. But then once the Incas, for example, were exposed to all the technologies they had not been able to create themselves, such as modern writing, guns and the heavy plow, and imported European animals and crops, their income levels ought to have started to converge to those of the Spanish. Yet nothing of the sort happened. In the 19th and 20th centuries, a much larger gap in incomes between Spain and Peru emerged. Today the average Spaniard is more than six times richer than the average Peruvian.
Of course, this gap in incomes is closely connected to the uneven dissemination of modern industrial technologies. But this has little to do either with the potential for animal and plant domestication or with intrinsic agricultural productivity differences between Spain and Peru.
While Spain, albeit with a lag, adopted the technologies of steam power, railroads, electricity, mechanization, and factory production, Peru did not, or at best did so very slowly and imperfectly. Diamond’s thesis does not tell us why these crucial technologies are not diffusing and equalizing incomes across the world.
Moreover, whatever the drawbacks of the Inca Empire in the early 16th century, it was undoubtedly more prosperous and had developed a more complex society than anywhere in North America. North America became more prosperous subsequently because it enthusiastically adopted the technologies and advances of the Industrial Revolution while Peru, like the rest of South America, did not. This cannot be explained by pointing to differential geographic endowments of North and South America. In fact, according to the logic of Diamond’s theory, which links prosperity and the presence of complex societies to geographic factors, one would have to presume that geography favored South America — but as we’ll argue in the next blog post, there are good reasons to think that even early prosperity is not about geography, so one shouldn’t even presume this.
Could the uneven dissemination and adoption of technologies underpinning modern world inequality be related to the factors emphasized by Diamond? For example, Diamond suggests that the east–west orientation of Eurasia enabled crops, animals, and innovations to spread from the Fertile Crescent into Western Europe, while the north–south orientation of the Americas accounts for why writing systems, which were created in Mexico, did not spread to the Andes or North America.
Another fascinating argument. But again not much of an explanation for modern world inequality.
Consider Africa. Though the Sahara Desert did present a significant barrier to the movement of goods and ideas from the north to sub-Saharan Africa, this was not insurmountable. The Portuguese, and then other Europeans, sailed around the coast and eliminated differences in knowledge at a time when gaps in incomes were very small compared with what they are today. Since then, Africa has not caught up with Europe. On the contrary, there is now a much larger income gap between most African and European countries.
Another major problem for Diamond’s argument is that it has little to say about inequality within continents, which is an essential part of modern world inequality. For example, the orientation of the Eurasian landmass might explain how England managed to benefit from the innovations of the Middle East without having to reinvent them. But it doesn’t explain why the Industrial Revolution happened in England rather than in Eastern Europe or in the Ottoman Empire.
More critically, as Diamond himself also recognizes, China and India benefited greatly from very rich suites of animals and plants, and from the orientation of Eurasia. But most of the poor people of the world today are in those two countries.
In fact the best way to see the scope of Diamond’s thesis is in terms of his own explanatory variables — the distribution of domesticable plants and animals.
The next map shows the distribution of sus scrofa, the ancestor of the modern pig, and the Auroch, ancestor to the modern cow. Both species were widely distributed throughout Eurasia and even North Africa.
The second map below shows the distribution of some of the wild ancestors of modern domesticated crops, such as Oryza sativa, the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice, and the ancestors of modern wheat and barley. It shows that the wild ancestor of rice was distributed widely across south and southeast Asia, while the ancestors of barley and wheat were distributed along a long arc from the Levant, reaching through Iran and into Afghanistan and the cluster of “stans” (Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Krgyzistan).
Though all of these ancestral species are present in Eurasia, their wide distribution suggests that inequality within Eurasia cannot be explained by a theory based on the incidence of these species. In fact, this wide distribution also suggests that any theory that explains the transition to agriculture purely on the basis of geographic factors — as Diamond’s theory as well as the conventional wisdom on this topic do — is at best incomplete.
We’ll see in the next blog post that there are good reasons to think that this conventional wisdom may be more than incomplete. In fact, it may have the cart before the horse.
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| 0.960557 | 1,246 | 3.75 | 4 |
There is a dead man standing in the centre of Bradford. He stands perfectly still, his flowing overcoat blown back by the wind, clasping a pipe in his hand as his stone-cold eyes appraise the city that stretches out before him. Men and women hurry past him, occasionally turning to glance in his direction, but he does not move. His name is John Boynton Priestley and he was born in 1894 and died in 1984, 12 years before this statue was unveiled. JB Priestley was many things - a prolific novelist, essayist and playwright - and his most influential work was a book published exactly 75 years ago. It was called English Journey and it was subtitled "a rambling but truthful account of what one man saw and heard and felt and thought during a journey through England during the autumn of the year 1933". Priestley travelled across England, from Southampton to Birmingham, Leicester to Lancashire and from Bradford to Norfolk recording the England he saw.
In capturing and describing England and its people, usually ignored in literature of its kind, English Journey influenced the thinking and attitudes of an entire generation. It spawned the Mass-Observation and Documentary movements, provided the inspiration for George Orwell's The Road To Wigan Pier and helped formulate a public consensus that led to the formation of the welfare state. The book is a vividly drawn portrait of an England still reeling from the first world war and anticipating the second; it is also a country that has yet to absorb the effects of Commonwealth immigration or the full impact of globalisation on its culture. The England of 1933 may seem a world away but Priestley wrestles with a question that could hardly be more contemporary: what does it mean to be English? And that is why I am here in Bradford on an overcast Friday afternoon staring up at the statue of Priestley. I am here to see how this city has changed since Priestley's day and to explore what Englishness looks like today. I am on another English journey in another England.
A blue plaque on a three-storey house built from pale yellow Yorkshire sandstone. Martial hip-hop beats blare from the top-floor sash window as a woman in a pink shalwar kameez follows a man with a snowy beard down the sloping road. This is the house where JB Priestley was born, Saltburn Place, a mile from the city centre and in his day home to the lower middle class but not far from working-class housing, mills and factories. His father was a teacher and the young Jack attended Bradford grammar school but left at 16 to work as a clerk in a wool merchant's office, before joining the army in 1914. He never settled back in the city again. In English Journey Priestley is both warm and cool towards Bradford. "It is a city entirely without charm, though not altogether ugly," he notes but he also recalls that it was "at once one of the most provincial and yet one of the most cosmopolitan of English provincial cities".
Bradford had long been a cosmopolitan city with Flemish weavers, German wool merchants, Irish navvies and eastern European refugees. But the influx of immigrants from the subcontinent has been of a different magnitude and has had a greater consequence. According to the last census, 17% of the city's population is Asian, the vast proportion from Pakistan. Walking around the city, past the sari stores and Indian restaurants and jewellery shops I could see how Bradford has earned its nicknames of "Little Pakistan", "Bradistan" and so on. It is a huge change in a comparatively short time and it is why Bradford has been a city where the question of English identity has been most fiercely contested, and one which has regularly attracted writers searching for the heart of Englishness.
"The England admired throughout the world is the England that keeps open house," Priestley wrote. "History shows us that the countries that have opened their doors have gained." By the time Beryl Bainbridge retraced Priestley's journey for a BBC series and book 50 years later the city was home to Pakistani immigrants who had begun arriving since the early 60s. Bainbridge found that Priestley's optimistic vision of cosmopolitan Bradford had given way to discontent, as unemployment among the Asian population exceeded 50%, and an increasingly confident community agitating on issues such as single-sex schools. In 1986 Hanif Kureishi visited Bradford for an issue of Granta magazine devoted to travel writing. He had come "because Bradford seemed a microcosm of a larger British society that was struggling to find a sense of itself, even as it was undergoing radical change".
Elsie and Percy are sitting at a wooden table. She is 85 and he is 89 and they have spent the last three years at the Elderthorpe residential home. Percy has throat cancer so mostly communicates in gestures. The couple have spent their whole lives in Bradford, leaving school at 14 to work as weavers in the textile mills. During the war Percy joined the Black Watch and his wife helped build the bombs that defeated the Germans. "I remember dressing up in our Sunday best with rouge and a two-piece," she says, "and going promenading after dinner. We were dressed to kill, we were." She laughs.
"For my dad, being English was about being a patriot," says Charles, their son who is visiting from Australia, where he has lived for the past 40 years. "It meant empire and the monarchy and it was about being part of a big family and a strength in families that you don't find today." I ask Elsie how Bradford had changed. "You don't feel like it's our town like you used to," she says diffidently. "It has a different feel to it." Different how, I ask. "It's not Bradford like I knew it," she explains. "It has been taken over by Asians."
"You can't get English food any more," says Pat, who works at the home. "No meat and potato pie, no pie and peas and black pudding. Even the good old English pub has gone." Reduced to words on a page, such sentiments may make Elsie and Pat seem reactionary, possibly racist, but I am sure they are not. When I ask if it is possible to be Asian and English, both are certain that it is. "If you're born here you're English," says Pat. "What I don't understand is why the Asians who have been born here want to fly the Pakistan flag? They're English."
But what does it mean to be English and who gets to call themselves English? "Priestley argued in favour of a civic rather than ethnic idea of Englishness," Ken Smith tells me. He is former chairman of the JB Priestley Society and I meet him in a large room at the University of Bradford that stores the Priestley archive. "Priestley assumed that anyone who came here would buy into certain things - Shakespeare, Magna Carta, free speech and so on," Smith says. To be English was to live in England: it was about sharing a set of assumptions, batting for the same side. "He had not envisaged that there would be people who would look beyond these shores for their identity," says Smith, "and he would have had great difficulty grappling with the notion that some people's identity would be bound up in religion."
"This is the spot," says Husman Khan. "This is where I was with the rest of them." Khan is 41 with a neat beard and wearing a sensible beige jacket. I am standing with him outside Bradford magistrates court in the shadow of the town hall where, 20 years ago, Khan was among the young Bradford Muslims who gathered to burn copies of Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses. "I was well caught up in it," he says. "We were being told about the book in the mosques so I was in the mob chanting with the others - we used coathangers and broomsticks to make sure we didn't burn ourselves when we were doing it."
The controversy that engulfed the publication of The Satanic Verses was the start of a new chapter in the conversation about what it means to be English. That conversation is going on still, and Bradford has continued to be at its centre: it was here that young Muslims rioted in the summer of 2001 and when the BBC aired its White Season last year - which examined the impact on the English white working class of immigration - they located two of their programmes in the city. The prevailing mood of that series was one of loss, a sense that as the children of immigrants have become more confident so the indigenous peoples have lost their confidence in all the things that made them proud to be English.
I say goodbye to Khan and head north of the city centre to nearby Saltaire, an industrial model village built by the Victorian philanthropist Titus Salt to house his employees. Walking past the neat terraced streets, I reach the grounds of Saltaire Cricket Club. Formed in 1869 it is unique in encouraging racially mixed teams. Cricket in Bradford is a metaphor for the divided city: communities living apart, playing in separate leagues with all-white and all-Pakistani teams. Saltaire is different. "We actively hold out our hand to different communities," explains chairman Ed Duguid. "We recruit from an area that has the highest proportion of Asians in the whole of Britain but we also have white players on the team."
On the pitch the junior team is warming up for the match. Joe Hicks is 18 and keeps wicket. He went to sixth form at Bradford grammar, the same school as JB Priestley, and has been playing here for eight years. "There is a different atmosphere here than at other clubs," he tells me. "It's mixed so we don't have the drinking atmosphere that there is in white clubs, and also the banter is different." I ask him if playing in a racially mixed team has made him more tolerant. "I have white friends who will say things that are a bit stereotypical and ignorant because they don't know any Asians," he says. "Like if a student is at private school people will say his parents only got the money through drugs or something but because I know how hard Asian parents work for their children I can correct my mates." What does Englishness mean to you, I ask. There is a long pause. "I don't really know," he says. "I can't think of anything ... I'm not sure." Everyone, it seems, from the Muslims to the Scots to the Welsh to the Jews know who they are, except the English.
I leave Joe and his fellow team members and head back into the city centre. The metropolitan district of Bradford takes in surrounding farmland, dales and the moors. This countryside and the small towns that fringe Bradford are where the whites who have fled the city now live. It is a world of teashops and brass bands and morris dancing societies. There was some surprise this year when Bradford was declared by a St George's Day study as one of the three most English places in the country, but it was this "greater" Bradford, that the study was describing, not the actual city.
I return to the city itself and meet John Baxendale, who has written a book about JB Priestley's England. I want to know if it is true that things were more settled in Priestley's time and that our common sense of Englishness is unravelling. "We tend to romanticise the past and pretend everyone was united back then," he told me. "In fact when you look at the 30s, England was hugely divided - this was the time of the General Strike, England losing its Victorian self-confidence, the shadow of the Great War and the Depression and the threat from Hitler in Germany and Oswald Mosley in this country." Englishness always seems to be more simple in retrospect and deeply vulnerable in the present. That vulnerability, exploited in the past by Mosley's Blackshirts, helped the BNP win a seat in the European parliament for the constituency that includes Bradford. JB Priestley was living in Bradford before mass immigration from the subcontinent but his words on the threat from the far right are eerily prescient. He wrote: "Behind all the new movements of this age - nationalistic, fascistic, communistic - has been more than a suspicion of the mental attitude of a gang of small-town louts ready to throw a brick at the nearest stranger."
Gerry Sutcliffe is the local Labour MP and his constituency has two BNP councillors. "I think what you're seeing is that the white working class feel challenged by their environment and are looking to lash out," he tells me, "plus the BNP has changed their image and send young women out knocking doors rather than men." Sutcliffe tells me that in the past those who had voted BNP would not look him in the eye on the doorstep but now they will confidently say that they have done it.
My time in Bradford is drawing to an end. What I have found is a more complicated picture than I had expected. The city did feel divided and I can see why some whites could feel that much of Bradford more closely resembles Pakistan than England and are turning to extremist parties. And yet digging deeper I also found signs of hope in places like Saltaire Cricket Club. Things were rarely quite what they appeared. Ed, the chairman of the cricket club, was white but adamant he was not English since he had spent the first seven years of his life in Scotland. Meanwhile his friend Anil had been born in India but said that he felt utterly English. And then there was Husman Khan. He was the one who had been in the throng burning copies of The Satanic Verses, but not long after the book-burning Khan met a girl -a white girl from Halifax, whom he married and with whom he has four children. I met his 16-year-old daughter, Najda, her head covered in a headscarf that she had bought, she told me, "in a hippie clothing shop". She belongs to a generation whose identity is as much about the music on their digital devices as the heritage of their parents. What does Englishness mean to you, I ask. "It's about being prim and proper," suggests Najda. "You either laugh or cry and the English laugh at it all."
Khan himself views his fiery youth with regrets. "When I look back at how I was 20 years ago I was wrong," he told me. "I didn't know anything. I now realise I have a history in this country: I am English." And is it just because you were born here that you think you're English? "Well, I'm a member of the National Trust and we like going on holiday to Scarborough, if that means anything," he laughs. Khan now believes he has a stake in the inheritance Priestley wrote about. It seems quite a journey, from burning books to visiting Scarborough - how had Husman become English? The answer, I think, is that he has become middle class. "The true definition of a middle class is that it bridges extremes," Jim Greenhalf, author of a book on the history of Bradford, had told me. "I see the burgeoning of an Asian middle class and it is there that the aspirations, energy and enthusiasm for change and tolerance lies." There is, of course, a rich working-class English history, of brass bands and working men's clubs, but that history is more excluding and appears on the decline - not because of immigration, but due to the glittering temptations of the modern day. The middle class may not be the saviours of Englishness but, at the very least, they help strengthen it.
Englishness, I concluded as I prepared to leave Bradford, is not really about a thing - the countryside, the city, the pub or the cricket ground - and it is not about Shakespeare or the Brontë sisters. Being English is about behaving and feeling and responding in ways that are quintessentially English. During my curry with members of Saltaire Cricket Club one evening, we discussed what it meant to be English. But it was only when Anil began complaining that most Asians were too lazy to have proper gardens and that his Slovakian tenants were ruining his garden - "They start fires on my lawn!" - that we hit upon what being English means.
I began my journey standing by the statue of JB Priestley wondering what he would have made of his city and country. Coming to Bradford it is easy to be blinded by the changes and to believe that England today is an utterly different country than in Priestley's day. But Englishness is more resilient than we suspect, changing out of all recognition and yet remaining the same. As I walked to the train station I saw a young black girl with her arms around a white boy. Minutes later I saw an Asian girl, in a short summer skirt and body-hugging T-shirt, holding hands with her white boyfriend. There is a dead man standing in the centre of Bradford guarding the past as all around him the young are busy writing the future.
The way we were
JB Priestley - biography
1894 Born 13 September in Bradford.
1914-1919 Serves in the first world war; matriculates at Cambridge after.
1922 Settles in London and establishes himself as a critic and commentator.
1925-28 Publishes early critical writings, including The English Comic Characters and The English Novel
1929 Novel The Good Companions brings national success.
1932 Play Dangerous Corner is produced in London.
1934 An English Journey published.
1940 Presents Postscripts on radio.
1946-47 Play An Inspector Calls opens.
1958 Founder member CND.
1977 Awarded Order of Merit.
1984 Dies 14 August.
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In a previous physics course you should have encountered the interesting notion that the electromagnetic field carries energy and momentum. If you have ever been sunburned, you have experimental confirmation of this fact! We are now in a position to explore this idea quantitatively. In physics, the notions of energy and momentum are of interest mainly because they are conserved quantities. We can uncover the energy and momentum quantities associated with the electromagnetic field by searching for conservation laws. As before, such conservation laws will appear embodied in a continuity equation. Thus we begin by investigating a continuity equation for energy and momentum. As was mentioned earlier, there are systematic methods to search for continuity equations associated with a system of differential equations such as the Maxwell equations, but we will not get into that. Instead, we simply write down the continuity equation associated to energy-momentum conservation.
electromagnetic energy, maxwell equation, energy density, chapter 19
Torre, Charles G., "19 Electromagnetic Energy" (2012). Foundations of Wave Phenomena. Book 4.
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By now we all know sugar and soda are not ideal for a healthy smile, however there are some fruits and other foods that cause cavities as well.
According to an article written by Tim Utton on dailymail.com, "dental erosion in adults due to diet is usually a result of excessive consumption of fruits and fruit juices." Unlike sugar causing tooth decay, erosion of the enamel on teeth is not as widely known about.
What is enamel and why is it important? Enamel is a thin shell around the outside of your tooth and is considered the hardest tissue in the human body. It helps protect the teeth from hot and cold sensitivity as well as chemicals that can cause tooth pain. Although it is very tough, it can chip and wear off. If this happens, you cannot get it back. Crowns, fillings and desensitizer are methods to help protect the teeth if the enamel starts to wear off.
Losing your tooth enamel is a scary thought, considering you can't get it back and you'd have to spend money on treatment to make sure your teeth are back to full health. Here are some tips and tricks to keep in mind to ensure you have a healthy, white smile!
Drinking soda and high sugar juices are okay once in a while. After you're finished, brush your teeth or rinse with mouth wash to help remove the sugars from your teeth. If you don't, the sugars will stick to your teeth and start to cause decay and discoloration. Saliva is helpful to break up food particles but toothpaste and mouthwashes are more effective when it comes to removing the sugars.
The carbonation in soft drinks also causes wear to tooth enamel, so if you drink soda every day, try drinking it through a straw to help eliminate the amount that actually touches your teeth.
In addition to fruit juice containing acids, some fresh fruits contain high amounts of acid as well, such as pineapple, tomatoes, lemons and limes and oranges. The acid causes erosion, so don't suck on these types of fruits for long. Other foods that have high acidity include pizza sauce, pickles, honey and wine. Again, if you choose to consume these, just rinse after or brush your teeth to help lower the acidity level in your mouth.
High-carb foods such as crackers, breads, pastas and chips can also be considered harmful. According to deltadental.com, "Starches made from white flour are simple carbohydrates and can linger in your mouth and then break down into simple sugars. Bacteria feed on these sugars and produce acid, which causes tooth decay." You don't have to eliminate these foods completely from your diet, just eat them in moderation and be conscious of any food particles that may be sticking to your teeth and causing erosion.
Now I bet you're thinking what CAN I eat without worrying about side effects? You have a lot of options. Dairy foods such as milk, cheese and yogurt are excellent because they contain a lot of calcium to help strengthen teeth and they also can stick to your teeth and prevent acid from sticking to your teeth.
If you drink a lot of water, be careful with your options. Bottled water is actually acidic and can cause wear, but some towns and cities have fluoride in the water. It might be more beneficial to you to drink tap water than filtered water. Fluoride helps strengthen your teeth from the outside in.
Green tea and black tea is also a great choice to help remove bacteria from your teeth. Along with that, Spry gum and mints are also excellent. Spry products contain xylitol which helps balance the acid levels in your saliva, minimizing the effects of erosion.
MI Paste is also an easy option if you prefer more acidic foods and beverages. It's a toothpaste type paste that helps balance any acidity in your mouth. It's a small tube that can be easily stored in your pocket, purse or desk drawer. After drinking an energy drink, coffee or having some pineapple, rub a pea-sized amount of MI paste on your teeth and voila! your mouth is neutralized.
If you're interested in purchasing any Spry products or MI paste, swing by Glacier Dental and we can help you out!
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Wednesday, July 23, 2014
Heather Carpenter D.D.S.
Meet Dr. Heather Carpenter. She is Glacier Dental's newest associate. Currently she is working side-by-side with Dr. Steckbauer during her training period and starting August first, Dr. Carpenter will be working Tuesdays, some Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays.
Dr. Carpenter was born and raised in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. She recently moved back after completing dental school at Marquette University in Milwaukee. In her free time she enjoys gardening, cooking and baking, crafting and watching movies. She also enjoys bicycling with her husband.
Dr. Carpenter is really passionate about giving back to the community and helping patients feel comfortable and at ease at their visit to the dentist. She also really enjoys working with children, as she plans to start a family of her own soon.
We are thrilled to have Dr. Carpenter join the Glacier Dental Team. Visit us during our nights and weekend hours to meet our new Doctor!
Wednesday, July 16, 2014
Red, WHITE and Blue!
In celebration of Independence day, throughout the month of July, Glacier Dental is offering free whitening consults. In addition, we will be offering $50 off all in-house whitening. This special is good for new and current patients.
Summer is a great time to whiten your teeth. Not only are there weddings and other various family functions going on, senior pictures are right around the corner. Who doesn't want whiter teeth for pictures that will last a lifetime?
So now you're probably thinking, what whitening options are available to me? How long is this going to last? Am I a good candidate for this? All these questions can be answered at your free consult, but here's a little insight on the whitening Glacier Dental has to offer.
If you're looking for something simple and easy to take home, Treswhite would be perfect for you. This doesn't require any impressions or in-office work. You simply purchase Treswhite, take home your 10, pre-gelled trays, and wear 1 every day for 10 days for one hour. Although Treswhite are not part of Glacier Dental's whitening promotion, it is a great option for whitening your teeth fast.
Another great, in-house option, is Opalescence. According to opalescence.com, "Opalescence will give you a brighter, whiter smile in a way that fits your budget AND your lifestyle." After your consult, one of Dr. Steckbauer's assistants will take impressions of your teeth and make you custom trays. It typically takes about 1-2 days before your trays are ready to be picked up.
When you're ready to start using your trays, simply put a small amount of Opalescence gel in the trays and wear them for two hours, for two weeks. If you're interested in seeing before and after pictures, visit: http://goo.gl/BRbUlg.
The final option Glacier Dental has to offer is KöR. According the the KöR website, KöR is a great option for anyone ages 14-90 and offers nearly permanent results. The website also states, "KöR Whitening was ranked highest as the most effective, reliable way to whiten your teeth permanently, by a respected dental products journal."
To have KöR whitening done, again the assistants make you custom trays. You would use take-home gel for two weeks and you'd wear your trays over night. After the two weeks is done, you'd come back to the office and do the three hour whitening portion in-house. It's a comfortable and simple procedure and is safe for your gums and teeth. KöR is highly recommended if you want to your teeth to be whiter than ever! Check out the KöR website for some excellent reviews: http://goo.gl/SyjhRM.
After talking to Dr. Steckbauer regarding Opalescence and KöR, he said the results are excellent and will last quite a long time. He also mentioned if you do decide to use one of the in-house options, you wouldn't have to re-do the full cycle of whitening again. If you notice an returning yellow on your teeth, you just do touch-up whitening to get them back to bright white again.
We can't wait to see you in for your FREE consult at Glacier Dental. Please call our office at 920-235-3251 to schedule your consult reservation or email firstname.lastname@example.org.
Wednesday, July 9, 2014
You'll love Glacier Dental's staff. They are friendly, gentle and caring with each and every patient, any current patient will tell you how much they love their Dentist! Mention this blog post today and receive a $75 New Patient Cleaning, Exam and X-rays. We can't wait to help you and your friends with any dental needs you may have and give you the best dental experience you've ever had!
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We usually think of the word vitamin in conjunction with good
health. They’re nutrients you body needs to function properly. But
some vitamins are more beneficial than others and work harder in
promoting good health.
Your heart is one of the most important organs in your body. You
want it to stay strong – especially considering that heart disease
is the number one killer in the United States. There are vitamins
that can specifically promote heart health.
Vitamin B6 – Vitamin B6 is a vitamin that your body needs in order
to produce hemoglobin, which is what carries the oxygen throughout
the blood to reach your body’s organs efficiently. Vitamin B6 can
help maintain a normal range of blood sugar levels, too.
Foods that are rich in Vitamin B6 are chicken breasts, oatmeal,
pork loin, ready to eat cereals and roast beef. Some vegetable
choices are Avocados, soybeans, lima beans and Garbanzo beans.
Bananas are another choice for vitamin B6 consumption.
Vitamin B12 – Vitamin B12 is necessary for the synthesis of the red
blood cells and the maintenance of the nervous system. Low vitamin
B12 levels can result in anemia and neuropathy. Neuropathy is the
degeneration of the nerve fibers, which can cause various forms of
Vitamin B12 is necessary for proper blood flow and making sure each
organ (including the heart) receives what it needs. The heart can’t
pump blood efficiently without red blood cell production. Foods
rich in vitamin B12 are meat, dairy products and eggs. Lesser-known
items are soy products, seaweed and algae products.
Vitamin E – Vitamin E is a vitamin that protects your body’s cells
from free radicals, which is what contributes to certain types of
cancer. It’s also good for helping lower cholesterol so that blood
can flow freely to and from your heart.
Foods that are rich in vitamin E are almonds, sunflower nuts,
sunflower seeds, hazelnuts and peanut butter. Vegetables that are
high in vitamin E are spinach and broccoli. Fruit choices would be
kiwi and mango.
Recommended intake of vitamin E for both men and women is 15 mg. a
day. This is what’s needed for the development of a healthy heart.
Children should consume about 7mg. daily for 4 year olds and up and
6mg. for the toddlers that are 1-3 years old.
Eating a healthy diet and exercising can promote a healthier heart.
Sometimes, they aren’t quite enough to get your heart going.
Vitamins can help kick start it so that it can function longer and
you can live a longer healthier life.
14a Norland Square, London, London W11 4PX, UNITED KINGDOM
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Oral cancer screening is a painless and quick way to protect yourself from the potentially fatal effects of the disease. A dental professional performs a visual examination of the mouth, throat, and tongue to look for any signs of abnormal tissue or growth. Early detection of oral cancer is critical for successful treatment and recovery, and regular oral cancer screenings can help detect any potential problems before they become more serious.
If oral cancer is detected early, the benefits of screening include peace of mind and increased chances of successful treatment and recovery. Furthermore, oral cancer screenings can aid in detecting other oral health issues, like gum disease or tooth decay, which can be treated.
Oral cancer screening is an exam a dentist performs to detect signs of cancer or precancerous conditions in the mouth, throat, and tongue. The dentist in St. Armands will visually inspect the mouth and examine the tongue, gums, lips, cheeks, and throat for any abnormalities, such as red or white patches, lumps, or sores that do not heal, during the screening.
Some dental professionals also use specialized equipment to detect abnormal tissue, such as a special light or dye. Oral cancer screening is recommended for all adults, particularly those who smoke, drink excessively, have a family history of cancer, or have been exposed to the human papillomavirus (HPV). Oral cancer detection is critical for successful treatment and recovery, and regular screenings can help identify potential problems before they become more serious.
Some of the benefits of getting an oral cancer screening include the following:
Oral cancer screening aids in the early detection of cancer and precancerous conditions in the mouth, throat, and tongue. When oral cancer is detected earlier, it is easier to treat, and the chances of recovery are better. Oral cancer can go undetected and become more difficult to treat if regular screenings are not performed.
Survival rates are significantly higher when oral cancer is detected early. According to the American Cancer Society, localized oral cancer has a 5-year survival rate of around 91 percent, compared to only 37 percent for those with advanced-stage oral cancer. Oral cancer screening can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery, resulting in higher survival rates.
Other oral health issues, like gum disease, tooth decay, and other abnormalities in the mouth, throat, and tongue, can also be detected through oral cancer screening. Early detection of these problems can help prevent them from becoming more serious and necessitating more extensive treatment. Regular oral cancer screenings allow your dentist near you to examine the entire mouth and identify any other problems that may need to be addressed.
Oral cancer screening is a painless and simple procedure which can be performed as part of a routine dental examination. For any abnormalities, the dental professional at Tarpon Shores Dental will visually inspect the mouth and examine the tongue, gums, lips, cheeks, and throat. Some dental professionals may also use specialized equipment to detect abnormal tissue, such as a special light or dye.
The following groups are at a higher risk of developing oral cancer and should consider getting an oral cancer screening in St Armands.
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Ophthalmologists often hear from patients the question: "Myopia - a" plus "or" minus "?" And it's not about the merits or demerits of such a pathological phenomenon.Of course, nothing good, if a person diagnosed with myopia.Points "plus" or "minus" should buy in this case - that the interests of patients.
Myopia (nearsightedness medical name) - a rather frequent pathology refractive errors, which resulted in the formation of images of objects appear in front of the retina.People with this disease near the see well, but in the distance - it is bad.Deleted items they seem blurry, blurry, out of focus.Below the unit falls acuity.
When a person has increased the length of the eye, diagnosed axial myopia.If the cornea has a large refractive power, which is formed when a small focal length, develops refractive myopia.As a rule, these two types are combined and are present simultaneously.
Types of myopia, depending on how reduced visual acuity:
- weak - up to three diopters;
- average - up to six diopters;
- strong - more than six diopters.
Terms and causes of
Myopia can develop at any age, but often it is the first time found in children seven to twelve years.In adolescence myopia is usually enhanced.Stabilization of going between the ages of eighteen and forty.
Causes of myopia has not been studied until the end so far.However, subject to certain risk factors, which include:
- Heredity.In case if both parents are nearsighted, the probability of detection of myopia in a child under eighteen years of age increases to fifty percent.If both parents have normal vision, the risk of myopia in a child is only eight percent.Scientists believe that genetic factors in the synthesis of collagen (connective tissue protein), which is necessary for the structure of the sclera (of the eye), determine the number of defects.Lack of various trace elements necessary for the synthesis of the sclera, in the diet can contribute to the progression of myopia.
- eyestrain.Intensity and duration of the load, incorrect landing with reading and writing, poor lighting in the workplace, overreliance on computer and TV - all this provokes myopia.This is a plus or a minus, when a child reads a lot?From the standpoint of intellectual development, course, plus.But from the standpoint of health the answer is not so simple.As a rule, myopia develops just when starts schooling.
- incorrect correction.When the first problems soon be carried out vision correction.When overvoltage occurs myopia of the eye muscles, which in the absence of correction leads to the progression of the disease, and sometimes even to the development of the syndrome of "lazy eye" (amblyopia) and strabismus.Also increases the range of myopia is too "strong" contact lenses or glasses.
Such a condition is diagnosed when a year myopia increased by one diopter or more.Most pathology progresses rapidly in children of school age, because in the period of training they receive strong visual load.Also at the same time actively growing organism, in particular eye.Elongation in the anteroposterior direction of the eyeball, in some cases takes the pathological nature, which implies detachment and retinal tears, loss of power of the eye tissue, vitreous opacities.
People with myopia is not recommended to engage in work related to weight lifting or tilting the head down when flexed position housing, sports that require shaking body (wrestling, jumping, boxing and so on).Doing so may not only lead to retinal detachment, and even blindness.
pathology gradually progressing irreversibly alters the central parts of the eye membranes and significantly reduces visual acuity.If detected peripheral retinal degeneration leading to its peeling, laser coagulation of the eye is required.
To prevent the development of myopia, special attention should be paid to the lighting mode.Eye strain should only take place under good light.Use overhead lights and table lamps with a capacity of sixty - one hundred watts.Fluorescent by writing, reading can not be used.
also need to optimize the modes of physical and visual stress.Activities associated with eye strain should alternate with mobile, active recreation.When myopia with decreased visual acuity and three diopters of exercise, are generally not limited.In myopia moderate to severe prohibited jump and lift weights.In operation, implying eyestrain, recommended every twenty to thirty minutes to perform exercises for your eyes.Prevention of myopia should be performed in all children of school age.
There are several options for vision correction for myopia.The first thing you need to do - is using an ophthalmologist pick up points.For myopia is characterized by the deterioration of vision of objects that are far away, so you should apply the points with the sign "minus".Also, under the supervision of a specialist is necessary to carry out the training of muscles which overvoltage entail strengthening of myopia.Events include the instillation of drugs, laser stimulation, a special eye exercises, video-computer vision correction.
not less frequently than every six months, it is necessary to carry out ophthalmological diagnostics - measured using ultrasound longitudinal dimension of the eye.Get ready for continuous operation, because the correct nearsightedness easy.It is, among other things, to carry out restorative measures: do neck massage, swimming, take douche.However, any action should be coordinated with the ophthalmologist.
huge role in the treatment of myopia plays a balanced and proper nutrition.On what need vitamins for the eyes with myopia, discussed below.
Preparations for the recovery of
identify several integrated tools which have all the necessary eye for myopia vitamins.
- «Lutein complex" - a drug that serves as an additional source of nutrients and minerals to the organs of vision.When myopia it improves the functional state of the eye.Recommended students and adults who work at the computer for a long time.
- «Vitrum Vision" - means that ophthalmologists advise to use for the prevention of myopia, as well as those who work in dark rooms.
addition to medications, Sales also has some vitamins, help to restore vision.Perhaps the most important of them are the blueberry extract.Fruits and leaves of this plant produce sosudoprotektornoe and antioxidant effects, strengthens the vascular wall, thereby increasing their flexibility, reduce capillary fragility, prevent the development of cataracts, improve blood supply of the retina.Bilberry extract should be taken not only to people with myopia, but also those who suffer from other eye diseases.
indispensable tool in the treatment of myopia are the vitamins A, B2, B12, B6 and C. All you need to use them in the complex - so you will be able to stabilize and possibly even improve visual acuity.
glasses or lenses?
Now you already know that the issue that nearsightedness - a "plus" or "minus", it is a suitable sign of pathology at such glasses or contact lenses.And what of the means of correction is preferable to use?Perhaps no single answer.And one, and another option has its advantages and disadvantages.But first things first.
Today it is still the most common method of vision correction.However, eyeglasses are delivered to its owner a lot of inconvenience: they are constantly mist, fall, slide, dirty, and interfere in sports or any other activity.In addition, the absolute points do not provide vision correction.They considerably restrict the lateral view, violate spatial perception and stereoscopic effect, which is especially important for drivers.If you fall or crash shattered glasses can cause serious injury.And if you pick up their wrong, the warrant itself and eternal progression of myopia eye strain.And yet, despite all the shortcomings, glasses - the most simple, cheap and safe means of improving vision.
Sport and active people tend to prefer this option compensation.Indeed, before the glasses have lenses have a number of tangible benefits.They do not interfere with physical activities and can provide even the most mobile people a normal life.Still wearing the lenses is also fraught with disadvantages.Many people simply can not get used to the fact that in their eyes there is a foreign object, and someone or even experience an allergic reaction.Even the perception that users can always find the lens for red eyes.But it's not so bad.Those who use this method of vision correction at risk of infectious complications, including severe that threaten complete loss of the ability to see.Contraindicated wear lenses during any, even the lightest of colds.Among other things, makes it difficult and the process of installation / removal: it's quite unpleasant, but the worst of the worst possible time, the lens can come off.
Because of these shortcomings conservative way to improve vision, many people prefer to resort to such treatment options like surgery on the eye.Myopia and the truth can be removed surgically.How?Who will tell.
principle of this operation as early as 1951, the year proposed a surgeon from Japan, Sato.Later a detailed methodology finalized in the IRTC "Eye Microsurgery".Radial keratotomy is to change the shape of the cornea by breaching peripheral corneal "window" the finest diamond knife shallow incisions.The result is a lens having a different (pre-calculated) refractive power.The operation does not affect the central zone and, therefore, scarcely causes complications such as, for example, reduced corneal transparency or displacement of the optical center.In some cases, this method can be eliminated even post-traumatic or congenital astigmatism.And another plus - this correction is much cheaper than laser.The operation is effective in the case of myopia with decreased visual acuity from one to four or five diopters.Currently, both domestic and foreign experts recommend this method of surgical vision improvement as the most effective, reliable and secure.In 85 percent of radial keratotomy allows a visual acuity of 0.5 diopters or higher.
It is also safe and effective operation of the eye.Myopia - is not the only pathology that can be adjusted in such a way, but most often it is used to correct myopia.The mechanism is as follows: using a special tool, the microkeratome, in the protective layer of the cornea making a small valve and then the excimer laser vaporized homogeneous internal layers of the cornea to a depth necessary to give it the desired curvature.After that, the protective layer is returned to its place.The operation allows correction of myopia with reduction of visual acuity up to 15 diopters, and reduce the rehabilitation period for a few days.If myopia is very strong (greater than 15 diopters), LASIK is not recommended, because during surgery dangerous thinning of the cornea.With such a degree of short-sightedness can only help the implantation of an intraocular lens.
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You may want to write the decimal equivalent for each position as we did in the following example.
Add only the values indicated by a 1.
You should make sure that the decimal values for each position are properly aligned before adding.
For practice lets convert these binary numbers to decimal:
Octal to Decimal
Conversion of octal numbers to decimal is best done by the positional notation method. This process
is the one we used to convert binary numbers to decimal.
First, determine the decimal equivalent for each position by multiplying 8 by itself the number of
times indicated by the exponent. Set up a bar graph of the positions and values as shown below:
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All you wanted to know about Covid sars-2 in waste water
Based on literature studies and own research, Dutch water research institute KWR compiled a Q&A on the institute’s current knowledge on the presence of Coronavirus in waste water.
KWR indicates it wants to continue to build up more expertise on aspects such as residence times and the density of particles that remain active at certain temperatures.
The primary concern in the water sector, is the presence of the virus in drinking water. Now the virus has been around for a few months, the current scientific knowledge indicates that the virus quickly inactivates in water.
Still, its presence in drinking water remains a big concern for the water sector. In countries with a highly developed water supply system, it is difficult for viruses to pass the existing filtration steps, such as reverse osmosis.
However, in countries where the water treatment, if any, is not equipped to remove any viruses at all, the presence is unknown. In reaction, experts put the Corona health risks in perspective of other waterborne viruses and bacteria that are known to stay alive in water much longer and pose a much higher risk for diseases.
KWR has concentrated its own search on the presence of the virus in waste water. Studies of earlier SARS outbreaks in China, revealed that human feces can contain the SARS Cov-1 virus but it will not survive in water at temperatures below 20 degrees Celsius.
KWR conducted its own study on the new SARS Cov-2 virus and detected genetic material from the Coronavirus in the incoming wastewater of several Dutch treatment plants. The outcome of the KWR study went viral as media reported on the results worldwide.
Many media reported the one case where gen material was detected even before Corona cases had been reported by the city.
The fact that no gen material has been detected in the treated waste water (effluent), confirms expert opinion that the new virus cannot survive the harsh environment of a waste water treatment plant (WWTP).
Still, little is known about concentrations and about the activity of the detected gen materials.
KWR announced that it will keep the Q&A-webpage up to date with the latest insights. Experts, governments, companies and journalists are invited to pose their questions.
The special formed Covid-19 team hopes to learn from knowledgeable questions and add or improve answers.
Ready all 27 Corona questions related to waste water and their answers on KWR Covid19 Q & A webpage.
More information: KWR Covid-19
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The city gates of Jerusalem
Jerusalem had many different gates and a few are mentioned in the prophecy of Jeremiah. Mostly they are referred to during his work as a prophet where at times he was required to go to a particular gate and do something at God’s command.
Let’s look at the gates in the order in which they appear in Jeremiah.
- People’s Gate (Jeremiah 17:19): The text here in Jeremiah says something like “the gate of the sons of the people”. Many translations translate this as “the People’s Gate” or even “the Benjamin Gate” (see below). Apparently kings entered and left Jerusalem through this gate. It was here that Jeremiah was required to deliver a stern warning about keeping the Sabbath. To protect their lives, they were to make sure that they did not carry any burdens into Jerusalem on the Sabbath. Obedience would allow the city to be inhabited forever, while disobedience would cause the gates to be burned with fire.
Have you ever wondered exactly how God’s prophets delivered these sorts of messages? Can you imagine standing somewhere near the gate and shouting to all the people going past? Would you find a wall or a cart to stand on? Could you remember the words to say? Some of the audience would be locals, while some would be merchants from distant lands. What the prophets did for God in the Old Testament was much the same as the disciples did in preaching at Pentecost and afterwards. And the requirements aren’t that much different for us, are they? “Go therefore and make disciples of all nations.”
- Potsherd Gate (Jeremiah 19:2): Opens a way through the wall above the Valley of Ben Hinnom. When potters fire clay pots, some are broken in the process. The name of this gate probably came from having many potters working in the area. The industrial waste they produced had to be disposed of somewhere! Jeremiah was told to take some elders with him and then break a clay pot in front of them. Then, he was to announce that God would break the people and the city in the same way. This was a graphic demonstration of the plans of destruction that God had for Jerusalem. These plans were fulfilled about 35 years later. Possibly the same gate as the Dung Gate.
- Corner Gate (Jeremiah 31:38): Maybe opposite the Horse Gate at a place where the wall went west to surround an extended area of the city in the time of King Hezekiah. This passage was a prophecy of restoration for Jerusalem, describing a sacred area in the city when it was rebuilt.
- Horse Gate (Jeremiah 31:40): Probably leading out towards the Mount of Olives a little south of the temple. Mentioned in conjunction with the Corner Gate (see above), the Horse Gate formed part of the boundary of the sacred area rebuilt for God.
- Benjamin Gate (Jeremiah 37:13; 38:7): Possibly in the northern wall. This may also be another name for the Sheep Gate, but the location is not known. Jeremiah was arrested when trying to leave Jerusalem to visit a property he had inherited, probably in Anathoth. He was beaten and thrown in prison and stayed there many days. Very unfair, but quite typical of the way in which God’s people treated God’s prophets. Poor Jeremiah.
- Middle Gate or “the middle of the gate” (Jeremiah 39:3): May specify the name of a gate, or describe the position within a gate area where King Nebuchadnezzar’s officials met when they were finally able to make a breach in the walls of Jerusalem after a siege lasting 18 terrible months. If it was the name of a gate, it was possibly in the northern wall of the western extension of Jerusalem made in the time of Hezekiah (and may be the gate that was later called the Ephraim Gate).
Matthew 28:19
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Secretin is a pivotal hormone, discovered over a century ago, whose subtle impacts play a crucial role in maintaining our overall health, especially in regulating our digestive system. It’s a substance both fascinating and vital, serving multiple purposes within the human body.
Definition and Discovery
Secretin, discovered by Ernest Starling and William Bayliss in 1902, is classified as a peptide hormone. It’s an indispensable constituent of our physiological mechanisms, modulating several digestive processes and maintaining the homeostatic balance of our internal environment.
Structure of Secretin
Diving deeper into its essence, secretin is inherently a peptide hormone. It is composed of a sequence of amino acids, intricately arranged, making it pivotal for various biochemical processes.
On a genetic level, the secretin gene is responsible for encoding this hormone, and any variations or mutations in this gene can have profound effects on its functioning, potentially leading to several physiological disorders.
Role in Digestive System
In the elaborate orchestra of our digestive system, secretin is the conductor, ensuring each component plays its part harmoniously. It mainly focuses on the regulation of pH levels by managing the secretion of gastric acid, providing an optimal environment for digestive enzymes to function.
Regulation of Gastric Acid
Once food enters the duodenum, secretin swings into action, signaling the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juices, neutralizing the acidic chyme and creating a balanced pH environment. This fine-tuning is crucial as it prevents damage to the intestinal lining and aids in the optimal absorption of nutrients.
Interaction with Other Hormones
In the enthralling dance of hormones, secretin doesn’t act solo. It collaborates with other hormones like cholecystokinin to synchronize the secretion of digestive juices and enzymes, ensuring a smooth and balanced digestive process.
Clinical Significance of Secretin
Beyond its physiological roles, secretin also holds immense clinical significance, serving as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, particularly in gastrointestinal disorders. Its ability to stimulate the pancreas has led to its usage in tests determining pancreatic functionality.
In the medical realm, secretin’s properties are exploited to assess the pancreas’s condition. The secretin stimulation test is a common procedure where secretin is administered to evaluate the organ’s response, aiding in the diagnosis of various pancreatic disorders, like chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis.
Therapeutically, secretin has been under the microscope for its potential use in treating conditions like autism, although conclusive evidence is still under research. It’s believed that its modulatory effects on neurotransmitters can help in managing behavioral aspects in some neurodevelopmental disorders.
Research and Studies on Secretin
The world of science is incessantly exploring the multifaceted nature of secretin, delving into its potential applications and the myriad of ways it interacts with our bodies.
Considerable research has been invested in unraveling the potential links between secretin and autism. Although some studies suggest improvement in behavioral aspects, the scientific community still debates its efficacy, and further research is imperative to establish conclusive evidence.
Other Areas of Research
Secretin’s versatile nature has spurred investigations in multiple domains, exploring its role in regulating water balance, influencing psychological behaviors, and its potential implications in treating other diseases. These inquiries pave the way for future innovations in medical science.
Conclusion: Importance of Secretin
In conclusion, secretin is not merely a hormone; it is a versatile and crucial component of our physiological machinery, steering several essential processes and maintaining our internal equilibrium. Its importance is underscored by its multifunctional roles in digestion and potential therapeutic applications, making it a subject of intense and ongoing research.
- What is the primary function of secretin?
- The primary function is to regulate the pH levels in the duodenum by stimulating the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juices.
- Was secretin ever used as a treatment for autism?
- Yes, it has been explored as a potential treatment, but conclusive evidence regarding its efficacy is still pending.
- How is secretin used diagnostically?
- It is used in the secretin stimulation test to assess the condition of the pancreas and diagnose related disorders.
- Is secretin a peptide hormone?
- Yes, secretin is a peptide hormone, composed of a sequence of amino acids.
- Can mutations in the secretin gene lead to disorders?
- Yes, mutations or variations in the secretin gene can impact its functioning, potentially leading to physiological disorders.
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Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid
A fine needle aspiration of the thyroid gland is a procedure to remove thyroid cells for examination. The thyroid is located in the neck in front of the trachea (windpipe).
Thyroid nodule fine needle aspirate biopsy; Biopsy - thyroid - skinny-needle; Skinny-needle thyroid biopsy
How the Test is Performed
This test may be done in the health care provider's office or in a hospital. Numbing medicine (anesthesia) may or may not be used because the needle is very thin.
You will lie on your back with a pillow under your shoulders and your neck extended. The biopsy site is cleaned. A thin needle is inserted into the thyroid, and a sample of thyroid cells and fluid are removed. The needle is then taken out.
Pressure will be applied to the biopsy site to stop any bleeding. The site will be covered with a bandage.
How to Prepare for the Test
Tell your health care provider if you have drug allergies, bleeding problems, or are pregnant. You should also make sure your health care provider has a current list of all medications you take, including herbal remedies and over-the-counter drugs.
A few days to a week before surgery, you may be asked to stop taking drugs that make it harder for your blood to clot. Talk with your doctor before stopping any drugs. The drugs you may need to stop taking include:
- Clopidogrel (Plavix)
- Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
- Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn)
- Warfarin (Coumadin)
How the Test Will Feel
If numbing medicine is used, you may feel a sting as the needle is inserted and the medicine is injected.
As the needle passes into the thyroid, you may feel some pressure but it should not be painful.
You may have slight discomfort in your neck afterward. You may also have a small amount of bruising, which will go away over time.
Why the Test is Performed
This is a test to diagnose thyroid disease or thyroid cancer. It is often used to find out if thyroid lumps that are felt by the doctor or seen by ultrasound are noncancerous or cancerous.
The thyroid tissue looks normal and the cells do not appear to be cancer under a microscope.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Abnormal results may mean:
The main risk is bleeding into or around the thyroid gland. If bleeding is severe, there may be pressure on the windpipe (trachea). This problem is rare.
Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules. Endocr Pract. 2010;16(suppl 1):1-43.
Kim M, Ladenson P. Thyroid. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 233.
Reviewed By: Shehzad Topiwala, MD, Chief Consultant Endocrinologist, Premier Medical Associates, The Villages, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.
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Nobody has found an authentic contemporary portrait of Christopher Columbus. Over the years there have been many portraits that reconstruct his appearance from written descriptions. They depict him variously with long or short hair, heavy or thin, bearded or clean shaven, stern or at ease.
The Admiral was "of good stature and appearance, taller than the average and strongly limbed: the eyes lively and other parts of the face of good proportion, the hair very red, and the face somewhat ruddy and freckled ...." long visaged with cheeks somewhat high, but neither fat nor thin. He had an aquiline nose and his eyes were light in color; his complexion too was light, but kindling to a vivid red. In youth his hair was blond, but when he came to his thirtieth year it all turned white.- Description by his son, Ferdinand. Columbus's second son Ferdinand should certainly be regarded as a reliable source as he traveled constantly with his father between the ages of 12 and 18.
Another historian of the day, Bartolome de las Casas, the "Historian of the Indies," knew Columbus quite well after his return from the New World. His description agrees with the other accounts except for the inclusion of a beard. He writes that "His form was tall, above the medium: his face long and his countenance imposing: his nose aquiline: his eyes clear blue: his complexion light, tending toward a decided red, his beard and hair were red when he was young, but which cares then had early turned white."
By contemporary accounts, Columbus had a custom of dressing simply, in the manner of a Franciscan monk. Andres Bernaldez, one of the earliest biographers of the Admiral, wrote in his Reyes Catolicos that "... He came to Castile in the month of June, 1496, and because of his devotion he was dressed in robes of the colour of the ancient habits of the brothers of St. Francis, made almost like a habit, and wearing a cord of St. Francis."
71 alleged original portraits of Columbus or copies were exhibited at the Chicago Exposition of 1893. Most of them tallied in no way with the contemporary descriptions, and the jury who examined them could find no satisfactory evidence that any one was authentic.
It is indeed curious that if Columbus were a man so concerned about his own reputation, then he would not have sat for an artist to have his image captured forever. After the Admiral's first voyage, he spent some time at the royal palace in Barcelona. It is reasonable to assume that at the height of his fame someone would have asked him to sit for a portrait. But there has never been any account published of such an event taking place.
Upon Isabella's death in 1504, her collection of 460 paintings was sold to finance the construction of the royal chapel in Grenada. At that time, Columbus's reputation was quite low as he had never made good on all the promises of wealth to be found in the New World. It is possible that some artists might have simply painted over the surface of a Columbus portrait in the belief that no one would mind
Three early portraits are worthy of attention: the Jovian, the Piombo and the Lotto paintings show three different views of the Admiral that have shaped the world's subsequent picture of the seaman. However none appear to have been painted from real life.
The Jovian Portrait
Paulus Jovius (or Paolo Giovio in Italian) was a wealthy physician living in his villa on Lake Como. By 1521 he had a large collection of portraits of famous people. Curiously, a portrait of Columbus was not included in the first edition of his catalogue. Nevertheless, the second edition published by Petrus Perna in Basel in 1557 contained a Stimmer engraving of the Admiral.
Jovius probably hired an unknown artist to paint a likeness out of sheer imagination for his collection. The painting does not match the written descriptions of Columbus. It shows an older man with gray hair, a round face, downcast brown eyes, a protruding lower lip, and a dimple in his chin-a feature never discussed in any account of Columbus's appearance. He wears ecclesiastical dress.
When Thomas Jefferson was Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of France in 1784 he saw a copy and ordered a copy made for himself. It was sent back to his home in Monticello and now hangs in a room of the Massachusetts Historical Society of Boston. The Jovian portrait is probably the most widespread version of the Admiral. A copy of this portrait is in the Naval Museum in Spain
The Piombo Portrait
Sebastiano Luciano Born around 1485, he would have been 21 years old when Columbus died, but there was no indication he knew the Admiral. Moreover, Piombo took up painting later in his life having devoted his early years to music.
Piombo's biographer, Michael Hirst, asserts that the portrait matches his style and the technique he used in other 1520s era paintings. Hirst includes the painting (which is now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum in New York) in his biography, but with the simple caption, "Portrait of a Man." Hirst theorizes that it is probably a portrait of one of the clerics present at Bologna in the winter of 1529-30
The inscription along the top of the portrait identifies the sitter as Columbus was certainly included much later. There is also doubt about the signature. In those days it was an exceptional occurrence for an artist to sign a work (or to add a legend). It was probably added by the writer of the inscription to increase the value of the work.
The Lotto Portrait
The Duke of Palma and later the Cavaliere Rossi owned a painting of Columbus said to be by the artist Lorenzo Lotto and dated 1512. It was painted for Domenico Malipiero, a Venetian senator and historian.
Lorenzo Lotto, born around 1480, was an Italian painter. Once Columbus left Italy, he never returned, and there is no record that Lotto ever traveled to Spain. Bernard Berenson, Lotto's biographer, asserts that the artist was probably working from a description given to him by an artist for the Vatican who had seen the Admiral. In many ways, the portrait more closely matches the written descriptions of Columbus.
Bare-headed, his face is smooth, with his long gray hair parted in the middle. His face is thin, his nose long, and his eyes are lightly colored. His chin contains a slight dimple. He appears to be between the ages of 38 and 45. His fingernails are well manicured and he wears a plain, silver ring on the little finger of his right hand.
On the parapet of the window is the artist's signature and date: LAUREN. LOTUS 1512. The signature does not quite match others made by Lotto so (as with the Piombo) it was probably added by an unknown hand.
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The judicial system comprises a Constitutional Court, Supreme Court of Justice, Council of State, the Higher Judiciary Council, and superior and municipal courts. The Supreme Court in Bogotá is composed of 24 magistrates selected for lifetime terms by justices already in office. The Supreme Court reviews state and municipality laws, frames bills to be submitted to Congress, and proposes reforms. It acts as an advisory board to the government and can veto decrees. It has original jurisdiction in impeachment trials and constitutional interpretation and appellate jurisdiction in ordinary judicial matters. The court is divided into four chambers—civil cassation, criminal cassation, labor cassation, and constitutional procedure.
There is a superior court of three or more judges in each of the judicial districts and a number of municipal courts. A judge of minors in the capital of each department has jurisdiction throughout the department. There are also special labor courts. In criminal cases, the judge chooses a five-member jury; jury duty is obligatory. There is no capital punishment; the maximum penalty for crimes is 20 years in prison. Although the right of habeas corpus is guaranteed by the constitution, suspects in security cases have been detained incommunicado for 10 days or longer.
The 1991 constitution extensively revised the judicial system. It established an independent prosecution system and a national people's defender office to investigate human rights cases. Traditional courts on Indian reservations were validated. A Constitutional Court reviews the constitutionality of proposed legislation.
The judiciary is independent both in theory and in practice from the executive and legislative branches. In 1991, the government set up five regional jurisdictions to handle narcotics, terrorism, and police corruption cases in which anonymous judges and prosecutors handle the major trials of narcotics terrorists. The government implemented significant reforms to the system of regional jurisdiction in 1999.
The procedures in the new regional courts have raised concerns over defendants' rights. In 1993, the constitutional court invalidated provisions of the regional court law under which detainees could be held without right to bail.
Criminal defendants have a right to an attorney, although indigents have difficulties in obtaining effective counsel. In some cases, inability to post bail and backlogs in processing result in the accused serving the applicable sentence for the crime charged before the case goes to trial.
Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic:
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9 Subtle Signs of a Dangerous Eye Infection
Pain, redness, itching… find out how to tell if your eye infection is dangerous or just annoying.
If you have young children in daycare or school, then you are familiar with pink eye. This contagious eye infection is the most common type of eye infection, but at times it can be difficult to tell if it’s something more. While some infections like pink eye can resolve on their own, others can cause permanent damage and require immediate treatment. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, almost one million people seek treatment for an eye infection each year.
Common eye infections
Conjunctivitis (pink eye) refers to the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that lines the eyelid. Most cases are viral and resolve on their own. If the infection is bacterial, you will require antibiotic eye drops. If you are experiencing eye redness and discharge, here’s how to tell the difference between pink eye and allergies.
Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelid and can be caused by a bacterial infection. While it does not affect vision, it can be quite uncomfortable.
Iritis refers to inflammation of the iris or coloured part of your eye. It can be caused by the shingles virus.
Keratitis is an infection of the cornea, the clear covering over your pupil and iris. Infectious keratitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. While it is treatable, it can cause permanent vision impairment if left untreated.
Endophthalmitis is an infection inside of the eye that causes inflammation in the whites of your eyes. According to the American Society of Retina Specialists, infectious endophthalmitis is an emergency and may require immediate surgery.
How do eye infections form?
A common cause of eye infections is wearing contaminated contact lenses. If your contact lens or the case has bacteria on it, those harmful germs will spread to your eye as soon as you touch the lens to your eye. You could also develop an infection by overwearing your contact lenses, which causes inflammation that could cause bacteria to form.
You could also experience an eye infection after coming in contact with contaminated water. This could be water from a swimming pool, the shower, or washing your contact lens. Finally, you could develop a contagious eye infection like conjunctivitis by coming in contact with someone who has the infection.
What are the signs of an eye infection?
- Watery or dry eyes
- Eye discharge
- Redness and swelling
- Sensitivity to light
- Blurred or decreased vision (emergency)
- Cloudiness over the cornea (emergency)
Who is most susceptible?
People with compromised immune systems are at higher risk for any kind of infection including eye infections. If you currently smoke tobacco, research indicates that you are at higher risk for developing an eye infection.
If you wear contact lenses, you are more at risk of developing an infection. Contact lenses are just one of the reasons you could have bloodshot eyes. To lower your risk, never sleep in your lenses and wash them (and their case) regularly.
Individuals who have experienced certain types of eye injuries could also be more at risk of developing an infection. (This is what it could mean if you have a red spot on your eye.)
How are they treated?
Your treatment will depend on what type of eye infection you have. If you have pink eye, don’t rush to treatment as it could be unnecessary.
If you require a topical antibiotic, the medication will be applied directly to your eye in the form of drops or ointment. Sometimes an oral antibiotic is needed. Your doctor may also prescribe steroid eye drops to help calm down the inflammation.
Regardless of what type of infection you’re healing from, your doctor will most likely recommend that you take a break from your contact lenses—hard lenses should be sanitized and soft ones should be replaced.
Your optometrist wishes you knew these eye care tips.
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A few weeks ago the Congressional Budget Office, which is responsible for the accounting and reporting associated with federal legislation and regulations, estimated that the Affordable Care Act would raise national budget deficits by $1 trillion and lead to the destruction of some 2.5 million jobs.
But the new health insurance mandates and the pressure they will put on America’s businesses aren’t the only challenges facing an already dwindling labor force.
Earlier this month President Obama raised the minimum wage for federal workersthrough an Executive Orders that will take effect on January 1, 2015. He promised to push through a similar mandate for the private sector. However, just because minimum wage workers in America will see a roughly $3 increase in their hourly pay doesn’t necessarily mean that they’ll be better off than today.
According to the CBO, the wage hike is going to do exactly the opposite of its intended purpose. Not only can we expect businesses to almost immediately raise prices on the goods and services they offer in order to offset the wage hikes, but it will end up costing the American economy even more jobs in the long run.
Once fully implemented in the second half of 2016, the $10.10 option would reduce total employment by about 500,000 workers, or 0.3 percent, CBO projects. As with any such estimates, however, the actual losses could be smaller or larger; in CBO’s assessment, there is about a two-thirds chance that the effect would be in the range between a very slight reduction in employment and a reduction in employment of 1.0 million workers.
Congressional Budget Office: The Effect of a Minimum Wage Increase (PDF)
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I chose this classic fable because the themes and characters repeat throughout literature. My kids need to know the classics and how those plot lines and ideas are part of literature's rich history.
Many of my kids knew this story, but before we start comparing versions of the fable, they need to review to start us all at the same learning point. This version is nice and clear, although the reading level is high so I read it aloud to the kids. My goal here is inferring - I want the kids to make conclusions (inferences), based on text and schema and support their inferences with text and illustrations.
This is the first in the series of inference lessons where I compare this fable. The other 2 lessons include Ouch There's a Pea Under My Saddle and Ouch What is That Pea Thinking? These lessons all address how to infer with scaffolding skills of using an inference starter and lead toward more independence with each lesson. We are looking at these three versions of this fable from different cultural standpoints. Our goal is to use inferencing and also compare and contrast these versions, looking at author's and cultural viewpoint. I want the students to see how different countries and authors in different time periods looked at this classic theme and presented the characters in different ways. (RL.2.9)
Underlined words below are lesson vocabulary words that are emphasized and written on sentence strips for my Reading & Writing word wall. I pull off the words off the wall for each lesson, helping students understand this key 'reading and writing' vocabulary can be generalized across texts and topics. The focus on acquiring and using these words is part of a shift in the Common Core Standards towards building students’ academic vocabulary. My words are color coded ‘pink’ for literature/’blue’ for reading strategies/’orange’ for informational text/'yellow' for writing/’green’ for all other words)
Common starting point
Take a few moments to review or discuss inferencing. My students had one lesson about this topic, but this is the beginning of a unit that will go in depth about the reading strategy. It's important that kids understand the developing inferences requires schema and evidence from the text. (RL.2.1) In this lesson, we'll go beyond the inference in the parts of the story to identify a theme as well. (RL.2.2)
Give the purpose of the lesson-use the powerpoint slides
Introduce strategy - teacher models
Practice strategy - guided practice
Discuss the theme
Describe the task
Students make the project
Scaffolding and Special Education: This lesson could be scaffolded up or down, depending on student ability.
Students with language challenges may find this a difficult task because we are going beyond the text. Of all the reading strategies, I find this the hardest for my kids. They are asked to 'read between the lines' and then verbalize their inferences. They offer predictions or stay very literal (She will get married), but need support with a true inference. They worked with partners and I provided spelling help by writing the words on the board.
Those with more academic ability should be able to really demonstrate some good language with inference. They will hopefully make some good statements and provide clear evidence in their statements with some higher level vocabulary. I would 'raise the bar' with them and share your expectations. "I'll be walking around listening to ideas about your inferences. Make sure there is evidence in your inferences." One of my students offered, "She is a real princess because the illustration showed he hurt her back."
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In a previous article published on our blog we talked about sewage sludge , explaining that it is the residues deriving from the cleaning of wastewater.
In the same article, we illustrated the methods of treating and reusing sewage sludge, particularly in the agricultural sector.
A recovery and reuse system is also envisaged for waste water , obviously after adequate purification treatment.
Before delving into wastewater recovery and reuse techniques, it is advisable to understand what is referred to when using this term.
WHAT IS WASTEWATER
According to what is reported in article 74 of Legislative Decree 152 of 03/04/2006, waste water is divided into 3 categories:
- domestic wastewater: wastewater from residential settlements and services deriving mainly from human metabolism and domestic activities;
- industrial waste water: any type of waste water discharged from buildings or plants where commercial or industrial activities take place;
- urban wastewater: domestic wastewater or the mixture of domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater or rainwater, conveyed into sewer networks.
These waters can be collected in different ways , also indicated by current legislation:
- sewers : sewer systems serving agglomerations, that is the area where the population lives and produces;
- surface waters : these are those present on the earth’s surface, such as road ditches, cables and canals, streams, artificial water bodies, rivers, lakes and the sea;
- the soil and the surface layers of the subsoil : in this case we refer to the uncultivated, agricultural or urban land surface;
- groundwater and subsoil : these are groundwater strata.
In short, the waters that we use for our human, domestic or industrial activities and the meteoric run-offs (rains that have not been absorbed or evaporated, so to speak), flow somewhere, until they reach the sea.
Containing contaminating substances, sometimes toxic and harmful, the wastewater must be purified in order to avoid pollution of the aquifers and our natural basins.
WHY WASTEWATER TREATMENT IS ESSENTIAL
With wastewater treatment refers to the process of removal of contaminants from water wastewater of urban or industrial origin, contaminated by organic and / or inorganic pollutants.
Wastewater cannot be reintroduced into the environment without a purification process , as the soil, sea, rivers and lakes are unable to receive a quantity of pollutants greater than its self-purification capacity.
The purification cycle removes pollutants from waste water, generating the so-called purification sludge , which in turn will have to undergo a series of treatments to be reused or disposed of correctly.
HOW WASTE WATER TREATMENT TAKES PLACE
The waste water treatment is carried out inside dedicated purification plants , inside which there are various equipment.
A purification plant usually has two processing lines: one dedicated to waste water and another to sludge.
As regards the purification of waste water , with which the raw sewage coming from the sewers is treated, it proceeds in three phases :
- pre-treatment: this is a process that allows the removal of part of the sedimentable organic substances (solid substances heavier than water) contained in the sewage and includes screening, sandblasting, degreasing and primary sedimentation;
- Oxidative Biological Treatment: The process of removing settleable and non-settleable organic matter in waste water. This includes aeration and secondary sedimentation;
- further treatments are all those treatments carried out upstream that allow obtaining a further refinement of the degree of purification.
Wanting to summarize and simplify the wastewater purification process, we could say that first a coarse removal of solid residues (plastic bags, waste, stones, and so on) is carried out, to then proceed gradually to an increasingly greater purification, passing from mechanical methods to more sophisticated chemical and biological technologies, aimed at removing substances that dissolve in water.
HOW TO REUSE PURIFIED WASTEWATER
The wastewater that has gone through the purification process represents a resource not to be wasted, especially if we consider that the availability of freshwater for human use decreases significantly over the years.
According to the Ministerial Decree of 2 May 2006, here is what is meant by the reuse of wastewater:
“Use of recovered waste water of certain quality for specific intended use, by means of a distribution network, in partial or total replacement of surface or underground water.”
Reuse of wastewater is only allowed for the following purposes:
- irrigation: irrigation of crops intended both for the production of food for human and animal consumption and for non-food purposes, as well as for the irrigation of green areas or for recreational or sporting activities;
- civil use: street washing in urban centers, supply of heating or cooling systems, supply of dual supply networks, separate from those of drinking water, with the exclusion of the direct use of this water in buildings for civil use, with the exception of drainage systems in toilets;
- industrial use: as fire-fighting, process, washing water, and for the thermal cycles of industrial processes, with the exclusion of uses that involve contact between the recovered wastewater and food or pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
Purified wastewater cannot be used, under any circumstances, like drinking water and cannot come into contact with raw edible products.
Finally, more and more systems are spreading that allow, buildings, to recover and filter rainwater and gray water (i.e. coming from bathroom and kitchen water appliances) to use in bathroom drains, irrigate green areas, and other uses where drinking water is not needed.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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Have you ever wondered what makes some people happy and happy? One nthing is sure who has the mental habits that they are always cheerful, tao mat troi and sometimes, they do not realize it.
Discover secrets of happy people and help myself become one of them:
Onen of the habits of happy people is that they appreciate and are grateful nfor what we have. You should appreciate what you have instead of feelingn sadness and regret for the things you lack. If you can read this narticle, and you have a computer, or a laptop, or a smartphone, it meansn you have a lot more luck.
8 Habits of happiness 1
2. No comparison
Then happiest people do not take the time to compare yourself with others. nLife is not happy in your job or suffer more than others how. It's not nabout what your neighbors, ban tao spirulina friends or her slimmer you like. What you need is to think of your have improved your own life how over time.
Thinkn of a few "happy people" that we're talking about here. Think about whatn they do. They have paid off others, help the community, serving in nchurch, volunteer at school? Helping others will make us really feel nhappy and happy.
Too many of us skeptics. We make nlife more tired. We are always "waiting" the worst in every situation nand from people. Not easy to see things in a positive way if you nfrequently frustrated things, but do not let that make your heart cold. nThere are always good things in this world. You need to keep your mind nand heart open to receive the good things and make it positive. You can nnot themselves always happy to look at the negative side of life around.
5. The close relationship
Happy people understand the bot tao spirulina importance of friendship in real life and social interaction. Although nsocial media is a great tool and helps you communicate effectively with nyour friends and watching them, but you should not see it as the only nmeans of communication with other people their own. You need to exit then virtual world, immersed in other people, and strengthen their nrelationships.
It is extremely important that nyou must learn how to forgive. These negative emotions and ndissatisfaction with others only "effect" ... corrosion is only your nhappiness. Learn to let go of them, you are doing a good thing for his nown heart. Do it for yourself, not because he had "bad play" you.
7. Enjoy every moment
Life is always filled with little joy. Every day, there's always earthrise spirulina something fun and memorable happened in your life. The important thing nis that you have to live slow and pay attention to those things. If you nare always busy and hurried that not a moment to pay attention to what nis happening around you, or if you are "glued" to the television, ncomputer, or phone, then make sure that you 're missing a lot of great nthings.
8. Always set goals
Happy people always have goals to nreach. Set goals, challenges, and is committed to helping you have the nmotivation to work and strive. Try to work to achieve those goals gives nyou a sense of pride, and when you complete the objectives earthrise spirulina natural set out will feel enormously great.
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.lansingcitypulse.com/lansing/blog-312-8-habits-of-happiness.html
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en
| 0.955657 | 712 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The human eye is amazingly adept at tracking moving objects. The process is so natural to humans that it happens without any conscious effort. While this remarkable ability depends in part on the human brain's immense processing power, the fast response of the extraocular muscles and the eyeball's light weight are also vital. Even a small point and shoot camera mounted on a servo is typically too heavy and slow to move with the agility of the human eye. How, then, can we give a computer the ability to track movement quickly and responsively?
The above video clip shows a short demonstration. We built a simple camera tracking system using the FPV camera. The video demonstrates how the tracking camera snaps to a person moving in front of it. We show both the view captured by the tracking camera (the smaller video), and the view from a different camera that shows the movement of the tracking camera (the larger video).
How to build it
Parts List (links to parts included)
- Pan-Tilt Camera
- Video Cable
- Portable 12V Power Supply
- Video Transmitter (optional)
- Video Receiver (optional)
- Antenna (optional)
- RF Link Transmitter (optional)
- RF Link Receiver (optional)
- USB Frame Grabber
- Arduino Diecimila
- Voltage Regulator
- Heat Sink (optional)
- Capacitors (0.1 μF)
Note: the software (downloadable below) requires a PC with CUDA-capable graphics hardware (GPU).
We used a 420-line pan-tilt camera manufactured by Fat Shark. The camera is mounted on two servo motors, which allow for about 170° of rotation on the yaw axis and 90° of rotation on the pitch axis. The camera produces composite video in PAL format. An NTSC version of the camera is available as well, but it was out of stock when we ordered our parts.
Because the video transmitter requires the 12 volts, we power the camera with a 12V rechargeable Lithium battery. We use a voltage regulator to provide 5 volts for the camera and the servos. We added capacitors before and after the regulator to eliminate any voltage fluctuations. Both the video and servo cables from the camera connect to headers on the voltage regulator circuit, which provide the regulated 5V power supply. The servo control signals and the video output are passed through to a second set of headers, which connect to the frame grabber and the Arduino, respectively. The video output header additionally provides a 12V power supply for the video transmitter.
A picture and the schematic of the voltage regulator circuit.
Digitizing the Video
We used a USB frame-grabber manufactured by StarTech to read the video into the host PC. The frame grabber supports both NTSC and PAL composite video, so the NTSC camera could be used without any hardware changes. We used a video cable sold by Digital Products Company to connect the frame grabber to the video output header on the voltage regulator circuit. The cable also has a power jack, which provides 12 volts to the video transmitter.
The camera is connected to the frame grabber (L), and the Arduino is connected to the servos (R).
The frame-grabber provides 640 x 480 interlaced video at 25 FPS. For efficiency, we downsample the video to half resolution for tracking. Our downsampling filter discards the even lines to eliminate errors due to combing artifacts. We display the video at full resolution, after eliminating combing artifacts with a standard deinterlacing filter.
Controlling the Servos
We used an Arduino Diecimila to generate the control signal for the servos. The Arduino receives the desired pulse widths for the servos over its serial port. Each pulse width is encoded as a 16-bit integer, with 1 bit reserved to select one of the two servos. We use the servo library included with the Arduino software to generate the PWM signals.
We can eliminate the wired connections to the host PC with a wireless transmitter and receiver for the video, and a wireless RF link for the servos.
The RF Link
The wireless RF link transmits the servo angles digitally, with a range of up to 500 feet. Both the transmitter and receiver connect to Arduinos running the Virtual Wire library. The transmitter Arduino (connected to the host PC) broadcasts each 2-byte angle, followed by a byte of all zeros to keep the transmitter and receiver in sync. The receiver Arduino updates the servo angles when an angle is transmitted correctly (that is, all 3 bytes are received). Because Virtual Wire is incompatible with the Arduino's servo library, we use the Software Servo library to control the servos.
The wireless video transmitter broadcasts NTSC or PAL video with a range of up to 500 meters. The transmitter plugs directly into the RCA jack from the camera. The 12 volt line on the video output header powers the transmitter. The RCA jack on the receiver plugs directly into the frame grabber. The receiver can be powered by a generic 12 volt power adapter.
The software for the project, including source code and build files, is available via the links below. The tracking software is based upon an algorithm developed jointly by the UMass Computer Vision and UMass Computer Graphics Labs. It is written for an NVidia GPU using the CUDA specification. Running on the GPU is necessary to get the real time rates we show in the video. Our implementation has only been tested in Windows 7, but we do not foresee major difficulties in porting it to other versions of Windows. The software can also be built for Linux (Ubuntu), but we did not have a frame grabber that worked under Linux, so we have not built a complete system under Linux. Still, we have tested each of the components of our system under Linux and they all work properly. More details about the software and how to build it are given in the attached README files.
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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en
| 0.89598 | 1,234 | 2.515625 | 3 |
There is something so majestic about the sight of an undisturbed natural landscape. Many people also experience feelings of awe when looking at a piece of art, listening to a musical performance, or participating in a spiritual experience.
According to new research, these feelings of awe and wonder can do more than illuminate the grand mystery of our universe: they can also help lower inflammation.
The study, performed by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, consisted of two experiments, involving over 200 young adult participants. The participants were surveyed on various days on various emotions they were experiencing. The focus was on emotions that were positive, including awe, compassion, pride and love.
Along with analyzing their emotional states, researchers also took samples of cheek and gum tissue from the participants, to measure their levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. High levels of these cytokines, including Interleukin 6, which was tested for in the study, indicate high levels of inflammation in the body.
Inflammation is the immune system’s natural response to any threat, whether it is real or perceived. In case of injury or another short-term stressor, inflammation can be very beneficial, as it helps protect the body from harm. When inflammation becomes chronic, however, it can lead to many chronic health issues, included but not limited to heart disease, autoimmune illnesses, type 2 diabetes, depression, eczema and arthritis.
Results of the UC Berkeley study showed that the participants who reported positive emotions, especially wonder, amazement and awe, had the lowest levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, Interleukin 6, on the same day that they felt these emotions.
Dacher Keltner, a psychologist at UC Berkeley who co-authored the study, said, “that awe, wonder and beauty promote healthier levels of cytokines suggests that the things we do to experience these emotions – a walk in nature, losing oneself in music, beholding art – has a direct influence upon health and life expectancy.”
Jennifer Stellar, the study’s lead author, added, “awe is associated with curiosity and a desire to explore, suggesting antithetical behavioral responses to those found during inflammation, where individuals typically withdraw from others in their environment.”
As we have extensively reported, if we wish to avoid chronic inflammation, we need to eat whole, heatlhy foods, get enough sleep, exercise regularly and keep our stress in check. This study adds cultivating feelings of awe and wonder to that list. This may seem a bit abstract, but really, it’s simple.
If you’re finding yourself stuck in a rut, without much wonder in your life, there is a lot you can do:
- Weather permitting, go on a long walk or hike – just you and nature. Clear your mind and focus on nothing but the beauty around you.
- During the winter, an afternoon skate, or some time on some naturally beautiful slopes, can also bring the awe-effect.
- Go to an art museum or gallery and check out some new artists. If visual art isn’t your thing, try sculpture galleries, architecture showcases or theatrical performances.
- Attend a poetry reading, or a live show of music, that makes you feel inspired.
- Take a trip to a place you’ve always wanted to go, and enjoy taking in the new sights and sounds.
However you get in touch with your own sense of awe, make it a priority to cultivate. Not only does it make life that much more magical, it can improve your health, too.
-The Alternative Daily
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<urn:uuid:cedb0bc6-ff64-44e6-9b2a-bc639dcd58e3>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://www.thealternativedaily.com/anti-inflammatory-benefits-nature-art/
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| 0.942757 | 744 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Књижевност за децу у науци и настави (2022), (стр. 273-287)
АУТОР(И): Ivana R. Ćirković-Miladinović
Using literature in young learners’ EFL (English as a Foreign Language) classroom can be a motivating medium for language teaching and learning. Although with some difficulties in the application of literary texts in English language teaching, literature may contribute to the improvement of students’ motivation for learning and could bring to more effective English language instruction. In line with the previously said, the paper will give an outline of how, when and why literature should be incorporated in EFL curriculum with the purpose of emphasizing the use of literature as a popular technique for teaching both basic language skills (i.e. reading, writing, listening and speaking) and language areas (i.e. vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation). This theoretical research aims at answering the following questions: 1) What is the role of literature in teaching and learning English as a foreign language?, 2) What are the approaches a language teacher can use online when teaching literary texts in young learners’ EFL classroom? and 3) What are the benefits of using different genres of literature in teaching English online? As a conclusion, the paper will provide useful ideas and activities for creative English language teaching in online surrounding by using literature as a tool rather than an end in teaching English to young learners.
teaching English online, use of literature in EFL classroom, young learners.
- Al-Mohair, Alwahaishi (2020): H. Al-Mohair, S. Alwahaishi, Study on students’ experiences about online teaching during CoVID-19 outbreak, Technium Social Sciences Journal, 8(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.701
- Collie, Slater (1991): J. Collie, S. Slater, Literature in the Language Classroom (5th Ed.), Glasgow: Cambridge University Press.
- Ćirković-Miladinović (2017a): I. Ćirković-Miladinović, Foreign language learning strategies used by young learners, 226 Annales Universitatis Pedagogicae Cracoviensis, Studia Anglica, 7, 66‒76, Krakow: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UP. ISSN 2299-2111, DoI 10.24917/22992111.7.
- Ćirković-Miladinović (2017b): I. Ćirković-Miladinović, Pozitivni aspekti korišće- nja književnosti za decu u nastavi engleskog jezika na mlađem uzrastu [Positive aspects of using children’s literature in teaching English to young learners.], u: V. Jovanović, B. Ilić (ur.), Književnost za decu u nauci i nastavi, Jagodina: Fakultet pedagoških nauka, 429‒440. УДК 371.3::811.111-028.31, 821.163.41-93.
- Drama Notebook (2021): All Rights Reserved Distance Learning Drama Activities. www.dramanotebook.com. Retrieved on 1/5/2021 from: https://www.dropbox.com/s/ v4evkkp3arf30d0/dn-distance-learning-drama-activities.pdf?dl=0.
- Gray, Block (2012): J. Gray, D. Block, The marketization of language teacher edu- cation and neoliberalism, In: D. Block, J. Gray, M. Holborow (Eds.), Neoliberalism and applied linguistics, London: Routledge, 114‒143.
- Gwin (1990). T. Gwin, Language Skills through Literature, English Teaching Forum, 28(3), 10‒13.
- Goodwin (2001): J. Goodwin, Teaching Pronunciation, In: M. Celce-Murcia, Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, 3rd ed., Heinle & Heinle.
- Hallman (2017): H. L. Hallman, Millennial Teachers. Learning to Teach in Uncer- tain Times, New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
- Hwang, Embi (2007): D. Hwang, M. A. Embi, Approaches Employed by Secondary School Teachers to Teaching the Literature Component in English, Journal of Pendidik dan Pendidikan, 1‒23.
- Isariyawat, Yenphech, Intanoo (2020): C. Isariyawat, C. Yenphech, K. Intanoo, The role of literature and literary texts in an EFL context: cultural awareness and lan- guage skills, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(3), 1320‒1333. Doi:10.17263/ jlls.803748
- Lazar (1993): G. Lazar, Literature and language teaching, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Llach, (2007): P. A. Llach, Teaching English through Literature: The Waste Land in the Classroom, Odisea journal, 7(17), 7‒17.
- Loh, Hu (2014): J. Loh, G. Hu, Subdued by the system: Neoliberalism and the be- ginning teacher, Teaching and Teacher Education, 41, 14‒21. ISSN: 0742-051X, Elsevier.
- Much, Retnaningdyah (2011): K. Much, P. Retnaningdyah, Literature in EFL Class- room, Retrieved on 1/5/2021 from http://myteaching forum.blogspot.com/.
- Savic (2016): V. Savic, Reading difficulties in English as a foreign language, unpub- lished doctoral dissertation, Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Philosophy. Retrieved from: https://nardus.mpn.gov.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/8156/Disert- acija9371.pdf
- Whitehead (1968): R. Whitehead, Children’s literature: Strategies of teaching, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
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| 0.729528 | 1,551 | 3.46875 | 3 |
There are variety of diet plans available such as low-fat, low-calorie, low-carbohydrate diet plans, and one can also opt for high calorie diet plans to gain weight. Nowadays, with this increasing craze for diet plans, the market has came up with branded diet plans such as 'weight-watchers', 'Jenny Craig', and 'Atkins Diet.'
But mostly, these diet plans fail in providing the desired result. Jessica Bartfield, MD, internal medicine, who specializes in nutrition and weight management at the Loyola Center for Metabolic Surgery and Bariatric Care, in the US, has come up with four reasons behind the failure of diet plans.
The first reason is underestimation of the amount of the amount of calories consumed per day. Next reason is that typically a person needs to cut an average of 500 calories per day, and only exercising and having a diet plan is not enough to cut down those extra calories, it needs 60 minutes or more vigorous activity every day.
The third reason is failing to provide a steady stream of glucose throughout the day to the body, as this is required to maintain the optimal energy in the body, and to carry out metabolism. Finally, the people who sleep for less than six hours, produce a hormone 'ghrelin' in extra amount, and this stimulates the appetite, and in turn leads to weight gain, reported Zee News website.
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<urn:uuid:8ef075c3-124b-4f71-8068-dcf34856d180>
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.merinews.com/article/some-facts-about-diet-plans/15880071.shtml
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en
| 0.954455 | 290 | 2.59375 | 3 |
University of Kentucky faculty from the College of Public Health, College of Communication and Information, and Rural Cancer Prevention Center collaborated on the development and implementation of a DVD intervention designed to promote the completion of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination series among young women in Appalachian Kentucky. Their work is funded through the Prevention Research Centers program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cervical cancer, a disease that is both preventable and screenable, remains a national public health concern, particularly for women in medically underserved communities, such as those in Appalachian Kentucky. The most common prevention strategy is the three-dose HPV vaccine. However, despite the availability of the HPV vaccine, evidence suggests young women are simply not completing the entire vaccination series as recommended for full cervical cancer prevention.
Dr. Robin Vanderpool, assistant professor in the department of health behavior and corresponding author for the project reported that, “Getting these young women in the door for the first [HPV vaccine] dose is only half the battle. The challenge is staying engaged with the patient through the six-month vaccination schedule. We wanted to focus on helping these women finish all three doses and follow-up with age-appropriate screening [Pap testing].” So, the idea of “1-2-3 Pap” was created. After talking with young women from the community to understand barriers to vaccination and Pap testing, Dr. Elisia Cohen, associate professor in the department of communication, developed a 13-minute DVD message using local ‘stars’ from Appalachian Kentucky. Young women, healthcare providers, and a local news reporter were recruited from the community to deliver salient messages throughout the video.
The video targeted women ages 18-26 years old, and encouraged them to make their own choice about completing the vaccination series. The research team partnered with nurses from local health departments and set up free vaccine clinics at popular locations, such as Wal-Mart, community colleges, and seasonal festivals. The video was shown to a randomized group of young women after receiving the first dose of the vaccine, and followed-up with standard reminder phone calls for the remaining doses.
The researchers were impressed to find that the DVD worked. Young women enrolled in the DVD intervention were 2.5 times more likely to complete the HPV vaccine series compared to women receiving standard-of-care (reminder phone calls only). More importantly, these results translate to fewer women being at risk for cervical cancer. The research team is looking forward to seeing this effect in similar campaigns. “These findings can be replicated for other populations, and scaled to fit statewide or even national campaigns,” said Dr. Vanderpool. “We are excited to see how this can impact the health of other communities.”
The “1-2-3 Pap” video is available on YouTube.
[Photo: Dr. Robin Vanderpool]
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| 0.951408 | 590 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Definition of Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that disturbs cell growth in your nervous system, causing tumors to form on nerve tissue. These tumors may develop anywhere in your nervous system, including in your brain, spinal cord and nerves. Neurofibromatosis is usually diagnosed in childhood or early adulthood.
The tumors are usually noncancerous (benign), but in some cases these tumors become cancerous (malignant) tumors. People with neurofibromatosis often experience only mild symptoms. Effects of neurofibromatosis can range from hearing loss, learning impairment, and heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) complications to severe disability due to nerve compression by tumors, loss of vision and severe pain.
Neurofibromatosis treatment aims to maximize healthy growth and development and to manage complications as soon as they arise. When neurofibromatosis causes large tumors or tumors that press on a nerve, surgery may help ease symptoms. Some people may benefit from other therapies, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, medications to control pain or physical therapy.
Symptoms of Neurofibromatosis
Three distinct types of neurofibromatosis exist, each with different signs and symptoms.
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) usually appears in childhood. Signs and symptoms include:
- Flat, light brown spots on the skin. These harmless spots, also called cafe au lait (ka-FAY oh LAY) spots, are common in many people. If you have more than six of them, it’s a strong indication of NF1. In NF1, cafe au lait spots are usually present at birth or appear during the first years of life and then stabilize. They aren’t serious but can sometimes be a cosmetic concern.
- Freckling in the armpits or groin area. Freckling usually appears by age 4 or 5.
- Soft bumps on or under the skin (neurofibromas). Neurofibromas are benign tumors that can be located anywhere in the body. Many people develop tumors in the skin or under the skin, but neurofibromas can also grow inside of the body. Sometimes, a growth will involve multiple nerves (plexiform neurofibroma).
- Tiny bumps on the iris of your eye (Lisch nodules). Lisch nodules — harmless lesions in your eye — can’t easily be seen just by looking at them, and they don’t affect your vision. However, your doctor can detect these lesions using a special instrument.
- Bone deformities. Abnormalities in the way bones grow and a deficiency in bone mineral density can cause bone deformities such as a curved spine (scoliosis) or bowed lower leg.
- Learning disabilities. Impaired thinking skills (cognition) are common in children with NF1, but are usually mild. Children may have difficulty with language and visual-spatial skills. Children with NF1 often may have a specific learning disability, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
- Larger than average head size. Children with NF1 tend to have a larger than average head size and higher brain volume, but it’s unknown whether this is related to cognitive impairment.
- Short stature. Children with NF1 often have a short stature and are below average in height.
Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2)
Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is much less common than NF1. Signs and symptoms of NF2 usually result from the development of vestibular schwannomas (also known as acoustic neuromas) in both ears.
These benign tumors grow on the nerve that carries sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain (the eighth cranial nerve). Resulting signs and symptoms generally appear in the late teen and early adult years and may include:
- Gradual hearing loss
- Ringing in the ears
- Poor balance
In some cases, NF2 can lead to growth of schwannomas in other nerves of the body, including the cranial, spinal, visual (optic) and peripheral nerves. Associated signs and symptoms may include:
- Facial drop
- Numbness and weakness in the arms or legs
- Balance difficulties
In addition, NF2 may result in vision problems due to abnormal growth on the retina (mostly in children) or due to the development of cataracts.
Schwannomatosis is a rare form of neurofibromatosis only recently recognized. It rarely affects people before their 20s or 30s. Schwannomatosis causes painful tumors called schwannomas to develop on cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves, but not on the nerve that carries sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain (the eighth cranial nerve).
Because tumors don’t grow on this nerve, schwannomatosis doesn’t cause hearing loss, making it different from NF2. As with NF2, though, schwannomatosis doesn’t cause cognitive impairment. Schwannomatosis mainly causes chronic pain, which can occur anywhere in your body.
When to see a doctor
If you notice signs or symptoms of neurofibromatosis in your child or yourself, call your doctor for an appointment or bring it up at your next visit. The tumors associated with neurofibromatosis are often benign and slow-growing. So although it’s important to obtain a timely diagnosis and monitor for complications, the situation isn’t an emergency.
Neurofibromatosis is caused by genetic defects (mutations) that either are passed on by a parent or occur spontaneously at conception. Each form of neurofibromatosis is caused by mutations in different genes.
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
The NF1 gene is located on chromosome 17. Normally, this gene produces a protein called neurofibromin, which is abundant in nervous system tissue and helps regulate cell growth. A mutation of the NF1 gene causes a loss of neurofibromin, which allows cells to grow uncontrolled.
Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2)
A similar problem occurs with NF2. The NF2 gene is located on chromosome 22, which produces a protein called merlin. A mutation of the NF2 gene causes loss of merlin, which also leads to uncontrolled cell growth.
Schwannomatosis may be associated with a mutation of the SMARCB1 gene located on chromosome 22. Other gene mutations may be involved in schwannomatosis. The occurrence of schwannomatosis may be inherited or may be sporadic (spontaneous), but these are not known yet.
The biggest risk factor for neurofibromatosis is a family history of the disorder. About half of NF1 and NF2 cases are inherited. The remaining cases result from spontaneous mutations that occur at conception.
NF1 and NF2 are both autosomal dominant disorders, which means that any child of a parent with the disorder has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the genetic mutation.
The inheritance pattern for schwannomatosis is less clear. Researchers currently estimate that the risk of inheriting schwannomatosis from an affected parent is about 15 percent.
Complications of Neurofibromatosis
Complications of neurofibromatosis vary, even within the same family. Generally, complications result from tumor growth distorting nerve tissue or pressing on internal organs.
Doctors can’t predict whether your disease will progress, but most people with neurofibromatosis experience a mild or moderate form of the disorder, regardless of type.
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) complications
Common complications of NF1 include:
- Neurological problems. Learning and thinking (cognitive) difficulties occur in up to 60 percent of NF1 cases and are the most common neurological problem associated with NF1. Uncommon complications associated with NF1 include epilepsy, stroke and buildup of excess fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus).
- Concerns with appearance. Visible signs of neurofibromatosis — such as extensive cafe au lait spots, numerous nerve tumors (neurofibromas) in the facial area or large neurofibromas — can cause anxiety and emotional distress, even if they’re not medically serious.
- Skeletal problems. Some children have abnormally formed bones, which can result in bowing of legs and fractures that sometimes don’t heal. NF1 can cause curvature of the spine (scoliosis) that may need bracing or surgery. NF1 is also associated with decreased bone mineral density, which increases your risk of weak bones (osteoporosis).
- Visual difficulties. Occasionally in children, a tumor (optic pathway glioma) growing on the nerve leading from the eye to the brain (optic nerve) can cause visual problems.
- Increase in neurofibromas. Hormonal changes associated with puberty, pregnancy or menopause may cause an increase in neurofibromas. Most women with NF1 have healthy pregnancies but will likely need monitoring by an obstetrician familiar with NF1, in addition to their NF1 specialists.
- Cardiovascular problems. People with NF1 have an increased risk of high blood pressure and, rarely, blood vessel abnormalities.
- Cancer. Less than 10 percent of people with NF1 develop cancerous (malignant) tumors. These usually arise from neurofibromas under the skin or plexiform neurofibromas involving multiple nerves.
Monitor neurofibromas vigilantly for any change in appearance, size or number. Changes may indicate cancerous growth. The earlier a malignancy is detected, the better the chances for effective treatment.
People with NF1 also have a higher risk of other forms of cancer, such as breast cancer, leukemia, brain tumors and some types of soft tissue cancer.
Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) complications
NF2 may cause complications including:
- Vestibular schwannomas in both ears, which may grow over time
- Partial or total deafness
- Facial nerve damage
- Visual difficulties
- Skin lesions
- Weakness or numbness in the extremities
- Multiple benign brain tumors (meningiomas) or spinal tumors requiring frequent surgeries
The pain caused by schwannomatosis can be debilitating and may require surgical treatment or management by a pain specialist.
Preparing for your appointment
You’ll probably first discuss any concerns with your child’s pediatrician or your primary care doctor. Eventually, your doctor may refer you to other specialists, such as a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions (neurologist), depending on your condition and complications.
For your first visit, which may take place during a routine well-child visit, it’s a good idea to come prepared to make the best use of the time allotted.
What you can do
- Write down a list of concerns, making a note of when you first started having them.
- Bring your child’s complete medical and family history with you — or your own if you’re the one being evaluated — if your doctor doesn’t already have it.
- Compile a list of questions for your doctor, asking about possible causes, treatments, outcomes and next steps.
- Take notes at the appointment to help you remember key points later on.
- Bring photographs of other family members (living or deceased) who you think may have had similar physical findings
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to conduct a thorough physical examination and ask you to describe your concerns in detail. Your doctor may also conduct some cognitive tests. Depending on your child’s age, your doctor may ask about performance in school.
Some signs and symptoms of neurofibromatosis may not appear until a certain age. Because of this, it may take years to diagnose your condition.
Tests and diagnosis
To diagnose your condition, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history and your family history. Depending on the type of neurofibromatosis suspected, your doctor may conduct or order several tests, which may include:
- Physical examination and medical history. Your doctor will usually diagnose neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) based on a physical examination, checking for the characteristics of NF1. Your doctor may use a special lamp to check your skin for light-colored cafe au lait spots.
A physical examination is also important for a neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) diagnosis. A family history of NF1 or NF2 can help confirm either diagnosis.
- Eye exam. Examination by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) can detect tiny bumps on the iris of your eye (Lisch nodules) and cataracts.
- Ear exam. Hearing and balance tests such as audiometry, electronystagmography and brainstem auditory evoked response can help determine the level of hearing and balance function in a person with NF2.
Imaging tests. Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans and MRIs, aren’t always required, but they can help identify bone abnormalities, deep tumors in the brain or spinal cord, and very small tumors. An MRI can also help identify optic pathway gliomas in your eye.
Imaging tests may also be particularly helpful in monitoring NF2 and schwannomatosis.
- Genetic tests. Genetic tests are available for NF1, NF2 and schwannomatosis, and may be done prenatally. Staff can also provide genetic counseling.
Treatments and drugs
Neurofibromatosis can’t be cured, but doctors will monitor you for complications and treat your symptoms. A team of doctors trained in many areas in a neurofibromatosis clinic often may be involved in your care.
Your or your child should begin appropriate treatment as early as possible. Generally, the sooner you or your child is under the care of a doctor trained in treating neurofibromatosis, the better the outcome.
If you have a child with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), your doctor is likely to recommend yearly age-appropriate checkups to:
- Assess your child’s skin for new neurofibromas or changes in existing ones
- Check your child’s blood pressure for signs of high blood pressure
- Evaluate your child’s growth and development — including height, weight and head circumference — according to growth charts available for children with NF1
- Check for signs of early puberty
- Evaluate your child for any skeletal changes and abnormalities
- Assess your child’s learning development and progress in school
- Obtain a complete eye examination of your child’s eyes
If you notice any changes in signs or symptoms between visits, such as rapid growth of a neurofibroma or onset of pain in a tumor, it’s important to contact your doctor promptly to rule out the possibility of a cancerous tumor and to access appropriate treatment at an early stage.
Once a child with NF1 reaches adulthood, the frequency of monitoring can be adjusted to suit the needs of the person with NF1. Adults with mild disease may not need monitoring as often as someone with more-severe complications.
If you have schwannomatosis, you may be given medications to help control your pain.
Surgery and other procedures
Surgery. You may have surgery to remove all or part of tumors that are compressing nearby tissues or damaging organs. Surgery may help relieve symptoms of all forms of neurofibromatosis.
Complete removal of schwannomas in people with schwannomatosis can ease pain substantially.
If you have neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) and have experienced hearing loss, brainstem compression or tumor growth, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove vestibular schwannomas. Surgery may help improve your hearing. However, surgery carries risks, including hearing loss or damage to the facial nerves.
Discuss the pros and cons of surgery carefully with a doctor or surgeon experienced in treating nerve tumors. For example, tumors often grow back, and surgery may not be recommended again.
- Stereotactic radiosurgery. If you have NF2, your doctor may recommend stereotactic radiosurgery to remove vestibular schwannomas. This procedure allows your doctor to deliver radiation very precisely to the location of the tumor, and it can help preserve your hearing to an extent. However, it may create a concern of radiation-induced cancer, especially if the radiation is applied repetitively and at a young age.
- Auditory brainstem implants and cochlear implants. If you have NF2 and hearing loss, you may be eligible for auditory brainstem implants or cochlear implants to help improve your hearing.
Malignant tumors and other cancers associated with neurofibromatosis are treated with standard cancer therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, early recognition of malignant tumors and early treatment are the most important factors resulting in good outcome.
Coping and support
Caring for a child with a chronic illness such as neurofibromatosis can be a challenge, even if the illness is mild. Greater severity of symptoms can make it even more difficult. There are many medical appointments to keep, treatments to track and instructions to follow. All of this, in addition to general concern about your child’s health and anxiety over outcomes, can be overwhelming. It may help to keep in mind that many children with neurofibromatosis grow up to live healthy lives with few, if any, complications.
Perhaps the most important thing you can do for your child’s sake and yourself is to find a primary care doctor you trust and who can coordinate your child’s care with other specialists. The Children’s Tumor Foundation has an online tool to help you find a neurofibromatosis specialist in your area.
You may also find it helpful to join a support group for parents who care for children with neurofibromatosis, ADHD, special needs or chronic illnesses in general. The Children’s Tumor Foundation lists support groups and family events by state on its website. Or, check your local community listings for support groups or ask your doctor for information.
Extended family and friends can be your biggest and closest support network. Don’t be afraid to accept their help with daily needs, such as cooking, cleaning, caring for your other children or simply giving you a needed break. Allowing them to share your journey can enrich their lives as well as yours.
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Vijayadashami, also known as Dussehra, is one of the most prominent Hindu festivals which marks the end of Navratri, and is celebrated with great fervor every year. Across India, this festival signifies the victory of gods and goddesses over demons, to restore dharma. While the end of Ramlila is celebrated in the northern, western and southern states for the triumph of god Rama over the demon Ravana, in the eastern and northeastern states, it marks the end of Durga Puja, reminiscing goddess Durga’s victory over the buffalo demon. On account of the victory of good over evil, year Dussehra is celebrated with utmost zeal and enthusiasm.
India is known for its diversity and varied culture, and this is why Dussehra is celebrated with different customs but with similar enthusiasm all over the country. The backbone of celebration of Dussehra is the Ramlila in Northern India. This ten day festive celebration showcases the tale of Ramayana by depicting scenes in the form of theatre, with the tenth day being the most important, which not only welcomes busting and bursting crackers, but people also indulge in Ravana Dahan- evil’s destruction. On the occasion of Dussehra, we have listed 5 important facts that all of us must know about Dussehra.
1. The Ten Heads
It is a belief that Ravana, the demon, had ten heads. Lord Rama had to destroy each of the heads to defeat Ravana. These ten heads depict the 10 evil traits- lust, anger, ego, pride, selfishness, jealousy, injustice, material attachment, greed and lack of humanity.
2.Worship of Goddess Durga
Vijayadashami marks the victory of Goddess Durga over the demon Mahishasura, the king of demons, who was very powerful during his period and tortured the innocent people, on the tenth day of the lunar calendar.
3.Significance of Navratri
‘Navaratri’ symbolizes the tale that God fought against evil for nine nights and ten days. This is why people across the country indulge in fasting and prayers throughout the 9 days to offer their prayers and faith to the God.
4.Derivation of ‘Dusshera’
The tales impart the belief that during the war between God Rama and the demon ravana, the sun wouldn’t have arisen if Rama had not defeated or destroyed Ravana. To symbolize this eminent occasion, the tenth day was named ‘Dussehra’, where Dussehra is derived from the Sanskrit word Dasha and Hara, which means defeat of the Sun.
A model of Ravana is made every year during the Navratri. On the tenth day, the model is burnt or lit up which marks the destruction of evil.
The festival of Dussehra began in the 17th century when the King of Mysore ordered his people to show enthusiasm and support towards the destruction of demons and celebrate the festival in a grand manner. ‘Mysoru Dasara ’ is a major festival in Karnataka which seeks the highest quality of decoration, feasting and extreme participation. To make the decorations all the more beautiful, involve floral decorations with the help of flower shop in Bangalore, Karnataka. Flowerbox, founded by Meghaa Modi, provides flower delivery in Bangalore along with some mesmerizing floral decorations that are bound to uplift the aura of the occasion. So decorate your abode with beautiful flowers, which Bangalore is known for, and celebrate the triumph of good over evil. Happy Dussehra!
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In computers, tape is an external storage medium, usually both readable and writable, consisting of a loop of flexible celluloid-like material that can store data in the form of tiny magnetic fields that can be read and also erased. The magnetic tape is housed in a plastic cartridge similar to that of an audio or video cassette. Because the tapes, which are recorded by a device called a tape drive, are portable and inexpensive to purchase, tape is often used for backing up or archiving data. A drawback of tape is that it can only be accessed by starting at the beginning and rolling through the tape until the desired data is located.
The most commonly quoted figure for the archival life of magnetic tape is 30 years. There are ways to minimize the chances of a tape backup's failing in the first place. Here are a few tips for managing tape from SearchStorage expert Rick Cook:
Verify your tape backups. Most backup software will automatically do a quick "read-after-write" verification and will offer optional full verification. The latter is both more thorough and more time-consuming, roughly doubling the backup time, but if your files are crucial, it makes sense to do a full verification regularly.
Store one backup tape off site. This will ensure your files are preserved if your site experiences a fire, flood or other disaster. Some companies swap backup tapes with other offices. With some smaller businesses, it often makes sense for one employee to take the backup tape home with him. Another option is using an off-site storage firm that provides fire-protected storage facilities for print and digital media as well as tape.
Store your tapes properly. With backup tapes on site, keep them stored in a stable environment, without extreme temperatures, humidity or electromagnetism. Do not, for instance, store the tapes in a safe on the opposite side of the wall from a large generator, whose electrical fields can wreck havoc with the data on them.
Rotate tapes. Use more than one backup tape. Instead of using the same tape time after time, rotate through multiple tapes. You can use any of a number of different systems for this. With the odd/even system, you use one tape on one day, a second tape the next day, reuse the first tape on day three, and so on. With the five-day rotation system, you use a different tape for each day of the workweek.
Track the "expiry date." Backup tapes are typically rated to be used from 5,000 to 500,000 times, depending on the type of tape. Tape backup software typically will keep track of the tapes, regardless of the rotation system.
Maintain your equipment. Clean your tape backup drive periodically, following directions in its manual regarding frequency. Consider having an authorized maintenance person from the manufacturer of the tape backup drive or from a third-party repair firm check the alignment of the drive every 12 to 18 months. Most businesses just send the drive back to the manufacturer when it begins to have problems, but if a drive has problems, so can the backup tapes.
Do regular checkups. Periodically test the backup tapes and restore procedures. You can, for instance, restore the data on them to a different server or to a different partition or folder on the same server where the original information is stored.
Dispose of old tapes properly. Once you have migrated or retired old tape media, make sure to dispose of it properly. Visit the manufacturer's Web site to learn how. Simply throwing your old tapes in the dumpster is no longer an option.
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Humanities › History & Culture Who Were the Knights of Labor? The Late 19th-Century Union Pioneered Labor Reforms Share Flipboard Email Print The Haymarket Square bomb. Getty Images History & Culture American History Basics Important Historical Figures Key Events U.S. Presidents Native American History American Revolution America Moves Westward The Gilded Age Crimes & Disasters The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution African American History African History Ancient History and Culture Asian History European History Genealogy Inventions Latin American History Medieval & Renaissance History Military History The 20th Century Women's History View More By Robert McNamara History Expert Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. our editorial process Robert McNamara Updated June 11, 2019 The Knights of Labor was the first major American labor union. It was first formed in 1869 as a secret society of garment cutters in Philadelphia. The organization, under its full name, Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, grew throughout the 1870s, and by the mid-1880s it had a membership of more than 700,000. The union organized strikes and was able to secure negotiated settlements from hundreds of employers across the United States. Its eventual leader, Terence Vincent Powderly, was for a time the most famous labor leader in America. Under Powderly's leadership, the Knights of Labor transformed from its secretive roots to a much more prominent organization. The Haymarket Riot in Chicago on May 4, 1886, was blamed on the Knights of Labor, and the union was unfairly discredited in the eyes of the public. The American labor movement coalesced around a new organization, the American Federation of Labor, which was formed in December 1886. Membership of the Knights of Labor plummeted, and by the mid-1890s it had lost all its former influence and had less than 50,000 members. Origins of the Knights of Labor The Knights of Labor was organized at a meeting in Philadelphia on Thanksgiving Day, 1869. As some of the organizers had been members of fraternal organizations, the new union took on a number of trappings such as obscure rituals and a fixation on secrecy. The organization used the motto "An injury to one is the concern of all." The union recruited workers in all fields, skilled and unskilled, which was an innovation. Up to that point, labor organizations tended to focus on particularly skilled trades, thus leaving common workers with virtually no organized representation. The organization grew throughout the 1870s, and in 1882, under the influence of its new leader, Terence Vincent Powderly, an Irish Catholic machinist, the union did away with the rituals and ceased to be a secretive organization. Powderly had been active in local politics in Pennsylvania and had even served as the mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania. With his grounding in practical politics, he was able to move the once-secretive organization into a growing movement. The membership nationwide grew to about 700,000 by 1886, though it plummeted after the suspected connection to the Haymarket Riot. By the 1890s Powderly was forced out as the organization's president, and the union lost most of its force. Powderly eventually wound up working for the federal government, working on immigration issues. In time the role of the Knights of Labor was essentially taken over by other organizations, most notably the newer American Federation of Labor. The legacy of the Knights of Labor is mixed. It ultimately failed to deliver on its early promise, however, it did prove that a nationwide labor organization could be practical. And by including unskilled workers in its membership, the Knights of Labor pioneered a widespread labor movement. Later labor activists were inspired by the egalitarian nature of the Knights of Labor while also learning from the organization's mistakes.
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Walvis Bay (Walvisbaai in Afrikaans and Walfischbai in German) is named after the bay on which the second largest city in Namibia is located on eleven square miles of land. Inland Windhoek is the largest city and capital of the country, however cooler Swakopmund on the coast is the summer capital. Windhoek is the home to both chambers of the Parliament of Namibia, which is called the Tintenpalast, or German for the ‘Ink Palace’. Walvis Bay has a natural sheltered harbour with deep water and is protected by the Pelican Point sand spit, and is the only natural harbour of any size on this very long coast. The coastal waters draw large numbers of Southern Right whales and fish shoals, attracting whalers and fishermen. The port is situated on the Tropic of Capricorn in the Kuiseb river delta, the river rising in the Khomas Highland west of Windhoek. The town with a population of 67,200 lies at the end of the Transnamib Railway built through the very challenging and hostile climatic regions of South West Africa. Walvis Bay is the centre of the guano collection industry, and has massive salt deposits and salt works behind the huge sand dunes.
HISTORY OF WALVIS BAY
A succession of colonists developed the area after Portuguese navigators explored the route down to Cape Town and India from 1485. Portuguese navigator Diogo Cao reached the northern part of Walvis Bay in 1485, followed by Bartolomeu Dias, and after Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) had discovered the sea route to India. Walvis Bay was founded in the 1790s as a stopover for sea travel to Cape Town and India, but almost no commercial activity took place until 1890.
German shipowners and traders had called into the Bay of Luderitz for many years. South West Africa extended between the Orange river in the south to Angola in the north, and was a turbulent country in which the Bantu, Hottentot, Namaqua and Herrero tribes carved out a bare subsistence living. The Herrero women wear colourful clothes copied from the wives of German missionaries, who arrived in the 19th century with big bustles and big horn shaped head-dresses. Cape Colony had slowly expanded northwards taking in Griqualand West, Great Namaqualand and Damaraland, and it was expected that the British would annex South West Africa or make it into a part of Cape Colony. However, only a limited amount of the land around Walvis Bay and the Guano Islands was annexed in 1894.
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"St. John's Anglican Church"
Built at the expense of the British Government in 1754, St. John's was the first Church of England in Nova Scotia after St. Paul's in Halifax. The frame was brought from Boston, and enlarged in the 1870s. The church which burned on Hallowe'en Night 2001, and which is currently (2003) under reconstruction, looked very similar to the building should in this 1935 photograph.
Date: ca. 1935
Photographer: Nova Scotia Information Service
Reference no.: Nova Scotia Information Service Nova Scotia Archives NSIS no. 1233 / negative no. 1233
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The Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage, Darragh O’Brien, and the Minister for Heritage and Electoral Reform, Malcolm Noonan, this week launched a public consultation on the process of expanding Ireland’s network of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs are geographically defined maritime areas with certain protections for conservation purposes. The Government aims to expand Ireland’s MPA network from 2.13% to 30% of Ireland’s maritime area by 2030.
Creating an MPA regime will constitute a major change in marine environmental protection in Ireland. At present, there is no definition of an MPA in Irish law. Environmental protections under the Wildlife Acts only apply to the foreshore. Protection in marine areas beyond 12 nautical miles is limited, both in terms of space and species.
Marine Protected Areas in Ireland cannot be allowed to become paper parks offering no practical protection to marine biodiversity but should promote the conservation of marine biodiversity over the vested interests of the fisheries industry. A well designed network of marine protected areas in inshore waters managed at local level would offer marine reserves with complete exclusion of damaging activities to carefully managed areas with sustainable use of natural resources that favour our neglected low impact fishermen rather than industrial fishing.
We would encourage anyone with an interest in the protection of the marine environment to make a submission by clicking here.
The full report Expanding Ireland’s Marine Protected Area Network can be found here.
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School days are here again, and you need to fuel your brain with important lessons and fun information. But what will you do to satisfy your appetite when you get home?
If it’s been hours since lunch but dinner isn’t ready yet, it’s important to grab a snack. Snacks will boost your energy and help you stay focused for crucial things like homework later.
But after school, when you’re studying, playing with friends or relaxing, it’s easy to go for something quick and tasty, such as potato chips or cookies. These foods may taste great, but they aren’t always good for your body. Ask your parents to stock up on good-to-eat and easy-to-prepare foods for these times. That way, when you need a snack, you’ll have plenty of yummy, healthy things to choose from.
Eating good food is the best way to make sure your body gets all the fuel it needs to grow and stay strong, such as calcium, fiber and protein. These good components can be found in fresh fruits and vegetables.
[Steps for Living: Healthy Eating and Healthy Body Weight]
Here are a few tips for what to grab when your next snack attack strikes:
- Stay away from fried snacks—no potato chips, french fries, or fast food. Instead, reach for baked snacks, such as pretzels, air-popped popcorn or rice cakes.
- Drink more water and milk. Juice and sodas may taste good, but they also have a lot of sugar. Water and milk will not only satisfy your thirst, but keep you healthy!
- Stock up on fresh foods from the grocery store or a farmer’s market. Slices of fruit, vegetables, low-fat cheese, and lean meat and fish are all good for you.
There are many healthy snacks you can choose, and some need to be fixed ahead of time. Ask an adult to help you get parts of some of these snacks ready so you can easily make them when you’re hungry:
- Slice up fruit and assemble it into a “kabob” that you can have later with yogurt dip.
- Cut up fresh vegetables like carrots or celery into sticks so you can dip them in hummus or low-fat salad dressing.
- Spread peanut butter or jelly on a rice cake.
- Mix it up with a homemade trail mix of dried fruit, cereal, nuts, pretzel minis and yogurt chips.
- Dip pretzel nuggets into honey mustard.
- Layer low-fat granola or cereal and fruit together with yogurt or frozen yogurt for a parfait.
- Make sugar-free gelatin cutouts.
Eating these healthy snacks is another way to take care of yourself. They give you more energy to do fun things such as riding your bike or playing with friends. Save cookies, chips or pizza for special treats.
Change your snacks, too, and try different food groups—a glass of milk and whole-grain crackers, or spread peanut butter and raisins on celery to make ants on a log. By making your snacks interesting, it will be easier to pick healthy foods all the time.
Want to learn more about good-for-you snacks? Ask your teachers or parents for help in making these and other healthy food choices.
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As early as the 10th century BCE, Israelite and Judean religion began to emerge within the broader West Semitic culture, otherwise known as Canaanite culture. Between the 10th century and 7th centuries BCE, ancient Israelite and Judean religion was polytheistic. The polytheism, though, was counterbalanced by devotion to one or two primary deities, a practice known as henotheism (van der Toorn, 2047). Henotheism is recognition and worship of many deities; however, the primary worship revolves around a single deity. Within Judean and Israelite communities, primary devotion was oftentimes towards Yahweh. As both Judah and Israel were emerging states, Yahweh was the national deity, an idea which finds its origins in religious practices from the Bronze Age.
In terms of practice, temple worship and sacrificial rituals like Yom Kippur, New Moon festivals, Pesach, and other festivals played a central role. Practices such as divination and prophecy were also common forms of religious devotion. In terms of actions, ethical behavior played an important role in how ancient Israelite and Judeans expressed religious devotion.
In the following paragraphs, we will explore the aforementioned aspects of ancient Israelite and Judean religion in more detail. Focused between the 10th and 7th centuries BCE, we will consider the broader West Semitic cultural framework, family religion, henotheism, ritual, and ethical behavior.
The Broader West Semitic Context
Between the 10th and 7th centuries BCE, ancient Israelite and Judean religion took place in cultic and temple contexts. Although the many Jewish and Christians traditions suggest that Yahweh was the main and only deity through all Israelite and Judean religious history, archaeology, inscriptions, and the Hebrew Bible itself indicate otherwise. Even so, the deity being worshiped, usually Yahweh, was understood to be physically present in the temple, have a body, and be a personal god with emotions and willpower.
Furthermore, ancient Israelite and Judean religion shared the common idea that the deity was a divine essence. This divine essence was often expressed through the notion of holiness. So, the worshippers were required to maintain the temple’s holiness so that the deity would be able to live in the temple, which was considered his or her house. To do this, sacrifices, offerings, and liturgy were offered to the deities. Broadly speaking, these form a basic framework for how ancient Israelites and Judeans expressed religious devotion to their deity.
Before Saul & David
Before a centralized authority or state began to take formation around the 10th century BCE, people within Syria-Palestine practiced a form of family religion. Literature dating back to the 12th century BCE (1200 BCE; Amarna letters) and various inscriptions throughout Syria-Palestine demonstrate this. The data, though, is fragmentary. In other words, it is as if we have 400 pieces to a 2,000-piece puzzle. Yet, when we connect the puzzle with other historical sources from history, it becomes clear that family religion was the norm as Israel and Judah began forming a national identity. Thus, it is possible that "families honoured their ancestors by verbal rites and the presentation of offerings, and focused their religious devotion on the 'god of the father' or the 'god of the house'. In so doing, they anchored their collective identity in their lineage and their place of origin" (van der Toorn, 1996: 177).
This was the atmosphere, or context, in which ancient Israelite and Judean religion began to emerge. What to call the people before the formation of Israelite and Judean national identities, though, is hotly debated. For simplicity sake, then, we will refer to them as proto-Israelite. Assuming the Hebrew Bible reflects proto-Israelite religion, some scholars suspect that they performed rituals in honor of the deceased. Drawing on an example in 1 Samuel 20, van der Toorn explains:
What we learn from the passage is that there was a communal meal at which meat was eaten…; that the 'entire clan'… had to be present; that it was celebrated in Bethlehem, the home town of David, presumably because this was the place where the claim had its inherited land in which the ancestors lay buried… On the basis of this data, it has been suggested that the … clan sacrifice was in fact 'the occasion on which genealogical accounts were employed to invoke the names of dead ancestors.' (214)
In other words, it is likely that proto-Israelites practiced some sort of clan or family ritual. As ancient Israelite and Judean religion moved closer and closer to monotheism between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE, the notion of a family religion became incorporated into ancient Judah. The idea of the house of Israel or the house of Judah is rooted in the idea of family religion. With the emergence of a larger network of political alliances under the titles Israel and Judah, though, the family deity became the deity of the state.
Outside of the Hebrew Bible, one of the best examples of ancient Israelite and Judean religion comes from an archaeological site called Kuntillet 'Ajrud, possibly dating as early as the 10th century BCE. One inscription from this site reads, "to YHWH of Samaria and to Asherata." Another inscription reads, "To YHWH of Teman and to Asherata" (Na’aman, 305). Both of these inscriptions demonstrate that some ancient Israelites and Judeans were not monotheistic in how they practiced religion; rather, they were henotheistic. YHWH, which may be read as Yahweh, was the primary tribal deity. He is best known from the Hebrew Bible. Asherata, also known as Asherah, was a deity within the Ugaritic pantheon. She is also a common figure in the Hebrew Bible. Therefore, we can confidently say that among the spectrums of how people in ancient Israel and Judah practiced religion, Asherah and Yahweh were both honored in cults. Priority, though, tended to be given to Yahweh.
An inscription from another archaeological site (Khirbet el-Qom, 8th century BCE) says the following: "Blessed is Uriahu by YHWH for through Asherata He saved him from his enemy." Here, we see strong evidence that Asherata, a deity, represented a person named Uriahu before Yahweh. In Ugaritic literature, we see a similar understanding of the deities. The Ugaritic goddess Athirat was a mediator for El, the chief god of the Ugaritic pantheon. The parallel in how people understood deities (Yahweh is to Asherata as El is to Athirat) demonstrates how ancient Israel and Judah shared a cultural and religious framework with the broader West Semitic culture; yet, they were also unique in the sense that they worshiped a particular deity who uniquely represented their tribal system(s). Notably, though, this interpretation is still debated in current scholarly discussion (See Smith 2002, 125; Smith 2001, 72-73).
Other examples come from the Hebrew Bible itself. In Psalm 82, for example, Yahweh stands in the council of El, the high deity in West Semitic mythology. Yahweh accuses the other deities in the council of not helping poor and needy. In other words, the other deities failed to do their jobs as deities. As a result, El takes away the divine status of the deities and commands Yahweh to rule over the nations. In this piece of poetry from Judah and Israel, we have an example of a tradition in which other deities are within the pantheon; however, Yahweh takes the central role.
Narrative in the Hebrew Bible tells a similar story. For example, in 1 Kings 16:33, King Ahab makes a shrine for Asherah. 2 Kings 17:16 even references people who worship Asherah and Baal. Likewise, Baal worship occurs consistently throughout the narrative, suggesting that he "played a large part in the belief of the Israelite population" during the Iron Age (DDD 1999, 137).
Additionally, one of the earliest translations of the Hebrew Bible into another language in the 3rd century BCE attests to the henotheism of ancient Israel. In the Septuigant (LXX), a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy 32:8 reads: "When the Most High was apportioning nations, as he scattered Adam’s sons, he fixed boundaries of nations according to the number of divine sons" (Pietersma and Wright, 2007). Most High is a reference to El. In this verse, El is said to assign nations and people groups to his divine sons, namely deities. In this verse, Yahweh is assigned to Israel, and other deities to other peoples. Thus, the Hebrew Bible itself reflects the henotheism of ancient Israel and the region more broadly.
And as the previous inscriptions demonstrate, worship of deities other than Yahweh seems to have been a regular part of life for people. Throughout the Hebrew Bible, it suggests that Yahweh has always been the deity that people should worship. Based on these inscriptions, Psalms, Kings, Deuteronomy, and other unmentioned evidence, though, we know this is not the case; rather, henotheism was likely the norm for ancient Israelites and Judeans.
One scholar suggests that "whatever the biblical authors may have tried to convey, may not have been… the primary form of belief or religious exercise" (Gilmour, 100). In other words, the Hebrew Bible does not accurately represent how people actually practiced religion in the ancient world. He claims this because the Hebrew Bible itself was likely edited and compiled between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE. So, although the Hebrew Bible preserves traditions going back as far as the 11th century BCE, the theological and cultural positions between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE were likely read into the past and, among these, was monotheism.
Practice & Ritual
Having offered a basic idea of what and how some ancient Israelites and Judeans may have thought about their deities, we can now look at how ancient Judeans and Israelites practiced religion within their material environment. In other words, what sort of things did they physically do in order to worship their primary deity, Yahweh?
According to tradition in the book of Leviticus, there were 5 main types of sacrifice: burnt offering, grain offering, wellbeing offering, sin offering, and guilt offering. Within each type of sacrifice, there were three levels of material objects which could be offered. The reason there were three levels was to enable the poor within the society to offer sacrifice. For example, a person bringing a burnt offering could offer a bull, sheep or goat, or turtledove or pigeon. In other words, they could offer an expensive offering, a medium-priced offering, or an inexpensive offering. The other types of sacrifices offered the same opportunity for the poor. Some ritual texts from a Syrian city called Emar include the same levels of sacrifice, namely levels which enabled the poor to make offerings.
One of the most important annual rituals may have been the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur). The purpose of the Day of Atonement was to purify the sanctuary; for sin was thought to pollute the sanctuary. Without the ritual, Yahweh would, potentially, leave the sanctuary. Without Yahweh in the sanctuary, there was no longer any deity to advocate for the Judean population. As part of the assembly of El, the high god in Ugaritic mythology (cf. Ps. 29, 82), Yahweh was "assigned" Israel in some biblical traditions.
In order to solve this potential problem, a high priest would perform the sacrificial ritual by sacrificing for the sins of the people and sprinkling blood upon the altar. He then placed his hand on the head of a goat, transferred the impurities to the goat, and made one final burnt offering to atone for the people (Leviticus 16). Consequently, the people were atoned for. This national atonement also served to strengthen political bonds and unity.
The Day of Atonement is very similar to a ritual in Ugaritic texts (KTU 1.40), which date around the 13th century BCE. It does differ, though, in one major way. Whereas the Ugaritic ritual is performed in multiple temples, the Day of Atonement is, according to Leviticus, only performed in one temple, one sanctuary. Thus, ancient Israelite and Judean religion shares a similar ritual framework; however, the ritual is also distinct from other West Semitic rituals in terms of the centrality around one sanctuary.
Of course, other rituals are also attested to throughout the Hebrew Bible, such as Passover (Pesach), New Moon festivals, and other festivals to celebrate seasonal changes. These rituals likely involved sacrifice to Yahweh, just like the tradition of the Day of Atonement.
Ritual was not the only form of religious devotion, however. Although oftentimes considered to be taboo, divination was an important part of ancient Israelite and Judean religion. For example, 1 Samuel 28 tells a narrative of King Saul visiting a necromancer (one who raises ghosts from the ground) at En-dor. King Saul needs to speak to Samuel the prophet’s ghost. In this passage, though, the witch is not condemned for performing necromancy. Thus, this text demonstrates that divination did occur in ancient Israelite and Judean practice and ritual. Likewise, it was not necessarily frowned upon.
At the same time, some traditions explicitly ban divination. In Deuteronomy 18:10-11, the push against divination is explicit: "Let no one be found among you who consigns his son or daughter to the fire, or who is an augur, a soothsayer, a diviner, a sorcerer, one who casts spells, or one who consults ghosts or familiar spirits, or one who inquires of the dead." There would be no reason for a law such as this, though, if divination was not practiced. Therefore, ancient Israelite and Judean religion includes divination in some traditions; however, other traditions, such as Deut. 18:10-11, stand in opposition to the practice of divination.
In the ancient world, ethical behavior played an important role in religion. The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, for example, emphasize the importance of ethical behavior. The ethical behavior, though, is not a distinct category from religion in the ancient world; rather, ethical behavior impacts whether or not the deity, namely Yahweh, resides in the sanctuary or temple. Consequently, ethical behavior was understood to be correlated with whether or not Yahweh continued protecting the ancient Judeans and Israelites from other people groups. This sort of correlation is evident throughout the Hebrew Bible.
For example, a group on Mount Samaria is referenced as "the ones who oppress the poor and crush the needy" (Amos 4:1). In response, Yahweh claims that even though he removed their food, sent no rain, and caused famine, the people did not return. In other words, they did not change their behavior. This does not indicate that Yahweh only cared about ethics and did not care about his cult; rather, it indicates that ethics impacted whether or not Yahweh would provide sustenance for the people. Another example is in 1 Samuel 4. In this narrative, the glory of Yahweh, namely the representation of his physical presence, leaves the temple as a consequence for the ethical corruption of the sons of Eli. Finally, Leviticus 18-22 offers a series of moral and ethical standards. The consequence of not following the standards is being "cut off from the people." Importantly, though, this consequence is not the punishment for bad behavior; rather, the consequence is necessary in order to maintain sanctity and holiness within the community and of the temple. For, if the house of Yahweh became too polluted, he would have to leave.
Thus, the ethical behavior of the Judean peoples was an important aspect of religion because it ensured the enduring presence of the deity in the temple. Consequently, the deity was able to provide blessings, life, and sustenance from the temple.
History in the Hebrew Bible, Judaism, & Current State of Scholarship
People familiar with the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament may have noticed that there was no discussion about the religious importance of aspects like the Law, Moses, and the Davidic Dynasty. The reason such religious aspects were not included was that these reflect religious ideas developed between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE. While the line of Judah and figures like David existed, they were not necessarily central to ancient Israelite and Judean religious practice. For, "the presentation of Israel’s past in the biblical narrative from Genesis to 2 Kings is an ideological construct by intellectuals" after the 7th century BCE "who, nevertheless, transmitted some memories dating from the tenth to the sixth centuries BCE" (Knauf and Guillaume, 53). Thus, to a certain extent, the Hebrew Bible reflects well the past in ancient Judah and Israel; however, as a compilation of Judean traditions, it sometimes misrepresents or altogether ignores what happened in the past.
Additionally, attentive readers may notice that there was no discussion of Judaism. Generally speaking, the scholarly consensus is that the religion of Judaism was distinct from ancient Israelite and Judean religion. The elements which define Judaism, though, are beyond the scope of this article.
Finally, it is important to be aware of the current state of scholarship regarding ancient Israelite history. As a field of study, it is one of the most challenging fields because scholars have a limited amount of primary sources they can work with. Likewise, ancient Israelite history, particularly the religious history, is difficult to work with because one must sift through the Hebrew Bible in order to decide what may reflect the past most accurately. So, there may be others who offer vastly different explanations and descriptions of how ancient Israelites and Judeans practiced religion. This is a natural consequence of the sparse amount of data and serves to exemplify how much more research needs to be done in ancient Israelite history in order for us to be able to appreciate how this ancient people group understood their role in the world.
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The importance of cyber security in the digital world
There has been a heightened focus on digital technology now than ever before. Consequently, cyber-attacks have also become very common. As a result, companies need to step up their cyber security practices to protect digital data and avoid attacks by spammers, hackers, and cybercriminals. This will protect them from malicious intent involving phishing, ransomware attacks, data breaches, financial dent, and more.
Though so many good things come with technology, cyber security threats have become a thing of disappointment. However, the good part is that modern technology can mitigate the risk of cyber security. Let us know all about cyber security and its significance in the digital world.
What is a Cyber Security?
Cyber security is the process of keeping digital data, networks, and devices protected from a range of cyberattacks. In the absence of cyber security, the cyber-attack can compromise sensitive data and make it vulnerable to insecurity. In addition, cyberattacks aim to fraudulent access, change, and destroy sensitive information, extort money, and disrupt the smooth working of the business.
Cyber security measures can effectively defend companies from electronic attacks on devices, computers, smartphones, networks, programs, and databases. Cyber security includes protection from cybercrime, including identity theft, international digital weapons, and more.
The significance of Cybersecurity
With the growth in digital footprints, unscrupulous activity by hackers is also on the rise. They try to abuse information technology and use different tactics to destroy all the data or steal important information.
Cybersecurity companies have worked hard to invent new and effective methods to secure everything. Take a look at the following reasons why cyber security is necessary.
Protection of information
Businesses and individuals have some confidential information to protect, such as personal details, business details, government information, and more. The same is always vulnerable at the time of cyber security breach, causing significant damage to the organization. With Cyber Security measures, one can ensure the safety of sensitive data by preventing cyberattacks.
Hackers can steal internal data anytime when cyber security measures are not appropriately implemented. Sometimes the problem is so worse that when the hackers gain access to the victim's personal data, they extort a huge sum of money from them. To avoid such a horrifying problem, it is important to upscale your cyber system using effective security measures.
It has been observed that organizations have spent millions of currency due to cyberattacks. But suppose you have a cybersecurity system in place by paying a small amount of money on upscaling cyber security. In that case, you will be able to protect the company's assets and enormous amounts of money.
If you always want to ensure the safety of your information and gain credibility in this data-driven world, it becomes crucial to maintain cyber security. A failed cyber security compromises users' information, leading to a loss of credibility and long-lasting effects.
Helps you stay ahead of the competition
Cybersecurity can bring you a competitive advantage. Investing in cybersecurity, companies improve their security posture and prevent attackers from penetrating their systems. When the clients know that their data is protected, they will feel more confident working with you.
Other than the customers, employee trust is enhanced when their information is protected. By encrypting data, using firewalls, and creating password security, businesses can show their dedication towards protecting consumer and employee information, which builds trust.
Until there is technology, the vulnerability to cyber-attacks will be there. Therefore, hiring a cybersecurity company that can identify potential threats, take necessary action, and keep your business protected is imperative.
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Sarah Cole (1805-1857), Ancient Column Near Syracuse, c. 1848.
Josephine Chamberlin Ellis (1842-1912), Natural Bridge, 1884.
Harriet Cany Peale (1800-1869), Kaaterskill Clove, 1858
Susie M. Barstow (1836-1923), Landscape, 1865.
Writings about New York’s celebrated Hudson River School—the nineteenth-century pioneers of American landscape painting that reached its heyday in the mid 1800's—rarely mention the female contingent that painted alongside such famous male practitioners as Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, and Frederic Church. Now, for the first time, an exhibition opening Sunday at the Thomas Cole historic site in Catskill, New York, will focus exclusively on the women of the movement, including Julie Hart Beers and Susie M. Barstow. Often wives or relatives of the men, these women climbed mountain peaks and despite their tight corsets, heels, and thick petticoats, they strove to capture the expansive, romantic views that characterize the school’s aesthetic. The women, says the exhibition’s co-curator Jennifer Krieger, “tackled the new subject matter that they were bringing forward as well, and with parallel skill, as their male colleagues.” So why were they forgotten, despite receving support from some of the men they painted alongside? “They had to contend with the biases of the time: Many men just didn’t believe that the women were physically able to be talented artists,” says Krieger. "The works really haven’t been researched or exposed to the public. It is a story that hasn’t been told before.”
“Remember the Ladies: Women of the Hudson River School,” curated by Nancy Siegel and Jennifer Krieger, runs from May 2 through October 31 at the home of Thomas Cole, 218 Spring Street, Catskill, New York. [gallery]
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I commence this chapter in the language of Leather Stocking:??You know the Catskills, lad, for you must have seen them on your left, as you followed the river up from York, looking as blue as a piece of clear sky, and holding the clouds on their tops, as the smoke curls over the head of an Indian chief at a council-fire.? Yes, everybody is acquainted with the names of these mountains, but few with their peculiarities of scenery. They are situated about eight miles from the Hudson, rise to an average elevation of about thirty-five hundred feet, and running in a straight line from north to south, cover a space of some twenty-five miles. The fertile valley on the east is as beautiful as heart could desire; it is watered by the Kauterskill, Plauterkill and Esopus creeks, inhabited by a sturdy Dutch yeomanry, and is the agricultural mother of Catskill, Saugerties and Kingston. The upland on the west for about forty miles is rugged, dreary and thinly settled, but the winding valley of Schoharie beyond is possessed of many charms peculiarly American. The mountains themselves are covered with dense forests abounding in cliffs and waterfalls, and for the most part untrodden by the footsteps of man. Looking at them from the Hudson, the eye is attracted by two deep hollows, which are called ?Cloves.?
A Tour to the River Saguenay, in Lower Canada
|Publication License Type||
Categories: Books, Open Access Books Tags: Adirondack Mountains (N.Y.), Canada, Description and Travel, Expeditions & Discoveries, Fishing, History, Maine, New England, New York (State), North America, Qu?bec (Province), Saguenay River Valley (Qu?bec)
The Myths of the North American Indians
The myths and legends of the Algonquins, Iroquois, Pawnees, Sioux, and northern and northwestern Indians offer rich insights into the character and beliefs of the tribes that once dominated extensive territories of North America. The distinguished British anthropologist and folklorist Lewis Spence has collected many of the most interesting and compelling of these myths and presented them here according to ethnic grouping, prefacing the collection with important historical and ethnological information that will give the reader an accurate view of the conditions under which these fascinating tribal cultures once flourished.The myths range in theme from steadfast love to rivalry between warriors to victory over powerful forces, and in their unfolding lie powerful images of the innermost fears and aspirations that motivated the behavior of Algonquin, Iroquois, Pawnees, Sioux, and northwestern Indians alike. Lewis Spence relates each tale in a simple, direct way that will appeal to children as well as to adults. The book includes photographs and drawings that depict various tribes in their typical costumes and dwellings. It contains as well a map of the geographical areas where primary language families were spoken.This fascinating book, a major forerunner of modern studies of myth, combines an appealing presentation of Indian legend with factual and illustrative material that gives each myth meaningful perspective. Students of anthropology and ethnology will enjoy the especially rich variety of mythical imagery in this generous collection, and general readers in search of a good story for themselves and for their children will find in these pages a treasury of suspenseful tales that reveal much of the spirit of North America?s original cultures.
The Indian Fairy Book, From the Original Legends
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface.We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Soul of the Indian
Raised among the Sioux until the age of 15, Charles Alexander Eastman (1858?1939) resolved to become a physician in order to be of the greatest service to his people. Upon completing his education at Boston University School of Medicine, he accepted an appointment to a South Dakota Indian reservation, where he was the only doctor available to the victims of the 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee. With the encouragement of his wife, he further distinguished himself both as a writer and as a uniquely qualified interpreter of Native American ways. His writings offer authentic, sometimes stirring views of a world that has forever changed.In The Soul of the Indian, Eastman brings to life the rich spirituality and morality of the Native Americans as they existed before contact with missionaries and other whites. This is a rare firsthand expression of native religion, without the filters imposed by translators or anthropologists. Rather than a scientific treatise, Eastman has written a book, "as true as I can make it to my childhood teaching and ancestral ideals, but from the human, not the ethnological standpoint." His discussions of the forms of ceremonial and symbolic worship, the unwritten scriptures, and the spirit world emphasize the universal quality and personal appeal of Native American religion.
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In single deprivation analysis, children's well-being is evaluated using one dimension or indicator of deprivation at a time. This helps identify particular problem areas as well as those that are performing relatively well. It also shows the variation in deprivation incidence by household characteristics.
I. SINGLE DEPRIVATION ANALYSIS
Deprivation incidence by indicator and dimension
The figures below show the deprivation incidence for each dimension and indicator. It is the proportion of children deprived in each dimension or indicator as a percentage of all the children in a given age group. Children are considered deprived in a particular dimension if they are deprived in at least one of the dimension's indicators.
1. For a detailed description of each of the indicators and dimensions, see EU-MODA Technical Note.
2. Children with missing values on any indicator are excluded from all analyses for this age group. "Data availability (EU-MODA)" reports the percentage of children excluded from the study due to missing data separately for each age group and country.
3. Children under the age of three are excluded from the estimation of the deprivation headcount ratio for the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) indicator. However, children under three are assumed to be non-deprived in the ECEC dimension. This explains the differences in the deprivation incidence for the ECEC indicator and the ECEC dimension.
Deprivation incidence by household characteristics
The figure below shows the deprivation incidence for each dimension among sub-groups of children with different household characteristics. For example, the deprivation headcount by degree of urbanization shows the proportion of children living in thinly populated areas deprived in a given dimension separately from the proportion of children living in densely populated (i.e. urban) areas deprived in this dimension. Statistically significant differences (at the 95% confidence level) indicate that children with particular household characteristics are substantially more or less likely to be deprived in a given dimension, i.e. deprivation status in this dimension and the selected profiling variable are not statistically independent. However, this cannot be interpreted as evidence of a causal relationship, but merely of an association.
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At first sight, it looks like a holy water sprinkler, but in reality it's a bit more complex. The torturer poured molten metals, boiling oil, boiling water, pitch or tar in the bottom half of the lead sprinkler and its contents slowly trickled to the other side where they fell on the victim's body. Several executions occurred with this instrument. A common way to execute a victim was by pouring molten silver on his eyes. This caused a great deal of pain and eventually caused death.
Flaying is a very old and traditional torture method that was used hundreds of years ago in areas like the Middle East, Africa and America. During the Medieval times, it was often used to torture and execute criminals, captured enemy soldiers and witches. In one version of the Flaying Torture, the victim's arms were tied to a pole above his head while his feet were tied below. When his body was completely exposed to the torturer, the torturer slowly peeled off the victim's skin with the help of a small knife. In most cases ,however, the torturer peeled off his victim's facial skin first, then slowly worked his way down to the victim's feet. Many victims died before the torturer even reached the skin at their waist. In another version of the torture, the victim was exposed to the Sun until his skin reddened. This was followed by the torturer peeling off his victim's flesh with the same method described above. In yet another version, the victim was put into boiling water and was taken out after a few minutes. He was slowly flayed.
The breast ripper was a common and cruel way to mutilate or rip off a woman's breasts. This instrument was mostly used for women accused of conducting a miscarriage or those accused of adultery. The claws were either placed in fire or cooled down before placed on the victim's exposed breasts. If the victim wasn't killed she would be scarred for life as her breasts were literally torn apart. A common variant of the breast ripper is often referred to as "The Spider" which is a similar instrument attached to a wall. The victim's breasts were fixed to the claws and the woman was pulled by the torturer away from the wall; successfully removing them
The thumbscrew was used during the Middle Ages. The victim's fingers were placed inside the device and slowly crushed as the torturer turned the handle on top. This method was mostly used to extract confessions as it was extremely painful and and lasts a very long time If the victim still chose to remain silent, the torturer could choose from several other torture methods. The same instrument was also used to crush victim's toes. A bigger version of the device that followed the same principle was used to crush victim's feet, knees and elbows. The Head Crusher was used for crushing the head. A similar device was used for medical purposes in order to straighten the fingers of soldiers who had been injured. The effectiveness of such instrument is debated.
In Medieval Times, foot roasting was a popular way to punish someone who committed a minor crime or make someone confess during an interrogation. The victim's feet were put into in the stocks and then fires were placed right under them. When someone being was interrogated, a screen was put between the fire and his feet, acting as relief. If he refused to answer, his bare feet were exposed to the fire. The torture continued until the victim's feet were burned off. When this occurred, the leg bones fell as the feet were completely burned. This hardly ever resulted in death, but if the victim refused to confess, he could be put into other torture devices. The Knights Templar were tortured with this method.
This device was used as a death punishment during the Middle Ages.
Reserved for only hated criminals, The Wheel always killed its victim, but it took a very long time The Wheel originated in Greece and quickly spread to Germany, France, Russia, England and Sweden. The Wheel is large and has many spokes all around it. The victim's arms and legs were bound to the spokes as the wheel was turned. Through the openings between the spokes, the torturer often used an iron hammer to break the victim's bones. Once the bones were broken, he was put onto a tall pole and braided into a pretzel-like shape and left to die. Other times he was left on the wheel for birds and such to eat him alive When extreme pain was desired, the victim just had his bones broken and left there to die. It could take up to two or three days for him to die of dehydration.
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Do you know that the same amount of French Fries has less Calories than Rice or Pasta?
A new study shows that cutting back on salt may not be as beneficial for your heart as nutritionists once thought. While a diet low in salt can have a small effect on blood pressure, it increases the levels of cholesterol, fat and hormones in the blood that are known to increase the risk of heart disease.
or White Sugar?
White sugar is 99.9% sucrose, brown sugar is about 97% sucrose, 2% water and 1% other stuff (mostly molasses). Molasses can contain microscopic amounts of hundreds of vitamins and minerals - or harmless but scary-looking bacteria. Sucrose, our regular table sugar, is the combination of glucose and fructose. Each sugar has six carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms arranged into a rough circle, with the atoms arranged differently for each sugar. But the real differences between white and brown sugars are their colors. Everything else is based on the world's famous Placebo effect.
Get Fat with Fruits!
Our body burns the glucose immediately for energy. If glucose is not needed for energy immediately, then it is converted into glycogen in the liver or in the muscles. If the body has an excess of glucose, and all of the glycogen stores are full, the surplus glucose is converted to fat by the liver and stored as bodyfat around the body. The sugar of fruits, fruit juices, or any of the derivatives is known as fructose. Our muscles do not have the necessary enzymes to synthesize fructose into glycogen. Only the liver is able to convert fructose into liver glycogen. Once its stores are full, the liver is signaling the body to store glucose as glycogen or convert it to fat. In essence, fruit sugar is easily converted to fat. It would only take three 2.5 dl glasses of orange juice to fully replenish liver glycogen stores. After that, fructose is converted to fat and released back into the bloodstream to be stored as bodyfat. Therefore be careful: A fruit is a healthy food, full of nutrients, high in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and itself low in fat and calories - but once in your body it can produce quite a lot of bodyfat!
Avoid Low Fat and/or Non Fat Yoghurts! The average low-fat fruit yogurt contains 17.9g of sugar in every 100g or 22.4g of sugar per pot. As you already know, your body transfers excessive amounts of sugar into bodyfat. Therefore: Low Fat and Non Fat Yoghurts can be the source of your overweight - as well as almost all other Low Fat or Non Fat products. Avoid them!
According to data analyzed by Harvard Researchers drinking between 5-6 cups of coffee a day cut the chances of men suffering from Type 2 Diabetes by 54% and cut the chances of women suffering from the same by 30%! Studies carried out by the Scottish Heart Healthy group show that men and women between the ages of 40 and 59 who drink large quantities of coffee were more likely to lower their chances of dying from heart disease. The anti-oxidants your coffee provides is also lowering the risk of suffering from Parkinson's Disease, the study showed, but the coffee must contain caffeine to be effective.
Laboratory tests by Mahidol University on 22 samples of orange juice found many contained dangerously high levels of sugar. The tests revealed some concentrated orange juice and orange-flavoured drinks contain 11 to 15 teaspoons of sugar per small bottle or pack, compared to about seven teaspoons per similar-sized can of carbonated drink. The Department of Medical Services recently reported that Thais consume excessive amounts of sugar, with an average of 20 teaspoons per person a day. The recommended health standard is no more than 10 teaspoons a day. An excessive intake of sugar can lead to increased a risk of many diseases, including high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes and obesity. The lab tests also found that the juices contained less vitamin C than claimed on the label. The Foundation for Consumers said consumers should switch to fresh fruit, such as guava, for vitamin C intake. A 100g serving of fresh guava contains up to 230mg of vitamin C.
Do you know?
The same quantity of milk or fruit juice contains more sugar than an ordinary Coke!
Tasty Food in Pattaya
recommends Tasty and Affordable Food in Pattaya
Enjoy Pattaya News Flash
Cool Kitchen, located at the Car Park of the renovated Tops Supermarket on Pattaya's Central Road, is serving this Breakfast for 65 Baht.
Update July 8th 2013:You are right: It's the same restaurant that served the very same breakfast for 50 Baht until a few weeks ago! With the exception of Computers, Tablets and Smartphones nothing gets cheaper this days, not even in Pattaya...
This Breakfast: 95 Baht!
Schnitzel, Bratkartoffeln, Salad: 79 Baht!
The Fat Aunt is located on Naklua's Main Road, about 50 meters in front of the Soi Photisarn traffic lights, or just across Naklua's Blue Moon Bar (since August 2014 known as Lung Restaurant).
Tasty Food on Soi Photisarn (Naklua)
On Naklua's Soi Photisarn, across the entry to its Soi 12, you will find a noname restaurant preparing Steaks and Spaghetti starting from 49 Baht/each.
This tasty Bacon wrapped Steak with a few french fries, a small salad and some Barbecue Sauce costs 79 Baht. Spaghetti Carbonara costs 49 Baht. More on the menu card. The small restaurants opens almost daily at about 18:00.
Just at the entry to Soi 12, and just across the restaurant mentioned above you see this popular Noodle Shop. The lady prepares the tasty Kuy teav, her husband makes Khao Man Gai (rice with chicken and some soup).
The dishes cost about 35 Baht/each. Cheap but tasty. The venue opens almost daily at about 18:00.
Generous Uncle on Pattaya's 3rd Road
Generous Uncle is a small and clean street restaurant serving steaks starting from 39 Baht. The venue opens after 17:00 and is located across 3rd Road's Korat Bus Terminal - or just a few meters from Central Road.
Kiss Food and Drinks 2nd Road, North Pattaya, in front of J.J. Market
Kiss Food and Drinks 2nd Road, Central Pattaya, opposite Mike Shopping Mall
Kiss Food and Drinks 2nd Road, Jomtien, at the entry to Rompho Market
Since many years Kiss Food and Drinks is serving tasty Thai and Western food prepared in clean kitchen at very reasonable prices.
Kakadu Bar & Restaurant is located on Naklua's Soi 18, just about 50 meters from Naklua Road and across Leo's Blues Bar. You get healthy German and Swiss as well as Thai foods. With a lot of dishes you have a free choice of 5 different supplements, they even include Rösti, a Swiss speciality made from potatoes. Almost all dishes are served with a large salad, dressed with a real salad sauce - and not with a crazy salad cream! Züricher Geschnetzeltes or Beef Stroganoff, including salad and supplements costs you a lousy 150 Baht (170 Baht since November 2013).
Enjoy your English meal(s) on Soi Lengkee!
At Volare you get the real Pizza. Freshly-prepared and freshly-baked according to your taste. The crust is crispy and thin, as in Italy. Not the 'toast bred' ketchup pizza you get in other places. For a (really large) Mushroom and Ham Pizza I paid 225 Baht. A big difference to the deep-frozen pizza junk you get served in this city. Guests on the next table ordered steaks and macaroni, looked very tasy too. The restaurant is clean. It has a large pictured menu card written in several languages. Volare is located on Soi Buakhaow at the entry to Soi 15.
You prefer Som-Tam?
Located on Pattaya's 3rd Road, between North Road and Soi Photisarn, a new restaurant opened. It serves a very popular and tasty Som-Tam version: Som Tam Gai Yang. A spicy green papaya salad accompanied by sticky rice and grilled and marinaded chicken. A native dish of Northeast Thailand.
BBQ Ribs 49 BahtIf you like Pattaya's famous BBQ Ribs and can't wait for the next big market on Beach Road or at one of Pattaya's many Temples we recommend Soi Jirapol's BBQ Ribs booth. It is located just a few meters off Soi Buakhaow. Look out for the P.P. Massage sign on Soi Buakhaow and you can't miss the small restaurant.
Healthy Seafood: Think twice...
Why you like to eat Seafood? Because it's tasty, or because of its (probably) high content of Omega 3 acids - or simply because you think that seafood is healthy? Latest research on Seafood - as well as food from lakes and rivers - shows that it can be dangerous: The food is loaded with small, almost invisible, particles from microplastics. The fishes eat them with their daily intake. In the long term it makes them sik, and if you eat them, it will do the same with you. These microbeads are a common additive in soaps, toothpaste, shampoos, eyeliners, lip gloss, deodorant, sunblock sticks, facial scrubs and other personal cleaning products. The micro particles are made of Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and Nylon. Most of them are so small that they are slipping through water treatment plants and turning up by the tens of millions in the lakes, rivers and in the sea. These plastics degrade very slowly and become coated with poisons in the water like the cancer-causing chemicals known as PCBs. The plastic is working like a sponge. It can cause physical damage to the organism of any creature. It's not possible to skim the waters of the lakes to try to filter them out: Any attempt would scoop up plankton and other essential parts of the food chain. Micro plastics enter all kind of organisms e.g. fish, lobster, bivalves, oysters, sea cucumbers, zooplankton and thereby enter the food chain. Eventually this could also affect human health. Several companies already promised to phase out microbeads: Johnson & Johnson says it already has started. Unilever has pledged to eliminate microbeads by 2015. Procter & Gamble said it plans to stop using them no later than 2017. Therefore there is a chance that your grandchildren can start eat seafood again.
At least 25% of Pattaya's Drinking Water dispensers deliver contaminated water
The biggest problem is that owners of drinking machine are not maintaining or changing filters. They not even clean the machines.
The popular water-vending machines produce reverse osmosis water (R.O. water). The R.O. water purification method involves forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane, which filters out a select number of water contaminants, depending on the size of the contaminants. A good R.O. system can remove contaminants such as arsenic, nitrates, sodium, copper and lead, some organic chemicals, and the municipal additive fluoride. Many people believe that reverse osmosis water is the best drinking water. Nevertheless, health disadvantages outweigh the advantages: 1. The water is demineralized. Since most mineral particles (including sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron) are larger than water molecules, they are removed by the semi-permeable membrane of the R.O. system. Even though you may find some contradictory information online about the health benefits of reverse osmosis water, drinking de-mineralized water is not healthy. The World Health Organization conducted a study that revealed some of the health risks associated with drinking demineralized water. Just a few of the risks include gastrointestinal problems, bone density issues, joint conditions, and cardiovascular disease. Removing the naturally occurring minerals also leaves the water tasteless. Many people thus have to add liquid minerals to their R.O. water to improve the taste. 2. The Osmosis drinking water is acidic. One of the primary reasons R.O. water is unhealthy is because removing the minerals makes the water acidic (often well below 7.0 pH). Drinking acidic water will not help maintain a healthy pH balance in the blood, which should be slightly alkaline. In the natural health and medical communities, acidosis in the body is considered an underlying cause of most degenerative diseases. In fact, in 1931, Dr. Otto Warburg won the Nobel Prize for discovering the cause of cancer. In essence, he said it was caused by a lack of cellular oxygenation due to acidosis in the body. Medical research has also determined that drinking acidic water (as well as other acidic beverages) will often cause a leaching of essential minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, from the body, especially from the bones and teeth, in order to neutralize the acidity. 3. Some critical contaminants are not removed. While reverse osmosis is effective for removing a variety of contaminants in water, it does NOT remove volatile organic chemical (VOCs), chlorine and chloramines, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other synthetic chemicals found in municipal water. Drinking Water sold in Thailand's shops, restaurants and bars is reverse osmosis treated water. There are only a few locally mineral water brands available in the Kingdom: Mineré, Aura, Mont Fleur, Purra (Singha), Muangnong Mineral Water, AQUARe Natural Spring Mineral Water and BigC Mineral Water.
Thailand's Obesity is Homemade
October 31st, 2013Thailand's Public Health Ministry claims that more than 3.5 million Thais are suffering from diabetes. Over the next eight years the number could rise to 4.7 million if there is no effective prevention. Almost 8'000 Thai people are dying each year from the disease.
Calories 'made in Thailand':
November 14th, 2013The Thai Pesticide Alert Network (Thai-PAN) and Thailand's consumer magazine Chaladsue report dangerous levels of pesticides in Thailand's vegetables. You not even can believe in nicely packaged vegetables bearing Safe and Quality logos. Read the story here.
To be continued
Do you know?
Foremost as well as Betagen are part of Germany's FrieslandCampina Thailand. The companies produce milk and spoonable or drinkable yoghurt mainly. The milk comes from local farmers and local cooperatives. Milk powder and evaporated milk are imported from the Netherlands among others places.
Dutch Mill Co., Ltd. is one of Thailand's largest manufacturers and marketers of dairy products. The company manufactures and distributes pasteurized dairy product under the trade names of Dutch Mill and Dutchie. 2008 Dutch Mill was part of the Chinese milk scandal. After discovering traces of melamine, the company stated they had to import milk from China because there was a shortage of supplies from New Zealand...
Mali and Orchid (Pure Creamery Butter) are the brand names of The Thai Dairy Industry Co., Ltd. It's a joint venture between Thai and Malaysian businessmen with the Australian Dairy Corporation.
Yakult is a probiotic dairy product made by fermenting a mixture of skimmed milk with a special strain of the bacterium Lactobacillus casei Shirota. It was created by Japanese scientist Minoru Shirota in 1935. 1971 the company started to produce its products for the local market in Thailand.
Lactasoy is a soymilk, a combination of soybeans, milkpowder and sugar. It was introduced in Thailand by Mr. Viriya Chiraphadhankul, formerly a successful producer of soft drinks.
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“Faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth; and God has placed in the human heart a desire to know the truth—in a word, to know Himself—so that, by knowing and loving God, men and women may also come to the fullness of truth about themselves.”–St. John Paul II Preface to Fides et Ratio
Fides et Ratio Reflections
A scientistic approach to knowledge has sometimes been supported by citing the example of the 17th century episode of Galileo. Thankfully, Pope John Paul II reckoned with that perception when he formed a study commission to re-examine the historical case and clarify the proper relationship between the two wings.
In his speech on the occasion of the summary of the commission’s report on October 31, 1992, he gave his authoritative assessment, rooted in a balance of faith and reason, properly understood:
“From the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment down to our own day, the Galileo case has been sort of ‘myth’, in which the image fabricated out of the events was quite far removed from reality. In this perspective, the Galileo case was the symbol of the Church’s supposed rejection of scientific progress, or of ‘dogmatic’ obscurantism opposed to the free search for truth. This myth has played a considerable cultural role. It has helped to anchor a number of scientists of good faith in the idea that there was an incompatibility between the spirit of science and its rules of research on the one hand and the Christian faith on the other. A tragic mutual incomprehension has been interpreted as the reflection of a fundamental opposition between science and faith. The clarifications furnished by recent historical studies enable us to state that this sad misunderstanding now belongs to the past.”
This “sad misunderstanding” need not, therefore, be the reason for embracing the inadequacies of scientism.
It’s About Time
Tuesday was the 60th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council on October 11, 1962. For that reason, it is also the feast day of St. John XXIII, who called the council and gave his opening address that day.
There have been some 60th anniversary assessments of the council this week, and though some of those seem like Rorschach tests, two thoughts come to my mind.
One is the saying of my graduate Patristics professor, Fr. Godfrey Diekmann, OSB (who attended the council as a peritus). “Historically,” he noted, “a Church council takes at least a century to implement.” If that’s the case, then we are at the 60 percent phase.
The other is the hermeneutical framework suggested by Pope Benedict XVI, who also attended the council as a peritus. Regarding the question of the correct interpretation (hermeneutics) of the council he maintained, “On the one hand, there is an interpretation that I would call ‘a hermeneutic of discontinuity and rupture;’ it has frequently availed itself of the sympathies of the mass media, and also one trend of modern theology. On the other, there is the ‘hermeneutic of reform,’ of renewal in the continuity of the one subject-Church which the Lord has given to us. She is a subject which increases in time and develops, yet always remaining the same, the one subject of the journeying People of God.”
St. John Paul II Feast Day Observed
Though his annual feast day is October 22 (which this year is Saturday of next week), we will observe St. John Paul II’s feast day with an all-schools Mass next Wednesday, October 19 at 9:30 am in the Shanley-Sacred Heart gym.
That honors the recommendation of our board of directors, which directed that we should celebrate our patron saint’s feast on a nearby school day in those years when the feast falls on a non-school day. The accompanying graces, teaching, and prayer call us to deeper communion with Christ in the communion of saints.
We haven’t gathered for this Mass as a system of five schools since 2019 due to COVID in 2020 and busing issues last year. (Last year, though, recall that the high school and middle school students gathered for it.)
As in previous years, Bishop John Folda is scheduled to preside, and we count this annual Mass as a major celebration of our heritage and identity as “St. John Paul II Catholic Schools.”
On October 22, 1978, the 58-year-old Polish Cardinal was inaugurated as universal Pastor of the Church, proclaiming on that day, “Do not be afraid! Open wide the doors for Christ.”
He had been elected a few days earlier on October 16. In his first address to the crowd in St. Peter’s Square, he confessed, “Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened at the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals have called for a new bishop of Rome. They called him from a faraway land—far and yet always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to accept that responsibility [emphasis added], yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother.”
Cardinal Karol Wojtyla chose the name “John Paul II.” John. Paul. The Second.
With that name, he honored his three saintly predecessors as successor to St. Peter, now known as Bl. Pope John Paul I, St. Paul VI, and St. John XXIII.
With that name, therefore, we honor and embrace these four holy leaders. In the communion of saints, we invoke their prayers for our Catholic school system. St. John XXIII, St. Paul VI, Bl. John Paul I, and St. John Paul II: “Pray for us.”
Last Sunday at our home parish’s fall festival, my wife and I bid on several silent auction items. She had the winning bid on a wok; I on a grandfather clock. (I hate to say it, but now we can wok around the clock.)
I loved the clock’s custom wood craftsmanship and, especially, the insignia above its face: “Tempus Fugit” (time flies). It certainly does.
“Cling to the Rosary as the creeper [vine] clings to the tree, for without our Lady we cannot stand.”–St. Teresa of Calcutta
Hagstrom’s Attempt At Humor (HAAH!)
Sunday Psalm Sampler
Twenty-Ninth Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year C)
“Everything written about Me in the Law of Moses and in the Prophets and in the Psalms must be fulfilled.”–Luke 24:44b
Twenty-ninth Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year C)
Lectionary Readings: Twenty-ninth Sunday in Ordinary Time | USCCB
Responsorial Psalm: Ps 121: 1-8
Responsorial Refrain: “Our help is from the Lord, who made heaven and earth.” (Psalm 121:2)
Chris Brunelle’s YouTube recording: R&A Psalm 29th Sunday Ordinary Time 2022, Psalm 121 Cycle C – YouTube
Psalm 121 is among the pilgrimage songs called the “Songs of Ascent, “ for pilgrims making their way up to Jerusalem would sing along the journey. “Up to Jerusalem,” is quite literal: Jerusalem is a city built on the hills—2,430 feet above sea level.
Psalm 121 begins, “I lift up my eyes toward the mountains; whence shall help come to me?” Verse 2, which serves as the answer, is a statement of conviction: “my help is from the Lord, Who made Heaven and earth.”
The Psalmist underscores that belief in the Lord’s assistance by using “guard” or variations of that word six times in the Psalm’s eight verses. The pilgrims’ path was at times uncertain and unsafe, so this Psalm’s recognition of the Lord as their guardian set the tone for their travels.
As we make our pilgrim way this week, may we sing that same reminder of the Lord as our guard and guide: “Our help is from the Lord, who made heaven and earth.”
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More standardised methods are needed for the extemporaneous preparation of paediatric medicines, indicates a doctoral dissertation examined at the University of Eastern Finland. Hospital pharmacies modify adult medicines for children when there are no suitable paediatric medicines available. Medicines intended for adults can be modified for children into oral suspensions, oral powders or capsules the contents of which are emptied for use. However, the study showed that the quantity of the active ingredient per dosage can vary widely in these preparations, depending on the dosage form and handling of the product.
A positive trend in the approval of safe and efficacious medicines for children seems to be in progress in Europe, but achieving this goal takes time. Age-appropriate dosage forms formulated at different strengths containing harmless excipients are routinely needed.
Ms Minna Helin-Tanninen, Lic.Sc. (Pharm.), examined the content uniformity as well as the chemical and physical stability of different dosage forms of nifedipine, a drug used for treating pulmonary hypertension in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The study focused on extemporaneous nifedipine capsules, powders and oral suspensions.
Oral suspensions require vigorous shaking
A remarkable variation in the nifedipine amount per dose, even tens of percents, was discovered in oral suspensions packed in multi-dose bottles when not shaken thoroughly. Not only the amount of shaking but also the excipients used in the suspension had an impact on content uniformity. It was observed that sophisticated suspensions mixed uniformly and easily, but contained excipients that are not recommended for neonates. Good uniformity was achieved in unit-dose suspensions that were prepared in the pharmacy with non-toxic excipients.
Opened capsules represent an alternative
The study also showed that when nifedipine was administered in powder form and the total mass of the oral powder was kept low for easy administration, the amount of nifedipine obtained by the paediatric patient was too low, less than 80% of the targeted amount. Most of the missing amount remained in the emptied powder sachets. On the other hand, nifedipine capsules, the contents of which were emptied for use, proved a good alternative to oral powders and multi-dose suspensions. Small capsules contain low amounts of excipients while the amount of nifedipine remains sufficient. The use of water-soluble lactose as an excipient prevents the occlusion of the small-bore nasogastric feeding tube.
According to Ms Helin-Tanninen, more research on extemporaneous preparation is required. "The medicines prepared in hospital pharmacies are useful to many patients. Although the tradition of pharmaceutical compounding can be traced back hundreds of years as part of the professional skill set of pharmacists, the quality of the compounded products has been inadequately studied when compared to manufactured medicines."
Ms Helin-Tanninen presented the results in her doctoral dissertation.
For further information, please contact: Minna Helin-Tanninen, Kuopio University Hospital / Department of Pharmacy, tel.
minna.helin-tanninen (at) kuh.fi
Helin-Tanninen, Minna. Compounding of Paediatric Oral Formulations, Extemporaneous nifedipine capsules, powders and suspensions in the hospital pharmacy.University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences. Publications of the University of Eastern Finland. Dissertations in Health Sciences 199. 2014.
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Counting Song: The Ants Go MarchingPosted: February 28, 2014
All the kids in this daycare group can recite the numbers up to five or six. To practice the sequence of numbers and have fun exploring the what the numbers mean, we sang “The Ants Go Marching”. I had the verses memorized, a plan to draw an ant per verse, a roll of paper pre-cut and markers ready for the kids. The rest I left up to the questions they might ask.
We did get through the whole song with some detours. Another time I would save the drawing until the end. Some interesting observations included the variation in drawing skills and a, for me, the culture shock of kids not being able to share a large piece of paper.
The kids explored the numerals as the numbers came up in the song, colored in the numerals and counted the cumulative number of ants as well as drew critters with various numbers of legs. (We quickly concluded that ants which are insects must have six legs each.)
Roll or individual sheaths of paper
Crayons or markers
Lyrics to “The Ants Go Marching” (link to Youtube)
“Many three-year-olds may be able to identify a 3, but they don’t understand what 3 means. It’s important for parents to understand the difference between conceptual learning and skill development,” she says. “Instead of flashcards, look for teachable moments, count things that are familiar to the child as she plays or helps you with simple chores. Counting socks, toy cars, or other toys will maintain her attention and have more meaning for her. Play is learning for three and four-year olds. Follow their interests and create environments that encourage creativity and exploration.”
– Grace Davila Coates, Program Director of Family Math, University of California at Berkeley.
Read more on Education.com
Skills practiced: Counting, number recognition, pre-writing, reasoning.
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Pollen morphology and pollen morphology in conjunction with other characteristics have elucidated the origin and evolution of various plant groups. Many studies of fossil pollen rarely discuss the effects of diagenesis and sample preparation on pollen characteristics. This paper examines the relationship of diagenesis, sample preparation (e.g., acetolysis), and staining techniques on the preservation and interpretation of pollen characteristics viewed with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Based on empirical studies, different species under similar experimental conditions have different reflectance values, indicating the individual species respond differently to diagenetic events. The quantitative pollen fluorescence spectra showed significant variability, but an overall increase in the mean wavelength of maximum emission. Increases in these spectral parameters are used to infer thermal maturation and diagenetic pathways in fossil pollen. Assessing the thermal maturity of a dispersed or in situ pollen using Pearson's Pollen/Spore Color Standard can be an indicator of the quality of morphological and ultrastructural information that can be extricated from fossil pollen. Staining for light or electron microscopy in fossil pollen, although useful for improving contrast in the specimen, must be used with caution when interpreting pollen wall structure. Although single fossil pollen investigations are useful, replication of these studies on similar or the same specimens from the same locality or various localities will collectively provide more information for elucidation of the morphology and ultrastructure of the once living pollen, and is helpful in sorting out characteristics that may be artifacts from post depositional diagenesis.
|Title||Reflectance and spectral fluorescence data from the effect of diagenesis on the preservation of morphology and ultrastructural features of pollen|
|Authors||Michael S Zavada, Paul C Hackley, Mary R Croke|
|Product Type||Data Release|
|Record Source||USGS Digital Object Identifier Catalog|
|USGS Organization||Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center|
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3 February 2018
Every February 2nd the people of the United States and Canada observe a quirky holiday called Groundhog Day. In the US, the country turns its eyes to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania to find out whether Punxsutawney Phil, a groundhog, will see his shadow and predict six more weeks of winter. The holiday provides the namesake for a 1993 film in which reporter Phil Conners, brilliantly portrayed by Bill Murray, finds himself in a time loop while covering the events in Punxsutawney.
Planning Curiosity’s activities on February 2nd, 2018, aka sol 1954 – 1956, felt a little bit like Groundhog Day on Mars. Unfortunately the uplink to the rover for the sol 1952 – 1953 failed, so we unexpectedly found ourselves in the same location as Wednesday. The Sol 1953 part of the plan was planned yesterday and uplinked to the rover early this morning. Never wanting to lose missed opportunities, we made a plan today that will recapture the missing Sol 1952 observations we were hoping to get in Wednesday’s plan, and also adds a few new things into the mix given additional time that is available to us.
The biggest activity of the plan is setting up to do a SAM geochronology experiment next week. Because this activity will be so power intensive and requires ground in the loop between certain steps, we were not driving in tosol‘s plan. We will instead do additional remote sensing with our extra time.
Besides the SAM preparation activities, the main science in today’s plan is focused on characterizing the broken up rocks in front of us, which are the typical targets on the top of Vera Rubin Ridge. We will do MAHLI contact science in the morning of the first sol on targets ‘Skara Brae,’ ‘Glen Roy,’ and ‘Drummock.’ We will also take an APXS observation of Glen Roy and Skara Brae. We have a remote sensing block on the second sol of the plan. In this block, we will collect ChemCam LIBS observations of Glen Roy, ‘Harra Ebb,’ and ‘Cocksburnpath,’ and an RMI mosaic of ‘Bloodstone Hill.’ All of the LIBS observations will be accompanied by Mastcam documentation images. We will take additional Mastcam images of two aegis targets from the previous plan, a documentation of our surrounding landscape with multispectral filters, an outcrop named ‘Scalpay,’ and a large 37×2 mosaic of the crater rim. The third sol of the plan is a morning science block with a Mastcam tau, a crater rim movie, a Navcam zenith movie, a Navcam suprahorizon movie, and a Navcam 360 degree sky survey.
Written by Abigail Fraeman, Planetary Geologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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Planting, Growing, and Harvesting Okra Plants Tauheed Ahmad September 8, 2016 Fruits & Vegetables 4812 Okra grown for its edible seed pods, a handsome plant to have in the vegetable garden. It has showy pale yellow flowers with red centers not unlike a hollyhock. Okra haters are not impressed by this. They claim that the pods are prickly on the outside and slimy on the inside, and that if they want showy flowers they can grow petunias. Okra lovers, most of whom live below the Mason Dixon line, point out that modern “spineless” varieties aren’t prickly at all and that the viscous inside is the magic ingredient that thickens a good gumbo a hearty stew. “Gumbo” is also another name for the plant itself. Planting, Growing, and Harvesting Okra Plants Okra is popular in the south because it is a warm weather crop that won’t bolt yellow, die, or otherwise misbehave in midsummer. It just gets taller, lusher and more productive. It is a little hard to get started up north but redeems itself by being, unlike eggplant, a fast maturing crop once warm weather settles in. So even if you don’t plant until late June, you can still pick okra two months later if you urge it along a little. You only need a few plants for the home garden, though any extras can be frozen sliced or whole. Dwarf varieties are available for small spaces. It is disease free and rarely decimated by bugs. Choose a site Select a sunny site where the ground will warm up quickly or even raised beds in the north. The more okra you want to eat or freeze, the more space you need. The first time you grow it, start with 6 plants in an area of about 40 square feet. You might put an early lettuce crop in with it. But otherwise assign the whole plot to okra for the season. If you grow it each year, rotate the crop. Soil Okra prefers a light, well drained loam with plenty of organic matter. Avoid heavy soils that warm up slowly especially up north. A pH of 6.0 to 7.0 is best and moderately high fertility. It is suggested a healthy shovelful of compost or aged manure worked into each planting hole. Planting Okra grown for its edible seed pods, a handsome plant to have in the vegetable garden. Buy new seed each year and speed up the normally slow germination process by soaking or freezing the seeds over night or nicking the seed coat with a file. Wherever you live, make sure that the weather is consistently above 60 degree and not too wet when you sow. the seeds will just sit and rot in cold, wet soil. In the north start them a month or two earlier indoors in peat pots. Sown outdoors, seeds should be planted an inch deep in hills or rows and thinned to at least 18 inches apart. Bear in mind that the plants get tall 5 to 6 feet in warm climates. Dwarf varieties that grow to 3 to 4 feet are more convenient for the home garden. In the north space them far enough apart so that the sun can shine on all the pods to ripen them. Make sure plant either 18 inches apart with 3 feet between rows or on a grid with plant’s two and half feet apart each way a little closer for dwarf kinds. Your ads will be inserted here byEasy Plugin for AdSense.Please go to the plugin admin page toPaste your ad code OR Suppress this ad slot. Growing It is important not to let growth lapse. Gardeners use numerous warm up devices to bring the young plants along if it’s chilly raised beds, hot caps, grow tunnels, portable cold frames and sheets of black plastic slit to allow the plants to grow up. Keep plants well watered if it is dry. Mulch is a good idea. And top dress every few weeks with a balanced liquid fertilizer. Pets and Diseases So use the collars around transplanted seedlings to protect against cutworms. Occasional pests such as corn earworms cabbage, loopers and stinkbugs can be picked off. Aphids and flea beetles can be knocked off with a hose. Diseases such as fusarium wilt and verticillium wilt are best dealt with by crop rotation. Harvest Okra pods are ready for picking several days after the flowers drop but before they’re fully mature. If you wait until the pods reach full size, they’ll be tough. The stems should still be soft and easy to cut, the pods 2 to 3 inches long. Some varieties can be picked at about 4 to 5 inches. When the plant is in full production it requires to be picked every other day. If some pods have gone too far, pick them anyway and feed them to whatever will eat them, even if it’s the compost pile or the garbage can. Otherwise the plants will stop producing. Use gloves when you pick if your skin is sensitive to the prickles on the pods. Okra plants, if picked regularly, will continue to produce until frost. In the south growers sometimes cut the plants back almost to ground level in midsummer, top dress them, and let them resprout for a whole second crop. Varieties Good varieties are “Clemson Spineless” the old standby, and “Clemson 80” an earlier, more productive version. “Emerald” is a tall, spineless, very productive variety. “Annie Oakley” is a tall early producer. “Dwarf Green Long Pod” is a good short variety. “Blondy, an All-America selection, is short and bushy with light green pods. “Red Okra” has red pods; white velvet has white. Originally posted 2014-10-26 20:57:34. Republished by Blog Post Promoter Related PostsBlueberries A Super Fruit, Everyone Like to GrowSuccession PlantingHarvesting, Drying and Storage of HerbsHow to Grow Parsnip, Salsify and ScorzoneraHow to Grow Brussels SproutsSpinach; How to Grow the World’s Healthiest FoodsPyracantha, An Evergreen Plant Provides Seasonal Interest and BerriesCelery is Cheap to Buy and Fussy to Grow Planting, Growing, and Harvesting Okra Plants0.0Overall ScoreReader Rating: (2 Votes) Leave a Reply Cancel ReplyYou must be logged in to post a comment.
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Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
Seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia)
- Family: Evening Primrose (Onagraceae)
- Flowering: June-August.
- Field Marks: This erect Ludwigia is
distinguished by its alternate leaves and short-stalked square
- Habitat: Along streams, wet meadows, around ponds,
wet prairies, fallow fields, roadside ditches.
- Habit: Perennial herb with a cluster of thickened
- Stems: Erect, branched, smooth, up to 3 feet tall.
- Leaves: Alternate, simple, lanceolate, pointed at the
tip, tapering to the base, without teeth, smooth or hairy, up to
4 inches long.
- Flowers: Yellow, about 1/2 inch across, solitary in
the axils of the leaves.
- Sepals: 4, green, united to form a cup.
- Petals: 4, yellow, free from each other
- Stamens: 4.
- Pistils: Ovary inferior.
- Fruits: Capsule more or less square, up to 1/4 inch
across, angled or narrowly winged, containing many seeds.
- Notes: The plants are browsed by wildlife.
Previous Species -- Bigblue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Return to Species List -- Group 8
Next Species -- Winged Lythrum (Lythrum alatum)
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- Project plans
- Project activities
- Legislation and standards
- Industry context
Last edited 11 Dec 2017
Risk of rats in construction
The brown rat, rattus norvegicus, is a UK rodent that is closely associated with human activity. Primary habitats include sewers, canals and rivers; however, they are often found in derelict sites or near readily accessible food sources. Rats can pose a risk to construction workers becuase of the frequency with which they may be in close proximity.
Construction work on greenfield sites can disturb rodent populations, as it can on brownfield sites, for example, when undertaking roadworks or demolishing or renovating old buildings. Construction sites with material storage, temporary offices and worker facilities, can become ideal harbourages for rodents.
- Chewed electrical cables, rubber pipework or pipe insulation.
- Rat droppings, usually around 20 mm long and found in groups.
- Walls with smudge marks or hairs caught on low-level brickwork.
- Scratching or scurrying noises in walls and above ceilings.
- Nests and piled-nest materials.
The primary health hazard posed by rats is Weil’s disease, a serious form of leptospirosis caused by exposure to rat’s urine containing the bacterium, through cuts, scratches and abrasions, and through the lining of the mouth, throat and eyes.
Symptoms are typically similar to flu at the outset – muscle cramps, nausea, headaches – but can cause jaundice, kidney failure, meningitis, and in some cases can be fatal. Other diseases that rats can transmit to humans include:
- Rat-bite fever.
Protecting against infection
There are several steps that can take to protect against infection:
- Ensuring that cuts, grazes or abrasions are covered with waterproof dressings.
- Using suitable safety gloves.
- Washing cuts with soap and running water before covering with dressings.
- Washing hands before eating, drinking or smoking, and avoiding hand-to-mouth contact.
- Avoiding cornering rats as they can jump.
- Avoiding touching a dead rat with unprotected hands.
- Seeking medical attention as soon as possible if symptoms of infection are experienced.
Rodents can also cause significant structural damage. They can undermine a building’s fabric and can damage drainage by burrowing between joints in the surrounding earth and behind brick sewers. They may cause flooding by damaging pipework, and can create fire hazards by damaging electrical wiring.
Preventive measures can include; placing fine mesh over air bricks to prevent rodent entry, closing off voids around ducts and other penetrations through the building fabric, properly capping drains, installing hinged plates in drains and sewers and so on.
Find out more
Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
- Construction site inspection.
- Dry rot fungus.
- First aider.
- Hazardous substances.
- Health and safety.
- How to work safely on a construction site in winter.
- Japanese knotweed.
- Mitie - drone pest control inspection.
- Personal protective equipment.
- Site surveys.
- The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992.
- Woodworm and spiders.
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Magpies - A Story of Seven
There are 20 species of Magpie and Treepie in the world and they are all confined to an area from India, then over the Himalayas to China and down through SE Asia except for Pica pica, the Common Magpie whose distribution stretches from Europe to China and on to Canada and W. USA, the Cyanopica cyana, the Azure-winged Magpie, which has a patchy distribution with an isolated population in Spain, and the Pica nuttalli, the Yellow-billed Magpie, of California. The yellow-billed magpie holds the honours for being the only bird found exclusively within California's borders. Bird watchers from around the world travel to the Central Valley and south-coast ranges to see this flashy native. The Australian Magpie is of a different Genus and is a Shrike rather than of the Crow, or Corvid, family.
Breeds and winters in open areas with trees or bushes, in woods, parks, gardens and hedgerows. A very common resident throughout most of Britain, although more local in northern Scotland. Becoming increasingly common in urban areas. One of the commonest birds of Europe.
Magpies are believed to have evolved from a Jay-like ancestor and the 'pie' in Magpie and Treepie refers to the black and white or pied plumage of many of them. The common Magpie was originally known simply as 'the Pie', but in the 16th century the prefix Mag was added meaning 'chatterer'.
The Magpie with its immaculate black and white plumage and green and blue gloss, is an unmistakable bird. In flight it can be easily distinguished by its long-tailed profile.
In the open it flies, rising awkwardly, with quick flaps and glides - like a ragged kite. Among trees the species moves confidently, reflecting its agility. On the ground the tail is often held high as the bird 'kangaroo-hops' along.
Young Magpies have a washed-out appearance and short, stubby tails.
All are likely to be heard mimicking other birds. The raucous, cackling, 'caw, caw, caw' call is given frequently, reflecting the intensely competitive and social nature of this species. They can be trained to talk.
All breed between March and July and most build relatively flimsy nests. The European Magpie, however, builds a relatively strong, dome roofed nest and the Green Magpie builds very large solid nests. Magpies nest in trees and tall bushes, using sticks and mud as building materials. The domed nest has a side entrance hole.
Between five and eight eggs is a typical brood; they are pale blue-green with brown speckles and usually hatch in April or early May. If the first clutch is lost, a substitute one is laid.
The common Magpie is known for its lifelong pairings.
Both the European Magpies are highly social and tend to be found in small flocks outside the breeding season. Other species are usually found in pairs, or in small groups of 3 to 4. This applies to the Treepies as well.
Large numbers of magpies gather in 'parliaments'. No one is entirely sure why, during the winter, these birds can gather in groups of up to 100. Gatherings possibly occur when a pair of magpies try to invade another pair's territory; the ensuing competition for breeding space may attract large numbers of magpie onlookers.
Magpies live for an average of two and a half years and the adults live in pairs during much of the year, meeting in the winter to fly in groups and spend the night in dense bushes.
All species are omnivorous taking insects, small birds eggs, small mammals, tree frogs and small reptiles as well as a variety of fruits. The Common Magpie population increase may also be attributed to an increase in road kills (as a result of increased traffic), which provides carrion for the magpies
For many people the Magpie is a villain, responsible for the widespread decline of songbirds. Research examining the question of whether Magpies have been responsible for songbird decline has failed to find any evidence to support the notion that they are to blame. It is true that while Magpie numbers have tended to increase, those of many of our songbird species have declined. These increases and decreases have occurred over different time periods and in different parts of the country, which suggests that the general patterns are a coincidence and not cause-and-effect.
At a local level, Magpies can sometimes be a problem for nesting birds; in fact in many gardens they are probably the second most important predator after the domestic cat. Mind you, in the absence of wild mammals like the Weasel, many garden birds probably may still suffer less predation than they would experience in natural woodlands and farmland hedgerows.
Like other members of the Crow family, Magpies can be very interesting to watch. They are social birds with a degree of intelligence that has enabled them to adapt to a changing environment.
In common with jackdaws, magpies are attracted to shiny objects and are notorious for stealing rings and other jewellery left on windowsills or tables out of doors.
The Chinese traditionally see the magpie as a bird of good fortune, except if you kill one when misfortune will arrive. Magpie is a symbol of happiness in Chinese culture. The singing of a magpie foretells happiness and good luck. That's why it is called 'Happy Magpie' by Chinese people. The Manchu minority in Northeast China even regards magpies as sacred birds. Under the Manchu dynasty it also represented imperial rule. Legends concerning magpies are found in the historical records about Manchu.
In both Chinese and Korean myths the Magpie Bridge joins the 3 bright stars of Aquila in the night sky, called the Cowherd, to Lyra, or the Spinning Damsel, across the river that is the Milky Way. This happens on the 7th night of the 7th moon.
Koreans believed that magpies delivered good news and invited good people. The most famous painting related to a magpie is the one with striped tiger (ggach'i wha horangi minhwa): the magpie is happily chirping to a tiger. The magpie represented good news and the tiger symbolised good luck, since its pronunciation in Chinese sounds similar to good luck (bok). Another interpretation states that the magpie is the village spirit that announces good omens, and the tiger is the servant that does his bidding; another that the tiger is a yangban (aristocrat) and the magpie is the representative of the common people, scolding him for his insensitivity to their plight.
The Magpie is a clever creature with control of the weather.
In Germany the number of birds, according to tradition, indicated forthcoming events. One is viewed as unlucky; two brings merriment or marriage; three is a successful journey; four is good news and five indicates you should expect company.
In Poitou there still lingers a trace of pie-worship: a bunch of heath and laurel is tied to the top of a high tree in honour of the magpie, because her chatter warns the people of the wolf's approach.
Under Christianity the same shift of superstition from lucky to unlucky occurred in Norse countries as across the rest of Europe. In old Norse mythology, Skadi (the daughter of a giant) was a priestess of the magpie clan. The black and white markings of the magpie were seen to represents sexual union, as well as male and female energies kept in balance. Later on in time, Scandinavians thought that magpies were sorcerers flying to unholy gatherings, and yet the nesting magpie was once considered a sign of luck in those countries.
The Magpie features in a Rossini opera, ‘The Thieving Magpie’, or La Gazza Ladra. This opera tells the story of a pet magpie that steals shiny objects, resulting in an innocent servant almost being sent to the gallows after being accused of the magpie's crimes. The story echoes the common belief that magpies steal and hide shiny objects. In some countries it is thought to chatter in a way that sounds like human speech. For example, in Italy it is known as ‘gazza’, and has given its name to ‘gazetta’, the Italian for newspaper.
It was sacred to Bacchus, the God of wine, so it became associated with intoxication.
An old English tradition notes that if one magpie flies by, you should take your hat off and bow repeating this line : Morning/Afternoon Mr Magpie. How's Mrs Magpie and all the little Magpies? This will help assure your good luck throughout the day.
One seen flying or croaking around a house or sitting alone symbolises that misfortune is present. Should a flock of magpies suddenly abandon a nesting area then, like the crow and rook, death is present and hard times are ahead. To avoid bad luck it is said that taking your hat off to the passing birds will act as protection against darker forces. Perhaps these associations stem from the fact that it was the only bird that would not enter the Ark preferring to stay outside. It is one of the very birds that also has black and white plumage, a combination of the sacred or holy colour (white) and of evil (black).
To have one perch on your roof though is supposed to indicate that the house will never fall down. According to tradition it would be best to rearrange a journey if you see just one. If one is seen on the way to church it signifies that death is present, hence some believe that it is best to cross yourself to ward off evil or negative energies whilst saying 'Devil, Devil, I defy thee'.
In Somerset, England it was once thought that to carry an onion at all times would provide protection against magpies.
In Scotland the magpie was once believed to carry a drop of the Devil's blood under its tongue which perhaps stems from another belief that the magpie was the only bird not to wear full mourning at the Crucifixion.
The following rhyme was popularised by a children's TV programme of the same name:
One for sorrow, two for joy, three for a girl, four for a boy, five for silver, six for gold and seven for a secret never to be told.
Legend also has it that when a magpie's mate dies it summons an assembly of other magpies at which the dead bird is honoured before a new mate is selected. In Celtic lore the bird was sacred to 'Magog.'
The magpie is seen in a negative, aggressive light. This may be because the Australian Magpie is of the Shrike (an aggressive hunter) family rather than the Crow family.
In general in Native American myth the Magpie is seen as the ally and helper of humans. They feature in legends from the Navaho, Blackfoot and Cheyenne
Magpie: one of those clever birds that has shamanic qualities
Related to the crow the magpie is an intelligent and adaptable bird. Ancient folklore associated with the magpie suggests that when two or more fly into one’s life good fortune is coming soon. Since magpies are opportunists and seldom miss a chance to get something for nothing, those with this medicine should pay attention to subtle omens that appear in their life then act accordingly so opportunities are not missed. The magpie asks us to wake up and be conscious in every area of our life.
Magpies are curious and have a reputation for stealing anything that they can carry away. They use whatever they find and teach us how to be resourceful. Magpie medicine people have the ability to succeed in life. Those with this totem are usually eclectic and able to draw on a variety of resources to assist them in their pursuits. Being able to adapt to different situations in a spontaneous way is one of the magpie’s strongest attributes. Those with this totem often find that their interests are varied which make master ship of any one thing difficult although not impossible.
Magpies are extremely vocal especially in groups. They help those with this medicine learn how to use their voice to attract attention, attain desired goals as well as acquire respect from others. This applies only if this medicine is developed sufficiently. Otherwise the voice and its expression may need improvement for positive results to be obtained. Proper communication is one of the lessons that needs to be learned by magpie medicine people.
Although many in the Norse tradition associate the Magpie with Skadi, because of the similarity of the name, I associate the Magpie with Loki's daughter Hel. Hel is described as having a face that is 'half blue-black and half flesh (or white) coloured' - like the Magpie's colouring. She rules the lowest of the Nine Worlds, at the base of Yggdrasil, as mistress of the chthonic mysteries. Like Asgardhr, Helheim (Hel's home) cannot be reached directly from Midgardhr - one must ‘ride over a bridge’, or travel between worlds with the aid of one´s fylgia (usually a totem or sacred animal or Soul Companion and Guide). The bridge to Helheim crosses the river Gjoll and it’s guarded by the giant Maiden Modgudh. As Bifrost is fiery and narrow, the bridge to Helheim is icy and wide.
Helheim is also called Niflhel, meaning Misty Hel or Dark Hel, which refers to the Goddess´ primary aspect of concealment. Hel borders very closely on the world Nifheimr; it is located down and to the North, and it is the implied location of the venom-filled halls, on Na Strand, and home of the dragon Niddhogg, embodiment of the concealed powers of destruction/transformation. Hel is the hidden root to which all things sink, as all the waters wend their way to Hvergelmir, and from which all things rise again.
Although the realm of Hel is described as horrible in parts - the lifeless, lightless, joyless dwelling of the dead. It is written elsewhere that Hel is brightly bedecked and hospitable. She welcomes those who die of sickness, famine or old-age and even Balder resides there after his death. This dual nature can be seen in the figure of the goddess Hel herself: She is half a beautiful woman and half a corpse, her concealment both that of the womb and that of the tomb. Hel receives those souls who cannot struggle through to Valhalla, but in time, as her name Mother Holle suggests, she bears them forth again.
All of this tells us that the Magpie can be a double-edged sword. It requires mastery of your magpie spirit to achieve things, unmastered it will be self-destructive. Gossip, or uncontrolled chatter, and an unreasoning attraction to shiny things - be it materialistic objects, people or an inability to concentrate - spells danger just as oratory, or controlled chatter, concentration and the quick opportunistic observation can be used to devastating effect.
Tokens and Artwork
The Magpie is difficult to find - both in the wild and your local shop! In Korea they appear in artwork and there is Monet's picture 'Magpie in winter' but other than that they are few and far between. Your best bet is to try and find a feather and wear it as a token just as the Cheyenne do.
The Tao Ying Yang amulet would also be a good token as the Ying-yang symbolises the black and white of the Magpie and it's the sort of bright thing that would attract them. The number 7 is a significant number for Magpie people.
Spring and Autumn - the black and white colour of the Magpie represents the balance between light and dark that occurs around the equinoxes. Also the high winds and changeable weather reminds us of the stormy change that the Magpie can bring into life. Dusk and dawn are the times to see Magpies and, much like the equinoxes, they are times when the balance between light and dark is equal.
The other time is dawn and dusk - a time when you are likely to see Magpie's cleaning the road.
by Robert S. Warshow
I walked one day
In the Garden of Wasted Things,
And there I found
The bitter ghosts of all that had been spent unwisely,
Or lost through brutal circumstance.
I found the childhood
That some labourer's child had never known;
I found the youth that some young man had squandered;
There I found some poet's genius
That had gone unrecognised.
I saw the ghosts of idle words,
And small talk,
That men had used to waste away the hours.
I saw the hopes that had been smothered,
And all the dreams
That never had come true,
And Laughter that had died for lack of bread.
I met with all the lives that had been misdirected,
And spoke with dreary shades
Of loves that might have been,
And songs that never had been sung.
I met with all these ghosts,
And many more;
And each of them
Sat silently in the shadows,
Brooding over quirks of mad Creation,
And puppets' dreams.
Once again there aren't many traditional songs or chants that can be used to invoke Magpie. I often use the trance method (as mentioned below) to fly across the otherworld.
Prophecy and Divination
You can use the traditional nursery rhyme:
One for sorrow, Two for joy,
Three for a girl, Four for a boy,
Five for Silver, Six for Gold
Seven for a secret never to be told
One for sorrow, Two for mirth,
Three for a wedding, Four for a birth.
Five for rich, Six for poor,
Seven for a witch -- I can tell you no more.
For other tools things like mirrors that contain both dark and light, or other shiny objects would attract the Magpie spirit.
In dreams the Magpie will signify opportunities coming into your life. The number seen will help signify what you should expect.
When drawing the circle dress yourself in black and white and try alternate leg hopping (or visualisations as mentioned in trance below). You can dress in formal wear, a black bowler hat and tailcoat, with your thumbs in your waistcoat (just like in the old films), then bend yourself double, spread your arms out, spread your fingers wide and swoop round the circle to get that magpie feeling.
I find that visualising the Magpie's movement, the way it hops, flexes its tail and flies is the key to trance work. The brightness of its beady eye will draw you in…
If you have a magpie spirit guide, once you get used to the visualisation, it becomes a hop, hop, fly to shift into the magpie.
Fairy of the Magpie Bridge
Poem by Qin Guan
Translation by Kylie Hsu
Among the beautiful clouds,
Over the heavenly river,
Crosses the weaving maiden.
A night of rendezvous,
Across the autumn sky,
Surpasses joy on earth.
Moments of tender love and dream,
So sad to leave the magpie bridge.
Eternal love between us two,
Shall withstand the time apart.
The Magpie is a strong healer for relationships, particularly those emotional hurts. In Chinese legend a bridge of Magpie's is used for two star-crossed lovers to meet. It is the magpie's faithfulness to their partners and families which you can invoke to send a message to the Gods. Try burning this poem or a drawing of the magpie with incense to speed the message on its way.
Magpie meal awaits:
Fast car - country lane - danger,
Fawn dead on roadside.
Haiku - by DaRC
Magpie's are excellent protectors and will call out their 'Caw, caw, caw' warning. So in that way forewarned is forearmed. They are also masters of evasion - often using the two of them to do the old 'one-two' on any opponent.
Invoke the Australian magpie for the fearless, aggressive aspect especially when protecting friends or family.
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The potential cure for aniridia, a rare eye disease that limits vision in humans, has now been developed by a team of Canadian scientists.
Scientists from the University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute have formulated the drug "Ataluren" into eye drops and found that it consistently restored normal vision in mice with aniridia, a university press release said.
Aniridia is caused by the presence of a "nonsense mutation" - an extra "stop sign" on the gene that interrupts production of a protein crucial for eye development.
Patients suffering from the disease do not have an iris (the coloured ring around the pupil), and suffer many other eye abnormalities.
The scientists claimed that the eye drop has the power to override the extra stop sign, thus allowing the protein to be made.
Scientists initially thought the drug would work only in utero (in the womb) - giving it to a pregnant mother to prevent aniridia from ever arising in her foetus.
But then they gave their specially formulated Ataluren eye drops, which they call START, to two-week-old mice with aniridia, and found that it worked well.
A small clinical trial with children and teens is expected to begin next year in Canada, the US and Britain.
"We were amazed to see how malleable the eye is after birth," said Cheryl Gregory-Evans, associate professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences and a neurobiologist at the Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute.
"This holds promise for treating other eye conditions caused by nonsense mutations, including some types of macular degeneration. And if it reverses damage in the eye, it raises the possibility of a cure for other congenital disorders. The challenge is getting it to the right place at the right time," Cheryl Gregory-Evans added.
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Ford develops obstacle avoidance, next-gen self-parking features
Obstacle Avoidance System will automatically steer around objects, while Fully Assisted Parking Aid slides a car into a spot with the driver inside or outside.
Exactly a century ago, Henry Ford forever changed transportation by mass producing the automobile and making it affordable to more people. Many believe that the advent of self-driving technologies will cause a similar seismic shift in vehicle travel in particular and transportation in general by making driving easier, safer and accessible to more people.
While not as revolutionary as its founder’s assembly-line innovation approximately 100 years ago, Ford took baby steps toward fully autonomous vehicles by unveiling two prototype technologies this week that take control of a car. One will help drivers avoid obstacles, while the other will help them park -- from inside or outside the car.
Ford’s new Obstacle Avoidance System automatically controls steering and braking to direct a vehicle away from something in its path, provided the driver fails to do so following audible warnings. The system uses radar and ultrasonic sensors and a camera to scout ahead of the vehicle up to 200 meters and alert the driver to slow-moving or stationary objects.
After issuing a warning, the system automatically applies the brakes, looks for gaps on either side of the hazard and then takes control of the steering to avoid a collision if the driver fails to react. The technology has been tested at speeds of up to 38 mph.
According to Ford, research conducted in Germany revealed that less than a third of drivers involved in rear-end collisions try to steer before impact. Developed as part of a research project, Ford recently demonstrated the Obstacle Avoidance System at its Lommel, Belgium, proving grounds using a Focus.
Ford also revealed a prototype Fully Assisted Parking Aid that allows automatically parking a car while the driver is inside or outside the vehicle. Similar to technologies that Nissan, Volkswagen and BMW have demonstrated, Ford said that Fully Assisted Parking Aid was developed using the company's existing Active Park Assist technology.
As with Active Park Assist, the new system will seek a suitable parallel parking space using ultrasonic sensors. After shifting into neutral, the driver can activate the system via a button in the car or from outside using the key fob remote. The system then takes control of the steering, forward and reverse motion and braking to guide the vehicle into a spot.
According to Ford, the system allows squeezing into a space that’s only 20 percent longer than the overall vehicle length. In addition to saving adjacently parked cars from dings by parallel parkers that use the “pinball” method, Ford believes that the Fully Assisted Parking Aid could help free up extra parking lost by when drivers take up too much space.
These two new technologies are part of Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford’s (Henry Ford’s great-grandson) Blueprint for Mobility, which seeks to find solutions to traffic congestion and what the Ford heir has described as “global gridlock” as the world’s population is predicted to become increasingly urbanized.
But for now, the technologies can help avoid accidents and the deaths, injuries and the traffic backups that result-- and maybe also waiting for a slowpoke to parallel park.
[Source: Ford Europe]
Useless technology to make drives even less skilled.
If you don't have the skills to do something as simple as parallel park, then you should not be allowed to drive a car. That is the way driving test used to be. Fail the test, you didn't get a license. RETAKE.
I literally stood downtown Jackson Mississippi and timed a guy once I noticed him. He took 6 minutes to parallel park in a space large enough for a extended SUV. The guy kept backing up onto the curb, nowhere near being in the park zone. I just shook my head laughing and hoped I would not have to drive by him on the streets.
If I was in the market for a new car, a car that parallel itself is the last feature I'd be shopping for. Another overpriced feature that only a handful of people need, to drive up the price of the car.
I'd much rather have a car that starts, runs and is comfortable to ride in. I have a hard time buying into any system that applies the brakes for me, parks for me or steers for me.
Is auto parking anything more than a silly gimmick? I don't think so. Not interested, in the least.
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Cars are cool, and here at MSN Autos we love everything about them, but we also know they're more than simply speed and style: a car is an essential tool, a much-needed accessory to help you get through your day-to-day life. What you drive is also one of the most important investments you can make, so we'll help you navigate your way through the car buying and ownership experiences. We strive to be your daily destination for news, notes, tips and tricks from across the automotive world. So whether it's through original content from our world-class journalists or the latest buzz from the far corners of the Web, Exhaust Notes helps you make sense of your automotive world.
Have a story idea? Tip us off at email@example.com.
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Life is full of challenges: both minor (e.g. managing your finances) and major ones (e.g. the pandemic). No matter what we do, life throws us curveballs and pulls the rug from under our feet from time to time. We can't change that. What we do have control over, however, is how we choose to respond. Do we give up at the slightest sign of failure? Or do we actively find ways to cope – and even bounce back from – difficult life experiences?
What is resilience?
This relates to our ability to adapt to stressful situations. Otherwise known as resilience; defined as 'the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences, especially through mental, emotional, and behavioural flexibility and adjustment to external and internal demands'.
Phew. So many words. Here’s an easier way to think about resilience: it’s what gives you the strength to cope, recover, and sometimes even grow from problems and challenges. All while maintaining a positive outlook on life.
What happens if you don’t have resilience?
Individuals who lack resilience tend to fall into despair – and run away from their problems with unhealthy coping strategies (e.g. alcoholism) for an indefinite period, running the risk of never fully recovering from their setbacks. Ouch. Thankfully, though, your level of resilience is not fixed in stone. Instead, researchers believe that resilience is a skill, something you can develop over time.
How to build resilience
#1 – Practice mindfulness
Mindfulness breeds resilience. Researchers believe that the former allows us to have real-time awareness of one’s experiences without the typical unhelpful, harsh judgement – which, in turn, enables us to respond to stressors and triggers with open-mindedness, facing the process of adapting (i.e. making the necessary changes) with far more flexibility and tolerance. The hallmark of emerging resilience. Consider strategies like meditation, deep breathing, and journaling.
#2 – Make time to express gratitude
Grateful individuals can better utilise coping skills to defer stress – and maintain a positive outlook on life. The exact attributes resilience fosters! So, make time to think about all the things going well in your life each day. It doesn't have to be anything significant; in fact, it could be as simple as appreciating that lovely colleague who buys you coffee every morning.
#3 – Focus on lessons, not mistakes
Boil resilience right down to its essence, and it’d be: coping with stress in a positive way. And reframing your situation – seeing the upside rather than the downside – is one of the best ways to do just that. Ask yourself the following questions to get started on the process:
- What can I learn from this experience?
- What actions can I take moving forward?
- What can I do next time?
Journaling makes building resilience much easier
Mindfulness. Gratefulness. And, lastly, putting a positive spin on your situation. These are all the things you should do to build a more resilient self. But, of course, knowing that you should do these things is wildly different from actually incorporating them into your daily routine. Because let's face it: life gets pretty overwhelming sometimes.
So, if you need a reminder to work on your resilience? You’ve got it. The Daily Routine Journal has dedicated space for you to practice mindfulness, gratitude, and self-reflection – daily. Check out how others have made use of the journal here!
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The Neanderthal in Us All
Things of the past have KUNC commentator Dr. Marc Ringel thinking about the things in his life that lie ahead.
I can’t tell you how many times I set out to read “The Hobbit” but gave up before finishing. Once I even got through two-thirds of the book before I came to the same inevitable conclusion that I didn’t really give a rip about these hairy little creatures.
I had a similar response to Jean Auel’s Earth Children novels about the Neanderthals. I read a significant portion of Clan of the Cave Bear, the first fat book of a series that has now extended to six. For me the only difference between Tolkein’s and Auel’s characters was that in the latter case, they were hairy big creatures that I didn’t give a rip about.
Recently researchers have been reconsidering the hypothesis that reigned at the time Ms. Auel began writing her well-researched tomes. It was assumed previously that Cro-Magnons were simply too smart and culturally sophisticated for Neanderthals.
Neanderthals, whose brain cases are actually larger than those of modern humans, left behind an arsenal of tools and sophisticated artwork that rival the early Cro-Magnons. And the older specie was inventive enough to have survived about 200,000 years of rapidly fluctuating climate conditions, marked by glaciers that advanced and retreated over their homelands in Europe.
But the archeological record is clear. There are no Neanderthal remains younger than 28,000 years old, which is about when Cro-Magnons started leaving ample evidence of their habitation of the territory once held by their bigger, heavy-browed neighbors on the evolutionary tree.
What then, if it wasn’t physical, intellectual or cultural inferiority, could have led to the rapid extinction of the Neanderthal specie? A recent conjecture is that it was a virus that did in the ancestors of the Clan of the Cave Bear.
Neanderthals, like all human and pre-human species, originated in Africa. Over the course of 200 millennia of European residence, the Neanderthals’ immune system learned to live with the bacteria, viruses and parasites with which it shared the continent.
Then along came the Cro-Magnons, a new wave of African immigrants. These newcomers brought with them their tools, their culture and their microscopic fellow travelers. It’s hypothesized that at least one of the Cro-Magnon bugs, which was completely foreign to the Neanderthal immune system, proved fatal to the whole specie.
To find a modern example of this phenomenon we need look no further than the devastating effect that smallpox and other European diseases had on Native American populations when they first encountered white folks. Infections claimed many, many more native lives than did European soldiers and their guns.
Why then did Cro-Magnon bugs wipe out Neanderthals and not vice versa? Because in tropical Africa, where the Cro-Magnons originated, there are plenty of primates whose genome is similar enough to humans’ to pose a low hurdle to a bug that wants to jump species.
Most new human infectious diseases appear to come from other animals. In recent times HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, probably got its start in Africa in non-human primates.
The reasoning goes that over the course of millennia in Africa, Cro-Magnons learned to live with a host of infective agents that they shared with primates. One or more of these bugs that hitched a ride with Cro-Magnons who emigrated from Africa proved fatal to Neanderthals.
As I contemplate these ancient ancestors and the approaching marriage of our son this summer I find myself thankful that the wedding party will consist solely of homo sapiens, which greatly simplifies decisions about what sorts of clothes will best flatter everybody. And I really do give a rip about these particular medium-size, not-so-hairy hominids who I hope before long will produce more of our own species…not Neanderthals, not Cro-Magnons, and especially not Hobbits.
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Ask a Physicist Answers
There seems to be a lot of debate about how accurately CERN measured the departure of their neutrinos. Could they not aim them at some other neutrino detector in the world and just use the difference in distance and time from the readings in Italy as this would eliminate the error in not knowing exactly when the neutrinos left CERN?
General view of the OPERA Detector
Image from the OPERA experiment.
Picture of the MINOS detector in the Soudan Underground Mine State Park, during (re)construction.
Image courtesy of Jon 'ShakataGaNai' Davis
Answer: Using another neutrino detector is not feasible right now. Neutrino detectors are not scattered plentifully about the landscape. They are complicated pieces of equipment that have to be shielded in underground laboratories. The OPERA experiment that made this measurement only has one of them at its disposal.
However, a version of your idea is actually being used by another neutrino experiment, MINOS, based in Fermilab outside of Chicago. They have two neutrino detectors, one at Fermilab itself (the “near” detector) and one in a mine about 450 miles away (the “far” detector). They are therefore able to measure the time difference between detection of the beam in the near and far detectors, so in principle they can determine both the departure and arrival times of the neutrinos. The MINOS experiment will probably be the one to replicate the OPERA experiment and see if they, too, measure a speed faster than light.
Alan Chodos, PhD
Associate Executive Officer
The American Physical Society
Adam Dougall from Wymondham
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Karla S. Rugh, DVM, Ph.D.
Rain rot (dermatophilosis)
What it is: A skin infection caused by Dermatophilus congolensis, a fungus-like bacteria present on the skin of many horses. The organism only causes problems under certain conditions, such as excessive moisture (from rain or high humidity), a heavy coat, high temperatures and damage to the skin, usually by flies and ticks. Some horses seem to be more susceptible to Dermatophilosis than others.
Symptoms: Patches of crusty sores with matted hair and hair loss, often on the back but also on the head, girth and other areas. Detached crusts have small tufts of hair attached; the sores may ooze serum or pus. If left undisturbed, the lesions aren’t itchy or painful, but crust removal or friction from tack and riding can cause discomfort.
What to do: This is not an emergency. Many cases are somewhat self-limiting, clearing up spontaneously in about three weeks, especially if the weather becomes drier and the horse sheds his winter coat. To speed healing, lather the area with Betadine scrub and gently remove the crusts. If your horse protests too much because it hurts, you may have to do this over the course of a few days. Once you’ve removed all the crusts, apply an antiseptic solution, such as Betadine or Novalsan, once daily for five days. Isolating an infected horse will help prevent the spread of rain rot. Don’t share the horse’s tack or grooming tools with other horses, and regularly disinfect or wash brushes, blankets and other items used on the infected horse.
Outlook: Rain rot usually responds well to treatment, but may return if the conditions described above recur.
Back to Horse Health Glossary
This article originally appeared in the 2012 issue of Horses USA. Click here to purchase the most recent issue.
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Tests over six million miles of driving revealed that texting is by far the most distracting in-car activity, followed by reaching for an electronic device, then dialing on a mobile phone.
The research was carried out in the US by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute.
In fact, any task where the driver's eyes were drawn away from the road where found to hugely increase the risk of crashing.
Texting draws the driver's eyes from the road for 4.6 seconds during a 6 second period of activity, which, according to the research, is the same as driving blind at 55mph along the length of a football pitch.
No separate offence
In the UK, the minimum penalty for using a mobile phone while driving is a £60 fine and three penalty points.
There is currently no separate offence of texting at the wheel.
However, there have been high-profile court cases recently where texting motorists have been jailed after being convicted of causing death by dangerous driving.
Road safety minister Paul Clark said: 'Tough penalties and hard-hitting campaigns have got the message through to the majority of drivers.
'But some are still needlessly risking their own lives and putting others in danger for the sake of a text or a call.'
Dialing Cell Phone
Talking/Listening to Cell Phone
Reaching for electronic device
2.8 times higher than non-distracted driving
1.3 times higher than non-distracted driving
1.4 times higher than non-distracted driving
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Here in the Northwest, coal feels like someone else’s problem. Maybe the Appalachian miner, a Wyoming rancher or someone watching their asthmatic kid gasp for clean air among the Midwest’s dirty coal-fired power plants.
By comparison, flipping a light switch here makes us feel almost virtuous. After all, we know much of the electricity that powers our homes comes from hydropower, which has negligible climate impacts compared to burning fossil fuels. (We’ll leave impacts on fish aside for now.) We’ve all heard how these heroic dams put the region back to work during the Depression, electrified rural farms and supplied cheap power to build the airplanes that won a war. Our cultural identity is so linked to hydropower that the hum of our appliances almost channels “Roll On, Columbia.”
But the numbers tell a different story.
Here’s one: 8.3 million tons. That’s the amount of coal consumed in 2007 by the two coal-fired power plants currently operating in Washington and northeastern Oregon. That much coal would fill about 75,000 typical railroad cars. If you linked them all in a train, it would stretch for 750 miles, roughly the driving distance from Olympia, Washington to San Francisco.
Here’s another: The annual tailpipe emissions from 3 million cars. That’s about how much climate-warming carbon dioxide drifted from the stacks of the states’ two coal-fired plants in 2007.
These numbers are surprising, largely because the less romanticized chapters of Northwest energy history are easy to forget. Here’s the short version: Once power managers began to realize the dams wouldn’t supply enough electricity forever, they set to work building other energy-generating plants in the 1970s. That included a set of twin coal-fired units in Centralia, Washington, and eventually another coal plant in Boardman, Oregon. Their legacy is also difficult to see: emissions of mercury that damages young brains, smog-causing chemicals that obscure treasured landscapes and more planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions than any other single source in their respective states.
And figuring out just how much the region relies upon coal plants like these requires some sleuthing.
Find this article interesting? Please consider making a gift to support our work.
If you take all the electricity generated within the state of Washington in 2007—including dams, natural gas plants, nuclear sites, wind turbines, solar panels and other sources—the coal plant now owned by the TransAlta Corp. in Centralia accounted for about 8 percent of the power flowing into the grid statewide. The same was true for Oregon’s Boardman plant, whose majority owner is Portland General Electric.
But those charts don’t really capture our true reliance on coal—or our responsibility for the pollution it causes—since we may be using electricity generated in another state. Puget Sound Energy, for instance, owns one-third of the output from Montana’s Colstrip Generating Station, one of the largest coal plants west of the Mississippi. The parent company of Pacific Power, serving communities in Washington and Oregon, operates multiple coal plants in the Rocky Mountains. Estimates that attempt to factor in how power moves around the region conclude that a whopping 38 percent of the electricity consumed in Oregon in 2007 came from burning coal. In Washington, the number was 17 percent.
And as the chart below shows, coal is such a dirty source of energy that its share of climate-warming pollution far outstrips its share of electricity generation in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho-Montana region. (This chart originally appeared in the NW Energy Coalition’s Bright Future report authored by Steve Weiss.)
In fact, the Centralia coal plant releases more carbon dioxide pollution than any other single source in the state of Washington. In 2007, more than 10 million tons of those climate-warming gases drifted out of the stacks. That means nearly 11 percent of all the state’s carbon dioxide emissions came from one place.
In Oregon, Boardman is also the single biggest industrial source of carbon dioxide pollution, having released about 4.8 million tons in 2007. (We’ll deal with coal’s mercury and smog-causing emissions in another post.) So as the states are trying to figure out how to reach greenhouse gas reduction targets—whether through getting cars off the road or switching homeowners to cleaner fuels or reducing emissions from cement plants—transitioning these coal-fired plants within their borders to cleaner options represents an enormous opportunity.
To help the region make better energy choices, consumers and policymakers should be armed with basic facts. In this day and age, utilities don’t like to advertise that they still rely on coal. And after power flows into the sea of electrons that make up our regional grid—where they are mingled, marketed, sold, wheeled and traded—it can be hard to discern where it came from. But thanks to fuel disclosure laws passed in Washington and Oregon, most consumers today have a reasonably good idea of where their electricity comes from, if they read the fine print on their bills.
Washington’s handy online reports make it easy to find out how much of a utility’s power comes from hydro, coal, gas, biomass, wind or other renewables. They also reveal that this “fuel mix” (and the assoc
iated greenhouse gas emissions) varies significantly by utility. Someone receiving power from Avista in Spokane last year, for instance, got a mix that was 25 percent coal. In rural Pend Oreille County one county to the north, which owns its own hydroelectric projects, the mix was only 1 percent coal. (Oregon’s law only requires its two large investor-owned utilities—Pacific Power and Portland General Electric—to report their energy sources and purchases, but that represents a good chunk of the electricity sold in the state.)
This accounting exercise has its limitations, but it does an admirable job of telling someone who flips a light switch where that energy came from and how clean it is. Unfortunately, at least in Washington right now, there’s no money for new fuel mix reports to shed light on our energy sources. To help close the budget shortfall earlier this year, Legislators cut the funding for that process—which involves combing through utility reports and performing some impressively illuminating calculations. A utility’s fuel mix may not vary dramatically from one year to the next, but let’s hope that funding is restored quickly and the public won’t be left in the dark indefinitely. Otherwise it’ll be even harder to tell how big that lump of coal in your outlet really is.
Notes on sources: Coal consumption calculation comes from the Energy Information Administration (EIA-906/920/923 and EIA-860), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, and specs for Freight Car America’s coal cars.
The car pollution comparison uses Centralia and Boardman 2007 emissions data from the EPA’s Clean Air Markets Data and Maps. Comparative annual car emissions assume a car drives 10,000 miles a year, gets 20 mpg, and that there are 20 pounds of CO2 per gallon of gas.
WA and OR electricity generation data comes from the EIA 2007 state summary statistics. WA electricity consumption data comes from the 2007 Washington State Electric Utility Fuel Mix report. OR electricity consumption data comes from a provisional analysis by the Oregon Department of Energy.
Plant-level CO2 emissions also come from the Clean Air Markets Data and Maps. Centralia’s emissions do not appear to distinguish between its 2 coal-fired units and several smaller natural-gas fired units at the same site.
Thanks also to Kip Pheil at the Oregon Department of Energy and Stacey Waterman-Hoey and Michael Bradley at Washington State University’s Energy Program for shedding light on the fuel mix disclosure process.
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Created By: Chris Bohne, Adlai E Stevenson II Elementary School (Bloomington, IL)
Grade Level: 4th
Content Area: Science/Language Arts/Social Studies
Database Integration: For this project students will use the computer lab once a week to access TDC database for resources for their projects.
Activity that Meets this Standard
|STATE GOAL 3.B: Students will determine what questions have to be asked to compose well-organized and coherent writing for specific purposes and audiences.||Students pick a person they would want to interview. Create 10 interview questions. Students will read a biography of a famous writer, historical figure, or scientist; they will share information about the person in a book report or presentation.|
|STATE GOAL 5.A: Students will create written responses that answer questions, solve problems or communicate ideas.||Students will develop a newscast with at least 2 news stories with the: who, what, when, where, and why of a story. Students will develop five clues that describe a major landform of a continent or country.|
|STATE GOAL 11.A: Students will know and use the scientific method and its parts to answer questions.||Students will ask a question and design a simple experiment using the scientific method to answer the question, make a hypothesis, record data, and draw conclusions.|
|STATE GOAL 13B: Students will integrate technology in the design, data collection, and reporting of a simple experiment.||Students will make a chart that shows the top five best questions scientists of the past have pondered. Name the scientist and the time period of the discovery.|
|STATE GOAL 17A: Students will use the five themes of geography to compare and contrast regions.||Students will design a brochure that shows the climate, landforms, people, customs, resources, and major attractions of a country or continent. Students create a map that shows the landforms and natural resources of a country or continent.|
Computer lab, Microsoft Power Point, Microsoft Word, digital camera, and digital video camera
Students will develop a rubric to assess each component of the tic-tac-toe activities. Teacher will use student-generated rubrics to assess individual student activities.
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| 0.886618 | 465 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Collect 26 photos of the letters A-Z in different places.
Watch Mermaid’s Pool carefully. How many mermaids can you spot? Can you see any evidence of mermaids here?
Cook a cake in the peel of an orange with some foil in an open fire.
Try these different things that are in season in the UK during March: rhubarb ~ beetroot ~ spring onions ~ cabbage ~ purple sprouting broccoli ~ leeks ~ carrots spring greens ~ kale ~ spinach ~...
Turn your food waste into a dish for some soil.
Make an atlas of a garden for someone who is the size of your little finger.
Write a story about a real or imagined journey going from the source of a river to its mouth.
Create a beat, song, and perhaps a tune about a place.
Draw part of a fictitious world...
Create Land Art from natural things you can find on the beach.
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Overview and Objective
In this lesson, students will use the tools on Polypad to flip 3 coins and explore the probability of the coins landing all heads and the probability of the coins landing all tails (or stars on the Polypad coins). After making a prediction, students will flip 25 sets of 3 coins 8 different times to generate 200 trials of flipping the 3 coins. After each set of 25 flips of the 3 coins, students will calculate the percentage of all heads and all tails and graph those results on a line chart.
To introduce this lesson, have 3 coins ready to flip. Actual coins will work great, but you can also use this Polypad. Click here to learn more about using the Probability and Data tools on Polypad. Ask students to predict how many times you'll need to flip all three coins so that all the coins end up the same (either all HHH or all TTT). Invite students to share their predictions with a classmate before having some students share with the class. Flip the coins until you flip either HHH or TTT and see if any students were correct in their predictions. As time allows, do this a few more times. Now is not the time to determine the probability of flipping HHH or TTT - this will come later in the lesson. End the warm up by asking students to record a prediction of what percent of time they thing three coins will land HHH and what percent of times they think three coins will land TTT.
Share this Polypad with students. Click here to learn how to share Polypads with students and how to view their work. Using the Polypad, students will flip 25 sets of 3 coins a total of 8 times. Each time, they'll update the total number of HHH and TTT flipped and the percentage of each. You may want to do a few examples with the class before sharing the Polypad with them. The video below demonstrates the process.
As students work and you check-in with students, remind them to save their Polypad so you can view the work. Pay careful attention to those students who have great variability in their data so you can share their results with the class later on. Perhaps some students flipped very few HHH or TTT in the beginning, but flipped more at the end. Or perhaps some students flipped a good deal of them only in the beginning. Click here to see one example of a completed Polypad. If some students finish quickly, invite them to re-create this exploration with 4 coins.
When students are done, gather as a class and have each student report out their percentage out of 200 for HHH and TTT. Record all these results either on the board or on a spreadsheet so you can easily find the mean percentage for each. Be clear to state that since each percentage is out of the same number of rolls, it is accurate to find the mean of the percentages. Multiply the number of students by 200 to find the total number of flips in 3 coins and record the following (this example is with 25 students in the class):
- In 5000 flips of 3 coins, we flipped HHH ____% of the time.
- In 5000 flips of 3 coins, we flipped TTT ____% of the time.
Ask students how they think this experimental probability compares to the expected theoretical probability of flipping HHH and flipping TTT. Ask them to rank it on a scale of 1-10 with 1 being the farthest away from the theoretical probability and 10 being exactly the same as the theoretical probability. You could record their results in a table on Polypad and graph the results. This could be a good opportunity to revisit Box and Whisker plots if students have worked with these before.
Now transition to finding the theoretical probability of flipping a HHH and of flipping a TTT. Ask student to flip the 25 sets of 3 coins again and record ask student to share the different combinations they see. List them on the board as students share. Your final list should contain all 8 options:
- HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, TTT, TTH, THT, THH
Discuss as a class that the key question now is whether or not these outcomes are equally likely. Creating a probability tree on Polypad may help students see that these are indeed equally likely outcomes. Here is one way to create the tree. Engage students in discussion and questioning as you create the tree.
Now that you've shown each outcome is equally likely, you can conclude that the theoretical probability of flipping HHH is 12.5% and the theoretical probability of flipping TTT is also 12.5%. Compare this to the whole class results and discuss how close you may or may not be to the expected probability. Finally, ask some students to share times throughout their exploration in which they were very far away from the theoretical probability. Discuss why the randomness of flipping coins can cause this to happen when the total number of trials, or sample size, is small. However, when the sample size becomes large, like 5000 in a class of 25 students, the experimental probability should become closer and closer to the theoretical probability.
Pose the following question to students:
You are playing a game with a friend in which you'll flip 3 fair coins. Player One will win if exactly two of the coins land heads. Otherwise, Player Two wins. Which player do you want to be if you want to have the greatest chance of winning?
In answering this question, students will need to examine all the equally likely outcomes in flipping 3 coins and determine that the probability of the three coins landing on exactly two heads is less than the probability of the alternative option.
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As somebody who works at the interface of kid development and neuroscience, I have been struck by the relentless rise of the sub-self-discipline of ‘educational neuroscience’. The perfect educational software program is designed by people who know how children suppose. Alternatively, educational expertise is concerned with the scientific use of the obtainable human and non-human sources for solving varied problems of schooling (together with instruction) for optimizing the result of the entire instructing-learning course of. Richmond, W.Ok. (Ed.), The Concept of Educational Expertise, a Dialogue with Your self, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970. Reading is likely one of the most vital expertise a child develops and increasingly educational firms are beginning to understand this. To work for the effective utilization of the subsystem of training: educational know-how considers schooling as a system working, in a scientific and scientific way, for the achievement of educational objectives. Educational Planning and Management could be very a lot important in an institution or college.
Also, letting your preschooler know of certain times of the day when a specific favorite tv program starts or some other common exercise starts, helps. Having your children play educational games might help them learn new skills, enhance the abilities they’ve, and incorporate other expertise they’ve already realized too. Curriculum being the contents of education could also be deemed as the sensible side of philosophy. To be a profitable trainer it is for him to know the philosophy of training and its related elements. To manage the entire educational system masking planning, implementation and the evaluation phases.
Another use for which educational expertise is being put in our country is concerned with preparation, improvement and utilization of audio-visible materials, and handling as well as maintenance of the hardware appliances and complicated devices. In consequence, educational expertise was considered being concerned with preparation and the use of individualized instruction or self-intructional programmed material, resulting in the use instructing machine to the use of audio-instruction or studying. These should be written in accordance with the philosophy of time, cultural, social and political background of a society or nation. It is the application of philosophy to the examine of the issues of schooling that is named philosophy of training.
The parents, teachers, educational administrators, guidance personnel and social workers, by suggesting suitable know-how for the prevention and treatment of behavioural problems and dysfunction. These games mix using phonics with phrase households, while using colors and music to enhance kids’s retention.
The client profile or target customer traits of the educational solutions module is the same as for all specialist websites of the world’s most recent private and skilled downside solving site. As children age and their skills and understanding broaden, these educational video games can present an exciting technique of studying about multiplication, division, time, and more. Philosophy and education are reconstructive; they offer to and take from one another in ebb and circulation of thought and action; they’re means to one one other, and ends; they’re process and product. While you children are at school, the computer will no doubt be a instrument for learning.
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| 0.948659 | 641 | 2.890625 | 3 |
How could a country be impeded in its development and economic prosperity? To help Nigeria overcome its challenge, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has launched a special project. Find out in this video!
Beans are an important source of protein and one of the most consumed
foods in Nigeria.
Today, the country produces about 22 million metric tonnes of dried beans a
year, both for domestic and export markets.
However, since 2016, beans from Nigeria are banned from the European
Union, due to an excessive use of pesticides.
The ban not only hurts Nigerian farmers, but the rest of the supply chain and
Nigeria’s image as well.
To assist the country to respond to this challenge the United Nations.
Industrial Development Organization has established an innovative
traceability system called the Conduits of Excellence.
Implementation has begun and quality improved already.
So let us see how it works!
Farmers use Good Agricultural Practices and bring their products…
… to a local storage operated according to food safety standards.
… the goods are first tested by an accredited laboratory.
And the Storage operator only allows those goods that pass the tests.
In case of a reject, an extension officer from the Ministry of Agriculture
reviews the production process with the farmer.
From the storage, quality products are handed over to the processors who
follow strict quality management procedures.
Once the final product is ready, a competent authority is testing it for quality
and issues a certificate.
Only then can the exporter proceed with transportation following the principle
of traceability and good hygienic practices.
Numerous farmers, processors and exporters, including women, have
attended various workshops and were trained on the Conduits of Excellence.
Although driven by the private sector, the inception of the Conduits of
Excellence was a result of the effort of 46 public and private stakeholders and
a strong support from the Nigerian Government.
Additionally, in June 2017, interested parties from the states of Kaduna and
Lagos signed a Letter of Commitment, pledging to deliver quality and safe
Others are welcome to join!
With the Conduits of Excellence, Nigeria is taking an important step towards
improving its competitiveness and export capacities as well as inclusive and
sustainable industrial development.
Together we can overcome the export ban of dried beans to the European
Visit the information website.
Discover our pop-up video style.
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| 0.909843 | 511 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) are potent emissions that pack a lot of punch in a short time. Their life span is typically less than 15 years, unlike CO2 which stays in the atmosphere for about 100 years. SLCPs refer primarily to black carbon, methane, tropospheric ozone and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Although they have a much shorter lifespan than CO2, SLCPs are responsible for at least 40% of the radiative forcing that is heating the planet, globally. Therefore, aggressively reducing SLCPs is one of the most effective ways of keeping global temperatures from rising to the all-important 1.5 degrees Celsius in the next 30 to 40 years.
Black carbon is the fine particulate or soot that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (diesel fuel, in particular) and biomass - primarily in the form of forests and crop residues. It warms the atmosphere by absorbing solar radiation and emitting it as heat, changes cloud formation and rain patterns, and darkens the surface of snow and ice, which accelerates heat absorption and melting. Black carbon is also responsible for premature deaths and crop damage each year. Despite the fact that black carbon only remains in the atmosphere for a few weeks at most, it is estimated to the second or third largest cause of climate change behind CO2 and methane.
Methane accounts for about 11%of global greenhouse gas emissions and is at least 25 times more potent then CO2 in spite of its relatively short life span of roughly 12 years. One of the main climate change culprits in the food supply chain, methane is produced primarily from the enteric fermentation of ruminant livestock such as cattle and sheep and is released when the animals burp as well as from their manure. Methane is also released by rice cultivation - the warm, waterlogged soil of rice paddies provides ideal conditions for methanogenisis- the formation of methane by microorganisms. It is also released by landfills, the burning of biomass, coal mining and a few other sources.
New technologies and practices can curb methane from rice growing such as through periodic field drying (see the Lotus Foods video below for more information). Using anaerobic digestion to capture methane from livestock manure is an effective approach to convert waste into energy while reducing methane emissions. In addition, simple changes such as avoiding adding straw to manure, applying manure to fields as quickly as possible, and avoiding wet conditions when applying manure can reduce the emission of methane. There are promising solutions to enteric emissions with feed additives and modifying feed to decrease methanogenisis such as adding seaweed and high omega-3 feeds to the diet of livestock.
Check out how Lotus Foods achieves 30%-60% reductions in methane emissions from rice production.
HFCs from refrigerants in air conditioning, cold chain transportation and storage are thousands of times more potent than CO2. Used as replacements for ozone-depleting substances (chlorofluorocarbons), HFCs are one of the fastest growing climate pollutants. Solutions for HFCs in refrigerants include managing leakage and recovery, enhancing energy efficiency within the cold chain, and using low-GWP (global warming potential) refrigerants and other alternative technologies such as transcritical CO2 .
Businesses that commit to reducing SLCPs – such as potent HFCs, black carbon and methane - join a global initiative to slow climate change impacts in the near term, improve air quality, and enhance future food security. Business has the power to provide this much-needed rapid response.
What is expected of companies who commit to reducing short-lived climate pollutant emissions?
Companies will want to establish targets and a timeline and commit to taking action at scale to make a significant impact on the climate in a relatively short time span. Following the lead of global industry initiatives for example, companies could commit to reducing HFCs by 30-50% within 10 years.
To get started, companies may choose to engage with suppliers to provide training, conduct pollutant inventories, and establish systems for tracking, measuring and monitoring SLCP emissions.
A critical component of reducing SLCPs will be supporting the development of new technologies through advocacy and investment strategies. A number of local and global initiatives are seeking partners and financing to develop and launch new technologies such as no or low-emitting alternatives to HFCs or biogas projects at many scales from small to large. Companies might also consider investment in offsets to reduce methane such as investing in offsite projects that capture methane such as methane digesters on dairy farms.
Companies committing to reducing SLCPs will be expected to complete a short annual questionnaire updating the Climate Collaborative on progress made toward the commitment.
How can the Climate Collaborative Help?
Our goal is to support businesses and stakeholders in the rapid reduction of SLCPs throughout the food production supply chain. We will facilitate networking, connect partners to initiatives and identify resources to help companies engage suppliers and support training efforts for tracking and measuring SLCPs.
We are planning webinars with partners and topic experts to help companies navigate the SLCP commitment while highlighting industry best practices, initiatives and financing options. Please let us know your needs and interests for reducing SLCPs in your supply chain to enable us to better focus our efforts.
Initiatives and Tools:
- Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
- CCAC - HFC Initiative & factsheet
- CCAC - Methane from Agriculture
- EPA - AgStar Program
- CalCan – Diversified Strategy for Reducing Methane Emissions from Dairy Operations
More information on SLCPs:
- CCAC - SNAP SLCP National Planning Guide
- IGSD - Primer on Short-lived Climate Pollutants
- EESI - Short-Lived Climate Pollutants: Why are They Important?
- UNEP - HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting Climate and the Ozone Layer
- Montreal Protocol HFC Amendment - Kigali Agreement to phase out HFCs
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Today in Greece History
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Related Topics: Greek War of Independence
Events 1 - 100 of 283
1251-09-07 BC - A solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes, Greece.
1184-04-24 BC - The Greeks enter Troy using the Trojan Horse (traditional date).
0585-05-28 BC - Solar eclipse, as predicted by Greek philosopher Thales, while Lydians under Alyattes war with the Medes under Cyaxares, leading to a truce. One of the cardinal dates from which other dates calculated.
0480-09-29 BC - Battle of Salamis: The Greek fleet under Themistocles defeats the Persian fleet under Xerxes I.
0480-08-11 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Artemisium - Persian naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near promontory on the north coast of Euboea. Greek fleet holds its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdraws upon news of the defeat at Thermopylae.
0479-08-27 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan commander of the Greek army in the Battle of Plataea. Along the with the Greek victory on the same day in the Battle of Mycale, the Persian invasion of Greece is halted.
0338-08-02 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
Roman Politician and General Mark Antony 0031-09-02 BC - Final war of the Roman Republic: Battle of Actium - off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
0701-10-30 - John VI of Greece begins his reign as Catholic Pope
0705-04-01 - Greek pope John VII chosen as successor to John VI
1308-08-15 - Johannieter knights conquer Rhodos on the Greece
1311-03-15 - Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens, a Crusader state in Greece.
1514-01-10 - Complutensian New Testament in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek & Latin finished
1770-05-26 - The Orlov Revolt, a first attempt to revolt against the Turks before the Greek War of Independence ends in disaster for the Greeks.
1820-03-25 - Greece freedom revolt against anti Ottoman attack
1820-04-12 - Alexander Ypsilantis is declared leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.
1821-03-21 - First revolutionary act in Monastery of Agia Lavra, Kalavryta, Greek War of Independence.
1821-03-23 - Battle and fall of city of Kalamata, Greek War of Independence.
1821-03-25 - Greece gains independence from Turkey (National Day)
1821-05-08 - Greek War of Independence: the Greeks defeat the Turks in Gravia.
1821-05-12 - The first major battle of the Greek War of Independence against the Turks occurs in Valtetsi.
1821-06-19 - Battle at Dragetsani: Turkish army beats Greece
1821-09-23 - Fall of Tripolitsa, Greece, massacre of 30.000 Turks.
1822-01-13 - The design of the Greek flag is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.
1822-01-14 - Greek War of Independence: Acrocorinth is captured by Theodoros Kolokotronis and Demetrius Ypsilanti.
1822-01-15 - Greek War of Independence: Demetrius Ypsilanti is elected president of the legislative assembly.
1822-03-31 - The massacre of the population of the Greek island of Chios by soldiers of the Ottoman Empire following a rebellion attempt, depicted by the French artist Eugène Delacroix.
1822-05-16 - Greek War of Independence: Turks capture the Greek town of Souli.
1824-06-21 - Greek War of Independence: Egyptian forces capture Psara in the Aegean Sea.
1824-08-04 - Battle of Kos is fought between Turks and Greeks.
1826-04-10 - The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town Messolonghi start leaving the town after a year's siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive.
1826-11-25 - The Greek frigate Hellas arrives in Nafplion to become the first flagship of the Hellenic Navy.
1827-06-05 - Turks capture the Acropolis & take Athens during Greek War of Independence
1828-04-26 - Russia declares war on Turkey to support Greece's independence
1828-10-07 - The city of Patras, Greece is liberated by the French expeditionary force in Peloponnese under General Maison.
1829-03-22 - The three protecting powers (Britain, France and Russia) establish the borders of Greece.
1830-02-03 - The sovereignty of Greece was confirmed in a London Protocol.
1832-05-07 - Greece becomes independent
1832-05-07 - Otto of Bavaria is chosen king of Greece
1832-05-24 - The First Kingdom of Greece is declared in the London Conference.
1834-04-03 - The generals in the Greek War of Independence stand trial for treason.
1835-05-20 - Otto is named the first modern king of Greece.
1850-01-18 - British blockade Piraeus, Greece to enforce mercantile claims
1850-06-29 - Autocephaly Officially Granted by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to The Church of Greece.
1863-03-30 - Danish prince Wilhelm Georg of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg chosen as king George of Greece
1864-03-29 - Great Britain gives the Ionian Islands back to Greece
1864-10-29 - Greek parliament accept new Constitution
1864-11-13 - The new Constitution of Greece is adopted.
1874-05-13 - Pope Pius IX encyclical "On Greek-Ruthenian rite"
1874-06-29 - Greek politician Charilaos Trikoupis publishes a manifesto in the Athens daily Kairoi entitled "Who's to Blame?" in which he lays out his complaints against King George. He is elected Prime Minister of Greece the next year.
1878-02-02 - Greece declares war on Turkey
1881-03-26 - Thessaly is freed and becomes part of Greece again.
1881-05-24 - Turkey cedes Thessaly and Arta back to Greece.
1888-09-12 - Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Greek Interpreter" (BG)
1891-04-11 - 8 year old Jewish tailor's daughter disappears in Greece, rumor spreads that she was a Christian girl ritually killed by Jews
1894-03-03 - 1st Greek-language publication in US begins, "NY Atlantis"
1896-03-10 - Charilaos Vasilakos of Greece wins 1st modern marathon in 3:18 [OS]
1896-03-25 - Modern Olympics began in Athens, Greece [NS=Apr 6]
1896-04-06 - 1st modern Olympic games open in Athens Greece [3/25 OS] American, James Connolly, wins 1st Olympic gold medal in mod history
1896-04-15 - 1st Olympic games close at Athens, Greece
1897-04-05 - The Greco-Turkish War, also called "Thirty Days' War", is declared between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
1897-05-12 - Battle at Thessalie: Turkish army beats Greece
1897-05-15 - The Greek army retreats with heavy losses in the Greco-Turkish War.
1898-08-25 - 700 Greeks and 15 Englishmen are slaughtered by the Turks in Heraklion, Greece.
1900-07-21 - Pope Leo XIII encyclical to Greek-Melkite rite
1901-11-08 - Bloody clashes take place in Athens following the translation of the Gospels into demotic Greek.
1902-05-17 - Greek archaeologist Valerios Stais discovers the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient mechanical analog computer.
1906-04-22 - 10th anniversary Olympic games open at Athens, Greece
1906-05-22 - 10th anniversary Olympic games close at Athens, Greece
1906-12-04 - Alpha Phi Alpha, 1st Black Greek Letter Fraternity, forms
1908-02-03 - Foundation of Panathinaikos in Athens, Greece.
1908-03-12 - The Pan-Macedonian group is formed in Athens to support the Greek Struggle for Macedonia.
1908-10-07 - Crete revolts against Turkey & aligns with Greece
1910-02-01 - Dragoumis government forms in Greece
1911-05-15 - The Georgios Averof cruiser is bought by Greece.
1912-03-11 - Eleftherios Venizelos, leader of the Liberal Party, wins the Greek elections again.
1912-04-01 - The Greek athlete Konstantinos Tsiklitiras breaks the world record -in standing long jump jumping 3.47 meters.
1912-10-17 - Bulgaria, Greece & Serbia declares war on Turkey
1912-12-03 - Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece & Bulgaria sign weapons pact
1913-01-18 - Turkish-Greek sea battle near Troy
1913-03-18 - King George I of Greece is assassinated in the recently liberated city of Thessaloniki.
1913-04-04 - The Greek aviator Emmanuel Argyropoulos becomes the first pilot victim of the Hellenic Air Force when his plane crashes.
1913-06-29 - 2nd Balkan War begins-Bulgaria overthrows Greek/Serbian troops
1913-07-01 - Serbia & Greece declare war on Bulgaria
1913-12-14 - Greece formally takes possession of Crete
1914-08-07 - British Gloucester vs German Breslau/Goeben off Greece
1915-03-06 - Greek King Constantine I fires premier Venizelos
1915-11-06 - Sophokles Skouloudis forms Greek government
1916-09-11 - German troops conquer Kavalla Greece
1916-11-26 - Greece declares war on Germany
1917-05-30 - Alexander I becomes king of Greece.
1917-06-11 - King Alexander assumes the throne of Greece after his father Constantine I abdicated under pressure by allied armies occupying Athens.
1917-08-18 - A Great Fire in Thessaloniki, Greece destroys 32% of the city leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.
1918-05-15 - Greeks troops lands at Smyrna
1919-05-19 - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk lands at Samsun on the Anatolian Black Sea coast, initiating what was later termed the Turkish War of Independence. The anniversary of this event is the official date of commemoration of the Pontic Greek Genocide in Greece and Cyprus.
1920-03-04 - Last day of Julian civil calendar in Greece
1920-03-18 - Greece adopts the Gregorian calendar
1920-03-25 - Greek Independence Day
1920-04-19 - 24th Boston Marathon won by Peter Trivoulidas of Greece in 2:29:31
1920-12-05 - Dimitrios Rallis forms a government in Greece.
Birthdays 1 - 100 of 480
Greek Playwright Euripides (0480-09-23 BC)
0480-09-23 BC - Euripides, Salamís, Greek playwright (Medea), (d. 406 BC)
0356-07-20 BC - Alexander the Great, Pella Macedon, Macedonian king and military leader, (d. 323 BC)
1118-11-28 - Manuel I Komnenos, Greek Byzantine Emperor (d. 1180)
1553-03-29 - Vitsentzos Kornaros, Greek Renaissance poet (d. 1613 or 1614)
1572-11-13 - Cyril Lucaris, Greek theologian (d. 1638)
1748-04-27 - Adamantios Korais, Greek humanist scholar (d. 1833)
1769-05-20 - Andreas Vokos Miaoulis, Greek admiral and politician (d. 1835)
1770-04-03 - Theodoros Kolokotronis, Greek general (d. 1843)
Macedonian King and Conqueror of Persia Alexander the Great (0356-07-20 BC) 1776-02-11 - Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greek diplomat of the Russian Empire and first head of state of independent Greece (d. 1831)
1786-05-15 - General Dimitris Plapoutas, a Revolutionary in the Greek War of Independence (d. 1864)
1792-12-12 - Alexandros Ypsilanti, Greek resistance fighter
1805-06-29 - Hiram Powers, US sculptor (Greek Slave)
1810-12-25 - Alexandros Rhizos Rhankaves, Greek poet and statesman (d. 1892)
1815-06-01 - Otto of Greece (d. 1862)
1818-12-21 - Amalia, wife of king Otto of Greece
1829-05-12 - Pavlos Carrer, Greek composer (d. 1896)
1832-07-11 - Charilaos Trikoupis, Greek politician (d. 1896)
1835-02-15 - Demetrius Vikelas, Greek author (d. 1908)
1840-10-05 - John Addington Symonds, Brit historian/writer (Probs in Greek Ethics)
1842-03-01 - Nicholaos Gysis, Greek painter (d. 1901)
1851-03-03 - Alexandros Papadiamantis, Greek author (d. 1911)
1851-09-03 - Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, Queen of Greece (d. 1926)
1853-01-11 - Georgios Jakobides, Greek painter (d. 1926)
1855-01-15 - Jacques Damala, Greek military officer and actor (d. 1889)
1855-12-10 - Marios Varvoglis, Greek Composer (d. 1967)
1859-01-13 - Kostis Palamas, Greek poet (d. 1943)
1862-02-27 - Anastasios Metaxas, Greek architect and shooter (d. 1937)
1863-04-29 - Constantine P. Cavafy, Greek poet (d. 1933)
1864-08-23 - Eleftherios K Venizalos, premier of Greece (1910-15, 28-32)
1868-08-02 - Constantine I, king of Greece
1868-08-25 - Nikolaos Levidis, Greek shooter
1870-06-14 - Sophia of Prussia, consort of Constantine I of Greece (d. 1932)
1871-04-12 - Ioannis Metaxas, Greek general/dictator (1936-41)
1872-02-07 - Nikolaos "Sokrates" Politis, Greek lawyer/diplomat/foreign minister
1873-01-12 - Spiridon Louis, Greek marathon runner (d. 1940)
1874-11-15 - Dimitrios Golemis, Greek athlete (d. 1941)
1876-04-24 - Ioannis Georgiadis, Greek fencer (d. 1960)
1878-01-11 - Theodorus Pangalos, Greek general/dictator (1926)
1880-03-12 - Nikolaos Georgantas, Greek discus thrower (d. 1958)
1883-05-13 - Georgios Papanikolaou, Greek doctor, inventor of the Pap smear (d. 1962)
1883-10-16 - Vasiliki Maliaros, Greek actress (d. 1973)
1883-11-14 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek premier (1945, 50, 51-52)
1883-12-09 - Alexander Papagos, Greek fieldmarshal/supreme commander
1883-12-14 - Manolis Kalomiris, Greek opera composer
1884-02-14 - Kostas Varnalis, Greek poet (d. 1974)
1885-09-04 - Dimitrios Loundras, Greek gymnast (d. 1971)
1886-03-24 - Athenagoras I, Greek Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1972)
1887-01-13 - George Gurdjieff, Armenian-Greek mystic (d. 1949)
1888-02-13 - Georgios Papandreou, Greek prefect of Lesbos/minister/premier
1888-07-10 - Giorgio De Chirico, Greece, Metaphysical painter (Soothsayer)
1888-10-30 - Konstantinos Tsiklitiras, Greek Olympic champion (d. 1913)
1888-10-31 - Napoleon Lapathiotis, Greek poet (d. 1944)
1889-06-20 - John S. Paraskevopoulos, Greek-South African astronomer (d. 1951)
1890-08-01 - George II, king of Greece
1890-11-09 - George Regas, Greek actor (d. 1940)
1892-07-28 - Petro Petridis, Greek composer (Isotope Suite)
1893-03-18 - Jean Goldkette, Greek-born jazz musician (d. 1962)
1893-03-28 - Spyros Skouras, Greek-born American movie executive (d. 1971)
1893-07-20 - Alexander, king of Greece (1917-20)
1894-11-17 - Sophocles Venizelos, premier of Greece (1944, 50-51)
1895-11-08 - Photios Kontoglou, Greek writer, painter and iconographer (d. 1965)
1896-03-01 - Dimitri Mitropoulos, Athens Greece, conductor/composer
1896-05-02 - Helen of Greece and Denmark, queen of Romania (d. 1982)
1896-10-30 - Kostas Karyotakis, Greek poet (d. 1928)
1897-01-02 - Jim Londos, Greek wrestler (d. 1975)
1898-03-23 - Georgios Grivas, Greek general/opposition leader on Cyprus
1898-04-08 - Cecil [Maurice] Bowra, British classics expert (Greek experience)
1898-08-08 - Alexis Minotis, Greek actor (d. 1990)
1898-11-07 - Raphaël Salem, Greek mathematician (d. 1963)
1899-07-01 - Henry "Indiana" Jones Jr, fictional character "Indiana Jones"
1900-02-22 - Giorgios Seferis, Greece, poet (Nobel 1963)
1900-03-01 - Yorgos Seferis, [Seferi dis], Greek diplomat/poet (Strofi)
1900-12-17 - Katina Paxinou, Greek actress (d. 1973)
1901-09-02 - Andreas Embirikos, Greek surrealist poet (d. 1975)
1901-11-04 - Spyridon Marinatos, Greek archaeologist (d. 1974)
1901-12-14 - Paul I, King of Greece (1947-64)
1902-04-01 - Maria Polydouri, Greek poet (d. 1930)
1902-09-14 - Giorgos Papasideris Greek musician (d. 1977)
1903-01-06 - Maurice Abravanel, Saloniki Greece, conductor/composer
1903-07-27 - Michail Stasinopoulos, Greek politician (d. 2002)
1904-03-26 - Xenophon Zolotas, Greek economist, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2004)
1905-05-10 - Markos Vamvakaris, Greek rebetiko musician and songwriter (d. 1972)
1906-01-15 - Aristotle Onassis, Greece, rich shipping magnate
1906-04-27 - Yórgos Theotokás, Greek novelist (d. 1966)
1906-11-18 - Alec Issigonis, Greek-British car designer (d. 1988)
1906-11-30 - Marina, princess of Greece/Denmark/husband of English prince George
1907-03-08 - Constantine Karamanlis, Greek politician, President of Greece (d. 1998)
1907-10-21 - Nikos Engonopoulos, Greek painter and poet (d. 1985)
1908-08-14 - Manos Katrakis, Greek actor (d. 1984)
1908-12-01 - Georgios Kasassoglou, Greek musician (d. 1984)
1909-05-01 - Yannis Ritsos, Greek poet
1909-07-02 - Hermann Bengtson, German historian (Greeks Ancient Times)
1909-07-03 - Stavros Niachos, Greece, shipping magnate (Those Fabulous Greeks)
1910-09-14 - Yiannis Latsis, Greek shipping tycoon (d. 2003)
1911-04-12 - Darrell A Amyx, US archaeologist (Greek Ceramics)
1911-11-02 - Odysseus Elytis Alepoudellis, Greece, poet (Nobel 1979)
1911-12-08 - Nikos Gatsos, Greek poet and lyricist (d. 1992)
1912-06-16 - Enoch Powell, England, MP (C)/racist/Greek professor
1913-03-13 - Lambros Konstantaras, Greek actor (d. 1985)
1913-05-04 - Lady Katherine Brandram, née Princess of Greece and Denmark (d. 2007)
Weddings 1 - 11 of 11
1934-11-29 - Prince George, Duke of Kent weds princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
1962-05-14 - Princess Sophia of Greece weds Don Juan Carlos of Spain
1964-09-18 - Greek king Constantine II marries Danish princess Anne-Marie
1993-09-05 - "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" actress Nia Vardalos (30) weds "Felicity" actor Ian Gomez (28)
1995-07-01 - Crown Prince of Greece and the oldest son of the deposed King Constantine of Greece, Pavlos (28) weds Robert W. Miller's daughter Marie-Chantal Miller (26) at London's Cathedral of Saint Sophia
1998-06-27 - Prince Michael of Greece daughter Princess Alexandra (29) weds perfume executive Nicolas Mirzayantz (37) in Torcello Island
Actress & Writer Tina Fey (2001-06-03) 2001-06-03 - Writer and actress Tina Fey (31) weds "Saturday Night Live" composer Jeff Richmond (40) on a Greek Orthodox ceremony at The Merion Tribute House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2001-11-20 - ABC News political analyst George Stephanopoulos (40) weds actress Alexandra Wentworth (36) at Greek Orthodox Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Manhattan
2003-07-05 - TV personality Debbie Matenopoulos (28) weds Lions Gate Entertainment president Jay Faires at St. Sophia Greek Orthodox Cathedral in Los Angeles, California
2005-08-18 - Model and former Playboy Playmate Kylie Bax (30) weds photographer Spiros Poros in Delos, Greece
2007-02-17 - "Home and Away" actress Ada Nicodemou (29) weds Chrys Xipolitas at St. Andrew's Greek church in Redfern, Australia
Deaths 1 - 100 of 216
Hero of Athens Pheidippides (0490-09-02 BC)
0490-09-02 BC - Pheidippides, Greek hero and inspiration for the modern marathon
0322-03-07 BC - Aristotle, Greek philosopher (b. 384 BC)
0418-12-27 - Zosimus, Greek Pope (417-8), dies
0485-04-17 - Proclus, Greek mathematician, dies in Athens [or Apr 14]
0649-05-14 - Theodore, Greek Pope (642-49) (excommunicated by Paul II), dies
0662-08-13 - Maximus Confessor, Greek theologist/crusader, dies
0686-08-02 - Pope John V, 1st Greek-Syrian Pope (685-86) dies
0707-10-18 - John VII, Catholic Pope (705-07), of Greek ancestry, dies
0708-02-04 - Sisinnius, Greek-Syrian pope (708, 20 days), dies
0715-04-09 - Constantine I, Greek/Syrian Pope (708-15), dies
0731-02-11 - Gregory II, Greek-Syrian Pope, dies
0752-03-15 - Zachary, Greek/Italian Pope (741-52), dies [or Mar 22]
0869-02-04 - Saint Cyril, Greek missionary to the Slavs (b. 827)
0869-02-14 - Saint Cyril, Greek monk, scholar, theologian and linguist (b. 827) Called "apostle of Slavs"
0885-04-06 - Methodius, Greek apostle of the slaves/archbishop of Sirmium, dies
1345-01-15 - Martin Zaccaria, Italo-Greek ruler
1415-04-15 - Manuel Chrysoloras, Greek humanist and grammarian
1484-08-12 - George of Trebizond, Greek philosopher (b. 1395)
1500-04-11 - Michael T Marullus, Greeks poet, drowns
1614-04-07 - El Greco, Greek-born artist working in Spain (b. 1541)
1669-01-19 - Leo Allatios, Greek/Italian theologist/literary, dies at about 82
1688-06-05 - Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (b. 1667)
1779-08-24 - Saint Cosmas of Aetolia, Greek Orthodox martyr (b. 1714)
1825-05-20 - Papaflessas, Greek priest and government official (b. 1788)
1825-06-05 - Odysseas Androutsos, hero in the Greek War of Independence
1828-01-31 - Alexandros Ypsilanti, Greek resistance fighter, dies at 35
1831-09-27 - Joannis Capodistrias, Greek governor of Troezen, murdered at 55
1831-10-09 - Ioannis Kapodistrias, President (1829-31) and founding father of modern Greece.
1833-04-06 - Adamantios Korais, Greek humanist scholar (b. 1748)
1835-06-24 - Andreas Vokos Miaoulis, Greek admiral and politician, commander of Greek naval forces in Greek War of Independence (b. 1769)
1843-02-15 - Theodoros Kolokotronis, Greek military figure (b. 1770)
1853-01-13 - Theophilos Kairis, Greek priest, humanist and revolutionary (b. 1783)
1857-02-09 - Dionysios Solomos, Greek poet of the Greek national anthem (b. 1798)
1867-07-26 - King Otto of Greece (b. 1815)
1869-11-03 - Andreas Kalvos, Greek poet (b. 1792)
1872-04-12 - Nikolaos Mantzaros, Greek composer (b. 1795)
1875-05-20 - Amalia, wife of King Otto of Greece, dies at 58
1877-09-02 - Constantine Kanaris, Greek admiral, freedom fighter and politician (b. 1793)
1883-02-26 - Alexandros Koumoundouros, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1817)
1889-06-18 - Jacques Damala, Greek military officer and actor (b. 1855)
1892-06-28 - Alexandros Rhizos Rhankaves, Greek poet and statesman (b. 1810)
1896-03-30 - Charilaos Trikoupis, seven times prime-minister of Greece (b. 1832)
1896-06-07 - Pavlos Carrer, Greek composer (b. 1829)
1897-03-27 - Andreas Anagnostakis, Greek physician (b. 1826)
1904-06-13 - Nikiphoros Lytras, Greek painter (b. 1832)
1904-10-13 - Pavlos Melas, Greek officer who organized and participated in the Greek Struggle for Macedonia (b. 1870)
1905-06-13 - Theodoros Delyannis, premier Greece, murdered
1908-07-20 - Demetrius Vikelas, Greek author, president of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1835)
1911-01-03 - Alexandros Papadiamantis, Greek author (b. 1851)
1913-03-18 - George I, king of Greece (1861-1913), assassinated by Schinas at 67
1917-04-09 - James Hope Moulton, British scholar of Classical Greek (b. 1863)
1920-10-25 - Alexander, king of Greece (1917-20), dies after ape bite at 27
1923-01-11 - Constantine I, king of Greece (1913-17, 20-22), dies at 54
1927-01-27 - Georgios Grivas, Cyprus-born general in the Greek Army
1928-07-20 - Kostas Karyotakis, Greek poet (b. 1896)
1932-01-13 - Sophia of Prussia, consort of Constantine I of Greece (b. 1870)
1932-10-18 - Ioannis Chrysafis, Greek gymnast (b. 1873)
1932-12-13 - Georgios Jakobides, Greek painter (b. 1853)
1933-04-29 - Constantine P. Cavafy, Greek poet (b. 1863)
1934-03-22 - Theophilos Hatzimihail, Greek painter (b. 1870)
1936-02-01 - Georgios Kondylis, general of the Greek army and Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1878)
1936-03-18 - Eleftherios Venizelos, Former Prime minister of Greece
1936-04-13 - Demertzis, Greek premier, dies
1936-05-17 - Panagis Tsaldaris, twice Greek prime minister (b. 1868)
1937-01-28 - Anastasios Metaxas, Greek architect and shooter (b. 1862)
1938-03-07 - Andreas Michalakopoulos, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1876)
1940-03-26 - Spiridon Louis, Greek runner, winner of the first modern Olympics marathon (b. 1873)
1940-12-05 - Mordechai Frizis, Jewish Greek military officer (b. 1893)
1940-12-13 - George Regas, Greek actor (b. 1890)
1941-01-29 - Ioannis Metaxas, Greek gen/dictator (1936-41), commits suicide at 69
1941-04-18 - ... Korysis, PM of Greece, commits suicide
1941-04-27 - Penelope Delta, Greek author (b. 1874)
1942-04-08 - Kostas Skarvelis, Greek songwriter (b. 1880)
1943-02-27 - Kostis Palamas, Greek poet, twice nominated for the Nobel prize (b. 1859)
1943-03-04 - Nikolaos "Sokrates" Politis, Greek foreign minister, dies at 71
1944-01-07 - Napoleon Lapathiotis, Greek poet (b. 1888)
1944-02-10 - Eugène Michel Antoniadi, Greek astronomer, a crater on Mars and the Antoniadi crater on the Moon were named in his honor (b. 1870)
1945-06-16 - Aris Velouchiotis, Greek guerrilla resistance leader (b. 1905)
1946-01-09 - Dimitrios Golemis, Greek athlete (b. 1874)
1947-04-01 - George II, king of Greece, dies at 56
1948-05-01 - Christos Ladas, Greek minister of Justice, murdered
1950-02-02 - Constantin Carathéodory, Greek mathematician (b. 1873)
1951-03-15 - John S. Paraskevopoulos, Greek-born astronomer (b. 1889)
1951-06-19 - Angelos Sikelianos, Greek poet (b. 1884)
1952-02-27 - Theodorus Pangalos, Greek general/dictator 1926, dies at 74
1953-07-26 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greece premier (1945-50, 51-2), dies
1955-10-04 - Alexander Papagos, Greek fieldmarshal, dies
1957-02-23 - Marika Ninou, Greek singer (b. 1918)
1958-01-23 - Nikolaos Georgantas, Greek discus thrower (b. 1880)
1960-09-14 - M. Karagatsis, Greek author (b. 1908)
1960-11-02 - Dimitri Mitropoulos, Greek/US conductor/composer, dies at 64
1962-02-19 - Georgios Papanikolaou, Greek doctor, inventor of the Pap smear (b. 1883)
1962-03-24 - Jean Goldkette, Greek-born musician (b. 1899)
1962-04-03 - Manolis Kalomiris, Greek opera composer, dies at 78
1963-05-27 - Lambrakis, Greek EDA-parliament leader, murdered
1963-06-20 - Raphaël Salem, Greek mathematician (b. 1898)
1964-02-06 - Sophocles Venizelos, premier of Greece (1944, 50-51), dies at 69
1964-03-06 - King Paul I, of Greece (1947-64), dies at 62
1966-10-30 - Yórgos Theotokás, Greek novelist (b. 1906)
1966-11-15 - Dimitrios Tofalos, Greek weightlifter (b. 1877)
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LT focus: Understand the impact of the actions of people on the environment through the generations
Ask the children if they know what Climate Change is.
What’s the difference between weather patterns and climate change?
The children could take one aspect of climate change, research and create a Keynote/ Powerpoint on the ways in which we can help to slow and prevent climate change so that our descendants can enjoy the world.
Topics might include:
- Using renewable sources of energy
- Using energy wisely
- Recycling, reusing and reducing
- Trying out Climate friendly diets
- Making homes more energy efficient
- Reducing waste and demanding recyclable cups and straws,.
Children can share their presentations to the class, print and display them on their Learn Together wall.
Other teacher resources for teaching this topic:
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A dinosaur discovered through a fossil found in Morocco has been named Sauron, after the Lord of the Rings character. Paleontologists Andrea Cau, Fabio Dalla Vecchia, and Matteo Fabbri of Italy’s Museo Paleontologico di Montevarchi described the dinosaur as best they could. Only a small part of the skull was found, but it was enough to determine that this dinosaur did not belong to a known species.
While the rest of the dinosaur remains unknown, after reanalyzing the frontal the paleontologists decided that it was truly unique enough to merit establishing a new name. The subtly-domed dinosaur is now known as Sauroniops pachytholus–the genus name a tribute to the demonic Sauron of the Lord of the Rings series, and the species name for the thick dome on the dinosaur’s head.
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Let’s understand, utilise and conserve the indigenous cattle breeds, says Oliver Hanotte.
Livestock is and has been intertwined with African societies for centuries. They provide nutrition, labour, transport and fulfil major socio-cultural roles. It is estimated that 70% of Africa’s rural poor keep livestock and some 200M people rely on these animals for their livelihoods. Indigenous livestock are not only adapted to diverse African agro-ecological production systems – they are also unique and responsive genotypes shaped by the needs of African farmers.
Continue reading African livestock for Africa
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A version of this article appeared in our latest u‑blox magazine on eHealth. Download your own copy of the magazine today!
As you read this article, chances are you’ve already experienced digital healthcare in some form. This could be a wearable fitness band to count the number of steps you walk in a day, monitor your heart rate, or keep tabs on how well you’re sleeping. It might be apps on your smartphone that you use to track caffeine or calorie consumption, or your menstrual cycle. Or you may have sent pictures or video to your doctor or medical insurer, ahead of a face-to-face or telephone appointment. All of these are examples of a major digital revolution in healthcare, which looks set to continue apace.
Imagine a world where people are proactively alerted to potential health problems before they cause significant harm, as opposed to reactively reaching out to a doctor once more serious symptoms show, as is often the case today. Portable and wearable sensors are making this possible. And as more of the applications they’re enabling secure formal medical approval, connected technology is moving beyond ‘gadget’ status, to become an increasingly important part of the healthcare space.
Below, we outline 10 examples of how tech is being used to support our physical and mental wellbeing.
1. Detecting and managing neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and other neurodegenerative diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent, partly as a result of ageing populations. While there isn’t a cure at the moment, early detection can help those with these conditions to understand and manage them more effectively.
Researchers are working on a variety of techniques to create a ‘digital phenotype’ of these illnesses, using wearable technology to monitor indicators such as lower heart rate variability and the slowing of the gait. It’s hoped this could help support early detection.
2. Responding to falls
Falling is the second-most-common cause of unintentional injury death, according to the World Health Organization. Around 646,000 fatal falls happen every year, mostly among the elderly. In addition, many more people will suffer non-fatal falls that have long-term implications on their health and wellbeing.
Falling is also a danger in certain workplaces, especially where individuals work alone in remote places. If these people have an accident, it may be hours or even days before they’re found.
Happily, technology can help. Wearable devices capable of sensing both falls and inactivity, and then wirelessly sending out distress signals, can be a lifesaver. Options available include specialist equipment, or consumer-oriented wearables, such as Apple Watch.
3. Supporting improved mental health
People suffering with mental health problems can already use their smartphones to access chatbots set up to provide cognitive behavioral therapy. Woebot is an example of what future mental health support could look like, as smart devices, artificial intelligence, counseling, and psychiatry are brought together in intelligent and innovative ways. The app has already been shown to be effective in reducing depression and anxiety.
Elsewhere, AI-driven bots such as Mitsuku can be used to help combat loneliness, which is another major problem, especially among older people.
As demand for mental health support continues to outstrip supply, or for people who feel uncomfortable seeking help due to the stigma or cost associated with it, technological solutions such as these could play an important role in ensuring everyone has access to the support they need.
4. Monitoring the air we breathe
It’s well-understood that long-term exposure to airborne pollution is bad for us. The challenge is knowing when we’re subjecting ourselves to it, given most pollutants are invisible, and some also odorless. Here again, there’s a technology solution, in the form of low-cost sensors that detect levels of fine particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. These can be incorporated into portable devices, such as the Atmotube or Flow, which alert the user, via their smartphone, when thresholds are exceeded. Devices such as these can also collate data to create real-time, crowdsourced maps of air pollution levels, to benefit the wider community.
5. Detecting allergens in our food
In the United States alone, food allergy reactions result in someone going to the emergency room at a hospital every three minutes, according to foodallergy.org. Moreover, the proportion of the population affected by food allergies continues to grow.
The good news is that thanks to the good understanding that now exists of most allergenic compounds, it’s becoming possible to create portable technology solutions capable of detecting them in food. The Allergy Amulet, due to launch this year, promises to analyze food samples and identify whether any of the eight most common food allergens are present, in around 60 seconds. Results can be displayed on a companion app on the user’s phone.
6. Tackling cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease is the biggest global cause of death, according to the World Health Organization. It’s therefore unsurprising we’re seeing an increasing number of technology solutions seeking to tackle these diseases and their causes.
For example, high blood pressure can be a precursor to serious cardiovascular diseases, including cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease. However, because high blood pressure generally has no obvious symptoms, it’s often referred to as the ‘silent killer.’ Conventional cuff-style blood pressure monitors that people can use at home have been available for some time, but more convenient solutions to monitor for hypertension are now emerging, such as Aktiia’s bracelet, which enables the wearer to track their blood pressure 24x7.
Elsewhere, electrocardiograms (ECGs) are an important means of detecting possible heart problems. In 2018, the Apple Watch became the first consumer-grade wearable to secure United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for its ECG monitoring capabilities. Other options include AliveCor’s KardiaMobile, a compact portable device that connects to the user’s smartphone to provide a medical-grade ECG, capable of detecting the three main types of heart rhythm problem, wherever the user happens to be.
7. Helping us live with diabetes
Digital technologies can already make life easier for those living with diabetes. Wearable blood glucose meters can monitor levels round-the-clock, sending the data to a nearby connected device, and then onwards to the cloud. Wearers can opt to receive alerts when they need sugar or insulin, or have care providers or loved ones notified when certain thresholds are exceeded. The loop can then be closed with the use of a connected insulin pen, which dispenses exactly the right amount of the hormone needed to stabilize levels of blood glucose.
By simplifying treatment of the condition in ways such as these, technology is already having a significant impact on people’s lives, even enabling children born with type 1 diabetes to manage it themselves, supervised, from a young age.
8. Analyzing our sleep
It’s now widely appreciated among medical professionals, and the broader public, that sleep is vital for our wellbeing. Too little sleep has been linked to increased incidence of a variety of conditions, including diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cognitive decline, weight gain, compromised immune function, and even cancer. Sleep deprivation can also lead to lost productivity and accidents, with all the associated costs for individuals, society, and the economy.
The proliferation of smart sleep sensors linked to smartphone apps and machine learning algorithms is revolutionizing researchers’ understanding of this crucial aspect of our lives. It’s subsequently helping drive development of tools to help insomnia-sufferers, and to diagnose and treat other issues related to sleep.
9. Protecting against the risks of stress and fatigue
Fatigue and stress can affect our ability to carry out a variety of tasks. Whether you’re a doctor performing surgery, a machinery operator on a construction site, or simply an individual driving a car, a fatigue- or stress-induced mistake can have serious or even fatal consequences.
The smart glasses from Ellcie are an example of technology designed to guard against these risks. Ellcie’s eyewear seeks to prevent road accidents by monitoring drivers for signs of drowsiness. This includes assessing their rate of blinking, yawning, and whether their heads drop. If drowsiness is detected, the glasses sound a warning to the driver. Users in France can also be connected to a helpdesk, for a handsfree conversation aimed at keeping them awake until they can safely stop.
Research is also underway to create wearable skin patches that monitor for signs of stress. These assess variables such as pulse waves, skin temperature, and skin conductance, to calculate levels of stress in real time. This data could then be sent to the wearer’s phone, to suggest they might benefit from having a break.
10. Stimulating our brains
Lastly, imagine if we could get our brains into the perfect state for whatever activity we’re about to do. This is what the NeoRhythm headband from Omnipemf promises. The device emits tuned electromagnetic frequencies to stimulate the brain and is said to be able to help improve sleep, focus, energy, and vitality levels, and even control pain. Omnipemf points to two – admittedly small – double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to back up its claims.
Much more to come
These examples showcase the breadth of opportunity that technology offers when it comes to enhancing both our physical and our mental health. And the exciting thing is that there will be many more in the future, as healthcare innovators continue to leverage new and existing technologies in intelligent ways, all designed to help us live healthier and happier lives.
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| 0.937858 | 2,038 | 3.21875 | 3 |
- A toxic odoriferous liquid, used as a solvent in high-performance liquid chromatography.
More example sentences
- Alternative name: methyl cyanide; chemical formula: CH3CN
- We have also carried out measurements with mixtures of water and acetonitrile, a solvent that is a hydrogen bond acceptor.
- The organic solvents used in the present study were n-butanol, acetonitrile, methanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and isobutanol.
- The mycotoxin then can be eluted from the column by washing with an organic solvent such as methanol or acetonitrile.
More definitions of acetonitrileDefinition of acetonitrile in:
- The British & World English dictionary
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/acetonitrile
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| 0.84779 | 167 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Mobile phone manufacturers instruct users to carry the phone at least 5-15mm from your head and body to ensure radiation exposure levels remain at or below the ‘as-tested’ levels.
“Carry your phone at least 5-15mm away from your body to ensure exposure levels remain at or below the as-tested levels”
Are you following their advice? If no, Cellsafe® have developed the Radi Chip® to ensure your radiation exposure level is reduced to the same as-tested levels even when you keep the phone at zero distance from your head. Refer to diagram below.
*Examples given are for iPhone 6 Model: A1586 Serial: C39NX1YRG5MW tested at 1900MHz at EMC Technology on Report: M160803
Without Cellsafe® – When holding the phone at 10mm distance from the head the radiation exposure (SAR) is reduced by 41.6%
With Cellsafe® – When holding the phone at 0mm distance from the head the radiation exposure (SAR) is reduced by 51.55%
Fitting a Cellsafe® Radi Chip® to your phone reduces SAR to equivalent or LOWER levels (at 0mm distance)as would be achieved holding the bare phone 5-10mm away from the head
Depending on the device (https://support.apple.com/en_AU/manuals/iphone) , Apple instructs users to “Carry iPhone at least [5-10] mm away from your body to ensure exposure levels remain at or below the as-tested levels. Cases with metal parts may change the Radio Frequency (RF) performance of the device, including its compliance with RF exposure guidelines, in a manner that has not been tested or certified.”
Go to Settings > General > About > Legal > RF Exposure to see this information for your model.
The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) information for the Samsung Galaxy S7 (http://www.samsung.com/sar/sarMain?site_cd=&prd_mdl_name=SM-G930F&selNatCd=US&languageCode=EN) notes the following: “Body-worn SAR testing has been carried out at a separation distance of 1.5 cm. To meet RF exposure guidelines during body-worn operation, the device should be positioned at least this distance away from the body.
“Organizations such as the World Health Organization and the US Food and Drug Administration have suggested that if people are concerned and want to reduce their exposure, they could use a hands-free accessory to keep the wireless device away from the head and body during use, or reduce the amount of time spent using the device.”
The Legal Guide for the Moto G (3rdGeneration) (https://motorola-global-en-aus.custhelp.com/ci/fattach/get/1493090/1451510625/redirect/1/filename/Generic_LG_en-GB_68018055008A.pdf) states:
“For optimal device performance, and to stay within the RF exposure guidelines:
When using the mobile phone next to your body (other than in your hand or against your head), maintain a distance of 1.5 cm (3/4 inch) from your body to be consistent with how the mobile phone is tested for compliance with RF exposure requirements.”
Go to Settings > About phone > Legal information to see RF information for your model.
The BlackBerry Classic (http://help.blackberry.com/pt/content/sib/classic/sqc100-1/Safety_and_product_information_sqc100-1_EN.html) safety and product information states: “To maintain compliance with FCC, EU, and other relevant international radio frequency exposure guidelines and limits, keep the smartphone at least 0.59 in. (1.5 cm) away from your body. To reduce radio frequency exposure: (i) use the smartphone in areas where there is a strong wireless signal; (ii) use hands-free options; and (iii) reduce the amount of time spent on calls, or send an email, text message, or BBM message instead.”
The SAR guidelines (https://support.microsoft.com/en-au/help/12673/mobile-devices-sar-information) for the Nokia Lumia 950 state: “This device meets RF exposure guidelines when used against the head or when positioned at least 1.5 cm away from the body. When a carry case, belt clip or other form of device holder is used for body-worn operation, it should not contain metal and should provide at least the above stated separation distance from the body.”
When the manufacturers include these guidelines about mobile phone radiation, is it worth taking the risk of large levels of exposure? Apply a Cellsafe Radi-Chip to your phone and reduce your radiation exposure by up to 95%* with virtually no loss of signal.
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https://cellsafe.com/fitting/
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| 0.886481 | 1,054 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Where do bed bugs live and come from?
Posted on September 23, 2019
Bed bugs primarily live where their hosts (people or animals) live and spend a lot of time — in mattresses, bed frames, headboards, box springs, and bedding. They like to stay in small spaces in groups and hide in spots where they can easily feed.
Many times, bed bugs enter homes or places by traveling on luggage, clothing, boxes, used furniture, and couches, among others. They can also travel from apartment to apartment, home to home, and room to room.
These insects live all over the world, and date back to ancient times.
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<urn:uuid:6cdee409-2cd3-4fe8-abd7-09c8cef2abc8>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.a1exterminators.com/where-do-bed-bugs-live-and-come-from/
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| 0.949219 | 136 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Students are facing mental health issues at alarming rates. Even before the COVID pandemic, these rates were increasing, however, since 2019 they've become a major cause for concern. Parents, teachers, and of course, students have been struggling more than they have in the past to balance their education, social lives, home lives, and their mental health.
Mental health issues are growing for everyone, especially for those who were already struggling before the pandemic. The negative aspects of the news, social media, and social isolation can lead to long-term mental health problems for adolescents.
Mental health struggles are nothing new for students of all ages. The numbers have been increasing for years. As school is where most students spend the majority of their time, it makes sense that that experience is impeding their mental health. Moreover, school is where most students receive mental health services if they have access to any. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than a third of high school students experienced persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness in 2019. That is a 40 percent increase in the last ten years.
Those struggles aren't just sadness that impacts students' lives. Poor mental health can cause lower grades, poor decision-making, and even poor physical health. When students, teens especially, face mental health struggles, they are not at a point where they fully understand how to cope or even communicate those struggles without guidance. Because of this, they often turn to drugs or alcohol, risky behaviors, and may end up in trouble with the law.
These issues are not contained in childhood or education. Most students facing mental health struggles continue to struggle throughout adulthood. In adolescence, extensive mental health problems can lead to anxiety, poor judgment, poor appetite and health, sleep disruptions, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. To prevent and counteract these issues facing students worldwide, it is important to understand what is causing this increase in mental health issues.
Students are at an age when they are still developing the coping skills needed to function fully. Without guidance from adults, families, and doctors, they use unhealthy coping methods to face stress, anxiety, and depression. Individual circumstances, as well as worldly or societal emergencies, can lead to long-term mental illnesses for students.
For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major cause of distress. Students and teachers, as well as their families, had to readjust to a new style of learning and socializing while facing grief and fear. This sudden onset of changes paired with the unknowns of a deadly and contagious disease puts a lot of pressure on everyone, especially students. Students have increased stress in the best of circumstances, so this load of changes and worries led to an abundance of mental health issues in the past few years.
Facing such traumas by avoiding them through any means often leads to addiction, substance use, and long-term mental illnesses. On top of the pandemic, battling unorganized educational practices certainly contributed to the fast jump in students experiencing mental illnesses.
At the same time, many students, especially those from lower-income homes, had a new level of worry during the pandemic when many lower-paying jobs were experiencing layoffs. The uncertainty of the pandemic, the abrupt adjustment with schooling, and insecurity at home have all led to students struggling with their mental health. On top of that, with school being closed and having limited resources, any chance for mental health care was gone.
Students facing all of the stress of the last few years have only worsened the odds of seeking help for mental illnesses. Most of these students impacted don't get the help they need until adulthood, if then. The seriousness of mental health should not be ignored. Mental health experts know that early intervention is needed to produce positive outcomes for these students. Promoting a healthy social environment helps students learn to focus on their mental health. They can learn how to work together with their support systems to get the help they need.
Rather than schools, professionals, and even parents, viewing mental health problems as an individual issue that is linked to the student's inabilities to cope, the solutions need to be based on making changes at a higher level. The structure of mental health care needs to improve societally. Students need more one-on-one time with mental health staff and accessibility to quality care which can only be done at a higher level. When schools receive more funding, they can provide better options to treat students in need and prevent problems before they get out of hand.
Some ways to help students are:
Student mental health has been dramatically falling for years, but the COVID pandemic has only worsened things. The situation is not about how students handle trauma but how society and educational structures can best benefit the students and their mental health. Schools and parents have been falling short of providing the best care for students regarding mental health. Although the discussion of mental illnesses, acceptance, and awareness has grown in recent years, more work is needed to offer students access to proper mental health care. Students struggling with mental health are not at a point where communicating or even understanding their emotional and mental wellbeing is easy. It is even difficult for adults. Taking charge of mental health and making it a priority is key. Here at California Care Detox & Treatment, we want to help you. You can call us now at (949) 281-0632 to get the answers you need to help the students in your life.
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Ritalin is a drug used to treat the symptoms of ADHD in children and adults. It offers symptoms relief to those who suffer from hyperactivity. Ritalin abuse can result in addiction and syndromes of withdrawal when stopped.
Why Ritalin Can Be Addictive
Ritalin works by increasing the dopamine output in the brain, which helps to improve concentration. Dopamine is also the neurotransmitter very much associated with reward and pleasure in the brain, and for this reason when Ritalin is taken in higher than recommended amounts it can result in euphoria. Anything that causes a psychotropic reaction (a high) can result in a psychological addiction, and Ritalin is no different.
Patients with ADHD who require Ritalin therapy are given the medication in gradually increasing dosages to slowly and steadily build up base levels of dopamine in the brain, and when this process occurs over time and in a controlled manner, there is no intoxication, and there is no risk of addiction.
Addictive if Abused
When people take the medication for non clinical reasons, they tend to take a higher dosage, do get high, and with prolonged abuse do find themselves addicted. Adults and children taking the medication for a legitimate medical condition, and following a doctor's recommendations for dosage amounts and frequency, have little to worry about.
Adults prescribed Ritalin sometimes do experiment with higher doses, and there have been thousands of cases where parents may also take and abuse their children's medications. Although not as potent as a strict amphetamine, the abuse of Ritalin can be quite pleasurable, and is also associated positively with weight loss, and as such can be quite tempting.
Ritalin Withdrawal Symptoms
Once a person becomes addicted to Ritalin, when they try to stop taking the drug, they will experience a syndrome of withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms of withdrawal include:
The withdrawal and detox off of Ritalin presents very similarly to other psycho stimulants like crystal meth and cocaine, and the symptoms are predominantly internal and psychological in nature. Detox can best be accomplished in a facility away from access to the drug, and with the prescription of appropriate psychiatric medications; medications that can take the edge off the depression and anxiety.
Ritalin Addiction Treatment
Following detox, most people who have abused and become addicted to Ritalin will require a period of therapy and education. They need to learn what in them cause's drug seeking behaviors, learn how they can avoid future temptations and cravings, and learn why they don’t need to get high to enjoy their lives and families.
A lot of people, especially parents who have abused the mediation, feel great shame for having done so, and these feelings of shame can stop them from getting the help they need to get better. It doesn't matter how you got addicted though, once you are you need to face up to your problem, get the help you deserve, and move on to a better life free from addiction and abuse.
You Can Get Better
Everyone in a drug treatment program has done things that they are ashamed of, and all of us just have to move past this if we want to get better and be better for our families.
If you need some help, have the courage to enter into treatment, have the courage to be a better parent and have the strength to move beyond the legacy of addiction. You can do it, you may need some help, but it's always worth it.
Post a comment 9
We welcome republishing of our content on condition that you credit Choose Help and the respective authors. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Adderall Withdrawal - What to Expect
Learn about common Adderall withdrawal symptoms, how to gauge the severity of your addiction and withdrawal and how to support a loved-one through the detox process.Read the complete article
Recovery + ADHD: Start by Improving Your Focus
If you can’t focus to complete essential tasks you’ll create unnecessary stress - and stress definitely ups your risk of relapse. Safeguard your recovery by learning focus skills that make it easier to stay on task.Read the complete article
An effective and safe medication for ADD/ADHD but a dangerous amphetamine for those that abuse it.Read the complete article
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In 1828, Karl vonBaer proposed four laws of embryology. Baer’s laws describe the development of animal embryos. Baer’s laws of embryology provide the relationship to the development of different classes of organisms, and species diversification. Animal embryos show similarity in the way, chromosomes and their DNA show similarity. Gerald Edelman (Nobel Prize laureate) here presents his ideas on embryology in the modern era.
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https://holidayrecipestocook.com/2020/11/25/gerald-edelman-topobiology-an-introduction-to-embryology/
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| 0.849869 | 90 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Do your readers a favor: give them an index
Serious works of reference need a good index, something that goes beyond simple word searching.
Blue-phrase has indexmark notation which is used to mark passages for inclusion in an index. The notation for this uses special square-bracket doppelmarks that look like this [[ ... ]].
Inside the doppelmarks, there are four types index entries: defining entries, unmarked entries, secondary entries, and cross-reference entries. All four begin with a metatopic, which is an arbitrary name beginning with a dot. In the examples that follow, the metatopic is .bees.
The four types of indexmarks use the following notation:
- A defining entry consists of a metatopic and the word or phrase that is to be added to the index, delimited with single-quotes, like ' ... '.
- An unmarked entry consists solely of the metatopic.
- A secondary entry consists of a metatopic and an alternate word or phrase, which is to be added to the index as a "see also" item, and which is delimited with parentheses, like ( ... ).
- A cross-reference entry consists of two metatopics.
Here's an example of each type of indexmark:
defining entry [[.bees 'Bees']]
unmarked entry [[.bees]]
secondary entry [[.bees (army)]]
cross-reference entry [[.bees .honey]]
Honey [[.honey 'Honey']]
Building the index
The indexmark entries are coalesced into an index where a build pragma occurs. Here's what it might look like:
Then, the relevant portion of the emitted output (ignoring all other indexmarks, for brevity) would look like this:
<dfn><a id=ix25 class='defining' href='#ix20'>Bees</a></dfn>
<li>also <a id=ix26 class='unmarked' href='#ix21'>1</a></li>
<li><a id=ix27 class='secondary' href='#ix22'>army</a></li>
<li><a id=ix28 class='crossref' href='#ix24'>(see also Honey)</a></li>
<dfn><a id=ix29 class='defining' href='#ix24'>Honey</a></dfn>
Each entry in the index is hyperlinked back to the original place in the body matter where the indexmark was placed.
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| 0.786834 | 545 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Story URL: http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=120129
Story Retrieval Date: 8/1/2014 9:24:23 PM CST
An 18th-century paper telescope and a NASA interstellar explorer might seem to be galaxies apart. But they’re both part of the Adler Planetarium’s celebration for the International Year of Astronomy.
The Chicago museum is kicking off the year with two new movies the museum produced and an exhibition covering 400 years of telescope technology. A Dutch optician invented the instrument and the astronomer Galileo, creating an improved version in 1609, soon discovered with it the four largest moons of Jupiter.
In addition to a 3-D video exploration of the universe set to Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky’s "Pictures from an Exhibition," the Planetarium has produced a film about NASA’s Interstellar Boundary Explorer.
The IBEX satellite was launched in 2008 to map the boundaries of our solar system. The boundary is estimated at as far as 15 billion miles from the sun, according to data from NASA's Voyager I space probe.
The Adler Planetarium handles education and public outreach for NASA's IBEX mission.
The IBEX spacecraft is in an elliptical orbit around the Earth that reaches nearly to the moon. It detects atoms that are formed when the solar wind, a cloud of charged particles from the sun that travels outward at about a million miles per hour, interacts with interstellar particles from elsewhere in the galaxy, said IBEX principal investigator David McComas of the Southwest Research Institute in Texas.
Some of these atoms travel all the way back from the edges of the solar system and are picked up by IBEX, which beams the data about them down to earth. McComas said a quarter of the sky has been mapped thus far and he expects the full map to be finished this summer. Once the data set is complete, the IBEX video will be updated. A simulation of the finished map will be replaced with the real thing.
A fourth-stage rocket from the IBEX mission has also recently arrived at the Planetarium. IBEX launched using a Pegasus rocket, said Planetarium master educator Lindsay Bartolone. An airplane carried IBEX in a rocket hanging from its underside. Once the Pegasus rocket separated from the plane, it fired to send the spacecraft into orbit.
Pegasus rockets usually have three stages, but IBEX had a unique fourth stage that put the satellite into its elliptical orbit. Only two of these were made. One was sent up with IBEX, and the second one was used in tests that simulated the launch. The fourth-stage test module is now at the Planetarium.
The gleaming metal module is a stark contrast to another never-before-seen piece that will be displayed as part of the International Year of Astronomy: that 8-foot-long telescope made of colorful marbleized paper in the 18th century.
It was fashioned in Milan from tubes that nest tightly together when the telescope is folded down. The lens, signed with a diamond-tipped pen by its maker, is powerful enough to see the rings of Saturn or the moons of Jupiter, said Marv Bolt, collections curator at the Planetarium. He described the paper telescope as both light and durable and said holding a section of the telescope was “like holding the core of a roll of paper towels.”
Both “3-D Universe: A Symphony” and “IBEX: Search for the Edge of the Solar System” will debut at the Planetarium on March 6 and will also be shown around the world. "Telescopes: Through the Looking Glass" runs May 22-Dec. 31.
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Can the Performing Arts Boost Student Outcomes in STEM Disciplines?
Can participation in the arts really bolster scientific learning? Can dance, in particular, spark STEM success?
A recent paper from North Carolina State University suggests this might just be the case.
The authors conducted interviews and focus groups with students who took part in on-campus dance companies as undergraduates. Fifteen of the 25 subjects were STEM majors, studying in field such as applied mathematics, engineering and chemistry.
"Our core question was what drives students to participate in the arts at an institution where there are no arts majors and there is an emphasis on STEM," lead author Fay Cobb Payton, a University Faculty Scholar and professor of information systems and technology, said in a prepared statement. "We wanted to know what benefits students get from engaging in the arts when they're majoring in other disciplines."
Their findings suggest that dance helped the science students to develop strengths in critical areas such as creativity and persistence, thus bolstering their classroom outcomes.
Participants in the study said that their dance companies fostered a sense of community, gave them an outlet for self-expression and introduced them to a more diverse group of people.
Moreover, dance "made them more creative in the way they approached problem-solving in the laboratory or classroom," Payton said. "For example, the dancers said they were accustomed to working as part of a group, and felt this helped them incorporate multiple viewpoints when tackling academic challenges."
This was only a small pilot study, and the researchers have said they'd like to see larger studies with more quantitative outcomes. The goals would be to eventually develop best practices for incorporating more diverse fields of study, in order to use the arts to improve STEM outcomes.
Based in Annapolis, MD, Adam Stone writes on education technology, government and military topics.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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en
| 0.971593 | 374 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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