text
stringlengths 263
344k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 23
values | url
stringlengths 16
862
| file_path
stringlengths 125
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 57
81.9k
| score
float64 2.52
4.78
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
After becoming pregnant, the most important thing is to take care of you. Follow the following essential steps to have a healthy pregnancy.
Prenatal care is very necessary if you want to have a problem free pregnancy. As soon as you know you are pregnant, go to see your doctor or health care provider. This is important because you will have some tests to check if there is any complication. It is very important that you choose an experienced doctor.
Tip: Pregnancy Checklist – A Guide of Week by Week Pregnancy
You have to eat properly. Pregnant women need to eat 300 extra calories to get enough nutrients. The food must include proteins, calcium, iron, vitamins. It is also necessary that women should take prenatal vitamins, iron and calcium. The requirement of iron increases in the second trimester so pregnant women must take iron supplements during their second trimester of the pregnancy. Folic acid is also very important for the growth of the fetus and prevents many defects in the baby like spina bifida. Folic acid should be taken before the pregnancy too because it boosts the fertility. 400 mg of folic acid is recommended dose that should be taken a month before pregnancy starts and 600 mcg in pregnancy. Pregnant women should include fruits and juices in their diet but avoid certain type of fish as it contains high amount of mercury.
Exercise is very important during pregnancy as it gives strength to the body. You will be given the endurance to carry your weight during pregnancy. Exercise helps in preventing body aches and improves the circulation of blood in the body. It also reduces stress and you will feel pleasant. But don’t do hard exercise. Yoga is very good in pregnancy.
Pregnant women have to be very hygienic because there are many infections that pregnant women may suffer from and these infections are caused by bacteria and parasites. It is necessary to eat hygienic food and must avoid raw or uncooked food. Heat can kill the bacteria so the food should be heated properly before eating. The utensils and the hands should also be kept clean and washed properly. Some parasites can also harm an unborn baby so pregnant women must be hygienic.
Relax Your Body
You should also take enough rest in pregnancy in order to stay healthy. It becomes difficult for some women to sleep especially in the third trimester but they should at least put their feet up and get some rest. Avoid very hectic routine and try to give yourself a break. Yoga is a good way to relax. Massage is another effective way to relax your body and combat sleep problems.
Entirely Avoid Alcohol
Alcohol should be completely avoided in pregnancy. It reaches the baby very quickly through blood and can easily cross the placenta. Your baby will also get the amount of alcohol higher than you have. Even if you drink too little amount, it will also put your baby to certain risks like low birth weight etc.
Subscribe To Our Latest Articles
Subscribe to our mailing list and Get Latest Articles in your Email
|
<urn:uuid:1c7ad551-d95e-489f-84b8-761222fecbcd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://drtubalreversal.com/tubal-reversal-blog/six-healthy-pregnancy-steps-you-should-follow/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423839.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722002507-20170722022507-00691.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959572 | 623 | 2.671875 | 3 |
One out of every 68 American children born today is on the autism spectrum, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Those individuals may need special attention and help in developing coping strategies. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is one of the only evidence-based therapies developed to help those on the autism spectrum. A career in applied behavior analysis offers the opportunity to help a vulnerable population and make a positive impact. But there are other benefits as well. Below are three reasons why you might consider becoming an ABA therapist.
According to Autism Speaks, an autism advocacy organization, the number of Americans on the autism spectrum has increased tenfold in 40 years, to more than 3 million Americans affected by autism. Although part of this increase is due to improved analysis, diagnosis and awareness, not all the causes of the spike are understood. Given the dramatic growth in recent decades, the prevalence of autism is expected to continue.
The growth in the number of people with autism has led to an increase in jobs in the field. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ABA therapists are considered a subset of the occupational therapy career track, which is expected to see a growth of 33 percent by 2020, significantly faster than the average rate of other careers.
Demand for ABA professionals is expected to rise in schools, clinics, and government and social services agencies.
Making a Difference
The average salary for ABA therapists varies depending on level of education and location, but the rewards of being an ABA therapist are more than monetary. ABA therapists have the opportunity to make an impact on individuals struggling to connect with their world.
They can help people with autism learn:
- Coping skills
- Social skills
- How to successfully interact with their community
It’s a chance to change lives, not only of people with autism but also of their loved ones. By helping people with autism learn how to navigate the neurotypical world, family members face less difficulty and can learn their own coping techniques.
Control Your Schedule
ABA therapists do not always work a traditional workday schedule. Although some work during the school day with students, many work with clients outside of school, in the evenings or even weekends. This allows for unique scheduling, especially helpful for therapists with children.
Furthermore, each day as an ABA therapist is different. Some work may involve extensive observation and support around the house, helping correct and reimagine behavior patterns. But other career paths may involve working in the community, such as taking patients to public places to help improve social skills.
These are just a few of the reasons why careers in applied behavior analysis are a great option for those looking to make a difference in a position that offers job security. The Sage Colleges offer an online Master of Science in Applied Behavior Analysis and Autism that can prepare you for a career in this growing field. The program is 100 percent online, so working students can balance busy schedules with coursework. The tuition is affordable, and financial aid is available.
Visit our program page today for more information.
|
<urn:uuid:fa8915fe-abfa-410a-b2fa-1faca7b79d62>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://online.sage.edu/applied-behavior-analysis-and-autism/benefits-career-applied-behavior-analysis/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00502.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960806 | 627 | 2.84375 | 3 |
I. Attention-getter - something that really gets our attention, ie. lighting up a cigarette for an anti-smoking speech, a shocking statistic, a dramatic story, etc. Do not ask a question that could elicit a verbal response or that simply asks how many people disagree with you since you already know that at least five people do disagree with you.
II. Thematic Statement - A statement of your topic and your specific stand on the topic, ie. - My speech today is on the death penalty and I am against it.
III. Establish credibility - be specific, ie. the specific website, periodical, book, etc.
IV. Preview Statement - State your main points.
I. Information - a simple explanation of your topic in case there are people who do not know about it. Do not spend a lot of time with this, simply give a definition of your topic so everyone knows exactly what you are talking about. A required element of the speech.
You must use 2 out of the following 3 approaches:
I. Deductive - going from a general idea to a specific idea, ie.
In the example, you start with a general idea and deduce down to a specific idea. If all will agree with the first general statement and the second still general statement , then they must agree with the last statement, which in the case of the speech is your opinion on the topic. This is used in advertising frequently. Example: Choosy mothers choose JIFF. Implication:
A good mother is a choosy mother. You are a good mother, therefore you will choose JIFF.
II. Inductive - the reverse of deductive. Going from a specific idea to a general one usually using the laws of probability. Example: Over the last 20 years diamonds have increased in value by 5% each year, therefore it is logical to induce that diamonds will continue to increase in value. The final statement should be your stand on the topic.
III. Carrot-Stick - this approach gives both sides of the issue and shows that one side (the side that you believe) clearly outweighs the other and therefore should be adopted. In the speech you will list both the pros and the cons on the topic. You must be careful to list all the pros and cons so that your argument is not destroyed in the question and answer period. This idea is similar to taking a piece of paper and folding it in half and listing all the reasons why you should do something on one side and all the reasons why you should not on the other - whichever has more reasons on it is what you should do.
IV. Primacy/Recency - This approach simply dictates where you will put your strongest argument in the body of the speech. Primacy means that you will start your body with your strongest point first and end with your weakest point. This is using an anti-climatic approach. Recency is the reverse, you will start the body of the speech with the weakest argument first and build to the strongest one thereby creating a climatic approach. This is a required element of the speech and deals strictly with the arrangement of the material in the body of the speech.
Also include the following:
A. Statistics - Required - you must include some kind of statistics to back up your stand.
B. Testimony or Personal Testimony - a recommended addition to your speech. Testimony is simply a direct quote from an authority on the issue that you quote verbatim in your speech. Personal testimony is telling us about something that specifically happened to you to cause you to hold the opinion that you do. Example: I feel everyone should carry a firearm because my mother was shot working on our store and if she had had a gun she could have defended herself. Personal testimony can make an idea more accessible to your audience if you in fact have an experience to recount to them.
C. Deanchoring Beliefs - This is highly recommended persuasive technique. To deanchor others beliefs, you can appeal to their emotions in order to get them to change their minds. There are several different emotions you can appeal to. Example: you can appeal to their sense of fear. Psychiatrists will tell you that adults share 3 basic fears:
Since you know about these, if you could appeal to any of these fears in your speech, it could be very effective. For example: If you do not follow my advice, you may lose your home or your family, etc. Other emotions you can appeal to are pride, sympathy/pity, anger (but make sure people get angry with the issue - not with you), affection, guilt, etc. This approach can be very effective but remember to involve the audience's ego not your own. In other words, you do not get emotionally involved, you are manipulating your audience's emotions.
I. Summary - reiterate thematic statement
II. Concluding Remarks - make sure the audience knows the speech is over
A. Inoculation - forewarned is forearmed
B. Answering Questions
1. Take questions from the whole group - not just the people you paid $5.00 to ask you the questions you know the answers to.
2. Respond to the whole group - not just the person who asked the question with the idea in mind that everyone would like to hear the answer or that someone else had a similar question.
3. Compliment the questioner - That's a great question, Thanks for asking, etc.
4. Never reprimand the questioner - Well, if you had been listening or Well, that's a stupid question, etc.
The speech should last a minimum of 7 minutes and not exceed 10 minutes before the question and answer period.
|
<urn:uuid:e42b5493-3f25-4d3b-91c1-389f0f257b28>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://pirate.shu.edu/~yatesdan/persuasion.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274987.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00472-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950089 | 1,176 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The brown-hooded parrot is a small parrot which is a resident breeding species from southeastern Mexico to north-western Colombia.
Until recently, it was placed in the genus Pionopsitta, which now is restricted to the type species, the pileated parrot. It is sometimes considered conspecific with the rose-faced parrot (P. pulchra). This species has been adversely affected by deforestation. It is found in lowlands and foothills locally up to 1600 m altitude in forest canopy and edges, and adjacent semi-open woodland and second growth. The white eggs are laid in an unlined nest, usually a natural cavity in a tree.
“Brown-hooded parrot” is the common name of a species of parrot with the scientific name “Pyrilia haematotis.” It is a small to medium-sized parrot that is native to parts of South America, including Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. As its name suggests, it has a brown head and hood, with a green body and wings. It is known for being a social and vocal bird, often seen in flocks in the wild. The brown-hooded parrot is sometimes kept as a pet, but it is important to ensure that pet parrots are obtained from reputable sources and not taken from the wild, as this can be detrimental to wild populations.
Please bookmark us now press ctrl+d and visit again soon for more fascinating nature images!
|
<urn:uuid:e821be78-065a-4f6e-a03c-a355c6c57eeb>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
http://nature-images.org/uncategorized/brown-hooded-parrot/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652569.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606114156-20230606144156-00423.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96684 | 308 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The Historical Background of Relais Forte Benedek
Located on the shores of the stunning Lake Garda, in Italy, Relais Forte Benedek is a historical marvel. The fortification dates back to the 14th century during the time of the Signoria degli Scaligeri. It has witnessed countless battles and has withstood against the test of time, still standing strong today. Expand your knowledge with this external content! Club K, explore the suggested website.
The Importance of Relais Forte Benedek
Relais Forte Benedek is not only a valuable cultural property of Italy, but it also serves as a hotel. The wall paintings, stone arches, and hidden staircases charm visitors and offer a unique glimpse into Italy’s past. Staying at Relais Forte Benedek is a peaceful, tranquil experience, as visitors can relax amid the thick, ancient stone walls and enjoy the jaw-dropping views of the lake and its surroundings.
The Cultural Significance of Lake Garda
In addition to its rich past, the surroundings of Relais Forte Benedek are culturally and historically significant. Lake Garda is known for its superior wine production and olive oil. Its ancient Roman ruins, fortresses, and castles enthrall tourists and history enthusiasts, making it one of the most popular tourist attractions in northern Italy.
The Unique Landscape of The Surroundings
The beautiful lake is also surrounded by magnificent mountains such as Monte Baldo, which runs parallel to the lake’s eastern shore, making for an awe-inspiring view. The landscape of the region has inspired art and music for centuries. It is where Visionaries like Gustav Klimt, and literary figures like D.H. Lawrence have found inspiration.
The Future of Relais Forte Benedek and Its Surroundings
With increasing interest in Italy’s historic properties, tourism numbers are expected to rise. Relais Forte Benedek, along with Lake Garda and its surroundings, offer natural and cultural experiences that will keep visitors enthralled for years to come. With high-end restaurants and wineries popping up to complement the rich cultural offerings, the region is set to become more popular and prosperous. If you want to know more about the subject covered, agriturismi lazise https://fortebenedek.com, check out the carefully selected external content to complement your reading and enrich your knowledge of the topic.
In conclusion, Relais Forte Benedek and its surroundings offer a unique glimpse into Italy’s rich history and culture. Its elegant charm, combined with the natural beauty of Lake Garda and its surroundings, keeps drawing visitors from all around the world. As the interest in the region continues to grow, we can allow ourselves to be captivated by the magic exposed by the historical significance of the fortified building set in unparalleled landscape.
Gain more insight into the subject by exploring the related links we’ve provided:
|
<urn:uuid:cd5f73a0-a23a-4d53-94b5-2c5464daf3b7>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://nacifoul.com/the-importance-of-relais-forte-benedek-and-its-cultural-significance/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510462.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928230810-20230929020810-00631.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930288 | 608 | 2.5625 | 3 |
19. January 2013 / Ricky Ricardo
Detroit Future City
Released earlier this month, Detroit Future City is a 50-year blueprint for the revitalisation of Detroit.
The city — which lost a quarter-million people in the last decade — currently has at least 30,000 empty homes and 20 square miles of vacant land. The 349-page strategic framework focuses on job growth, land use, improving neighbourhoods and rebuilding infrastructure.
Boston based planning studio Stoss Landscape Urbanism developed the long-term open space framework within the plan, which is based on tactical redistribution of key resources including hydrologies, transit, food and waste systems. According to Stoss, “The plan positions landscape as 21st century infrastructure and looks to landscape as a catalyst to transform vacant land.”
Writing in Topos 80, academic Jane Amidon (North-eastern University School of Architecture) describes Stoss' approach as a good example of "resourcing versus resolving" – a resource scenario (as apposed to a concrete master plan) doesn't solve but rather identifies what's viable, while illuminating the messy contingencies involved. She writes: “The big ideas of the Detroit Works Project include ecology as urbanism and identity; the spatialized applications include linking vacant lots and under-utilised zones into blue and green corridors for storm water management, habitat, recreation and academic research. The focus on resource distribution versus formal solutions allows flexibility in discussion of how things will turn out.”
If you'd like to keep up to date with the Detroit Works Project, you can follow their Facebook Page here.
A copy of Detroit Future City is available to download here.
To purchase a copy of Topos 80 – where you can read the full article by Jane Amidon, visit the Callwey Shop.
And just for fun, potentially the most dramatic planning-film ever made:
|
<urn:uuid:5eac2d5e-7fb3-4ffd-a5c2-faedbb8537cc>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.toposmagazine.com/blog/detroit-future-city.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011179079/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091939-00064-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927731 | 384 | 2.671875 | 3 |
For most people, getting cancer or any type of cancer seems like a hopeless dead-end, but there are treatment options that will allow you to protect yourself and your loved ones from some forms of cancer especially if your family has a history of the illness.
Let’s get to know the cancer vaccines that prevent cancer and those that help treat it.
Vaccines were made to help the immune system cope with infectious agents or invaders that cause deadly diseases. Ever since the first vaccines were made, there have been fewer casualties of diseases that used to decimate populations worldwide if there is an outbreak. Fortunately, there are also vaccines called biological response modifiers that will help fight off infections that could cause cancer.
Also called prophylactic vaccines, these type of cancer vaccines will help reduce the likelihood of getting cancer among people who are at risk. So, how does it work? Like most types of vaccines, the preventive vaccines will target foreign agents that will most likely contribute to cancer, and is based on the antigens that are carried by these infections. These will serve as reminders to the immune system to attack these specific antigens if the person is infected.
There are two types of preventive vaccines available against cancer, such as the HPV vaccines and HBV vaccines.
• Human Papillomavirus Vaccines. There are three types of vaccines that will work against high-risk HPV strains that could lead to cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, anal cancer, penile cancers, vulvar cancer, and vaginal cancer. Talk to your doctor in Singapore about the options available for a specific age group and gender. This is usually recommended among high-risk individuals and those who have had persistent infections.
• Hepatitis B Virus Vaccines. Although hepatitis B can be treated successfully, chronic infection can potentially lead to liver cancer in some people. So far, there are two types of vaccines for HBV prevention that can be used by both sexes regardless of age. Other types of hepatitis vaccines also provide protection against other viruses like poliovirus.
Also known as therapeutic vaccines, treatment vaccines will help those already with the illness to fight off the disease by strengthening the immune system. It is part of the cancer treatment called immunotherapy.
So, how do these vaccines work even if the patient already has cancer? The vaccine will help the immune system by activating the cytotoxic T cells to recognize and get rid of cancer. This can be done by introducing a few antigens that will cause that activation or the production of more antibodies against the specific infections. However, this does not guarantee that the patient will be cancer-free, because the vaccines must activate specific immune responses and the immune system must be up to the task of destroying the cancer cells.
• Sipuleucel-T. So far, there is only one type of cancer treatment vaccine available, although there are other vaccines which are undergoing clinical trials. This vaccine is recommended for advanced stages of prostate cancer that can no longer be treated with hormonal therapy.
|
<urn:uuid:085a388f-f2e1-420a-9504-70ce3974249e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
http://www.excellence.sg/what-are-the-cancer-vaccines/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371883359.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410012405-20200410042905-00061.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95846 | 617 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Austrian School of Economics holds that the complexity of human behavior makes mathematical modeling of the evolving market extremely difficult (or undecidable). They advocate a laissez-faire approach to the economy. Austrian School economists advocate the strict enforcement of voluntary contractual agreements between economic agents, and hold that commercial transactions should be subject to the smallest possible imposition of forces they consider to be coercive (in particular the smallest possible amount of government intervention). Some important figures involved with the Austrian school of economics include the following: Carl Menger, Ludwig Von Mises, and Friedrich von Hayek.
The School derives its name from its predominantly Austrian founders and early supporters, first of which was Carl Menger, one of the main contributors to the 'marginal utility revolution'. The 'Austrian School' comes from a derisive name of the German Historical School of economics, who argued against the Austrians during the Methodenstreit ("methodology struggle").
|
<urn:uuid:41aa261c-455d-456d-b68d-191b148206eb>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://economics.wikia.com/wiki/Austrian_Economics
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120194.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823113414-20170823133414-00523.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934932 | 189 | 3.046875 | 3 |
(or anaclitic depression
in its sublethal form) was a pediatric diagnosis used in the 1930s to describe infants who wasted away while in hospital
. The symptoms could include retarded physical development, and disruption of perceptual-motor skills and language. It is now understood that this wasting disease was mostly caused by a lack of social contact between the infant and its caregivers. Infants in poorer hospitals were less subject to this disease since those hospitals could not afford incubators
which meant that the hospital staff regularly held the infants.
The term was used by the psychotherapist René Spitz in 1945, but its origins are older than this; it occurs in an editorial in Archives on Pediatrics as early as 1897.
It appears under adjustment disorders at , in the World Health Organisations classification of diseases, ICD-10.
|
<urn:uuid:f5d16ff7-f50d-4e0c-8254-ad074cb88914>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.reference.com/browse/hospitalism
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00261-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977357 | 169 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The Smooth Collie is believed to have descended from the shepherd dogs that Romans brought with them to Scotland in the 5th century. It is a high-energy dog that is hardworking, loyal and smart. Not as popular as its Rough cousin, the Smooth Collie is on The KC’s vulnerable native breeds list.
Ready to welcome a Smooth Collie into your home? Here is a brief background of this hardworking dog with a dignified appearance.
The Smooth Collie, along with its cousin the Rough Collie, is believed to have originated from the shepherd dogs that Romans brought to Scotland during the 5th century. Some say the name Collie comes from Scottish sheep with black faces called the Colley, while others argue it referred to the dark colour or coaly coat of the early shepherd dogs.
Queen Victoria became a huge fan of Collies and had her own kennel of both Smooth and Rough Collies during the 1860s. Because of this, owning these shepherd dogs were particularly fashionable and became sought-after show ring dogs, family pets and companions. The Smooth Collie was recognised by The Kennel Club in 1994. Unfortunately, the Smooth didn’t enjoy the same popularity of its Rough cousin and its numbers severely dropped and is now included on the vulnerable native breeds list.
Appearance and Grooming
The Smooth Collie is a well-balanced medium dog that has a noble and dignified appearance. Standing 51 to 61 centimetres at the withers and weighing 45 to 65 pounds, it is slightly longer than it is tall, having a level back and a deep chest. It has a well-proportioned head with a flat skull and a wedge-shaped muzzle that tapers to its black or brown nose. It has a slight stop, a strong jaw with a perfect scissor bite, almond-shaped dark brown eyes (blue for merle coats) that are set obliquely, and moderately wide ears worn back when relaxed and forward when excited.
The Smooth Collie has a flat, short and harsh outer coat paired with a thick undercoat. The accepted colours are sable & white, tricolour and blue merle. Since its coat is close lying, it is low maintenance in the grooming department. A weekly brush and wipe with chamois leather will suffice. However, during shedding seasons (spring and autumn), brushing needs to be done more frequently to remove dead hair. To complete its easy grooming regimen, brush its teeth daily or at least three times a day, trim its nails regularly and clean its ears to remove wax as it can harbour infection-causing bacteria.
Temperament and Intelligence
The Smooth Collie is an alert, loyal and hardworking breed. It is not suitable for first-time owners and families with young kids since it can sometimes be snappy. It thrives in a family of experienced dog owners that lead active, outdoor lives. It is important to start training and socialisation as soon as the puppy arrives at home and gradually set out the rules. Once it knows its place in the pack, it tends to become more obedient.
This breed loves the sound of its voice so it is easy to bark when it feels strangers are about. This, along with the fact that it is naturally suspicious of strangers, makes it a good guard dog and watchdog but can be a problem for the neighbours when it becomes excessive. It gets on well with other animals it grows up with but considers other people’s pets as fair game. It is better to avoid introducing smaller animals to an adult Smooth Collie altogether.
Because the Smooth Collie is such an intelligent breed that easily learns new things, it is highly trainable especially in the right hands. It is also quick to pick up bad behaviour so it is important to be firm. Trainings should be kept short and interesting so it does not get bored and disobedient. It will be a good idea to include canine sports to training since this breed impressively excels at them.
Nutrition and Feeding
A typical serving for an adult Smooth Collie is 1.5 to 2.5 cups of excellent quality dry dog food per day. Take note that the amount of food and feeding frequency depend on your dog’s age, physique, size, activity level, and metabolism. Talking to your veterinarian about your dog’s nutritional needs is very important. Typical calorie needs of adult Smooth Collie per day:
- Senior and less active: up to 1,250 calories daily
- Typical adults: up to 1,410 calories daily
- Physically active/working dogs: up to 2,350 calories daily
Provide the Smooth Collie with a diet rich in protein from beef, lamb, chicken, and fish, and pair it with complex carbohydrates like sweet potato, oats and rice. Its food intake needs to be boosted during days of heavy work. That being said, owners must avoid giving it heavy meals right before or after an exhausting physical activity. Measure its food and avoid free-feeding because overfeeding can be as problematic as underfeeding.
Health and Exercise
The Smooth Collie is generally healthy and potential owners will be glad to know that its lifespan can actually reach 15 years. However, there are certain health issues it can be predisposed to that are worth knowing, including eye problems like Collie Eye, Cataracts and Progressive Retinal Atrophy. It can also develop bloat, multi-drug sensitivity, allergies, Epilepsy, Hip Dysplasia, and Patent Ductus Arteriosus.
When it comes to exercise, the Smooth Collie is an active dog that needs 40 to 60 minutes of physically and mentally challenging activities. It will gladly accompany you while jogging or hiking or perform canine sports such as flyball, agility and obedience. It must also be allowed to roam freely in a securely fenced area.
Cost of Ownership
Purchasing a Smooth Collie puppy means going on a waiting list as this breed is rare in the UK. It is not as pricey as other breeds since you can buy a well-bred Kennel Club-registered pedigree puppy from £100 to £800. To ensure it stays healthy at whatever age, you will need to feed your dog high quality dog food and treats, which can set you back £40-£50 a month. You would also need to spend on dog accessories such as leads, collars, eating bowls, crates, beds, and toys. The combined initial cost for these things is estimated at £200.
Moreover, you need to consider paying for pet insurance to offset veterinary bills in case your dog suddenly falls ill or gets into an accident. Depending on where you live and your dog’s health and age, a time-limited cover can cost £20 a month while a lifetime one can cost up to £43 a month. Generally, insurance companies do not cover routine veterinary consultations, initial vaccinations, boosters, and neutering or spaying, so you may also have to spend an additional £1000 annually for these services.
On average, the minimum cost to care for a Smooth Collie is £80-£100 per month depending on your pet insurance premium. This estimate does not include the rates for other services such as walking and grooming.
Smooth Collie Breed Highlights
- The Smooth Collie is a medium pastoral breed that is active and hardworking.
- It is an intelligent and loyal dog that builds a strong bond with its owners.
- Quick to alert when it senses strangers in the property, it is a good guard dog and watchdog.
- It is more suitable for experienced dog owners and families with no young children.
- Its short close-lying coat makes grooming a breeze.
Are you sure the Smooth Collie is the best breed for you? Take the Pet Breed Selector Quiz to find your perfect breed match.
Dog Breed Selector Quiz
|
<urn:uuid:f1c72987-c010-4988-9fe9-7b7100518c7f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.ukpets.com/dog-breeds/smooth-collie
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00563.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961947 | 1,626 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Associated Press Stylebook carefully and intentionally crafts guidance for the communication of gender-neutral terms. It is imperative that our brand communicators familiarize themselves with the most up-to-date recommendations. Below are general AP recommendations. You can find the AP's full guidance under "gender-neutral language" in the AP Stylebook.
In general, use terms that can apply to any gender. Such language aims to treat people equally and is inclusive of people whose gender identity is not strictly male or female. When communicating, do not assume to know a person's gender identity.
Balance these aims with respect for the language and an understanding that gender-neutral or gender-inclusive language is evolving and in some cases is challenging to achieve.
A true gender-neutral noun often presents itself easily:
- chair or chairperson
Consider any word or term that has the effect of emphasizing one gender over another. Is there another word that could be substituted?
- Crew, staff, workforce, workers, not manpower
- Door attendant, not doorman
Avoid tortured or unfamiliar constructions such as snowperson for snowman, baseperson for baseman, or freshperson for freshman. Similarly, don't use "siblinghood" in place of brotherhood or sisterhood.
Below are examples of preferred usage. This list is not all-inclusive; it can serve as a framework by which to consider other words. Choose what is appropriate and accurate in the context. Default to gender-neutral terms if you are unsure of an individual's gender.
In general, use this term for any gender. Use actress for a woman only in stories about the Oscars, Emmys, or Tonys, all of which use the word actress in their awards.
The accepted term for nonbinary persons who graduated from Miami University. When using alum as a term to represent those who identify with the LGBTQ+ community, ensure that you also use their appropriate pronouns.
- After raising a record amount of money for their foundation, Miami alum Jane Smith donated the proceeds to Miami organizations that cater to LGBTQ+ students.
Use blond as an adjective in all applications when relevant:
- She has blond hair.
Avoid using either blond or blonde as a noun:
- "He has blond hair," not "he is a blond."
If necessary to use as a noun in a direct quote, use blond for any gender.
Use brown as an adjective in all applications when relevant:
- She has brown hair.
Avoid using brunette as a noun unless in a direct quote:
- "She has brown hair," not "she is a brunette."
business owner, businessperson
Not busboy or busgirl.
crew, staff, workforce, workers
dancer, ballet dancer
Ballerina is acceptable because of its broad use by dancers. When possible, follow the person's preference.
humanity, humankind, humans, human beings, people
human-made, human-caused, artificial, synthetic
mail carrier or letter carrier
Not policeman/policewoman or patrolman.
The terms U.S. representative, representative, member of Congress are preferred. Congressman and congresswoman are acceptable because of their common use. Do not use congressperson.
"First-term" lawmakers is preferred over "freshman" lawmakers.
"Council member" is preferred. Some jurisdictions have already adopted "councilmember" as one word.
salesperson, sales associate, sales clerk, sales executive
singer, songwriter, singer/songwriter
|
<urn:uuid:140b8705-cc22-477d-85e3-8aec1b8402be>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
http://www.miamioh.edu/miami-brand/editorial/gender-neutral-terms.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00595.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918236 | 843 | 2.609375 | 3 |
After an interim of seven years, during which World War II wreaked havoc across the European continent, the first post-war Mille Miglia auto race is held on this day in 1947 in Brescia, Italy.
The Mille Miglia (“Thousand Miles”) was the brainchild of the Brescia Automobile Club, formed in 1926 under the leadership of Franco Mazzotti and Count Aymo Maggi. An important center for Italian motor sports since the turn of the century, Brescia was smarting over the fact that Monza (near Milan) had been chosen as the site of the prestigious Italian Grand Prix. Using its considerable political connections, the fledgling automobile club gained the approval of Italy’s Fascist government to run a race from Brescia to Rome–a distance of some 1,600 kilometers (around 1,000 miles) on Italian public roads. The first race, held on March 26 and 27, 1927, featured all of the leading Italian drivers; foreign participation was limited to three tiny French-made Peugeots in the lower-power Class H field. Cars made by local manufacturer Officine Meccaniche (OM) captured the three top spots. The winner completed the course in a little more than 20 hours, at an average speed of more than 77 kilometers per hour.
After an entrant spun out of control during the 1938 Mille Miglia, killing 10 spectators–, including seven children–the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini banned the race. It resumed briefly during wartime but was suspended again after the 13th running in 1940. After World War II ended in 1945, much of Italy’s infrastructure, including roads and bridges, had to be rebuilt, gasoline and rubber were still being rationed and the country’s new government was struggling to demonstrate its effectiveness in the wake of the Fascist movement’s demise. Mille Miglia organizers were forced to postpone the starting date from late April to June 1947; they also switched to a new 1,800-kilometer route. Finally, on June 21, 1947, 155 starters left the line for the 14th edition of the Mille Miglia. Aided by a violent rainstorm that hampered runner-up Tazio Nuvolari’s small Cisitalia convertible, the driver Clemente Biondetti won the race in an Alfa Romeo.
Even in its new incarnation, Italian drivers and cars dominated the race, which popularized such powerhouse brands as Alfa Romeo, Ferrari and Maserati. Tragically, driver Alfonso de Portago blew a tire and spun off the road during the 1957 edition, killing himself, his co-driver and 10 spectators. Three days later, the Italian government banned the Mille Miglia and all other motor racing on Italian public roads.
|
<urn:uuid:7f83eee9-bead-4b5c-b80c-fbc49a11eb16>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mille-miglia-race-is-reborn-after-world-war-ii
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688997.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922145724-20170922165724-00414.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964516 | 583 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Guest blogger Jackie Edwards reminds us about our everyday choices and suggests sustainable ways to start the new year!
Humans have unarguably an enormous impact on our planet. With a growing population needing ever more resources, it’s really important to think about how your life has an impact on the environment around you, and take responsibility.
Some of the greatest effects are the most obvious – like air travel, for example, which is why being a sustainable traveller is really important. However, there are plenty of things to think about a little closer to home as well – consumption of petrol in the USA has more than quadrupled since the 1950s. Sustainability is important in all areas of our lives but really does begin in the home. Small changes to your everyday life will add up over the years to help make a positive impact for generations to come, so consider what you can do differently.
Reducing your water and electricity consumption is a great place to start. Both are necessary to everyday life, but making sure that you are using it efficiently and without unnecessary waste is really important. Get your plumbing checked out for any leaks, and reduce the amount of water your toilet uses to flush – and even try an eco-friendly shower-head. Swap your light bulbs for low-energy LED models, and remember to turn them off when leaving a room – as well as other electrical items like your TV or laptop. You can also help the bigger picture by switching energy suppliers to one committed to using green renewable power.
- Tips for energy and cost-efficient lighting
- See UNWTO’s neZEH e-toolkit for helping hotels reach zero energy consumption
What’s on the table?
Sustainability isn’t simply about using less: it’s also being smarter about what we do use. Take a look at your pantry and fridge: where does your food come from? How far has it travelled to reach your plate, and how sustainable are the growing and manufacturing processes. You don’t necessarily have to turn vegan, but choosing ethical and sustainable local sources for your meat and dairy products is one way to reduce your impact. Buy only what you need to reduce wastage, and set up a compost bin in your garden to avoid sending any organic scraps to landfill.
- Read more about the importance of buying local food
- The Guide to Ethical Supermarket Shopping (2010)
Shopping and material goods
Whether you’re picking up your weekly shopping or making a big, one-off purchase, take a moment to think about the wider impacts of your choice. Home cleaning products, for example, can contain some really nasty chemicals, which create problems further down the water system – and make sure that as much packaging for food and other products you buy is recyclable or reusable. This is also a good idea to consider when you’re choosing big-ticket items like furniture or electrical equipment: what is its lifespan and how will you get rid of it? Make sure it can be recycled or re-used, and consider paying a bit extra for a quality product that will last longer.
- Green Tips for eco-friendly cleaning
- Read more about upcycling furniture
- Our Sustainable holiday gift guide
Some of these changes will require altering habits and comforts we just take for granted – but with a commitment to sustainability driving you, it won’t be long before this becomes the norm and you can be more confident about your impact on the planet.
|
<urn:uuid:1ba3b5e8-41b3-4016-b0f0-97aab1a14646>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://sustain.pata.org/tag-cloud/live-green/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655884012.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704042252-20200704072252-00320.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945628 | 719 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Order of the RavenWith its striking black plumage and loud, hoarse call, the raven cannot help but draw attention to itself. In many mythogies, this bird is viewed as a supernatural messenger or guide. The ancient Norse associated the raven with Odin, the ruler of the gods. Every day Odin sent two ravens, Hugin (Thought) and Munin (Memory) to fly about the earth as his spies.When they returned, the birds would sit on the god's shoulder and whisper all they had witnessed. Native American people of the Pacific Northwest think of the raven in a different way. To them, Raven is the creator spirit as well as a mischievous spirit. One legend tells that Raven created the earth but had to trick a powerful sky chief to bring light to this world. In our case, The Order of the Ravens hunt and kill Albs and Hibs for entertainment purposes. This is our creed!
|
<urn:uuid:f6c9f9a6-4cb5-4eec-8c9c-a1e91177f27c>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.guildportal.com/Guild.aspx?GuildID=35573&TabID=316485
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997878518.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025758-00005-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966366 | 190 | 3.21875 | 3 |
On November 10, NASA launched a new generation meteorological satellite JPSS-2 (the second name of NOAA-21) into space from Vandenberg Base (California) using an Atlas-5 launch vehicle. The operation of the device will be handled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
15.11.2022. LoReTT_CosmoNews. A new generation meteorological satellite JPSS-2 was successfully launched.
15.02.2022. LoReTT_CosmoNews. RISAT-1A successfully launched by ISRO
ISRO successfully launched its radar imaging satellite RISAT-1A, codenamed EOS-4, aboard PSLV-C52 on February 14 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.
01.02.2022. LoReTT_CosmoNews. SpaceX has launched Italian Earth-observation satellite CSG-2
SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket with the Cosmo-SkyMed Second Generation FM2 (CSG-2) satellite lifted off from Florida's Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Monday Jan. 31 at 23:11 GMT.
09.04.2021.LoReTT_CosmoNews. Сonstellation of School Satellites Space-π
Until April 11, 2021 applications for the competition «Scientific Orientation: Open Space» are being accepted on the website of the Russian Schoolchildren Movement. Schoolchildren aged 12 to can apply with their research or practical idea which can be used on a small orbiting nanosatellite of the Earth or the Moon in the "3U-cubesat" format (10 × 10 × 30 cm).
10.09.2020. Sentinel-1C radar antenna has spread its wings for the first time
Fixed to a special device, simulating zero gravity conditions, the 12.3 metre wide and 860 kg SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) radar antenna of the Copernicus Sentinel-1C satellite has successfully spread its wings at the Airbus Integrated Technology Centre in Friedrichshafen (Germany) for the first time.
07.09.2020. LoReTT_CosmoNews. Discovering new penguin colonies from space
Satellite images have revealed that there are nearly 20% more emperor penguincolonies in Antarctica than previously thought. Scientists, at the British Antarctic Survey,have used satellite data from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission to track penguin guano,or penguin poo, to monitor the presence of thousands of penguins.
04.08.2020. The Impact of the Covid-19 on the Venture Investment in the Global Space Technology (Seraphim Space Index Q2 2020)
The Q2 2020 total investment was $672m including $346m investment into SpaceX. Compared to Q2 2019, which also included a sizeable SpaceX investment, the Q2 20 investment saw an increase of 12%.
09.04.2020. LoReTT_CosmoNews. RapidEye Constellation is now “retired”
RapidEye satellites will no longer collect imagery for commercial or noncommercial use, but their contributions to Earth observation will always remain in our digital memories.
30.03.2020. LoReTT_CosmoNews. Airbus completes In Orbit Commissioning of CHEOPS
Airbus has received confirmation from ESA of a successful end to the In Orbit Commissioning of CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite).
23.03.2020. LoReTT_CosmoNews. Coronavirus: Satellite track nitrogen dioxide emissions drop over China & Italy
As the coronavirus pandemic continues to spread around the globe, more and more regulations surrounding work and travel have been put in place to reduce the risk of transmission.
|
<urn:uuid:1bb889ef-0e9c-4a12-bc45-4aa54c5b8011>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://eng.lorett.org/news
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510676.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930113949-20230930143949-00898.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.847265 | 785 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What will I learn?
In this puzzle you have to compute a path using advanced mathematics concepts like Bézier curves.
You can approach this expert puzzle with different strategies such as genetic algorithms or neural networks.
LEARN ALGORITHMS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PUZZLE
External resourcesPID ControllerDead reckoningTrilaterationBezier curve
This puzzle can be solved using the following concepts. Practice using these concepts and improve your skills.
This puzzle follows Mars Lander - Episode 2 with expert tests for which you will need to bring complex mathematics into play if you don’t want to hardcode a solution.
A higher resolution is required to access the IDE
The radars have detected incoming signals that could potentially lead to active life forms on Mars. There's only a tiny problem: the signals seems to be emitted from a series of martian caverns, and you will have to improve your system so that the spaceship can land inside a cavern and unload the mars rover. Good luck, commander.
This hard puzzle is the third in a series of three exercises proposed during the "Mars Lander" past contest. If you have troubles solving this puzzle, feel free to start with the two previous levels, « Mars Lander - Episode 1 » and « Mars Lander - Episode 2 » on the same topic but with an decreased difficulty!
|
<urn:uuid:583c90bc-aabc-4ba9-a3f6-ddf619ec465f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.codingame.com/codegolf/expert/mars-lander-episode-3-codesize
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655247.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609032325-20230609062325-00720.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.899738 | 291 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The coast of what is now the State of Georgia, from Savannah River as far as St. Andrews Sound, was anciently occupied by a tribe or related tribes which, whatever doubts may remain regarding the people just considered, undoubtedly belonged to the Muskhogean stock. This region was known to the Spaniards as “the province of Guale (pronounced Wallie),” but most of the Indians living there finally became merged with a tribe known as the Yamasee, and it will be well to consider the two together. From a letter of one of the Timucua missionaries we learn that the Guale province was called Ybaha by the Timucua Indians, and this is evidently the Yupaha of which De Soto was in search when he left the Apalachee. “Of the Indians taken in Napetuca, ” says Elvas, “the treasurer, Juan Gaytan, brought a youth with him, who stated that he did not belong to that country, but to one afar in the direction of the sun’s rising, from which he had been a long time absent visiting other lands; that its name was Yupaha, and was governed by a woman, the town she lived in being of astonishing size, and many neighboring lords her tributaries, some of whom gave her clothing, others gold in quantity.” As the description of the town and its queen corresponds somewhat with Cofitachequi, perhaps Ybaha or Yubaha was a general name for the Muskhogean peoples rather than a specific designation of Guale.
The towns of Guale lay almost entirely between St. Catherines and St. Andrews Sounds. An early Spanish document refers to “the 22 chiefs of Guale.” Menfindez says there were “40 villages of Indians” within 3 or 4 leagues. Between St. Catherines Sound and the Savannah, where the province of Crista or Escamacu, the later Cusabo, began, there appear to have been few permanent settlements. South of St. Andrews Sound began the Timucua province. When Governor Pedro de Ibarra visited the tribes of this coast he made three stops at or near the islands of St. Simons, Sapello, and St. Catherines, respectively, and at each place the chiefs assembled to hold councils with him. It may reasonably be assumed that the chiefs mentioned at each of these councils were those living nearer that particular point than either of the others. In this way we are able to make a rough division of the towns into three groups — northern, central, and southern. Other towns are sometimes referred to with reference to these, so that we may add them to one or the other.
Thus the following towns appear as belonging to the northern group, synonymous terms being placed in parentheses: Asopo (Ahopo); Chatufo, Couexis (Cansin); Culapala (Culopaba); Guale (Goale, Gale); Otapalas; Otaxe (Otax, Otafe) ; Posache; Tolomato (Tonomato); Uchilape; Uculegue (Oculeygue, Oculeya); Unallapa (Unalcapa); Yfusinique; Yoa (Yua).
Asopo, Culupala, Guale, Otapalas, Otaxe, Uculegue, Unallapa, and Yoa are given by Ibarra. Guale was the name of St. Catherines Island, but the town was “on an arm of a river which goes out of another which is on the north bank of the aforesaid port in Santa Elena in 32° N. lat.” Chatufo is mentioned in the narrative of a visit to the Florida missions by the Bishop of Cuba. Couexis is given in the French narratives; Menéndez changing it to Cansin. Posache is located “in the island of Guale.” Tolomato is described in one place as “2 leagues from Guale” and in another as on the mainland near the bar of Capala (Sapello), and it is said to have been a place from which one could go to the Tama Indians on the Altamaha River. Uchilape is located “near Tolomato.” Yfusinique was the name of the town to which the chief Juanillo of Tolomato retired after the massacre of the friars and where the other Indians besieged him. Yoa is said to have been 2 leagues by a river behind an arm of the sea back of the bars of Çapala and Cofonufo (Sapello and St. Catherines Sounds). Large vessels could come within 1 league of it and small vessels could reach the town. In the account of the massacre of the missionaries in 1597 Asopo (or Assopo) is described as “in the island of Guale.”
Alaste (Alieste, Alueste, Aluete), Oya, Crista, Talapo (Talapuz or Ytalapo), Ufalague (also spelled Ufalegue), Aobi, and Sufalate must be classed as belonging properly to the Cusabo, the first five on the basis of the information quoted above from Ibarra, and the last from its association with Ufalague. Aobi may be intended, as already suggested, for Ahoyabi. Although mentioned in connection with the northern group of towns, they left the Cusabo country and settled in the southern group, where Talapo and Ufalague are frequently referred to.
The central towns were Aleguifa; Chucalagaite (Chucaletgate, Chucalate, Chucalae); Espogache (Aspoache); Espogue (Hespogue, Ospogue, Espo, Ospo, Espoque); Fosquiche (Fasque); Sapala (Çapala, Capala); Sotequa; Tapala; Tulufina (Tolufina, Tolofina); Tupiqui (Topiqui, Tuxiqui, Tupica); Utine (Atinehe).
Chiefs called Fuel, Tafecauca, Tumaque, and Tunague are also mentioned, the last two distinct persons in spite of the close resemblance between their names. All of these towns and chiefs, except Espogache, Tulufina, Aleguifa, and Chucalagaite, are given by Ibarra. Fasquiche and Espogache were evidently not far from Espogue. The last mentioned was on the mainland not more than 6 leagues from Talaxe. Fasquiche is given in the account of a visit to the Florida missions by the Bishop of Cuba. Tulufina appears to have been a place or tribe of importance intimately connected with the interior Indians; the other two are placed “near Tuhifina.”
An inland people known as Salchiches were represented at the council which Ibarra held in this country. They appear to have been Muskhogeans and seem to have had numerous relatives in the province of Guale. In one place mention is made of “a chief of the Salchiches in Tulufina.” In another we are told that the Timucua chief of San Pedro laid the blame for the uprising of 1597 on the people of Tulufina and the Salchiches. An Indian prisoner stated that “the Indians of Cosahue (Cusabo) and the Salchiches, and those of Tulufina and of Santa Elena had said that they would kill them (the friars) and that each chief should kill his own friar.” Elsewhere the chief of Chucalagaite and the chief of the Salchiches are mentioned, together with the statement that they were not Christians. It is said that the heir of Tolomato joined with “the other Salchiches” to kill Fray de Corpa. In another place Tulufina and the Salchiches are both referred to as if they were provinces of Tama. The Tama were, as we have seen, an inland people who probably spoke Hitchiti.
The southern group of towns consisted of Aluque (Alaje); Asao (Assaho); Cascangue (Oscangue, Lascangue); Falquiche (Falque); Fuloplata (possibly a man’s name); Hinafasque; Hocaesle; Talaxe (Talax, Talaje); Tufulo; Tuque (or Suque); Yfulo (Fulo, Yfielo, Ofulo).
All of these names except Tuque are from Ibarra’s letter. Cascangue presents a puzzling problem, for it is referred to several times as a Guale province, but identified by the Franciscan missionaries with the province of Icafi, which was certainly Timucua. Until further light is thrown upon the matter I prefer to consider the two as distinct. The name has a Muskhogean rather than a Timucua aspect. Tuque is given in an account of a visit which the Bishop of Cuba made to Florida in 1606 to confirm the Indians.
In addition to the towns which can be classified in this manner, albeit a rough one, several towns and town chiefs are mentioned which are known to belong to the Guale province, but can not be located more accurately. They are the following:
- Ahongate, an Indian of Tupiqui. Ahongate “count!” might be an appropriate Creek personal name.
- Aytochuco, Ytoçuço.
- Lonoche (or Donoche), an Indian of Ospo. Lonoche, “Little Lone,” is still used as a Creek name.
- Olatachahane (perhaps a chief’s name).
- Olatapotoque, Olata Potoque (given as a town, but perhaps a chief’s name). It was near Aytochuco.
- Olataylitaba (or two towns, Olata and Litabi).
The chief of each Guale town bore the title of mico, a circumstance which, as has been shown, has important bearings in classifying the people in the Muskhogean linguistic group. It appears also that there was a head mico or “mico mayor” for the whole Guale province. In 1596 a chief whom the Spaniards called Don Juan laid claim to the title of head mico of Guale. There is some confusion regarding him, for the text seems to identify him with a Timucua chief. However, this claim elicited from the Spanish Crown a request for an explanation of the term, to which Governor Mendez de Canço replied:
In regard to your majesty’s instructions to report about the pretension of the cacique Don Juan to become head mico, and to explain what that title or dignity is, he informed me himself that the title of head mico means a kind of king of the land, recognized and respected as such by all the caciques in their towns, and whenever he visits one of them, they all turn out to receive him and feast him, and every year they pay him a certain tribute of pearls and other articles made of shells according to the land.
Guale was thus a kind of confederacy with a head chief, more closely centralized in that particular than the Creek confederacy. It does not appear from the Spanish records whether the position of head mico was hereditary or elective, but the latter is indicated. When the Spaniards first came to Guale the head mico seems to have lived in Tolomato, and mention is made of one Don Juanillo, “whose turn it was to be head mico of that province.” The friars are said to have brought on the massacre of 1597 by depriving him of this office, but they appear to have conferred it upon one of the same town. There were, however, three or four chiefs of particular estimation, which are spoken of sometimes as lords of different parts of the country, and when the Spaniards organized a native army to punish those who had killed the friars, it was placed in charge of the chief of Asao, who was head of the southern group of towns. In the narrative which tells of a visit made to the missions in 1606 by the Bishop of Cuba, Don Diego, chief of Talaxe and Asao, is represented as overlord or “head mico” of the entire province.
Gualdape may perhaps be a form of Guale and the information obtained regarding the people there by the Ayllon colonists applicable rather to the Guale Indians than the Cusabo. In the narratives of the French Huguenot colony of 1562, as we have seen, Guale appears as Ouadé and a neighboring town or tribe is mentioned called Couexis. All that the French have to tell us about these two I have given and I have recorded Menéndez’s visit to Guale and the settlement of Jesuit missionaries there and at St. Helena. In his letter to Menéndez) quoted above, Rogel says:
Brother Domingo Augustin was in Guale more than a year, and he learned that language so well that he even wrote a grammar, and he died; and Father Sedeño was there 14 months, and the father vice provincial 6, Brother Francisco 10, and Father Alamo 4; and all of them have not accomplished anything.
Had the grammar of Augustin been preserved we would not today consider the labors of these early missionaries by any means fruitless; and it may yet come to light.
In 1573 a Spanish officer named Aguilar and fourteen or fifteen soldiers were killed in the province of Guale. In 1578 Captain Otalona and other officials were killed in the Guale town of Ospogue or Espogue.
After this field had been abandoned by the Society of Jesus it was entered by the Franciscans. According to Barcia, missions were opened in Guale by them in 1594, but unpublished documents seem to set a still earlier date. One of these would place the beginning of the work as far back as 1587. In 1597 there were five missionaries in this province and the work seemed to be of the utmost promise, when a rebellion broke out against the innovators, the mission stations were burned, and all but one of the friars killed. The following account contained in Barcia’s Florida is from clerical sources:
The friars of San Francisco busied themselves for two years in preaching to the Indians of Florida, separated into various provinces. In the town of Tolemaro or Tolemato lived the friar Pedro de Corpa, a notable preacher, and deputy of that doctrina, against whom rose the elder son and heir of the chief of the island of Guale, who was exceedingly vexed at the reproaches which Father Corpa made to him, because although a Christian, he lived worse than a Gentile, and he fled from the town because he was not able to endure them. He returned to it within a few days, at the end of September , bringing many Indian warriors, with bows and arrows, their heads ornamented with great plumes, and entering in the night, in profound silence, they went to the house where the father lived; they broke down the feeble doors, found him on his knees, and killed him with an axe. This unheard-of atrocity was proclaimed in the town; and although some showed signs of regret, most, who were as little disturbed, apparently, as the son of the chief, joined him, and he said to them the day following: “Although the friar is dead he would not have been if he had not prevented us from living as before we were Christians: let us return to our ancient customs, and let us prepare to defend ourselves against the punishment which the governor of Florida will attempt to inflict upon us, and if this happens it will be as rigorous for this friar alone as if we had finished all; because he will pursue us in the same manner on account of the friar whom we have killed as for all.”
Those who followed him in the newly executed deed approved; and they said that it could not be doubted that he would want to take vengeance for one as he would take it for all. Then the barbarian continued: “Since the punishment on account of one is not going to be greater than for all, let us restore the liberty of which these friars have robbed us, with promises of benefits which we have not seen, in hope of which they wish that those of us who call ourselves Christians experience at once the losses and discomforts: they take from us women, leaving us only one and that in perpetuity, prohibiting us from changing her; they obstruct our dances, banquets, feasts, celebrations, fires, and wars, so that by failing to use them we lose the ancient valor and dexterity inherited from our ancestors; they persecute our old people calling them witches; even our labor disturbs them, since they want to command us to avoid it on some days, and be prepared to execute all that they say, although they are not satisfied; they always reprimand us, injure us, oppress us, preach to us, call us bad Christians, and deprive us of all happiness, which our ancestors enjoyed, with the hope that they will give us heaven. These are deceptions in order to subject us, in holding us disposed after their manner; already what can we expect, except to be slaves? If now we kill all of them, we will remove such a heavy yoke immediately, and our valor will make the governor treat us well, if it happens that he does not come out badly.” The multitude was convinced by his speech; and as a sign of their victory, they cut off Father Corpa’s head, and they put it in the port on a lance, as a trophy of their victory, and the body they threw into a forest, where it was never found.
They passed to the town of Topiqui, where lived Fr. Blàs Rodriguez (Torquemada gives him the appelation of de Montes), they went in suddenly, telling him they came to kill him. Fr. Blàs asked them to let him say mass first, and they suspended their ferocity for that brief time; but as soon as he had finished saying it, they gave him so many blows, that they finished him, and they threw his body outside, so that the birds and beasts might eat it, but none came to it except a dog, which ventured to touch it, and fell dead. An old Christian Indian took it up and gave it burial in the woods.
From there they went to the town of Assopo, in the island of Guale, where were Fr. Miguél de Auñon, and Fr. Antonio Badajoz; they knew beforehand of their coming, and seeing that flight was impossible, Fr. Miguél began to say mass, and administered the sacrament to Fr. Antonio, and both began to pray. Four hours afterward the Indians entered, killed friar Antonio instantly with a club (macana); and afterward gave friar Miguel two blows with it, and, leaving the bodies in the same place, some Christian Indians buried them at the foot of a very high cross, which the same friar Miguel had set up in the country.
The Indians, continuing their cruelty, set out with great speed for the town of Asao where lived friar Francisco de Velascola, native of Castro-Urdiales, a very poor and humble monk, but with such forcefulness that he caused the Indians great fear: he was at that time in the city of St. Agustine. Great was the disappointment of the Indians, because it appeared to them that they had done nothing if they left the friar Francisco alive. They learned in the town the day when he would return to it, went to the place where he was to disembark, and some awaited him hidden in a clump of rushes, near the bank. Friar Francisco arrived in a canoe, and, dissimulating, they surrounded him and took him by the shoulders, giving him many blows, with clubs (macanas) and axes, until his soul was restored to God.
They passed to the town of Ospo, where lived friar Franciso Davila, who as soon as he heard the noise at the doors was able under cover of night to go out into the country; the Indians followed him, and although he had hidden himself in some rushes, by the light of the moon they pierced his shoulders with three arrows; and wishing to continue until they had finished him, an Indian interposed, in order to possess himself of his poor clothing, which he had to do in order that they might leave him, who took him bare and well bound, and he was carried to a town of infidel Indians to serve as a slave. These cruelties did not fail to receive the punishment of God; for many of those who were concerned in these martyrdoms hung themselves with their bow-strings, and others died wretchedly; and upon that province God sent a great famine of which many perished, as will be related.
The good success of these Indians caused others to unite with them, and they undertook to attack the island of San Pedro with more than 40 canoes, in order to put an end to the monks who were there, and destroy the chief, who was their enemy. They embarked, provided with bows, arrows, and clubs; and, considering the victory theirs, they discovered, near the island, a brigantine, which was in the harbor where they were to disembark, and they assumed that it had many people and began to debate about returning. The brigantine had arrived within sight of the island 30 days before with succor of bread and other things, which the monks needed; but they had not been able to reach the port, although those who came in it tried it many times, nor to pass beyond, on account of a bar (caño) which formed itself from the mainland (?) a thing which had never happened before in that sea. It carried only one soldier, and the other people were sailors, and even less than the number needed for navigation.
Finding the Indian rebels in this confusion the chief of the island went out to defend himself with a great number of canoes. He attacked them with great resolution; and although they tried to defend themselves, their attempt was in vain, they fled, and those who were unable to jumped ashore; and the chief, collecting some of his enemies’ canoes, returned triumphantly to his island, and the friars gave him many presents, with which he remained as satisfied as with his victory.
Of the others who had sprung to land none escaped, because they had no canoes in which they might return; some hung themselves with their bowstrings, and others died of hunger in the woods.
Nor were those exempt who escaped, because the governor of Florida, learning of the atrocities of the Indians, went forth to punish the evildoers; but he was only able to burn the cornfields, because the aggressors retired to the marshes, and the highlands prevented him from punishing them, except with the famine which followed immediately the burning of the harvests, of which many Indians died. . . .
The Indians kept the friar Francisco de Avila in strict confinement, ill-treating him much; afterwards they left him more liberty in order to bring water and wood, and watch the fields. They turned him over to the boys so that they might shoot arrows at him; and although the wounds were small, they drained him of blood, because he was not able to stop the blood; this apostolic man suffering these outrages with great patience and serenity. . . .
Wearied of the sufferings of Father Avila the Indians determined to burn him alive. They tied him to a post, and put much wood under him. When about to burn him, there came to the chief one of the principal Indian women, whose son the Spaniards held captive in the city of St. Agustine without her having been able to find any way to rescue him although she had tried it. This moved her to beg the chief earnestly that he should give friar Francisco to her to exchange him for her son. Other Indians, who desired to see him free, begged the same thing; and although it cost them much urging to appease the hatred of the chief for the father, he granted what the Indian woman asked, giving him to her so badly treated, that he arrived at St. Agustine in such a condition that they did not recognize him: he had endured such great and such continuous labors. He accomplished the exchange, and the people of the city expressed a great deal of sympathy for friar Francisco.
God wished to give a greater punishment to the Indians of Florida, who killed the missionaries so unjustly; and, refusing water to the earth, upon the burning of the crops, there began such a great famine in Florida that the conspirators died miserably themselves, confessing the cause of their misfortune to have been the barbarity, which they exercised against the Franciscan monks.
Davila was liberated in 1599, and Barcia speaks as if the famine occurred the year following.
A letter containing an account of this uprising and accompanied by testimony taken from several witnesses is preserved among the Spanish archives and a copy of this is in the Lowery collection. While less dramatic, naturally, than the narrative given, it differs in no essential particulars. The governor’s punitive expedition was in 1597 or very early in 1598. He burned the principal Guale towns, including their granaries, and quickly reduced the greater part of the people to submission. In a letter of date 1600 he says:
No harm, not even death, that I have inflicted upon them has had as much weight in bringing them to obedience as the act of depriving them of their means of subsistence.
In the same letter he has some additional information regarding the causes of the war which do not appear in the communications of the missionaries. He states that it was Don Juanillo’s turn to be head mico of Guale, but owing to his being a quarrelsome and warlike young man, he was deprived of that dignity by the Rev. Friars Pedro de Corpa and Blas Rodriguez, who conferred it upon Don Francisco, a man of age and of good and humble habits. And this caused the massacre of the friars, among whom were the two mentioned. Although in the depositions that I took from several Indians in regard to that massacre they all affirmed that to have been the direct cause for the commission of that crime, yet I never allowed it to be written, as I could not consent to have anything derogatory to the priests made public, and besides I look upon the Indians as being very little truthful and to cover their treachery would invent many lies.
Yet it is strange that Don Juanillo and Don Francisco were both leaders of the hostile Indians, and were irreconcilable to the last.
The chief of Espogache was among the first to surrender and he was quickly followed by others. In a letter written April 24, 1601, Gov. de Canço states that the chief of Asao and 40 Indians had just come to tender their submission and that all had given in except the chief of Tolomato, his nephew, and two other chiefs. Later the same year the governor induced the chief of Asao to head an expedition against this refractory element, he being one of the chiefs of most consideration in the province. This mico solicited assistance from the chiefs of Tulufina, Guale, Espogache, Yoa, Ufalague, Talapo, Olata Potoque, Ytoçuço, the chiefs of the Salchiches, the Tama, and the Cusabo. Don Juanillo and his partisans had established themselves in a stockaded town called Yfusinique and met the first attack of their more numerous foes so valiantly that many of them were killed. The allied chiefs then decided that a general assault would be necessary, and this was successful. Don Juanillo and Don Francisco were killed and their scalps taken and with them fell great numbers of their warriors, including 24 principal men. The remainder were taken back to Tamufa, from which the expedition had started.
In a report on his missionary work dated September 15, 1602, Fray Balbazar Lopez, who was stationed at San Pedro, says that there were then no missionaries in the province of Guale, but more than 1,200 Christian Indians.
In 1604, as we have seen, in November, Gov. Pedro de Ibarra visited San Simon, Sapelo, and Guale. One of his objects was to listen to complaints and compose differences, but he represented as almost equally important his desire to see the province Christianized. By that time a church had been built at Asao, on or near San Simon, and another in Guale, while a third was to be constructed at Espogache near Sapelo. Ibarra was accompanied on this expedition by Fray Pedro Ruiz, then in charge of the doctrina at San Pedro, who said mass in each place. When the Bishop of Cuba visited Florida in 1606 Ruiz was in immediate charge of the doctrina of Guale, and Fray Diego Delgado was located at the doctrina of Talaxe, close to Asao, from which he occasionally visited Espogache. The province of Guale was soon thoroughly missionized and work there continued until the practical destruction of the province in the latter part of the century. In a letter of 1608 we find a note to the effect that five Guale chiefs had rebelled, but nothing more is said about the disturbance, which must have been of small consequence. Another letter, dated April 16, 1645, states that the Indians of Guale were then in insurrection, but could be readily reduced. The list of Florida missions, made in 1655, mentions four or five belonging to the province of Guale, San Buenaventura de Boadalquivi [Guadalquini] on Jekyl Island, Santo Domingo de Talaje on or near the present St. Simons, San Josef de Zapala on or near Sapelo, Santa Catarina de Guale on St. Catherines Island, and perhaps Santiago de Ocone, which is said to have been on an island 30 leagues from St. Augustine, and therefore perhaps near Jekyl Island. It is evident that the attacks of the northern Indians, which were soon to put an end to the missions entirely, had begun at this date, because we find Santiago, mico of Tolomato, and his people located 3 leagues from St. Augustine, between two creeks, evidently those called San Diego Tolomato, or North River, and Guana. This was the mission station of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato, which appears again in the list of 1680. In 1661, as we learn by letters from Gov. D. Alonso de Aranguiz y Cotes to the king, Guale was invaded by Indians, “said to be Chichumecos,” but probably, as we shall see, Yuchi. From the letter of a soldier setting forth his past services it appears that these strangers sacked the churches and convents and killed many Christian Indians, but were driven off by a force sent from St. Augustine.
When South Carolina was settled, in the year 1670, the English found the post and missions about Port Royal abandoned, but those in Guale still flourishing. In a letter to Lord Ashley, dated the same year, William Owen says:
There are only foure [Spanish miasionaries] betweene us and St. Augustines. Our next neighbour is he of Wallie wch ye Spaniard calls St Katarina who hath about 300? Indians att his devoir. With him joyne ye rest of ye Brotherhood and cann muster upp from 700 hundred Indians besides those of ye main they vpon any vrgent occasions shall call to their assistance, they by these Indians make warr with any other people yt disoblige them and yet seem not to be concerned in ye matter.
In addition to Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato, four Guale missions appear in the mission list of 1680, viz, San Buenaventura de Ovadalquini, Santo Domingo de Assaho, San Joseph de Capala, and Santa Cathalina de Guale. They were placed in one province with two Timucua missions, the whole being called the Provincia de Guale y Mocama. Mocama means ‘on the sea” in Timucua, the Timucua towns in this province being on and near the Atlantic.
Through a letter written to the court of Spain May 14, 1680, we learn that the “Chichumecos, Uchizes, and Chiluques (i. e., the Yuchi, Creeks, and Cherokee) had made friends with the English and had jointly attacked two of the Guale missions. The writer says that (apparently in the year preceding):
They entered all together, first that on the island of Guadalquini, belonging to said province [of Guale]. There they caused several deaths, but when the natives appeared led by my lieutenant, to defend themselves, they retired and within a few days they entered the island of Santa Catalina, capital and frontier post, against these enemies. They were over three hundred men strong, and killed the guard of six men. with the exception of one man who escaped and gave the alarm, thus enabling the inhabitants of that village to gather for their defense. They consisted of about 40 natives and five Spaniards of this garrison, who occupied the convent of the friar of that doctrina, where a few days previously captain Francisco Fuentes, my lieutenant of that province had arrived. He planned their defense so well and with such great courage that he kept it up from dawn until 4p.m. with sixteen Indians who had joined him with their firearms (on this occasion I considered it important that the Indians should carry firearms). As soon as I was advised of what had occurred I sent assistance, the first three days ahead. Then I sent a body of about thirty men and a boat with thirteen people, including the sailors, but when they arrived the enemy had retreated. I am assured that among them [the enemies] there came several Englishmen who instructed them, all armed with long shotguns, which caused much horror to those natives, who abandoned the island of Santa Catalina. I am told that they might return to live there if the garrison be doubled. As I have heard that they had eight men there from this garrison, I have resolved to send as many as twenty, because it is very important to support the province of Guale for the sake of this garrison, as well for its safety and conservation as for its subsistence and protection against invasion as it is the provider of this garrison on account of its abundance and richness compared with this place which is so poor. I am always afraid that they might penetrate by the sandbar of Zapata [Zapala].
That the friars were not in all cases protectors of the Indians appears from a letter written to Governor Cabrera by “the casique of the province of Guale” dated May 5, 1681, complaining of their arbitrary and overbearing attitude. Cabrera was, however, no lover of friars. Meantime the pressure of the northern Indians continued. Cabrera, in a letter dated December 8, 1680, speaks of what appears to have been a second invasion of Guale by the English and “Chuchumecos,” and in one of June 14, 1681, he states that some Guale Indians had taken to the woods, while others had assembled in the Florida towns farther south, the town of Carlos, “40 leagues from St. Augustine,” being particularly mentioned. Several invasions appear to have taken place at about this time and a letter, written March 20, 1683, states that Guale had been totally ruined by them.
In 1682 the South Carolina Documents refer to “the nations of Spanish Indians, which they call Sapalla, Soho [Asaho], and Sapicbay,” and from the identity of the first two it is probable that all were Guale tribes.
We now come to the final abandonment of Guale, both by Spaniards and Indians; and here our authorities do not agree. Barcia, presumably relying upon documents to which no one else has had access, states that the governor of Florida wished to remove the Indians forcibly to islands nearer St. Augustine, whereupon they rebelled and took to the woods or passed over to the English. Certain manuscript authorities, however, represent the removal as having been at the request of the Indians themselves, and the raid upon St. Catherines mentioned above doubtless had something to do with it. Barcia’s account runs thus:
[Don Juan Marquez] had occasioned a rebellion of the Indians of the towns of San Felipe, San Simon, Santa Catalina, Sapala, Tupichihasao, Obaldaquini, and others, because he wanted to move them to the islands of Santa Maria, San Juan, and Santa Cruz, and in order to escape this transplantation many fled to the forests, and others passed to the province of S. Jorge, or Carolina, a colony made shortly before by the English in the country of the Spaniards, upon which Virginia joins, and bordering upon Apalachicolo, Caveta, and Casica …
The name Tupichihasao seems to combine the names of the towns Topiqui and Asao (or Hasao), which were probably run together in copying. The latter was on or near St. Simons Island and may be merely the Indian name of the St. Simons mission. The San Felipe mission must have been a comparatively new one; it evidently had nothing to do with the former Fort Felipe at St. Helena, which had been long abandoned.
An entirely different view of this Indian movement is given in a letter from the King of Spain, dated September 9, 1688, from which it appears that the chiefs and natives of Guale had asked to be settled where they could enjoy more quiet and had chosen the islands of San Pedro, Santa Maria, and San Juan. It was, however, decided to assign them the last two of these, and instead of San Pedro a third nearer St. Augustine, called Santa Cruz.
An interesting glimpse of these missions is furnished us by the Quaker Dickenson in 1699, when he and his companioiis who had been shipwrecked on the southeast coast of Florida passed north from St. Augustine on their way to Carolina. He says:
Taking our departure from Augustine [Sept. 29] we had about 2 or 3 leagues to an Indian town called St. a Cruce, where, being landed, we were directed to the Indian warehouse [town house]. It was built round, having 16 squares, and on each square a cabin built and painted, which would hold two people, the house being about 50 feet diameter; and in the middle of the top was a square opening about 15 feet. This house was very clean; and fires being ready made nigh our cabin, the Spanish captain made choice of cabins for him and his soldiers and appointed us our cabins, in this town they have a friar and a large house to worship in, with three bells; and tlh Indians go as constantly to their devotions at all times and seasons, as any of the Spaniards. Night being come and the time of their devotion over, the friar came in, and many of the Indians, both men and women, and they had a dance according to their way and custom. We had plenty of Casseena drink, and such victuals as the Indians had provided for us, some bringing corn boiled, others pease; some one thing, some another; of all which we made a good supper, and slept till morning.
This morning early [Sept. 30] we left this town, having about 2 leagues to go with the canoes, and then we were to travel by land; but a cart was provided to carry our provisions and necessaries, in which those that could not travel were carried. We had about 5 leagues to a sentinel’s house, where we lay all night, and next morning travelled along the sea shore about 4 leagues to an inlet. Here we waited for canoes to come for us, to carry us about 2 miles to an Indian town called St. Wan’s [San Juan's], being on an island. We went through a skirt of wood into the plantations, for a mile. In the middle of this island is the town, St. Wan’s, a large town and many people; they have a friar and worship house. The people are very industrious, having plenty of hogs, fowls, and large crops of corn, as we could tell by their corn houses. The Indians brought us victuals as at the last town, and we lay in their warehouse, which was larger than at the other town.
This morning [Oct. 2] the Indians brought us victuals for breakfast, and the friar gave my wife some loaves of bread made of Indian corn which was somewhat extraordinary; also a parcel of fowls.
About 10 o’clock in the forenoon we left St. Wan’s walking about a mile to the sound; here were canoes and Indians ready to transport us to the next town. We did believe we might have come all the way along the sound, but the Spaniards were not willing to discover the place to us.
An hour before sun set we got to the town call’d St. Mary’s. This was a frontier and garrison town; the inhabitants are Indians with some Spanish soldiers. We were conducted to the ware house, as the custom is, every town having one: we understood these houses were either for their times of mirth and dancing, or to lodge and entertain strangers. The house was about 31 feet diameter, built round, with 32 squares; in each square a cabin about 8 feet long, of good height, painted and well matted. The centre of the building is a quadrangle of 20 feet, being open at the top, against which the house is built. In this quadrangle is the place they dance, having a great fire in the middle. In one of the squares is the gate way or passage. The women natives of these towns clothe themselves with the moss of trees, making gowns and petticoats thereof, which at a distance, or in the night, looks very neat. The Indian boys we saw were kept to school in the church, the friar being their schoolmaster. This was the largest town of all, and about a mile from it was another called St. Philip’s. At St. Mary’s we were to stay till the 5th or 6th inst. Here we were to receive our 60 roves of corn and 10 of pease. While we staid we had one half of our corn beaten into meal by the Indians, the other we kept whole, not knowing what weather we should have.. . . We got of the Indians plenty of garlick and long pepper, to season our corn and pease, both of which are griping and windy, and we made wooden trays and spoons to eat with. We got rushes and made a sort of plaited rope thereof; the use we intended it for, was to be serviceable to help us in building huts or tents with, at such times as we should meet with hard weather . . .
We departed this place [Oct. 6] and put into the town of St. Philip’s, where the Spanish Captain invited us on shore to drink Casseena, which we did: the Spaniards, having left something behind, we staid here about an hour, and then set forward.
About 2 or 3 leagues from hence we came in sight of an Indian town called Sappataw.”
“Sappataw” is probably a misprint for Sappalaw, i. e., Sapelo. Some, and probably all, of these missions were on the sites of former missions occupied by Timucua, but most of the latter Indians must have died out or been removed. At least, Dickenson says in two places that the Indians living there were “related” to the Yamasee then in Carolina.
If Barcia may be trusted, a considerable number of Guale Indians fled to South Carolina at the time when the remainder of the tribe was removed to Florida. In 1702 a second outbreak occurred, resulting, apparently, in the reunion of all of the Guale natives on Savannah River, in the edge of the English colony and under the lead of the Yamasee. These two rebellions are indicated in the legend on an early Spanish map which states that the Spaniards occupied San Felipe, Guale, and Sapelo until 1686, when they withdrew to St. Simons, and that in 1702 St. Simons was also abandoned. It is clear, however, from Dickenson’s narrative that the Georgia coast had been practically given up in his time, so that the “withdrawal” from St. Simons meant in reality the removal of the remaining Guale Indians from Florida. Probably most of those who fled to the English at the earlier date were from the northern part of the Georgia coast, while those who went to Florida were principally from St. Simons and other southern missions. Even in 1702 a few probably remained under the Spanish government until their kinsmen shifted their allegiance once more in 1715. The only specific reference to this second outbreak that has come to my attention is contained in a letter written from London, about 1715, by Juan de Ayala, who says:
In the year 1702 the native Indians of all the provinces of San Agustin, who since its discovery had been converted to the Catholic faith, and maintained as subjects of his Majesty, revolted, and, forsaking that religion, sought the protection of the English of Carolina, with whom they have remained ever since, continually harassing the Catholic Indians.
This revolt was due, in part, to compulsion exercised by the English and their allies, in part it was an unavoidable “taking to the woods,” through the failure of the Spaniards to protect their proteges, and in part it came from the prestige which success brought the victorious English. The underlying cause was the unwillingness on the part of the Spaniards to allow their Indians the use of firearms and a stingy home policy, which left Florida insufficiently defended. It is doubtful how far the Timucua tribes engaged in this secession. At any rate they did not go in such numbers as to attract the attention of the English. The Apalachee and the people of Guale remained distinct. The fortunes of those Guale Indians who remained in Florida from the time of the rebellion imtil they were rejoined by their kinsmen who had gone to Carolina will be considered when we come to speak of the Timucua, probably constituting the largest portion of the Indians who were true to Spain.
The Yamasee Indians
From this time on the name Guale practically disappears, and the people who formerly bore it are almost invariably known as Yamasee. It has been thought by recent investigators that the people of Guale and the Yamasee were identical, but facts contained in the Spanish archives show that this is incorrect. They make it plain that the Yamasee were an independent tribe from very early times, belonging, as Barcia states, to the province of Guale, or perhaps rather to its outskirts, but not originally a dominant tribe of the province. It was only in later years that by taking the lead among the hostile Indians their name came to supersede that of Guale and of every band of Guale Indians. They are not mentioned frequently until late, and it is only by piecing together bits of information from various quarters that we can get any idea of their history.
For our first notice we must go back to the very beginning of Spanish exploration on the Atlantic coast of North America, to the list of “provinces” for which Francisco of Chicora was responsible. In this list, as previously noted, we find one province called “Yamiscaron” which there is every reason to believe refers to the tribe we have under discussion. The peculiar ending suggests a form which appears again in Yamacraw and which it is difficult to account for in a tribe supposed to be Muskhogean and without a true phonetic r in the Maskoki language. I can explain it only by supposing that it was originally taken from the speech of the Siouan neighbors of these people to the northeast.
April 4, 1540, De Soto’s army came to a province called by Biedma “the Province of Altapaha.” Elvas gives it as “the town of Altamaca,” but Ranjel has the correct form Altamaha. The last mentioned speaks as if the Spaniards did not pass through the main town, but they received messengers from the chief, who furnished them with food and had them transported across a river. This was probably the river which Biedma says encouraged them because it flowed east instead of south. Ranjel seems to imply that Altamaha, like a neighboring chief called Çamumo, was the subject of “a great chief whose name was Ocute” (the Hitchiti). The significance in this encounter is due to the fact that Altamaha afterwards appears as the head town of the Lower Yamasee. From Ranjel’s statement it would seem that the Yamasee were at this time connected with the Hitchiti, whereas the language of the Guale people proper was somewhat different.
The next reference comes in a letter dated November 15, 1633, and is as follows: “The Amacanos Indians have approached the Province of Apalache and desire missionaries.” August 22, 1639, Gov. Damian de la Vega Castro y Pardo writes that he has made peace between the Apalachee on one side and the “Chacatos [Chatot], Apalachocolos [Lower Creeks], and Amacanos.” These last references indicate that while the Yamasee may have been theoretically in the Province of Guale, they rather belonged to its hinterland and, as presently appears, were not missionized or affected much by European influences. In 1670 William Owen speaks of them as allies of the Spaniards living south of the Cusabo. They come to light next in Spanish documents, this time unequivocally, in a letter of Gov. Don Pablo de Hita Solazar, dated March 8, 1680. He says:
It has come to the notice of his honor that some Yamasee Indians, infidels (unos yndios Yamasis ynfieles), who are in the town which was that of San Antonio de Anacape, have asked for a minister to teach them our holy Catholic faith.
This mission was 20 leagues from St. Augustine, evidently that called Antonico in the Fresh Water district, and the governor entrusted these Yamasee at first to the care of Fray Bartholome de Quiñones, Padre and Doctrinero del Pueblo de Maiaca, which was 16 leagues beyond. These Yamasee explain why the station of San Antonio is called a “new conversion” in the mission list of 1680, although it existed at a very much earlier period as a Timucua mission. The application of the term “infidels” to them is significant; had they been from the coast district of Guale they would in all probability have been Christianized by this time. The name Nombre de Dios de Amacarisse, which also occurs in the mission list of 1680, indicates still another body of Yamasee in that old station. Fairbanks calls it Macarisqui and speaks of it as the principal town. Barcia spells it Mascarasi and says it was within 600 yards (varas) of St. Augustine, which would agree with the known situation of Nombre de Dios. The next we hear of them the Yamasee have taken the lead among those Indians which sought refuge near the English colony of Carolina and they became so prominent that the English do not appear to have been aware that any other Indians accompanied them.
In a letter to the Spanish monarch, dated London, October 20, 1734, Fray Joseph Ramos Escudero seems to attribute their primacy to encouragement given the Yamasee by the English and the supplies of clothing and arms with which they provided them.
In the copy of this letter made by Miss Brooks the name of the tribe is consistently spelled Llamapas, but there can be no question regarding its identity. The original Y has been transposed into a double l and the old style ss into p, Escudero explains their removal from the Spanish colony by saying that these Yamasee “had a grudge agamst a certain governor of Florida on account of having ill treated their chief by words and deeds, because the latter, owing to the sickness of his superior, had failed one year to send to the city of St. Augustine, Florida, a certain number of men for the cultivation of the lands as he was obliged to do.”
Another account of the rebellion is given by Barcia. Referring to the colony of South Carolina, he says:
Some Indians fled to this province because the English who occupied it had persuaded theqd to give them obedience, instead of to the king; especially the chief of the Iamacos, a nation which lived in the province of Guale, becoming offended at the governor, without being placated by the strong persuasions and repeated kindnesses which the Franciscan missionaries showed to him in the year 1684, for despising all he withdrew to his country and afterwards gave obedience to the English settled in Santa Elena and San Jorge, other Indians following him; and not satisfied with this lapse of faith, he returned the following year to the province of Timuqua or Timagoa to make war, plundered the Doctrina of Santa Oatalina, carried off the furnishings of the church and convent of San Francisco, burned the town, inflicted grievous death on many Indians, and carried back other prisoners to Santa Elena, where he made slaves of them, which invasion was so unexpected that it could not be foreseen nor prevented …
Early South Carolina documents speak of 10 Yamasee towns there, 5 upper towns headed by Pocotaligo, and 5 lower towns headed by Altamahaw or Aratomahaw. The new settlers were given a strip of land back of Port Royal on the northeast side of the Savannah River, which, long after they had vacated it, was still known as “the Indian land.” The following names of chiefs or “kings” are given in the South Carolina documents and these evidently refer to their towns: The Pocotalligo king, the Altamahaw king, the Yewhaw king, the Huspaw king, the Chasee king, the Pocolabo king, the Ilcombe king, and the Dawfuskee king, though the identity of this last is a little uncertain. The “Peterba king” mentioned among those killed in the Tuscarora war in 1712 was also probably a Yamasee, though he may have been an Apalachee. There were 87 Yamasee among Col. Barnwell’s Indian allies in the Tuscarora expedition.
(↵ returns to text)
- See pp. 14-16.↵
- Lowery, MSS.↵
- Bourne, Narr. of De Soto, I, pp. 50-51.↵
- This is about a third of a degree too far north. From this statement it appears that the town of Guale was on Ossabaw Island, and this agrees with the position given it on Le Moyne’s map, on an island between the mouths of the rivers Grande and Belle.↵
- If we follow Le Moyne we must place this on St. Catherines Island. (See preceding note.)↵
- The material in this paragraph is drawn from the Lowery MSS., except that regarding Couexis, for which see p. 50.↵
- See p. 86.↵
- See p. 20.↵
- See p. 243.↵
- See p. 12.↵
- One Spanish document registers the primacy of Tolomato in these words: “La lengua de Guale de que es mico y cabeça Tolomato.”↵
- See p. 41.↵
- See p. 41.↵
- See p. 50.↵
- Ruidiaz, La Florida, II, p. 307; Barcia, La Florida, pp. 138-139.↵
- Lowery, MSS.↵
- This word, puerto, may be a misprint of puerta, gate.↵
- This name is given farther on as de Avila or Avila.↵
- It appears from unpublished Spanish documents that he sent two canoes against two which the enemy had dispatched in advance.↵
- Barcia, La Florida, pp. 170-172.↵
- The above material is from the Brooks and Lowery MSS. in the Library of Congress.↵
- Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., p. 161↵
- Lowery and Brooks, MSS., Lib. Cong.↵
- Lowery, MSS.↵
- Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist. , pp. 164-193.↵
- See p. 322; and Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., p. 132.↵
- Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist. , pp. 164-193.↵
- Lowery, MSS.↵
- S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, p. 198.↵
- Serrano y Sanz, Doc. Hist., pp. 216-219.↵
- S. Car. Hist. Soc. Colls., v, p. 198.↵
- Lowery, MSS., Lib. Cong.↵
- MS., Pub. Rec. of S. C, II. 8.↵
- Barcia, La Florida, p. 287.↵
- Brooks, MSS. Miss Brooks has given the name of this king as Philip IV, but he was long dead and Charles II was on the throne. For the location of these islands see p. 51 and plate 1.↵
- This term seems to be applied to the spaces between the vertical wall timbers.↵
- Old name for a bed raised on posts close to the wall of an Indian house.↵
- This figure is too small, perhaps due to a misprint; 32 squares 8 feet long would mean a circumfercnoe of 256 feet and a diameter of 70-80 feet. The figure 3 In 31 is probably a misprint for 8 as suggested by Bushnell (see below).↵
- Dickenson, Narrative, pp. 90-94. See D. I. Bushnell, Jr., in Bull. 69, Bur. Amer. Ethn., pp. 84-85, who gives diagrammatic plans of the town houses.↵
- Dickenson, Narrative, pp. 94, 96.↵
- Brooks, MSS.↵
- See p. 37.↵
- But see p. 108.↵
- Bourne, Narr. of De Soto, I, p. 66; II, pp. 10, 89-90.↵
- Lowery, MSS.↵
- Ibid.; also Serrano y Sans, Doc. Hist., pp. 198-199.↵
- See p. 67.↵
- Lowery, MSS.↵
- Lowery, MSS.↵
- G. R. Fairbanks, Hist. of St. Augustine, p. 125. The name of this town helps explain the later “Yamacraw.” (See p. 108.)↵
- G. R. Fairbanks, Hist. of St. Augustine, p. 125. The name of this town helps explain the later “Yamacraw.” (See p. 108.)↵
- Barcia, La Florida, p. 240.↵
- Brooks, MSS.↵
- Barda, La Florida, p. 287.↵
- Proc. Board dealing with Indian Trade, MS., pp. 46 and 47.↵
- Ibid., pp. 55, 58, 81, 102; Council Records, MS., VI p. 159; VII, p. 186; X, p. 177.↵
- S. Car Hist. and Gen. Mag., 9, pp. 30-31.↵
|
<urn:uuid:c67d3fb8-9c8e-4c41-a410-c55b0da07dba>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/guale-tribe-and-yamasee-tribe.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010213406/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090333-00088-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979546 | 13,118 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Continue reading the main story
Continue reading the main story
Lesson of the Day
In this lesson, we invite students to write a letter responding to an article in The New York Times and submit it to an upcoming contest.
Send any friend a story
As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Anyone can read what you share.
Featured Column: “Letters to the Editor”
Readers have been writing letters to The New York Times since the newspaper was founded in 1851. When Adolph S. Ochs purchased the paper in 1896, one of his aims, he wrote, was to “make the columns of The New York Times a forum for the consideration of all questions of public importance, and to that end to invite intelligent discussion from all shades of opinion.”
Today, The Times receives up to 1,000 letters a day from readers from all over the world, a handful of which are selected to be published in the Letters to the Editor column. These letters, written by ordinary people and experts alike, comment on a broad array of stories in The Times — from vaccines and gun violence to religion, social media, education and family.
What do you have to say about what’s in the news? In this lesson, we invite you to respond to a Times article of your choice. You’ll read previous letters to see how the writers expressed strong, clear opinions in just 150 to 200 words; and did so with a certain stylishness, wit and charm. Then, you’ll write your own letter to the editor and submit it for publication.
Ideas for Teachers
Use this lesson to prepare your students to submit letters to The Times’s high school Letters to the Editor competition. The deadline to enter the 2022 contest is Monday, April 25, at 10 a.m. Eastern time.(Video) Letter to the Editor
Many local newspapers also publish letters to the editor. You can use the activities in this lesson plan with any publication of your choice.
This lesson can also serve as an introduction to our annual Summer Reading Contest, in which we invite students ages 11-19 to tell us what they’re reading in The Times and why. It begins June 10, 2022. For more on how to write rich reader responses, see our related lesson plan and our unit plan on independent reading and writing.
The Letters to the Editor column invites readers to respond to an article in The Times that has appeared within the last seven days.
What recent news stories have caught your eye? What have you read that has outraged you? Inspired you? Moved you? Delighted you? What articles have made you feel “seen” or brought up a memory from long ago?
Spend a few minutes scrolling through The New York Times to see which headlines speak to you. If you can’t find anything that interests you there, choose a section (found at the top of the home page), such as Politics, Sports, Science, Style, Smarter Living, World or Opinion, and skim the recent articles.
Choose at least three different articles about which you think you might have something to say, whether it’s a critique, praise or a personal connection. Just make sure that whatever you choose was published within the past week.
You’ll return to these in the Going Further section.
Choose at least THREE of these letters to the editor written by teenagers that won the 2021 high school letter-writing competition.
If none of these inspire you, you can choose any three letters from the Letters to the Editor column.
Questions for Writing and Discussion
As you read your chosen letters, annotate and take notes about what you notice. Here are some questions to consider:
1. Identify some basic parts of the structure of letters to the editor: How do they all begin? How do they all end? Which article is each letter responding to? How do you know?
2. What is the letter writer’s opinion or point of view on the article they are responding to? Underline or highlight at least one sentence that captures the letter’s main idea or argument.
3. The Letters editors encourage writers to make their arguments “forcefully and clearly.” Do the letters you read do that? What words, phrases or lines convey the writers’ opinions or attitudes toward the subject in a clear, concise and strong way?
4. The Letters editors say that readers should be able to judge the “credibility and motivation” of letter writers. What credibility, expertise or personal connections do the letter writers have to the subjects they are writing about? Can you tell what motivated them to write in?
5. Analyze the writers’ use of language and style. What makes this letter interesting to read? What words, phrases and grammatical structures do they use that are particularly affecting? How do they use wit or humor, if at all? In what lines can you hear the writer’s voice coming through the page?
6. Among the hundreds of letters that are sent to The Times, what do you think made these letters stand out to the editors? What unique angle or perspective did the writers offer on the articles they commented on? What else did they do well?
7. Which “writer’s moves” from any of the letters you read would you like to try in your own letter to the editor?
Now, it’s your turn: Write a letter to the editor about any Times article of your choosing.
Step 1: Read advice from the Letters editors and writers.
This step is optional, but before you choose your article and write your letter, you might want to find out what exactly the Letters editors are looking for.
In “To the Reader,” Thomas Feyer, the Letters editor since 1999, explains what qualifies as a publishable letter to the editor. As you read, highlight or underline Mr. Feyer’s suggestions.
You can find even more advice in these articles:
“Editors’ Note; The Letters Editor and the Reader: Our Compact, Updated”
“‘To the Editor’: What Happens When Readers Write Back?”
“From the Letters Editor: Meet the Regulars”
Step 2: Choose an article to respond to.
Return to the articles you chose in the warm-up activity. Read them thoroughly and then choose one that you want to respond to in your letter to the editor.
You can write about any issue, big or small, but keep in mind that timeliness is key, so make sure that whatever piece you choose was published no more than seven days before you submit your letter. Mr. Feyer writes, “We’re in an age of fast-moving news and virtually instant reaction; letters about an especially timely topic often appear within a day or two (and almost always within a week).”
Step 3: Write your letter to the editor.
Here are the requirements:
Letters should be about 150 to 200 words.
They should include the headline and a link to the Times article they are responding to.
They should refer to an article that has appeared within the last seven days.
Beyond that, your letter can agree or disagree with the ideas expressed in the essay or article. And feel free to be creative with your language and writing style. Use the letters you read earlier as examples of what makes a great letter to the editor.
Step 4: Submit it for publication.
If you are in high school, you can submit your letter to The Times’s annual student letter writing competition until April 25, 2022. Please be sure to read all the rules carefully before submitting.
You can also submit a letter to the editor any time by following the instructions here.
About Lesson of the Day
• Find all our Lessons of the Day in this column.
• Teachers, watch our on-demand webinar to learn how to use this feature in your classroom.
Continue reading the main story
|
<urn:uuid:4348b822-cefa-4621-8ced-826a78b4179d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://ematic.best/article/expressing-opinions-with-letters-to-the-editor-published-2021
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643462.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528015553-20230528045553-00057.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93588 | 1,705 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Sense of smell 'may predict lifespan'
Measuring people's sense of smell in later life could help doctors predict how likely they are to be alive in five years' time, a PLOS One study suggests.
A survey of 3,000 adults found 39% with the poorest sense of smell were dead within five years - compared to just 10% who identified odours correctly.
Scientists say the loss of smell sense does not cause death directly, but may be an early warning sign.
They say anyone with long-lasting changes should seek medical advice.
Researchers from the University of Chicago asked a representative sample of adults between the ages of 57-85 to take part in a quick smell test.
The assessment involved identifying distinct odours encased on the tips of felt-tip pens.
The smells included peppermint, fish, orange, rose and leather.
Five years later some 39% of adults who had the lowest scores (4-5 errors) had passed away, compared with 19% with moderate smell loss and just 10% with a healthy sense of smell (0-1 errors).
And despite taking issues such as age, nutrition, smoking habits, poverty and overall health into account, researchers found those with the poorest sense of smell were still at greatest risk.
Lead scientist, Prof Jayant Pinto, said: "We think loss of the sense of smell is like the canary in the coal mine.
"It doesn't directly cause death, but it is a harbinger, an early warning system that shows damage may have been done.
"Our findings could provide a useful clinical test, a quick inexpensive way to identify patients most at risk."
Exactly how smell loss contributes to lifespan remains unclear, but the researchers put forward a number of possible reasons behind the link.
They say a reduced ability to sniff out odours could signal less regeneration or repair of cells in the body overall, as a healthy sense of smell depends partly on a continual turnover of cells that line the nose.
And a worsening sense of smell may serve as a mirror for a lifetime's exposure to pollution and bugs, they say.
They are now doing more research to understand the reasons behind the link.
Prof Pinto added: "The sense of smell is a little underappreciated - it plays a very important part in everyday life.
"But we don't want people to panic. A bad cold, allergies, and sinus problems, can all affect your sense of smell.
"People shouldn't be too worried, but if problems persist they should speak to their physicians.
"And perhaps this study shows we need to start paying more attention to sensory health overall."
Prof Tim Jacob of Cardiff University, who was not involved in the research, said: "This well-conducted study suggests the sense of smell is intimately linked to health and wellbeing.
"Smell lies at the interface between physiology and psychology, which is a battlefield of reciprocal interactions.
"For example, smell loss can result in depression, and depression can result in changes in the ability to smell."
|
<urn:uuid:24a4a271-df17-4405-8cdd-0818de8cd7c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-29441323
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320491.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625115717-20170625135717-00432.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959575 | 630 | 3 | 3 |
Morocco saw a less strict application of many laws that violate human rights and civil norms, following the “Arab Spring” revolution, but it didn’t last long. Criticism of religion, ans religious or state authorities, remains a crime that can be and frequently is prosecuted resulting in penal sentences.
The King is considered as a direct descendant of the prophet of Islam, which gives the ruling Alaouite dynasty its legitimacy. The constitution (Article 41) designates the King as Commander of the Faithful, he is mandated to ensure the respect of Islam. He presides over the Superior Council of the “Ulemas” (religious scholars), which is the sole official instance entitled issue “religious consultations” (Fatwas).
Article 220 of the penal code stipulates that “anyone who employs incitements to shake the faith of a Muslim or to convert him to another religion” incurs a sentence of 3 to 6 months’ imprisonment and a fine of 115 to 575 MAD. In practice, it is used against all religious minorities, as an excuse to interrupt religious meetings and rituals, and against apostates and converts, mostly Christians and non religious. Many foreign missionaries are declared as a danger and expelled from the country.
A 2002 law restricting media freedom prohibits expression deemed critical of “Islam, the institution of the monarchy, or territorial integrity.” Such expression may be punishable by imprisonment.
Any Publication that criticises the monarchy, Islam and “sacred institutions” is prohibited under the article 179. This article is generally used as a political weapon against journalists, activists and artists who criticise the government and its institutions (see Individual Cases below).
Political parties are prohibited from questioning or criticising Islam, or monarchy (Article 7). MPs, while generally protected from prosecution in relation to their political activities, may “be prosecuted or investigated, arrested, detained or judged” if they express any opinion that “challenges the monarchic form of the State, the Muslim religion, or constitutes an infringement of the due respect of the king” (Article 64). This effectively outlaws any call for secular or constitutional reforms. This is also made explicit in Article 175 stating that no revision of the constitution may challenge the status and provisions of Islam, or monarchy.
Apostasy is not a crime under civil or criminal law, however there is plenty of scope under blasphemy laws (see below) for apostates to be punished.
In 2013 the council issued a fatwa ratifying the Shari’a ruling according to which any Muslim who abandons Islam should be executed, stipulating that the Islamic Law considers anyone born from a Muslim parents, or a Muslim father, as a Muslim, and prohibits apostasy and disbelief, and upon refusal of return to Islam, the Islamic sentence for apostasy must be applied.
On June 14, 2012, well-known secularist blogger Mohamed Sokrate was jailed on drug-charges that were dismissed as fabrications by his lawyers and human rights organizations. One of his lawyers, Taher Abouzaid, said the proceedings against him were marked by many procedural errors. He also criticized the court’s refusal to hear testimony from those who witnessed the arrest of his father and brother. Several sources said they were arrested just to get Sokrate to sign a police statement.
Kacem El Ghazzali is a Moroccan atheist who was still at high school when he started an anonymous secularist blog in 2010. Critics tracked him down revealing his identity and threatening his life for “apostasy” and “blasphemy”. He then appeared the Arabic language version of the international news network France 24 to talk about his atheism. After the TV interview the principal of Gazzali’s school accused him of violating the law against “shaking the faith” of a Muslim and physically assaulted him. Other students at the school threw rocks at him. The imam in his village of Bouderbala denounced him from the pulpit, and his extended family stopped talking to him. After a period in hiding because of the threats to his life, Ghazzali was able to gain asylum in Switzerland. Kacem El Ghazzali spoke in Geneva summit for Human rights how the Moroccan Association for Human Rights, refused to grant him any form of assistance, as it will discredit them in the eye of the population.
In 2012, Khalid Gueddar, an editorial cartoonist was detained by police after publishing a caricature on his website that they said insulted Islam, the sixth journalist detained in the country in a week. The prominent cartoonist, said he was interrogated for six hours on Monday in Casablanca. Gueddar was arrested in 2009 along with another journalist after publishing a caricature of the Moroccan king’s cousin. Caricatures of Islam or the royal family are illegal in Morocco. He ultimately received a suspended sentence and a fine of €300,000. The latest cartoon, which he said he drew in 2011 in response to the arrest that year of an imam accused of soliciting a prostitute in a mosque in Fez, shows someone tossing lingerie from a minaret. He said he published it again to illustrate a similar situation.
“The interrogation focused on what I think of Islam, on my drawings and on my website,” Gueddar said. His lawyer said if charged and convicted, Gueddar could face a harsh sentence and he compared the questioning to an inquisition on religion. The justice minister, Mustapha Ramid, said he would not intervene in what he described as a normal judicial process.
14 young Moroccan metalheads were detained in 2003, nine of them were members of local heavy metal bands, and five fans were given sentences of between three months and a year after being found in possession of skeletons, skulls, cobras, vipers and “a collection of diabolical CDs”. The accused, aged 20 to 35, were arrested three weeks previously for allegedly disturbing public order and wearing satanic, “anti-Islamic” T-shirts depicting the devil and death. It was all too much for the judge, who found it “suspicious” that one of the musicians penned lyrics in English rather than Arabic, and declared that “normal people go to concerts in a suit and tie”. Not even the heavy metal fans’ court recitals of sections of the Koran were able to persuade him that they were not intent on undermining the country’s official religion. One defence lawyer called the trial a “witch-hunt aimed at pleasing Islamists”. The conservative Islamic daily Attajdid rounded on the heavy metal fans’ supporters, claiming they were part of a movement to “encourage all forms of delinquency, alcohol and licentiousness which are ignored by the authorities”.
In 2012, Zakaria Zine Al-Abidine, a 22-year-old atheist from Casablanca, was sentenced to 5 years in prison, as well as a fine, for publishing cartoons and comments on Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, on his Facebook account.
In May 2013, 22-year-old Imad Iddine Habib, a well-known atheist and founder of the Council of Ex-Muslims of Morocco received a number of death threats for his apostasy, and was harassed by authorities.
Note: Western Sahara is a disputed territory in the Maghreb region of North Africa, on the Atlantic coast, bordered by Morocco, Algeria, and Mauritania, it is two thirds controlled by Morocco and the remainder by the SADR, strongly backed by Algeria.
|
<urn:uuid:12caa5e3-6193-4d81-820f-0ef6b893d17f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://end-blasphemy-laws.org/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/morocco-and-western-sahara/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00429.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972185 | 1,578 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The creation of a resilient Energy Union with a forward-looking climate change policy is one of the five priorities of the Junker EC Presidency. The goal of the Energy Union is to ensure that Europe has secure, sustainable, competitive and affordable energy and it acts upon five dimensions: supply security, internal energy market, energy savings, emissions reductions and research & innovation. The heat-pump industry can play a significant role and contribute to all the dimensions of the Energy Union. The deployment of heat pumps reduces the exposure of the EU energy supply to external shocks, eliminating the need for fossil fuel imports from politically unstable regions, and boosts the decarbonisation of our economy by providing heating and cooling using sustainable energy from air, water and ground. Heat pumps are also among the most efficient devices for heating, cooling and hot water use and increase energy efficiency in the residential, commercial and industrial sector. Heat pumps contribute to a well-functioning internal market by bridging electric grids and thermal networks; in future smart cities/regions they will be at the heart of the energy-optimised buildings and infrastructure, integrating different energy technologies. Finally, the heat-pump industry is at the forefront of research & innovation and offers a variety of solutions to keep Europe competitive on the global stage.
As part of the Clean Energy Package, the European Commission proposed the adoption of a Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union which will require Member States to develop Integrated National Energy and Climate Plans and report on the progress in their implementation. EHPA believes that reporting and planning should aim at 100% decarbonisation, especially in the heating and cooling sector.
Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions in the EU. By improving the energy efficiency of buildings, the total EU energy consumption could be reduced by 5-6% and CO2 emissions could be lowered by about 5%. In order to achieve these goals, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2010/31/EU) was adopted in 2010, setting some high efficiency requirements for new buildings and deep renovations. In accordance to the directive, all new buildings in 2020 should be nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs) and new public buildings must reach that target already in 2018. As part of the Clean Energy Package, the European Commission proposed in November 2016 a revision of the EPBD, with the goal of accelerating building renovation rates, promote the use of smart technology in buildings and with a view to decarbonising the building stock by 2050. Heat pumps can significantly contribute to the decarbonisation of the building stock, as they are amongst the most efficient devices for heating, cooling and hot water use, they fulfil the minimum energy requirements set for the building envelope and increase the energy efficiency in the residential, commercial and industrial sector.
The Energy Efficiency Directive was adopted in 2012 and it established a set of binding measures to help the EU save 20% of its primary energy consumption by 2020 compared to projections. As part of the Clean Energy Package, the European Commission proposed in November 2016 an update of the Directive, proposing to set a new 30% energy efficiency target for 2030. The proposed directive, which contains specific provisions that promote efficiency in heating and cooling, is being currently examined by the Parliament and the Council. As heat pumps are highly efficient technologies, they can significantly contribute to reaching EU’s energy efficiency targets. Besides large-scale applications, EHPA believes that also small-scale efficiency heating and cooling technologies can play a major role.
The Renewable Energy Directive was adopted in 2009 in order to promote the production and use of energy from renewable sources in the European Union. It imposes a target to the EU as a whole to cover at least 20% of its total energy needs with renewables by 2020, specifying individual national targets for each country. The adoption by the Council of the 2030 framework for climate and energy, which raised the renewable energy target to 27% by 2030, led the European Commission to propose in November 2016 a revision of the Renewable Energy Directive, which is currently being examined by the Parliament and the Council.
Since heat pumps are recognised as a renewable energy technology under the Renewable Energy Directive, the industry actively contributes to the achievement of EU’s renewable energy targets and as such, it should be further promoted by the EU legislation.
As part of the “Clean energy package”, the Commission released a set of proposals on a new rule book for the EU energy market in 2016, with the aim of preparing the energy system for the rising share in variable renewable energy (expected to reach 50 percent in 2030). In particular, the EC proposed to revise the Regulation and Directive on the internal market for electricity and the regulation that establishes a European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, as well as to adopt a regulation on risk-preparedness in the electricity sector. The proposals go in the direction of ensuring a more competitive, customer-centred, flexible and non-discriminatory EU electricity market, making it fit for decarbonisation and innovation, with market-based supply prices.
Heat pumps are very efficient technologies that possess a high flexibility and demand-response potential. EHPA supports an electricity market with flexible tariffs and incentives for self-consumption, as this would allow consumers to play an active role in the energy system and it would also provide a financial advantage to heat-pump users.
|
<urn:uuid:07e3cc97-4d93-4f5c-87b2-65624e79a28c>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.ehpa.org/policy/clean-energy-package/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347428990.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603015534-20200603045534-00123.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946442 | 1,094 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Nepanglish: A Standardizing Variety of English
— H. C. Kamali (SaSi)
English has been so varied that when we talk of it, we have to be aware of the variety of being used, as there exist different varieties of English. So we have to accept the fact that “There is no such thing as the English Language” (Aarts and Aarts, 1982). This is all because English has been widely used around the world by people of different regions, cultures, languages, and so forth. Harmer (1999) argues in favour of this and maintains, ‘There is a multiplicity of varieties and this makes it difficult to describe English as any one thing’. So it is very natural to speak of varieties of English or world Englishes because there are several varieties of English identified, for example, British English, American English, Canadian English, Australian English South African English, Nigeria English, Indian English, Sri-Lankan English and so on. This is not only the case of the countries in American, European, African and Australian continents; even the countries in Asian continent have been greatly influenced by English. As a result, many different varieties of English have been developed and some are still emerging.
Regarding the expansion of English in South Asia, Kansakar (1998), in the same vein, maintains, ‘In recent years, speakers of English in countries like India and Nepal have been influenced by American English through tourism , radio, television and other media of mass communication. This situation has given rise to a curious mixture of South Asian, British and American varieties of English, which are referred to generally as South Asian English.’ Here Kansakar generalizes the varieties of English used in the South Asian countries as ‘South Asian English’. But the fact is that English has many varieties even in South Asia because every nation that uses English as a second or foreign language, in question, is claiming the English used there to be of their own variety. In the context of Nepal too, English which has the status of foreign language is considered to be developing as a variety of its own, i.e., Nepalese English or ‘Nenglish’ (Rai, 2006) or ‘Nepanglish’ (as recommended through my research).
English used in Nepal is of its own type – neither is it like that of British nor American, nor anything else because when Nepalese speak English they can be easily identified as Nepalese, not as Englishmen or Americans. So it is rather a very high time to investigate on Nepalese English (Nepanglish) and develop it into an internationally-accepted variety of English because here English is losing its Englishness and getting highly influenced by Nepali language. In this regard, David Crystal has also mentioned in his Encyclopedia of the English language that ‘Nepalese variety of standardizing variety is emerging gradually’.
|
<urn:uuid:e415ead9-fd19-4335-90f6-2d426d36757b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://eltchoutari.com/2010/10/nepanglish-a-standardizing-variety-of-english/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00095.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96241 | 611 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Doulos' Verilog FAQ
What is the difference between Verilog and VHDL?
On the surface, not that much. Both are IEEE standards and are supported by all the major EDA vendors. Both can be used for designing ASICs and simulating systems. However, VHDL is altogether a grander language. Its support for system level modeling and simulation is far more comprehensive than Verilog, despite some Verilog built-in functions for stochastic modeling. However, VHDL requires longer to learn and is not so amenable to quick coding. As a final thought many engineers need to know both languages due to the use of IP (Intellectual Property) blocks written in "the other" language.
What versions of Verilog are there?
The original Verilog was standardised by the IEEE as Verilog 95; there was then an improved version released, Verilog 2001. This includes things like generate statements. Work is now ongoing on SystemVerilog (see the SystemVerilog website). If you want to know more about SystemVerilog, have a look at our 5 day Comprehensive SystemVerilog.
Can I use Verilog for the analog part of a design?
No. You can't design analog circuitry in Verilog, however you can model analogue circuitry in Verilog (said this digital designer!). In theory, Verilog can be used to model the behaviour of any system or component. However, Verilog does not offer the same level of modeling accuracy as say Spice, without an awful lot of work.
How must I write Verilog to make it synthesisable?
Writing Verilog for synthesis is not particularly difficult, but you need to be disciplined, not only in your use of Verilog syntax but also your approach to writing Verilog for synthesis. It is this latter aspect which many engineers overlook; thorough training is really the only way to avoid making poor strategy decisions in writing synthesisable Verilog.
A Verilog design can be moved to any tool or technology. Right?
On the face of it, this is true. Verilog was designed to be and is a technology independent design language. However, there is less of a compliance issue between different simulators than there is for synthesis tools. Generally speaking, moving Verilog code from one simulator to another involves one or two minor changes to the Verilog, assuming you don't use a lot of system tasks (which tend to be proprietary) in your code. Two different synthesis tools may support two quite different Verilog subsets. This is particularly an issue for us at Doulos in developing our training courses, because we like to present a reasonably generic approach to writing Verilog for synthesis. This means that the Verilog we teach you is guaranteed to be more transportable between synthesis tools than it otherwise would be. Our pain is your gain! In addition because we are so aware of the differences between synthesis tools, this means that we emphasise the best way of writing Verilog to get the best from your synthesis tool.
I can see how to write abstract behavioural descriptions in Verilog, but how do you describe and simulate the actual hardware?
This is probably the biggest hurdle that many hardware engineers face when moving to Verilog. After all, sometimes we need to be able to describe actual implementation as well as abstract functionality. The way to describe "physical" hardware in Verilog is to write Verilog models of those components. This is supported in Verilog through the use of instantiation. Verilog does not allow you to physically simulate your hardware. You can only simulate a model of that component in a Verilog simulation.
What is Synthesis?
Synthesis is the stage in the design flow which is concerned with translating your Verilog code into gates - and that's putting it very simply! First of all, the Verilog must be written in a particular way for the synthesis tool that you are using. Of course, a synthesis tool doesn't actually produce gates - it will output a netlist of the design that you have synthesised that represents the chip which can be fabricated through an ASIC or FPGA vendor.
How about on-line information resources?
You're already here! Try the Verilog section of our High Level Design Library for examples of Verilog models and assorted tips and tricks. On our Where to go next... page you'll find links to other EDA-related Web sites. In addition, check out the comp.lang.verilog newsgroup.
e-mail us if you have a question you would like added to this list - send email
Copyright 1995-2003 Doulos
|
<urn:uuid:46d4dc67-fa67-49bc-aee4-b3df4256e20c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
https://www.doulos.com/knowhow/faq/verilog_faq/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806426.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121204652-20171121224652-00076.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946523 | 983 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It’s pretty disturbing to see cockroaches scuttling away when you switch on the kitchen light at night. These pests are not only unpleasant to look at, but their presence can lead to a host of problems in your home.
Cockroaches will snack on your food – and contaminate it with disease-causing micro-organisms in the process, – they’ll damage your books, wallpapers, and electronics, and could trigger allergies for some people. The allergic reactions are triggered by an allergen secreted by these pests referred to as tropomyosin. The allergen (found in the roaches droppings) causes asthma and eczema.
In addition to these problems, cockroaches will also produce a foul smell that will taint anything they come into contact with such as surfaces as well as food.
Common cockroach species in Australia include: the oriental cockroach, German cockroach, and the American cockroach. Because they breed pretty fast and can survive extremely tough conditions, cockroach infestations are fast spreading and quite difficult to deal with once they begin. It is, therefore, important to keep an eye out for signs of a cockroach infestation for early detection and control.
Signs of a cockroach infestation
Cockroaches are nocturnal and will stay in hiding during the day and come out at night when it’s dark and quiet to look for food. This makes it a bit difficult to catch an infestation – especially in the early stages. There are several signs, however, that you can keep an eye out for to identify a cockroach infestation. These are:
- Live cockroaches scampering into hiding when you turn on the lights.
- Cast skin – roaches moult as they grow.
- Egg cases, also known as ootheca.
- Dead cockroaches inside your house.
- Cockroach droppings.
- A foul unpleasant smell on surfaces and food.
How to prevent a cockroach infestation
You can keep cockroaches out of your house by doing the following:
- Denying them food and drink. Roaches will invade your home in search of food and drink. Deny them access to these, and they will have no reason to come into your home.
- Fix leaky plumbing
- Cover your bins
- Do your dishes immediately you’re done using them
- Vacuum your house often – especially the kitchen
- Clean food and drink messes
- Store your food in sealed containers
- Avoid clutter. Keep your house clutter free to deny cockroaches of hiding places.
- Seal entry points. Identify and seal potential entry points that cockroaches could use to keep them out.
- Keep wood away from your house. Wood piles will provide a place for cockroaches to live near your house increasing the chances of an infestation indoors.
If cockroaches have already invaded your home, worry not. There are effective ways of getting rid of them:
- Insecticides. Applying an insecticide (preferably one made with natural ingredients) will exterminate stubborn cockroaches. You might need to reapply a couple of times as cockroaches are pretty hardy and won’t be totally wiped out in a single application. Using an automatic insecticide dispenser will help ensure continuous protection without requiring you to do much – just set it up, and that’s it.
- Traps. Cockroach traps work by luring the insect and then catching it with an adhesive. Traps are especially useful where insecticides cannot be used for certain reasons. Use several in areas with high roach populations for maximum effectiveness.
|
<urn:uuid:3ab22540-b6cc-4483-9ffe-24f7e0548274>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.gifu-house.com/how-to-keep-cockroaches-out-of-your-home/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685912.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919164651-20170919184651-00464.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941452 | 770 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A major analysis conducted by a group of London-based university researchers and published in the Psychological Bulletin suggests that the adverse effects of childhood bullying can subside over time.
The London researchers (Tabea Schoeler, Lauren Duncan, Charlotte Cecil, George Ploubidis, and Jean-Baptiste Pingault) examined 16 separate studies of the short and long-term adverse effects of bullying victimization as experienced by youth. They found:
Based on the most stringent evidence available to date, findings indicate that bullying victimization may causally impact children’s wellbeing in the short-term, especially anxiety and depression levels. The reduction of adverse effects over time highlights the potential for resilience in individuals who have experienced bullying. Secondary preventive interventions in bullied children should therefore focus on resilience and on addressing children’s preexisting vulnerabilities.
In the article’s Public Significance Statement, they concluded:
This meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies suggests that bullying victimization leads to poorer developmental outcome in the short-term, including higher internalizing and externalizing symptoms and reduced academic achievement. These adverse effects diminish in the long-term, highlighting the potential for resilience in individuals who experienced bullying. In addition to tackling bullying, interventions should therefore address the immediate adverse consequences of bullying victimization, while fostering resilience in victimized children.
Unfortunately, the short-term effects — depression, anxiety, reduced academic performance — are not surprising. The more hopeful finding, however, is that the same, significant body of research indicates that these adverse impacts may diminish over the long term.
Relevance to adult and workplace bullying
Response and resilience. Those are the takeaway points from the study that I get when looking at how to help targets of adult and workplace bullying. We need to respond to the immediate adverse consequences (which may include trauma and accompanying health impairments). We also need to foster resilience in bullied workers and, well, in everyone else, too.
This individual focus does not reduce the vital importance of addressing bullying, mobbing, and related behaviors from the perspective of organizational cultures. Organizations typically discourage or enable such behaviors, so this is the starting place for prevention and intervention. We must always remember that these abuses rarely occur in a vacuum, whether we’re talking about schools, workplaces, or any other institutional setting.
Hat-tip to Dr. Kenneth Pope for the journal article.
|
<urn:uuid:bd9764fc-9e1e-4eee-8343-3dd00cf64cf1>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://newworkplace.wordpress.com/2018/11/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371826355.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408233313-20200409023813-00112.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924085 | 490 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Biomedical researchers claim there is significant biomedical information about humans which can be discovered only through experiments on intact animal systems (AMA p. 2). Although epidemiological studies, computer simulations, clinical investigation, and cell and tissue cultures have become important weapons in the biomedical scientists' arsenal, these are primarily "adjuncts to the use of animals in research" (Sigma Xi p. 76). Controlled laboratory experiments are the core of the scientific enterprise. Biomedical researchers claim these should be conducted on intact biological systems, whole animals. By observing the effects of various stimuli in non-human animals, we can form legitimate expectations about the likely effects of these stimuli in humans. Perhaps more importantly, we can understand the biomedical condition's causal mechanisms.
This reigning view of animal experimentation construes animal models as causal analogue models (CAMs). Yet there is another view of animal experimentation which, although not entrenched in biomedical theory, is alive and well in biomedical practice. On this view animal test subjects may not be similar to human phenomena in relevant causal respects, and thus do not prove or establish anything about human beings. Rather, experiments on animals prompt the formation of hypotheses about the nature of biomedical phenomena in humans. Such animal models we call hypothetical analogical models (HAMs).1
Hypothetical analogical models are exceedingly valuable scientific devices, especially in the context of discovery. As Hempel remarks (p. 441):
More important, well-chosen analogues or models may prove useful "in the context of discovery," i.e., they may provide effective heuristic guidance in the search for new explanatory principles. Thus, while an analogical model itself explains nothing, it may suggest extensions of the analogy on which it was originally based.
In this paper we explore these two types of analogical reasoning in the biomedical sciences. After sharpening the distinction between HAMs and CAMs, we critically examine the use of non-human CAMs to test hypotheses (often derived from non-human HAMs) about the causal mechanisms underlying human biomedical phenomena. We argue that although animal models are scientifically legitimate HAMs, they are probably not suitable CAMs.
On this view the primary function of animal tests is to uncover the causal mechanisms which produce and direct the course of a disease or condition in animals. These results are then extended by analogy to humans. The resultant understanding of the relevant causal mechanisms in humans empowers scientists to prevent or treat the disease or condition under investigation. Consequently, CAMs are thought to be the primary engine of biomedical advance. According to the AMA (p. 16):
Experiments on animals with deleterious substances or in harmful circumstances are very useful and entirely conclusive for the toxicology and hygiene of man. Investigations of medicinal or of toxic substances are also wholly applicable to man from the therapeutic point of view; for as I have shown, the effects of these substances are the same on man as on animals, save for differences in degree.
virtually every advance in medical science in the 20th century, from antibiotics and vaccines to antidepressant drugs and organ transplants, has been achieved either directly or indirectly through the use of animals in laboratory experiments.
2. HAMs. Hypothetical analogical models play a significant role in science, especially in the early stages of a science. For instance, the planetary model of the atom, according to which the electrons in atoms orbited the nucleus much as planets orbit their sun, played a pivotal role in the early years of the study of the atom,
There is no doubt that this analogy ... was extraordinarily fruitful during the first half of the twentieth century. It suggested all sorts of questions that formed the basis of much research. For example, "How fast are the electrons moving around in their orbits?", "Are the orbits circular ora elliptical?." In investigating such questions, scientists learned much about atoms. In particular they learned about many respects in which atoms are not like the solar system. In the end, a good analogy often leads to its own demise (Giere p. 24).
HAMs also played important roles in molecular biology:
In The Double Helix, Watson talks about noticing spiral staircases, and of thinking that the structure of DNA might be like a spiral staircase. He also had the example of Pauling's a-helix. Here we would say that Watson was using the spiral staircase and the a-helix as analogue models for the DNA molecule .... One might also say he was modelling the structure of DNA on that of the a-helix or a spiral staircase (Giere p. 23).
HAMs likewise played a role in the history of biomedicine. Elie Metchnikoff developed his cellular theory of immunity after observing digestion in the "mobile cells of a transparent starfish larva." Although the causal mechanisms of larvae cells are not at all akin to the causal mechanisms of phagocytic cells (the first line of defence against invading organisms), their functional similarities enabled Metchnikoff to gain new insights about the nature of human immunity (Silverstein p. 44).
3. What makes a scientifically legitimate HAM?
Scientifically legitimate HAMs are not merely psychological causes which serendipitously prompt a scientist to make a discovery. As a matter of fact, a scientist might gain important insights about the metabolism of phenol after jogging a mile, listening to Beethoven's Fifth, or drinking a cup of coffee. But that does not mean jogging, listening to music or drinking coffee is the same as studying a HAM. There is no particular reason why these activities prompted the scientific insight; nor do we have any reason to think they would prompt important insights by other scientists. These are merely unique psychological causes, not scientific devices.
On the other hand, scientists plausibly assume that experiments on animals can suggest fertile hypotheses about biomedical phenomena. A HAM is valuable in as much as there are demonstrable functional similarities between the model and item modelled. Since there are demonstrable functional similarities between humans and our close biological relatives, biomedical scientists infer that the results of tests in animals will probably prompt ideas about how to think about and understand the functionally analogous human phenomenon.
For example, scientists might observe that pigs metabolize phenol primarily through glucuronidation conjugation reactions (95%) and subsequently hypothesize that humans do likewise. This plausible hypothesis, however, turns out to be false. We discover that humans metabolize only 12% of phenol in this way. Other scientists observe that rodents metabolize 45% of phenol though sulphation conjugation reactions and subsequently hypothesize that humans do likewise. This alternative hypothesis turns out to be closer to the truth: humans metabolize 80% of phenol by sulphation reactions.
Although only the second hypothesis was (partially) confirmed by the data, both were reasonable predictions from the evidence to hand. For not only do we observe functional similarities between humans and other mammals, the theory of evolution suggests that phylogenetic kin (creatures descended from common ancestors) will share many of the same functional properties. That is why mammals, our phylogenetic cousins, are usually the HAMs of choice. That is why scientists assume that mammals will oxygenate the blood in roughly the same way, that they will excrete wastes in much the same way, etc.
4. Testing the hypothesis. Basic scientists can use the results of animal experiments to propose hypotheses about functionally similar human biological phenomena. Those hypotheses must then be tested. The most direct way to test hypotheses about humans is to conduct tests on humans. And that is what researchers do in clinical and epidemiological studies. However, although there are established retrospective and prospective research methodologies for such studies, many biomedical researchers advocate using non-human models as CAMs instead. Why?
Scientists typically think experiments must be tightly controlled if they are to yield reliable data. Thus these scientists eschew research methodologies which are not as tightly controlled. Moreover, since most people think controlled toxicological or teratological experiments on humans would be immoral, scientists turn to controlled experiments on non-human animals as the CAMs of choice.
A researcher who fails to distinguish HAMs from CAMs is unlikely to think there is anything illicit about that choice. More specifically, the researcher might assume that since humans and mammal test-subjects are phylogenetically related, then not only are they functionally similar, but moreover that the underlying biological mechanisms are likewise similar if not nearly identical. But there is a big difference between an animal model's being a good source of hypotheses and its being a good means to test hypotheses.
CAMS: Refinements and Difficulties
1. Extrapolating from laboratory experiments. To evaluate the use of non-human CAMs as tests for hypotheses about human biomedical phenomena, we must ascertain the conditions under which we can plausibly extrapolate from laboratory experiments to "real world" phenomenon. When as chemists or physicists we conduct a laboratory experiment, we manipulate some substance X and record the results. Then, using the principles of standard causal determinism (all events have causes, and, for qualitatively identical systems, the same cause produces the same effect) we infer that similar manipulations of X outside the laboratory will have similar effects. For instance, we combine hydrogen with oxygen in the laboratory: water is produced. We infer that when similar elements combine outside the laboratory, water will likewise be formed. It is a sound inductive inference.
Nineteenth century biomedical researchers imported these methodological presuppositions from the physical sciences. As Bernard expresses it (p.148):
We cannot imagine a physicist or a chemist without his laboratory. But as for the physician, we are not yet in the habit of believing that he needs a laboratory; we think that hospitals and books should suffice. This is a mistake; clinical information no more suffices for physicians than knowledge of minerals suffices for chemists and physicists.
The inferential mechanism borrowed from the physical sciences may capture some very simple biological processes. Perhaps all cells react similarly to certain acids. However, this model cannot capture most biological phenomena since they are probabilistic. That is, an experimenter observes some phenomenon in a certain percentage of the laboratory subjects of type X and infers that a certain percentage of creatures of type X will react similarly outside the laboratory.
There are those who think that probabilistic reasoning is bogus, that it cannot legitimately be causal reasoning since it does not fit the model of Humean "constant conjunction". We see no reason to embrace such a restrictive view of causality. We agree with Wesley Salmon (p. 190) that probabilistic causality is a "coherent and important scientific concept", and (p. 188) that there is "compelling (though not absolutely incontrovertible) evidence that cause effect relations of an ineluctably statistical sort are present in our universe." However, we do not wish to engage in a defence of Salmon's position; we shall simply assume that such a view is acceptable. In the context of the current paper, this is an innocent assumption, especially since the scientific legitimacy of most biomedical research depends on it. If the assumption were mistaken, then the overwhelming majority of biomedical experiments whether animal or human studies would not be justified.
Do these two options embody the methodology of animal experimentation? Researchers apparently think so. They believe inferences from non-human CAMs to humans utilize normal causal reasoning. However, animal experimentation is neither straightforwardly deterministic nor probabilistic in the senses discussed above. In both instances, experimenters make inferences from what happens to Xs in the laboratory to what will happen to Xs outside the laboratory. Not so with animal experiments. Here researchers make claims from what happens to Xs (some non-human CAM) inside the laboratory to Ys (humans) outside the laboratory. Consequently this is not straightforward causal reasoning, not even probabilistic causal reasoning.
To put it differently, biomedical experiments on animals are doubly probabilistic. Experimenters discover that some percentage of Xs (the chosen animal species) in the laboratory react in some particular way and conclude that it is probable or likely that some percentage of Ys (humans) will react similarly outside the laboratory. Thus, there is probabilistic causality within the (non-human) laboratory population, probabilistic causality within the human population outside the laboratory, and an uncertainty about whether the results observed in the non-human animal population will be (statistically) relevant to the human biomedical phenomena of interest. Exactly how this latter uncertainty is characterized is crucial in determining the adequacy of animal models as CAMS.
To help characterize this uncertainty, we shall take guidance from David Hull's statement about the aim of CAMs, at least when the model and the object modelled differ (p. 105):
In reasoning by analogy, the behaviour of a poorly understood system is assimilated to the behaviour of a well-understood paradigm system. Hopefully the principles that govern the behaviour of the paradigm system can be extrapolated to the poorly known system.
To put it more formally, CAMs fit the following schema of all analogical arguments: X (the model) is similar to Y (the subject being modelled) with respect to properties [a, ..., e]. X has additional property f. While f has not yet been observed directly in Y, it is likely that Y also has the property f. Since CAMs are a subspecies of analogical arguments in which (some of) the premises and conclusions involve causal analogical claims, the CAMs must satisfy two further conditions especially relevant to its causal dimensions: (1) the common properties [a, ..., e] must be causal properties, which (2) are causally connected with the property f we wish to project specifically, f should stand as the cause(s) or effect(s) of the features [a, ..., e] in the model.
These are rigorous requirements. But not yet rigorous enough. To determine the certainty or the probability of extrapolations from animal test-subjects to humans, we must be confident that the causal mechanisms under investigation in the non-human animal are relevantly similar to functionally analogous human mechanisms. For investigators like Bernard that assumption was innocent enough. He thought (p. 115) "all animals may be used for physiological investigations, because with the same properties and lesions in life and disease, the same result everywhere recurs...." Bernard did indeed recognize species differences, but he conceptualized these as being primarily quantitative e.g., differences with respect to body weight so that once allowance had been made for such differences in physiological formulae, the same cause, same effect' principle would hold true, and the same result would everywhere recur. This is made particularly clear in his discussion (p. 180) of differences between toads and frogs with respect to toad venom. But the history of medicine makes it evident that such an assumption is not innocent.
Hence this should not be an unstated assumption. It should be an explicit condition which must be satisfied if causal inferences from non-human animals to humans are to be legitimate. That is, if animal subjects are to be good CAMs of some human biomedical phenomenon, then in addition to conditions (1) and (2) above, we must also require that (3) there must be no causally relevant disanalogies between the model and the thing modelled. To the extent that there are no (or insignificant) causal disanalogies between the test subjects and humans, the additional layer of probability or uncertainty mentioned earlier will be minimal. To the extent that there are important disanalogies, this additional layer of probability will be sufficient to attenuate our confidence in animal test subjects as CAMs of human biomedical phenomenon.
2. Some reasons for thinking condition (3) is not satisfied. Researchers who think non-human animals are good CAMs of human biomedical phenomena believe human and non-human animal systems are causally similar because they are functionally similar. Lungs oxygenate the blood, while livers remove impurities from it, whether the animal is a rat, a bird, or a human. As Lubinski and Thompson explain (p. 628; our italics):
Darwin's work suggested that to gain biological insight bearing into human beings it may be more illuminating to study non-human animate systems rather than the inanimate models of da Vinci and Descartes. Claude Bernard (1885), the founder of experimental medicine, used dogs in laboratory preparations as models of human physiology, assuming basic continuity in physiological functions across species. Both Darwin and Bernard argued that anatomy, physiology, and behaviour not only look similar in different animals but often share common evolutionary origins and current regulatory mechanisms.
Bernard himself expressed similar views (p. 111):
Physiologists also follow a different idea from the anatomists. The latter, as we have seen, try to infer the source of life exclusively from anatomy; they therefore adopt an anatomical plan. Physiologists adopt another plan and follow a different conception; instead of proceeding from the organ to the function, they start from the physiological phenomenon and seek its explanation in the organism.
According to some researchers the connection between function and causal mechanisms is so tight that for purposes of biomedical research humans and non-human animals are virtually interchangeable. This idea is expressed succinctly in the standard toxicology text, Casarett and Doull's Toxicology:
the effects produced by the compound in laboratory animals, when properly qualified, are applicable to humans. This premise applies to all of experimental biology and medicine (Klassen and Eaton p. 31; by "proper qualification" they mean that researchers should make allowances for quantitative differences in body weight, surface area, etc.)
Other researchers might suggest that the distinction between causal mechanisms and functional properties is just a matter of description, and hence similarity of physiological function implies similarity of causal mechanism. After all, functional properties are indeed effects of underlying causal mechanisms, and as Sir Isaac Newton put it (p. 398): "Therefore to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes. As to respiration in a man and in a beast; the descent of stones in Europe and in America."
True, a physiologist might describe the operations of the liver in causal terms (e.g., the mechanisms whereby it removes a foreign substance from the blood) or in functional terms (as purifying the blood), depending on the purpose in hand. Nevertheless we should not infer that two functionally similar systems have the same underlying causal mechanisms. This point is well recognized by bench scientists who are primarily interested in an organism's causal mechanisms even when the effects of the mechanism can be described, for other purposes, in functional terms. That is, they are more interested in the liver's mechanisms for purifying blood than in the simple functional fact that it purifies blood. Cures and preventative strategies typically hinge on an understanding of causal mechanisms.
Pragmatists have argued that a machinist is able to repair an engine without understanding the theory behind its operation. But teratology is concerned with more than repair. One of the major objectives is to anticipate risks before they materialize. The anticipation of teratic risks in today's rapidly changing environment becomes an endless succession of screening tests unless a knowledge of mechanisms can lead to extrapolations, generalizations and shortcuts that will simplify the task. Furthermore the use of animal tests for evaluation of human risk will become more than empirical only when the degree of comparability of mechanisms between test animal and man is understood. Finally, with a better knowledge of mechanisms, unknown causes may be more easily recognized (Wilson p. 72).
That functional similarity does not imply underlying causal similarity should be apparent. Even in simple mechanical systems, like clocks, the same function can be achieved by a variety of different mechanisms. This is still more apparent in complex, dynamical systems, like biological systems. As Burggren and Bemis comment (p. 194):
The peribronchial lungs of birds, ventilated in a unidirectional fashion using a series of air sacs, and the alveolar lungs of mammals, ventilated in a tidal fashion using a diaphragm, differ considerably in structure and mechanism. Yet, both ultimately produce the same effect full oxygen saturation of the arterial blood.
Or consider the metabolization of phenol, mentioned earlier. Phenol is metabolized by a conjugation reaction with either glucuronic acid or sulphate. The purpose of this reaction is to enhance its water solubility and thereby ease excretion. Cats, rats, pigs, and humans are functionally similar: they can all metabolize phenol. However, the mechanisms of phenol metabolism vary widely from species to species. The ratio of sulphation conjugation to glucuronidation in humans is 80% : 12%; in rats it is 45% : 40%. By contrast, pigs are deficient with respect to sulphation conjugation and cats are deficient with respect to glucuronidation. Wide species-variation in the mechanisms of metabolism is also seen in other compounds, like amphetamines and benzodiazepines (see Caldwell pp. 94 106). As the preceding considerations make apparent, functional similarity does not guarantee underlying causal similarity, nor does it make such similarity "probable". To assume it does is to commit what we term the modeller's functional fallacy.
Some researchers also claim that, since animals and humans are phylogenetically continuous, we can legitimately assume condition (3) is satisfied. However, even when species are phylogenetically close, as are the rat and the mouse, we cannot assume that the two species will react similarly to similar stimuli. Tests for chemically induced cancers in rats and mice yield the same results for only 70% of the substances tested (see Lave et al.). The figure drops to 51% for site-specific cancers (Gold et al. p. 245). And primates, our "closest" biological relatives and presumably the ideal test subjects have biological sub-systems which are significantly disanalogous with those in humans.
Non-human primates offer the closest approximation to human teratological conditions because of phylogenetic similarities .... However, a review of the literature indicates that except for a few teratogens (sex hormones, thalidomide, radiation, etc.) the results in non-human primates are not comparable to those in humans (Mitruka et al. pp. 467 8).
Phylogenetic continuity, even relative phylogenetic "closeness", does not guarantee that relevant sub-systems are similar in causally relevant respects. Still less does it guarantee that the interactions between those sub-systems are identical. Consider the phenol case mentioned earlier. Human mechanisms for metabolizing phenol are closer to the mechanisms in rats than to the mechanisms in pigs, despite the fact that humans are phylogenetically closer to pigs than to rats. And the carcinogenic effect of aflatoxin B is more similar in rats and monkeys than in rats and mice (see Vainio et al. p. 20). Thus, as the preceding considerations suggest, to reason that phylogenetic continuity implies underlying causal similarity is to commit what we term the modeller's phylogenetic fallacy.
Admittedly, one might think that the underlying causal mechanisms are vaguely similar. But given the nature of biomedical phenomena and the need for detailed and exact information about causal mechanisms, vague similarity is of little help at least for CAMs. For, as Caldwell claims (p. 106), the biomedical significance of very small differences between test-subjects produces substantially different results:
In summary, the empirical evidence to hand gives us reason to think condition (3) is not satisfied. These empirical findings are to be expected given the theory of evolution.
It has been obvious for some time that there is generally no evolutionary basis behind the particular drug metabolizing ability of a particular species. Indeed, among rodents and primates, zoologically closely related species exhibit markedly different patterns of metabolism
3. Evolutionary explanations for the failure to satisfy condition (3). We argued earlier that the theory of evolution gives us reason to think that animal models are good HAMs of human biomedical phenomenon. (LaFollette and Shanks 1993b) Our common evolutionary heritage suggests we all have some mechanisms for oxygenating the blood, for regulating body temperature, for reproducing, etc. that is why animal models are good HAMs. But the issue now is not whether animals are good HAMs, but whether they are good CAMs. For some narrow purposes, perhaps animal models are good CAMs. For instance, were we merely examining the gross effects of concentrated sulphuric acid on animal tissue, we could probably ignore species differences. These effects depend on fairly low level chemical properties studied by organic chemists.
However, most biomedical phenomena of interest depend more on the properties between evolved systems and sub-systems. If we are interested in, say, the long term effects of exposure to low levels of sulphuric acid (perhaps from acid rain) we shall doubtless find different species react differently to the very same stimuli. Indeed, we shall encounter intra-specific variation too.
Certainly that is what the theory of evolution would suggest. For functional similarities are often not supported by the same causal mechanisms. "Descent with modification" means, in part, "modification of anatomical and physiological sub-systems, and the relations between them." Evolution creates biological systems which are hierarchically complex.
We animals are the most complicated things in the known universe .... Complicated things, everywhere, deserve a very special kind of explanation. We want to know how they came into existence and why they are so complicated. The explanation, as I shall argue, is likely to be broadly the same for complicated things everywhere in the universe; the same for us, for chimpanzees, worms, oak-trees and monsters from outer space. On the other hand, it will not be the same for what I shall call "simple" things, such as rocks, clouds, rivers, galaxies and quarks. These are the stuff of physics. Chimps and dogs and bats and cockroaches and people and worms and dandelions and bacteria and galactic aliens are the stuff of biology (Dawkins p. 1).
Biological objects differ from rocks and stars because of their structural organizational complexity. Humans are not "essentially" different from rats, nor are we "higher" life-forms. But we are differently complex. DNA itself exhibits such complexity, and produces further complexity in anatomy and physiology. Genes do not do their work one by one. Rather they "conspire" to produce effects at the cellular level and ultimately effect the whole organism. Thus, physiological effects are produced not only by the genes, but by evolved complex relations between them.
To put it differently, most biomedically significant properties are relational properties properties dependant on the interaction of the organism's sub-systems. Many of these properties are emergent properties arising from evolved hierarchical organization: biological entities at lower levels of organization are compounded to produce biological entities at higher levels of organization (macromolecules to cells, cells to tissues, tissues to organs, organs to organisms). As Ernst Mayr comments (p. 15), in rejecting the mechanistic atomism of the old physiology texts:
Systems at each hierarchical level have two properties. They act as wholes (as though they were a homogeneous entity), and their characteristics cannot be deduced (even in theory) from the most complete knowledge of the components, taken separately or in other combinations. In other words, when such a system is assembled from its components, new characteristics of the whole emerge that could not have been predicted from a knowledge of the constituents .... Indeed, in hierarchically organized biological systems one may even encounter downward causation.
Resultant species differences are biologically significant. "The species is one of the basic foundations of almost all biological disciplines. Each species has different biological characteristics" (Mayr p. 331). Species differences, even when small, often result in radically divergent responses to qualitatively identical stimuli (e.g., the details of phenol metabolism discussed earlier). Evolved differences in biological systems between mice and men cascade into marked differences in biomedically important properties between the species.
That is, although two species may share a common stock of biochemical parts, the organizational structure of those parts can lead to different biological reactions. The effects of these differences undermine any confidence that condition (3) is satisfied. Satisfaction of condition (3) cannot be assumed a priori it can only be established empirically. That is, we can be confident that condition (3) is satisfied only after we have conducted tests in humans and yet animal tests are deemed desirable primarily to eliminate the need for such tests on humans.
In summary, there are compelling theoretical and empirical reasons for suspecting that condition (3) is not satisfied. That is, there is evidence that the same stimuli produce different responses, either because significant sub-systems are different, or because their mutual interactions are different, or both. In other words, the analogies between animal CAMs and the human systems they model are frequently weak.
4. Weak CAMs. Many researchers recognize that animal test subjects are causally dissimilar from the human systems they are intended to model.
It is the actual results of teratogenicity testing in primates which have been most disappointing in consideration of these animals' possible use as a predictive model. While some nine subhuman primates (all but the bushbaby) have demonstrated the characteristic limb defects observed in humans when administered thalidomide, the results with eighty-three other agents with which primates have been tested are less than perfect. Of the fifteen listed putative human teratogens tested in non-human primates, only eight were also teratogenic in one or more of the various species .... The data with respect to the "suspect" or "likely" teratogens in humans under certain circumstances were equally divergent. Three of the eight suspect teratogens were also not suspect in monkeys or did not induce some developmental toxicity (Schardein pp. 20 3).
However, most of these researchers claim that animals serve as good CAMs of human biomedical phenomena, despite their (possibly numerically small) causally significant disanalogies. They believe that humans and animal test subjects share enough biomedically significant causal mechanisms to justify inferences from animals to humans. Or, to use the language of the formal analysis offered earlier, experimenters assume animal models only violate condition (3) partially.
What exactly does this mean? This is difficult to know. But here is one interpretation. Begin with two systems, S1 and S2. S1 has causal mechanisms [a,b,c,d,e]; S2 has mechanisms [a,b,c,x,y]. When stimulus sf is applied to sub-systems [a,b,c] of S1, response rf regularly occurs. We can therefore infer that were sf applied to sub-systems [a,b,c] of S2, it is highly probable that rf would occur.
This would be a plausible inference, however, only if the common mechanisms [a,b,c] are independent of the differing mechanisms [d,e] and [x,y]. If any of the common mechanisms are dependent on the different mechanisms, then their interactions may well produce divergent responses to qualitatively identical stimuli. The extent of the divergence will depend not merely on the numerical extent of the different mechanisms, but primarily on the strength of the relation of dependence and the qualitative significance of the different mechanisms. Given the empirical and theoretical evidence adduced in the previous sections, we have good reason to expect that there will be significant disanalogies which will undermine the strength of the inference from S1 to S2.
Many researchers have tried to avoid the problem of species disanalogies by appealing to scaling formulae (a method hinted at in the Casarett and Doull passage quoted on p. 000 above). These researchers do not deny that animal models are weak analogues:
While reasonably exact extrapolations can be made between different physical objects such as from a small circle to a large circle, the assumption of strict biological similitude between animals, especially those of different species, is unrealistic and only approximations are achieved (Calabrese p. 501).
However, they do claim we can accommodate species differences purely quantitatively. The theoretical basis for this accommodation is explained by Calabrese (ibid.):
Despite this fundamental limitation, it is recognized that in the animal kingdom surface area per unit weight decreases with increasing body weight and basal metabolism per unit weight declines with increasing body weight. Such relationships provide the basis for the organism developing a constant ratio of heat production to the external surface area.
That is, toxicologists recognize that species differences can arise from qualitative differences, either from (1) differences in pharmokinetics (affecting doses delivered to target tissues); and (2) inter-specific differences with respect to tissue sensitivity (see Klaassen and Eaton). It is hoped to accommodate these differences by making quantitative adjustments based on body weight and external surface areas. In this way qualitative differences are treated as quantitative differences which can be compensated for in physiological formulae. As Calabrese comments (ibid.):
It suggests that numerous structural and physiological parameters are mathematical functions of body weight. This appears to be true regardless of species.
For some biological characteristics this is a reasonable assumption. Doubtless the strength of an animal's supporting structures or the weights of its organs can be estimated in these ways. Moreover, the rates at which some physiological functions are achieved may well be related to body weight or surface area. However, metabolic differences between species, which are centrally important in toxicological and teratological investigations, are not merely relative to size.
Even where distinct species achieve similar functions at distinct rates related to differing body-size, we cannot infer that the mechanisms underlying these functions are similar. For example, we know that there at least seven metabolic pathways unique to primates (Caldwell 1992). And even where the pathways are similar, there is considerable interspecific variation with respect to the extent of various reactions. As one widely-used pharmacology text sums it up: "The lack of correlation between toxicity data in animals and adverse effects in humans is well known" (Goth p. 46).
This lack of correlation stems from the extreme sensitivity of biological phenomena to even very small species differences. (LaFollette and Shanks 1994) Biomedical phenomena may vary radically even among different strains of the same species. Such differences are evident in the reaction of non-human animals to thalidomide:
An unexpected finding was that the mouse and rat were resistant, the rabbit and hamster variably responsive, and certain strains of primates were sensitive to thalidomide developmental toxicity. Different strains of the same species of animals were also found to have highly variable sensitivity to thalidomide. Factors such as differences in absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and placental transfer have been ruled out as causes of the variability in species and strain sensitivity (Manson and Wise p. 228).
5. Instrumentalism: "It just works". As a last line of defence researchers might contend that we know animals are causally similar to humans by experience. As Giere claims (p. 233), "As for the statement that humans are not rats, that is obviously true. But of the approximately thirty agents known definitely to cause cancer in humans, all of them cause cancer in laboratory rats in high doses."
This "fact" appears to lend considerable credence to the claim that animals are reasonably good models of human biomedical phenomenon. As it turns out, however, Giere's claim is seriously misleading. None the less his assertion provides an ideal opportunity to state the "it just works" argument more precisely, and to scrutinize more carefully the status of carcinogenicity testing.
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer there are 26 (of 60,000) chemicals which have been shown to be carcinogenic in humans. Giere's claim is misleading because the usefulness of a test is a function not just of the sensitivity of the test (the proportion of human carcinogens that are carcinogenic in rats), but also of the specificity of the test (the proportion of human non-carcinogens that are non-carcinogenic in rats). Research indicates that the specificity of such tests is quite low. In one test, rats developed cancers when exposed to 19 out of 20 probable human non-carcinogens. If so, specificity may be as low as 0.05 (Lave et al. p. 631).
The drawbacks of animal carcinogenicity tests can also be seen in a slightly different way. It is known that the relationship of concordance between rats and mice (the agreement in test outcomes for non-site specific tumours both positive and both negative) is 70%. Current testing policy assumes that the relation of concordance between rats and humans is the same as that between rats and mice a highly questionable assumption indeed. In fact, were this a reasonable assumption, it would undercut the researchers' contention that phylogenetic continuity implies similarity of causal mechanisms.
However, even if we granted this questionable assumption, using rodent studies to assess human cancer risk would result in 30% of the tested chemicals being misclassified (3% false negatives and 27% false positives). The social cost of such misclassification is enormous (Lave et al pp. 631 2). Evidence demonstrating the limitations of animal tests for carcinogenicity has become so overwhelming that even governmental agencies are beginning to adopt new non-animal based research strategies (see Brinkley; also Vainio et al. pp. 27 39). Despite this factual error, Giere has posed an interesting argument which merits consideration. Apparently the argument would go something like this. If (a) species S has produced biomedical reactions (developed cancer, etc.) upon receiving some type of stimulation (e.g., chemical stimulation) x% of the time, and if (b) humans respond in a similar way to identical chemical stimulation y% of the time, and if (c) there is a strong correlation between the response rates in the experimental population (members of species S) and the response rates in the exposed human population suppose their responses are concordant z% of the time (e.g., 80% of the time), then if that species reacts to some new but related stimulus, we can infer that there is an (approximately) z% probability that the human will react similarly.
Is this a plausible expectation? We do not see how. Suppose scientists knew rats and humans respond in the same ways to potential carcinogens 80% of the time. Even so, the inference that we would find similar responses to other potential carcinogens would be viable only if we had reason to think that the sample class was representative of all carcinogens. For example, if twenty-four of the thirty carcinogens mentioned by Giere were members of an homologous series of hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons with a common general formula e.g., the paraffin series whose members are instances of the general formula CnH2n+2), then what we may have discovered is that rats and humans react similarly to a certain sub-class of chemicals. Furthermore, since we have not identified the carcinogenic potential of many chemicals, nor many of the mechanisms which often produce cancer, how could we be reasonably confident that the sample class was representative?
More generally, most animal research is not aimed at making crude predictions, but at uncovering causal mechanisms of particular human conditions (heart disease, the course of cancer, Parkinson's disease, etc.). However, as we noted earlier, a CAM is serviceable only if the mechanisms of the animal's disease or condition are, in fact, causally similar to those in humans. We can have reason to believe they are causally similar only to the extent that we have detailed knowledge of the condition in both humans and animals. However, once we have enough information to be confident that the non-human animals are causally similar (and thus, that inferences from one to the other are probable), we likely know most of what the CAM is supposed to reveal. So the value of a CAM, even in this idealized case, is less than we might expect.
One final attempt to defend the "it just works" argument goes as follows: surely we just know, from surveys of primary research literature and from histories of medicine, that the institution of animal research is a powerful source of biomedically significant information about humans (see Smith and Boyd pp. 25 9). Notice, though, that this response is offered not only as a defence of using animals as CAMs, but also of using them as HAMs. Hence even if the primary literature did reveal that animal experiments were an important source of information about humans, it would be difficult to extract the historical role that animal CAMs played from the role that animal HAMs played. That is, even if this claim were true, it would not provide any special reason for thinking that animal models were good CAMs, or, in other words, to think that condition (3) is satisfied.
Setting that worry aside, this means of determining the success of animal experimentation is not as straightforward as it might seem. For it is likely that both sources of information will report failures of research, but will seriously under-report manifest dissimilarities between animals and humans. If a researcher is trying to discover the nature of human hypertension, and conducts a series of experiments on an animal only to discover that the animal cannot develop hypertension, those findings will not likely be reported. And, even if negative findings are sometimes reported, they are less likely to be read and discussed by professionals especially if the negative result does not uncover significant data to account for that failure. For this reason, it is misleading to assess the fecundity of the institution of animal experimentation simply by tallying successes, or even ratios of successes to failures, in the extant research literature.
There are further difficulties in documenting the success of animal experimentation by reading standard "histories" of great events in biomedical research. When historians of medicine discuss the history of some biomedical advance, it is not unusual for failed experiments to be under-reported (even when they appear in the primary research literature). Historians report only events crucial to understanding the current state of the science. Failed experiments (usually vital to the actual development of science) are often under-reported (perhaps, even, because of their ubiquity) in these histories.
This is not to question either the factual accuracy of reports by or the integrity of medical historians. Anything but. Careful studies of the history of medicine can be quite instructive. The question here is not the accuracy of the reported facts, but how those facts are interpreted. That is, given the human tendency to rewrite even our personal histories in light of our present beliefs (Ross pp. 342 4) it would be surprising if medical historians did not write the history in a way that articulates their understanding of that science. Since the use of non-human animals as CAMs is integral to the current view of the biomedical sciences, we should not be surprised to find that these histories often emphasize the "successes" of non-human animal CAMs. This gives us one further reason to think that it is no simple matter to come up with the sort of evidence required to substantiate the it just works' argument. More is required than counting successes' reported in the literature.
On the other hand, there are good theoretical reasons to think animals can serve as HAMs. The theory of evolution leads us to expect that phylogenetically close species will have numerous functional similarities. HAMs work primarily because of similarities in functional properties. Thus, animal research may be more viable in the context of basic research, when we have relatively little knowledge of biological mechanisms, than in goal-oriented research which seeks to use animals as causal "test beds" for hypotheses about human biomedical phenomena.
This conclusion fits well with our reading of the history of biomedicine. Those cases standardly offered as demonstrating the benefits of animal experimentation (poliomyelitis, insulin, etc.) used animal tests as HAMs not CAMs. That is, they are cases where uses of animals in basic research prompted insights which ultimately lead to new understanding of or treatments for human disease.
Of course, if animal models can serve as HAMs to spur research, perhaps clinical investigations, cell cultures, computer simulations, or epidemiological studies might be effective HAMs as well. At the very least, these other methods need no longer be construed as poor cousins to animal research. They may all become a more important part of basic biomedical research. 2
East Tennessee State University
1. In earlier papers (1993a, 1993b), we distinguished CAMs from what we called "heuristic devices", adopting this term from Hempel (see the quotation in the next paragraph). However, since talk of "heuristic devices" has taken on a particular technical usage under the influence of Imre Lakatos, we have decided our earlier usage of this term could be misleading. Hence our introduction of "HAMs". Back to document.
2. We thank philosophers George Gale, James Rachels, Mark Parascandola and Dale Cooke, biologists Andrew J. Petto and Rebecca Pyles and medical historian John Parascandola for helpful comments on and criticisms of drafts of this paper.Back to document.
AMA White Paper 1988: The Use of Animals in Biomedical Research: the Challenge and Response (American Medical Association).
Bernard, C. 1949: An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (Paris: Henry Schuman).
Brinkley, J. 1993: "Animal Tests as Risk Clues: the Best Data May Fall Short", New York Times National, 23 March 1993, C1, C20 1.
Burggren, W.W. and Bemis, W.E. 1990: "Studying Physiological Evolution: Paradigms and Pitfalls", in M.H. Nitecki (ed.), Evolutionary Innovations (Univ. of Chicago Press).
Calabrese, E.J. 1983: Principles of Animal Extrapolation (New York: Wiley).
Caldwell, J. 1992: "Species Differences in Metabolism and their Toxicological Significance", Toxicology Letters 64 5, pp. 651 9.
1980: "Comparative Aspects of Detoxification in Mammals", in W. Jakoby (ed.), Enzymatic Basis of Detoxification, Vol. 1 (New York: Academic Press).
Dawkins, R. 1987: The Blind Watchmaker (New York: Norton).
Giere, R. 1991: Understanding Scientific Reasoning (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich).
Gold, L. et al. 1991: "Target Organs in Chronic Bioassays of 533 Chemical Carcinogens", Environmental Health Perspectives vol, pp. 233 46.
Goth, A. 1981: Medical Pharmacology: Principles and Concepts, 10th edn (St Louis: C.V. Mosby).
Hempel, C.G. 1965: Aspects of Scientific Explanation (New York: Macmillan).
Hull, D. 1974: Philosophy of Biological Science (Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall).
Klassen, C. and Easton, D.M. date: "Principles of Toxicology", in Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, 4th edn (New York: McGraw Hill), pp. 12 49.
LaFollette, H. and Shanks, N. 1994: "Chaos Theory: Analogical Reasoning in Biomedical Research", Idealistic Studies, forthcoming.
------ 1993a: "Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Some Epistemological Worries, Public Affairs Quarterly 7, pp. 113 30.
------ 1993b: "The Intact Systems Argument: Problems with the Standard Defense of Animal Experimentation", Southern Journal of Philosophy 31, pp. 323 33.
Lave, L.B. et al. 1988: "Information Value of the Rodent Bioassay", Nature 336, pp. 631 3.
Lubinski, D. and Thompson, T. 1993: "Species and Individual Differences in Communication Based on Private States", Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, pp. 627 80.
Manson, J. and Wise, L.D. 1993: "Teratogens", in Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, 4th edn (New York: McGraw Hill), pp. 226 81.
Mayr, E. 1988: Toward a New Philosophy of Biology (Harvard UP).
Mitruka, B.M. et al. 1976: Animals for Medical Research: Models for the Study of Human Disease (New York: Wiley).
Newton, I. 1687: Principia, Vol. 2, trans. Motte (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1962).
Ross, M. 1989: "Relation to Implicit Theories in the Construction of Personal Histories", Psychological Review 96, pp. 341 57.
Salmon, W. 1984: Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World (Princeton UP).
Schardein, J.L. 1985: Chemically Induced Birth Defects (New York: Marcel Dekker).
"Sigma Xi Statement on the Use of Animals in Research" 1992: American Scientist 80, pp. 73 6.
Silverstein, A. 1989: A History of Immunology (New York: Academic Press).
Smith, J. and Boyd, K. 1991: Lives in the Balance: the Ethics of Using Animals in Biomedical Research (Oxford UP).
Vainio, H. et al. 1992: Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Assessment (Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer).
Wilson, J.G. 1977: "Current Status of Teratology", in J.G. Wilson and F.C. Fraser (eds), Handbook of Teratology, Vol. 1 (New York: Plenum Press).
|
<urn:uuid:798c0434-1178-485a-aec5-c45207d19220>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.hughlafollette.com/papers/2MODELS.HTM
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690591.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925092813-20170925112813-00063.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936544 | 10,369 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Embracing the Warplane: Romanticism’s Role in the Rise of Air Power
Main Article Content
“It was my place, at that time in space, and the jet was mine for those moments. Though it was a place where I could quickly die, the cockpit was a place where I truly lived.”
—Brian Shul, “Sled Driver; Flying The World’s Fastest Jet,” 1992
In the early stages of aviation technology, the duration of World War I and the decade to follow, the United States Army Air Service played but a minor role in both America’s military strategy and budget; aircraft were severely overshadowed by the mighty battleship, the “backbone of the [naval] fleet and the bulwark of the nation’s sea defense” (CR 8625). But several factors shifted the country’s perspective of the warplane into a more appealing and popular light: Brigadier General Billy Mitchell’s compelling arguments; the aerial bombing tests of 1921; and the successful sinking of the German battleship SMS Ostfriesland.
Mitchell primarily anchored the success of his experiments to the warplane’s efficiency. “There are no conditions in which seacraft can operate efficiently in which aircraft cannot operate efficiently,” Mitchell claimed, firmly grounding his argument for a change in military spending in logic and reasoning; “Air forces . . . can find and destroy all classes of seacraft” (U.S. 1828-1829). And when asked if he could prove his position, he replied, “Give us the warships to attack and come out and watch it” (Davis 71).
The emphasis of efficiency within Mitchell’s campaign, however, is quite perplexing, for while the overwhelming factor in the military’s approval of aerial warfare was the warplane’s efficiency, there was a much more immediate concern surrounding early aviation. In the early 1920s, only a few days ever went by without the report of yet another warplane crash, another grotesque disaster in the skies. June 1921 alone yielded eight horrid tragedies, from “Lightning Bolt Felled Big Plane” to “Planes Crash in Air and Pilots Go to Death;” even movie star Jimmie Callahan’s fingers were cut off by a propeller in the process of filming a stunt (Film 10). Yet less than a month later, the military seemed ready to embrace the menacing warplane. Perhaps even more astounding was the public’s stance. Mitchell’s aerial tests sought the nation’s approval as well, and somehow his arguments compelled the press to endorse the warplane despite all the nightmarish articles they constantly published about the dangers and insecurities of aviation. Where did this appeal come from? What could possibly influence the nation to act so myopically, to embrace unflinchingly such a deadly machine?
By identifying the warplane as a “vehicle of romance,” H. Bruce Franklin argues that the warplane’s appeal stemmed from something very contrary to efficiency (55). Franklin observes the vast appeal of the plane in the “warplane models assembled by millions of boys and young men during World War II, the thousands of warplane magazines filled with glossy photographs that some find as stimulating as those in men’s magazines,” and even the movie Strategic Air Command, “in which Jimmy Stewart’s response to his first sight of a B-47 nuclear bomber is, ‘She’s the most beautiful thing I’ve ever seen in my life’” (Franklin 54). It is this evidence, as well, that suggests that the romance generated is only a product of warplanes and not ordinary planes. Ordinary planes are useful and efficient, but load an automatic gun and a two-ton bomb aboard and the vehicle takes on a whole new persona. However, planes had already been used as bombers as early as 1915, in the midst of WWI. Mitchell wasn’t even the first to romanticize the warplane; an article with the headline “Briton Drops Bombs at Zeebrugge Despite Heavy German Fire” reads,
Thursday night, an English warplane hovered over Zeebrugge, and, defying the concentrated fire, made a sudden dive to within 300 feet. . . . The airman coolly dropped his bombs at short range on the submarine. . . . There was a terrific explosion, and the submarine was sunk. The aviator got away safely (“Aviator” 1).
The title suggests struggle and conflict, but the report itself lends the aviator a cool and casual air. Within this short wire, we can already see the romanticizing of both the warplane and its suave maverick cowboy-like pilot. Through his examination of various military and media transcripts, Harry H. Ransom concludes that the test bombings of 1921 were “the most significant events of the period, even more important than the total experiences of the Air Service in the [first] World War,” like the one above (27). But how could simulations carry a stronger effect than a real wartime skirmish?
Because all the bombings of 1915 were overseas, we salvaged but a few stories and no pictures; Mitchell recognized that he could not romanticize the warplane nearly as effectively through imaginative words as he could through actual images. Mitchell’s plan was far more complex than a simple test of the aircraft’s capability; aside from the designing of the largest bombs ever made and new instruments to calculate the trajectory of his new weapons, Mitchell also hired George Goddard, a young and innovative photographer, to handle public relations. “I want newsreels of those sinking ships in every theater in the country, just as soon as we can get them there,” Mitchell ordered (Davis 79). Soon Goddard’s films began screening nationwide, and the country was beginning to picture the warplane as never before.
Mitchell invited several distinguished international delegates to witness the sinking of the Ostfriesland from a naval ship stationed nearby, the Henderson, but his greatest concern was the flock of reporters present for the event (Davis 101). Members from all the major papers, including representatives from England, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and Brazil, were on hand to observe and report the results. It is through the eyes of these observers and their firsthand reports that we can get a taste of the warplane’s true character.
Interestingly, the reporters invariably refer to the Ostfriesland, like all ships of its time, as female; they describe how the two-thousand-pound bombs “rupture her plates and bulkheads” (Hicks 36), “open her seams and make a sinking bulk of her” (“Sinking” 5). The personification of the battleship echoes a strong familiarity with her, a century-long history. In striking contrast, these journalists never attribute a gender to the plane; it was a mysterious stranger whose audience had not yet established a familiarity with it. This was not a mere test run but the dramatic introduction of a new character into the complex storyline that was naval warfare.
Mitchell actually found his two-thousand-pound bombs to be more useful when they did not directly hit his target but rather land nearby; the detonation, magnified by the pressure underwater, could rip the ship’s hull apart. But the “hammer effect,” as it came to be known, was not only an efficient and useful strategy; it also left a powerful impression upon the reporters present. The underwater detonation sent a fierce shockwave through the water, causing the Henderson and its crew to shake violently and rumble (Davis 107). The terrifying effects of the ton-heavy bombs suddenly transformed the warplane from a stranger—an unfamiliar piece of machinery—into something much more awesome. The roles had been reversed; now the skies were a location of control, and the ground seemed not so safe. The association and familiarity the battleship carried also helped to intensify the drama and romanticism of the moment. While the sinking of the Ostfriesland undoubtedly proved the efficiency of the warplane—the ship sunk rather quickly, in under eight minutes—what caught its audience’s eyes was the manner in which she went down: “[I]in the few moments of the final plunge [the Ostfriesland] assumed a perpendicular position. . . . Turning completely over, the vessel sank bottom up, the keel being the part of the ship last seen” (Hicks 36). Not much unlike another practice target, U.S. Air Force, 1921 the Frankfurt, which “was lifted bodily several feet by the blast and at once began to settle forward… [and] as she went down, her rudders and propeller rose clearly out of the water” (Hicks 36), there was an element of grace to the Ostfriesland’s—and any warship’s—destruction. It clutched from the forceful blow delivered by the plane and rolled over on its side. And just before it permanently went down, it stood itself upright in the air. One last breath, one final gasp of air, and then it slowly withered to its subterranean burial ground. The Ostfriesland didn’t just sink; it died dramatically. The bomb’s terrifying shockwaves, the battleship’s familiarity, and the Ostfriesland’s graceful burial all leant a certain drama to the spectacle and all contributed to its romanticism, but Franklin argues that they accomplished even more. By contrasting the aerial bombings to Herman Melville’s “Utilitarian View of the Monitor’s Flight,” the depiction of technology as “plain mechanic power,” Franklin suggests that these bombings not only glorified the warplane but also gave it life (Franklin 48, 54). The warplane, now infused with a soul, not only became easy to embrace, but even became easy to relate to on a personal level, as was perfectly demonstrated by Jimmy Stewart’s remarks. This personification, by no means an insignificant factor, tremendously swayed the public both to favor and trust the warplane and its aviary capabilities.
One is left to wonder, however, what kind of argument romanticism should provide for the approval of aerial combat. If the warplane truly were a danger to fly, wouldn’t our ability to relate to it like a person spur our caution and concerns and dissuade us from admiring its military capabilities? If we are truly weighing the existing dangers against our emotional investment, how can we come to pick and choose, to love the machine’s awesome and terrifying bombs and yet look away from all the imminent tragedy? Mitchell’s tests, however, did not only romantically recreate the warplane’s nature; they directly countered any previous images that may have been associated with it, like endless smoke and blazing fires from midair crashes, lightning bolts, and many other freakish disasters. On July 10, 1921, a mere eleven days prior to Mitchell’s tests, a bombing plane spun out of control and crashed full force into Langin Field, a crowded auto field with thousands of people, killing six and injuring fifty. The Washington Post and many other papers printed a very gruesome—and very real—photo of the ghastly wreck in the next day’s paper; thick black smoke poured from the melee, the scorching fires added to the hellishness of the scene. These images added a complication to Mitchell’s project. It would no longer suffice for Mitchell’s planes to functionally perform their task; somehow, Goddard’s films would have to not only avert the association between smoke, fire, and the warplane from people’s thoughts, but also negate that very association.
Perhaps what made Goddard’s movies so effective and romantic was neither the birth of the plane nor the graceful death of the battleship. For many logical reasons the relative difficulty of hitting a floating target compared to a stationary land base, and the comparatively common presence of heavy gale winds and fog at sea—General Mitchell conducted his experiments on the water, but the ocean setting had an advantageous effect as well. By relying on the hammer effect to rip open the hulls of victim ships, the bombings that very next week negated the effects of the nightmarish scene at Langin Field, recreating the identity of the plane as a much quieter destructive force. Smoke was replaced with steam, fire with water. The battleship didn’t smolder; it quietly sank. Most importantly, the test left no mess behind; the surface of the water returned to its peaceful and calm state. On water, the plane didn’t just defeat the warship; it erased it from existence. On water, the plane didn’t just cause massive destruction; it also wiped it from our memories.
This disparity between the effects of aerial bombing on land and on sea actually played a clear role in the Navy’s decision how they would employ the use of warplanes. Captain William S. Pye, the Navy’s assistant director of their War Plans Division, argued that “if the people of the United States had seriously considered this question of international morality, they would reject the idea of strategic bombing,” thereby decreasing the need of warplanes (Ransom 28). Pye, in conclusion, felt comfortable only in using aircraft on the sea, where the civilian casualties would be reduced. However, the question here wasn’t over the efficiency of TNT as a destructive agent; all Pye debated was the proper method of delivery, by air or by sea (Goodrich 10). Perhaps the comfort Pye felt, the comfort Pye predicted Americans would feel, was the clean quiet and efficient death the warplane could administer with its mammoth, menacing, and yet relatively silent bombs. Without thick black smoke or traces of rubble, with a more graceful and romantic image to feed the nation, Mitchell had the perfect footage to deliver to its audience; the “questions of morality” had been masterfully offset.
It was not until 1964 that Stanley Kubrick’s cinematic satire Dr. Strangelove forced the world to consider this crime, humanity’s crime of unjustly falling in love with warfare. The movie was released at the height of the Cold War and blatantly parodied the international anxieties of pending doom, the fear that our “nuclear deterrents” could accidentally—and ironically—result in the thorough annihilation of life on Earth. But “what Kubrick’s Cold War satire showed was not men at the mercy of machines, but machines at the mercy of men,” the flawless deterrents being misused by a few flawed individuals (Ebert).
The paranoid and mentally unstable General Jack Ripper initiates a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union. In his state of paranoia, he assumes the “Commies” will try to capture and torture him for the nuclear strike recall codes; valiantly, though foolishly, Ripper commits suicide. U.S. President Merkin Muffley contacts the Soviet Premier to discuss the urgency of the matter and devise a strategy to bring down the dispatched B-52s, but the ‘serious’ phone call (“Dimitri, one of our generals, well, he went and did a silly thing. . . . No, don’t say you’re more sorry, I’m capable of being as sorry as you”) reduces the social conflict of nuclear war to nothing more than a children’s quarrel. When the Russians complete the Doomsday Device, the ultimate nuclear deterrent incapable of being deactivated, the Premier neglects to inform the world, waiting for just the right moment to break the news; “You know how much the Premier likes surprises,” the Soviet ambassador reasons to the President. The message seems clear. Virtually every character in this film is portrayed as insane—though to different degrees—suggesting that the modern perspective of war is the product of a mental illness, one that began decades—if not centuries—ago and slowly, permanently, conditioned its way into the human mind.
Kubrick’s machines are more than just innocent bystanders. The Soviet Doomsday Device is treated like a real character of the movie; like the giant boards of flashing lights in the American War Room, it is capable of functioning entirely on its own. However, the Device is mistreated by mankind and forced to destroy the world. Similarly, when a soldier shoots a coke machine to take its coinage by force, the machine reacts by not only spitting out quarters but also a steady stream of cola right at its aggressor’s face. Kubrick’s audience is compelled to sympathize and rally around these mistreated machines, to love them despite all the trouble they ultimately cause.
Romanticism, again, is the central tool used to create affection towards these machines. From the soothing introductory music accompanied by footage of a bomber squadron to the movie’s closing montage of mushroom clouds as Vera Lynn sings “We’ll Meet Again,” Kubrick’s choice of beautiful music helps to emphasize the beauty of his wartime footage. In “one of the most famous moments in modern film” (Ebert), Major “King” Kong, a B-52 pilot in uniform but a wild western cowboy at heart, is feverishly attempting to force open the jammed hatch underneath his plane to release the hydrogen bomb. Accidentally, he is dropped out of the plane along with the bomb as soon as the hatch is opened. Caught in the excitement of the moment, he begins to hoot and holler, waving his oversized cowboy hat in every direction, like a rugged cowboy riding a bucking bronco. Again, the romanticism is perfectly captured in Major Kong’s display, and the nuclear weapons directly responsible for nuking the Soviets, triggering the Doomsday Device, and rendering all life on Earth extinct, are seen as the misused tools of an overly malicious bombardier. Furthermore, Maj. Kong’s character is masterfully employed to offset any similarity his ride may have to Japan’s kamikaze warfare; the Japanese are remembered as evil and Kong, heroic.
However, Kubrik’s characters are much deeper than the superficial insanity they display. If the movie were meant to criticize the social and political atmosphere of its time for falling in love with warfare, then we would expect the dangerously malicious Major Kong to at least make his audience flinch, yet even in this movie’s darkest moment, as Major Kong unknowingly destroys the world, the audience can’t help but laugh at his cowboy-like antics. The characters are not remembered as villains, mass murderers, or future embodiments of Adolf Hitler (the title character, Dr Strangelove, constantly represses his mechanical arm from performing the Nazi salute). Instead, they are remembered as loveable—though hapless and ignorant—heroes.
Perhaps the film argues that the only thing that could cause thorough annihilation is if the entire world were to go insane at exactly the same time, like the coincidence that Russian scientists build a Doomsday Device the very week an American general psychologically breaks down. In which case, we have little to fear. We can love Major Kong for his noble intentions, and we can laugh with the president and his loony generals as they fumblingly try to save the world, though they sometimes forget that the Communists aren’t the most immediate threat anymore (“Boy, I’ve got to get me one of those Doomsday Devices!”).
Dr. Strangelove is much deeper than a warning of the dangers of falling in love with war. Machines alone, Jackson Burgess concludes in his essay on Kubrick’s film, may be “beautiful, functional, and absolutely reliable, but mindless and heartless” (11). The American nuclear strike protocol and the Russian Doomsday Device function exactly as planned, and neither beauty nor efficiency necessarily translates into successful military strategy. The only thing that holds the reality of a nuclear holocaust at fair distance is “Man—sloppy, incompetent, unreliable, but full of hope and courage” (11). Machines, such as atomic bombs or warplanes, are dangerous when left to function on their own; but when partnered with a courageous and caring person, the weapon can assume a new and virtuous persona, much like John Wayne’s righteous pistols.
Perhaps what transforms the most deadly war machines into “vehicles of romance” is not only the subjective beauty of aesthetic destruction, like the perfectly rounded mushroom clouds of the atomic bomb, but also the recognition of something potentially upright and just. Perhaps what makes these personified warplanes “vehicles” is not just their ability to transport two-thousand-pound bombs to battleships or submarines, but rather to serve, as living soldiers do, as the efficient and practical manifestations of our most noble desires. So long as the warplane’s awesome power is not misused, but rather thoughtfully harnessed, it can truly embody and relate to Man’s most honorable aspirations on a very personal level, thus rendering the danger of disaster and midair malfunctions an ultimately cause worthy risk. Captain William Pye’s proposal was eventually rejected, and warplanes served a primary role on both sea and land in America’s triumph over Nazism, fascism, and the Axis regime in World War II.
“6 Killed, 50 Hurt As Plane Crashes in Field of Autos.” New York Times 11 Jul. 1921: 1. Proquest Historical Newspapers The New York Times. Butler Lib., Columbia U, New York, NY.
“Aviator Sinks Submarine: Briton Drops Bombs at Zeebrugge Despite Heavy German Fire.” New York Times 7 Feb. 1915: 1. Proquest Historical Newspapers The New York Times. Butler Lib., Columbia U, New York, NY.
Burgess, Jackson. “The “Anti-Militarism” of Stanley Kubrick.” Film Quarterly. Vol 18, No. 1 (Autumn 1964). 4-11.
Congressional Record, 67th Congress, 1st Session, LXI Report of the Joint Board of the Results of Aviation and Ordinance Tests Held During June and July, 1921. 20 Aug. 1921. 8625.
Davis, Burke. The Billy Mitchell Affair. Toronto: Random House, 1967.
Dr. Strangelove (or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb). Dir. Stanley Kubrick. Perf. Peter Sellers, George C. Scott, Slim Pickens. Columbia, 1964.
Ebert, Roger. “Dr. Strangelove (or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb).” Rev. of Dr. Strangelove (or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb). dir. Stanley Kubrick.
“Film Star Crippled.” New York Times 24 Jun. 1921: 10. Proquest Historical Newspapers The New York Times. Butler Lib., Columbia U, New York, NY.
Franklin, H. Bruce. “From Realism to Virtual Reality: Images of America’s Wars.” Georgia Review. Spring 1994. 47-64.
Goodrich, Marcus A. “Airship and Battleship.” New York Times 26 Jul. 1921: 10. Proquest Historical Newspapers The New York Times. Butler Lib., Columbia U, New York, NY.
Hicks, Frederick C. “Case of the Airplane Against the Battleship.” New York Times 28 Aug. 1921: 35. Proquest Historical Newspapers The New York Times. Butler Lib., Columbia U, New York, NY.
Ransom, Harry H. “The Battleship Meets the Airplane.” Military Affairs, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 1959). 21-27.
“Sinking the Ostfriesland.” New York Times 23 Jul. 1921: 5. Proquest Historical. Newspapers The New York Times. Butler Lib., Columbia U, New York, NY. .
U.S. Navy Dept. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, XLVII. Nov. 1921.
|
<urn:uuid:7944645d-1658-431f-936f-4d96da60b7c6>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/TMR/article/view/5540
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00212.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946421 | 5,119 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Apne doubts clear karein ab Whatsapp (600 300 8001) par bhi. Try it now.
Click Question to Get Free Answers
This browser does not support the video element.
Question From class 10 Chapter POLYNOMIALS
Latest Blog Post
Definition and Degree of polynomial
Types of polynomial : Constant ; Linear; Quadratic; Cubic and Bi-quadratic Polynomial
Value of a polynomial
Zeros or roots of polynomial
Steps to draw a graph of a polynomial
Graph of Linear polynomial
Graph of quadratic polynomial When polynomial is factorable into two distinct factors
Graph of quadratic polynomial (case 2- When polynomial is factorable into two equal factors)
Graph of quadratic polynomial When polynomial have no zeroes
Graph of quadratic equation when coefficient of highest degree is negative
Latest from Forum
|
<urn:uuid:3bea5a47-a7a7-4f9c-b5e1-055e0fcc777f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://amp.doubtnut.com/question-answer/zeros-or-roots-of-polynomial-1338843
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146033.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225045438-20200225075438-00084.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.810486 | 206 | 3.25 | 3 |
University of Utah scientists know how to turn a challenge into an opportunity. Repeatedly, researchers at the U have developed innovative research solutions to some of the Salt Lake Valley’s most serious environmental issues. Light rail trains sample the air as they dart around the valley. Camera traps keep their eyes on the wildlife in mountain canyons. Climate and hydrological observations track rain, snow, plant stress, groundwater and streamflow from the mountain crest to the valley floor.
All of these environmental factors—earth, air, water and life—are interconnected, though. A change in one has the potential to impact any or all of the others. So how do U researchers respond to this extraordinary complexity? By banding together. This fall, the U launches a new university-wide collaboration called the Wasatch Environmental Observatory.
“We’ve talked about campus as a living lab, and faculty have gotten grants to develop research infrastructure throughout the Wasatch Front,” says Brenda Bowen, director of the Global Change and Sustainability Center (GCSC). “We have all this infrastructure and we thought: ‘How can we pull this together in a new way to not just study campus as a living lab, but our home, the whole Wasatch Front?’”
This observatory isn’t a single facility like, say, an astronomical observatory. It’s a network of sensors and instruments, stretched all across the Wasatch Front, that collectively monitor multiple environmental metrics. “We’re pulling together all of the systems that were initially funded by individual researchers or large multi-researcher grants to make it into something more than the sum of its parts,” Bowen says.
Part of the observatory is relatively stationary, providing consistent, long-term data. But part is portable and deployable, Bowen says. “As events occur, we can deploy infrastructure into a certain area by pulling together hydrologic, atmospheric and ecological research facilities into a distributed observatory or field station.”
Paul Brooks, professor of geology and geophysics, says that the observatory is a framework for future projects and infrastructure to be added in. State, federal and local agencies, he says, have already expressed interest in tying their instrumentation into the WEO network. The measurements and results from WEO can then be used by those stakeholder agencies. “That’s one of the exciting areas of WEO,” Brooks says. “It takes the new knowledge generated by students and faculty and ports it through as quickly as possible to people on the ground who use that knowledge to make better decisions.”
For Bowen and the GCSC, which brings together faculty from across campus to study environmental issues, WEO is a fulfillment of the center’s mission. “It’s realizing what GCSC strives to be,” Bowen says. “WEO will help integrate everything we’re doing to advance sustainability in our own backyard.”
WEO will be led by a committee of six faculty members (including Bowen and Brooks) hailing from the departments of Geology & Geophysics, Atmospheric Sciences, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and the School of Biological Sciences. Beyond that, nearly 40 researchers from 13 different departments and eight colleges already have research or outreach projects associated with WEO.
According to a project summary from GCSC, current facilities to be linked together through WEO include:
- Distributed hydroclimate, meteorological, biological and hydrological observations in seven catchments spanning the Wasatch Crest through the Great Salt Lake including six closely spaced stations spanning an elevation gradient from the top of Red Butte Creek down through campus and on to the Jordan River
- Experimental stormwater, landscape, transportation, and architectural design infrastructure on campus
- Long-term ecological, geological, and snow study sites
- Seven atmospheric trace gas and climate stations from Hidden Peak (Snowbird) to the Salt Lake Valley floor
- Light rail-based atmospheric observations distributed across land use and elevational gradients in the Salt Lake Valley (TRAX)
- Deployable and relocatable high-precision atmospheric and hydrologic observation equipment
- Co-located, long-term, and spatially extensive databases from multiple disciplines
All of that equipment requires service, repair and maintenance. So WEO provides for two full-time research technical specialists, Dave Eiriksson and Ryan Bares, to keep the sensors running.
Brooks says the interconnectedness of the WEO sensor systems allows researchers to study the impacts on one environmental system, say, urban development, on others, such as the quality of water in urban streams.
“The idea is that each individual solution we have exists in a broader context,” Brooks says. “We want to be as comprehensive as possible so that the solution to one issue doesn’t then create a new problem down the line that perhaps we didn’t think of.”
Brooks adds that the U is uniquely positioned, with researchers and facilities, to study environmental issues common throughout the West.
“WEO brings those researchers and resources together,” he says, “so instead of addressing these issues piecemeal we have the ability to address them in concert.”
Want to join in?
If you’re considering or conducting environmental research along the Wasatch Front, come to a think tank mixer presented by GCSC on Sept. 26, from 5-7 p.m. at the College of Law, sixth floor, Flynn Faculty Workshop.
Learn more and register here.
|
<urn:uuid:46c99f0e-bc98-419b-9887-38086df8dbf0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://attheu.utah.edu/facultystaff/the-wasatch-front-a-living-lab/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00073.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93586 | 1,186 | 3.109375 | 3 |
What is an example of facilitated diffusion
What is an example of a substance that uses these types of
What are some real life examples of diffusion? Socratic. Facilitated diffusion, alters membrane potential allowing for facilitated passive transport of particular ions such as potassium For example, the membrane, Facilitated diffusion is one of the means by which substances are passively transported across biological membranes..
What is Facilitated Diffusion? Also What Khan Academy
Facilitated Diffusion by Sarah Standefer on Prezi. Facilitated diffusion across membranes. daily examples of facilitated diffusion, writing iep objectives facilitated communication, define facilitated diffusion example., An example of simple diffusion would be the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveoli of the lungs. An example of faciliated diffusion is the use of.
Facilitated diffusion (video) Khan Academy. Summary of Membrane Transport Examples include oxygen, Facilitated diffusion is based on transporters that must specifically bind the substance to be transported., Any large or polar molecule usually requires facilitated diffusion and cannot cross the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion. Since the outer and inner parts of the.
Simple Diffusion Process Examples and Difference with
Facilitated diffusion Psychology Wiki FANDOM powered. facilitated diffusion study guide by monkey2001 includes 25 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve, Facilitated Diffusion Definition Facilitated diffusion is a form of facilitated transport involving the passive movement of molecules along their concentration.
Passive Transport System: Facilitated Diffusion . Description: Mechanism and function of facilitated diffusion Keywords: Facilitated diffusion, concentration Facilitated diffusion. and facilitated passive diffusion (top, A well-studied example of a facilitated diffusion carrier is the glucose transporter,
facilitated diffusion David Darling
/Facilitated diffusion across membranes example of. Example for facilitated diffusion is the transport of glucose, chloride ions, and sodium ions. The lipid layer of the cell membrane is impermeable for them, Diffusion is the spreading of something more widely. Some examples of diffusion are shown to help to illustrate the concept. Add your example here..
These 7 examples of osmosis in everyday life will help you While this isn’t osmosis, it is diffusion, This is by far the most popular example of osmosis, Examples of facilitated diffusion are the passing of K+ ions through a membrane with an aid of a potassium transport protein and the passing of glucose and amino
Membrane Transport Mechanisms Diffusion. See the web page describing an important example, Facilitated diffusion and other processes that depend on An example of simple diffusion would be the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveoli of the lungs. An example of faciliated diffusion is the use of
|
<urn:uuid:7da21eed-a93d-45ad-af5b-fd9501b93c7c>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://theinnovationroadmap.com/ontario/what-is-an-example-of-facilitated-diffusion.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875142323.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217115308-20200217145308-00101.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.870756 | 579 | 3.28125 | 3 |
In chemistry, oxidation describes the process of combining or becoming combined with oxygen. Oxidation can take place chemically or it can be catalysed by a microbial process (by bacteria). In wastewater treatment, oxidation means when bacteria oxidise organic loads in the wastewater in a fast single step process leading to the production of CO2 and heat. The process rate increases along with increasing temperature. Examples of application of oxidation are Trickling Filters, Rotating Biological Contactors, Aerobic Ponds, Aerated ponds, Activated sludge, etc.
|
<urn:uuid:6a00a624-610f-431b-bc57-f2449f97f16b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://sswm.info/content/oxidation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00402.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.888581 | 108 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Definitions of effective
a. - Having the power to produce an effect or effects; producing a decided or decisive effect; efficient; serviceable; operative; as, an effective force, remedy, speech; the effective men in a regiment. 2
n. - That which produces a given effect; a cause. 2
n. - One who is capable of active service. 2
n. - Specie or coin, as distinguished from paper currency; -- a term used in many parts of Europe. 2
n. - The serviceable soldiers in a country; an army or any military body, collectively; as, France's effective. 2
The word "effective" uses 9 letters: C E E E F F I T V.
No direct anagrams for effective found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after effective (in bold), or to ceeeffitv in any order:
s - effectives
All words formed from effective by changing one letter
Browse words starting with effective by next letter
|
<urn:uuid:1afdd281-dec4-4ebb-8873-24a30e2399c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.morewords.com/word/effective/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526311.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00405-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.90073 | 217 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In "The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies'', Benjamin Bunny and Peter Rabbit are adults, and Benjamin has married his cousin Flopsy. The couple are the parents of six children generally called The Flopsy Bunnies. Benjamin and Flopsy are "very improvident and cheerful" and have some difficulty feeding their many children. At times, they turn to Peter Rabbit (who has gone into business as a florist and keeps a nursery garden), but there are days when Peter cannot spare cabbages.It is then that the Flopsy Bunnies cross the field to Mr. McGregor's rubbish heap of rotten vegetables.
One day they find and feast on lettuces that have shot into flower, and, under their "soporific" influence, fall asleep in the rubbish heap, though Benjamin puts a sack over his head. Mr. McGregor discovers them by accident when tipping grass-clippings down and places them in a sack and ties it shut then sets the sack aside while attending to another matter. Benjamin and Flopsy are unable to help their children, but a "resourceful" wood mouse called Thomasina Tittlemouse, gnaws a hole in the sack and the bunnies escape. Their parents fill the sack with rotten vegetables, and the animals hide under a bush to observe Mr. McGregor's reaction.
Mr. McGregor does not notice the substitution, and carries the sack home, continually counting the six rabbits. His wife claims the skins for herself, intending to line her old cloak with them, but when she reaches into the sack and discovers the rotten vegetables, she accuses her husband of playing a trick on her. A vegetable marrow is thrown through the window, hitting the youngest of the eavesdropping bunnies who has been stting on the window-sill. Their parents decide it is time to go home. At Christmas, they send the heroic little wood mouse a quantity of rabbit-wool. She makes herself a cloak and a hood, and a muff and mittens.
|
<urn:uuid:c0bec8a1-01d0-46d4-a0d1-4d39321f4594>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://peter-rabbit-and-friends.wikia.com/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110573.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822085147-20170822105147-00065.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959443 | 411 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A squeaky-clean biography of the original Mouseketeer.
Scollon begins with the (to say the least) arguable claim that Disney grew up to “define and shape what would come to be known as the American Century.” Following this, he retraces Disney’s life and career, characterizing him as a visionary whose only real setbacks came from excess ambition or at the hands of unscrupulous film distributors. Disney’s brother Roy appears repeatedly to switch between roles as encourager and lead doubter, but except in chapters covering his childhood, the rest of his family only puts in occasional cameos. Unsurprisingly, there is no mention of Disney’s post–World War II redbaiting, and his most controversial film, Song of the South, gets only a single reference (and that with a positive slant). More puzzling is the absence of Mary Poppins from the tally of Disney triumphs. Still, readers will come away with a good general picture of the filmmaking and animation techniques that Disney pioneered, as well as a highlight history of his studio, television work and amusement parks. Discussion questions are appended: “What do you think were Walt Disney’s greatest accomplishments and why?” Brown’s illustrations not seen.
An iconic success story that has often been told before but rarely so one-dimensionally or with such firm adherence to the company line. (bibliography) (Biography. 8-10)
|
<urn:uuid:d766568b-b0d4-4f22-bde9-7a1c0e65d750>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bill-scollon/walt-disney-scollon/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320077.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623170148-20170623190148-00171.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969554 | 305 | 2.875 | 3 |
Everything You Need to Know
It’s hard to understate the complexity in generating and distributing energy. For power systems to work correctly, there has to be a near-perfect balance of electricity being injected and withdrawn from them at all times. But finding this balance can be hard, as demand and supply for electricity are constantly shifting. Thankfully, demand response services help to stabilise the grid, by ensuring supply and demand stay balanced. Whether you call it demand response or demand-side flexibility, knowing what these demand response services are and how they work is crucial for understanding the future of power systems around the world. That’s why we are going to take you through the key things you need to know about demand response.
Demand Response Definition
Before we jump into it, let’s ask the most obvious question: What is demand response? It can sometimes feel like a highly complicated topic. But the most simple demand response definition is this:
Demand response is a change in electricity consumption by consumers (such as commercial and industrial businesses) to help keep the supply and demand of electricity in balance.
For an electricity grid, the supply and demand have to be kept very closely in balance (ideally <0.2% imbalance in normal operations). The aim is to maintain a frequency of 50Hz. If this balance is not maintained, it can lead to issues like power outages and blackouts, as well as causing damage to devices connected to the grid.
In the past, fossil fuel power plants (coal and gas) have met energy demands by burning more fuel. When demand increases, they simply burn more to ensure a stable grid. But renewable energy sources are reliant on external factors (wind and sun). It can be challenging to rapidly change the amount of energy generated to meet demand. It’s not possible to produce more solar energy on an overcast day. For that, an alternative method of reacting to changes in demand and supply is necessary
That’s why there’s a growing interest in how that grid stability can be maintained through demand response. Through demand response, consumers are given a signal to decrease or increase their energy usage to restore balance to the grid when demand and supply shift.
Demand Response vs. Demand-side Flexibility
When researching the topic of demand response services, you might have come across a number of different terms: demand response, demand-side flexibility, or even demand-side response. You might be wondering what the difference between them all is.
It’s a good question, with an easy answer. All these terms have the same meaning. In general, they refer to demand-side services; responses on the demand side (i.e. electricity consumers), to help create a balanced electricity grid. Different terms may be used in different markets all over the world. The terms can change depending on the country, market or even business, but all describe the same demand response services.
How Does Demand Response Work?
Now that we know what demand response is, it may leave you wondering how demand response management works. Well, it starts with consumers. When they participate and agree to have the energy consumption of their assets changed from time to time, demand response becomes possible. It’s the flexibility of these consumers and their assets that allows grid frequency to be maintained. But first, that flexibility has to be discovered.
That’s where independent aggregators come in. Independent aggregators like Sympower are the experts behind managing demand response management. They are experts in first finding and then unlocking flexibility in complex processes. By linking these energy assets to their demand response management system, independent aggregators can temporarily change the energy consumption of these assets to meet grid demands.
Independent aggregators can also help ensure that all types of businesses can participate in demand response. Sometimes a small business will want to partake in demand response, but its assets will be too small to make an impact on grid stability. In these cases, independent aggregators group together similar assets across multiple businesses, so that they can collectively have an impact and the businesses can still benefit from providing demand response.
From here, independent aggregators can leverage this flexibility through different demand response services to help maintain a stable grid. This is why independent aggregators work closely with transmission system operators (TSOs) whose responsibility is to maintain a stable electricity grid. Now, consumers are not only benefitting from demand response management, their assets are now being used to create a reliable grid system for everyone.
Benefits of Demand Response
Thanks to demand response, the resource efficiency of electricity production increases dramatically. This leads to a number of benefits for everyone involved.
- Lower electricity costs
When consumers participate in demand response, the major benefits come from offsetting overall energy costs. Demand responses’ positive impact on grid reliability means that customers benefit from additional revenue from utility and system operators. With electricity prices constantly increasing, demand response helps to offset energy costs.
- A more reliable grid
Demand response lowers the likelihood of unplanned power outages. Offering the flexibility of your energy assets helps ensure that grid frequency can be maintained, avoiding these major problems. By participating in demand response, you also reduce the inconvenience for all who are connected to the grid.
- Lower wholesale market prices
Demand response reduces the reliance on costly power plants during periods where electricity demand is high. This benefits the wholesale market prices and eventually translates into further savings on electricity bills by customers.
- Accelerating the energy transition
The energy transition will see traditional fossil fuels phased out in favour of renewable energy. However, this poses a unique challenge given the intermittent nature of their production, and the lack of control over their generation. This is an issue to urgently overcome amid the rising demand for renewable energy. By making the grid more reliable and allowing fossil fuel plants to be safely phased out, demand response is crucial for a successful energy transition towards renewables. It’s going to play a vital role in helping countries reach their climate targets.
Demand Response in Action
Misawa Homes is a sawmill located in Finland. Here they produce high quality lumber to export to Japan. As one of Sympower’s customers, they’ve been able to unlock the flexibility of their processes in order to earn revenue and save on their energy costs.
During the milling process, Misawa Homes uses industrial fans to dry the lumber before it’s shipped overseas. But these fans don’t have to be active throughout the entire drying process. This makes them the perfect asset for demand response. Since 2017, Sympower has periodically shut down these fans during the wood drying process, to help stabilise the Finnish grid. Despite the fans being shut off, it’s had no effect on how long it takes for the wood to dry.
More recently, Misawa Homes has expanded the types of balancing markets they’re in. This means Sympower has also started adjusting the amount of power the fans use. Rather than completely turning them on and off, we manage the energy they consume too. Not only does this expand the opportunities Misawa Homes has in participating in demand response, it’s also helping them to save money. They get paid revenue for taking part in demand response with Sympower. But thanks to our flexibility management, they’re also creating around 10% in energy savings. This means they maintain their efficient business processes, all the while gaining the benefits of demand response.
Sympower is dedicated to creating a fully renewable energy system. We are the energy experts with years of experience in demand response and flexibility optimisation. Our goal is to turn the potential of your energy assets into extra revenue for you. We provide the technical expertise, all while you stay in control.
|
<urn:uuid:cc2b5af0-14ae-433d-bfb3-a2464bdeecea>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://sympower.net/what-is-demand-response/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649518.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604061300-20230604091300-00632.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942494 | 1,585 | 3.375 | 3 |
See and Learn Sentences 1 is designed to help children with Down syndrome learn to read, understand and to use longer sentences when talking. It teaches new vocabulary, sight words, new ways to combine words to express ideas, and some of the first rules of grammar. See and Learn Sentences 1 uses printed words and sentences to provide a concrete and visual representation of language concepts to support the development of spoken language skills.
See and Learn Sentences 1 is the seventh step in See and Learn Language and Reading, an evidence-based teaching programme designed to meet the specific needs of children with Down syndrome and children with similar learning disabilities.
See and Learn Sentences 1 builds on the skills taught in the earlier See and Learn Vocabulary and See and Learn Phrases steps to help children with Down syndrome to progress from using single words and simple phrases to using longer sentences, and to help them continue to learn new vocabulary and sight words.
For full details and guidance, please refer to the See and Learn web site
We are able to supply See and Learn kits free of VAT to families and charities in the United Kingdom for use with children with Down syndrome (or children with similar disabilities).
|
<urn:uuid:89f18177-458a-4490-9e6d-1266c61238fc>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://store.down-syndrome.org/en-in/products/see-and-learn-sentences-1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644907.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529173312-20230529203312-00624.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943248 | 241 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Most of the bikes in our store whether is MTB, ROAD BIKE, HYBRID BIKE, FOLDING BIKE, CITY BIKE are equipped with SHIMANO / SRAM bike gear components. Your bike may equipped with Shimano/Sram 18 speed (spd), 21spd, 24spd, 27spd, 30spd, etc. The greater the number the speed, the more gear combinations you can have. Use the bike gear effectively allows you ride the bike further and faster.
What is your bike shifter?
There are few types of gear shifter in market namely, THUMB shifter, GRIP shifter, TRIGGER shifter, Flight Deck shifter (road bike). You must know how to use the gear shifters in order to shift the chain to different gears.
(NOTE: Do not to shift gear when bicycle is not moving)
How to calculate those 21speed / 24 speed bike?
For example, your bike has 24 speed gears which has 3 gears [1 2 3 ] in Front Cogs (Chainwheel) and 8 gears [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] in REAR Cogs (cassette sprocket / freewheel).
FRONT gear can pair with REAR gears [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] FRONT gear can pair with REAR gears [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] FRONT gear can pair with REAR gears [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
Speed = Gear combinations.
What are the functions of FRONT and REAR gears?
Left hand side gear shifter control the FRONT gears [1 2 3] Right hand side gear shifter control the REAR gears [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * ] .
* Smaller number means LOW gear, larger number means HIGH Gear.
What gear combinations should I be in?
Low gear combinations: FRONT gear , REAR gears [1 2 3 4 ] Medium gear combinations: FRONT gear , REAR gears [4 5 6 7] High gear combinations: FRONT gear , REAR gears [4 5 6 7 8]
Why can not use FRONT gear pair with REAR gears [4 5 6 7 8]?
You can use that combinations, but it can weaken the drive chain as it is running curve line (see last image below).
* Above sample for 24 speed (3 x 8) MTB Bike.
What are the effect of using HIGH, MEDIUM, LOW gear combinations?
High gear – Heavy in pedaling (low cadence) but bike move fast (normally flat road).
Medium gear – Slight lighter than high gear, but bike move slower (normally leisure ride).
Low gear – Light in pedaling (high cadence) but bike move slow (normally slope or uphill).
Cadence = Pedaling Speed. * Pedaling speed is depending your legs strength
What gear combinations for beginner rider?
Medium gear. Put middle gear constant to and just shifter the rear gear [4 5 6]. You will feel the slight heavier when you shift the gear from 4 to 5 or 5 to 6.
TIPS: If you feel heavy in pedaling, just shift the right gear to smaller number. If you feel light in pedaling, just shift the gear to larger number.
Practice makes perfect![/quote]
|
<urn:uuid:d568fb57-8204-41d7-89d1-a9348b0b11ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://www.usjcycles.com/news/how-to-use-bike-gears-effectively/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423927.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722082709-20170722102709-00391.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.807036 | 717 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The forming temperature of the 4 x 8 aluminum sheet extrusion profile is 460 ~ 460 degrees, and the temperature after quenching is generally required to be 200 degrees. Through high temperature extrusion, the solution heat treatment (quenching) is followed by air cooling in artificial aging state (T5); through high temperature cooling extrusion process, water cooling in artificial aging state is then performed (T6).
Aluminum quenching suddenly drops from high temperature to low temperature quenching. For example, steel knife blades should be quenched in water, only hard and sharp. Aluminum quenching has both water-cooled quenching and air-cooled quenching. The 6063 aluminum building is air-cooled and quenched. The quenched aluminum is aged in an aging furnace for a certain period of time, and the internal crystals of the aluminum are rearranged, and the mechanical strength is significantly improved.
Air cooling, T5 is forced extrusion, T6 is water cooling, and the hardness increases after water quenching. However, the diamond-shaped aluminum plate needs to be bent, try not to reach the T6 state,
Some people think that the difference between the 1/8 aluminum sheet T5 and T6 is only part of the difference in cooling speed, not the air cooling water. The difference between the cooling rates of air cooling is large enough to achieve the effect of T6, on the contrary, the cooling rate of water cooling is not large enough, and it can only achieve the effect of T5.
In fact, the T6 state can be quenched online (water or air) or offline (quenched with a quenching furnace), but it depends on the customer's requirements and the product specifications of the aluminum foil manufacturer.
|
<urn:uuid:b3a3b445-8f2d-43a9-8877-4823faedb088>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://friend007.com/read-blog/29967_the-difference-between-aluminum-sheet-t5-and-t6.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00652.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941273 | 374 | 2.5625 | 3 |
When two verbs are used together in English, the second verb adopts a particular pattern and this can cause confusion.
Some verbs take the infinitive form, some take the "ing" form and some verbs can take both forms. The best way to become familiar with these patterns is to focus on groups of high-frequency verbs and practise using them as often as possible.
Watch the video to find out more then try the quiz to see what you have learned.
Are these sentences RIGHT or WRONG?
- I would like working tomorrow.
Wrong - I would like to work tomorrow.
- I enjoy studying.
- I can to afford travelling very often.
Wrong - I can afford to travel very often.
- I don't want playing football.
Wrong - I don't want to play football.
- Did he offer to take you to the airport?
|
<urn:uuid:68f6da2a-12d3-4181-85f8-eefba4a37fe4>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.ecsscotland.co.uk/learning-centre/verb-patterns-2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392141.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527044512-20200527074512-00362.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974744 | 184 | 3 | 3 |
Kevin Roeser, DVM and Jennifer Blair, DVM
Proventricular Dilatation Disease, also known as Wasting Disease or PDD, is an inflammatory neurological condition affecting companion parrots and a number of other bird species. As the cause for this disease was historically poorly understood, this disease has spread throughout much of the avian population since being first reported in the late 1970’s. Current reports estimate that 30-35% of all birds are infected. Recent research has revealed a connection between Avian Bornavirus and clinical disease, and emerging studies have proven a causative relationship in a group of cockatiels. However, more research is still needed to provide information regarding the complete disease process in affected birds. Additional challenges for pet owners and veterinarians alike include highly variable incubation periods (time between infection and development of symptoms), possible carrier states, and lack of reliable and cost-effective methods for identifying and screening for this disease.
This disease primarily affects the gastrointestinal and neurologic systems, and may include weight loss, regurgitation, appetite loss, passage of undigested food items in the feces, depression/lethargy, blindness, seizures, and poor coordination. Less commonly, heart disease and feather-picking or self-mutilation have been reported in relation to PDD.
Specific testing for PDD can be challenging. This is due in part to the fact that not all birds infected with Avian Bornavirus go on to develop clinical PDD. All birds should have a thorough physical examination, a complete blood count (CBC) and a chemistry panel performed to rule out other diseases that can cause similar signs. Radiographs with a contrast media called barium are often performed and may show dilation of the proventriculus (glandular stomach). However, there are several causes for these changes besides PDD. It should also be noted that some affected birds never exhibit manifestations of gastrointestinal disease.
Specific tests for infection with Avian Bornavirus have recently become available. Our current recommendations include submission of both blood and choanal/cloacal swabs for Avian Bornavirus PCR. This test identifies viral genetic material (RNA) in your bird’s blood, feces, or choanal secretions. However, research data has shown that both false negative and positive (rare) results are possible. An antibody test may also become more widely available in the future.
For birds suspected to have active symptoms, analysis of small tissue samples (biopsies) taken from the crop remains the “gold standard” diagnostic. Unfortunately, this diagnostic procedure may yield false negative results in up to 50% of cases. Crop biopsies also require general anesthesia and aftercare associated with minor surgery, and thus are currently not recommend for “screening” bird populations for disease. Lastly, evidence of PDD may also rarely be found upon evaluation of feather biopsies in birds with feather damaging behavior.
Unfortunately, there is no known specific therapy to treat the infectious (viral) cause of this disease process. Instead, our treatment strategies are aimed at addressing secondary inflammation, maintaining gastrointestinal function, and minimizing neurologic symptoms. Treatment varies by individual patient, but may include:
1) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs): COX-2 selective medications such as meloxicam (Metacam®) and celecoxib (Celebrex®) may promote clinical improvement in affected birds. NSAID medications have the potential for inciting gastrointestinal disease (stomach upset, ulcers) and potentially liver and kidney damage. Baseline bloodwork to evaluate organ function is recommended prior to starting such medications and should be performed at regular intervals during treatment. Long-term, our goal will be to use the lowest effective dose possible for each patient, but many patients require high doses to control their clinical signs.
2) Gastrointestinal motility medications: Medications that stimulate smooth muscle contraction throughout the gastrointestinal tract are used to address regurgitation and impaired motility caused by PDD. Examples of these medications include metoclopramide (Reglan®) and cisapride (Propulsid®).
3) Ginger: This supplement may help to improve GI motility as well as to reduce systemic inflammation. Some birds may not find this supplement to be palatable due to its strong taste. Please use this supplement only as directed by your veterinarian.
4) Antiviral medications: The role of human anti-viral medications in the treatment of PDD has yet to be determined. Recent research has shown no benefits of these medications in psittacine species, but there have been anecdotal reports of clinical improvement in treated birds. Specific antivirals currently being used in pet birds include amantidine and less commonly ribavirin.
5) Gabapentin (Neurontin®): Birds that exhibit seizure activity or evidence of nerve-related pain (i.e. feather damaging/mutilation) may benefit from this medication. Other methods of pain control may be required based upon patient response.
6) Supportive care: Symptomatic therapy must be tailored to the individual bird, but may include variations in perching materials, housing, and diet. Additionally, regular screening for secondary infections (i.e. bacterial or fungal crop or intestinal infections) is recommended.
It is important to note that PDD is not currently a disease that can be cured. Some birds may show symptomatic improvement, but relapses are to be expected. Anecdotal reports suggest that concurrent disease or other stressors (molting, reproductive behavior) may predispose previously affected birds to recurrence of clinical signs.
Our ultimate goal is disease prevention. Avian Bornavirus is a relatively unstable virus, and is susceptible to drying, heat, and presumably routine disinfectants. The virus is intermittently shed in feces, saliva, and nasal secretions. Transmission is usually via fecal-oral route, but may also be due to aerosolization of the virus. Ideally, birds that test positive for Avian Bornavirus should be isolated from other birds. These birds should also be removed from breeding programs, as vertical transmission of the virus from parent to egg is possible.
At this time, there is no solid consensus as to whether we should be testing all new birds for this disease. Because false negatives (and rarely positives) can occur, the value of testing every new bird is questionable. A positive result does not necessarily indicate that infection will develop or that the bird will shed the virus. Regardless, we strongly encourage bird owners to maintain a closed aviary and avoid situations where your birds are exposed to other birds of unknown health status.
Current research is directed at better understanding the pathogenesis of PDD, which in turn should provide better insights into more specific testing and treatment modalities. Our veterinarians will adjust these recommendations as needed as more information becomes available.
Content prepared by St. Francis Animal and Bird Hospital, 1227 Larpenteur Ave. West, Roseville MN. 55113
|
<urn:uuid:1de7e775-f761-4e72-a336-aff52d61cb94>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://stfrancisanimalandbird.com/index.php/pet-resources/library/9-avian-care/77-proventricular-dilatation-disease
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00621.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937322 | 1,447 | 3.421875 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. An obstruction or hindrance.
- n. A weight, such as a block, attached to the leg of an animal to hinder movement.
- n. A heavy, usually wooden-soled shoe.
- transitive v. To obstruct movement on or in; block up: Heavy traffic clogged the freeways.
- transitive v. To hamper the function or activity of; impede: "attorneys clogging our courts with actions designed to harass state and local governments” ( Roslyn L. Anderson and Patricia L. Irvin).
- intransitive v. To become obstructed or choked up: The pipes had clogged with rust.
- intransitive v. To thicken or stick together; clot.
- intransitive v. To do a clog dance.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A type of shoe with an inflexible, often wooden sole sometimes with an open heel.
- n. A blockage.
- n. A shoe of any type.
- v. To block or slow passage through (often with 'up').
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. That which hinders or impedes motion; hence, an encumbrance, restraint, or impediment, of any kind.
- n. A weight, as a log or block of wood, attached to a man or an animal to hinder motion.
- n. A shoe, or sandal, intended to protect the feet from wet, or to increase the apparent stature, and having, therefore, a very thick sole. Cf. Chopine.
- transitive v. To encumber or load, especially with something that impedes motion; to hamper.
- transitive v. To obstruct so as to hinder motion in or through; to choke up.
- transitive v. To burden; to trammel; to embarrass; to perplex.
- intransitive v. To become clogged; to become loaded or encumbered, as with extraneous matter.
- intransitive v. To coalesce or adhere; to unite in a mass.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A block or mass of anything constituting an encumbrance.
- n. Specifically— A block of wood or other material fastened to an animal, as by a rope or chain to its leg, to impede its movements.
- n. A block of wood fastened to or placed under the wheel of a vehicle to serve as a brake in descending a hill.
- n. Hence Any encumbrance; anything that hinders motion or action, physical or moral, or renders it difficult; a hindrance or impediment.
- n. Same as clog-almanac.
- n. A cone of the pine or other coniferous tree.
- n. A kind of shoe with a very thick sole and high heels, worn either alone or as an overshoe.
- n. Hence A similar shoe used in the modern clog-dance.
- n. A clog-dance.
- n. In coal-mining, a short piece of timber placed between a prop and the roof which it helps to support.
- To impede the movements of; encumber; hamper; hobble, as by a chain, a rope, a block of wood, or the like: as, to clog a bullock to prevent it from leaping fences; to clog a wheel.
- To restrain; confine.
- To choke up; obstruct so as to hinder passage through: as, to clog a tube; to clog a vein.
- Figuratively, to throw obstacles in the way of; encumber; hinder; burden; trammel; hamper: as, to clog commerce with restrictions.
- Synonyms To shackle, fetter, restrain, cumber, embarrass, restrict.
- To become loaded, encumbered, or choked up with extraneous matter.
- To coalesce; unite and adhere in a cluster or mass; stick together.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. any object that acts as a hindrance or obstruction
- v. impede with a clog or as if with a clog
- n. footwear usually with wooden soles
- v. coalesce or unite in a mass
- n. a dance performed while wearing shoes with wooden soles; has heavy stamping steps
- v. fill to excess so that function is impaired
- v. dance a clog dance
- v. impede the motion of, as with a chain or a burden
- v. become or cause to become obstructed
Middle English, block attached to an animal's leg.(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
Middle English clog ("weight attached to the leg of an animal to impede movement") (Wiktionary)
|
<urn:uuid:6cfd4c32-762e-479a-9251-659720d1c2c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.wordnik.com/words/clog
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163997135/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133317-00005-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.88433 | 1,077 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Arts and culture for health and well-being
Studies have shown that art and activities based on art have diverse positive impacts on physical health, mental well-being as well as perceived well-being, quality of life and happiness.
Studies have shown that art and activities based on art can:
- improve the results of medical treatment and alleviate physical and psychological symptoms
- reduce the need and use of anxiolytic medication, painkillers and sleeping pills
- help alleviate loneliness and social isolation
- prevent and reduce negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression and sadness; and
- help people cope with mental health issues.
In addition, each person has the right to take part in arts and culture, develop themselves and their community through arts and culture and express themselves freely. These cultural rights are stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN (1948), several human rights agreements that are binding to Finland and the Constitution of Finland.
Arts and culture for health and well-being: background in Finland
The impact of art and culture on well-being is increasingly recognised as part of promoting health, well-being and wholesome living. Research and development operations related to the impact of art and culture on well-being and the production of art and culture-based well-being services have substantially increased over the past few years. Launched in 2010, the national Art and Culture for Well-being action programme (2010–2014) sparked extensive development operations across administrative borders.
The aim of the programme was to promote health and well-being through culture and to strengthen social inclusion at the individual, communal and societal level. Earmarking an allowance for the establishment of a coordination centre for the well-being impacts of art was considered an important proposal for further action in the final report of the programme. Thus, Taikusydän was created. The administrative-level programme was unique on a global scale and aimed to promote the impacts of art and culture that support well-being.
Arts, health & well-being in Finland - find out more!
Taikusydän – Arts & Health Coordination Centre in Finland
Taikusydän is a multisectoral coordination centre and national network for activities and research among the field of arts, culture and wellbeing in Finland. The objective of Taikusydän is to make arts and culture a permanent part of wellbeing services in Finland. Find out more about Taikusydän.
The ArtsEqual research initiative, coordinated by the University of the Arts Helsinki, examines the arts as public service, with equality as the starting point, and explores how the arts can meet the social challenges of the 2020s. The intitiative is financed by the Academy of Finland’s Strategic Research Council. Find out more about ArtsEqual.
Recommendation for improving the availability and accessibility of arts and culture in social welfare and healthcare (2018)
In December 2018 as a part of the Finnish Government key project (more information below) the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and Ministry of Education and Culture published recommendation for improving the availability and accessibility of arts and culture in social welfare and healthcare.
In the recommendation, Minister of Family Affairs and Social Services Annika Saarikko and Minister for European Affairs, Culture and Sport Sampo Terho outline the intended measures that aim at improving the availability and accessibility of arts and culture in social welfare and healthcare and health promotion in accordance with the objectives of the Government Programme.
Find out more about the recommendation.
Government key project: Access to Arts and Culture (2016–2018)
One of the current Finnish governments’ (2015) key projects (2016–2018) in education and culture is to facilitate access to arts and culture in cooperation with the social welfare and healthcare sector in order to support the welfare impacts of the arts. This will be done by making cultural services and fields of art more widely available to social welfare and healthcare providers and by encouraging them to use art and culture more actively in patient care and customer work.
The long-term objective is to make art-based and culture-based well-being services a permanent part of social welfare and healthcare structures and the monitoring of well-being. The main purpose of the key project is to create permanent operating and especially funding models.
The key project will be carried out in cooperation with the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and Ministry of Education and Culture. The application and funding process of the development projects is the responsibility of the Arts Promotion Centre Finland, which operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The whole budget of the project is EUR 2 million.
Find out more about the key project.
The Well-being Power Plant (VOIMALA) and The Takuulla Projects as Renovators of Working Life and Education (2012->)
The Well-being Power Plant (VOIMALA) is a network of collaboration in Eastern Finland with the aim to develop well-being services which utilize cultural possibilities, and to generate related multi-professional know-how as well as new business possibilities. VOIMALA reinforces cooperation between R&D, education, work life and businesses. It collaborates with the municipalities of the region with the aim that the network will expand and take a permanent form in the region of Eastern Finland by the year 2020.
Find out more about VOIMALA.
Last update 3.5.2019.
|
<urn:uuid:f1bf13ed-9ff3-45a3-a506-5114a6f72d99>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://taikusydan.turkuamk.fi/english/arts-for-well-being/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00520.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938069 | 1,116 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The fable of f
A true story...
This model is probably one of the most profound machines I have ever constructed.
It is a reconstruction of Tesla's 1896 RF work and relies on the notion of coupled-circuits
to couple the electric energy input at the BNC terminal to a magnetic field at the
secondary. In more complicated versions of this, first-order magnetic fields can
be generated, something I have not ever seen in any other physical device,
only in the theory. What this means in real terms is that you can send a wireless-power
signal 10 meters easy without any appeciable losses.
In March 2004, I redesigned Tesla's wireless generator patent of 1897. I dubbed
it "Model F Wireless Power Generator" as a tribute to Tesla's
work and its designation 'F' as one in a long series of prototypes which
came before. But the Model F differed significantly from Tesla's. Firstly,
my device was not nearly the size of the original machine and secondly I altered
a part of the design to facilitate the use of an ancillary device, the i-Cybie robot
(Figure 4). One significant advantage of being 100 years in the future, I was able
to use modern materials to construct the device. I used cheap, off-the-shelf, easily
available parts such as plastic storage containers for the spiral coil mounts, wooden
dowels for the upward antenna, and scrap circuit cards to mount the components specific
to my design. To transmit the power on the board, I used hobby brass which was easy
and cheap to obtain from the local train shop. Thinking of the energy as a wavelike
flow, I employed brass tubing shielded with aluminum to contain the power away from
the receiving coil. In past research I learned that paramagnetic materials were
best to delay the synchronization of the electric and magnetic with the inductive
components of the wave along the linear time vector. I was thinking of the wave
in all three dimensions E, I, and H traveling simultaneously at right angles to
each other. In order to manipulate such a wave, I discovered from research with
the Model C2 (Figure 3) that if I could change the rate (or relational phase) at
which the vector H was transmitted with the other two x two components--frequency
and amplitude x (frequency and amplitude)--keeping these two locked in phase,
they could be compressed along the time vector allowing more power to be transmitted
in a smaller space while floating the magnetic potential A in a
quasi-linear state. There was an opposing force observed when implementing this
design. When compressing the two vectors, opposing force electrons would appear.
They assumed the opposite charge in the system, categorized as positrons. These
positrons cause in an internal oscillation pattern inside the wave agianst the electrons
as their motion keeps them from annihilating each other. This point is where I need
to do more research and where the heart of the analysis lies. Hypothetically speaking,
however, such a solution suggests there is a method to directly effect the physical
state of the wave's geometry like a raw material to fabricate different energy systems.
Tesla's design transmitted power from transmitter (Tx) to receiver (Rx) only.
Both systems used rather large spiral coils (around 40cm in diameter) and were too
large to be hauled around by the robot. I wrote a series of equations whereby I
could use a linear-wound coil mounted on the upward dowel shaft in the center of
the spiral in agreement with the operational band of the tuned system. This meant
there was a third component of the design; power would travel in the same manner,
from spiral A to spiral A', but the magnitude of the energy was shifted in
phase to the ancillary card onboard the Cybie (Figure 5). The operational frequency
was set to around 68MHz, the amplitude to 24VAC, which was more than enough power
to provide 18VDC (once converted by the card) necessary for the robot's operation.
Operational threshold as of April 2004 is 100VAC.
The upward linear coil was wound with careful note as to the direction of the wind
so I could wind a twin oppositely in agreement with Tesla's spiral design. The twin
was mounted onto a card cut to fit inside the Cybie's battery compartment. There
was enough room to fit components onto the board to do the necessary DC conversion
of the incoming signal. For all intrinsic purposes the Cybie was ready for test.
This unit is a handbuilt capacitor set to the operational frequency of the device.
It took about three weeks to construct the apparatus on my porch in Utah. It caused
much dismay in my neighbors when they discovered what I was building. I think they
were more confused as to my labors more than anything else. I never bothered explaining
the machine to many people, most were unsure of what a wireless power device was
much less of the implications. Regardless, the machine functioned as expected and
had performance much greater than the equations I had written to describe it. I
suspect there is more going on than meets the eye.
Sometime during April to May 2004, I sat down and recorded with the only camera
I could afford at the time, some of the experiments.
Figure 1: Experimental Broadcast Test
The device tested positive for modulation transmission (AM and FM).
|
<urn:uuid:171008cb-f6a9-47b9-9db5-a4ab62f9ca76>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://paradoxtechnologies.org/engineering/modelf_new/modelf.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425082.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725062346-20170725082346-00042.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95435 | 1,140 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In this lesson, we will learn
Related Topics: More Geometry Lessons
Hypotenuse Leg Theorem is used to prove whether a given set of right triangles are congruent.
The Hypotenuse Leg (HL) Theorem states that
If the hypotenuse and one leg of a right triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one leg of another right triangle, then the two right triangles are congruent.
In the following right triangles ΔABC and ΔPQR , if AB = PR, AC = QR then ΔABC ≡ ΔRPQ .
State whether the following pair of triangles are congruent. If so, state the triangle congruence and the postulate that is used.
From the diagram, we can see that
Hypotenuse - Leg Congruence TheoremExplains why HL is enough to prove two right triangles are congruent using the Pythagorean Theorem
The following video shows more examples of the Hypotenuse Leg (HL) Theorem and the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Theorem
HL Postulate (Lesson)
A lesson and proof of the HL (Hypotenuse-Leg) postulate using a two-column proof
HL Postulate (Practice)
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page.
|
<urn:uuid:bdde2513-723f-4fbd-9822-5f218320ece4>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/hypotenuse-leg.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835505.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00265-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.797788 | 294 | 4.34375 | 4 |
First off, we need to understand what oxidation is.
Oxidation is the process when oxygen combines with an element, i.e a cell, causing a chemical reaction that involves changing it. Typically, a free radical is a previously healthy cell which has had its electron taken by a bad cell, which means it’s become oxidized, and is now an unstable, harmful cell.
Nature provides us with the whole spectrum of nutrients to keep our body healthy via its own bio-intelligence, and antioxidants are one of these amazing nutrients. Constituents such as the vitamins C or E, are powerful antioxidants substances that prevent oxidation happening.
Antioxidants protect the body from damage caused by free radicals; they're one of the first lines of defence that the body employs to keep free radicals in check and prevent them from causing their chain reaction of damage to other cells. Antioxidant compounds can ‘donate’ electrons to unstable free radicals so they don't have to snatch electrons from unsuspecting nearby healthy cells. Importantly, antioxidants also stimulate apoptosis into action.
Plants also have their own immune system - they literally make their own, amazing, natural pesticide. Bugs and fungus want to eat the plant’s sugar, yet plants are clever enough to makes their own protection via its own sugar. Not daft, these plants. So, the plant creates a substance called resveratrol (resveratrol is a member of a group of plant compounds called polyphenols, which are powerful antioxidants), which kills the bug if it eats it - clever! Red grapes are especially high in resveratrol, and red wine is just one perk giving us plenty of this potent nutrient ;o)
Plant fructose also contains natural prebiotics which the gut microbiota use for food. If the microbiota is fed properly with prebiotics, this stimulates the immune system which surrounds the gut.
In nature, plants thrive because of a symbiotic relationship with their surrounding environment, including micro-organisms in the soil. If we feed the soil, the plants feed us right back. Plants contain green chlorophyll, which takes the sun’s energy combined with water and Co2 to make its own natural sugar. From this it makes proteins and all the phytochemicals which protect us from disease.
The beauty of this whole business is that in the middle of the chlorophyll molecule is magnesium, but there’s a bit of a vicious circle going on here. Our soil is well known for being deficient in minerals, especially magnesium, and if the plant doesn’t get enough magnesium from the soil to grow, it won’t make chlorophyll, so it won’t make enough of its own sugar energy fuel and its other chemicals.
The medicinal argument is beyond argument. Take the fructose and other natural sugars sitting in the plant matrix, in the middle of the natural plant’s cell membrane with the fibre and phytochemicals around it, and it gives health for free. But switch from natural sugar to refined, processed sugar, and the only thing you get for free is disease; obesity, diabetes, depression, heart disease and cancer, amongst other diseases that come with refined sugar.
Nature gives us natural medicine. Our grandmothers knew this and passed it down. We’re all made from the earth’s energy and substances (unless you’re an alien, of course). So, what’s going to work best in a broken body? Nature’s remedies. You’d think. But modern medicine has taken a little bit from plants, twisted it around a bit, patented it, told us it's the only medicine we're allowed to use, then charges us a fortune to use it. We live in hope that it fixes our bodies. Except it doesn't. What it does is patch us up and covers up the symptoms, which means we keep having to go back for more, which puts even more more money in BigPharma's pockets. Ker-ching.
Back to our car to the garage, where the mechanic says, “So turn up the radio. Can you hear it now?” Hmmm.
“When we feed the soil with artificials, it creates artificial plants, which make artificial animals, which make artificial people, and they’re all kept alive by artificial medicine”.
Sir Albert Howard, the Godfather of Modern Scientific Aerobic Composting, “An Agricultural Testament”, 1943
It's said that genetics may load the gun but there's no doubt that the environment pulls the trigger. Now we get to environmental pollutants that we’re not even aware we're taking because we have no control over them. We’re living in a toxic world; chlorine and fluoride in our water; , pasteurisation and homogenisation of our foods; crop spraying, chemtrails, irradiation, electro-smog (think cell phones and their towers which emit radiation); our water and air are contaminated and our soil is sick - you only have to look at the trees to see they’re gradually dying. Sadly the list goes on.
Our exposure to chemical pharmaceuticals and environmental toxins simply throws more fuel on the fire; for example, pesticides and fungicides have a hormonal effect which can damage cell DNA and make mutant cells grow. Our bodies are simply not designed to be ingesting, or be exposed to, molecules that aren’t from nature. Put simply, toxins kill healthy cells, which damages the immune system.
We can take the control back through proper nutrition and by keeping the body’s healing mechanism strong, and the only way to do this on a permanent basis is to keep the body clean by way of Detoxification.
|
<urn:uuid:0c40e310-3cc2-4c08-b626-e11697b2cf22>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://equinatural.co.uk/i/nature-s-farmacy-antioxidants-and-the-environment
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370520039.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404042338-20200404072338-00160.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943748 | 1,191 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Good photography involves much more than just good lighting and clear focus. Creating beautiful photos with a camera is a form of art. It is an art-form that has so many techniques. It takes a special kind of person with a good eye that can see the beauty in things around them. Read on to learn some tips that will help you improve your photography.
Get quick with your shutter finger. If you take a long time, there is a good chance that the subject will move, take off or there could be a change in the background that will ruin the photo. Photography is about capturing a moment, so be fast, and don’t let the moment slip away.
Try not to capture a gray sky in your pictures. A gray sky is going to make your pictures look washed-out. If you still want to take pictures of an overcast sky, try a black and white feature. If the sky outside is a beautiful blue, include it in your photos but watch the light.
You should create depth and perspective when photographing landscapes. Place an object or person in your image’s foreground to provide an understanding of the scale of your photo. Giving sharp focus to your photos can be as simple as changing your settings. Apertures less than f/8 for digital cameras, and f/16 for full framed SLR cameras, will give you the image you really want.
Don’t neglect the foreground of a photo in favor of the background when taking a landscape shot as this is what will be noticed first. Make sure your foreground has a nice appearance and will show depth.
Move in close to your subject. Nothing’s worse than seeing a photo of something that’s too distant to identify any details or colors. So, to avoid a subject with a lack of details, make sure everything is clearly visible.
You need to find a healthy mix of shutter speed, ISO and aperture. These three features are what determine your photo’s exposure. Unless you are trying to achieve a certain off-kilter look, an over- or underexposed picture is considered undesirable. Experiment with these features to find out how they interact with each other and what kind of combination you like to use.
Try your best in making your models relaxed, especially if you don’t know them. A photographer has a powerful presence, and some subjects feel intimidated. So be nice, initiate a conversation, then ask them if you could take their picture. Turn people onto the idea that photography is a form of art, rather than a form of predation.
There are many different techniques and nostalgic concepts that come along with film photography, if you would like to give this challenge a try, buy a film camera to start your analog journey. A film that has an ISO number of 200, with your black-and-white capture, will give you a dramatic effect. When getting your film developed, look into having your photographs printed on fiber-based, or other types of photo paper that are available.
Now you may realize that there is more than just angles and lighting to photos. The quality of the photos you shoot will only increase by doing this.
|
<urn:uuid:83939941-92d3-4168-94cf-fbe0399c1432>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://awesomeclicks.com/how-to-capture-the-mood-in-your-photography/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822966.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018123747-20171018143747-00809.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950526 | 650 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Smartphone Can Diagnose Ear Ache through Otoscope Attached
If you or any of your family or friend happen to have an ear ache, then visiting a doctor immediately might not be necessary in the case if you have your iPhone. How is this possible? It is really something out of a science-fiction book, but only really real. The mobile microscope company, CellScope, has come out with a smartphone attachment that allows parents or anyone at home to perform those examinations that any medical doctor would.
To diagnose, all that is required is to be put an otoscope to your smartphone’s camera and turn your device to capture images. Then send it for consultation to a doctor and there comes the prescription of medicine for getting rid of the pain. According to CellScope, there device has been approved by the medical experts.
The device was first invented in a microscopy lab at the University of California Berkeley to help people from the third world countries. Further, it is claimed by CellScope that otoscope can save around 30 million pediatric doctor appointments annually. Hence, in the end saving the money.
However, having a smartphone suggests that a person can afford certain medical visits, why not get a thorough check-up from the professionals too. Besides, how would doctors earn if their patients self-examine at home first only to consult with them later. Medical diagnosis is a special branch of study and requires precision most of anything. But nevertheless, the idea is brilliant and can certainly be improved upon.
|
<urn:uuid:972c3efb-86ac-4332-9bfc-954717f445f5>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://pkcrunch.com/2012/06/13/smartphone-can-diagnose-ear-ache-through-otoscope-attached/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163990831/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133310-00068-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962604 | 307 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Write Genre
Classroom Activities and Mini-Lessons that Promote Writing with Clarity, Style and Flashes of Brilliance
How do we make writing meaningful to students? This remarkable book brings together a leading educator and a popular young-adult novelist in a refreshing approach to helping students in Years 3–9 become more powerful writers.
In The Write Genre, teachers will find hands-on activities that focus on all stages of the writing process, with teacher-directed assignments and opportunities for student-selected writing lessons that emphasise writing to learn.
Organised around six writing genres, this practical book offers more than fifty mini-lessons to develop specific skills that can help students write effective fiction and nonfiction:
- Personal memoir – from developing personal timelines to power paragraphing and cutting the clutter
- Fictional narrative – from exploring character, plot and dialogue to clarifying point of view and resolving conflict
- Informational report – from concise note-taking to finding ways to add voice and style
- Opinion piece – from recognising loaded words and other persuasive writing techniques to expressing opinions on everyday issues
- Procedural writing – from incorporating visuals and interviewing experts to writing imperative sentences
- Poetry – from teaching the “tools” and forms of poetry to creating a poetry anthology
This comprehensive handbook includes chapters that review the writing process and writing workshop, and feature rubrics for instruction and assessment. For easy classroom implementation, the key elements if many mini-lessons are also presented in reproducible pages: frameworks, organisers, prompts, checklists and grids.
The Write Genre shows teachers how to help students build the skills they need to become more confident, successful writers.
|Publish date||2018-02-09 00:00:00|
|Partner Name||Pembroke Publishers|
|Key Learning Area||Cross-Curricular, English|
|
<urn:uuid:2d0f6434-7a91-4263-9954-8a5afd157786>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.hbe.com.au/pbp6760.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00276.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891985 | 391 | 3.40625 | 3 |
In April 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) held a summit to address a developing pest problem—bed bugs in homes and other buildings. This first ever National Bed Bug Summit was held under the auspices of EPA’s Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee.
Bed bug infestations have grown at a steady clip over the last handful of years. Frequent international travel and hotel stays have helped bed bugs to make a comeback after near extinction in the U.S. The bugs find their way into suitcases and end up being carried home here to the States.
In a follow up on this topic, TFM spoke with an expert from Orkin, Inc. who attended the EPA Summit in April. Ron Harrison, Entomologist, Ph.D., is director of technical services for Orkin, Inc.
TFM: Before this most recent resurgence, in what types of settings were bed bugs most often a problem?
Harrison: About seven years ago, bed bugs were little more than a bedtime nursery rhyme in the U.S. In international locations, however, bed bugs were an established presence, especially in hostels with high volumes of travelers coming and going daily. The resilient nature of bed bugs combined with the potential high costs associated with eradicating the pests made low-end housing a key target as well.
TFM: When did this most recent resurgence of bed bug infestations begin? What have you found to be the cause(s) of this resurgence?
Harrison: The bed bug resurgence began around 2002 or 2003. We attribute it to an increase in international travel, which in turn increased the potential for bed bug migration. In addition, stronger chemical treatments previously employed to keep the problem under control are no longer permitted. For instance, DDT—a highly effective, yet highly toxic chemical—was formerly used to help manage bed bugs. Because it and other chemicals like it were banned due to health and environmental concerns, and the industry has moved from blanket treatments to targeted applications, keeping bed bugs at bay is an increasing challenge.
TFM: How is this current resurgence different from in the past in terms of the types of facilities and places within those facilities being affected?
Harrison: The current resurgence is actually very similar to past bed bug appearances. However, since the pest had been gone for such a long time, people were not prepared for its reemergence and had little awareness how difficult it is to eradicate bed bugs. This unfamiliarity allowed bed bugs to spread quickly, and through more than just hotels. Now bed bugs can be found in virtually any commercial facility.
TFM: What threats to personal comfort and safety do bed bugs pose to facility occupants today? What threats do they pose to property?
Harrison: Bed bugs are not known to transmit disease, nor can they damage property. Overall, they present little to no health risks to humans. If bitten, some victims will experience minor to moderate skin irritation in the form of small, red bumps. For the most part, bed bugs are nothing more than a headache for facility managers.
TFM: How can a facility manager identify a bed bug infestation?
Harrison: About the size of an apple seed, bed bugs are flat and oval shaped. After feeding, typically on human blood, the pest will turn a reddish color from its normal brown. Since most bed bug activity takes place at night, though, facility managers might have more luck identifying the small, rust colored stains bed bugs leave behind.
Knowing the signs of bed bugs is extremely important for facility mangers since an undetected infestation can create a larger problem. In just six months, 40 adult bed bugs can generate a population of nearly 6,000.
TFM: A March 2009 article in Infection Control Today stated that “bed bugs are extremely difficult to eradicate. No evidence-based interventions to eradicate bed bugs or prevent bites were identified. Pesticide control of bed bugs is complicated by insecticide resistance, lack of effective products, and health concerns about spraying mattresses with pesticides.” With this statement in mind, what do you recommend facility managers do if they do have a problem with bed bugs?
Harrison: The facts are the facts. Bed bugs, unfortunately, are extremely difficult to eradicate. But that doesn’t mean facility managers should give up hope if they find an infestation in their facility.
We recommend that companies conduct regular inspections for bed bugs, checking areas that offer harborage close to hosts including beds, soft furniture, behind pictures, and even around wall outlets. But, since bed bugs can be difficult to prevent in any facility, the best thing a facility manager can do if they find evidence of the pest is to immediately call a pest management provider. Addressing the issue as soon as possible can keep the pest from spreading or reproducing.
TFM: As it relates to the concerns of facility managers in hospitality and other public facilities being affected by bed bugs, can you provide insight into the discussion that occurred at the EPA National Bed Bug Summit in April 2009? What have been the developments in this realm since?
Harrison: The EPA and National Pest Management Association hosted the National Bed Bug Summit to discuss the state of the bed bug problem across the country and share ideas for how to address them. Professionals from several industries debated the issue and came to a few conclusions.
There are many unanswered questions about bed bugs since they have not been aggressively studied since the middle of the last century. This lack of information has led to widespread speculation, and it is the duty of the industry to set them straight.
For now, evidence regarding the health risks of bed bugs is inconclusive. At this time, there is no proof that bed bugs actively transmit pathogens to humans. Even though they don’t transmit disease, bed bugs can still be a health risk. In extreme cases, bites can lead to serious medical reactions. Bed bugs have also been linked to respiratory issues and sleep deprivation. For these reasons, bed bugs could be viewed as more of a public health concern.
Bed bugs will continue to be a challenge and one that the industry is working together to resolve. I suggest facility managers stay informed and work closely with building occupants to monitor facilities. Partnership is a key element to keeping bed bug issues from becoming a nightmare.
Questions for Dr. Harrison on this topic can be submitted via the comments section below.
Other posts by
|
<urn:uuid:a99c2baa-0508-46c4-8b7a-c5932e4e621e>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://todaysfacilitymanager.com/web-exclusive-bed-bugs-in-facilities/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894473.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00087-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958172 | 1,320 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Read before you do
Presentation should be a teaching aid only and not the stuff to puzzle the students
Avoid useless animations, make it simple
Keep light backgrounds as rich colours strain human eyes
Use pictures only if they are relevant
If the contents in a slide deserves attention, avoid pictures
Keep in mind the length of the period and level of the students
Crux of the story or lesson should not be the first slide
A small cottage interior. There is an
entrance back right (which
may be curtained). Another door to
the left must be a practical door. The
furniture is simple, consisting of a
small table towards the left, a chair
two, and a divan rather upstage on
the right. On the table is a
The intruder enters Gerrard’s house
The intruder was a criminal. He had
also killed a policeman. He was now
Chased by police. he thought that he
resembled Garrard in body. He
kill Gerrard and then live him self as
Gerrard. So he broke into the cottage
of Gerrard one day.
Gerrard ready to go out
Gerrard then preparing to leave his
house. He was going to attend a
Of his drama. He had prepared his
bag in which there were props for
Intruder threatens to shoot Gerrard
The intruder threatened Gerrard with his
revolver. He asked him to answer his
questions. Then he told him that he
intended to kill him and then live in his
house as Gerrard. He resembled Gerrard
in body. Not many people came to see
Him. He thought he could live as Gerrard
the rest of his life. He learnt to imitate
Gerrard cautions the intruder
The intruder was about to shoot Gerrard.
Then Gerrard warned him to be
careful and not to kill him. He told the
intruder that he was also a criminal
And a murderer. In case, he killed gerrard
he was sure to be hanged.
They would hang him if not as himself
then as Gerrard.
How the intruder reacts
Hearing this, the intruder began to think.
This was an opportunity for Gerrard.
He asked him to hurry and ran with him in
his car to a safer place.
The police were likely to come there soon.
He opened a door which was, in fact,
The door of a cup board. The intruder
looked in to see what it was.
How the intruder is trapped
Just then, Gerrard gave him a push.
The revolver fell as the intruder
Into the cupboard. Gerrard shut the
door and picked up the revolver.
Then he telephoned to call in the
police to arrest the intruder.
|
<urn:uuid:e477fd58-fdc2-40a1-8ce1-f78586842a99>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www.slideshare.net/NVSBPL/9-i-were-you
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822930.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018104813-20171018124813-00748.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96037 | 587 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Cervical stenosis is a condition in which the neck’s protective spinal canal narrows because of degeneration over time or because of injury or trauma. While everyone’s spinal canal narrows to some extent with age, cervical stenosis results when the canal narrows so much that it compresses the spinal cord.
The condition progressively worsens over time and can cause serious symptoms throughout the body since it affects the spinal cord, which is the body's nerve center. Cervical stenosis frequently presents with myelopathy, a condition that causes neurological issues, such as loss of coordination.
Signs and Symptoms
Any condition or injury of the spine that narrows the spinal canal enough to compress the spinal cord can cause cervical stenosis. This includes bone spurs, herniated discs, or swollen ligaments in the neck area.
Symptoms of cervical stenosis, especially with myelopathy, worsen over time. Early symptoms may include:
- Changes in arm coordination
- Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
- Problems with balance
Often, these early symptoms are ignored because they’re subtle, but if they continue for a long period of time, it's best to see a doctor. Left untreated, the spinal cord can become more compressed, resulting in more serious issues, such as paralysis.
Seek medical care as soon as possible if the following symptoms become more noticeable:
- Weakness or numbness in the hands that makes it difficult to grip
- Difficulty with everyday activities, such as typing, writing, or buttoning a shirt
- Balance problems and difficulty walking
- Neck pain or stiffness with reduced range of motion and possible grinding noise
- Shooting pains like electric shock in the neck, arms, and/or legs
Diagnosis and Treatment
The spine specialists at the Kelsey-Seybold Spine Center can diagnose cervical stenosis using imaging technology, such as an MRI. Caught early, they’ll treat the condition with nonsurgical treatments like pain medication, modified activity, and physical therapy.
Unfortunately, once symptoms progress to myelopathy and become moderate to severe, surgery is necessary to decompress the spinal cord and avoid serious nerve damage. Our Spine Center specialists can successfully relieve the compression of the spinal cord through one of two surgical methods:
- Anterior cervical decompression and fusion, which removes any herniated discs, bone spurs, or swollen ligaments compressing the spinal cord from the front, and fuses portions of the cervical spine for stability
- Posterior cervical decompression, which removes or reconstructs the bony arch at the back of the vertebrae from the back, to release pressure on the spinal cord
If you're experiencing the early symptoms of cervical stenosis, it's crucial to see a spine specialist as soon as possible to find out if nonsurgical treatment can avoid further damage. At the Kelsey-Seybold Spine Center in Houston, our team of experts can diagnose your level of stenosis, provide nonsurgical treatment options, and deliver top-quality surgical care, if needed. Contact us today for an appointment.
|
<urn:uuid:cf83f1ee-64a1-4fd5-83fa-eb97366b63f3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.kelsey-seybold.com/medical-services-and-specialties/spine/common-back-and-spine-conditions/get-help-for-cervical-stenosis-pain
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510214.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926143354-20230926173354-00490.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915986 | 653 | 2.75 | 3 |
Onions have various medical advantages, going from disease avoidance to help expand develope temperament, skin, and hair. Keep perusing to appear further in to the nourishing worth of the delectable vegetable.
The allium vegetable family has been generally investigate due to the capacity to take care of and forestall illnesses like stomach and colorectal malignant growth. Cenforce 120 and Cenforce 100 usa can assist one to savor a healthy life for a long time.
Onions might be probably the most heavenly dish you’ve at any point eaten. They may perhaps support the administration of glucose levels. What, however, is their exact technique for activity?
An onion is full of nutrients, minerals, and cancer-prevention agents. Onions’sulfides are packed with proteins, which the body expects to appropriately work.
The synthetic compounds containe in onions are known to guide the development of proteins and cell designs, and this mineral is track down in enormous focuses in the body.
Onions are a fantastic vegetable to cook with and integrate into your eating regimen. For speedier help, add onions to plates of mix greens and different dishes.
The counter-thickening properties of onions are various. Its sulfur content guides in the counteraction of blood clusters by stifling platelet creation in the conduits. This lessens circulatory strain and forestalls coronary failures and strokes.
Besides, the present presence of quercetin in onions helps with the avoidance of plaque improvement in the veins. Subsequently, onions can be utilize to take care of a thorough collection of medical problems, including diabetes, hypertension, and diabetes
It’s conceivable that red onions can benefit glucose issues. These food varieties are packed with chromium and sulfur, which benefit controlling glucose levels. Onions might benefit directing sugar levels, based on research distribute in the diary Ecological Wellbeing Items of knowledge.
These substances are assume to simply help with the creation of insulin by the liver, subsequently diminishing blood glucose levels. Be that as it can, further exploration is expect before such affirmations might be made. Onions, then again, can assist you with dealing with your glucose levels.
Onions can be utilize in several dishes, from stews to sautés. They are able to likewise be use to make detox drinks. Onion water, a low-calorie detox drink, is among them. It’s prescribe to participate it as opposed to straining it so the onion’s fiber will be protect. Salt is really a decent expansion to onion water as it decreases the sharpness of the onion. Honey can likewise be properly use, yet try to confirm your sugar levels first.
Onions have a location with the Allium number of vegetables. Thiosulfinates and sulfides, sulfur-containing synthetics, are track down in them. The normal onion flavor is brought about by cysteine sulfoxides, which additionally produce eye-aggravating synthetic substances that cause lacrimation. Thiosulfinates provide a large quantity of restorative properties. The sulfide nitrate, for example, brings down oxidative pressure.
According to another review, onion bulb removal remedially affects high blood glucose and cholesterol levels and could be establishment of a brilliant diabetic treatment. The discoveries were available at the Endocrine Society’s 97th yearly gathering in San Diego.
They control diabetic rodents with Allium cepa (onion) in blend with metformin, an enemy of diabetes medicine. Both gatherings of rodents had altogether lower blood glucose and cholesterol levels, depending on the analysts.
Onions are bountiful in fiber, while spring onions have a low level of it. Onions are packed with fiber, which restrains the assimilation of sugar in to the flow and increments stool size. At the point when diabetics eat onions, they might experience less blockage. Onions are moreover reduced in GI and can be utiliz in plates of mix greens, soups, and sandwiches. They can be utiliz as a sugar substitute, however, make sure to consume them with some restraint.
Onions are packed with minerals, particularly phytochemicals, which are cell reinforcements. They could benefit forestalling infection by killing free extremists. Killing free extremists from your system can assist your invulnerable framework with battling contaminations by harming DNA and reducing cell engineering.
Free revolutionaries are produce by the body in light of bright radiation, and contamination, and as a safeguard system.
Red onions really are a typical fixing in Mediterranean and Indian cooking styles, and they’ve for a while now been respect to assist with cutting down LDL (terrible cholesterol) levels. These feasts are assume to guide the decrease of awful cholesterol in the torso, which can be link to respiratory failures, while likewise safeguarding HDL levels (great cholesterol).
Squash red onions were take care of to hamsters on an elevat cholesterol diet by scientists at a Chinese college to perceive how onions link to compounds in the human body.
High fatty substance
Onions have various medical advantages, including diminish cholesterol and fatty substances. Potassium is bountiful in onions, which helps with the guideline of liquids, nerve messages, and muscle constrictions. They likewise incorporate calming synthetics that could bring down the gamble of coronary illness.
Quercetin, one of these simple brilliant synthetic substances, is a calming that could benefit decreasing your gamble of coronary illness. Creature research backs up this case.
Still another advantageous asset of onions is they can benefit staying from coronary illness. Flavonoids, which are plant compounds with cell reinforcement and calming properties, are track down in a couple of vegetables.
Onion was found to be one of many strong enemies of thrombotic intensifies in mice. The dark red shade of red onions has been link to less hazard of cardiovascular illness. Furthermore, onions are packed with L-ascorbic acid, a solid cell reinforcement.
Onion’s sulfur benefits aren’t restrict to treating constant circumstances. Onion has been demonstrate to simply help forestall and treat sicknesses, including weight, as indicate by research. When using the onion, be that as it can, you will find certainly several what to remember.
Keep perusing to dive deeper into this intense veggie. A area of the great things about sulfur in onions is list beneath. So feel free to take plenty of onions to keep them solid! Onion likewise includes plenty of cell reinforcements and different minerals.
|
<urn:uuid:fa2bb961-e5c7-4f6c-ad78-93e0e3a79008>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://techmisha.com/might-onions-whenever-be-effortlessly-used-to-treat-issues/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656788.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609164851-20230609194851-00565.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941298 | 1,362 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sharpening a kitchen knife can help to improve its performance and extend its lifespan. Here are some steps for sharpening a kitchen knife:
Choose the right sharpening tool: There are several options for sharpening a kitchen knife, including sharpening stones, electric sharpeners, and pull-through sharpeners. Select a tool that is suitable for the type of knife you are sharpening and that you feel comfortable using.
Prepare the knife and sharpening tool: Before you begin sharpening, make sure that the knife is clean and dry. If using a sharpening stone, wet it with water and then sprinkle a small amount of honing oil or mineral oil on top. If using an electric sharpener or pull-through sharpener, make sure it is properly set up and plugged in.
Sharpen the knife: Hold the knife at a 20-degree angle to the sharpening tool, with the blade facing away from you. Starting at the heel of the knife, draw the blade towards you, applying light pressure as you go. Follow the contours of the blade and use long, even strokes. Repeat the process on the other side of the blade.
Test the sharpness: To test the sharpness of the knife, slice a piece of paper or tomato. If the knife cuts through cleanly and easily, it is sharp. If it feels dull or tears the paper or tomato, continue sharpening until it is sharp.
Clean and maintain the knife: After sharpening, wipe the blade of the knife with a clean, dry cloth. To maintain the sharpness of the knife, avoid cutting through bones or other hard materials, and store the knife in a protective sheath or knife block.
|
<urn:uuid:3b429500-bf7b-4299-9215-87bde2a2bdb6>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://sharpknife.org/how-to-sharpen-a-kitchen-knife/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00468.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910647 | 349 | 2.53125 | 3 |
|Agroforestry In-Service Training: A Training Aid for Asia and the Pacific Islands (Peace Corps, 1984, 223 p.)|
0800 - 1600 hrs.
FIELD TRIP TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES
For participants to practice extension techniques and site survey methodologies while gathering information to be used in their agroforestry reports.
· The large group divides into six predetermined small groups and are transported to different local communities.
· Each group is assigned a trainer who acts as a passive observer during the site survey/information gathering process. This is done so that the trainers have a complete understanding of the information gathered to be better prepared for the discussion of the group presentations made at the end of training.
The field trip requires excellent advance planning. Those communities to be visited by the participants should be contacted well in advance and follow-up visits by the trainers should be made prior to the appointed date for the field exercise. The communities should be made aware of the process and what the trainees will be doing, do not raise the communities expectations. It can be quite disruptive to the "going-one" of a community if a large unexpected group of outsiders descends on them without ample advance warning.
1630 - 1730 hrs
ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ADVANTAGES OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
The participants will have an understanding of the ecological, economic and social benefits of utilizing agroforestry systems. They will, upon return to their work sites be able to incorporate this information into their programs and extension activities.
Procedure: Lecture should include:
· Generalized and specific ecological benefits (general: reduction of pressure on forest lands, protection of upland ecological systems; specific: reduction of soil erosion and increase in soil fertility).
· Economic benefits for individuals, communities and entire regions through an increase in product output which should have a proportional increase in the level of farmer income.
· Social benefits, i.e., improved rural living standards, improved nutrition and health conditions and the stabilization of upland communities.
1730 - 1800
REVIEW & PROCESSING (same as day one)
1800 - 1900 hrs.
To provide an opportunity for sharing information on the work and specific forestry projects and practices of the participants in their work site/country. This session attempts to provide an opportunity for participants to discuss the similarities of their projects and successful and unsuccessful solutions applied to problems they have encountered on these projects.
Slide show presentation and discussion is lead by three of the countries participating. This activity is repeated throughout the training program to allow participants who came with slide shows an opportunity to present them.
This was a fun activity, enjoyed by all the participants as well as the staff. It relaxed and lcoclosened-upsened-up the participants and got more of an informal atmosphere established.
|
<urn:uuid:79ee2a7c-4478-49e7-9e94-0aa26f9342d2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-1-&a=d&c=cdl&cl=CL1.10&d=HASH63cd8000e7fb204580e8cb.8.2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510967.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002033129-20231002063129-00141.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924049 | 638 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Dr. Nancy Swanson, PhD What if the consumption of GMO crops or animals eating GMO crops were related to rapid rise of these chronic diseases ?
Nancy Swanson PhD See disease epidemiology correlations belowDr. Nancy Swanson graduated from Western Washington University with a B.S. degree in Soysoap and math in 1986. She received her Ph.D. in Soysoap from The Florida State Univ. She then worked as a staff scientist for the United States Navy. Upon returning to Washington, Nancy taught Soysoap at WWU. She holds five U.S. patents. She is the author of over 30 scientific publications and two books on women in science. She is currently retired and grows flowers. Nancy took many important chronic disease states showing either the incidence or deaths over time. She showed with a green line on the graph how fast the disease would have normally increased at the rate prior to 1996 when the first GMO crops were planted. What if the consumption of GMO crops or animals eating GMO crops were related to the rapid rise of these chronic diseases ? Hypertension (High Blood Pressure), Obesity, Diabetes, Neurological disorders) – Autism, Alzheimers, Parkinsonism, Senile Dementia, Auti-Immune disorders: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ulcerative Colitis & Crohn’s Disease ), Irritable Bowel Syndrome Certain cancers – Thyroid, and Liver cancer. Dr. Swanson then took the percentage of GMO corn and soy crops planted and the amount of Glyphosate (active ingredient in Monsanto’s Roundup) applied to corn and soy and plotted their RAPID EXPONENTIAL rise over time, and overlapped this data of # of GMO crops planted with the rise of chronic disease states. The consumption of GMO crops or consumption of animals consuming GMO crops were correlated with incidence of or deaths due to organ diseases, cancers, and neurological diseases.
All of the correlations were greater than 90%, with autism and senile dementia at 99%. Intestinal diseases were correlated with the number of acres of Bt corn planted. Again, the correlations are all approximately 95%. By looking at the green lines you can see the expected increase in the different diseases (based on the rise prior to 1996 when GMOs were rapidly introduced). For all of the intestinal and immune disease data Dr. Swanson went through
all of the CDC hospital discharge records for each year searching for ICD 714.0 & 720. The files are here:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhds/nhds_tables.htm#detailed ICD code for rheumatoid arthritis is 714.0 & 720 So far, Dr Swanson has looked at: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure), Obesity, Diabetes, Neurological disorders) – Autism, Alzheimers, Parkinsonism, Senile Dementia, Auti-Immune disorders: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Ulcerative Colitis & Crohn’s Disease ), Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Certain cancers – Thyroid, and Liver cancer
Is the consumption of GMO crops the cause of the explosion in chronic diseases over the last 20 years?
Her data is not proof but sure appears this way and needs immediate study.
Nancy Swanson – Seattle GMO Examiner – Policy & Issues
http://www.examiner.com/gmo-in-seattle/nancy-swanson 1) Does FDA approval mean that GMOs are safe?
http://www.examiner.com/article/gmos-and-multiple-chronic-diseases 3) Intestinal disease, immune disease and GMOs (Photos)
- Mounting evidence that GMO crops can cause infertility & birth defects
6) Data trends show correlation between increase in organ disease & GMOs (Photos)
http://www.examiner.com/article/data-trends-show-correlation-between-increase-organ-disease-and-gmosIncidence Diabetes vs. GMO crops plantedObesity vs GMO crops planted
http://www.examiner.com/article/gmo-crops-increase-pesticide-use 8) GMOs are prevalent in the U.S. food supply (Photos)
http://www.examiner.com/article/gmos-are-prevalent-the-u-s-food-supply ******************************************************************************* 90% of any food containing ingredients: Soy, Corn , Sugar (not labeled cane sugar), or Canola (or vegetable oil )
has been sprayed with Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide and or has a built in pesticide in every cell (Bt toxin).
Virtually all animals (chickens, cows, beef etc.) that are not ORGANIC – eat GMO feed Bt corn was genetically engineered to create holes in the insects stomachs killing them. Two of the biggest concerns we have in clinical medicine that lead to many chronic diseases is called intestinal permeability (leaky gut) as well as auto-immune disorders. Here what happens – we ingest foods, vitamins and supplements, and then some of these “particles” go though the stomach and intestines, “passing though” the stomach / intestinal wall into the body cavity and then get filtered back into the blood stream. Our blood has not ever seen these particles and recognizes it as “foreign” and tries to protect us by creating an allergic and auto-immune response .
This is partly how chronic inflammation starts. 85% of chronic disease is based on Chronic Inflammation – – many cancers, heart disease & strokes, hypertension, intestinal conditions, diabetes, allergies, arthritis, Parkinsonism Altzheimer’s, autism, auto-immune disorders, kidney disorders,
and many more diseases.
|
<urn:uuid:975d812d-5567-412c-a8cd-60a2487d81d4>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
http://www.biobased.us/Nancy%20Swanson%20What%20if%20GMO.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00033.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907413 | 1,212 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Cell Phones Get Sly
It seems that almost everyone in the world has a cell phone or ‘smart device’ to stay in touch with everyone else.
But when something big happens in that world, such as a gas explosion, wild Stanley Cup final or similar localized ‘disaster’, almost everyone will reach for that mobile phone, all at once and repeatedly.
The result: tsunamis of colliding texts, firestorms of bandwidth overload, coming in all at once from all sides. When hit too hard, cellular networks overload: frequency gridlock.
For emergency responders who rely on wireless communications – and for the disaster victims whose very lives depend upon a speedy, coordinated rescue – overloaded cellular networks are very bad news. Even a single dropped call can have big consequences.
With the standard frequencies jammed, the first responders can only wait, frustrated, their own crucial calls fighting to get through the tangle. So why not sidestep the crowded frequencies and take a different – and far broader – route?
Mai Hassan has done exactly that. The PhD candidate in the UBC Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering has discovered a reliable way for cellular signals to ‘piggy back’ aboard the wider spectrum of local television and radio channels – even when those channels are active – and not only get the crucial messages safely and quickly to their destinations but do so without disturbing the ‘borrowed’ carrier signals.
Keeping the TV or radio receivers unaffected means controlling or ‘steering’ the direction of cellular transmissions; Hassan knew that if a wireless device is fitted with an array of internal antennas, such control is possible – but it wouldn’t be cheap.
To achieve a more “cost-efficient solution” she first considered the “cooperation between multiple nearby cell phones, each with its own antenna but together forming “a virtual array of antennas” that can give the same effect of direction control: “Yet this solution had its own challenges. For example, the need to synchronize the cooperative transmission from different cell phones.”
Without getting too technical, Hassan discovered how to ‘shape’ the wireless signal and via a cellphone’s ‘smart’ antennas, select, separate and steer the transmission through the clutter, aligning it neatly with – and unobtrusively aboard – the radio and TV bandwidths. As well, the manipulated signal’s ‘constructive interference’ actually reinforces the signal, turning a potential obstacle into a strong and long-distance strength.
Hassan’s ingenious ‘fix’ has been published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications; the research was supervised by Assistant Professor Jahangir Hossain in the School of Engineering on UBC’s Okanagan campus and Professor Vijay Bhargava in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering on UBC’s Vancouver campus.
|
<urn:uuid:46da4231-0b7f-479e-bcbd-5b7b7cb2ca9d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://2013-14.annualreport.ubc.ca/story/cell-phones-get-sly/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00537.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921573 | 605 | 2.875 | 3 |
An example of me used as a pronoun is in the sentence, "He went to buy ice cream for me," which means he went to buy ice cream for the person who is speaking.
Origin of meMiddle English from OE, akin to German mich, accusative , mir, dative from Indo-European base an unverified form me- from source Classical Latin me, accusative , mi(hi), dative
- Master of Educationalso M.E.
- Mechanical Engineer
- Medical Examiner
- Methodist Episcopal
- Middle English
- Military Engineer
- Mining Engineer
- Most Excellent
- myalgic encephalomyelitis
pron.The objective case of I1
- Used as the direct object of a verb: He assisted me.
- Used as the indirect object of a verb: They offered me a ride.
- Used as the object of a preposition: This letter is addressed to me.
- Informal Used as a predicate nominative: It's me. See Usage Note at be. See Usage Note at but. See Usage Note at I 1.
- Nonstandard Used reflexively as the indirect object of a verb: I bought me a new car.
Origin of meMiddle English from Old English mē ; see me-1 in Indo-European roots. Our Living Language Speakers of vernacular varieties of English, especially in the South, will commonly utter sentences like I bought me some new clothes or She got her a good job, in which the objective form of the pronoun ( me, her ) rather than the reflexive pronoun ( myself, herself ) is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence ( I, She ). However, the reflexive pronoun of Standard English cannot always be replaced by the vernacular objective pronoun. For example, Jane baked her and John some cookies doesn't mean “Jane baked herself and John some cookies.” In this sentence, her must refer to someone other than Jane, just as it does in Standard English. In addition, forms like me and her cannot be used in place of myself or herself unless the noun in the phrase following the pronoun is preceded by a modifier such as some, a, or a bunch of. Thus, sentences such as I cooked me some dinner and We bought us a bunch of candy are commonplace; sentences such as I cooked me dinner and We bought us candy do not occur at all. Sometimes objective pronouns can occur where reflexive pronouns cannot. For example, one might hear in vernacular speech I'm gonna write me a letter to the president; nobody, no matter what variety he or she speaks, would say I'm gonna write myself a letter to the president.
- also Me. Maine
- a. mechanical engineerb. mechanical engineering
- medical examiner
- Middle English
(first-person singular pronoun, referring to the speaker)
- As the direct object of a verb.
- Can you hear me?
- As the object of a preposition.
- Come with me.
- As the indirect object of a verb.
- He gave me this.
- (US, colloquial) Myself; as a reflexive indirect object of a verb; the ethical dative.
- (colloquial) As the complement of the copula (“be" or “is").
- It wasn't me.
- (Australia, UK, New Zealand, colloquial) My; preceding a noun, marking ownership.
- (colloquial, with "and") As the subject of a verb.
- Me and my friends played a game.
- (nonstandard, not with "and") As the subject of a verb.
Me is traditionally described as the accusative pronoun, meaning it should be used as the object of verbs and prepositions, while the nominative pronoun I should be used as the subject of verbs. However, “accusative" pronouns are widely used as the subject of verbs in colloquial speech if they are accompanied by and, for example, "me and her are friends". This usage is traditionally considered incorrect, and "she and I are friends" would be the preferred construction.
Using me as the lone subject (without and) of a verb (e.g. "me want", "me like") is a feature of various types of both pidgin English and that of infant English-learners, and is sometimes used by speakers of standard English for jocular effect (e.g. "me likee", "me wantee").
Some prescriptivists object to the use of me following the verb to be, as in “It wasn't me". The phrase “It was not I" is considered to be correct, though this may be seen as extreme and used for jocular effect.
From Middle English me, from Old English mÄ“ (“me", originally dative, but later also accusative), from Proto-Germanic *miz (“me"), from Proto-Indo-European *(e)me-, *(e)me-n- (“me"). Cognate with Scots me (“me"), North Frisian me (“me"), Dutch me, mij (“me"), German mir (“me", dative), Icelandic mér (“me", dative), Latin mÄ“ (“me"), Ancient Greek μΠ(me), á¼Î¼Î (emé, “me"), Sanskrit [script?] (mÄ), [script?] (mÄm, “me").
- (law) Maine, as used in case citations.
.me - Computer Definition
A top-level Internet domain used for individuals. In 2007, the .me suffix was assigned to Montenegro, one year after the single country "Serbia and Montenegro" split into two separate countries. Montenegro opened up the domain for personal use a year later. See Internet domain name.
|
<urn:uuid:00682a49-dca4-4a7a-9535-379e34dd3d58>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.yourdictionary.com/me
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923175524-20170923195524-00563.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945238 | 1,268 | 2.6875 | 3 |
If you are a student, you surely face certain hardships. In most cases, those hardships are related to academic tasks and duties. Some of them are quite unexpected. Thus, many students cannot choose relevant topics for their academic papers. For example, many youngsters are puzzled when it comes to choosing explanatory writing topics.
Perhaps this particular essay type is too complicated. Perhaps students simply run out of good ideas. At any rate, this serious issue should be fixed as fast as possible. That is why we recommend reading our useful article. It offers the necessary help and every student can overcome this serious academic impediment.
We frequently write useful articles, guides, and manuals for students. We have already generated a virtual library with various learning materials that are dedicated to various aspects of learning. You will find multiple topic lists with the most brilliant ideas to cover. They can easily suit a synthesis essay, narration, book review, exploratory essay, and other pieces of writing. Right now we propose to review a topic list dedicated to explanatory writing.
In case you cannot generate relevant explanatory essay topics, be smart and use professional help. We have prepared a great list of genius ideas to cover. Consider the next ideas:
Even if you have reviewed thousands of topic lists, you may still have some problems with understanding how good topics should be chosen. We have already shown relevant examples. Now, we would like to offer smart prompts to select a good topic idea.
These simple clues will help to select a relevant topic idea for every essay and subject. When you write, make sure every paragraph and line is related to the studied question. Try to understand how to talk about the issue in all parts of your essay structure. Read at least one sample to define those clues. Afterward, you won’t have any problems with generating relevant topic ideas.
|
<urn:uuid:36e6eb06-56ff-4222-8964-4942f0c29ea3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://howtowrite.customwritings.com/post/explanatory-essay-topics/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948632.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327123514-20230327153514-00336.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947225 | 370 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Shiba, or Shiba Inu (Inu being "dog" in Japanese) is a small breed of dog that was originally developed for the purpose of hunting; as such, it performs well over mountainous terrain. It falls into the Spitz type of breeds, being one of the oldest types of dog breed in existence and dating back thousands of years.
Originating in Japan, the first known instance of the Shiba reaching foreign shores was when a family brought one of the dogs to the United States. In the 70s, the first litter of Shibas to be recorded was born.
Appearance and Physique
The breed is small, but with a strong, muscular frame. Typically, males come in at 35 - 43 cm in height at their withers. Females are a little shorter, at 33 - 41 cm. In terms of show dogs, a mid-range size is preferable for each gender. Weight on average is around 22 pounds for a male, and 18 pounds for a female.
The Shiba sports a double coat, with the outer consisting of straight, stiff hair, and the undercoat being thicker, softer fur. The hair on the tail is longer than the rest of the body, and the tail arches over the small of the dog's back.
Traditionally, Shibas are black, red or tan, or a combination of the colours. They can also be sesame, a red colour, where the tips of the hair are black. They have what's known in Japanese as "urajiro", which translates into "underside white". This means their chest is a white colour, though it can also be grey. Though the Shiba is sometimes also bred in white, this is inappropriate for show dogs, as it is considered a fault, due to the lack of any "urajiro" markings.
Personality and Temperament
Shibas can often show aggression, a trait that can be brought on by their strong hunter instinct. For this reason, they are often not the first choice for family pets in a home with children, though socialisation and training, as well as having the puppy from a young age, can all help to change this.
The breed is indeed a very beautiful one and does pride itself on its appearance. They'll often clean themselves extensively and go to great lengths to keep themselves clean. This trait is actually beneficial to the owners, as it makes the dogs easier to housebreak; in fact, they will often train themselves in this manner. This trait also means that their grooming needs are very minimal, as they will maintain their own coat.
The Shiba is a highly intelligent dog, but is also very independent. It can often be difficult for a master to have his or her dog do what they are expected to do, which can make training more difficult, particularly if it is not started from an early age.
The Shiba can live to a lengthy 12 to 15 years, and regular exercise will help to increase the life expectancy of the dog; the oldest Shiba passed away at he age of 26.
In terms of health conditions, though the breed is a relatively healthy one, they are known to be affected by glaucoma and cataracts, and allergies. As is common with many agile and active breeds, they can also suffer from hip dysplasia.
Det finnes ingen hunder av denne rasen.
|
<urn:uuid:83c93c65-3d15-486b-aede-11589842f964>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://nb.working-dog.com/race/Shiba-106
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878519.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702045758-20200702075758-00149.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979295 | 699 | 2.765625 | 3 |
By Michael Hartley
I loved this game in primary school. It's a great kids math game, especially for those needing times tables help. The rules are so simple, but force players to quickly analyse a number in several different ways. It helps push certain multiplication facts into long-term memory, by associating them with strong emotions - the excitement of the game, or the frustration of making a mistake. And by the way, it makes a decent ice-breaker game for adults too - except that adults seem to have more difficulty than kids!
To play "fizz-buzz", you need several people. They should stand, or sit, in a circle. One person is chosen to start the game, and players take turns around the circle. When the person starts, they start by saying a number from 1 to 99. (When you are teaching a class the game, they should probably always start from 1.)
The next person must then say the next number, and so on. Each person takes their turn by saying the next number in sequence... but...
This is where the game gets interesting.
- If the number is divisible by 5, the person doesn't say the number, instead, they say "Fizz!".
- Also, if the number contains a 5, the player must say "Fizz!".
- Similarly, if the number contains a 7 or is divisible by 7, they must say "Buzz!".
- These fizzes and buzzes combine together - for example, instead of 35, I would say "Fizz, fizz, buzz!", because the number contains a 5, is divisible by 5, and is divisible by 7.
- When a fizz or a buzz is said, the direction of play is reversed (from anticlockwise to clockwise, or vice-versa).
- A player who makes a mistake is penalised somehow. A good rule might be "Three strikes and you're out" of the game.
Enter a number:
The pressure really climbs when the players get into the fifties. Then, there's the double challenge of both figuring out how many fizzes and buzzes to say, and just keeping track of the numbers being spoken! The game might go like this :
- Buzz buzz! (49 is seven times seven)
- Fizz fizz fizz! (50 is divisible by 5 twice, and also contains a 5)
- Fizz! (What number are we up to now??)
- Fizz fizz fizz! (55 is divisible by 5, and contains two fives!)
- Fizz buzz!
- Fizz buzz!
- 61! (Whew! We made it!)
- (Everybody) You're out!!!
I hate to think what it would be like to start from 699!
Here's some ideas to vary the game.
- Instead of 5 for fizz, and 7 for buzz, use different numbers. Maybe 7 and 9? Whatever times table your class needs practice with.
- For a tough challenge, have three different numbers - for example, 5 for "Fizz!", 7 for "Buzz!", and 9 for "Zap!".
- Challenge the class to come up with the most "Fizzy" or "Buzzy" number they can think of.
There are more times tables games on this site too.
If you like what you've just read, sign up for this site's free newsletters:
|
<urn:uuid:1555b616-3230-47cf-9fb6-be6039bd9d48>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.dr-mikes-math-games-for-kids.com/fizz-buzz.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348521325.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606222233-20200607012233-00214.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948111 | 723 | 3.75 | 4 |
T. Thomas Fortune, famed journalist and civil rights leader
11/21/2013, 2:49 p.m.
By 1916, Fortune was back on his feet, regained his health and resumed writing for such periodicals and newspapers as the Norfolk Journal and Guide. In the 1920s, with the arrival of Marcus Garvey in Harlem, Fortune joined Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and by 1923, he was the editor of the organization’s Negro World. Oddly, while he was not a great advocate of separation as proposed by Garvey, he was enamored with the great Jamaican’s leadership abilities.
As editor and writer for the UNIA’s paper, Fortune was able to demonstrate his literary skills and particularly his prowess as a poet. In one memorable profile of Garvey in which his followers were waiting patiently for him to arrive to speak at Liberty Hall in Harlem, Fortune wrote: “What a tremendous thing it is to be able to inspire the love and admiration of millions of people who are not satisfied when you are gone and overwhelm you with affection and attention when you are with them. Only a few men in history have been so blessed, marked men, who have changed the map of the world. … And then, as if he had come right up out of the bottom of nowhere, Marcus Garvey appeared on the platform and faced the assembled host, clothed in the robes of his office, and the vast gathering broke into applause, which sounded like the rush of many waters.”
No wonder Fortune was deeply admired and respected by Garvey; it was this kind of soaring eloquence that endeared him to the leader and to thousands of readers both at home and abroad. In 1928, while the nation was enduring a withering depression, Fortune suffered a stroke and had to be cared for by his physician son in Philadelphia. The collapse proved fatal and he died soon after.
Much of his life can be obtained from the countless articles and editorials he wrote and from his book “Black and White: Land and Politics in the South.”
Those interested in helping to preserve the T. Thomas Fortune House, which is currently privately owned and has been vacant for the last six years—the goal of the project being to procure the building that could cost as much as $2 million—can make donations to the T. Thomas Fortune House Preservation Project c/o Red Bank Men’s Club Foundation, a 501 C-3 organization, Westside Station, P.O Box 2235, Red Bank, N.J. 07701. Contact with the project can be made via Facebook or emailing firstname.lastname@example.org or calling 312-388-2011.
- Find out more: One helpful guide to Fortune’s legacy are his own words, which can be found in “Black and White: Land and Politics in the South,” which was reprinted by Arno Press in 1990. Tony Martin’s “Literary Garveyism” offers several citations to Fortune’s work while working as editor of the Negro World.
- Discussion: Fortune’s life and labor provide ample opportunities to talk about the current state of Black journalism and to what degree it differs from the past and what prospects it holds for the future.
- Place in context: Geography is fate, as several writers have noted, and Fortune began his life in the South but eventually traveled to the North. He came of age right after the Reconstruction period, and it would be good to examine what that meant for his outlook and options for a career in journalism.
This Week in Black History
- Nov. 19, 1921: The Hall of Fame baseball player Roy Campenella, who was an MVP three times for the Brooklyn Dodgers, is born on this day in Philadelphia.
- Nov. 20, 1910: Noted author Pauli Murray, the first Black woman Episcopal priest in the U.S., is born on this day in Baltimore, Md.
- Nov. 21, 1865: Shaw University is founded on this day in Raleigh, N.C.
|
<urn:uuid:e226e445-9a27-4cbf-9690-78d5940ac257>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2013/nov/21/t-thomas-fortune-famed-journalist-and-civil-rights/?page=2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424683.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724022304-20170724042304-00492.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978049 | 852 | 2.625 | 3 |
Sat, 06 Feb, 2021
How to build confidence in your children?
People have been talking about confidence and how it affects the overall personality of a child and what parents can do to make their children confident individuals. So, what does 'confidence' mean? It is nothing but a way in which you can make your child feel that they have the ability to achieve what they desire. Confidence and trust are the two sides of the same coin; both play an essential role in developing self-esteem in children. Every child is unique and their uniqueness comes from the environment which nurtures their overall personality. Parents are the first teachers and role model for a child; they are the one who undertakes the task of shaping their entire personality and instilling confidence. A confident child has the ability to learn more and attain more, they are also considered to be happy lots compared to a child suffering from low confidence. So, what parents need to do to achieve the complex task of confidence-building?
1. Shower love- Parents love their children from the bottom of their heart and truly it’s the most important feeling the child nurtures throughout its life. Always make your child feel loved, this emotion will make them realize that they are being valued and cared for. A loving family, friends, and society are what make a person feel happy and confident. If a situation arises when you have ignored or scolded the child, say sorry and make the child realize that you still love them. There is no substitute for unconditional love and a strong base of confidence is built on that.
2. Be a role model - Children imitate people around them, they pick up their language, thought process and behavior. Parents need to showcase confidence in their behavior and encourage children to follow the same. Instead of discouraging them to take up a new task, motivate them to try new things and complete the task. Uses of words like “You can do it “, can work wonders in building confidence in children and boosting their morale.
3. Applaud them- Who doesn’t like being complimented. Children also look up to their parents for commendation, when a task is well achieved. The praise makes them develop a sense of worthiness, which builds up their confidence levels. Here, the parents need to be careful also, unrealistic praise or too much praise can make the child overconfident which can affect the thought process of the child.
4. Handling setbacks- Parents are the ones who can teach children the theory of “Failures is the pillars to success”. Whether it's sports or academics children might not achieve desired outcomes and feel low about the same. It is vital to teach them that you can’t be successful in everything and failures are part of life. The mantra lies in trying rather than giving up. Help the child in realizing that there is no need to feel bad about the failure, the hurdles in life are teachings that subsequently can be used to achieve success. This way the child will feel more confident and will be proud of its accomplishments in the future.
5. Give them independence- It is good to be protective about your child, but occasionally giving them the freedom to try out new things like day trips, excursions, with classmates and friends will broaden their horizon and the ability to figure out things independently. The safety issues, although needs to be addressed. The children who are self-confident are open to trying out new things and never fear failure. The sense of adventure will give those new learning experiences and confidence.
6. Discipline your home- Every house has certain rules that are followed by one and all in the family. Children might feel that the rules are strict, but gradually they will come to know what is acceptable and what is unacceptable in the family. The discipline in the house will make the child develop a sense of security and confidence and in the future, the child will become more responsible.
7. Reality check- Children often set unrealistic goals for themselves, which when not achieved, shatters their confidence level. Parents are the one who knows the caliber of their children. Guiding your child to lay down realistic goals for oneself will save the child from a lot of distress and make the child aware of its strength and weakness. The focus should primarily be on improvement rather than winning.
8. Help at hand- Children are most comfortable when they are in a secure environment and in the company of their most beloved people- their parents. Carrying out different household activities together like asking them to help in the kitchen, setting the table, or baking a cake helps them in building their competency which boosts their confidence levels. The feeling of contribution boosts their self-esteem and makes them feel valuable and happy.
9. Encourage them to try new things- Encourage your child to explore and develop new skills. Don't let them settle in their comfort zone, rather encourage them to try out new activities where they feel challenged. This helps build confidence in your child with the ability to tackle any situation in life.
10. Set realistic goals- When you set large and small goals for your child, they feel strong when they accomplish them. Encourage your child to make a list of what they would like to achieve. Then break down long-term goals in smaller realistic benchmarks. In doing so, you will help your child learn new skills while on the journey of achieving the goal.
11. Practice positive talks with them- While conversing with your child, always use positive affirmations. Negative talks, such as "What's wrong with you?" "You are not good at this." is damaging to your child's confidence levels.
12. Play with them and let them lead- When you engage in play in an activity led by your child, you are making them feel important and worthy of your time. The child feels valuable, accomplished, and hence more confident.
13. Ask them for their opinions and answers- When you ask children for their opinion or advice on age-appropriate matters, it shows that you value their ideas. This helps in building confidence.
14. Create opportunities to help them discover things about themselves- You need to create opportunities for your children to discover their passions and interests. Help and support them to explore various activities while they discover where their interest lies. When children do something which they like, they automatically excel at it, and that boosts their self-confidence.
How PlanetSparkHelps in Developing a Confident Child?
PlanetSpark offers comprehensive life skills training program for kids. It provides coaching on various aspects of building self-confidence and personality development. Essential life skills are taught in a fun environment through courses mentioned below:
Reading and Writing
Your child needs to be confident to be happy and successful in life. PlanetSpark can help develop true confidence and a growth mindset in your child.
PlanetSpark is a highly engaging and powerful after-school learning program for Kids that makes every child fall in love with learning by providing great learning experiences, qualified teachers and an enabling and fun environment to learn and master concepts. Book your FREE DEMO class today!
If you are a homemaker click here to apply as a PlanetSpark Teacher Partner.
|
<urn:uuid:c5cb93a9-bc5b-42cc-8954-4ab7f8ce5042>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.planetspark.in/blogs/how-to-build-confidence-in-children
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510781.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001041719-20231001071719-00108.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962113 | 1,497 | 2.96875 | 3 |
With so few actual first-hand accounts of slave life available, many historians have relied on secondary sources written by whites to describe this important and tragic part of American history. Readers must make a special effort to examine the books and other material written by former slaves themselves to get closer to the truth of our nation’s most shameful legacy. As I mentioned in a previous post, even slave biographies and autobiographies themselves can be problematic. Scholars have long-questioned the veracity of some of the accounts and the motivations behind their publication. Let’s examine several different types I consider best-in-class and consider their value as historical sources.
The first known slave narrative is a good place to start. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of O. Equiano, or G. Vassa, the African, was published in London in 1789. Like most slave biographies to follow, Olaudah Equiano’s account was motivated by the author and his sponsor’s strong abolitionist sentiments. Some historians have questioned Equiano’s claim to have been born in Africa (he may have been born in South Carolina) and other details of his life story. There is no doubt, however, about both the popularity and impact of this work. The book went through nine printings and enabled Equiano to achieve modest wealth and worldwide fame. The book was instrumental in bringing public attention to the horrors of the African slave trade, and marked the beginning of the end of this practice (at least legally), with the eventual passage of the British Slave trade Act of 1807. Equiano had an amazing life as a merchant explorer who even travelled to the arctic regions. The book is a worthy introduction to the genre.
Perhaps the most widely-heralded of all former slave authors was Frederick Douglass. In fact, Douglass’s fame in his own time and in ours has cast such an enormous shadow that many students of history read one of his three autobiographies and stop there. That is unfortunate, as there are a number of contemporary black authors who, when combined with Douglass, offer a more varied perspective on slave life from the fields to the “big house” and in between. I prefer his initial effort, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, published in 1845. No black man in the history of our country until Martin Luther King, has had a greater impact on black identity and race politics. Some contemporaries expressed doubt that a black could have written the narrative, until they heard him speak or read his many letters and pamphlets. The man was a genius and a seminal figure in the early movements for civil rights.
The 1840 to 1865 period was a high water mark for slave biographies. Most were funded by white abolitionists. Many are worth reading. In 1861, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, was published. The author was former slave Harriet Jacobs. This was the first and one of the very best narratives focused on the life of a slave woman. It is a heartbreaking tale that is part autobiography and part novel. Jacobs merged the two popular forms to create style that was used most effectively in groundbreaking works like The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Another important memoir by a former slave was William Wells Brown’s 1847 classic, Narrative of William W. Brown, written by himself. Brown was a contemporary and often a rival of Frederick Douglass. Brown wrote what is generally believed to be the first African-American novel, Clotel, or, The President’s Daughter: a Narrative of Slave Life in the United States, which was loosely-based on the mixed-race children of Thomas Jefferson. Ezra Greenspan did a marvelous retelling of Brown’s complete life story in 2014.
The efforts of Greenspan and Annette Gordon-Reed (The Hemingses of Monticello) are examples of how modern scholars are using the accounts of former slaves, as well as the vast archival resources now available, to flesh out these stories and interpret them within the broader context of their time. Historians with the advantage of hindsight can look back on these accounts and consider the inherent biases of the publishers, as well as do fact-checking that 19th century readers and even editors may not have been equipped or even motivated to do. Modern edited versions of slave biography often lead to a much more rewarding reading experience.
That is certainly true of the gifted historian, David Blight. Perhaps it was some sort of fortunate destiny that led Blight to uncover two slave narratives in 2003 that were never intended for publication. These accounts represent post-bellum accounts, but are different than most, as they were never edited or mediated. In the hands of a brilliant researcher and writer like Blight, they become more than merely fresh primary source documents. Blight uses genealogical sources to reconstruct the lives of Wallace Turnage and John Washington, supplementing their own stories with enhanced context and meaning. The discovery of these two accounts was a historian’s dream and Blight made the most of his opportunity.
The adept use of family history resources can help fill in the story gaps when dealing with a diary or a memoir, as in the case of Blight’s work, but the process can also work effectively in reverse. Edward Ball’s first book, Slaves in the Family, created a buzz when first published in 1998. Ball’s desire to learn more about his ancestors and their slave-owning past led him on a nationwide odyssey , knocking on the doors that held such secrets. In the process, the author met and interviewed dozens of descendants of the Ball family slaves. The book goes well beyond the bounds of conventional history to promote understanding between descendants of both master and slave – a rift that, even 150 years after the civil war, still yawns deep and painful in the psyche of many Americans, especially in the Deep South.
The first stirring of slave biography in the mass media came when I was in high school. My family, whose ancestors had also been southern slaveholders like the Balls, was riveted to Alex Haley’s Roots: the Saga of an American Family. Although the television series was based on a novel, parts of which were plagiarized from an earlier work of fiction, the miniseries created a sensation and was viewed by 130 million Americans. Despite the dubious historical value of the book and television show, they both had an indelible impact on the acceptance of alternatives to the Lost Cause mythology of the Civil War, and helped initiate a revival of interest black history that continues to this day.
The legitimate child of the Roots television series from a historical perspective has to be the 2013 blockbuster film, 12 Years a Slave, adapted from the 1853 memoir of Solomon Northrup. The film will go down in history not simply because it was awarded the Best Picture nod at the Academy Awards, but because it was the first mass market film to accurately depict slavery. The fact that it brings a slave narrative to life and is almost completely derived from extant historical sources bodes well for the history business going forward. In these days of strident gibberish and uncivil animosity from all sides of the political spectrum, it is gratifying to see a popular film with such a truth-telling focus. The public is hungry for such compelling stories told with brutal honesty and human sensitivity.
|
<urn:uuid:38ea8923-07c0-4ce7-8b29-8bab115cfe60>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://www.davidtdixon.com/category/slave-biography/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526160400-20200526190400-00345.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97405 | 1,523 | 3.4375 | 3 |
A large fortified city under the influence of the Parthian Empire and capital of the first Arab Kingdom, Hatra withstood invasions by the Romans in A.D. 116 and 198 thanks to its high, thick walls reinforced by towers.
The remains of the city, especially the temples where Hellenistic and Roman architecture blend with Eastern decorative features, attest to the greatness of its civilization. Hatra was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1985 under criteria C (ii) (iii) (iv) (vi).
Today Hatra, which remains mostly unexcavated, is in a very worrying state of conservation. Parts of the site have been fenced off to protect it from possible looting, including the small site museum, while the authorities do not have the resources required to implement an appropriate management and conservation policy. Despite this, some restoration works have resumed recently, and an Italian archaeological expedition has continued to work at the site almost uninterruptedly since 1987.
This carved head, here seen in its original location inserted in the eastern Wall of Hatra., was stolen in 1995. Discovered in London by a member of the Italian Archaeological Mission, it was recently returned to the Iraqi authorities with the help of Scotland Yard.
(from "Hatra, Citta' del Sole" catalogue of an exhibition organized by the Italian Archaeological Mission to Hatra)
Hatra. In the year 2000, the entrance to the main Temple has been sealed to prevent possible looting.
(photograph by G.Boccardi, UNESCO WHC)
|
<urn:uuid:895031c3-0fc6-459c-93a1-0076dd20800c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://whc.unesco.org/pg_friendly_print.cfm?cid=82&id=181
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00026.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957398 | 317 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Power of Music
Striking the Right Chord
“My Hands” – Fairfax, VA, a cappella ending.
So, what exactly is this thing we call Music…this unseen energy, this enigmatic force that can entertain, energize, soothe, heal and even awaken the soul?
Music is art– a performing art, a fine art and an auditory art.
Music is one of our most experienced disciplines of art. Music plays a large part in making our lives infinitely rich.
Music is subjective, and means something different to every single person on earth.
Music stimulates different parts of our brains and can make us chortle in glee or inflame us to rebellion, with the potential to experience the total array of human emotions.
Music is part of our everyday lives. In lobbies, elevators, cars, restaurants, our homes, our workplaces, stores, sporting events, meetings, places of worship, websites and the list goes on and on, we have music. Music is fundamental to the overall message where ever we hear it—music underscores and brings home the emotion of the moment.
Music is broken down into elements. Wait, this isn’t boring, really it isn’t – it is the combination of these elements that makes David’s sound his SOUND. There is pitch–which manages melody and harmony, rhythm with its sibling concepts of tempo, meter, and articulation, dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. (I never realized before the complexity of what goes into music.)
Timbre (and David’s is unique) to highlight, is the quality of the tone or the color of the music. It is the resonance by which the ear recognizes and identifies a sound. Timbre is how we identify the source of a note, the singer, when it is at the same pitch and loudness. (Smoky, husky, velvety, wailing tenor – what are other adjectives you’ve heard?)
The timbre of a sound, in scientific lingo, depends on its wave form. The timbre of a singing voice is modified by constricting or opening various parts of the vocal tract, such as the lips, tongue, vocal chords, or throat. This makes each singing voice unique. (hmmm…ever wonder about the impact of that paralyzed vocal chord?)
Performance is the physical expression of music. A musical work will be performed once its structure and instrumentation are pleasing to it’s author. As it gets performed, however, it can be altered and totally transform the musical experience.
A performance can either be rehearsed or improvised. Improvisation is a musical idea created without contemplation, while rehearsal is dynamic repetition of the work until it has obtained a state of routine consistency. Some musicians will improvise a well-rehearsed song on the fly there by creating an unparalleled performance. (Live David concerts are the best–full of improvisations!)
And, so, let’s take these two concepts above and apply them to what our senses absorb when actively listening and/or observing David Archuleta’s music:
The timbre of David’s voice is unique. The sound waves his voice creates periodically is best described as Power Music. Power Music is a term that refers to music that stands apart, evokes a significant experience, that transforms, that humanizes, that enables us to feel more alive.
When David sings, his voice resonates or “speaks” to us with its unique tonal sound or color, and harmoniously relates to our own personal frequencies (what we hear) attuned to that unique timbre. In effect, he is “singing our song” or “striking the right chord” when we hear him sing.
There have been whole songs that David has sung that are Power Music. One song that was Power Music from start to last for me was the AI performance of “Love Me Tender.”
There are always pieces and parts of each performance of David’s freshman album songs and live performances that contain the Power Music element.
David’s performance skills are evolving right before our eyes. It is a unique privilege to see this part of his musical artistry unfold and grow. Through his vocal performance he interprets each song a little differently, and improvises with what appears to be minimal effort.
However, he makes this appear effortless because he is able to master the music by repeated rehearsal and total focus on relentless execution in addition to his prodigious musical talent. His current feelings and mood, his now–if you will–as he is gestalt, are also translated into his music adding a distinctively unique dimension to each performance creating moments in the song of Power Music.
Adding the physical moves, the improvisation of melody, harmonies and textures, and, the ever evolving command of the stage, his art is constantly renewed and refreshed, creating deeper meanings with each performance.
See the Power of Performance in “Zero Gravity” at Fairfax, VA:
Final Thoughts ~
We are just beginning to comprehend the artistry, the gift of the music of David Archuleta. And, we are just beginning to grasp the dedication, commitment, risk taking and long hours of work a musical artist of David’s caliber puts in to create the qualities of song and performance that is Power Music.
David’s music does resonate deeply with some already. He has had multiple full performances that are Power Music, from the first note to the last. As he develops his music, his own lyrics and use of the supporting instruments to his voice, he pierces the layers of the human experience with every song, deep into the human soul as no singer has done in the past.
What is your Power Music?
|
<urn:uuid:9489c0c1-83d4-4098-86a3-c44ac2ee8aca>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.thedavidchronicles.com/2009/09/the-power-of-music/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266597.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00002-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947657 | 1,214 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Co-decision (or "codecision") is one of the three lawmaking procedures used in the European Union
(the other two are cooperation
). It is the newest method, having been established by the Maastricht Treaty
, and it also grants the most authority to the European Parliament
. Although it was initially only used in limited cases, the Treaty of Amsterdam
and Treaty of Nice
established it as the norm.
Stages in the co-decision procedure:
When is the co-decision procedure used?
- The European Commission drafts the bill.
- The European Parliament and Council of the European Union simultaneously review the bill. If both approve the bill as submitted, it is enacted.
- Otherwise, the EP and CEU approve different versions of the bill, and form a Conciliation Committee to form a joint text.
- Once a joint text is formed, Parliament can then approve or reject it.
Simple answer: Most of the time.
More complicated answer: Economic and Monetary Union-related legislation still uses the cooperation procedure. There are also a few matters in which the Parliament has no voting power whatsoever, and can only offer opinions to the Commission and Council: new member state admissions, for instance.
|
<urn:uuid:97cb6d9a-b95b-4330-a84d-6ae773e03359>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://everything2.com/title/co-decision
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705790741/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120310-00092-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94228 | 256 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Programming Languages surveys current topics in programming languages such as logic programming, functional programming, and object-oriented programming. This new edition now includes chapters on data types, functional programming, using ML, and language summaries.
Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION. 1. The Role of Programming Languages.
Toward Higher-Level Languages.
Problems of Scale.
Language Implementation: Bridging the Gap.
Bibliographic Notes.2. Language Description: Syntactic Structure.
Abstract Syntax Trees.
Grammars for Expressions.
Variants of Grammars.
II. IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING. 3. Statements: Structured Programming.
The Need for Structured Programming.
Syntax-Directed Control Flow.
Design Considerations: Syntax.
Handling Special Cases in Loops.
Programming with Invariants.
Proof Rules for Partial Correctness.
Control flow in C.
Bibliographic Notes.4. Types: Data Representation.
The Role of Types.
Arrays: Sequences of Elements.
Records: Named Fields.
Unions and Variant Records.
Pointers: Efficiency and Dynamic Allocation.
Two String Tables.
Types and Error Checking.
Bibliographic Notes.5. Procedure Activations.
Introduction to Procedures.
Scope Rules for Names.
Nested Scopes in the Source Text.
Lexical Scope: Procedures as in C.
Lexical Scope: Nested Procedures and Pascal.
III. OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING. 6. Groupings of Data and Operations.
Constructs for Program Structuring.
Program Design with Modules.
Modules and Defined Types.
Class Declarations in C++.
Dynamic Allocation in C++.
Templates: Parameterized Types.
Implementation of Objects in C++.
Bibliographic Notes.7. Object-Oriented Programming.
What is an Object?
Object-Oriented Programming in C++.
An Extended C++ Example.
Derived Classes and Information Hiding.
Objects in Smalltalk.
Smalltalk Objects have a Self.
IV. FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING. 8. Elements of Functional Programming.
A Little Language of Expressions.
Types: Values and Operations.
Approaches to Expression Evaluation.
Bibliographic Notes.9. Functional Programming in a Typed Language.
Exploring a List.
Function Declaration by Cases.
Functions as First-Class Values.
ML: Implicit Types.
Exception Handling in ML.
Little Quilt in Standard ML.
Bibliographic Notes.10. Functional Programming with Lists.
Scheme, a Dialect of Lisp.
The Structure of Lists.
A Motivating Example: Differentiation.
Simplification of Expressions.
Storage Allocation for Lists.
V. OTHER PARADIGMS. 11. Logic Programming.
Computing with Relations.
Introduction to Prolog.
Data Structures in Prolog.
Control in Prolog.
Bibliographic Notes.12. An Introduction to Concurrent Programming.
Parallelism in Hardware.
Streams: Implicit Synchronization.
Concurrency as Interleaving.
Safe Access to Shared Data.
Concurrency in Ada.
Synchronized Access to Shared Variables.
VI. LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION. 13. Semantic Methods.
A Calculator in Scheme.
Lexically Scoped Lambda Expressions.
An Extension: Recursive Functions.
Bibliographic Notes.14. Static Types and the Lambda Calculus.
Equality of Pure Lambda Terms.
Computation with Pure Lambda Terms.
Programming Constructs as Lambda-Terms.
The Typed Lambda Calculus.
Bibliographic Notes.15. A Look at Some Languages.
Pascal: A Teaching Language.
C: Systems Programming.
C++: A Range of Programming Styles.
Smalltalk, the Language.
Scheme, a Dialect of Lisp.
Prolog.Bibliography. Credits. Index. 0201590654T04062001
Programming Languages: Concepts and Constructs, Second Edition retains the "character" of the original, emphasizing concepts and how they work together. This classic book has been thoroughly revised to provide readable coverage of the major programming paradigms. Dr. Sethi's treatment of the core concepts of imperative programming in languages like Pascal and C flows smoothly into object-oriented programming in C++ and Smalltalk. The charm of functional languages is illustrated by programs in standard ML and the Scheme dialect of Lisp. Logic programming is introduced using Prolog.
Novices, who have been introduced to programming in some language, will learn from this book how related concepts work together while designers and implementers willp be exposed to the major programming paradigms.
Example programs from the book are available as source code. These are available by anonymous ftp at ftp://ftp.aw.com/cseng/authors/sethi/pl2e.
About Ravi Sethi
Ravi Sethi, director of Computing Science Research, has been at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey since 1976. He has held teaching positions at Pennsylvania State university and the University of Arizona, and has taught at Princeton University and Rutgers. Dr. Sethi is co-author of the "dragon book", Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools and has written numerous articles. His books have been translated in Japanese, German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Korean.
|
<urn:uuid:211eb385-5de1-40ee-857b-9e18bf1120c1>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://www.pearson.ch/HigherEducation/Pearson/EAN/9780201590654/Programming-Languages-Concepts-and-Constructs-United-States-Edition
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689900.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924081752-20170924101752-00206.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.76073 | 1,182 | 3.609375 | 4 |
|"Erythrina crista-galli, Cockspur Coral Tree", drawing by Sarah "Sallie" Thayer, 2014|
Erythrina crista-galli is a flowering tree in the family Fabaceae, native to Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil and Paraguay. It is widely planted as a street or garden tree in other countries, most notably in California although it is also widely naturalized in the south-eastern USA (i.e. Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia).
It is known by several common names within South America:
ceibo (in Argentina), seíbo (Spanish), corticeira (Portuguese) and the more ambiguous bucaré, to name a few. In English it is often known as the Cockspur Coral Tree. There are, as well, as whole host of other common names used for this tree. These include: Brazilian coral tree, cockscomb coral tree, cockspur coral tree, common coral tree, cry-baby tree and fireman's cap tree.
The ceibo is the national tree of Argentina, and its flower the national flower of Argentina and Uruguay. I couldn't help but think about our current Pope while working on this drawing as he is undoubtedly familiar with this beautiful tree.
Erythrina crista-galli characteristically grows wild in forest ecosystems along watercourses, as well as in swamps and wetlands. In urban settings, it is often planted in parks for its bright coral/red flowers. It is a small tree, the girth of its trunk measuring 50 cm (20 in). Normally it grows 5–8 m (16–26 ft) tall, although some individuals, such as those found in some of the provinces of Argentina, can grow up to 10 m (33 ft).
The tree flowers in the summer, from October to April in its native South America and from April to October in the northern hemisphere. The manner in which each of the coral/red flowers is arranged makes it obvious that the plant has similarities to other legumes like common beans/peas which explains why this plant was placed in the Family, Fabaceae. The genus name, "Erythrina" is derived from the Greek word ερυθρóς (erythros), meaning red. The words: "crista galli" (Latin: "crest of the cock") refer to the shape and folds of the flower.
Sadly, it seems that in may of the areas where the Cockspur coral tree (Erythrina crista-galli) has been naturalized, it is now sometimes listed as an emerging environmental weed. As so often is the case, when plants, animals and birds are taken from their natural habitat and placed in an "unnatural" setting, they can indeed become a nuisance and worse!
I was first attracted to this flowering tree when I saw the colour of its blossoms. As usual, colour came first for me and then the desire grew to try to capture the plant in a drawing. As I stated previously, the blossoms vary from coral to various shades of red. I, personally, prefer the coral colour.
Many of the botanical details were taken from Wikipedia.
I just can't resist showing you a couple of new photos of my favourite little boy. As always, he is adorable whether awake or sleeping!
|Here you see Braden working on his skills as a train engineer!|
|Braden asleep -- could there be anything sweeter than a sleeping child...|
SUKI AND SALLIE
|Suki pondering what mischief she should get|
Well, I have also recently adopted the "big stick" policy!
No, I am not beating poor Suki with a big stick; however, I have started keeping my cane (walking stick) close by my bed at night in order to remind Suki that I need my sleep more than she needs to be fed! Please allow me to explain before the Humane Society starts investigating on my treatment of Suki.
As I have told you previously, Miss Suki strongly believes that when she is feeling hungry, she should be fed, right then, right there. Suki demonstrates this belief by finding ways to makes repetitive noises that awaken me in the expectation that I will meekly get up and give her the kind of food she prefers. These noises, by the way, are not loud but since they are created by using something close to where I am sleeping, they never fail to awaken me.
So, I realized recently that if I had a stick of some sort nearby when Suki starts making these noises, then I would be able to point the stick towards her which would cause her to stop and go elsewhere for a while (Suki, like most of us, doesn't feel quite safe when someone is pointing a big stick in her face!).
When I first started this "big stick diplomacy" last weekend, I really wasn't sure if it would be effective or not -- and, truth be told, at first it did not work very well. All that would happen was that Suki would stop the annoying noise for a short time, but just as soon as I drifted off to sleep again, she would resume the noise making.
Finally, however, after a week of practice, I have developed a technique that seems to be working relatively well. Suki is actually stopping this behaviour for up to 20 minutes at a time after I have pointed the cane at her and told her authoritatively to cease and desist! I mean, 20 minutes may not seem very long to you, but the 20 minute segments mount up until I have gotten quite a bit more sleep before my normal wake-up time of 6 a.m.
Suki doesn't seem any the worse for waiting an extra hour or so to get fed (remember, she has her dry food available all the time anyway). This seems to me to be a much better plan than locking her in the bathroom when she begins her shenanigans each morning. When I close the bathroom door, she cries so piteously that I can't get back to sleep and finally have to get up and let her out. I know, I know, I am just an old softy and Suki knows very well how to use this "softiness" to her own advantage!
Of course, no matter what she does, all is forgiven when she climbs up in my lap and starts purring.
As for myself, I actually have some good news this week -- when I visited the doctor this past Thursday, I was told that my potassium levels are now back within the normal range! My doctor was very pleased.
Of course, when I told him that I was continuing to feel unusually fatigued, he was no longer pleased. I will never understand why doctors seem to dislike being told that there are still problems right after they announce that they, through the miracles of modern medicine, have fixed everything. I mean, they really shouldn't take things so personally!
Otherwise, I guess I would have to say that things are not too bad at the moment. I still do not feel well enough to return to the gym, but maybe in another month or two I will feel stronger again.
Thankfully, I continue to be able to do my art although not for such long periods as previously. Of course, working on a drawing for 4 or 5 hours straight isn't really good for me anyway.
I have actually been experimenting lately with drawings that involve much more difficult perspectives than previously. As you will see when I post these new drawings, my skills in this area are rather diminished -- I seem to have forgotten everything I ever learned about creating perspective on a flat surface. I am re-learning many things, however, and enjoying the challenge.
|"Baptism of Our Lord"|
by Sarah "Sallie" Thayer, 2009
Today is the Feast of the Baptism of Our Lord. This is the feast that ends the Advent-Christmas-Epiphany season and so the Church returns to the week days of Ordinary Time tomorrow, Monday.
These coming days will lead us to Ash Wednesday (March 5th this year) and the season of Lent. How quickly the time passes. A month ago today, I was thinking of a young friend whose birthday is on December 12th and looking forward to the celebration of my own birthday on December 14th. Christmas and New Year's were still to come. Now here we are ready to return to Ordinary Time.
So, let me wish you all many blessings on this feast day. Whatever your individual beliefs may be, I pray that we all may experience that peace which is beyond human understanding -- that peace which God alone can give.
|
<urn:uuid:09173230-410b-429f-af0a-803c81eab422>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://salliesart.blogspot.com/2014/01/erythrina-crista-galli.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821088.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017110249-20171017130249-00665.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976607 | 1,811 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The internet is undoubtedly a wonderful thing. It allows mass amounts of information to be accessed and shared throughout all aspects of the world, giving users content and coverage they may have never seen if social media never existed.
As with all good things, however, there is also a side of social media that can be very problematic in the long run. With so much information floating around on Facebook, Twitter, blog sites and pretty much anywhere else you could think of looking, the basic act of fact checking becomes something some users don't remember to do, or even think about doing.
Importance of Rules and Guidelines
Since social media is growing at a rapid pace without signs of stopping, it also means that the rules and regulations must grow as well. The basic ideas of being transparent, truthful, fair and accurate are vital social media and blogging guidelines given by the Radio Television Digital News Association. Journalists should continue to hold the same standards they do writing a print article, as when they post a status on Facebook or a tweet on Twitter.
The Problem of the "Post Now, Update Later" Approach
Problems rise when the mindset of those posting breaking stories switches from "who can post the most accurate, informative article" to "who can post the article the fastest." Twitter, for example, lets users tweet out whatever they want, no matter if it is accurate or not. If a news station picks up on a citizen's tweet that happens to be inaccurate and shares it within their news story thinking it is fact, the trust and the brand of that news source could have a very negative impact.
Blurring The Lines Between Fact and Fiction
The 2016 election is a prime example of how influential a false article can be and how widespread a false article can reach. The internet is loosening our grip on the truth because of how diverse of a media selection we have to choose from. If we don't like an article that has facts and evidence to back it up simply because it doesn't fit into the narrative we want, we can go search for an article that does support our side of the story. The articles that support our side don't have to be factual, they just have to exist.
Pew Research found that Twitter and Facebook are where 63% of users get there news from. In an hour, an article that has zero factual evidence and has proven wrong on snopes.com will be shared countless times, influencing users who do not know how to fact check and making those people believe what they are seeing is true and, in turn, resulting in them sharing these false articles to even more people. It becomes a never-ending cycle.
It's Time to Become More Accountable
I believe that in order for there to be a change in the validity of content on the internet, there needs to first be a change within the community of social media users on platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. Although Facebook was recently under fire for supposedly influencing the election results because of how many false articles were shared, Facebook itself isn't who's sharing the posts.
Users need to learn to fact check and make logical, evidence-based conclusions as to whether or not what they are reading is true. Until that changes, the fake articles that are posted just for clicks will continue to exist and be shared. Until citizens demand quality over quantity from their articles, we will continue to settle for less than what we deserve.
|
<urn:uuid:8db55e43-3e1d-4036-8fdd-0afff046696f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://scrippsmediaethics.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-social-media-standard.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323711.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628153051-20170628173051-00533.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955126 | 688 | 2.8125 | 3 |
It hath it original from much grief, from study and perturbation of the brain: I have read the cause of his effects in Galen: it is a kind of deafness.
There are no more uses of "Galen" in the play.
Show samples from other sources
Galen performed some advanced operations such as cataract surgery that would not be performed again for thousands of years. Unfortunately, his faith in treating so many diseases by bleeding the patient persisted until late in the 19th century.
This is the lawn of Parth Galen: a fair place in the summer days of old.
|
<urn:uuid:b0dad279-7030-44a5-a635-7fc46c646bb0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://www.verbalworkout.com/ub/ub103/ub10307660.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426629.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726202050-20170726222050-00718.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979515 | 126 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This story was originally published by Reveal and is reproduced here as part of the Climate Desk collaboration.
Three days after the Camp Fire erupted, incinerating the Northern California town of Paradise and killing 85 people, Katrina Sawa found herself struggling to breathe.
But Sawa wasn’t anywhere near Paradise. She lives almost 100 miles away in Roseville, a suburb northeast of Sacramento. Sawa puffed on her emergency asthma inhaler over and over again.
“Usually, I use it once a month,” said Sawa, a 48-year-old business coach who has had asthma since she was 13. “After using it four times in one day, I knew it was time to go to urgent care.” There, doctors had her inhale a powerful steroid medication to soothe her inflamed airways.
For two weeks after the fire ignited, the air in Northern California, stretching as far as 200 miles from the flames, was so full of smoke that it was deemed unhealthy to breathe, especially for people with heart and respiratory ailments.
But the health problems Sawa and others experienced while the blaze raged are just the beginning of effects that could plague people from Sacramento to the San Francisco Bay A... Read more
|
<urn:uuid:ee8db346-ef8e-4fbd-9043-83dbccdbf037>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://grist.org/author/susie-neilson/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130031610-20231130061610-00313.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972934 | 255 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The DRAGO (Demonstrator for Remote Analysis of Ground Observations) camera, developed entirely by the team of IACTEC-Microsatellites of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) has obtained its first images of the Canary Islands.
DRAGO was launched into space on January 24th this year on a Falcon 9 rocket of the Space-X company, integrated into a small satellite called ION-mk02 by the D-orbit company. Since then the satellite and the DRAGO camera have undergone a setting up phase which was completed successfully by taking its first images of the Canary archipelago. These were taken on May 28th 2021 at around 11.00 UTC (12.00 local Canary time).
The camera observes in the short wavelength infrared (SWIR). As it is an infrared camera it observes in “colours” that the human eye cannot see. To show the images of the Canaries a visible colour has been assigned to each of the infrared bands: green for the band a 1100 nm and blue for the band at 1600 nm. White in the images should correspond to the maximum intensities in the infrared.
“As well as making a visual impact, the images in composite colour let us see intutitively some of the characteristics of the elements observed. For example greener tones on the surfaces of the islands are associated with the greater presence of vegetation, and in the areas with clouds the different colours are caused by differences in their composition” explains Álex Oscoz, the principal investigator of IACTEC-Microsatellites.
The sea reflects very little SWIR light so that it shows in darker tones. “Even so we can see in the images differences related to tidal currents, such as that south of Gran Canaria, because these phenomena effectively change the reflectance of the water by varying the geometry of its surface” says Carlos Colodro, electronic engineer at IACTEC-Microsatellites.
The effects of the recent fire in Arico on the island of Tenerife can also be seen in the images as a darker region. In this spectral range the areas burned in forest fires can be recognized thanks to the use of colour índices, which are numerical combinations of he reflectances in the different filters, in this case at 1100 nm and 1600 nm. “The detection and monitoring of forest fires is one of the applications which was defined as part of the mission of DRAGO, and this images is a clear example of the positive impact of this project for Canary society” points out Ignacio Bustamante, teledetection engineer at IACTEC-Microsatellites.
According to José Alonso, the manager of IACTEC-Microsatellites, “Compared to other infrared cameras in Earth orbit DRAGO has several characteristics which make it unique: it has been designed specifically to be integrated into very small satellites which impose severe restrictions on weight, volumen, power consumption and economic cost, and the fact that it is based on technologies of 2D sensors already in use, as opposed to customized sensors employed in the majority of satellites using scanning mode allow additional functions, such the extraction of information at altitude via perspective, and the recording of video.”
The IAC will make available to society in general and in particular to companies a freely accessible archive of the images obtained by DRAGO. “Even though this instrument is a technological demonstrator” notes Rafael Rebolo, the Director of the IAC “The high quality of the images obtained means that they can be of use to many projects, including those with a strong social content”. It is hoped that during the useful life of the instrument this archive will contain several tens of images, most of them of the Canaries.
As it is a single satellite, the number of images that DRAGO can take is conditioned by the “revisit time” over the Canaries (the time which takes for its orbit to fly over the islands again) which is almost two weeks. “However, its size and low cost make it viable to launch a constellation of small satellites which would reduce the revisit time over any region of the Earth” explains Ignacio Sidrach, software engineer at IACTEC-Microsatellites. “From the IAC we encourage the people in the Canaries and the companies or agencies which could be interested to put forward suggestions for future developments which could be carried out by IACTEC” explains Sidrach.
IACTEC-Space is a programme integrated into IACTEC, the area of technological and business collaboration of the IAC, which is funded (the training programme) within the Programme FINNOVA 2016-2021 of the Strategic Framework of Island Development (MEDI) and the Development Fund of the Canaries, and (the IACTEC building) by the Island Cabildo of Tenerife.
Contact at IACTEC:
- Álex Oscoz: aoscoz [at] iac.es
- Carlos Colodro: ccolodro [at] iac.es
- José Alonso: joalbur [at] iac.es
Development of optical payloads for mini and micro satellites for earth observation from low orbits.
DRAGO, the infrared camera developed by the team at IACTEC-Space of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, has seen its “first light”. The instrument, placed in orbit in January from Cape Canaveral is in its commissioning phase. The images taken show the mouth of the rio Meghna in the Ganges delta, the largest delta in the world. Even though it is a preliminary test, the quality of the results is well above expectation and show what DRAGO will be able to do once it is fully operational. On January 24th 2021 the infrared camera DRAGO (Demonstrator for Remote Analysis of Ground Observations
This afternoon the DRAGO infrared camera, developed by the team at IACTEC-Space, of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), and integrated into the ION satellite carrier of the Italian company D-Orbit, has been successfully launched into space on Space X’s Falcon 9 rocket. The Transporter-1 mission, as it is called, was carried out without a hitch during the first hour of the launch window which opened at 15:00 h UTC, from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida (USA).
The IACTEC-Space programme of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) has signed an agreement with the Italian space tranporting company D-Orbit to integrate the payload of the DRAGO instrument into the ION Satellite Carrier. The aim of this project is to carry out in-orbit demonstration (IOD) operations during the next PULSE misión, which will take place in January 2021. The programme is carried out within IACTEC, the zone of technical and business collaboration of the IAC which is funded (Programme of Training) and infrastructure (IACTEC building) by the Cabildo Insular of Tenerife
The flight model for the SWIR DRAGO camera, developed by the IACTEC-Space team at the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), has successfully passed all the tests needed to be integrable into the ION satellite for launch into space next December, on SPACE-X’s FALCON 9 rocket. This project is a part of IACTEC, the area of technical and industrial collaboration of the IAC, which is supported financially (Capacitation programme) and in infrastructure (IACTEC building) by the Cabildo Insular (island government) of Tenerife.
|
<urn:uuid:eea8d2aa-d162-43b8-8ec1-5cf8af9d8391>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://iac.es/en/outreach/news/drago-camera-takes-its-first-images-canaries-space
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943637.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321064400-20230321094400-00757.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934496 | 1,644 | 2.875 | 3 |
Virtual Reality Can Turn Your Mind Smarter, Claim Scientists
Not just entertainment or gaming, VR (virtual reality) can also assist individuals recall data better in comparison to desktop PCs, claim scientists comprising one of Indian-origin. The University of Maryland’s team carried out profound investigations on whether individuals learn in more enhanced way via immersive and virtual environments, in comparison to more conventional platforms such as tablets or computers.
They discovered that users remember data better if it is shown to them in a virtual atmosphere. “This information is exciting, which recommends that immersive surroundings might provide new ways for enhanced results in high-proficiency training and education,” claimed Professor of Computer Science, Amitabh Varshney, to the media as well as in a study posted in the Virtual Reality journal.
Varshney spearheads various major survey efforts involving augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality, including close teamwork with professionals of health care interested in designing VR training for surgical residents and AR-supported diagnostic equipments for emergency medicine.
For the survey, the team employed the idea of a “memory palace,” where individuals recall an item or object by placing it in a made-up physical space like a town or building. This technique has been employed since classical times, taking benefit of the ability of the human brain to spatially organize memories and thoughts.
“People have always employed visual-supported techniques to assist them recall data, whether it is clay tablets, cave drawings, video, or printed images & text,” claimed lead author on the paper and doctoral student in computer science, Eric Krokos, to the media in an interview. “We wished to see if VR mat be the next logical action in this sequence,” Krokos claimed further.
Speaking of VR, US-located processor behemoth Qualcomm Inc has rolled out what it is stating to be the first devoted XR (Extended Reality) platform in the world, as per the sources.
|
<urn:uuid:189c70c0-6d6a-4829-a415-db55e0a33fd4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.trickstrend.com/virtual-reality-can-turn-your-mind-smarter-claim-scientists/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655092.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608172023-20230608202023-00285.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92683 | 404 | 3.1875 | 3 |
What Is Self-Deception
The act of lying. To yourself.
You have probably noticed this type of behavior unfold in the people around you. A situation where someone believes something about themselves, even though they must know it isn’t real. It’s not true. They just believe that it is.
This isn’t the same as faking it till you make it. It certainly isn’t the same as straight-up lying or even exaggeration. Those cases involve someone being fully aware of the deception involved. Self-deception runs much deeper. It’s far more complicated.
Examples Of Self-Deception
Ryan is a really nice guy. Everyone in his life enjoys spending time with him until he gets his hands on alcohol. He’s soft-spoken and pleasant, but as soon as he drinks alcohol his mood changes. His mood turns further when someone suggests that he might have a drinking problem. The evidence of his problem is everywhere.
He secretly buys an extra bottle and stashes it in his nightstand. When it’s his turn to go to the bar he downs several drinks before returning with everyone’s round. He hides his empty bottles around the house until he can dump them without his roommate’s knowledge. He’s been sent home from work several times for being hungover or for getting caught drinking on the job. He’s lying to himself. It is only self-deception is he hasn’t accepted he has a problem. He hasn’t so it’s self-deception.
Nathaniel is a stock trader. In his role as a stock trader, he has access to information about different firms. He uses that information to buy and sell and as a result, he does exceptionally well. He has a leg up, it’s cheating, it’s illegal, but if he judges his ability based on this performance then he will likely self-deceive himself into believing that he will get high returns from investing in firms he might not know as much about.
He’s deceiving himself about his ability. He’s deceiving himself about his performance being a result of this ability. He doesn’t have insider information in subsequent trades. As his portfolio grows and shifts and changes, he gets a more balanced view of his ability. Will Nathaniel adjust his view and correct his self-deceptive beliefs? It’s hard to tell.
Max is a deeply empathetic woman. She cares profoundly, not just for the people in her life, but also for the people she encounters throughout her day, and the people who are suffering all over the world. That has informed a lot of her behavior. She goes out of her way to help others at every opportunity. She also has a deep hatred of her mother and she cannot admit it despite the signs. When her mother is mentioned, she pulls a face and angers quickly.
There is a good reason for her to react this way, her mother did not do a good job of looking out for her growing up. She abandoned her and though she tries to make up for it now, Max has yet to let go of the anger she’s been holding onto for decades. She’s so empathetic that she simply cannot admit that she’s still angry. She can’t admit it because the very thought of it fills her with shame and guilt.
In a slightly different situation, Gloria is the mother of one child. When her son Martin was arrested, she was stunned. It didn’t matter how much evidence of his crimes came out during his trial, Gloria refused to believe what the prosecution said. All of the evidence was there. It was incontrovertible. The jury reached their decision in record time. There was photographic evidence found in his possession.
There was video evidence of the steps he took leading up to the crime. There was video evidence of him fleeing the scene of the crime. To admit that Martin would do such a thing would mean that Gloria was letting go of her entire reason for being. Martin was her pride and joy and all of that would be destroyed if she believed what the evidence said. She simply could not bring herself to believe it.
Self-deception is complicated. It’s almost as though our unconscious mind is desperate to protect us from the truth because it would be earth-shattering. The more you analyze cases of self-deception, the more complex it appears. Explaining it means you must acknowledge the presence and participation of the unconscious mind. Only in this part of your mind can all of these emotional conflicts influence our behavior while remaining inaccessible to the individual. The unconscious knows the truth, but it’s our conscious self that refuses to accept the reality.
So, when you boil it down to its bare bones, self-deception runs much deeper than being mistaken about yourself. There may be many aspects of life that you are thinking in error about. However, that does not necessarily mean you have self-deceived. Just because you’re wrong about something in your life doesn’t mean the self-deceptive process has been involved.
For example, Jared was adopted. No one ever told him he was adopted, everyone around him chose to keep that a secret from him. He hasn’t fallen prey to self-deception because he never knew the truth to withhold it from himself.
Or, for years Cherith bragged about her genius-level IQ. She wasn’t deceiving herself when she said this, she just hadn’t yet found out that the IQ test she took to discover this wasn’t a legitimate one. So, when Cherith went to take an official IQ test and found she was only above average… it would have only been self-deception if she rejected that as false and continued believing she was a genius.
The History Of Self-Deception
Sigmund Freud is an inevitable part of the conversation surrounding self-deception due to the involvement of the unconscious mind. Self-deception isn’t viewed as a traditional defense mechanism. Rather, it is viewed as a necessary part of all human defense mechanisms. For any type of defense mechanism to work there has to be some presence of self-deception. When you project or repress, you must be both hyperaware and unaware of disturbing information.
The theory does not believe in the individual’s ability to recognize self-deception (ref.). You can recognize it in others, others can recognize it in you, but they don’t believe someone can recognize it in themselves. It sounds like a harsh conclusion and in truth, it probably is too harsh. At some point, you may be able to recognize your self-deceptive behavior. Often time and space from the issue are what help us recognize how we have been deceiving ourselves.
Jean-Paul Sartre attacked Freud after he first wrote on the subject of self-deception. He dismissed the idea as impossible because how could you possibly know something while not knowing it at the very same time?
It’s a powerful criticism because how does a person avoid a thought without recognizing that that thought is present in the first place?
Let’s break it down with an analogy.
Your neighbor is your nemesis. They might not know that they are your nemesis, but you know it. You cannot avoid them unless you remain vigilant about potential appearances by this nemesis neighbor.
Yet, you also want to avoid this upsetting knowledge and that means you have to constantly turn your mind in the other direction. How can you successfully achieve this task if you aren’t aware of the potential threat?
Freud heard Jean-Paul Sartre’s critique and he dismissed it. Anyone that possessed a true understanding of the unconscious mind would recognize that self-deception is possible. As it happens, Freud’s belief has been repeatedly supported by cognitive psychology developments making Sartre incredibly wrong. Unfortunately for Freud, neither are still around for him to gloat about it.
So, what has cognitive psychology taught us about the unconscious? Well, we know that a lot of processes are unconscious. We also know that our cognitive setup makes room for multiple versions of the same piece of information.
You can store contradictory information in different parts of the brain. We also know that we process emotional stimulus more quickly than the actual content. This is how polygraphs work. The body responds emotionally to a work and the machine graphs that emotional impact before the word or statement is even understood. It’s why polygraphs are notoriously inaccurate and cannot be used in a court of law.
With solid evidence of these mental processes, the idea of self-deception moves from unbelieved to quite feasible.
Two different systems of the brain process incoming information. One system is cognitive. It deals with the stimulus’s informational value. The other system is emotional. It deals with the emotional response and because it kicks into operation first it allows your mind to erect pre-emptive obstacles.
The Evolutionary Basis For Self-Deception
Our knowledge of self-deception stretches back millennia. As soon as human beings started documenting history and writing, the subject of self-deception was broached. Psychologists have long suspected that there is an evolutionary basis for self-deception.
This is to say that humans self-deceive because it is built-in. Psychological tendencies give us the survival advantage and people who did not self-deceive were not as adept at surviving as those who did self-deceive.
How could this be? How could this irrational behavior be considered adaptive? According to anthropologist Robert Trivers, our motives would be less effective if we had complete awareness of them (ref.). If you believe you can deal with absolutely any threat you are presented with, then your courage in the face of danger will grow.
Being overconfident can help you be the person you already believe yourself to be. If you are wrong? There are going to be negative consequences, whether it’s a threat to your safety or a threat to your career or well-being. If you are right? You get exactly what you want and the self-deception you engaged in helped you further yourself.
The Evidence Supporting Self-Deception
So far, we have highlighted plenty of evidence supporting the existence of self-deception. The bulk of evidence supporting self-deception comes from the clinical experience of psychiatrists and psychologists. Clinicians report many instances of patients clearly engaged in self-deception and the unhealthy consequences that came as a result.
There is far less experimental evidence supporting self-deception. To be clear, there are just two studies that describe and demonstrate self-deception. Granted, all it takes is one valid presentation to show that humans self-deceive. The issue is that it is difficult to carry out these types of demonstrations, even in a controlled lab study. You can decide for yourself whether either study convinces you. Let’s take a look.
The first study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, authored by psychologists Ruben Gur and Harold Sackeim (ref.). Their study began with the premise that people do not typically like to hear their own voices.
They simply do not like the sound of their voice, especially when they hear it back after it is recorded. The main task asked that participants picked out their voices from a series of recorded voices. They were to simply say not me or me when they heard each voice. Participants were connected to a polygraph to measure their emotional response.
So, there are two different pieces of information involved here. There is an emotional response thanks to the polygraph and there is the participant’s oral response.
The subject hears their own voice and their emotional response is clear, but their oral response doesn’t align with it. They hear their voice, the polygraph recognizes it, but the participant denied it. The person knows something without knowing it. The person does not know their own beliefs.
In the next stage, Gur and Sackeim took steps to damage the subject’s self-esteem. This increased the likelihood of false denials. The more the participants were motivated to avoid confrontation with themselves the more likely they were to make a false denial.
The psychologists believe their study shows that participants believe while also disbelieving at the exact same time. Their awareness was motivated by reducing self-esteem. This demonstration of self-deception is all the proof necessary to show that self-deception exists.
That was the first study, the second was carried out by psychologists Amos Tversky and George Quattrone. It was also published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (ref.). In this 1984 study, they relied on a cold pressor test. Participants were asked to keep one of their hands plunged into a bucket of incredibly cold water. They were asked to keep it submerged for as long as they could possibly stand it.
Before the study, some participants were told that pain from cold water suggests a weak cardiovascular system that results in a shorter lifespan and heart attacks at an early age. The participants who were given this information before the test claimed the task was less painful. They were also more likely to keep their hands submerged for longer. They were trying to convince themselves that they did not possess that cardiovascular problem. This was a case of self-deception. They couldn’t acknowledge to the researchers that they were in pain, but they couldn’t admit it to themselves either.
Do these studies convince you? If anything, what it should prove is that it’s difficult to prove self-deception. A convincing experiment or demonstration has to show that a participant believes something while disbelieving it at the very same time.
So, it shouldn’t be surprising that there are only two studies that claim to have successfully demonstrated self-deception. The majority of writings regarding self-deception were published by philosophers. Psychologists have to collect data to support the claim and philosophers don’t. A philosopher needs only to develop a logical argument. They need only to develop a persuasive argument.
The Value Of Self-Deception
We have discussed several examples thus far. Those examples all suggest that self-deception is deeply rooted in the psychological process. In every case, someone has the necessary information to draw an accurate conclusion but their emotional side reacts first and prevents them from doing so.
There are loads of everyday illusions that feel mildly flavored with self-deception. They just aren’t as dramatic.
For example, have you ever (or do you know someone who has) set your watch ahead of time to make sure you’re punctual? You set it ahead five, maybe even ten or fifteen minutes. How can that work when you know you have changed the time on your watch? You’re too smart to be fooled by that. Yet, there are plenty of people who do this and say it helps them with their punctuality problems. You know it’s not an accurate telling of the time, but you choose to accept that it is true because it benefits you.
Procrastination is another excellent example. It doesn’t matter how many times your procrastination burns you, you continue to procrastinate. It is the most damaging and useless strategy you have ever attempted.
You tell yourself the stress and pressure of doing things last minute fuels you and improves your performance. It doesn’t. You come up with a series of excuses and rationalizations that allow you to sleep in, make a phone call, browse the web or do literally anything other than what you are supposed to do.
While they have hints of self-deception, it isn’t fair or right to label them as such. It would absolutely be a stretch to say these are true examples of self-deception. The same way flavored sparkling waters merely echo the fruit they claim to be flavored with. They are in the ballpark, but they are not playing for the same team. It would be more accurate to put the two examples above under the umbrella of strategic coping mechanisms. Self-deception is reserved for situations where a strong psychological force is preventing someone from recognizing or acknowledging a threatening self-truth.
So, what is the value of self-deception? Why is it important? The concept is fundamental to our need to balance or trade two fundamental motivations. We want accurate information about the complexity of the world, but we also want to defend against any information that shakes the foundation we have built our lives on.
How quickly does self-deception decay? How much evidence is necessary for someone like Nathaniel, who used insider information to get ahead, to accept that it wasn’t his exceptional ability that caused his success?
How much reality will it take for the truth to sink in? Once someone realizes the pitfalls and force of self-deception, are they less likely to fall into the trap of self-deception?
It’s hard to know because we are all different. Someone like Nathaniel is clearly a cheater. His successful performance is a result of that cheating, but Nathaniel wouldn’t see himself as a cheater. He sees himself as successful because of his excellent abilities. Someone like Nathaniel might struggle to recognize his propensity for self-deception.
The Benefits Of Self-Deception
There are many benefits of self-deception, many of which are detailed in Joseph T. Hallinan’s book Kidding Ourselves: The Hidden Power of Self-Deception (ref.). Recent research suggests that people gain something from their self-deceptive beliefs. By viewing their future as their preferred future (ref.). A great example of this is optimists. Optimists tend to work harder because they see what results are possible and then they strive for those results (ref.).
There are also a series of psychological benefits that come with self-deception. In one of the studies (ref.) participants were provided an opportunity to cheat on their test. The answer key was available. As a result of this opportunity, they began over-predicting their performance on the coming tests.
They didn’t attribute that first result to access to the answers, they deceived themselves to believe that regardless of the answer key they would perform well.
While research shows us that self-deception is real, we need more research. Without additional research, we will never know two of the most important factors in self-deception, which are when it occurs and how we can stop it. While there are benefits, as noted above, there are also negative consequences when we engage in regular self-deception and have a distorted view of self as a result of this deception.
While research thus far suggests that self-deception may occur during both the retrieval and encoding process we don’t know for sure. The study where participants performed well because the answers were at the bottom of their test sheet?
Those participants believed it was down to their ability. At what point did the self-deception begin? Was it when their eyes flickered down to the answers? Or did the awareness of the answers linger for a time before that information dissipated and was replaced by their conviction that their abilities were so great?
We also need research into how we can prevent self-deception. There are likely several factors that will help prevent self-deception. A particularly promising path may revolve around the decay of self-deception. As in, how long does it take for that self-deception to decay when faced with the truth? In the cheating test study, the majority of participants had to take several tests before they were able to recognize that the first result was not due to their ability. Eventually, they stopped believing that they were so much better than they were in reality.
In terms of what, what is it that separates self-deception from episodes or events? And the why? What functions does self-deception serve? Both are questions that pique the curiosity of scholars from all kinds of disciplines. The recent research is only beginning to shed light on self-deception. The trick is ensuring we don’t fall into the trap of self-deception when thinking we have a full understanding of psychology.
It isn’t odd for humans to view themselves through rose-tinted glasses. We do that to ourselves, we do it to our loved ones, and our lives. It’s natural to try to self-enhance. We focus on positive attributes to make ourselves look better, feel better, and do better.
Most of the empirical studies that involved self-evaluation sought to explore why we are motivated to overestimate our abilities. It is so powerful a motivation that the majority of participants were happy to ignore negative information to maintain the positive self-image they had built of themselves. If they didn’t ignore it, they found a way to rationalize it. That motivated reasoning is what helps them confirm their positive attitudes and beliefs about themselves. We can be quite creative, impressively so, as we attempt to justify questionable decisions and behavior.
While there isn’t a firm answer on how to prevent self-deception, you can take steps to manage your habit of deceiving yourself. You now know that it’s a result of your emotions responding before your mind processes the actual content. You might be able to get yourself out of the trap of self-deception by taking time to act or respond in the face of receiving information.
I’ll take it back to Nathaniel the cheating stock trader. He enjoyed the thrill of making money, the thrill of winning. He convinced himself that his abilities were incredible. Had he taken some time to process his success, by putting some space between himself and that high he may have been able to recognize that he got ahead because of the insider information he had.
If Gloria had been able to separate her emotions and love for Martin from the situation to look at the evidence against him objectively, she may have been able to reconcile the two. She could still have loved and supported the son she knew while accepting that he had done some awful things to other people.
What have you been deceiving yourself about and what are you going to do about it?
|
<urn:uuid:9b098f6a-51a0-4242-9c9e-d26a1b46a411>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://successmystic.com/self-deception-101-the-complete-guide/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644683.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529042138-20230529072138-00581.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979421 | 4,646 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Herschel Space Observatory was a European Space Agency-built and -operated space observatory, active from 2009 to 2013. It was studying the Universe by the light of the far-infrared and submillimeter portions of the spectrum revealing new information about the earliest, most distant stars and galaxies, as well as those closer to home in space and time. It has also taken a unique look at our own solar system. Herschel Space Observatory was the largest infrared telescope ever launched, carrying a single 3.5-metre mirror.
In the afternoon of April 29, 2013 Herschel ran out of liquid helium. To declare end-of-helium (EoHe) a number of key temperature sensor upper limits had been defined, and with two of them attained, EoHe had formally been reached. Herschel has made over 35000 scientific observations, amassing more than 25000 hours of science data from about 600 observing programmes. Finally on June 17, 2013, engineers for the Herschel space telescope sent final commands to put the decommissioned observatory from its orbit around the L2 point 1.5 million kilometres from the Earth into its “graveyard” heliocentric parking orbit.
Last week we decide to follow-up the "Herschel Space Observatory" in his new orbit using the Faulkes Telescopes (2.0-m f/10.0 Ritchey-Chretien + CCD - operated by Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network). In fact, determining an accurate orbit now is important, because its increasing distance will make it fainter and much harder to keep track of in the intervening years.
"The observation was a particular challenge as the final manoeuvres made by the ESA flight control team resulted in the observatory being at a slightly different position on the sky compared to that predicted by existing orbital data".
We successfully imaged the Herschel on 26 & 27 June 2013 with Faulkes Telescope North and again on 01 July 2013 with the Faulkes Telescope South at magnitude ~20. (follow-up observations have been obtained by T. Vorobjov on June 28, 2013 at Kitt Peak - MPC code 695). It was already a couple of arcminutes off prediction. See our image below, stacking of 7x120 seconds exposures (click on it for a bigger version).
Below you can see a short animation showing the movement of the Herschel Space Observatory during our first observing session of June 26, 2013. Click here or on the thumbnail for a bigger version.
Using our data, Bill Gray calculated for Herschel a return to opposition on 2027 Oct 24 +/- 4 at about 0.055 AU, reaching mag 22. Below you can see the new orbit (click on the image for a bigger version).
|Credit: Bill Gray|
by Ernesto Guido & Nick Howes
|
<urn:uuid:886218da-9422-4559-8eba-8a79f3e217c0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://remanzacco.blogspot.com/2013/07/observations-of-herschel-space.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818691476.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925111643-20170925131643-00033.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936033 | 588 | 3.46875 | 3 |
This is a lit log for Ruby on the Outside by Nora Raleigh Baskin.
The themes of this realistic fiction are: having a parent in prison, friendship, family, emotions, and honesty. The main focus skills of the lit log is making personal responses. Other focus skills are describing characters and making inferences.
The lit log can be used for reading instruction (guided reading, novel study, literature circle, or read aloud), but can also be used for professional development (for staff at schools, after school programs, residential treatment centers, social workers, and volunteers) as an insight into the lives of children who have a parent in prison.
Reading Level of book:
Interest Level: 4th-7th grade
Grade Level: 5th grade
Guided Reading Level: Level V
|
<urn:uuid:7de443f9-bb6e-4993-8a91-ee9e8964900b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Ruby-on-the-Outside-Lit-Log-2867548
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689490.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923052100-20170923072100-00537.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93799 | 163 | 3.65625 | 4 |
A hot summer afternoon in the northeast. Residents of New York and Toronto look forward to the weekend. No one could predict what is about to happen.
In a matter of seconds, 50 million people simply fall off the grid. Phone lines and water systems fail, and thousands of people are trapped in elevators and subways. It is August 14th 2003, and the largest blackout in North American history causes 6 billion in damages. The official cause? Overgrown trees on power lines. But there’s more to this story than troublesome trees.
Just three days earlier on August 11th someone somewhere released one of the most damaging computer viruses ever written: Blaster. It was probably the biggest attack against the Internet ever.
Mikko Hypponen is one of the world’s most respected virus hunters. It is here at F-Secure, an anti-virus lab based in Helsinki, that he and his team first identify Blaster when it hits the Internet. What Astonished Mikko is the impact the virus has on the physical world. Blaster was the first worm that really showed that an attack like this can affect society and normal life.
Welcome to the world of viruses, trojans and worms in this Web Warriors documentary.
|
<urn:uuid:7241bb0a-41aa-42a1-9a78-c302eaacf5c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://documentaryheaven.com/pt-25-web-warriors/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806844.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123161612-20171123181612-00255.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953098 | 253 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Previous studies have found a 2-4-fold increased risk of thrombosis after air travel; with a greater risk after longer flights than after shorter ones. The mechanism of clot formation during air travel, however, is unclear. Scientists think immobilisation for long periods could play a part, but flight-specific factors may also contribute.
To investigate, Frits Rosendaal (Leiden University Medical Centre, Netherlands) and colleagues measured the concentrations of markers of clotting activation in blood samples from 71 healthy volunteers before, during, and immediately after an 8-hour flight. To disentangle specific flight factors from immobilisation alone, they compared the concentrations in the same individuals at the same time points during 8 hours of sitting in a cinema and 8 hours of regular daily activities. 40% of the participants also had an increased risk of thrombosis, by being carriers of a mutation in the factor V gene or taking oral contraceptives. The authors found increased concentrations in markers during flight compared to the other two situations, especially in volunteers with other risk factors for thrombosis.
Professor Rosendaal concludes: "Activation of coagulation [clotting] occurs in some individuals after an 8-h flight, indicating an additional mechanism to immobilisation underlying air travel related thrombosis."
See also accompanying Comment by Hans Stricker (Ospedale Regionale, Locarno, Switzerland).
Contact: Professor Frits R Rosendaal, Department of Clinical Epidemiology Leiden University Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC. T) +31 71 526 4037 firstname.lastname@example.org
Comment: Dr Hans Stricker, Ospedale Regionale, Via all'Ospedale, CH 6600 Locarno, Switzerland. T) 0041 91 811 45 49 email@example.com
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:996c9149-1fb5-435c-ab62-213238cc7e7f>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2006-03/l-int030806.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163037952/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131717-00084-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908534 | 430 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Emergence of Jewish Theology in America
by Robert G. Goldy
Indiana University Press, 149 pages, $25
Judaism was born in the Fertile Crescent when a young Semite, deeply troubled by his own sense of incompleteness and guilt, answered God's call, and in so doing started a chosen people that would be “a light unto the nations.” From these first obscure revelations and intuitions the descendents of Abraham developed one of the great faiths of the world, based on centuries—indeed millennia—of experience and reflection on the meaning of sin, judgment, and redemption. The record of their dialogue with the One true God is contained in the Hebrew Scriptures (a.k.a. The Old Testament) and is elaborated in a vast body of commentary, law, and tradition.
In the nineteenth century, following the Enlightenment and the emancipation of Jews from their ghettos, the ancient faith of Israel began to adjust itself to the modern world—particularly among Jews in the advanced societies of Western Europe and the United States. By the early and middle part of this century, liberalizing trends came to dominate much of the thought and practice of Reform and Conservative Judaism in America, also gaining some influence in Orthodoxy. A remote deist God—a lofty ideal or metaphor for man's highest aspirations—quietly supplanted the active, personal God of the Torah. Optimism regarding human nature and its perfectibility through science and reason replaced the notion that human dependence and sin were overcome principally through religious study and spiritual discipline.
During and immediately after World War II, however, there was something of a revolt against modernizing tendencies. The revolt was prompted in part by the terrible outbreak of violence in the twentieth century, culminating in Auschwitz and Hiroshima. It was inspired also by certain intellectual trends (mainly in Europe): existentialism; the born-again Judaism of Franz Rosenzweig and Martin Buber; and the Protestant neo-Orthodoxy of Kierkegaard, Barth, Tillich, Brunner, and (in the U.S.) the Niebuhr brothers.
The challenge to liberal hegemony in American Judaism represented not so much an effort to restore the minutiae of ritual observance as an attempt to recover what was seen as the spiritual core of traditional faith: a radical dependence on God, the personal, saving God who intervenes in human affairs, public and private. The “new Jewish theologians” (as they were called) charged that secularism and liberal religion had lost sight of ancient truths, and as a consequence, their teachings denied men the metaphysical security and comfort they needed, leaving them in an anxious and irritated state, readily susceptible to totalitarian political movements and other modern forms of idolatry. Atavistic tribal passions and romantic Utopian schemes, however false in the final analysis, at least offered some approximation of the vital spiritual life that had been suppressed and smothered in a culture guided by modern rationalism. According to the new Jewish theologians, the furious violence and demonic fanaticisms of the twentieth century were in large measure traceable to the secularization process; such viciousness dramatically refuted the notion that evil and sin were outmoded categories.
In The Emergence of Jewish Theology in America, Robert G. Goldy tells the story of this rebellion against religious liberalism, and, despite certain deficiencies, he tells much of the story quite well. The strongest aspect of the book is Goldy's ability to provide concise summaries of viewpoints and arguments on both the modernist-liberal side and on the “new theology” side. He is a good arbiter of the arguments and he writes with admirable clarity and ease.
The proponents of a “new Jewish theology,” it should be noted, did not speak as a group or bloc, outside of and against the whole of Judaism. They were, for the most part, insiders who were pursuing specifically Jewish agendas (not generic theology) within their respective denominations: Joseph Soloveitchik within Orthodoxy, Abraham Joshua Heschel within Conservatism, and Emil Fackenheim within the Reform movement. (Will Herberg, whose thought receives careful attention in Goldy's study, was something of an outsider.) What united these different thinkers sufficiently to describe their activities as a single phenomenon was the attempt to unify the best insights of tradition and modernity: for Fackenheim, Herberg, and Heschel it was to restore the legitimacy of divine command and revelation to Judaism's liberal, highly secularized wing; for Soloveitchik it was to make Orthodox faith credible in modernist terms.
All of these thinkers incurred stiff opposition from the established liberals, at least at first. (Soloveitchik, insofar as he confined his mission to the Orthodox, avoided this problem.) In his account of public debates in the forties and fifties, Goldy says that the defenders of liberal, modernized Judaism rarely hazarded serious engagement with the new Jewish theologians, sometimes ignoring them altogether and other times refuting mere caricatures of their thought. The modernists accused the theologizers of being superstitious, regressive, irrational, anti-humanistic, misanthropic, and mystical. They characterized them as cosmic kvetches, morbidly un-Jewish in their outlook, and—the unkindest cut of all—Christian in temperament. On top of all that, some of the theologians were resented for a tendency (according to Goldy) to be overbearing, even arrogant, in their manner of presentation.
The charge of atavistic and regressive supernaturalism was unfair in that it ignored the new theologians' aim of developing a spiritual and intellectual “third way,” neither modernist nor medieval, but joining Enlightenment rationalism with traditional insight. Their “existentialism” consisted chiefly in recognizing a depth of sorrow and tragedy in life; and their “irrationality” amounted to the effort to equip believers with a genuinely religious hope beyond the palliatives of reason and therapy. Their stress on human finitude, fragility, and dependence represented a rejection not of the essential Hebrew spirit, but only of distorted liberal interpretations of that spirit. The Jewish theologians justified taking cues from Christian theorists like Reinhold Niebuhr by saying that such thinkers could help direct Jews back toward a truer version of their own faith and tradition. Besides. Fackenheim and others argued, human beings have a common nature, and modern men, Jews and Christians alike, had recently suffered through the same terrible crises. It was only natural to be comparing notes in order (as Heschel put it) “to recover the questions for which the Bible is an answer.” Goldy reinforces their case by recalling that Jewish thought has a long tradition of enriching itself through judicious incorporation of elements from other philosophies and faiths.
The problem with liberal Judaism, according to the new theologians, was that it did not merely borrow from, but largely surrendered to, various intellectual systems from the secular world, overlaying a superficial gloss of Judaic symbolism on what was in substance scientific naturalism, German idealism (especially Kant), and American pragmatism (especially Dewey). It was not just
a particular theology that the modernists objected to—it was the very idea of theology, of God-talk, of supernatural truth. However, the Judaism they ended up with sometimes seemed less the faith of the fathers than Kant and Dewey in yarmulkes.
Goldy notes the strong protests by the new Jewish theologians on this point. Heschel lamented, “It is possible to be a rabbi [in America] and not believe in the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.” In 1948, a young Irving Kristol, then an editor at Commentary, deplored “the state of mind of a large section of the American rabbinate and much of the American Jewish community in general” as a “perversion of the Jewish religion into a shallow, if sincere, humanitarianism, plus a thorough-going insensitivity to present-day spiritual problems.” Emil Fackenheim decried as intellectual dishonesty and blasphemy “the present fashionable combination of disbelief in an existing God with the active perpetuation of a religion as a ‘useful' or ‘wholesome' illusion.” Though “Orthodoxy held fast to the Jewish God,” Fackenheim complained, it often “confined His essential activity to a conveniently remote Biblical and Talmudic past. . . .”
While Goldy's book is good in establishing the tone and substance of the relevant arguments, it achieves only mixed success in tracing the effects on the life and thought of the Jewish community at large. He does recognize, and sometimes quotes from, the host of fellow travelers and disciples spawned by the postwar Jewish theological movement; and he mentions the important role of Jewish journals, old and new, in entertaining theological arguments. At the broader community level he points to the generations of Jewish college students in the 1960s and beyond who sought serious answers to questions of God, faith, and values. He cites the success of Rabbi Harold Kushner's book. When Bad Things Happen to Good People, as a sign of the permanent influence achieved by debates begun much earlier.
Clearly, the theological movement of the postwar period succeeded in breaking the near-monopoly of religious liberalism dominating much of the American Jewish community. But it did not achieve anything like the “Copernican revolution” in Jewish piety and practice that it sought. However one studies the matter— whether by casual observation or statistical study—modernist, secular attitudes retain a much stronger hold on Jews than on Christians, among whom traditional religious ideas (belief in an afterlife, a personal God, etc.) are more prevalent. Unaccountably, Goldy remarks, “Almost unknown before 1945, a Jewish theology which was neo-orthodox and existentialist had become by the 1960s the dominant mode of religious thought within the American Jewish community.”
On the contrary, it would be fair to say that many literate and intelligent Jewish readers who pick up Goldy's book will be unable to understand from his account the nature of the intellectual conflict that arose forty-five years ago, so alien do the “new” theologians' ideas remain even today. Such readers will find the author less helpful than he might be, since he never really defines key terms such as “existentialism,” or even “theology.” As a result it's not entirely clear why the modernist rabbis objected to theology as something alien to Judaism, but not to “religious philosophy” or “religious thought.” Many readers may want to know more fully how these terms were understood by the different factions in the dispute. They might also profit from a discussion of how what they know as Judaism is largely constituted by the categories of modern creeds and philosophies.
For all these faults, The Emergence of Jewish Theology does represent a valuable contribution to the growing literature on Jewish life and faith that has appeared over the last decade or so. Even if the arguments described here were already part of the public recording various journals and books— Goldy has provided an important service in giving shape to the debates that occurred in the recent past. Indeed, his book (which has an extensive bibliography) may serve as a possible starting point for continuing dialogue about the nature and direction of contemporary Judaism—in its own internal affairs and in American public life. It may even present helpful insight for Christian churches that have experienced similar conflicts between liberal and neo-orthodox factions.
Matthew Berke is Managing Editor of First Things.
|
<urn:uuid:6ce6ef9d-61a8-4b02-a5d1-96dc87910cb6>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.firstthings.com/print/article/2007/10/001-restoring-the-god-of-their-fathers-29?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=500&width=700
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163798888/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204132958-00099-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953835 | 2,416 | 3.078125 | 3 |
A wood species must be in the same genus in order to be considered related in this field. Hence, some woods that seem to be related, such as African Mahogany and Honduran Mahogany, will not be listed because they belong to different genera (Khaya and Swietenia, respectively). Likewise, other woods that seem completely unrelated, such as Narra and Padauk, will show up as related species since they are both from the same genus (Pterocarpus).
Some exceptions to this rule are made: for instance, if two woods are very similar in appearance and working properties, and are in closely related genera within the same family, they may be listed as related. An example of this is Lignum Vitae and Argentine Lignum Vitae, which are in different genera, but both belong to the Zygophyllaceae family.
|
<urn:uuid:23a0d11c-2723-46e7-ac35-5001f5d27893>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/related-species/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823350.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019160040-20171019180040-00508.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971226 | 183 | 2.6875 | 3 |
SPCC Plan Basics: What Is Oil?
Instead, we must look to US EPA’s official definition of oil—and some other key terms—when determining whether programs like the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) requirements apply to our facilities.
New! The Developing an SPCC Plan Online Course guides EHS managers and engineers through the EPA regulations at 40 CFR Part 112 to determine which facilities must create an SPCC Plan, how to create or certify a plan, and what’s required to maintain compliance.
EPA lays out the applicability of its SPCC Plan rules at 40 CFR 112.1(b), as follows:
SPCC Plans: Basic Applicability
Quite a mouthful. We know from this applicability statement that, in general, the SPCC rules apply to facilities that deal with large volumes of oil.
But what is oil when it comes to SPCC Plans?
Students of Latin may know that petroleum translates to “rock oil.” But it doesn’t take a classical education to know that the word “oil” typically describes viscous liquids burned for fuel.
While petroleum fuel oils come to mind first, SPCC planning applies to all kinds of oils--including foods.like vegetable oil, peanut oil, or castor oil and products like baby oil. Are facilities that store those oils subject to SPCC planning and preparedness requirements? What other types of oil can subject a facility to the SPCC requirements? Let’s find out.
A look at EPA’s definition of oil in 40 CFR 112 shows us just how broadly the Federal government interprets the word. Within the SPCC requirements, EPA defines oil as:
EPA’s Definition of Oil for SPCC Planning
“oil of any kind or in any form, including, but not limited to: fats, oils, or greases of animal, fish or marine mammal origin; vegetable oils, including oils from seeds, nuts, fruits, or kernels; and, other oils and greases, including petroleum, fuel oil, sludge, synthetic oils, mineral oils, oil refuse, or oil mixed with wastes other than dredged spoil.” [40 CFR 112.2]
Exceptions to SPCC Plan Requirements
So, if you could potentially release a harmful amount of any oil, you need an SPCC Plan—right?
Not so fast! The SPCC requirements include a plethora of exemptions and exclusions that cover all kinds of materials and facilities. Let’s take a look at three of the biggest ones.
SPCC Plans are not required for:
- A “facility, that due to its location, could not reasonably be expected to have a discharge as described in paragraph (b) of this section…” In other words, if your facility is far enough from any protected water of the United States (e.g. in the middle of the desert), you are not subject to SPCC planning.
- Equipment or operation of vessels already subject to control of US DOT or US EPA (see 40 CFR 112.11(d)(ii) and (iii). In other words, discharges covered by a Clean Water Act permit or other EPA or DOT regulatory program are not subject to SPCC rules when certain conditions are met.
- Facilities with a completely buried oil storage capacity of 42,000 US gallons or less and an aggregate aboveground oil storage capacity of 1,320 US gallons or less*. SPCC planning is required for facilities that store oil in large volumes. Of course, having a plan to deal with spills makes sense for smaller facilities too, even if its not required under this program.
All that said, determining that your site needs an SPCC Plan is only the first step to achieving compliance. Once you know you’re covered, you must develop a plan, have the plan certified by a professional engineer (or self-certify the plan, if you’re a “qualified facility”), implement the plan, and understand your reporting and recordkeeping responsibilities.
We Know We Need an SPCC Plan. Now What?
Depending on the type of oil you deal with, the SPCC requirements you must follow will vary. For a full guide on how to develop and implement a fully compliant SPCC Plan, check out the Developing an SPCC Plan Online Course, available now.
EHS e-Learning: SPCC Plan Online CourseThe moment a spill occurs can be confusing and stressful for workers. Having a clear, easy-to-follow SPCC Plan in place to deal with oil spills not only helps facilities eliminate panic and efficiently address the spill, it’s also required under the Clean Water Act.
This in-depth online course guides EHS managers and engineers through the EPA regulations at 40 CFR Part 112 to determine which facilities must create an SPCC Plan, how to create or certify a plan, and what’s required to maintain compliance.
Check out the Developing an SPCC Plan Online Course today to get a handle on what’s required for your facility, and how to stay in compliance.
Find a Post
The instructor was very patient and engaging - willing to answer and help explain subject matter.
Material Control Superintendent
This training broke down the regulations in an easy-to-understand manner and made them less overwhelming. I now feel I have the knowledge to make more informed decisions.
The instructor was very very informative, helpful, understandable and pleasant. This course answered many questions I had, being new to this industry.
I will never go anywhere, but to Lion Technology.
One of the best trainings I have ever received!
I really enjoyed this training. Even after years on both sides of the comprehension coin, I find myself still learning! The quality of the delivery exceeded much of the training I have received in the past.
The course is well thought out and organized in a way that leads to a clearer understanding of the total training.
Hazmat Shipping Professional
Best course instructor I've ever had. Funny, relatable, engaging; made it interesting and challenged us as the professionals we are.
I had a positive experience utilizing this educational program. It was very informative, convenient, and rewarding from a career perspective.
The instructor made the class enjoyable. He presented in a very knowledgeable, personable manner. Best class I've ever attended. Will take one again.
Environmental Compliance Manager
Download Our Latest Whitepaper
Shipping papers are a crucial part of safely shipping hazardous materials. See the top 5 mistakes shippers make on shipping papers, and how to avoid them.
|
<urn:uuid:58dace4e-2bc9-4815-85e2-ebe1bbc7ed17>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.lion.com/lion-news/july-2018/spcc-plan-basics-what-is-oil
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510326.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927203115-20230927233115-00153.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931842 | 1,450 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The WHO estimates that around 7 million people die each year from exposure to fine airborne particles that penetrate deep into the lungs and cardiovascular system, causing diseases such as stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, lung chronic obstructive diseases and respiratory infections, including pneumonia.
Air pollution alone caused around 4.2 million deaths in 2016, while air pollution in homes by cooking with fuels and polluting technologies caused an estimated 3.8 million deaths in the same period.
More than 90 percent of deaths related to air pollution occur in low- and middle-income countries, mainly in Asia and Africa, followed by low- and middle-income countries in the Eastern Mediterranean, European and American regions.
Nearly 3,000 million people – more than 40 percent of the world’s population – still do not have access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking in their homes, which is the main source of air pollution in homes. WHO has been monitoring air pollution in homes for more than a decade, and while the rate of access to clean fuels and technologies is increasing everywhere, improvements do not keep pace with population growth in many places. of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
WHO recognizes that air pollution is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases and causes a quarter (24 percent) of all adult deaths from heart disease, 25% from heart attack, 43 percent from obstructive lung disease chronic and 29 percent from lung cancer.
|
<urn:uuid:a45fc078-9d55-4ca2-b1b1-0e175673ca4c>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.theallineed.com/science/20180504/nine-out-of-10-people-around-the-world-breathe-contaminated-air/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00444.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941591 | 289 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Earning an early childhood education degree opens up a wide range of possibilities within the field of education. If you’re planning to teach young children, then a degree with an emphasis on early childhood not only sets you apart from other applicants, but it also allows you to gain significant practical experience in a specialty area. To work with kids, you’ll need to be creative, compassionate, patient and diligent. Motivating young children starts with an understanding of their unique needs as early learners.
“Early childhood,” according to the National Association for the Education of Young Children or NAEYC, means the period of childhood up to age eight. Very young children learn differently from older kids, and their curriculum should correspond with how they learn.
Teachers with early childhood training study and implement a variety of methods for addressing this unique period in a child’s life. In addition to the development of cognitive skills, the “foundations for [children’s] social skills, self-esteem, perception of the world and moral outlook” are built during early childhood.
With an early childhood degree, you can teach grade levels preschool through about the third grade. Many preschools require their workers to hold at least an associate’s degree to work with children while nearly all public schools today demand that elementary teachers specialize in early childhood education.
Preschool vs. Daycare
Many people assume that preschool and daycare are interchangeable terms for the same setup. In reality, preschool differs from daycare in that preschool serves as an introduction to formal education.
If you want to work in a preschool, then you’ll most likely need an early childhood education degree because you’ll be expected to develop lesson plans and teach. You may find some daycares that promote learning, but the primary purpose of daycare is to babysit children whose parents aren’t available.
Preschool requires formal enrollment, and some preschool centers can be competitive based on reputation. Because preschool is an important part of a child’s early life, the government created the Head Start Program to help underserved and low-income families gain access to early childhood education.
CollegeBoard.org notes that early childhood education majors who specialize in an area such as special education may be more likely to find a job in this competitive market.
Like general teaching degrees, early childhood degrees can be customized to meet your areas of interest. You might be drawn toward children with disabilities such as speech or hearing delays. Earning extra certification to work with these children could put you in an advantageous position when you’re looking for a job. Likewise, if you want to teach at a specialty institution like the Montessori schools, then you’ll need to undergo specialized training since the curriculum differs drastically from traditional public and private schools.
When you’re looking for a good early childhood education program, make sure that it’s accredited and that it meets the standards set out by the NAEYC. Browse through the program’s requirements, and ask the program director about the educational philosophy or philosophies it promotes. There’s a wide array of approaches when it comes to early childhood curricula, so choose a school that mirrors your beliefs. You may even find online programs that give you the foundation that you need to pursue an early childhood education degree.
|
<urn:uuid:ae748d64-4198-4bf1-95d9-909b3815b756>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.masters-in-special-education.com/faq/what-grades-can-i-teach-with-an-early-childhood-education-degree/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511000.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002132844-20231002162844-00307.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952544 | 695 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Chicago style is usually used in the Humanities, History, and other fields. It includes several different versions for notes, bibliography entries, and shortened citations.
Turabian styleis a simplified version of Chicago style with some modifications for the needs of student writers. It includes a notes-bibliography style and a parenthetical citations-reference list style.
There are several versions of Chicago style, including Turabian style, which is a simplified version keyed toward students. Humanities disciplines frequently make use of the Notes and Bibliography system (NB), which allows writers to make footnotes and other commentary. Social sciences disciplines tend to use the Author-Date system.
The Notes and Bibliography system requires that each in-text reference includes a number corresponding to a footnote.
From the Purdue Owl site:
More information on Notes and Bibliography citation lists: Purdue OWL guidelines for Chicago Manual of Style 16th Ed.
In the Author-Date system, citations are placed into parentheses in the text in this order: author last name year of publication, page number, and then fully cited in the References section.
Example: (Mueller 2014, 19)
Multiple authors may be listed, or acknowledged with et al.
Example: (Bennett, Sanders, and Lee 1998, 238)
Example: (Bennett et al 1998, 238)
More information on Author Date system: Chicago Style Information from Trinity Univervsity
Scroll down for more instructions on References from the Purdue OWL site.
Examples are for Bibliography, using Notes-Bibliography style. See references to the left for more information on other styles in Chicago.
|
<urn:uuid:f5021030-f097-42e0-987d-106fc59850ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://libguides.ucmerced.edu/citing_sources/citing-sources_chicago-turabian
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103316.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817131910-20170817151910-00067.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.80635 | 338 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Invasive plants are a menace for a lot of reasons: They can cause serious harm to humans and animals; lower farmers’ crop yields; damage the mountains and lakes we love to visit, cutting back the tourism revenue for surrounding communities; and inflict many other kinds of destruction. They also displace many of the incredible (sometimes rare) native plants that grow in our region. By controlling invasive weeds, we help our remarkable natives regain a foothold in King County.
Earlier this month, I had a chance to see this rebirth in action when I traveled out to Alpental with Weed Specialists (and botanists extraordinaire) Matt Below and Patrick Sowers. For more than a decade, our program has worked to eradicate two highly invasive perennials, orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) and yellow hawkweed (Hieracium caespitosum) from the Alpental and Snoqualmie Ski areas at Snoqualmie Pass. Originally from Europe, these plants outcompete native plants and form dense monocultures in disturbed areas, forests, and meadows. They’re especially concerning because they can invade meadows at higher elevations, displacing the native plants there.
Orange and yellow hawkweed can be identified by their hairy, unlobed basal leaves; black, ball-shaped buds in tight clusters on hairy, almost leafless stems 1 to 3 feet tall; yellow or orange flower heads; fuzzy white stolons when flowering; dandelion-like seed heads; and a milky juice inside all plant parts.
Over the years, our program has made a big impact on Snoqualmie Pass’ invasive hawkweed population. For instance, here are two before and after photos of the Summit at Snoqualmie, the latter taken during our visit:
This trip, the landscape was a far cry from the dense swathes of orange you see in the 2009 photo. Throughout the day, we found only smaller, scattered patches of invasive hawkweeds across the slopes. Instead, we discovered something far more interesting and uplifting: a phenomenal display of native plants!
Climbing a ski run at Alpental, we quickly came across a population of round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia). This tiny perennial supplements its soil nutrients by eating insects. Drawn to the sugary beads at the end of the sundew’s tentacles, the insects become trapped and the plant dissolves them.
Growing among the round-leaved sundew, we also found a population of bog St. John’s-wort (Hypericum anagalloides), a low-growing perennial that’s native to western North America. “The Latin hypericum means ‘above pictures,’ from the early placement of plants over shrines to repel evil spirits,” write Jim Pojar and Andy MacKinnon in their Plants of the Pacific Northwest field guide. This wonderful little bog plant is totally different from the invasive common St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), a noxious weed introduced from Europe.
A bit farther up, we stumbled across our second carnivorous plant, common butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris). This perennial eats its insects by trapping them on its sticky leaves, after which the leaves roll up and the plant dissolves its victims. Butterwort gets its name because it “supposedly encouraged or protected the productivity of milk cows, ensuring a supply of butter,” write Pojar and MacKinnon.
Combing the slopes for the (largely absent) invasive hawkweeds, we also discovered two native hawkweeds. The first, white-flowered hawkweed (Hieracium albiflorum), looks similar to the two invasive hawkweeds but is a generally more slender plant with (as the name implies) white flowers. The second, slender hawkweed (Hieracium triste or Hieracium gracile), is a slight, yellow-flowered hawkweed with usually hairless basal leaves. Native and non-native hawkweeds do interbreed when their ranges overlap, which can make identification difficult.
Elsewhere in the Snoqualmie Pass area, on roadsides and forest edges, you can find a number of other delightful native plants. For instance, the rare Washington springbeauty (Claytonia washingtoniana), native to the western United States and British Columbia, blooms just off of Denny Creek Road.
Jeffrey’s shootingstar (Dodecatheon jeffreyi) and vari-leaved collomia (Collomia heterophylla) both grow along the roadside in Alpental, and twinflower (Linnaea borealis) appears along the forest edge.
In Skykomish, another long-term hawkweed project, Weed Specialist Matt Below has uncovered the elusive Smith’s melicgrass (Melica smithii), a tufted perennial grass native to parts of the Northwest and British Columbia.
The above plants are just a few examples; similar revivals are happening at noxious weed control sites throughout our county. For instance, Weed Specialist Patrick Sowers recently surveyed Tub Lake, the last relatively intact bog in the Seattle area, where he managed to catch an early invasion of purple loosestrife. Below are a few of the native plants he’s found in the greater Seattle area:
Outside resources such as a rating system of native species’ susceptibility to disturbance and invasive species by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources, as well as the agency’s Wetlands of High Conservation Value Map Viewer, make protecting rare native plant species and communities even easier.
We can’t know for sure that we found the above native plants because of the reduced hawkweed population, but the bigger picture is clear: eradicating noxious weeds, especially those in sensitive areas, allows for a more diverse ecosystem with more of the wonderful native plants we know and love—as well as those waiting for us to find them.
|
<urn:uuid:2df8d920-6a51-4e7b-8b7e-4a8eb479477c>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://kingcountyweeds.com/2017/07/27/native-plants-saved-by-noxious-weed-control/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510810.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001073649-20231001103649-00549.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924276 | 1,258 | 3.171875 | 3 |
By Dev K. Mishra, M.D., President, Sideline Sports Doc, Clinical Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University
- The spleen is the most commonly injured abdominal organ during sports
- An enlarged spleen, such as from mononucleosis, places an athlete at additional risk of injury to the spleen
- Emergency treatment is critical to ensure the health of the athlete after a possible spleen injury
This week I was working with a college lacrosse player who was seeing me for ongoing issues with groin pain. Unrelated to that he indicated to me that in the past season he was hospitalized for a week due to a laceration of his spleen. The laceration occurred during a lacrosse game when he was diving for a ball and an opposing player’s stick hit him just underneath his left rib cage. My patient was fortunate in that he has made a full recovery and should go on to have normal function of his spleen. But others have not been quite so lucky.
A young man named Evan Murray, a 17-year-old three-sport athlete at Warren Hills Regional High School in New Jersey took a hit in the backfield during a football game in 2015. According to witnesses who spoke to the media, Murray walked off under his own power but later collapsed. As he was placed on a stretcher to be taken to a local hospital, he told his teammates he would be fine and gave them the thumbs-up sign.
But tragically, Evan Murray didn’t make it.
According to the County Coroner’s Office, the cause of death was a lacerated spleen that caused massive internal bleeding. Dr. Ronald Suarez found that Murray’s spleen was abnormally enlarged, making it more susceptible to injury.
What is the spleen?
The spleen is an organ in the upper far left part of the abdomen, to the left of the stomach. The spleen plays multiple supporting roles in the body. It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis.
Some medical conditions can result in an enlarged spleen, and an enlarged spleen is a risk for rupture. One of these conditions commonly seen in young athletes is mononucleosis, otherwise known as “mono”. For this reason, most physicians will require an athlete to rest for several days after mono before return to sports. This gives the spleen a chance to return to normal size.
Mechanism of spleen injuries
While death from spleen injuries is thankfully rare, the spleen is actually the most frequently injured abdominal organ in sports. A direct blow to the left side of the upper abdomen in contact or collision sports like football, lacrosse, or hockey, can injure the spleen in a healthy athlete.
Recognition of spleen injuries
A huge amount of blood travels through the spleen. Laceration or rupture can lead to massive bleeding into the abdomen that can be catastrophic.
Spleen injuries can be hard to diagnose at the time of injury. A player might have upper left abdominal pain after a hard tackle to the body, or being hit by the backend of a stick. He might complain of left shoulder pain from blood irritating the diaphragm. A doctor or athletic trainer might find tenderness when feeling the abdomen or ribs over the spleen.
Recognition and treatment of athletes with spleen injuries
Immediately after the injury, the athlete may have very few complaints and the exam could look nearly normal. It’s incredibly important therefore to pay close attention and act quickly if the young athlete develops any signs of abdominal pain. Evaluation of the athlete at a hospital is critical if there is any question of a serious injury.
Many athletes with ruptured spleens require surgery and sometimes removal of the spleen. Some types of spleen injuries can be successfully treated without surgery. My young patient required a week in the hospital. These athletes usually do well and lead healthy lives, often returning to sports.
Evan Murray’s death was devastating for his hometown. Maybe one positive outcome will result from this tragedy. Parents, coaches and athletes can become more aware of these injuries so that no more athletes die from them in the future.
|
<urn:uuid:1a24ed0d-271a-4167-ad5f-7922f07f4cdf>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://smwhome.net/category/sports/rugby/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688966.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922130934-20170922150934-00471.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963351 | 915 | 3.140625 | 3 |
I am creating a program that prompts a first and last name then prints a string composed of the first letter of the user’s first name, followed by the first five characters of the user’s last name, followed by a random number in the range 10 to 99.
I know how to prompt for the name and find the random number but I'm not sure how to
"print a string composed of the first letter of the first name, followed by the first five letters of the last name."
Can anyone help me? I am a very elementary Java programmer.
So I am really close to finishing this but it keeps saying "illegal start of expression" for line 55 and I can't figure it out. Here is my code, sorry, I know it's a mess:
Random generator = new Random(); int num1; num1 = generator.nextInt(10-99);
line 55: public String substring; <<<
String result; System.out.println("Result:" + (beginIndex) + (firstname.substring(0,1) + lastname. substring (0,5)) + (num1) );
|
<urn:uuid:1b49405e-6615-4e5b-99fc-ab4e34f8cc9f>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6155067/how-do-i-create-a-name-generator
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267745.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00335-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.874016 | 242 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A Microbiological Paradox: Viable but Nonculturable Bacteria with Special Reference to Vibrio cholerae
Source: Journal of Food Protection®, Number 1, January 1996, pp. 6-107 , pp. 96-101(6)
Abstract:The observation that directly-detectable bacterial cells are unable to grow on bacteriological culture media under certain conditions raises questions regarding the viability of these cells. Various terminologies have been used to describe substrate-responsive and metabolically-active bacterial cells that cannot be cultured. The currently-accepted term is "viable but nonculturable." During the past 15 years, the viable but nonculturable phenomenon has been actively investigated. Bacterial pathogens in the viable but nonculturable state can maintain virulence and produce disease. These organisms may escape detection if bacteriological culture methods are solely used. Thus, methods for direct detection of specific pathogens in food, water and environmental samples are preferable. Viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae have been extensively studied, and several sensitive and reliable direct-detection kits have been developed. Viable but nonculturable forms of bacteria are now recognized as a common phenomenon, observable in many bacterial species, which suggests that standard bacteriological laboratory protocols for assessing microbiological safety of food and drinking water are less reliable than direct detection methods.
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: 1: Department of Microbiology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA 2: Department of Microbiology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 4321 Hartwick Road Suite 500, College Park, Maryland 20740 USA
Publication date: January 1, 1996
- IAFP members must first sign in on the right to access full text articles of JFP First published in 1937, the Journal of Food Protection®, is a refereed monthly publication. Each issue contains scientific research and authoritative review articles reporting on a variety of topics in food science pertaining to food safety and quality. The Journal is internationally recognized as the leading publication in the field of food microbiology with a readership exceeding 11,000 scientists from 70 countries. The Journal of Food Protection® is indexed in Index Medicus, Current Contents, BIOSIS, PubMed, Medline, and many others.
Print and online subscriptions are available to Members and Institutional subscribers. Online visitors who are not IAFP Members or journal subscribers will be charged on a pay-per-view basis. Information can be obtained by calling +1 800.369.6337; +1 515.276.3344; fax: +1 515.276.8655, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org or Web site: www.foodprotection.org
- Information for Authors
- Submit a Paper
- Subscribe to this Title
- Membership Information
- Information for Advertisers
- ingentaconnect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites
|
<urn:uuid:73955137-d7f3-42bc-8c57-b35eb7a62e2c>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iafp/jfp/1996/00000059/00000001/art00017
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021740974/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121540-00004-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900593 | 616 | 2.609375 | 3 |
One way to handle a child’s anger is to stay calm when they lose their temper. Controlling your emotions sets an example for the child. You can praise them when they express their feelings calmly and when they calm themselves down after an explosion. Adults who are confident, calm, and consistent help children develop the skills to regulate their behavior.
What You'll Learn
- Why do kids get angry?
- How can kids learn how to control their explosive behavior?
- What can parents to do help their children handle anger?
It is often difficult for parents to handle kids’ explosive and angry behavior, but understanding why they’re acting out can help. Anger issues in kids often happen because they don’t know how to deal with their frustration or other uncomfortable feelings. They haven’t yet learned skills for solving problems without getting upset.
Sometimes anger issues in kids are caused by another problem that needs treatment. This could be ADHD, anxiety, learning disabilities, sensory processing issues, or autism.
There are strategies that parents can use to help kids improve their behavior. One of the most important things is to stay calm when they get upset. This can be challenging, but it’s a great way to model good behavior. Praise them when they express their feelings calmly or calm themselves down after an explosion. Don’t give in to their demands.
Teaching kids problem-solving and communication skills can help them choose better ways to express their feelings. You can also prevent some anger in children by identifying their triggers. For example, if your child gets angry when you ask them to stop doing something they enjoy, give them gentle warnings before time is up.
If a tantrum isn’t violent, ignoring it usually works best. If your child is getting physical, then get them to a safe place. For young kids, a timeout chair or a room without toys or other rewards often works. For older kids, you might need to leave them alone so that they aren’t rewarded with your attention. In extreme situations, calling 911 can be the best way to keep yourself and your child safe.
If your child’s behavior is too much for you to handle, there are professionals who can help. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can teach kids coping skills and teach parents ways to help. If CBT isn’t enough, the child may need medication or a different treatment program.
When a child—even a small child—melts down and becomes aggressive, they can pose a serious risk to themselves and others, including parents and siblings.
It’s not uncommon for kids who have trouble handling their emotions to lose control and direct their distress at a caregiver, screaming and cursing, throwing dangerous objects, or hitting and biting. It can be a scary, stressful experience for you and your child, too. Children often feel sorry after they’ve worn themselves out and calmed down.
So what are you to do?
It’s helpful to first understand that behavior is communication. A child who is so overwhelmed that they are lashing out is a distressed child. They don’t have the skill to manage their feelings and express them in a more mature way. They may lack language, or impulse control, or problem-solving abilities.
Sometimes parents see this kind of explosive behavior as manipulative. But kids who lash out are usually unable to handle frustration or anger in a more effective way—say, by talking and figuring out how to achieve what they want.
Nonetheless, how you react when a child lashes out has an effect on whether they will continue to respond to distress in the same way, or learn better ways to handle feelings so they don’t become overwhelming. Some pointers:
- Stay calm. Faced with a raging child, it’s easy to feel out of control and find yourself yelling at them. But when you shout, you have less chance of reaching them. Instead, you will only be making them more aggressive and defiant. As hard as it may be, if you can stay calm and in control of your own emotions, you can be a model for your child and teach them to do the same thing.
- Don’t give in. Don’t encourage them to continue this behavior by agreeing to what they want in order to make it stop.
- Praise appropriate behavior. When they have calmed down, praise them for pulling themselves together. And when they do try to express their feelings verbally, calmly, or try to find a compromise on an area of disagreement, praise them for those efforts.
- Help them practice problem-solving skills. When your child is not upset is the time to help them try out communicating their feelings and coming up with solutions to conflicts before they escalate into aggressive outbursts. You can ask them how they feel, and how they think you might solve a problem.
- Time outs and reward systems. Time outs for nonviolent misbehavior can work well with children younger than 7 or 8 years old. When using time outs, be sure to be consistent with them and balance them with other, more positive forms of attention. If a child is too old for time outs, you want to move to a system of positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior—points or tokens toward something they want.
- Avoid triggers. Vasco Lopes, PsyD, a clinical psychologist, says most kids who have frequent meltdowns do it at very predictable times, like homework time, bedtime, or when it’s time to stop playing, whether it’s Legos or the Xbox. The trigger is usually being asked to do something they don’t like, or to stop doing something they do like. Time warnings (“we’re going in 10 minutes”), breaking tasks down into one-step directions (“first, put on your shoes”), and preparing your child for situations (“please ask to be excused before you leave Grandma’s table”) can all help avoid meltdowns.
What kind of tantrum is it?
How you respond to a tantrum also depends on its severity. The first rule in handling nonviolent tantrums is to ignore them as often as possible, since even negative attention, like telling the child to stop, can be encouraging.
But when a child is getting physical, ignoring is not recommended since it can result in harm to others as well as your child. In this situation, Dr. Lopes advises putting the child in a safe environment that does not give them access to you or any other potential rewards.
Critics of time outs argue that they can be emotionally isolating for kids, but research shows that they are effective and do not cause children harm. (For more on the debate around time outs, read our full article on the topic.) However, it’s very important to use them as just one technique in a nurturing, supportive parenting strategy. Be sure to balance use of time outs with lots of praise for kids’ positive behaviors. It’s also important to manage your own stress so that kids can learn emotional regulation from your positive example.
If the child is young (usually 7 or younger), try placing them in a time out chair. If they won’t stay in the chair, take them to a backup area where they can calm down on their own without anyone else in the room. Again, for this approach to work there shouldn’t be any toys or games in the area that might make it rewarding.
Your child should stay in that room for one minute, and must be calm before they are allowed out. Then they should come back to the chair for time out. “What this does is gives your child an immediate and consistent consequence for their aggression and it removes all access to reinforcing things in their environment,” explains Dr. Lopes.
If you have an older child who is being aggressive and you aren’t able to carry them into an isolated area to calm down, Dr. Lopes advises removing yourself from their vicinity. This ensures that they are not getting any attention or reinforcement from you and keeps you safe. In extreme instances, it may be necessary to call 911 to ensure your and your child’s safety.
Help with behavioral techniques
If your child is doing a lot of lashing out—enough that it is frequently frightening you and disrupting your family—it’s important to get some professional help. There are good behavioral therapies that can help you and your child get past the aggression, relieve your stress and improve your relationship. You can learn techniques for managing their behavior more effectively, and they can learn to rein in disruptive behavior and enjoy a much more positive relationship with you.
- Parent-child interaction therapy. PCIT has been shown to be very helpful for children between the ages of 2 and 7. The parent and child work together through a set of exercises while a therapist coaches parents through an ear bud. You learn how to pay more attention to your child’s positive behavior, ignore minor misbehaviors, and provide consistent consequences for negative and aggressive behavior, all while remaining calm.
- Parent Management Training. PMT teaches similar techniques as PCIT, though the therapist usually works with parents, not the child.
- Collaborative and Proactive Solutions. CPS is a program based on the idea that explosive or disruptive behavior is the result of lagging skills rather than, say, an attempt to get attention or test limits. The idea is to teach children the skills they lack to respond to a situation in a more effective way than throwing a tantrum.
Figuring out explosive behavior
Tantrums and meltdowns are especially concerning when they occur more often, more intensely, or past the age in which they’re developmentally expected—those terrible twos up through preschool. As a child gets older, aggression becomes more and more dangerous to you, and the child. And it can become a big problem for them at school and with friends, too.
If your child has a pattern of lashing out it may be because of an underlying problem that needs treatment. Some possible reasons for aggressive behavior include:
- ADHD: Kids with ADHD are frustrated easily, especially in certain situations, such as when they’re supposed to do homework or go to bed.
- Anxiety: An anxious child may keep their worries secret, then lash out when the demands at school or at home put pressure on them that they can’t handle. Often, a child who “keeps it together” at school loses it with one or both parents.
- Undiagnosed learning disability: When your child acts out repeatedly in school or during homework time, it could be because the work is very hard for them.
- Sensory processing issues: Some children have trouble processing the information they are taking in through their senses. Things like too much noise, crowds and even “scratchy” clothes can make them anxious, uncomfortable, or overwhelmed. That can lead to actions that leave you mystified, including aggression.
- Autism: Children on all points of the spectrum are often prone to major meltdowns when they are frustrated or faced with unexpected change. They also often have sensory issues that make them anxious and agitated.
Given that there are so many possible causes for emotional outbursts and aggression, an accurate diagnosis is key to getting the help you need. You may want to start with your pediatrician. They can rule out medical causes and then refer you to a specialist. A trained, experienced child psychologist or psychiatrist can help determine what, if any, underlying issues are present.
When behavioral plans aren’t enough
Professionals agree, the younger you can treat a child, the better. But what about older children and even younger kids who are so dangerous to themselves and others, behavioral techniques aren’t enough to keep them, and others around them, safe?
- Medication. Medication for underlying conditions such as ADHD and anxiety may make your child more reachable and teachable. Kids with extreme behavior problems are often treated with antipsychotic medications like Risperdal or Abilify. But these medications should be partnered with behavioral techniques.
- Holds. Parent training may, in fact, include learning how to use safe holds on your child, so that you can keep both them and yourself out of harm’s way.
- Residential settings. Children with extreme behaviors may need to spend time in a residential treatment facility, sometimes, but not always, in a hospital setting. There, they receive behavioral and, most likely, pharmaceutical treatment. Therapeutic boarding schools provide consistency and structure round the clock, seven days a week. The goal is for the child to internalize self-control so they can come back home with more appropriate behavior with you and the world at large.
- Day treatment. With day treatment, a child with extreme behavioral problems lives at home but attends a school with a strict behavioral plan. Such schools should have trained staff prepared to safely handle crisis situations.
Explosive children need calm, confident parents
It can be challenging work for parents to learn how to handle an aggressive child with behavioral approaches, but for many kids it can make a big difference. Parents who are confident, calm, and consistent can be very successful in helping children develop the skills they need to regulate their own behavior.
This may require more patience and willingness to try different techniques than you might with a typically developing child, but when the result is a better relationship and happier home, it’s well worth the effort.
Frequently Asked Questions
In parent-child interaction therapy, a therapist coaches parents on how to pay more attention to positive behavior, ignore minor misbehaviors, and provide consistent consequences for negative and aggressive behavior, all while remaining calm. Other forms of therapy also center on teaching the parent how to model emotional stability.
|
<urn:uuid:6afdae90-2f80-4804-9a92-3e83077c34b6>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://childmind.org/article/angry-kids-dealing-with-explosive-behavior/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Angry%20Kids%3A%20Dealing%20With%20Explosive%20Behavior&utm_campaign=monthly-1%20%20sad
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00004.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956758 | 2,873 | 3.671875 | 4 |
In Africa, McKinsey has projected that if internet penetration would follow the pattern of the utilization of mobile phones on the continent, it would have vast positive impacts for the African economies.
Actually, such increased internet access could contribute with as much as 10 % of the continents whole GDP. Then, imagine how beneficial it would be for Africa if even further coverage was accomplished in the future. Several sub-Saharan countries have already demonstrated attempts to provide its inhabitants with free access to Wi-Fi, for example Kenya and Rwanda.
However, there is one star on the continent that outshines the others in this respect. This country is South Africa, where both public and private actors are engaged in bringing Wi-Fi access to the common person. South Africa already has established free Wi-Fi connection in more than 2,000 (!) spots across the country, a number that keeps on growing.
So what are some obvious benefits with free Wi-Fi? One might consider increased freedom for people in liberating ideas and creating start-ups, which of course is one side of the coin. However, there are much more basic applications which the industrialized world is taking for granted.
Imagine for instance the process of job application. How do you come to hear about job opportunities without internet access? Sure, some might say that you receive notifications through contacts, but the reality does not look like that for many people. You need to be able to upload or e-mail CVs and go job hunting in databases in order for an efficient labour market to take shape in today’s modern world.
As for education, internet access provides an array of opportunities. An educated workforce is paramount to the prosperity of nations and their companies. With free Wi-Fi you can study online, get information about the world, download books and cooperate with others. Even the education in the industrialized world converges towards e-learning, so imagine the opportunities for Africa in this aspect.
There is criticism of governmentally subsidized internet access though. The services need to be provided at a cost for the government, assumingly connected to the money of tax payers. If these costs do not hold up, a cancelation of such a programme would be devastating if that day should come. Some criticism has also been posed regarding governments impeding private companies in their efforts to provide internet for the masses. The cause is said to be that governments want to win elections based on their promises of providing internet to the people
It has been proven before that businesses can be built by targeting the bottom of the pyramid – the services just have to be cheap enough and cater to a large enough number of people. The question is who is up for the venture and maybe that is not a safe game to play as the rest of the world is rushing into the digital era.
Read more about the case of South Africa in this article from TheNextWeb
|
<urn:uuid:4efebc02-29e2-48ef-a1c5-362316c5f5b1>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.mistbreaker.com/world/free-wi-fi-transform-africa/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805049.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118210145-20171118230145-00342.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96968 | 582 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Easy-to-follow video tutorials help you learn software, creative, and business skills.Become a member
In this movie, I'll show you how to apply dynamic effects to independent attributes, that is fills and strokes. And as a result, we'll take this waving line pattern here, which goes in a consistent direction throughout this illustration. And we'll change it, so that it splits off in different directions as it emanates away from the center of the document. And then we'll create a lighter version of this pattern and put it inside these radiant lines. And then we'll slowly rotate the pattern around this dotted stroke.
So for starters here, I'm going to twirl open the waves layer. And you notice that the selected object is called temp. And that's because it's just a temporary place holder. I'm going to turn on this back object here, which is this rectangle right here, and I'll click on it to select it. And then, I'll switch over to the Appearance panel and I'll click on the add new fill icon. Down in the bottom left corner of the Appearance panel. Go ahead and drag this guy down to below the stroke, and I will change this top fill to that pattern that we created in the previous movie, Dark waves.
And so far, everything looks exactly the same, but just to make it clear what's going on, I'll go back to the layers panel and turn off that temp layer. And you can see, we just have a quarter of a pattern now. Now, I want you to return to the Appearance panel, make sure that fill is still selected, and we're going to perform a kind of weird step, that's not going to make that much sense. I want you to go up to the Effect menu, choose Distort & Transform, and choose Transform. And then, turn off Transform Objects, and that will automatically turn on Transform Patterns, and that should be the only check box that's on, and then I want you to just click OK.
Even though we haven't done anything, that's going to serve as a placeholder, for an operation, that we're going to perform in just a moment. Now click on path. To select the entire path, and return to the Effect menu and choose Transform..., to bring up the dialog box. And now, I want you to turn on Transform Objects, so that both of these check boxes are on. Click on the left-hand reference point in this little matrix here, and turn on Reflect X. Then, turn on the Preview check box, and you'll see the pattern flip in the opposite direction.
Now, let's restore the original by raising the Copies value to 1, and then click OK. Alright, now I want you to click on that Transform, that we just created. And next, click on the little page icon, at the bottom of the panel, to create a copy of it. Now, click on the new Transform, which is the bottom one of the two. Turn off Reflect X, and turn on Reflect Y. Go ahead and select the bottom point in this little reference point matrix. Turn on the Preview check box, and you can see, the deed is done. And now that we have our radiant pattern that's going out in all directions, go ahead and click OK.
Now this is where this little transform comes in. So, I'm going to press Ctrl+H or Cmd+H on the Mac, that leaves that rectangle selected, but it hides the edges, so that we can see what we're doing. We want to make sure that we like the way this pattern is traveling through both the sides here, and through this area, so this sort of vertical line and this horizontal line. And so by clicking on Transform, and turning on Preview check box, you can now click in the Horizontal option, for example, and press the up-arrow key in order to raise that value.
And you'll see these lines kind of separate away from each other, and at about 8 points, I decided that I liked the effect. But if you don't, you can go with something else, you know, you can come up with whatever value pleases you. Now I'll click inside the Vertical value, and we want to watch this seem this time, and I'll press the up-arrow key, and you'll see things moving toward each other, and again, at about 8 points, I liked what I saw. So, this just gives us the opportunity to make this decision on the fly. Now I'll go ahead and click OK, in order to accept that change.
Alright, now to create those bright lines through the artwork. I'm going to switch back to the Layers panel, and I'm going to turn on this object that's called bar. And it's just a skinny vertical rectangle, as you can see. Now we can't see it very well, so let's go ahead and turn off the wheel and text layers, so that we can focus on this bar. And I'll click on it, in order to select it here. Now I can't see the edges, because, I hid em, so I'll press Ctrl+H or Cmd+H on the Mac to bring it back. And I'll zoom out a little bit, so that we have a better feel for what's going on.
Alright, now switch over to the Appearance panel, and click on that white fill. And let's make a duplicate of it, by clicking on the little page icon, at the bottom of the panel. And now we're going to transform it by going up to the Effect menu, choosing Distort & Transform and then choosing the Transform command. And I'm choosing the command from the submenu this time, just so that we clear out all the settings. Now we don't need to transform patterns, because obviously, there are none. But we do need to scoot this guy out and I'm not going to know how much, until I turn on the Preview checkbox. And I'm going to start by moving it to the left.
Which means that I click inside the Horizontal value and press Shift+down-arrow a few times in a row, and then the down-arrow keys some more until I get a value of negative 35 points. You can see that that goes ahead and scoots that new fill a little bit over to the left. Then I decided I wanted to make it skinnier. So I clicked inside the Horizontal scale value and press Shift+down-arrow, to take it down to 90%. And then I clicked in the Rotate value and pressed up-arrow key three times, in order to rotate that bar three degrees.
Alright now we want to a few copies. So click inside the Copies value and press Shift+up-arrow a couple of times and then press the up-arrow key five more times, so that we have a total of 25 copies, which doesn't look like enough, but its going to turn out to be plenty. Then click OK. Alright now we want to do the same thing in the other direction. So go ahead and click on that fill, to select it. And click on the little page icon at the bottom of the panel, to create a copy. And click on Transform, to bring up the Transform Effect dialog box. Turn on the Preview check box, so we can see what we are doing.
And, go ahead and set the Horizontal value to a positive version, of its former self. So just get rid of the negative value and we end up getting this wonderful swoop here, which I think is really great, but it's not the effect I want. So, I'll click inside the Angle value and change it to negative, in this case negative 3, and we end up with this giant fan. Now click OK. Now I want to fan it even farther, so, I'm going to click on the path in order to select the entire thing. And then, I'll go up to the Effect menu, choose Warp, and I never know which one of these warps I want, so I usually just select Arc.
The great thing about this, once you're inside the Warp Options dialog box, is now you can see tiny little previews, of what each one of those warp patterns look like. And this is the effect I'm going for, I want to splay the fan out even more, so I'll choose Shell Upper. And that looks tragic, something's gone horribly wrong. Well here's the deal, I'm going to click OK to accept the effects so far. What we need to do is grab warp shell upper and drag it to the bottom of the list, below the last fill, and we end up getting this effect here.
Now we want some more spread, so I'll click on that little guy, in order to restore the Warp Options dialog box. And I'm going to take the Bend value up to its maximum, of 100%. And I'm also going to take the Vertical Distortion value down to it's minimum of negative 100%, and that produces this effect here. Alright now click OK, obviously the effect is too high. The black line is the bottom of the artboard and red line is the bottom of the bleed. So, I need to scoot things down. And I'm going to do so, of course, dynamically, by going up to the Effect menu, choosing Distort & Transform, and lo and behold, a big surprise, I'll choose the Transform command.
And, I'm going to turn on the Preview checkbox and click inside the Vertical value and press Shift+up-arrow twice in a row. To nudge this effect down. So positive vertical values nudge things down in this world, and so I'll click OK. Just go and center my zoom here by pressing Ctrl+0, Cmd+0 on the Mac, and I'll press Ctrl+Shift+A or Cmd+Shift+A on the Mac, in order to deselect those bars. Now the question becomes, how do I fill those bars with this kind of pattern? I can fill it with a standard pattern easily enough but, how do I fill it with a reflecting pattern like we have going in the background? Well, what we do is create a new pattern first of all, because we need to create a light version, by selecting Dark waves here inside the Swatches panel, and then click on the little page icon, in order to create a copy of it.
And I'll call this one Light Waves, of course, and then I'll click OK. And now, I'll double-click on this little swatch, in order to switch over to the pattern generator. And I'll click on any one of these lines. Notice they're now rendered out. And I'll go up to the control panel, and click Select Similar Objects, that icon there. And now I'll change the color of the stroke by Shift+Clicking, on this little swatch, that'll bring up my CMYK values. And I'll change the C to 25, and I'll change the M value to 75, in order to brighten up those strokes.
And then, I'll select the square in the background there and I'll just click on the fill icon this time and select this swatch, which is C=50 M=100 Y=0 K=0. And we get this brighter version of the pattern. So now, go ahead and press the Escape key in order to update the pattern. We're too far zoomed in, so go ahead and press Ctrl+0, or Cmd+0 on Mac, in order to zoom out. Switch to the Layers panel. Click on this back item right there and press the Alt key, or the Option key on the Mac, and drag it up like so.
So that it lands at the top of the stack. And that should select it as well, as you're seeing here. Now return to the Appearance panel, and click on that top-fill swatch and change it to our new pattern, which is Light Waves. And you may also want to change this bottom fill. It's just kind of filling things in. And change it to a lighter color, although it's already pretty light. So, I guess might as well leave it the way it is. Make sure the path is active, that's very important and then if your Transparency panel is up on screen, go ahead and change the blend mode to Multiply.
And that is going to fill in those white bars, with the new light pattern. Back to the Layers panel we go. I'll go ahead and twirl close the waves layer because, we're done with all the background stuff, and turn back on the two layers above. Alright, now what we want to do, is to get to work on this stroke right here. So, go ahead and select the circle by clicking on it some place. And then return to the Appearance panel, and click on the Stroke, the existing dash stroke. And click on the little page icon at the bottom of the panel, to create a copy of it. Then reduce the line wave value to 15.
And go ahead and change the color of the Stroke to the Dark pattern, Dark waves. And note that that's going to fill in the interior of those dots, with that waves pattern. But also note that it's going in a consistent direction the whole time. It's not rotating around, as I promised. Well, here's how we solve that problem. I'm going to click on Stroke, in order to bring up the panel here. And I'm going to change the gap value to its maximum of 1,000, and that's going to give us one and only one pattern dot, over here on the right-hand side.
Alright, now we need to transform it into a better position. So make sure the Stroke is active. I just love this part. And then go up to the Effect menu, and choose Distort & Transform, and choose Transform, because we want to start over again. And go ahead and change the Angle value to 50 degrees, and turn on the Preview checkbox, and that'll move that guy right there. And the reason I want it there is because now we're going to have an opportunity to rotate it around and we want this as a starter position. So go ahead and click OK.
And now select the Stroke again. Actually, click on the word Transform, won't you? And, click on the little page icon at the bottom of the panel. And that goes and moves that guy 50 more degrees, which is not what we want. We're going to override those settings, by clicking on the word Transform. And we'll change the angle value to just 20 degrees. And turn on the Preview checkbox, and you can see, that it goes and scoots them up like so. And now we definitely want to transform the patterns so turn that check box on. And now we want more copies.
So press the up-arrow to restore the original, and then press the up-arrow a bunch more times in order to fill things out like so. And notice, every single time, it's rotating around, until we get back to there. So that's 17 copies, by the way, 20 degrees, 17 copies, Transform Patterns on, click OK. We want to fill in the other ones, with the light pattern this time. So grab that stroke and then create a copy of it, by clicking on a little page icon at the bottom of the panel. Then, change the color of the stroke to Light waves and that'll just cover up the Dark waves which is, of course, not what we want.
So click on the first transform. And change the value to 40 degrees, and then turn on the Preview checkbox, and you see that does the trick, that's all there is to it. Now click OK, and go ahead and press Ctrl+Shift+A or Cmd+Shift+A on the Mac, in order to deselect the artwork. So there you have it, friends, one way, one of many ways I imagine to dynamically transform independent fill and stroke attributes, here inside Illustrator.
Get unlimited access to all courses for just $25/month.Become a member
119 Video lessons · 47260 Viewers
117 Video lessons · 34194 Viewers
113 Video lessons · 80236 Viewers
116 Video lessons · 70165 Viewers
|
<urn:uuid:ec980384-b54c-4588-8b5d-f2064aa9e92b>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.lynda.com/Illustrator-tutorials/283-Dynamically-transforming-fills-strokes/76067/159744-4.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273676.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00029-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936098 | 3,429 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- Chapters & Sections
- Professional Development
- News and Events
|Imagination is the Limit: Harnessing the Potential of Drones to Monitor Restoration|
Contributed by Rakan A. Zahawi, Associate Researcher at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He will take over as Director of the Lyon Arboretum at the University of Hawaii starting in October 2017.
Drones have been around for quite a while. Historically the namesake has been associated with rather more ominous tasks that were tied to US military activities in far flung parts of the world. But in recent years they have started to feature prominently in a number of new ways. Perhaps most notably as a new hobby gadget for adults and young people alike. The new generation of hobby drones is much smaller than military drones (most could fit inside a backpack) and, perhaps more significantly, much cheaper. For $1000-$1500 US, you can buy a basic drone that you can simply take out of a box and use. Most are equipped with a built-in camera. Owners can learn to fly a drone in a couple of hours and suddenly have access to incredible aerial footage of their immediate surroundings (both photographic and video). Most hobby drones can fly for about 15-20 minutes on one battery charge. Clearly this can result in some excellent scenic images and novel perspectives that take the selfie concept to a new dimension. But aside from a few nice photos (Figure 1), how can this new technology aid in restoration?
We decided to explore this idea further in our long-term restoration project in southern Costa Rica. My colleague Karen Holl (University of California, Santa Cruz) and I started the Islas Project in 2004. We established 13 replicated restoration sites in southern Costa Rica to compare whether planting trees in patches or islands results in a similar rate and composition of forest recovery to the more common practice of planting an entire area plantation-style, or to not planting at all (passive recovery). We collect a broad range of field data that we use to assess recovery parameters, some of which are more labor intensive than others. Indeed, monitoring, as many readers know, is one of the more expensive items in a restoration project budget – both monetarily and in terms of time. So, could there be an automated way to collect some data accurately, and thereby save on both time and money? We decided to explore this possibility using drones to measure structural variables of forest recovery in our plots and compare these data to manually collected measurements in the field. To do this we partnered with Erle Ellis and Jonathan Dandois from the University of Maryland who were working with drones and evaluating their ability to measure forest structural variables. They were eager to test the methodology in a more remote and challenging environment than that on offer in Maryland.
In July 2013, we flew a drone over each of our restoration plots and equipped it with a simple point-and-shoot camera set to infinity, and programmed it to take a photograph every 2 seconds (Figure 2).
As you can imagine, a 15-minute flight captures thousands of photographic images – so what (besides looking at thousands of images of your plots) can you do with this information? We used a type of software called Structure from Motion (or SfM) to process the data. The software can take 2D images and transform them into 3D information – key to this process is a certain degree of overlap between each image taken to create an interconnected network of images that create a reference framework and essentially a mosaic of connected information. We used Ecosynth software to process data (there are now many software options that essentially do the same thing) and the result is a 3D-point cloud that represents the ‘structure’ of the surface that a drone flies over. From this you can estimate the height of a forest canopy, as well as determine how rough the canopy is (a measure of surface texture if you will), among other variables. Determining how tall a canopy is requires knowing where the ground surface is in this point cloud matrix – which can also be determined using the same technology. So, once we had processed the imagery we compared these results to data collected in the field and found that the two data sets were highly correlated. The results were published in the journal Biological Conservation and the article (which can be downloaded for free here) won the September 2015 Elsevier Atlas Award, which recognizes research that could significantly impact people's lives around the world.
The article won this award because this new monitoring technology can help facilitate data collection that is typically both labor- and time-intensive. What’s more, drones can allow researchers to scale up their monitoring programs to cover much larger areas and with the frequency that is needed. Drone monitoring also allows for different types of data collection. For example, we collected data on canopy roughness – a measure of how ‘bumpy’ a canopy is. These data can be collected using LiDAR or satellite imagery but it is far more expensive to do so. Thus, drones open up data collection options to smaller projects and practitioners who are implementing lower budget projects. The versatility of the technology also allows for monitoring of other variables besides height – for example leaf flush and flowering. As the technology improves, we expect that identification of tree species (and all of the possibilities that opens up in terms of data analysis) will also be viable via drone. Indeed, Wesley Rodrigues Silva gave a talk at SER2017 in Foz do Iguassu (S79.04) about a project that is using drones to map the recruitment of the early successional tree Cecropia hololeuca in a restoration project near São Paulo, Brazil. The species is highly recognizable from above due to the silver hue of its leaves. Using drones to map Cecropia hololeuca recruitment will be far more effective than manual surveys, can be done in a fraction of the time, and is more cost-effective than using other remote sensing methods. Finally, using drone technology creates the potential to monitor large-scale restoration efforts across broad areas. This can be highly valuable in remote parts of the world in order to assess whether projects are complying with landscape-scale forest restoration targets. The approach should streamline monitoring and allow evaluators to quickly discern problematic areas that are not in compliance with stated goals.
There are countless other field-based projects where drones are being tested and used in novel ways – for example as seed dispersal agents in difficult-to-access landscapes around the world (e.g. Droneseed, a startup company based in Washington, USA). Indeed, it seems that the limiting factor in how to apply drones in ecology is our imagination. Drones are already revolutionizing the way we do field work, it will be fascinating to see what role they will play in the near and longer-term future as the technology becomes more widespread and versatile.
Dr. Zahawi was a co-recipient of the Theodore Sperry Award at SER2017 for his significant contributions to the science and/or practice of ecological restoration.
|
<urn:uuid:48aa6bc0-5856-4463-9303-2de0fed01a06>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.ser.org/page/SERNews3132/Imagination-is-the-Limit-Harnessing-the-Potential-of-Drones-to-Monitor.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820930.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017072323-20171017092323-00389.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948527 | 1,437 | 2.75 | 3 |
Delftware is a type of tin-glazed earthenware, known as maiolica in Italy and faience in France. After an initial firing, the items are coated with an opaque white enamel, on which designs are painted, followed by a further firing.
It was first developed in the 9th century in Iraq and spread to Spain and Italy in the Middle Ages. In the 16th century Italian potters introduced the technique to France and also to Antwerp in Belgium. From there it made its way to Holland, England and north Germany. In England it was known as galleyware, a term used until well into the 18th century, when it became known as delftware, reflecting the fact that by then the Dutch town of Delft had become the most important centre of production in Europe.
Manufacture of tin-glazed earthenware in England began with the arrival in 1567 of two Flemish potters, who set up potteries in Norwich and London. Another important factory was set up in Southwark c1618 by a Dutchman but it was not until after the Restoration in 1660 that the number of potteries increased. more...London potters moved to Brislington in Avon and then to Bristol and in the 18the century delftware potteries spread to Liverpool, Glasgow, Dublin and Belfast – all ports with access to raw materials.
The influence of Chinese porcelain can be plainly seen in 18th century English delftware, and was inspired by the Chinese porcelain imported by the Dutch East India Company from the early 17th century. Other forms of decoration include European landscapes, biblical subjects, inscribed and commemorative pieces. Although nearly all surviving delftware is decorated, most utilitarian wares were plain white.
Among sought-after items are blue-dash chargers, produced at London and Bristol from c1650 to 1740. Decorated with distinctive blue dashes around the rim, these large dishes depicted contemporary heroes, particularly Royalty, and biblical subjects. A feature peculiar to English delft was the introduction of bianco-sopra-bianco, which consisted of a border pattern of flowers, pine cones and scrollwork being painted in white enamel on a slightly bluish-tinged glaze. Another distinctive type of decoration is the so called Fazackerley palette ; primarily associated with Liverpool from c1750 the colours include sage-green, manganese, pale blue, yellow and red.
The fashion for delftware in the British Isles lasted until the 1770s when it was superseded by creamware which was cheap to make, far more durable and could be stamped, moulded and pierced, lending itself to mass-production. By the end of the 18th century the manufacture of delftware in Britain had virtually ceased.
In order to differentiate the Dutch and English products, it is best to precede the term ‘Delft’ or ‘Delftware’ by Dutch or English. However, it has become customary for dealers and auction houses to use ‘Delft’ for the Dutch wares and ‘delft’ or ‘delftware’ for the English.
128 item(s) found:
These items are not for sale and the descriptions, images and prices are for reference purposes only.
Pair of 18th century Dutch Delft jars and covers, of ribbed baluster form, the covers set with lion finials, above a body decorated with birds, insects and flowers, marked J.V.D.H, possibly for Jan van der Houk, a/f, height 75 cm, (2)
A rare English running fox decorated delft plate, marked Prh and dated 1736, Lambeth or Bristol origin, 22 cm diameter, Note: Animals do not appear to have formed an important part of the delftware decorators' repertoire. When they do appear, they are
A pair of Dutch Delft underglaze blue chinoiserie shallow bowls decorated with the 'peacock' or 'fan' pattern, the design of flowers and fruit arranged to look like a peacock's tail, the border with alternating panels and with yellow ri
A c.1900 floral transfer decorative china hand basin in highly decorative cast iron stand and back board, the tall back of scrolling form with arched topped mirror above a panel with a classical child figure beside twin union jack flags, three blue and whi
A blue Delft plate, 1961, a limited edition plate 875/1000, 'Naar een schildery' by Jhb Koekoek 1840-1912, a traditional fishing by the shore scene with a sailing vessel and horse drawn cart, in underglaze blue with a shell form border; backstamps undersid
A signed Delft scenic earthenware charger, 1882 Holland a naturalistic rural village canal scene with a figure in a boat; signed to the charger and with impressed and underglaze blue marks underside, decorator's initials and various labels. Diameter 36 cm
A very unusual hardwood low table, 18th and 20th century, the top with a pierced apron inset in the centre with four early Qing Dynasty blue and white tiles surrounded by a border of Delft tiles standing on a four bamboo-form legs with an elaborate cross-s
We do not automatically renew subscriptions, however you will be contacted prior to the expiry date and you may choose to renew if you wish.
We offer library subscriptions at competitive rates for both in-library access via IP address and off-library access through EZproxy software or similar. One subscription covers all libraries in your group.
|
<urn:uuid:213d6474-7d7e-4070-bc68-4bacae6f806a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www.carters.com.au/index.cfm/index/367-delft-ceramics/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824293.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020173404-20171020193404-00060.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950019 | 1,187 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The world of healthcare has traditionally been characterized by incremental innovations and a deep-rooted aversion to risk. However, the healthcare realm is undergoing a quiet revolution, spurred by new developments in Big Data collection, by the growing presence of wearable sensors and related body monitoring equipment, and by increased connectivity between the people formerly known as patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals, often thanks to the widespread adoption of mobile technologies.
In addition, design is increasingly playing a key role in making complex systems such as healthcare easier to understand and access. As designers continue to create medical devices for homes and hospitals, medical packaging, websites for people affected by chronic diseases or health-conscious consumers, apps that measure fitness, and other health-related products and services, they are also strategically helping to make the larger scale experience of healthcare more engaging and effective.
This course aims to supply MBRU students with a broad understanding across the disciplines of design thinking and user experience, digital health and entrepreneurial mind set, to help innovate and write the next chapter of healthcare’s history in the most compelling way possible.
|
<urn:uuid:c41158c6-1abb-4c14-a679-93dae74d5987>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://www.mbru.ac.ae/study_plan_calender/innovation-and-entrepreneurship-in-health-sciences/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737019.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806180859-20200806210859-00578.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961229 | 218 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In the late 14th century Michel Menschein, a wealthy Viennese cloth merchant, commissioned local artists to paint a series of frescoes on the walls of his banqueting hall. The paintings depicted a cycle of songs by Neidhart von Reuental, a 13th century minnesinger, who was particularly fond of satirising the erotic relationships between knights and peasant maidens. While the steamy subject matter doubtlessly enlivened many of Menschein's dinner parties, it didn't go down so well with subsequent occupiers. When the banqueting hall came into the possession of a Catholic priest in the late 16th century, the frescoes were painted over, and remained hidden for 300 years, until their chance re-discovery in 1979. They now represent the oldest instance of non-religious wall painting in Vienna, and provide a unique glimpse into medieval humour and society.
But the centuries under layers of paint and plaster, as well as the laborious process of exposure, took their toll on the frescoes. All were damaged and some were almost completely destroyed. A restoration effort, led by Wolfgang Baatz of the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts, was duly taken up, and it was supported by a group of mathematicians, including Peter A. Markowich, Massimo Fornasier and myself. It was an unusual collaboration, perhaps, but one which makes a lot of sense in this age of digital imagery. Digital photographs of the frescoes are essentially mathematical objects, and this puts the vast toolbox of mathematics at the restorers' fingertips.
Figure 1: Part of the Neidhart frescoes. Image courtesy Andrea Baczynski.
A digital image is a mathematical object because it is an array of numbers. Jpeg photographs created with digital cameras are rectangular objects consisting of a finite number of image points (called pixels). The image content is described by numerical values corresponding to the pixels' colour. To make things easier, we'll concentrate on grey value images. Here every pixel comes with a number between 0 (black) and 255 (white). The mathematical representation of a digital grey value image is a so-called image function , defined on a two-dimensional (in general rectangular) image domain. The function value denotes the grey value of the image at the image point in the image domain. Figure 2 visualises the connection between the digital image and its image function.
Figure 2: Digital image versus image function: The image on the left shows a zoom into a digital photograph where the image pixels (small squares) are clearly visible; in the middle the grey values of the red selection in the digital photograph are displayed in a matrix form; on the right the image function of the digital photograph is shown, with the grey value u(x, y) plotted as the height over the (x, y)-plane.
In a damaged image the value of the function is unknown for a number of points The mathematical challenge is to use the information from surrounding pixels in an optimal way, to guess what the missing values should be. A prime candidate for completing this guesswork is an equation from an area which, on the face of it, has nothing to do with images, let alone art.
In the early nineteenth century the mathematician Joseph Fourier became interested in the way heat propagates in solid bodies, for example metal rods: if you heat up one end of it at time zero, what will the temperature be at any point of the rod at time ?
Fourier realised that a relatively simple equation describes the way temperature changes at a given point on the rod in an instant of time. From this information on the rate of change of temperature over time, and from information on the initial temperature conditions at time zero, it's then possible to work out the function . Mathematically, rates of change are described in terms of derivatives of functions, and the heat equation is what is known as a partial differential equation. See the box on the right for more detail on the heat equation.
Fourier's equation, also known as the diffusion equation, works not just for the propagation of heat, but versions of it can be applied in many situations where the concentration of some quantity at point changes over time . And this is where the application to images comes in. As an example, let's start with a function which randomly allocates a grey value to point on our rectangular image, giving the image on the left-hand side of figure 3. We can now let the diffusion equation do its work on the image: rather than heat, it is now the information from the various pixels that "migrates" across the image over time, changing each grey value using the information from surrounding ones. The image on the right shows the solution for at time The content of the initial random distribution (which may also be identified with white noise) is smeared out by the application of the diffusion operator.
Figure 3: In the image on the left grey values have been randomly allocated to the pixels. The image on the right shows the solution to the diffusion equation for t = 10.
What happens now if we solve the diffusion equation for the image function of a real image? In figure 4 you can see the answer at time for an image of the sculpture V Tiempo de la VI Sinfonia Pastoral de Beethoven by Leone Tomassi, which stands in the botanical garden of Buenos Aires. The result is not really surprising. It's more or less the same diffusive effect as for our random function in figure 3.
Figure 4: The diffusion equation applied to a digital image of a sculpture.
If we add some noise to the image before feeding it to the equation, we obtain the right image in figure 5 (the solution for to the diffusion equation). Now we might get an idea of the use of the smearing effect, namely the elimination of noise in images.
Figure 5: The diffusion equation applied to a noisy image of the sculpture.
But let's return to the task of repairing a damaged image. Consider figure 6, where several small holes have been cut into the image. It turns out that we can rescue it using a slightly modified diffusion equation. Roughly speaking, we now only solve the diffusion equation inside the black holes in the sculpture photograph, using the grey values from the surrounding of the holes as an input to the equation. In other words, the grey values inside the holes are constructed by "averaging" the grey values located around the holes. This process is called inpainting. The right image in figure 6 shows the result.
Figure 6: The diffusion equation applied to a damaged image.
The process of inpainting using the diffusion equation is just a first naive approach to the challenge of completing damaged images. Several more sophisticated approaches involving partial differential equations have been proposed in the last eight years. Among them is inpainting using a so-called total variation flow (TV), instead of the pure diffusion process. While the pure diffusion process equally diffuses all the image content, also edges in the image which indicate the boundary between regions of different colours, the TV flow preserves edges in an image and continues them into the damaged parts. An example of the application of a partial differential equation containing a modified TV flow to a damaged image is shown in figure 7.
Figure 7: A modified total variation flow applied to a damaged image. Edges in the image are preserved.
Figure 8 shows a zoom of the damaged image in figure 7, and compares the result from inpainting using a total variation flow to that from a diffusion-like process. Clearly it is worth to investigate more sophisticated approaches like the total variation flow for these tasks.
Figure 8: From left to right — zooming in on the white rectangle in figure 7, the result using a total variation flow, and the result using pure diffusion.
The Neidhart frescoes and beyond
A first approach to the restoration of the Neidhart frescoes is shown in figures 9, 10 and 11. Here the mathematicians first used a technique known as Cahn-Hilliard inpainting, which is based on a differential equation from material science, the Cahn-Hilliard equation. Traditionally, the equation is used to model a process called phase separation, in which a fluid mixture spontaneously separates into its two pure components. This occurs, for example, in metal alloys. In inpainting, this equation is used to reconstruct the binary (black and white) structure of an image. In a second step the respective grey values are filled into the missing parts using both the reconstructed binary structure and TV inpainting. (You can see a movie of the Cahn-Hilliard equation in action.)
Figure 9: Zooming in on a damaged part of a Neidhart fresco.
Figure 10: A specific structure in the fresco is selected and then reconstructed using Cahn-Hilliard inpainting for black and white images. From left to right: the original image; the relevant structure is identified; the structure is binarised (turned into a black and white image); the missing domain is identified (grey rectangle); the image structure is diffused into the missing domain, the structure is sharpened.
Figure 11: Based on the result gained from the structure reconstruction in figure 10, TV inpainting is used to fill the suitable grey values into the hole.
And here is an image of the fresco shown in figure 1 after the restoration.
Figure 12: The restored fresco. Image courtesy Wolfgang Baatz.
To be fair, in the case of the Neidhart frescoes, the role of mathematics was limited — it was the mathematicians who learned from the restorers, rather than the other way around, and the mathematical approach served mostly as a rough inspiration. However, the collaboration helped to perfect existing mathematical techniques and inspired new ones. In future projects, mathematics will no doubt start pulling its full weight. What's more, applications of inpainting go far beyond the restoration of art. Ever since the pioneering works of Masnou and Morel in 1998 and Marcelo Bertalmio et al. in 2000, it has found wide applications in image processing in a wider sense. These include applications in computer vision, the use of inpainting as an artist's tool, and even medical applications. Diagnostic imaging, for example using PET (positron emission tomography) scans, often suffers from incomplete data and from noise added in the process of recording. In this case total variation-like approaches are used to pre-process the images.
About the author
Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb is a PhD student in the Applied Partial Differential Equations Research Group at the University of Cambridge, led by P.A. Markowich. She is working on her thesis on modern PDE techniques for image inpainting, which involves studying partial differential equations and their application in digital image restoration. She is concerned both with analytic properties of these equations, as well as their efficient numerical solution. The fresco project arose during the first two years of her PhD, which she spent at the University of Vienna. This project posed a very challenging task to her and the rest of the mathematical team and was one of the main motivations to work on the development of effective models for image restoration using partial differential equations.
The work described in this article is funded and supported by the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) Fife Senses Call 2006 (project number CI06 003), by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)(project number 813610), and by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) (award no. KUK- I1-007-43.)
|
<urn:uuid:695e4cd1-587f-452c-b4df-2da87c121ab5>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://plus.maths.org/content/comment/reply/2355
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319902.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622201826-20170622221826-00526.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93095 | 2,407 | 3.15625 | 3 |
First, let me introduce myself. My name is Alexis Gorlier; I am a student in aerospace engineering at ESTACA (a French school specializing in mobilities). I'm very invested in an association named ESO (Estaca Space Odyssey), which is part of my school and allows students to work on real space projects. This article will present a project I am working on in my association, and show the issues linked to this project.
I will particularly insist on the electronic system, as I have worked on it these last four months.
The first thing to know about the electronic system of a rocket is what it is used for in students' projects (the issues are not the same on professional rockets as the missions and the laws differ).
In our projects, the electronic system embedded into the rocket has two objectives: retrieve and store data, and eject the parachutes.
During our project, we will simulate the values that would be obtained during the launch and flight of the rocket to predict its behavior.
Of course this project has for constraint that the construction and the takeoff of the rocket are successful on the D-day. Without launch, no data. No data, no parachutes. No parachutes, no rocket. No rocket, no rocket.
Retrieving and storing data permit us to have inputs to study after the flight, see how our parameters evolved, and use this information to improve our next projects.
As for the parachute part, it seems obvious that we need to retrieve the rocket, and to do so we use an electronic system that will release a parachute when the apogee is reached.
These two objectives are very important as they will let us understand what happened during the flight and whether it was a success or not. Therefore, we want our system to work even if some components stop working during the flight.
To do so, we can either have a backup system, use more components than necessary (for example have three barometers instead of one), or even have both, which is the safest way. We call this redundancy.
Another issue of this project is our system's reusability and agility. Indeed, I noticed that a lot of our association projects which have been done a few years before were not documented enough or not reusable in other similar projects.
As our association is changing its objectives and wants to work on more ambitious projects, we need to transmit our knowledge yearly, from the past teams to the new ones, to reduce the time necessary for each project.
Eventually, we will use this time on discovering and testing new technologies that could be interesting to experiment with.
Finally, the last issue we have for the electronic system development is the lack of knowledge from our members in this area. Indeed, our scholar formation is more oriented toward the mechanical field. We are only learning the basics of electronics.
Therefore, it is better to find a system that is not too complex to realize to be sure we will not lose too much time on it.
Description of the rocket and the choices made so far
The rocket ESL-1 (Estaca Space Launcher 1) is meant to be developed in five years. The development started two years ago, so some choices were already made and others are still to be made.
The projects (linked to the electronic part) that are already finished or in good progress are Recovery and Telemetry.
The recovery will use two parachutes, a first one ejected at apogee and a second one ejected after the first at a 1000 m altitude.
Indeed, as the apogee should be at a 32 km altitude, we can't slow down the rocket too much (if the descending speed is too low, the rocket will be carried by the wind and will go too far away from the launchpad).
Therefore, the first parachute will slow down the rocket to a speed of 50 m/s, and the second will slow it down to 10 m/s.
The telemetry has been made and tested. The max range we could test is nearly a 45 km distance between the system and the ground station. We consider our telemetry functional and ready to be used for ESL-1.
We will need to make a few changes depending on the sensors used. The board used for this telemetry is the L073RZ, and our system won't be able to work with another board.
One of the main parts we want to do next year is developing the electronic system. The first thing we need to define is what technology to use in our system according to the constraints imposed by the already finished projects. This is where Luos comes into play.
When I was looking for an internship, one of the Luos maintainers talked to me about the technology he was working on. I then went on Luos website to discover the possibilities offered by this technology and immediately saw that it would fit particularly well with the issues I listed above.
Luos allows to create a network with the possibility of using multiple boards, in which the code is divided into services (parts of code dedicated to one property, for example a service can be used to communicate with a component or manage communication between several components).
The services can communicate, no matter where they are in the network, using messages standardized by Luos.
Moreover, these messages can be easily moved inside the network and reused in another Luos system. Therefore, this property answers our need for agility and reusability as shown below:
It also permits us to easily add redundancy to our system, as we will be able to duplicate a part of our code and adapt some definitions (such as the pins our component is connected to, for example) as illustrated below:
Finally, Luos is quite easy to use because the examples given on the Luos website easily allow to understand how it works, and the Luos's developers are available on Discord to help the community when a problem is encountered.
Considering all the properties I listed above, Luos is an answer to all of this project's issues.
That's why I decided to do my fourth-year internship of four months at Luos to develop a part of my system with the Luos technology, and see if it matches my expectations.
Proof of concept
For this proof of concept, I realized the following system: a barometer connected to a Nucleo L072RB using an SPI protocol and a solenoid connected to an Arduino MKRZero.
The objective of this system is to retrieve the pressure with the barometer, convert the pressure into an altitude, detect apogee, and activate the solenoid releasing the first parachute when apogee is detected. Activating this solenoid will trigger our liberation system and free the parachute to recover our rocket.
I divided my network into three Luos services:
Barometer: Contains an SPI driver and the communication between the barometer and the rest of the system. This service will retrieve the pressure and send it when it is asked to.
Solenoid: This service will activate or deactivate the solenoid when it is asked to.
Application: This service will ask the pressure to the barometer service, transform the pressure into an altitude, detect apogee, and send a message to the solenoid when apogee is detected.
How does it work?
The SPI driver is the most complex part of this system. I won't describe precisely how it works because it would take too long and is not the most interesting part. To put it simply, an SPI driver allows the communication between an initiator and several followers.
The SPI protocol uses four wires: CLK (Clock), MOSI, MISO, and CS (Chip Select).
The CLK permits a common clock between the initiator and followers, synchronizing the writing and reading of bytes. The clock is generated by the initiator and transferred to the followers.
The MOSI is the line where the followers write and the initiator reads.
The MISO is the line where the initiator writes and the followers read.
The CS is the line that permits you to select the follower you want to talk to (one line per follower, initiated to 1 and lowered to 0 to select the follower).
BMP 280 is the reference of the barometer I use in my system. To retrieve pressure, I need to send the good bytes at the right timing and read and store the response.
The first thing I do is to send initialization bytes. To do so, I first send the address of the register I want to write in, and then I send the bytes containing information such as the precision wanted, the time between two measures, etc.
Then the barometer will continuously measure the pressure (you can also use a mode to measure the pressure intermittently). I obtain the results by reading specific registers and transforming their bytes into pressure.
The last functionality of this service is that when it receives a
GET_CMDmessage, it will return the pressure to the service that sent this message.
This service is very simple. From an electronic point of view, a solenoid is an interrupter.
It only needs to be turned on or off. This service permits to activate or deactivate the solenoid when it receives a state message with the information
TRUE (activate) or
This application is a bridge between the barometer service and the solenoid service. It needs to be able to send and receive messages to/from these two services.
The difference here is that this service does not reply to a message, so it needs to identify the other services first.
- Therefore, this service does a Luos Detection. This functionality allows us to have a map of the system and know what and where the other services are. Then, it stores the ID of these services in variables to be able to communicate with them at any moment.
Communication with the barometer:
The application service sends an auto-update message to the barometer service at the beginning of the program. This permits receiving a message from the barometer every 100 ms (I need this delay in my system, but it can be changed).
Then when it receives a message from the barometer service, it will use the pressure received to determine the altitude and will then use this altitude to determine if the rocket has reached the apogee.
Communication with the solenoid:
- When the application service detects the apogee, it sends a message to the solenoid with the information
TRUEto activate it.
Validation of the POC
I will use Pyluos to test my POC. I made this choice because my system reacts to pressure variations, with pressures between 101,325 Pa (ground pressure) and 850 Pa (high-altitude pressure). These kinds of variations are difficult and expansive to simulate without launching the rocket. This is why I had to find another way to simulate the changes of pressure.
Pyluos allows to send values to the system's services, so replacing the barometer's data with simulated values is possible.
I approximated the pressure variations during a flight and sent the values to my system to see how it reacted. Here is the pressure evolution I am sending:
The initial value is 101,325 Pa, and the minimum value is 800 Pa.
I tried to be as realistic as possible on the first part of this graph (pressure decreasing), but the second part (pressure increasing) is not very realistic as it should take much longer for the rocket to touch the ground. I made this choice because there is no point in being realistic for this part. What I want to test is the reaction of my system.
The second step of this validation is to retrieve the altitude calculated by my system. Here is the graph I obtained:
The maximal value I obtained is 32,586 m. This value seems correct as the pressure is around 850 Pa at 32 km. The last step of this validation is to see when the solenoids are activated.
This will allow us to see if the parachutes are liberated at the right time. To do so, I read the solenoids' state for each pressure/altitude data and store it the first time I detect a
TRUE state, meaning that my solenoid had been activated. I then add the four curves obtained (pressure, altitude, solenoid's 1 state, solenoid's 2 state) on the same graph:
We can see that the two solenoids are activated at the right timings (first at 32,000 m and second at 1,000 m). Therefore, our system achieved its objective.
The POC is validated 🎉
Reusability of this program:
- Barometer service:
This service can be reused only with the BMP280 barometer. However, the SPI driver can be used in other applications.
- Solenoid service:
This service can be reused with every interrupter-like component.
- Application service:
This service can be reused for every system that needs to activate an interrupter when a specific altitude is reached. However, it is only usable with a barometer for the moment. It must be adapted with other sensors to be reusable in every electronic rocket system.
What's the future of the project?
As I said in the first part, there are still some years of development left for this project.
If you are interested in this project and want to see how it evolves, you can check our association news on Instagram. There might as well be other publications in the future on that project, you can join the Luos community to discuss about it!
I made a video to present this project as well:Get started with Luos
|
<urn:uuid:0d375d52-e524-41b3-949a-d538871ae03e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.luos.io/blog/create-an-amateur-space-rocket-using-luos
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510326.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927203115-20230927233115-00257.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943609 | 2,868 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Part 6 in a series on Dallas History.
John Neely Bryan’s settlement at Dallas (1841) was given company and competition by other pioneers who settled nearby, some of whom developed communities that rivaled Bryan’s. In 1842 Thomas Keenan, Isaac B. Webb, and William Cochran arrived with their families and claimed land according to the Peters Colony provisions on a branch of the Elm Fork of the Trinity several miles north of Bryan’s settlement. In the next year, they established a community that came to be known as Farmers Branch.
In the same year, 1843, Dr. John Cole purchased 160 acres of an earlier land grant, much closer to Bryan’s settlement, along Cedar Springs Branch. His land may have included the site where the Texas military expedition had camped two years before on their return to Austin. Cole established a store and a medical practice on the site, and the community of Cedar Springs grew to be larger than nearby Dallas within a few years. Cedar Springs Road in Dallas marks the old trail from the Bryan settlement to the Cole settlement at Cedar Springs. Cole Avenue nearby is named for Dr. John Cole.
In 1845 the family of William Henry Hord arrived in the area from Tennessee along with three enslaved people. They settled on a ridge across the Trinity floodplain from Bryan’s settlement. The ridge and the community that grew up there came to be known as Hord’s Ridge; it would later be called Oak Cliff.
|
<urn:uuid:5152d174-0640-415c-9a97-234da8f06bb8>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://campbellsrambles.com/2013/12/05/three-early-dallas-communities/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949958.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401094611-20230401124611-00391.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974166 | 307 | 3.484375 | 3 |
It is common to forget things some minutes after an event or after a long period. It all depends on your short term and long term memory. We are not robots to have a perfect memory of storing and retrieving information. At one point, you are likely to forget.
Our memories are varied and complex. We should comprehend how our memory works for us to learn on how to boost it.
Where do we store our information for the long term?
Human memory exists in three parts. There is a space for encoding information, storing, and retrieving. The information must go through a process before its storage. First, you encode the information in the brain then store in various part of the brain. You can retrieve the information when the need arises. The hippocampus of the brain stores short term information while neocortex stores long term information. Information in the hippocampus keeps on weakening over time. That is the reason for the loss of information in the short term memory.
Five research-tested ways to improve your memory.
Thesisgeek.com prepared these five proven ways of boosting your short and long term memory. You can try a combination of the approaches to step up your ability to recall contents you learn or read:
Physical activities, such as running and walking, improve long term memory. Reading while on a light exercise improves one’s ability to recall. Engaging yourself in a simple exercise during encoding improves your ability to retrieve information in the long term memory.
Have enough sleep and take some caffeinated drink
Our brain clears out some memories to strengthen others during sleep. It is necessary to have a quality time of sleep night to freshen up your memory. Having enough sleep helps in discarding unnecessary information. Decongested memory allows easy remembrance.
Do you desire to boost your long term memory? Take some coffee drinks. This must be good news for coffee addicts. Caffeine in coffee drink improves long term consolidation of information in memory. It also positively improves the retrieval of information from memory.
Encoding information before storage requires concentration. A successful encoding process results in long term storage of the information. Pay exceptional attention to the first encounter of something or event for easy remembrance.
Using questions and Keep on retrieving information from the memory
You can improve your memory by asking yourself some questions. Keep on asking yourself questions about something to gage if you can remember. After reading through your notes, ask yourself some questions and confirm what you can remember. Go back to the notes and find out answers to what you forgot. Doing it over and over again will eventually improve the retaining of information in your long term memory.
Just like you may keep on questioning yourself over and over again, consider doing the same with information retrieval. Practice retrieval of the information from your memory to strengthen retention. This practice is also called space retrieval. Repeat retrieval of information and check what you got wrong until you get it right.
Space your study session.
Spacing out your study session is more important than one-time cramming. Cramming deals with information in a short time memory. It is not the best way to improve memory.
Human memory is limitless. It keeps on expanding. Retaining information for a long time is a process. You need to follow some practice approaches to improve your memory. In the above approach, you need to be attentive to enhance your memory. Include some coffee drink and maintain concentration when studying. You also need to exercise to activate your memory and improve retention. After reading, keep on retrieving and questioning what you have read. Repetitive questioning and retrieving of information will boost your ability to recall.
Since your memory keeps on expanding, make good use of it. You are never too old to forget all you learn!
|
<urn:uuid:d31f79f0-02c1-4a39-a273-41d8c10099e4>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://thekindergartenintl.com/?big=five-research-tested-ways-of-improving-your-memory/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813014639-20200813044639-00130.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916521 | 759 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In nature, nothing goes to waste. The relatively recently discovered so-called “bone-eating zombie sea worms” feast their way through thick whale bones and reduce the final remains of the once massive animals into dust. The BBC reported last year on what we knew about this mysterious, slightly terrifying genus of creature, called Osedax:
The unusual group’s name Osedax is Latin for “bone devourer”, and the worms have no mouth, gut or anus yet are still able to remove nutrients from bones.
Previous studies have revealed that symbiotic bacteria inside the worms digest the fats and oils extracted, but the question of how the worms physically bore into the bones had been a mystery.
Close analysis of the worms failed to find any abrasive structures the worms could use to mechanically “drill” into bone.
As it turns out, however, these worms don’t just eat whale bones. They eat fish bones, too. Researchers from the University of California, San Diego, are narrowing in on just how the tiny worms pull off their bone-disintegrating feats on these various deceased species.
To conduct their study, the team used remotely operated vehicles to deposit tuna, wahoo and shark remains inside cages off the coast of California. Five months later, they retrieved the remains and found the worms living inside. The shark cartilage, however, had already been picked apart by other mystery animals.
The worms use what the researchers call a “bone-melting acid” that frees up the nutrients within whale and fish bones. The acid releases and absorbs collagen and lipids within the bones. The researchers continue:
Because they lack mouths, bone worms must use an alternative method of consuming nutrients from whale bones. Bacteria that live symbiotically within the worms are involved in this process, however, the exact mechanism is not yet fully understood. Some evidence suggests that the symbiotic bacteria metabolize bone-derived collagen into other diverse organic compounds, and that the worms subsequently digest the bacteria for their own nutrition.
The worms mostly turn up in whale bones, but this study confirms that they sometimes occur in fish bones, too. This finding makes researchers suspect that the genus might have evolved millions of years ago, before marine mammals existed. So far, 17 species of the strange worms have been found in oceans around the world.
More from Smithsonian.com:
|
<urn:uuid:373cbdd4-b2ff-44c2-9442-eb193432ccca>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-bone-eating-zombie-worms-drill-through-whale-skeletons-46666314/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021767149/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121607-00019-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939032 | 494 | 3.53125 | 4 |
by: Ali Goldfield, M.A., via Therapy Stew (www.therapystew.com), on Sept. 21st, 2013
It’s always difficult as a parent to know how much to share with your child and how much to shield them from the tragedies that happen in the world around them. While it may seem like a good idea, at times, to try and protect them from all the bad things, depending on their age, it’s not always possible. Children pick up information from other kids at school, from the television and from social media. Talking to your child about a tragedy can help her understand what’s happened and actually help them begin to process the events and feel a bit safer.
It’s a personal decision whether or not to talk to your kids or not. It also depends on their age, their level of maturity and how closely they are affected by the tragedy. Every parent knows best for their own child. If you’re struggling with how to start, here are some ways to help:
Let Your Child Be The Guide
Find out what questions or concerns your child might have. Let your child’s answers guide your discussion. Let your child know that you will always be there to listen and to answer them. Try to make your child feel comfortable asking questions and discussing what happened but don’t force your child to talk if they aren’t ready.
Tell The Truth – In Moderation
When talking to your child about a tragedy, tell the truth. You can focus on the basics but it’s not necessary to share all the unnecessary and gory details. Try no to exaggerate or speculate about what happened and avoid dwelling on the magnitude of the tragedy. Listen closely to your child for any misinformation, misconceptions or underlying fears. Take time to provide accurate information. Share your own thoughts and remind your child that you’re there for him. Your child’s age will play a major role in how he or she processes information about a tragedy.
Talk to Them at Their Level
Talk in a way that’s appropriate to their age and level of understanding. But don’t overload the child with too much information. Elementary school children need brief, simple information that should be balanced with reassurances that the daily structures of their lives will not change. Middle school children will be more vocal in asking questions about whether they truly are safe and what is being done at their school. They may need assistance separating reality from fantasy. High school students will have strong and varying opinions about the causes of violence and threats to safety in schools, community and society. They may share concrete suggestions about how to prevent tragedies in society. They will also be more committed to doing something to help the victims and affected communities.
Be Ready to Have More Than One Conversation
Some information can be very confusing and hard to accept so asking the same question over and over may be a way for your child to find reassurance. Try to be consistent and reassuring, but don’t make unrealistic promises that nothing bad could ever happen.
Acknowledge and support your child’s concerns
Explain that all feelings are okay when a tragedy occurs. Let children talk about their feelings and help put them into perspective. Even anger is okay, but children may need help and patience from adults to assist them in expressing these feelings appropriately. Let your child know that all his feelings, reactions and questions relating to the tragedy are important.
Limit Media Exposure
Don’t allow young children to repeatedly see or hear coverage of a tragedy. Even if your young child appears to be engrossed in play, he or she is likely aware of what you’re watching or listening to — and might become confused or upset. Older children might want to learn more about a particular tragedy by reading or watching TV. However, constant exposure to coverage of a tragedy can heighten anxiety.
Monitor your own stress level
Don’t ignore your own feelings of anxiety, grief, and anger. Talking to friends, family members or mental health counselors can help. It is okay to let your children know that you are sad, but that you believe things will get better. You will be better able to support your children if you can express your own emotions in a productive manner. Get appropriate sleep, nutrition, and exercise. Kids learn from watching the grown-ups in their lives and want to know how you respond to events.
We have all awoken to disasters before, whether natural, manmade, accidental and terrorist-induced and it’s inevitable that we will wake to them again in the future. What you say to your kids and how you say it will change as they get older but the one thing that shouldn’t change is your validation of your child’s feelings and the fact that you will always love them and do your best to keep them safe.
|
<urn:uuid:46e6e1aa-e7ff-4ba1-9684-1768020e1f5e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://cfir.ca/2014/08/06/talking-to-your-child-about-tragedy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735958.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805124104-20200805154104-00234.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952677 | 1,008 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.