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From Rumi to Richard Branson, the value of giving is something that has not gone unrecognised over the centuries. Furthermore, most spiritual and religious traditions frame charity as the means to receiving divine providence.
Giving in all its forms is recognised as a selfless act in response to a recognised need. That need may be material or of a more intangible nature. One of the Arabic words for giving charity, sadaqah, is, in fact, derived from the same stem as the word for truth which suggests that giving alms is no optional matter but an essential reality and necessity.
Hussain ibn Ali’s principled stand in Karbala 1400 years ago was epitomised by an honourable death – paradoxically highlighting the absolute essentiality of a life with dignity.
The gift of life is more precious than any other. What better time than the holy month of Ramadan – a month that encourages boundless generosity of spirit and deeds – to help give life?
Who is Hussain aims to raise £10,000 during this month to help orphans and needy children in the poorest parts of the world obtain life-saving surgeries; procedures they simply wouldn’t otherwise be able to afford.
Click here to donate and make a direct difference to someone’s life.
“Death with dignity is better than a life of humiliation” – Hussain ibn Ali
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Hofesh, a sea turtle, was caught in a fishing net off the coast of Israel in 2009. Doctors saved his life, but had to amputate his left-side fins, which were badly injured. As a result, Hofesh would probably drown if he was released into the wild.
Israel's Sea Turtle Rescue Center first tried to solve this problem by attaching a diver's fin to Hofesh. But the fin did not help him swim better.
Shlomi Gez, an industrial designer, came up with a solution. Inspired by the F-22 Raptor fighter plane, which is pictured below, Gez designed dorsal fins that help Hofesh steer through the water.
Although Hofesh will never be able to return to the wild, he is now able to swim in a tank at the Sea Turtle Rescue Center. He's not alone. His roomate is Tsurit, a female turtle blinded by a boat propeller. The Center hopes that the two will mate.
(Photo: Ewen Roberts)
-via Huffington Post
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Have you ever heard someone saying “he made me feel x” or “because of her I felt y” ? Maybe you even said it yourself. Stop for a moment and think about it, did they point a gun to your head and forced you to feel something? The truth is we and no one else are responsible for our emotions.
Have you ever felt great even though something you consider negative happened? For instance maybe it was raining and you were all soaked and you still smiled and enjoyed the moment, or maybe something you consider good happened and you still felt bad. These examples show us that we can choose our emotions and we don’t have to react to the situation or to the others.
Change your negative emotions into positive emotions
Usually our decision to feel a certain emotion is unconscious but it doesn’t have to be that way. At first you’ll notice your emotions only after you feel them. Start by accepting your emotions and take full responsibility for them, you can’t change something until you accept it.
Think about the positive intent of the feeling. E.g. Perhaps the fear helps saving your life or gives you a feeling of safety. If you don’t know what the intent is you can use the Six-Step Reframing technique to find the positive intentions and to find alternative ways to accomplish your positive function.
Permit yourself to feel sad, frightened, angry or any emotion you consider negative. Explain yourself that it’s ok to feel that way and distinguish between the emotion and yourself. If you feel angry it doesn’t mean that you’re an angry person and if you feel scared it doesn’t mean you’re a coward.
Don’t try to block the emotion, instead let yourself feel it as much as you can. If you’ll stay with the emotion you’ll find peace.
Don’t try to block the emotion, instead let yourself feel it as much as you can. If you’ll stay with the emotion you’ll find peace.Notice if you’ve unpleasant feelings in the body every time you feel the emotion, if you do ask yourself what emotion lays underneath the first emotion and let yourself feel it. Keep doing it until you feel all the emotions.
After you felt the emotions, if you still feel a negative emotion in your body, you can breathe through your mouth and direct the breathing to the discomfort area in your body. If you don’t feel a discomfort in the body you can direct the breathing to your heart. All of our feelings are filtered through the heart. The breathing should be deep and slow. After a few minutes you’ll feel relieved.
Realize that you don’t feel that way all day long, there are times when you feel great. Think about all the instances when you felt bad, what do they all have in common? In most cases you’ll find that it’s related to a few areas in your life that require your attention. It can be areas like self acceptance and love, making independent decisions, loneliness and so on. These areas are related to limiting beliefs. Talk to someone about the things that bother you. It’s best to talk to a professional but your friends and family can help too.
Think about all the times you felt great. Remember what it was like to feel the emotions, remember the things you saw, heard, smelled and so on. Make a vivid image of the good times you had, make the colors of the image bright and sharp. Make the image bigger and bigger and notice how you feel about it. Play with it until you feel wonderful. Our thoughts influence our emotions, If you have a negative sentence that you keep repeating in your mind simply replace it with something short and positive.
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The job of a juvenile justice specialist is a sensitive, highly involved position that deals with young people who find themselves in the grip of the legal system. For this reason, organizations demand certain skill sets and adhere to strict qualification guidelines when filling this position.
Basic duties of juvenile justice specialists typically include supervising youths who are either in custody or on probation. High-level specialists are also responsible for developing treatment plans for emotional and mental therapy, providing counseling, recommending home removal or placement, and preparing court reports. In some cases, specialists are called upon to testify in court as expert witnesses.
Entry Level Positions
The entry-level positions in the juvenile justice field usually entail working in a juvenile facility with youths. The specialist is required to know state and federal laws pertaining to juvenile justice in addition to having crisis management skills. This position demands effective communication skills along with knowledge of cultural differences and sensitivities.
Although most juvenile justice specialist positions require at least a master’s degree, an entry-level position can be obtained with a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, social work or psychology. High-level juvenile justice specialists are extensively involved in casework, foster placement and treatment plans for minors. Employees at this level are required to have a master’s degree in juvenile justice, criminal justice, social work or a behavioral science such as sociology or psychology. Some high-level positions state a preference for doctoral degrees in criminal justice or a behavioral science.
With an increase in need for juvenile justice professionals, some traditional and online colleges have instituted a specialized degree in this field. For example, Prairie View A&M University’s College of Juvenile Justice and Psychology offers a doctorate in juvenile justice. The specific requirements for master's degree programs vary from school to school, but the prerequisite courses for the juvenile justice programs typically include courses in criminal law, policy administration and deviant behavior. As with many graduate programs, a juvenile justice program may also require a bachelor’s degree in a related field such as criminal justice or sociology. While some institutions do not have a dedicated juvenile justice program at the graduate level, many offer a criminal justice degree with courses on juvenile justice.
- James Woodson/Photodisc/Getty Images
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In the Reform (green) area Mr Monkey learned about radical thinkers such as Thomas Paine (whose bones were dug up and lost by William Cobbet) and about how Earl Grey (inventor of the tea) forced changes in Britain's electoral system through Parliament. He examined Tom Paine's death mask, and slid open a drawer to look at a cartoon celebrating the 1832 Reform Act.
You can read about Thomas Paine at the History Guide website and about the 1832 Reform Act at the British Library website.
Return to Mr Monkey at The People's History Museum
Copyright Rik Shepherd and Mr Monkey.
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Dan Earnhardt, Volunteer, NPS
Over half of the 400 bird species documented in the state of Virginia are found in the swamps, marshes, rivers, ponds, and shorelines of Colonial National Historical Park. The park's location along the Atlantic flyway affords visitors the opportunity to see wintering, migratory, and breeding birds along park roads. Open grasslands of the Yorktown area attract woodland birds. Pullouts on the Colonial Parkway provide places for sighting waterfowl, and the 5-mile loop through Jamestown Island permits views of fresh and salt marshes and woodlands that are especially exciting during migratory seasons.
Colonial has had a number of American bald eagles nest within the park. Formerly endangered, America's national bird has made an amazing recovery, due in large part to the survey and protective measures accomplished over the past 20 years. Breeding bald eagle populations can be observed at nesting sites along the York and James Rivers and at Jamestown Island.
Nesting within the park's boundaries are 115 bird species. Red-tailed hawks and great horned owls search the marshes and fields for small mammals. Little blue herons and laughing gulls fish along the shorelines. In winter, ruddy ducks and northern pintails cruise the waterways. The woodlands furnish homes for many breeding songbird species. Red-eyed vireos, catbirds, and Acadian flycatchers are very common in Yorktown and Jamestown. In the winter, ruby-crowned kinglets, white-throated sparrows, and yellow-rumped (myrtle) warblers arrive from their northern breeding grounds.
You may download the Colonial bird list onto your electronic reader or print a hard copy for field use. To make it easier to read, the document was designed to be printed double sided onto 11 x 17 paper, folded in half to 8.5 x 11, and then triple folded into an 8.5 x 3.75 inch brochure.
For further questions on brochure contact Dorothy Geyer at firstname.lastname@example.org .
From a precipitous decline, the bald eagle has made quite a comeback. The Chesapeake Bay now has one of the highest concentrations of bald eagles in the lower 48 states. In addition to the breeding population, biologists have found 10 key communal roost areas in Maryland and Virginia, which support hundreds of winter migrants from as far north as Canada and summer migrants from Florida.
The following websites contain active bird lists for the park and adjacent areas:
The Center for Conservation Biology: http://ccb-wm.org
Williamsburg Bird Club: http://williamsburgbirdclub.org
Virginia Birding and Wildlife Trail/Coastal Trail: http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/vbwt/
Listing of these websites does not and is not intended to imply endorsement by the National Park Service of commercial services or products associated with the site.
Did You Know?
The earthworks surrounding Yorktown, represented as the Revolutionary War British Inner Defense line, are actually Civil War earthworks constructed directly on top of the British defense works.
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| 0.926052 | 657 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Written by Terence Newton, Staff Writer
Something strange keeps happening at the upper reaches of Earth’s atmosphere. Aboard the International Space Station, NASA hosts a live-stream, purportedly showing a continuous feed of the earth juxtaposed against the void of space. The feed is watched by people around the world, and every once in a while something interesting happens: the footage will show a moving anomaly, an unidentified flying object (UFO), and the live feed will suddenly go offline.
This has been happening for years, causing speculation that NASA is covering up a litany of evidence demonstrating the existence of UFO’s and supporting the notion that we are not alone in this universe, and not alone even on this planet.
The most recent incident involves the sighting of a glowing object moving toward the earth’s atmosphere, which is interrupted by a break in the live feed.
“Italian astronaut Paolo Nespoli shot the clip, which shows a fiery ball of light racing towards the Earth’s atmosphere.
The ISS crew member believes that the object could be space debris, but both the space agency and alien enthusiasts have rejected this explanation.” [Source]
The video can be seen here:
This case is indeed controversial, as there is not universal agreement on what the light is. A genuine UFO… unidentified flying object.
In this clip, the characteristic tail of a meteor that is missing from the ISS object can clearly be made out.
Mr Glockner added: ‘If you compare this to what they are calling a meteor in this new footage, at no time does this so called meteor look like anything that was captured back in 2011 – it just doesn’t.
‘It’s a short, stubby object that looks nothing like the other meteor here.
‘We can see this discharge, the energy coming from here vanish.’ [Source]
If this were a singular event, it may not be considered too intriguing, but the pattern of not adequately addressing the public’s questions about many events like this points to something larger. There have been several similar incidents this year alone.
Are You a Conspiracy Theorist?
What’s interesting is that every time this happens, NASA and the mainstream press immediately call anyone who asks questions a ‘conspiracy theorist,’ which is the de facto label used to prevent serious inquiry into any greater issue. The fact that this term is repeatedly used to block off conversation about alien life is quite telling.
Even in this recent article by the Daily Mail on the latest UFO spotting event, the Mail runs this bizarre explanation of a conspiracy theorist right in the middle of the article. They are saying that the official explanation does not add up, that much is admitted, but then they take it another step and characterize you as a narcissist for seeking clarity. Talk about mind-game.
Is NASA doing this sort of thing on purpose to generate more clicks to their website and more publicity for themselves, or is there really something being hidden from the people of earth? If so, is it fair to gaslight the public, calling them conspiracy theorists anytime they see something that warrants further explanation?
Read more articles from Terence Newton.
About the Author
Terence Newton is a staff writer for WakingTimes.com, interested primarily with issues related to science, the human mind, and human consciousness.
This article (NASA Again Accused of Covering Up UFO’s Seen at International Space Station) was originally created and published by Waking Times and is published here under a Creative Commons license with attribution to Terence Newton and WakingTimes.com. It may be re-posted freely with proper attribution, author bio, and this copyright statement.
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- Selection will root out such organism .
- Much of america was rooting for us .
- The pigs were grubbing around for roots .
- The love of money is the root of all evil .
- Some quadratic equations have no real roots .
- the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jaw and serves as support
- (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem"
同義詞：root word, base, stem, theme, radical
- a simple form inferred as the common basis from which related words in several languages can be derived by linguistic processes
- the set of values that give a true statement when substituted into an equation
- the place where something begins, where it springs into being; "the Italian beginning of the Renaissance"; "Jupiter was the origin of the radiation"; "Pittsburgh is the source of the Ohio River"; "communism''s Russian root"
同義詞：beginning, origin, rootage, source
- someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)
同義詞：ancestor, ascendant, ascendent, antecedent
- (botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground
- a number that, when multiplied by itself some number of times, equals a given number
- take root and begin to grow; "this plant roots quickly"
- cause to take roots
- become settled or established and stable in one''s residence or life style; "He finally settled down"
同義詞：settle, take root, steady down, settle down
- dig with the snout; "the pig was rooting for truffles"
- plant by the roots
- come into existence, originate; "The problem roots in her depression"
In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil. However, this is not always the case, a root can also be aerial (growing above the ground) or aerating (growing up above the ground or especially above water).
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The ChemCam Instrument Suite on the Mars Science Laboratory Rover Curiosity: Remote Sensing by Laser-Induced Plasmas
Roger C. WIENSa, Sylvestre MAURICEb, and the ChemCam team
a Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
b Institute de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie, Toulouse, France
When the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity lands on a phyllosilicate-rich Martian terrain in 2012, it will carry a number of new technologies for investigating the surface properties and environments. Almost every type of experiment is new to space flight, or at least new to Mars, except the imagers and the reliable Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS). New types of instruments include the first x-ray diffraction instrument, CheMin, and many aspects of the Sample Analysis on Mars (SAM) suite with its combined chemical processing capabilities, its multi column gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, and tunable laser spectrometer (TLS). Both SAM and CheMin have both been described in previous Geochemistry Newsletter articles (Mahaffy, 2009; Blake, 2010). Here we describe an equally novel instrument-ChemCam-intended for remote sensing in the vicinity of the rover.
Field rovers are generally equipped with instruments that can make measurements on a variety of timescales. Rapid measurements are needed to determine which samples are of greatest interest for those techniques that require longer time and more resources to analyze. The timescale for analysis must also take into account the spatial proximity. Instruments on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) and MSL fall into three categories: remote, contact, and in-situ. Remote analyses are typically rapid measurements of the surroundings that do not require time-intensive driving or positioning. Contact measurements require relatively little sample preparation, while in-situ instruments generally require the most time for not only positioning the rover to grab the sample, but also for grinding, sieving, and ingesting, taking several days in total for each analysis from decision-point to completion. One can consider sample selection as a funnel, with remote sensing carrying out the broadest sampling, contact instruments being selected for a narrower subset of samples, and the in-situ analyses being reserved for the samples of greatest interest. For the Pathfinder rover Sojourner, the only remote sensing tool was an imager. Ideally, however, remote sensing instrumentation can identify chemical and/or mineral compositions and preferably also identify critical parameters essential to understanding habitability and the biological potential for Mars, key goals for the MSL mission (Grotzinger, 2009).
The ChemCam instrument suite will fulfill MSL's need for rapid remote sensing by providing critical information as mentioned above and, at the same time, addressing additional issues raised by the MER investigations. Specifically, within the first year of MER operation two surface-related analytical issues emerged. One was the presence of weathering coatings on rocks on Mars (e.g., McSween et al. 2004; Haskin et al., 2005). How are these weathering layers produced? What could we learn if we had an instrument sensitive enough to carefully probe the weathering layers? Also, how did the weathering layers affect our interpretation of Martian rock compositions based on surface-level analytical techniques? A second issue was the ubiquitous presence of dust on rocks which interfered with traditional remote sensing techniques. If the rover had to drive up and brush off a sample in order to use its remote sensing technique, it should no longer be considered remote sensing.
It was into this context that we proposed laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) along with a context remote micro-imager (RMI) to provide compositional remote sensing for the MSL rover. In the LIBS technique a pulsed laser beam is focused to a small spot on a target, providing at least 10 MW/mm2, sufficient energy density to ablate atoms and ions in electronically excited states, creating a localized, brief plasma. The plasma emits light for up to several microseconds as the species decay back to ground state. The light is collected and spectrally dispersed to observe the characteristic emission lines of the elements present in the sample. By calibrating the spectra against those of standards, elemental abundances are determined. LIBS has been under development for several decades (e.g., Cremers and Radziemski, 1987) as an outgrowth of spark spectroscopy, providing a chemical analysis tool for inhospitable environments. It is also related to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). LIBS was initially used in-situ; however, the real advantage comes at close- and medium-range stand-off distances on natural targets (e.g., Wiens et al., 2002), in which case no sample preparation or handling is needed. As an active technique the laser pulses rapidly remove dust coatings and profile into solid surfaces, for example to study and to remove weathering layers, exposing the pristine rock. No other remote technique possesses these advantages.
Table 1. ChemCam investigation goals directly address MSL mission goals.
|MLS Goals||ChemCam Investigation|
Characterize geology of landing site
Investigate planetary processes of relevance to past habitability, including the role of water
|Rapid remote rock identification; quantitative elemental compositions|
|Soil and pebble surveys, average soil composition, maturity, and exotic materials|
|Detection and study of hydrated minerals|
|Rapid remote identification of surface ices|
|Analysis for weathering coatings on rocks|
|Study rock morphologies (RMI imaging)|
|Analysis of samples that are inaccessible to the rover arm|
|Assist arm and drill sampling|
|Assess biological potential of target environments||Remote identification of organic material|
|Investigate the presence of toxic materials||Check for abundances of Be, Pb, Cd and As well above hazardous levels for humans|
The goals of the ChemCam investigation are listed in Table 1. These combine typical objectives of a remote sensing instrument, as discussed above, with specific capabilities of the LIBS investigation, especially where they align with major goals of the MSL mission. For example, unlike x-ray techniques, LIBS is sensitive to the light elements: H, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O. Importantly for Mars, it can identify H- or C-bearing materials and with proper calibration it can quantify the abundances of these elements. The complete ChemCam spectrum consists of 6144 channels covering three nearly overlapping spectral ranges from 240 to 850 nm. The spectrum is rich in emission lines, with many elements providing multiple emission lines. Overall, LIBS is sensitive to nearly all elements, but it is most sensitive to the alkali and alkali earth elements, with particularly low detection limits (e.g., < 100 ppm) for Li, Sr, and Ba. On the other hand, LIBS is relatively insensitive to elements on the other side of the periodic table, including S, Cl, and F. However, ChemCam can still detect sulfur at the several percent level, as expected for many materials on Mars.
It is thus fortuitous that Curiosity is equipped with both ChemCam and APXS, which is improved from the APXS units on the MER rovers. While ChemCam provides a large number of remote analyses, APXS, mounted on the rover arm, will provide a relatively smaller number of more accurate analyses. LIBS additionally provides very high spatial resolution (0.2-0.5 mm analysis spots) compared to APXS (~17 mm on MSL). ChemCam removes dust and weathering layers with multiple laser pulses, while APXS on MSL will use a brush to remove dust. And finally, while ChemCam is sensitive to light elements and is highly sensitive to alkalis, APXS will have significantly better sensitivity for sulfur and halogens. As can be easily seen, these capabilities are highly complementary.
Figure 1 shows two contrasting LIBS spectra of rock powder standards recorded at 3 m distance with one of ChemCam's three spectrometers, using about two thirds of the full laser energy (10 vs. 15 mJ). In the spectrum of the relatively pure Gypsum sample (CaSO4·2(H2O); [SiO2] = 0.45% in this sample) all of the visible emission lines in this range are due to Ca except the two labeled Sr lines (930 ppm). The emission lines of H, O, and S are visible in other spectral ranges covered by ChemCam. By contrast, the spectrum of a quite impure melanterite (FeSO4·7(H2O) in pure form; the low magnitude of the 656 nm H peak suggests it converted to szmolnokite, the monohydrate form, in the Mars chamber) shows a plethora of emission lines, most of which are due to iron (all unlabeled peaks in the figure). However, the emission lines from a number of impurities can be seen, including Si ([SiO2] = 68%), Ca ([CaO] = 0.1%), Al ([Al2O3] = 0.9%), Sr (1930 ppm), As (960 ppm), Ba (450 ppm), and Pb (300 ppm; listed abundances are based on literature values). In general, transition elements such as Fe, Mn, Cr, V, and Ti display large numbers of LIBS emission lines, as seen in the case of Fe in the melanterite spectrum, while a smooth baseline, such as seen in the gypsum spectrum in Fig. 1, is only found in samples lacking transition elements.
The ability to remotely remove dust using the laser is shown in an image taken by ChemCam's RMI imager in Fig. 2. The white dolomite powder (> 70% of the material has grain size < 20 µm) shown in this figure was screened off at a uniform height of 25 microns above the surface of a smooth slab of basalt. The three LIBS analysis spots were produced at 2.9 m distance with lower laser energies (7.5 mJ, right, and 10 mJ for the two on the left) than the 14 mJ to be used on Mars. Ten laser shots were used for the right and lower left spots, while 50 shots were used for the spot in the upper left. An enlarged view in the inset shows that the dust, which tended to clump together, was cleared from areas 1.5 to 2.4 mm in diameter. The actual analysis spots are smaller and are not seen without stretching the image contrast. Investigation of the individual spectra shows that in the case of the lowest energy laser analysis the composition effect of the dust was no longer seen in the spectrum by the fourth shot. A similar test was carried out with an inclined sample and a much thicker (>1 mm) dust layer. The signature of the underlying rock appeared within the first ten laser shots. During the next several shots some of the dust fell back into the hole. By the time twenty-five pulses were fired the spectra were dust-free and remained that way as additional shots were sent. Depth profiles have been carried out in several homogeneous solid samples of carbonate and basalt. For analyses of up to 1000 pulses, depths in the range of 300-600 µm were achieved. More work is planned using layered rock targets with replica instrumentation understand how much contamination from the upper layer affects measurements of the lower layers (e.g., Cousin et al., 2011).
Table 2. Key ChemCam instrument parameters
|Laser type||Nd: KGW|
|Laser pulse duration||5 ns|
|Laser wavelength||1067 nm|
|Laser repetition rate||1-10 Hz|
|Laser pulse energy||14 mJ|
|Laser spot diameter on target||200-500 μm|
|LIBS nominal distance range||1.5-7 m|
|Telescope aperture||110 mm|
|Spectral range||240-850 nm|
|Spectrometer type (3 units)||Cross Czerny-Turner|
|Spectral channels||6144 x 14 bit|
|Spectral resolution (FWHM)||0.2 nm (0.65 nm (>500 nm)|
|Spectral exposure||10 ms - 10 s|
|RMI imager CCD||1000 x 1000 pixels|
|RMI typical exposure, Mars||40 ms|
|RMI imager resolution||0.10 mrad|
|RMI imager field of view||20 mrad|
ChemCam's key parameters are given in Table 2. To facilitate rover accommodation, the instrument was built into two parts, as shown in Fig. 3. The laser, telescope, RMI, and associated electronics are located on the mast of the rover. The LIBS light collected by the telescope is transported to the spectrometers in the body of the rover via a 5.7 m long optical fiber. The physical division of the instrument facilitated construction by the two equal partners: The mast unit was constructed and tested under the leadership of the Institute de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP) at the Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées in collaboration with the Centre Nationale d'Etude Spatiale (CNES) in Toulouse, France. The body unit, including an optical demultiplexer, three spectrometers, electronics, data processing unit, and flight software, was constructed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The instrument's software includes an autofocus routine and, for the RMI, an auto-exposure code. Jet Propulsion Laboratory characterized the CCDs, provided a thermo-electric cooler for the detectors, and developed the mast-to-body optical fiber in collaboration with Goddard Space Flight Center.
An on-board calibration target (Fig. 3) is installed on the rover at a distance of 1.54 m from the ChemCam telescope. The target consists of four igneous glasses, three of which were synthesized to replicate shergottite, picrite, and norite compositions, and one target is a natural macusanite glass (Fabre et al., 2011). The target also includes four ceramics fabricated from varying mixtures of Totavi basalt, gypsum, and either nontronite standard NAu-2 or kaolinite standard KGa-2 (Vaniman et al., 2009). Two additional materials in the target assembly are graphite to facilitate carbon quantification (Ollila et al., 2011) and titanium for wavelength calibrations and standardization.
ChemCam is designed and planned to be used daily on Mars. Operations planning divides the rover activities into reconnaissance sols (sol = Mars day), drive sols, approach sols, contact sols during which arm-mounted instruments APXS and MAHLI (hand lens imager) are used, and in-situ analysis sols during which CheMin and SAM analyses are carried out. ChemCam can be used to perform reconnaissance on both of the first two types of sols. During approach sols ChemCam data will help select the precise sample for in-situ analysis, and during contact and in-situ analysis sols ChemCam can perform additional surveys of surrounding materials. A typical analysis will consist of a number of laser pulses sufficient to remove surface dust, followed by a number of laser pulses (e.g., 30) that will be averaged together for better statistics. At times depth profiles will be performed to understand the compositions of dust and weathering layers as well as the rock composition. Because the LIBS analysis spot size is by necessity ≤ 0.5 mm in diameter in order to achieve the energy density required to produce a plasma, determining a whole-rock composition requires multiple analysis spots for medium- and coarse-grained lithologies (Thompson et al., 2006; Anderson et al., 2011).
The instrument operation flow is shown in Fig. 4. Each analysis spot is expected to take about six minutes and two Watt-hrs, but in most cases it will be necessary to warm the laser from the -40°C survival temperature of the mast to its operation temperature of -10°C, taking about 20 minutes before the first analysis of the day. There is also some time required at the end of analyses to slowly cool the unit and to defocus to a sun-safe configuration and stow the mast. Of the actual analysis, the laser shots will normally operate at 3 Hz, taking only ~20 s, while up to 3 minutes is required for focusing and some tens of seconds are required for transferring the data. RMI context images will be taken before and after each LIBS analysis, transmitting only the pixels corresponding to the LIBS spot on the second image.
Consistent with the instrument itself, ChemCam's science team consists of French and US members in nearly equal representation. Operation of the instrument will also be shared. The length of Martian days being 39.6 minutes longer than Earth's, rover operations will precess relative to the terrestrial clock on a 36.4 day cycle. ChemCam operations will divide this into 18 days for French operation during the time in which the data come to Earth at an earlier time of day, and 18 days for US operations. Scientists from both countries will continually staff working groups tasked with rover planning, with the result that decision-making for ChemCam will not be completely run by one country at any time.
The LIBS data are rich in emission lines (Fig. 1), allowing the development of training sets of spectra of standards of known compositions, which are used with multivariate analysis techniques to perform: 1) rapid multivariate spectral classification to categorize samples by rock type, 2) multivariate analytical processing against a database of standards for quantitative elemental abundances, and 3) univariate analyses of individual emission lines in some cases. Data pre-processing begins with subtracting the non-laser-induced background from the active spectra, correcting for the instrument response and for wavelength drift, and identifying emission lines. For sample classification the team utilizes the linear projection algorithms of principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) (e.g., Comon, 1992; Sirven et al., 2007), complemented by the non-linear stretching technique of Sammon's map (Lasue et al., 2011). Given the rapid daily turn-around needed for tactical data, these techniques will quickly inform the MSL team whether rocks or soil samples analyzed the previous sol are similar to or different from samples encountered previously on Mars.
For quantitative analysis the team uses partial least squares (PLS) regression against agreed-upon sets of standards, the spectra of which are taken in terrestrial laboratories with replica instrumentation. Tests with data taken prior to instrument delivery show that analytical precisions and accuracies of the major elements generally meet the goal of ≤10% relative error. Median accuracies from two different PLS analyses of data taken at 5 m distance on ten basalt and andesite rock powder standards are shown in Fig. 5. Each analysis used fifty laser pulses and the spectra of all but the first five pulses were averaged together. Four spots were analyzed per sample. The figure shows that prediction accuracies are quite highly dependent on the quality of the match of standards to the unknown. The data shown in gray leave out all analyses of the unknown from the training set. By contrast, the blue bars show median errors obtained when three analysis spots of the same standard are included in the training set used to predict the fourth spot on a given sample. Although the composition of these three spots is identical to the unknown, this detail is not known by the algorithm. Even so, the accuracy is significantly improved, showing that matching the unknown closely with training set standards is important. As a result, in actual analyses an iterative approach must be taken in which a completely unknown sample is first estimated using standards covering a broad array of composition space to provide an approximate composition. The composition is further refined using a training set of standards focused to match the initially predicted composition. The ChemCam team plans to compare its Mars analyses against terrestrial standards analyzed in similar laboratory-based instruments to provide the needed training set for calibration.
Finally, in some cases univariate analyses of selected emission lines will be undertaken for specific studies. As an example, strontium displays only two relatively strong emission lines at 407.89 and 421.67 nm (cf. Fig. 2). For the on-board igneous calibration targets the latter Sr emission line produced an excellent calibration curve, as shown in Fig. 6.
ChemCam will capture the public imagination as the first laser gun in space. Fig. 7 shows a ChemCam spark erupting from a pyrite crystal in air at 8.7 m distance. Iron- and sulfur-rich samples tend to couple to the 1067 nm laser beam better than ordinary rocks, so we were able to shoot this sample at a significantly longer distance than ChemCam's nominal limit of 7 m.
In summary, the ChemCam instrument suite includes the first LIBS experiment designed for space exploration. Its tactical role is to provide the MSL team with information on rocks and soils surrounding the rover, enabling efficient operations planning. It is a radical departure from previous remote sensing and the small spot analysis will be extremely useful in scanning across stratigraphic layers encountered by MSL. ChemCam's ability to study compositional variations among soil and rock layers provide for the first time a means to systematically investigate rock weathering and soil stratification. The ability to study light-element abundances directly addresses MSL and Mars goals to follow the water and to investigate habitability. These remote analyses are enabled by the removal of obscuring dust using the initial laser shots for cleaning the surface. ChemCam also provides the highest resolution context imaging of the analysis spots, enabling much better interpretation of the analyses than otherwise. Overall, ChemCam is a novel way to interrogate samples, effectively brushing and 'ratting' (i.e., performing the same function as MER's rock grinder on) the analysis spot without needing the mechanical complexity of an arm touching the surface.
A great many people on the ChemCam team and elsewhere are thanked for their contributions to this work. In particular, J. Lasue contributed the PLS plot, C. Dufour and R. Perez processed the RMI image, C. Fabre contributed the plot showing the Sr emission line detail. B. Barraclough, S. Clegg, S. Humphries, A. Ollila, R. McInroy, A. Mezzacappa, L.-M. Nortier, D. Delapp all worked to produce the ChemCam data, just to name a few. This work was graciously supported by CNES in France and by NASA's Mars Program Office through MSL in the US. The manuscript benefitted from comments by J. Lasue, P. Mahaffy, and two anonymous reviewers, and editorial support by S. Komor was greatly appreciated.
Anderson R.B., Morris R.V., Clegg S.M., Bell J.F.III, Wiens R.C., Humphries S.D., and Mertzman S.A. (2011) Remote quantitative chemical composition of rocks using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy with partial least squares and artificial neural network methods. Submitted to Icarus.
Blake D. (2010) A Historical Perspective of the Development of the CheMin Mineralogical Instrument for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL '11) Mission. Geochemical News 144, September. http://www.geochemsoc.org/publications/geochemicalnews/gn144sep10/ahistoricalperspectiveofth.htm
Comon P. (1992),Independent component analysis, in: J.L. Lacoume, (Ed), Higher-Order Statistics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 29-38.
Cousin A., Maurice S., Forni O., Wiens R., Berger G., and the ChemCam team (2011) Depth profiles studies using ChemCam. Lunar Planet. Sci. LXII. Abstract 1963. The Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX.
Cremers D.A. and Radziemski L.J. (1987) Laser plasmas for chemical analysis. Chapter 5 in Laser-Induced Plasmas and Applications (L.J. Radziemski, R.W. Solarz, and J.A. Paisner, eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 351-415.
Fabre C., Maurice S., Cousin A., Wiens R.C., Forni O., Sautter V., and Guillaume D. (2011) Onboard calibration igneous targets for the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover and the Chemistry Camera Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy instrument. Spectrochim. Acta B, doi: 10.1016/j.sab.2011.03.012.
Grotzinger J. (2009) Beyond water on Mars. Nature Geoscience 2, 1-3.
Haskin L.A., and 29 co-authors (2005) Water alteration of rocks and soils on Mars at the Spirit rover site in Gusev crater. Nature 436, doi:10.1038/nature03640.
Lasue J., Wiens R.C., Forni O., Clegg S.M., Maurice S., Stepinski T., and the ChemCam team (2011) Non-linear mapping technique for data visualization and clustering assessment of LIBS data: Application to ChemCam data. J. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., DOI 10.1007/s00216-011-4747-3.
Mahaffy P. (2009) Sample Analysis at Mars: Developing analytical tools to search for a habitable environment on the red planet. Geochemical News 141, October. http://www.geochemsoc.org/publications/geochemicalnews/gn141oct09/sampleanalysisatmars.htm
McSween H.Y., and 34 co-authors (2004) Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit rover in Gusev Crater. Science 305, 842.
Ollila A.M., Blank J.G., Wiens R.C., Lasue J., Newsom H.E., Clegg S.M., Cousin A., Maurice S. (2011) Preliminary results on the capabilities of the ChemCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument to detect carbon on Mars. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLII. Abstract 2395. The Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX.
Sirven J.-B., Sallé B., Mauchien P., Lacour J.-L., Maurice S., and Manhes G. (2007) Feasibility study of rock identification at the surface of Mars by remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and three chemometric methods. J. Anal. Atomic Spectrosc. 22, 1471-1480.
Thompson J., Wiens R.C., Clegg S., Barefield J., Vaniman D., and Newsom H. (2006) Remote LIBS Analyses of Zagami and DAG 476 Martian Meteorites. J. Geophys. Res., 111, E05006, doi:10.1029/2005JE002578.
Vaniman D.T., Clegg S., Lanza N., Newsom H., Wiens R.C., and the ChemCam team (2009) Fabrication of sulfate-bearing ceramic calibration targets for the ChemCam laser spectroscopy instrument, Mars Science Laboratory. Lunar Planet Sci. XL. Abstract 2296. The Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX.
Wiens R.C., Seelos F.P. IV, Ferris M.J., Arvidson R.E., Cremers D.A., Blacic J.D., and Deal K. (2002) Combined remote mineralogical and elemental identification from rovers: Field and laboratory tests using reflectance and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. J. Geophys. Res. Planets., 10.1029/2000JE001439, 30 August.
Wiens R.C., and 13 co-authors (2011) Calibration of the MSL / ChemCam / LIBS remote sensing composition instrument. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLII. Abstract 2370. The Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX.
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Weed now, eat later.
The youths involved in the Perryville Police Department's Outreach Program are learning that hard work now will pay off later with food on the table.
Recently, the program participants learned the fine art of making a compost pile. Perryville's community garden is underway and is adjacent to the program's building.
While the garden belongs to the community, the outreach members play a key role in starting and maintaining the raised bed gardens. Hollister explained that there are many lessons to be learned from gardening.
"They learn responsibility and accountability," said Hollister.
Now, the youths are weeding the beds, planting, watering, and fertilizing using the compost pile.
They are learning healthy growing practices.
"We have a good mix of kids doing it. We have elementary, middle, and high. I think they are excited about it," she said. But there are some hazards with gardening. "During the weeding, I get screams from spiders," she said.
The gardens will contain eggplant, cucumbers, strawberries, raspberries, onions, tomatoes, herbs, and peppers. When the harvest is ready, outreach members will learn to cook with what's been grown. "They want to make a full course, from scratch meal," she said.
They are also learning some unexpected and possibly unrecognized life skills, such as teamwork. Outreach program director Jesse Lilly said it's gratifying.
"They not only get fulfilled by helping with a community activity by being in the forefront of the garden, they also get t feel appreciated for the work they do," said Lilly.
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The Society of Florida Archivists, in conjunction with the Society of American Archivists, celebrates October as American Archives Month.
American Archives Month is a collaborative effort by professional organizations and repositories around the nation to highlight the importance of records of enduring value. Archivists are professionals who assess, collect, organize, preserve, maintain control of, and provide access to information that has lasting value.
This online exhibit is made up of digitized materials from the rich archival collections around our state, celebrating both Archives Month and the 500th anniversary of Ponce De Leon's arrival in Florida. Viva Florida!
Florida's historical and cultural heritage is preserved and shared by archival institutions throughout the state. From the State Archives, to university and college archives, to historical sites and historical societies, archives are here for you to discover.
Photograph album of Charles Melville Shipman, 1916. Volume 2
Hand colored photograph of a whiptail stingray from the Shipman album, 1916
1,000 families can find free homesteads in Orange County, Florida, 1876
Last updated September 03, 2013 11:22:09 AM
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ROADS AND ROAD BUILDING
The advent of motorised transport created the need for a proper transport infrastructure in and around Dartford. As early as 1905 road crossings were constructed at Lowfield Street (Heath Lane), Hythe Street (Mill Pond Road), West Hill (Tower Road) and Dartford Road (Shepherds Lane). In 1934 local authorities were asked by the Ministry of Transport to submit schemes for the establishment of proper pedestrian crossings. Five sites in Dartford were recommended.
The construction of Market Street in 1926 provided a new focus for the town centre linking the High Street with Central Park, trees planted in the area reputedly gave central Dartford the atmosphere of a garden city. In the same year a government inquiry was held concerning plans for widening Shepherds Lane, Oakfield Lane and Lowfield Street. By 1922 the Town Bridge had been widened.
Periods of high unemployment struck Dartford for the first three decades
of the twentieth century; useful job creation schemes utilising the skills
and muscle-power of the unemployed were introduced. Some existing roads
were widened and major new roads were built. Unemployed men were given
work on the widening of Lowfield Street in 1906. The Dartford Southern
By-pass was designed to provide employment in the 1920s for the large
numbers of unemployed resident in and around the town, and to afford relief
for through traffic in the congested main streets of the town. East Hill
and West Hill were famous local traffic bottlenecks.
Document 3: Click the link below to view the document
Traffic problems got significantly worse in Dartford during the second half of the twentieth century. Car parking in the town was always a big problem. Ministry of Transport inspectors who visited Dartford recommended that side streets should be used for parking, as well as the Cattle Market site (when not in use) and the State Cinema car park. Complaints about through traffic reached a climax in the 1950s when it was claimed that congestion prevented bus services from running to schedule and stopped workers at local factories getting back to work at lunchtime resulting in a loss of pay and productivity.
In 1967 a major report on Dartford's future was produced by consultants working for the council. It was recommended that the future development of Dartford town centre should be in accordance with a plan "...based upon a traffic pattern utilising the most up-to-date engineering and traffic management techniques to progressively accommodate in stages the projected volume of traffic as the town develops...The centre should be planned so that shoppers and pedestrians can walk free from cars with rear servicing for shops and commercial premises."
This ambitious plan to pedestrianise the main part of the town centre and to set-up a workable traffic flow system was not achieved until the 1980s and 1990s. Phases 1 and 2 of a Northern Link Road were achieved in 1980. Many environmental improvements were carried out in the town centre. These included the closure to traffic of part of the High Street and its adoption as a pedestrianised area.
A Western Link Road running from West Hill to Home Gardens to take traffic away from the town centre was completed by 1988. The invention of the multi-storey car park was a real boon to Dartford. These high-capacity car parks were incorporated in the design of Dartford's two shopping centres, the Arndale Centre (later the Priory Centre) and The Orchards. Car parking was severely limited in and around the main streets of the town and traffic wardens employed to prevent illegal parking.
THE DARTFORD-PURFLEET ROAD TUNNEL
The idea of creating a tunnel under the Thames linking Kent with Essex was first suggested in 1798 when work began on constructing a tunnel to link Gravesend with Tilbury. The project began with the digging of a vertical shaft. Unfortunately, the estimate was too low, the quality of the engineering work was poor, and the scheme was finally abandoned when the money for this privately financed tunnel ran out. The idea of constructing a tunnel was revived on many occasions in the nineteenth century but never gained much support.
A bill was first promoted for a Thames Tunnel in 1907 but was dropped.
By November 1921 two schemes had been put forward, at Dartford and Gravesend
respectively. The Dartford site had particular advantage in having wide
open space near the Thames. A report of 1925 considered that Dartford
offered the best site as links could more easily be made with the A2 and
the A20. There was however a strong campaign to select the Tilbury-Gravesend
option as this area was 'a natural focus point of industrial development'.
A year later a royal commission recommended the Dartford-Purfleet line.
Little progress was made until the 1930s. At this time, the estimated
cost of digging a tunnel under the Thames was £3,200,000. It was
agreed that The Ministry of Transport would pay most of the cost with
the counties of Kent and Essex making smaller contributions.
After delays due to the construction of temporary access roads over the marshes on both sides of the River Thames, the work of sinking vertical shafts at both sides got underway. The Kent shaft of 95 ft. was slightly deeper than the Essex shaft. The workmen met at 80 ft. below the surface in October 1938, 25 ft. below the bed of the River Thames. The pilot tunnel was visited by many important officials from central government. At this point the estimated cost for the project had risen to £3,500,000. It was hoped that the full-scale tunnel would be ready for use by traffic in 1942.
The outbreak of war in 1939 stopped any further progress until March 1957 when work on the tunnel from Dartford to Purfleet started again. It took years of day and night working to complete the project. The tunnel was finally opened on 18 November 1963 at a cost of £13m. It was estimated in 1963 that the 4,700 ft. tunnel would take at least 5,500 cars a day, relieving congestion at Blackwell and Rotherhithe tunnels and reducing considerably the distances for vehicles travelling between Essex and Kent. No sooner was the first tunnel opened than it was realised that a second tunnel was needed. Early estimates of 2 million vehicles a year were more than doubled in the first year of operation. A second tunnel was commissioned in 1972, and opened to traffic in May 1980 at a cost of £45 million pounds. The number of vehicles using both tunnels was soon to exceed 30 million a year.
THE QUEEN ELIZABETH II BRIDGE
The Queen Elizabeth II Bridge across the River Thames at Dartford opened with great festivities in October 1991 as the answer to increasing congestion at the Dartford Tunnel. The cable-stayed bridge, with a design life of 120 years and built at a cost of £184m, was the longest bridge of its kind in Europe and the third longest in the world, with a total length of 2.872 kilometres. The main span was 450 metres in length with the road deck 65 metres above the River Thames. 40 million cars were using the bridge each year by the end of the twentieth century.
Further information on Dartford
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Neural Stem Cell Gene Plays Crucial Role in Eye Development
Scientists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have demonstrated that normal development of the eye requires the right amount of a neural stem cell gene be expressed at the right time and place.
Neural stem cells are cells that can differentiate into different cell types in the nervous system. In the developing eye, retinal neural stem cells differentiate to form the neurons of the adult eye and form the optic nerve.
Led by Dr. Larysa H. Pevny, an assistant professor of genetics in the UNC School of Medicine, researchers discovered that expression levels of a particular neural stem cell gene, SOX2, are a critical factor that regulates the differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells in the eye.
Their work appears in the current edition of the journal Genes & Development.
The SOX2 gene is a member of class of master genes that encode for transcription factors. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA and regulate the expression of other genes.
The investigators discovered that, in mice, disruption of the SOX2 gene in neural retinal stem cells leads to a kind of abnormal development of the eye called microphtalmia, or small eye. Approximately 10 percent of all human cases of microphtalmia result from mutations in the SOX2 gene.
Moreover, this study indicates that the degree to which SOX2 gene is disrupted dictates the severity of this condition.
"We found that even a reduction in normal SOX2 levels causes problems in these mice and this mimics the problems seen in humans," said Pevny.
The scientist pointed out that the problem in eye development in these mice results from loss of SOX2 mediated maintenance of the neural progenitor cell population in the eye.
According to Pevny, the study demonstrates that normal development of the eye is contingent upon having the right amount of SOX2, expressed at the right time and place. "Too little SOX2 expression results in the neural stem cell pool to aberrantly differentiate into neurons during development," Pevny said. "This disrupts the normal maintenance of the stem cell pool in the eye and disrupts the whole developmental process."
A complete loss of SOX2 expression in neural retinal progenitor cells results in the loss of the ability to either differentiate into neurons, or stay in the pluripotent state. In the pluripotent state, the cells are constantly replenished, but each cell retains the ability to differentiate into different cell types. This loss results in a block in eye formation in mice.
The manuscript also describes that one of the genes that SOX2 controls is Notch1, and loss of regulation of this gene is what is partially responsible for abnormal development of the eye. Notch1 is expressed in several other stem cell/progenitor populations. Therefore, SOX2 may play an important role in maintaining these populations as well.
In addition to highlighting a role for SOX2 in normal eye development, Pevny also stressed that this study illustrates the power of mouse genetics. "Right now, we are only in the hypothetical stage of therapeutic application of this work, but we finally have the genetic tools to actually test our hypothesis."
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|aMindful arts in the classroom : |bstories and creative activities for social and emotional learning / |c[Andrew Jordan Nance]
|aStories and creative activities for social and emotional learning
|aBerkeley, California : |bParallax Press, |cc2018.
|a262 p. : |bill. ; |c24 cm.
|a"Written for teachers who want to bring mindfulness, social and emotional learning (SEL), and the arts into the classroom through storytelling and fun games, this book offers a complete course that helps young children identify and talk about their feelings and self-regulate their behavior with easy mindfulness practices" --|cProvided by publisher.
|aEmotional intelligence|xStudy and teaching|xActivity programs.
Written especially for the teacher or camp director who wants to bring mindfulness, social and emotional learning (SEL), and the arts into their busy day through storytelling and fun games, this book offers a complete course that helps kids identify and talk about their feelings, self-regulate and self-soothe when stressed, and learn from easy mindfulness practices.Educator and theater director Andrew Nance is the author of the popular children’s book Puppy Mind, which brought a new dimension of cuteness to the practice of mindfulness in the form of a rambunctious, playful puppy. In this book, Nance brings the puppy and a host of other friendly characters into the classroom to animate a 21-lesson curriculum centered around lively stories and easy-to-lead exercises for young students from kindergarten to third grade. Nance offers a teacher’s guide to arts-based mindfulness exercises utilizing story-telling, theater games, and drawing to spark students’ self-expression, self-awareness, and social and emotional well-being.
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Media Portrayal of Gender Stereotypes - Gender Spectrum
Furthermore, several studies have reported association between the level of exposure to thin female model and eating disorder symptoms (eg. Abramson & Valene, 199130; Thomsen, Weber, & Brown, 2002)11. One study analyzed eating pattern of adolescent girls in Rochester, Minnesota and changes in fashion during a 50-year period from 1935-1984 (Lucas et al., 1991)31. The researchers found that rates of anorexia nervosa, a type of eating disorder with symptoms of obsessive fear of gaining weight, among those girls correlate with changes in body size of models in the fashion of a particular time period. The period with thin female models marks the time when rates of anorexia nervosa were highest. This effect infers that the girls were socially comparing themselves to popular female model images that they are exposed to during that time, as the Social Comparison Theory suggested. In fact, a meta-analysis of 156 studies on body dissatisfaction showed that social comparison is a predictor of eating disorder (Myers and Crowther, 2009)32. Thus, the unrealistic beauty standard in magazines is partly responsible for unhealthy eating patterns that arise from women’s distorted evaluation of their self body image. Disadvantages in Competency and Relationship Despite much improvement in today’s education system for women, some women may still lose educational opportunities and vocational competencies because of gender stereotyping in media culture. Women are exposed to magazine ads that encourage them to stand out by their looks, rather than on their intelligence on math and science domains (Kilbourne, 1999)33. Davies et al. (2002)27 (the study on stereotype threat discussed above) found that women who viewed gender stereotypical ads not only performed worse in subsequent math test, but also avoided math items in favor of verbal items in an aptitude test (figure 3) (while the opposite affect occurred for women exposed to neutral ads). Although participants were those highly invested in math domain and not in verbal domain, in the study they were immune to stereotype threat in verbal domains. Thus, many women may have quantitative skills but exposure to gender stereotypes in media may discourage them to compete in quantitative domains. In fact, part 3 of the study have found that women who viewed gender
Gender stereotypes are often incorporated into media and advertising
Gender stereotypes and/or images that counter gender stereotypes are one of the biggest rhetoric’s company’s use in order to persuade the masses to buy their product. In the ads below I will show gender stereotypes in ads and explain why they fit stereotypical gender roles and/or counter act them.
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One of the most remarkable papers I have read in the psychiatric literature was about a 57 year old woman who was treated with months of both antipsychotic and antidepressant medications and given two rounds of electroconvulsive treatment before anyone bothered to check her vitamin B12 level.
Her symptoms were years in the making including tearfulness, anxiety, movement abnormalities, constipation, lethargy, and eventually perceptual disturbances (hearing her name called) and the ultimate in severe psychiatric pathology: catatonia. Despite her inpatient treatment, she remained suicidal, depressed, and lethargic.
Within two months of identifying her deficiency, and subsequent B12 treatment, she reverted to her baseline of 14 years previous, and remained stable with no additional treatment.
If this is not a wake up call to the average psychiatric prescriber, I’m not sure what is. Much of what we attribute to serotonin and dopamine “deficiencies” melts away under the investigative eye of a more personalized style of medicine that seeks to identify hormonal, nutritional, and immune imbalances that can “look” psychiatric in nature.
How can B12 impact brain health?
B12 supports myelin (which allows nerve impulses to conduct) and when this vitamin is deficient, has been suspected to drive symptoms such as dementia, multiple sclerosis, impaired gait, and sensation. Clinically, B12 may be best-known for its role in red blood cell production. Deficiency states may result in pernicious anemia. But what about B12’s role in psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, and even psychosis?
The one-carbon cycle refers to the body’s use of B vitamins as “methylators” in DNA synthesis and the management of gene expression. There are three concepts that relate to B12’s role in chronic, long-latency neuropsychiatric syndromes:
This process of marking genes for expression, like little “read me!” signs, is also critical for detox and elimination of chemicals and hormones (estrogen), building and metabolizing neurotransmitters, and producing energy and cell membranes.
- Homocysteine recycling
B12 is a primary player in the one-carbon cycle and a co-factor for the methylation, by activated folate, of homocysteine, to recycle it back to methionine. From there, SAMe is produced, the body’s busiest methyl donor.
- Genetic override
Sufficient supply of an activated/bioavailable form of a vitamin (ie methylfolate vs folic acid) is even more necessary in the setting of gene variants such as transcobalamin II, MTHFR, and MTRR which may function less optimally in certain individuals and result in pathology under stress. An example of this is a report of death in a B12-deficient patient with genetic variants who underwent anesthesia with nitrous (which causes stress to the system). Notably the B12 blood level was normal, so this fatal case was attributed to functional deficiency, suggesting that access to B vitamins may not always guarantee proper utilization. For this reason, supplementing with activated forms of B vitamins enhances their likelihood of effectively supporting cellular processes.
How Do We Test?
There are few empirical treatments, meaning treatments that apply to everyone, in functional medicine, but I believe B12 to be one of them, particularly in light of the fact that some 2/5ths of the population present with severe deficiency. Testing is available, and most data on deficiency has relied on blood levels, with deficiency defined as being below 150-200 pg/ml. It turns out that testing for deficiency by blood level is not always a reliable indicator of what is going on in the brain, or functionally, in the body.
An important study in women identified markers of B12 deficiency in 27% of depressed patients by using methylmalonic acid instead of B12 levels. Relatedly, an excellent review of clinical improvement with B12 treatment speaks to ten studies which demonstrated “normal” B12 levels, often finding mean levels in the 3-400pg/ml range (but never above 600) in patients with fatigue, sleep disorders, depression, and dementia.
Correlation with cerebrospinal fluid levels is also inconsistent, including in cases of postpartum depression where women improved with empirical application of B12. High copper levels – potentially caused by zinc deficiency – postpartum have been associated with depression and may effectively impair B12 transport. Utilization of a given vitamin is more clinically relevant than its sufficiency, and for this reason, two tests have been proposed as reliable surrogate markers:
May be elevated in the setting of either B12 or folate insufficiency or dysfunction (often related to genetic variants).
- Methylmalonic Acid (urine or serum)
This value is more specific for B12 deficiency, but potentially insufficiently sensitive.
Screening for signs of anemia (megaloblastic) is no longer reliable because of wrong-headed recommendations that toxic foods like flour be “fortified” with synthetic folic acid. For those unable to metabolize this synthetic compound, levels may build up with unknown consequences, but at least one study suggests deleterious effects including immune impairment. Additionally, folic acid may “mask” B12 deficiency by correcting for blood changes without actually allowing for the one-carbon cycle to proceed as it would like to.
What causes deficiency?
Once it is established that a patient has overt serologic evidence of deficiency (in blood) and/or they respond to treatment, we must ask how they became deficient in the first place. Here are some considerations:
This is the fancy term for low stomach acid, something which sometimes occurs in the setting of low thyroid function, chronic stress, aging, and most salient to a recent (December 2013) paper – acid blocking medications.
A Common Scenario
A patient is eating foods that they are unable to properly digest and that promote local inflammation, further perpetuating poor digestion and transit. These may include processed dairy, foods fried in vegetable oils, and cereal grains. The patient experiences the reflux of this poorly mobile, poorly digested sludge, or chyme, as a sign that they have high stomach acid.
They are put on a medication (or buy one over the counter) that has never been studied for long-term use, and that population-based observational studies link to pathogenic overgrowth of bacteria, fracture, and nutrient deficiency. Why? Because stomach acid is critical for triggering digestive enzymes along with an escort called “intrinsic factor” for B12 absorption and managing local microbial populations.
If this patient’s B12 deficiency and digestive imbalance goes unattended, they will likely develop symptoms that will earn them a prescription for an antidepressant, and the medications start to pile up.
The aforementioned paper, Proton Pump Inhibitor and Histamine Receptor 2 Antagonist Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency, was a case control evaluation of 25,956 patients on acid-blocking mediation, which found that 12% of those taking these medications were deficient in B12 at a two year evaluation, and that the higher their daily dose, the stronger the association. We’ve already reviewed the false negative rate of this blood test for B12 sufficiency, so we can only assume that many more of those pill-popping patients were suffering from the effects of deficiency that was not detected.
2. Dietary Restricition
Animal foods are primary sources of B12, although algae and fermented foods may represent promising options for some diligent individuals. Stores deplete over time, and deficiency-related symptoms may present long after dietary restriction. Carefully sourced animal foods are also a unique source of pre-formed fat soluble vitamins, creatine, choline, and carnitine.
One of the possible mechanisms of deficient B12 absorption is pernicious anemia, an autoimmune response to parietal cells, associated with atrophic body gastritis in the stomach. H. pylori infection and associated molecular mimicry are thought to represent a plausible trigger.
The powerful synergy of gluten-containing and genetically modified processed foods may have an impact on everyone’s guts, not just those people with biopsy-confirmed Celiac disease. In fact, the biopsy is fast losing position as the gold standard diagnosis because of extraintestinal manifestations of gluten immune response that don’t cause observable changes to the small intestinal villi (joint pain, or rash, or gait-instability without obvious gut symptoms). In these individuals, the innate immune system responds to gluten in these grains, and food fragments may pass into the blood stream through zonulin-gated tight junctions. Direct damage to the cells in the small intestine may result from whole grain foods with high amounts of inflammatory lectin.
Genetically modified corn may be playing a part in small intestinal villious changes as demonstrated in this study, in mice consuming corn oil. There is also reason to believe that Bt-toxin from Monsanto’s GMO corn plays a role in intestinal permeability as it was found in the blood of 93% of pregnant women and 80% of their fetuses. The herbicide itself also changes the existing flora, preferentially killing beneficial bacteria, and potentially allowing for growth of pathogenic microbes in the small intestine.
Notably, Metformin, the blood sugar regulating medication, has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for deficiency, a fact that few patients are informed of before complying with their prescribed treatment.
When treating B12 deficiency, while the underlying cause is being investigated, use of an activated form of the vitamin is recommended, and preferentially effective at improving levels. Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of B12 that has been bound to a cyanide molecule (nice!), while hydroxy, adeno, and methyl are all forms of B12 that are active, natively, in the body.
There is a debate over the comparative efficacy of injectable vs oral dosing, and it has been my clinical experience that injectable dosing yields a more robust and reliable clinical effect. Dosing is typically 1000mcg-5000mcg 2-3x times/week for one to two months depending on patient characteristics and response. Consider the power of this vitamin. Respect its necessity and protect your body’s access. It may very well be the last antidepressant you’ll ever need.
This perspective on the role of B12 in mental health was recently featured on Mercola.com in an article entitled Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Other Antacids Can Cause Vitamin B12 Deficiency.
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H1 histamine antagonist
H1 histamine antagonists have been used for more than fifty years in allergy medicine and act on histamine H1 receptors. These receptors are located on bronchial cells, some blood vessel cells, and in the intestine. They are used for allergic skin reactions such as urticaria or for allergic rhinitis, hay fever, or allergic conjunctivitis.
How do H1 histamine antagonists work?
The H1 histamine antagonists are administered orally or by injection. They block the H1 receptors for histamine, an important mediator in the allergic reaction. They are both preventative and curative although they can be ineffective in severe allergic reactions.
Do they have side effects?
The H1 histamine antagonists can occasionally cause severe drowsiness in some patients. They can also produce other problems such as dry mouth, constipation, raised intra-ocular pressure, and urinary retention.
- Merck Manual – 4th edition ;
- Principles of internal medicine, TR Harrison, ed. Flammarion.
Hay fever, urticaria... the solution: H1 histamine antagonists. © Phovoir
H1 histamine antagonist - 1 Photo
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Racial Discrimination is a major theme in this collection of essays. Skin color differences have been used to explain the differences that exist physically and artistically, and justify the maltreatment or dehumanization of an individual from an inferior race. People of properties are considered to be superior in intelligence and traits. An example illustrated in the book concerns cases, People v. Hall, 1854, Dread Scott v. Sandford, 1857, and Bradwell v. Illinois, 1873, that led to a creation of class differences in the rulings of the cases between European- American males, Negroes, Chinese, and women. (Rothenberg, 2010) claims that race is more of a political categorization than biological or scientific categorization. Thus, racial differences are more correlated with the changes of a society’s politics in America.
Another example is the case in California, 1854, in which the state Supreme Court ruled in a case People v. Hall, which stated that the Chinese should be barred from testifying against Americans or the white, since the Indians and the Negroes had been barred with a Californian law. The state judges discriminated against he Chinese-Americans terming them as inferior and are unable to progress or have intellectual development beyond a certain level (Rothenberg, 2010). In addition, the Orientals and the Hispanics were considered to be suited to undertake brutal, crippling, farm labor which the Americans, the white were not suited to perform physically. Furthermore, in 1857, the ruling of the United States Supreme Court, Dred Scott v. Sandford, clarified that the Negroes were not considered as part of the citizens of the United States (Rothenberg, 2010)
Race is another theme illustrated in this collection of essays. Gender defines a particular set of socially constructed meanings that are associated with each sex. Women and men alike have been portrayed as polar opposites having differing abilities. Thus, the notion of differences is a construction that suggests the claims made that women are different naturally, and the profound difference reflect a political and social ideologies instead of the distinction provided by nature. For example, in 1873, the Supreme Court Ruled in Bradwell v. Illinois that women were not allowed to practice law and further degraded the women that they belong to the “domestic sphere” (Rothenberg, 2010). However, every society has different notions as to what constitutes a woman’s gender role verses a man’s role. In 1973, Roe v. Wade was considered a significant step in the recognition of the right’s of women. These followed the after effects of abortion rights that were accorded open discussions on the importance of the case to women’s movement. Man should not consider a woman as weaker sex since, in the biblical context man and woman should be one in flesh and should not allow competition to one another.
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Nests: Clay, Paper Plates, and Collective Work
After finding a birds’ nests in the play yard and all of the recent hubbub about eggs (post-Easter dialogues), we wanted to study birds and their habitats. So last week we introduced our bird theme. The theme certainly caught the interest of these children at the clay table.
Last time we used clay, we used tools like hammers, rolling pins, and presses. This time, the children’s only tool was their hands. They molded, smoothed, created texture, rolled it into balls, pushed with their thumbs and fingers. They used fine and gross motor movements, small and large muscles. The best part was that after they made the eggs inside the nest, they broke the eggs open and described the imaginary baby birds that emerged from their carefully crafted eggs.
Now that the discussion about birds’ nests had begun, the children had enough base knowledge about nests to create their first one. Each child used a plate with an adhesive coating to stick natural items to their “nest”. We talked about how we were using adhesive but that birds used mud as their adhesive. Many children hurried to find mud for their nest.
The next day, we asked the children what they know about birds’ nests.
- “They use sticks and leaves and all of that stuff.”
- “They put dirt inside to make it stick.”
- “Birds put dirt and mud and they wait until the sun comes and it’s dry and yellow.”
- “Birds use paper, cotton, mud, sticks. Water goes with mud.”
- “Birds pinch sticks with their beaks and put them in their nests.”
- “Birds make nests so eggs don’t crack.”
- “And so other birds don’t crack them.”
The team work was significant and fruitful.
They were careful to make it soft and cozy for mama birds and their babies.
Don't you just want to jump in and cuddle up???
Next, we will…
- discuss different types of bird nests and how they are made.
- continue to discuss eggs
- begin to talk about different species of birds by finding out what the children know and what they want to learn about birds
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An atoll is a ring of coral that originally grew completely around the shoreline of an island, and which continued to grow upward on top of itself as the island subsided or eroded away. As reef building corals thrive only in warm waters, atolls are only found in the tropics and subtropics. In other words; atolls are made up of turquoise lagoons and colorful reefs teaming with marine life, offering picture postcard beaches and a Robinson Crusoe life style.
Tuvalu is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia, probably best known for its “.tv” internet domain name. It is the second-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City having fewer inhabitants. Because of the country’s remoteness, few tourists ever visit Tuvalu. It’s capital Funafuti is a small coral atoll; the width is only about 20 meters (66 ft) at the narrowest parts, and about 400 meters (1300 ft) at the widest part of the island. It has an estimated population of 4,500 and is a low key place. There is a cluster of administrative buildings near the air terminal along with a beautiful church and one hotel.
Bikini Atoll is famous for two things: First the bikini swimsuit was named after the atoll in 1946. Second, as part of the Pacific Proving Grounds it was the site of more than 20 nuclear weapons tests between 1946 and 1958. The indigenous people were relocated in 194 and have remained in exile on other islands. Today, the islands are safe to visit, and background radiation is now less than most large cities, but the soil still contains dangerous levels of radioactive material. Fish are unaffected, and are in abundance due to lack of fishing. Most visitors travel to the atoll to dive the wrecks from the 1946 tests, resting on the lagoon floor.
Tubbataha Reef is one of the best scuba dive destinations in the Philippines. The reef is made up of two atolls, North Atoll and South Atoll, separated by a deep channel of approximately 8 kilometers wide. It has become a popular dive site because of its coral “walls” where the shallow coral reef abruptly ends giving way to great depths. These “walls” are not only wonderful diving spots but they are also wonderful habitats for many colonies of fish There are no permanent inhabitants and the reef is only visited by fishermen and divers.
Three of the four atolls in the western hemisphere can be found in Belizian waters, the fourth atoll lies just north in Mexican waters. Lighthouse Reef is probably the best known of these atolls due to the Great Blue Hole that can be found near its center. The most popular dive site in all of Belize, the Great Blue Hole offers divers interesting observations of limestone formations that mold its walls. The deeper one dives into the Blue Hole, the clearer the water and the more breathtaking the scenery, as the array of bizarre stalactites and limestone formations become more complex and intense.
Tikehau is part of the Tuamotu Archipelago, a chain of atolls spanning an area of the Pacific Ocean roughly the size of Western Europe. Tikehau is undoubtedly a picture postcard with its long ribbons of white or pink sandy islands, inside of which a turquoise lagoon shelters the most amazing variety of fish. In fact the density of the fish in the lagoon is so high that Jacques Cousteau’s research group declared it to contained the highest concentration of fish among any other place in French Polynesia.
First sighted by Europeans in 1606, Caroline Island is part of the Republic of Kiribati. Despite more than 300 years of occasional human impact, the island is one of the world’s most pristine tropical islands and has been rated as one of the most unspoiled atolls in the world. Caroline Island and its neighbor, Flint Island, are also home to some of the world’s largest populations of the huge coconut crab. As Caroline Island only extends six meters above sea level, it is in danger as sea levels rise and it could be reclaimed by the sea as soon as 2025.
Aitutaki Atoll consists of a number of volcanic and coral islets around a triangular lagoon. The lagoon and its islands are breathtakingly beautiful. The classic picture postcard of small palm tree fringed tropical island, with shallow, warm turquoise waters, corals, tropical fish and blue skies can be found right here. The most popular attraction is Tapuaetai (One Foot Island), a small islet in the south-east of the lagoon. We ranked Tapuaetai as one of the 10 most awesome beaches in the world. In 2006, Aitutaki was used as the location for the tribal council in “Survivor: Cook Islands”. Surrounding islets were used for tribal camps and crew locations.
Aldabra, is one of the Outer Islands of the Seychelles more than 1,100 kilometers (700 miles) from Mahé, the largest island of the Seychelles and is closer to the coast of Africa. It is the second largest atoll in the world after Kiritimati. Due to difficulties of access and the atoll’s isolation, Aldabra is virtually untouched by humans and thus retains some 152,000 giant tortoises, the world’s largest population of this reptile.
Rangiroa is one of the largest atolls in the world and the largest atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago (see also Tikehau). Rangiroa is a major underwater diving destination because of its lagoon’s clear blue water and exceptionally diverse marine fauna. Popular diving sites include the Blue Lagoon, and Tiputa pass. Led by strong currents, sharks can remain motionless in the Tiputa pass and allow divers to observe them without any difficulty. Large manta rays, sea turtles, and dolphins can also be seen. Note that most of the beaches in Rangiroa are made up of very chunky coral.
The tiny country of the Maldives in the middle of the Indian Ocean is made up of about 1,200 tiny coral islands grouped into 26 atolls. The word atoll actually comes from the the Dhivehi (a language spoken on the Maldives) word “atholhu”. With the highest point above sea level being around 2 meters (6.5 feet), the Robinson Crusoe life style is everywhere you look. The primary activity on the Maldives is scuba diving and snorkeling. The atolls are all coral reefs hundreds of kilometers away from any major landmass, meaning that water clarity is excellent and underwater life is abundant. Manta rays, sharks, even a few wrecks, you name it, you can find it in the Maldives.
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As many long time Terra Lindans already know, this valley was populated by Portuguese immigrants in the 19th century. Telltale signs remain that boast of these immigrants in the names of Freitas and Silveira. The Freitas family, the most familiar name, owned the land where St. Isabella's church was built in 1961.
Upon granting the San Francisco Archdiocese the land on which to build a church for the growing Terra Linda/Marinwood and Lucas Valleys, the Freitas family, who were so devoted to their patronage, asked the Archdiocese to dedicate and name the new parish after their Queen of Portugal, St. Isabella.
Queen Isabella was born in 1271 into an obviously privileged life, however, she dedicated herself to helping the poor by establishing orphanges and hospitals, as well as housing the homeless. Often depicted wearing an apron, St. Isabella hid bread in her garment to feed the poor. Her unfaithful husband, King Denis, no fan of her work with the destitute, confronted his Queen about her apron's contents. Upon unfurling it, the bread St. Isabella had hidden had miraculously turned to roses, echoing the same phenomenon her great-aunt, St. Elizabeth of Hungary, had demonstrated before her under similar circumstances.
Much of St. Isabella's personal life was filled with strife, as she sought to mediate feuds between her father and grandfather, her son and husband, and her son and grandson. For this, she became known as The Peacemaker.
She died in 1336 and was canonized almost 300 years later in1625. At her canonization she became known as St. Elizabeth of Portugal. One miracle sited in granting Queen Isabella sainthood was the story of a carpenter who fell from a roof. On falling, he prayed to the Queen and was promptly saved from the deadly fall by being restored to his original postion on the roof.
In Portugal, her feast day on July 4 is known as Rainha Santa, literally, Queen Saint, and is a widely celebrated day in all the country.
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The Late Triassic (also known as Upper Triassic, or Keuper) is the third and final of three epochs of the Triassic period. It spans the time between 228 ± 2 Ma and 199.6 ± 0.6 Ma (million years ago). The Late Triassic is divided into the Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian faunal stages. The name is a local miners' term of German origin; it corresponds to the French marnes irises.
The formation is well exposed in Swabia, Franconia, Alsace and Lorraine and Luxembourg; it extends from Basel on the east side of the Rhine into Hanover, and through England into Scotland and north-east Ireland; it appears flanking the central plateau of France and in the Pyrenees and Sardinia.
Representatives of the Rhaetic are found in south Sweden, where the lower portion contains workable coals, in the Himalayas, Japan, Tibet, Burma, eastern Siberia and in Spitzbergen. The upper portion of the Karroo beds of South Africa and part of the Otapiri series of New Zealand are probably of Rhaetic age.
In the German region it is usual to divide the Keuper into three groups;
- Rhaetic or upper Keuper
- The upper part of this division is often a grey dolomite known as the Grenz dolomite; the impure coal beds Lettenko/ileare aggregated towards the base. The upper Keuper, Rhaetic or Avicula contorta zone in Germany is mainly sandy with dark grey shales and marls; it is seldom more than 25 metres thick. The sandstones are used for building purposes at Bayreuth, Culmbach and Bamberg. In Swabia and the Wesergebirge are several bone-beds, thicker than those in the middle Keuper, which contain a rich assemblage of fossil remains of fish, reptiles and the mammalian teeth of Microlestes antiquus and Triglyptzas Fraasi. The name "Rhaetic" is derived from the Rhaetic Alps where the beds are well developed; they occur also in central France, the Pyrenees and England. In South Tirol and the Judic. arian Mountains the Rhaetic is represented by the Kossenei beds. In the Alpine region the presence of coral beds gives rise to the so-called Lithodendron Kalk.
- Hauptkeuper or gypskeuper, the middle
- The middle division is thicker than either of the others (at Göttingen, 450 metres); it consists of a marly series below, grey, red and green marls, with gypsum and dolomite—this is the gypskeuper in its restricted sense. The higher part of the series is sandy, hence called the Steinmergel; it is comparatively free from gypsum. To this division belong the Myophoria beds (M. Raibliana) with galena in places; the Estheria beds (E. laxilesta); the Schelfsandstein, used as a building-stone; the Lehrherg and Berg-gyps beds; Semionotus beds (S. Bergen) with building-stone of Coburg; and the Burgand Stubensandstein.
- Kohlenkeuper or Lettenko/jie, the lower
- The lower division consists mainly of grey clays and schieferletten with white, grey and brightly colored sandstone and dolomitic limestone.
The salt, which is associated with gypsum, is exploited in south Germany at Dreuze, Pettoncourt, and Bad Wimpfen on the Neckar, as well as in Vie in the Lorraine region of France. A 4-metre coal is found on this horizon in the Erzgebirge on the border between Germany and the Czech Republic, and another, 2 metres thick, has been mined in Upper Silesia, now in Poland.
In Great Britain the Keuper contains the following sub divisions:
- Grey, red and green marls, black shales, and so-called white has (10150 ft.). Upper Keuper marl, red and grey marls and shales with rock salt (800300o ft.). As in Germany, there are one or more bone beds in the English Rhaetic with a similar assemblage of fossils.
- Sandstone, marls and thin sandstones at the top, red and white sandstones (including the so-called waterstones) below, with breccias and conglomerates at the base (15o250 ft.).
- Basal conglomerate
- A shore or scree breccia derived from local materials; it is well developed in the Mendip district. The rocksalt beds vary from 1 in. to 100 ft. in thickness; they are extensively worked (mined and pumped) in Cheshire, Middlesbrough and Antrim.
The Keuper covers a large area in the Midlands and around the flanks of the Pennine range; it reaches southward to the Devonshire coast, eastward into Yorkshire and northwestward into north Ireland and south Scotland. In the white has the upper hard limestone is known as the sun bed or Jew stone; at the base is the Cotham or landscape marble.
The Keuper is not rich in fossils; the principal plants are cypresslike conifers (Walchia, Voltzia) and a few calamites with such forms as Equisetum arenaceum and Pterophyllum jaegeri, Avicula contorta, Protocardium rhaeticum, Terebratula gregaria, Myophoria costata, M. goldfassi and Lingula tenuessima, Anoplophoria lettica may be mentioned among the invertebrates. Fishes include Ceratodus, Hybodus and Lepidotus.
Labyrinthodonts represented by the footprints of Cheirotherium and the bones of Labyrinthodon, Mastodonsaurus and Capitosaurus. Among the reptiles are Hyperodapedon, Palaeosaurus, Zanclodon, Nothosaurus and Belodon. The first fossil mammals also make their appearance at this time.
|Lower/Early Triassic||Middle Triassic||Upper/Late Triassic|
|Induan | Olenekian||Anisian | Ladinian|| Carnian | Norian|
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Do you ever think of recording your dreams while you are sleeping? Just like the many science fiction stories or movies. Now, it is possible with the Dream Recording machine!
Dreaming and imagination is a hobby want by every human. On average humans spent six years of their life in dreaming. Some use to imagine about their loved ones, i.e. their life partners or their favorite celebrities. Whereas some about their favorite cars or places and more.
What is Dream?
A succession of images, thoughts, or emotions passing through the mind during sleep is called a dream. They are imaginary whether it’s good or bad.
It is possible that they make you feel cheerful or pitiful. However, it’s only a round of a couple of synthetic compounds so-called hormones.
“Every great dream begins with a dreamer. Always remember, you have within you the strength, the patience, and the passion for reaching for the stars to change the world.” – Harriett Tubman
Dream Recording Machine
Japanese Researchers have figured out how to decode what you imagine about by estimating your brain movement while you rest. For that, they have developed a kind of dream-recording machine. The data collected from the machine can later be integrated into the algorithm. It reconstructs your dreams, and enable you to play back them back.
How Dream Recording Machine Works?
During sleep, when we see something in genuine, our brain releases substance – hormones, with the goal to recognize it.
For example, when you see a snake in practical life, your brain will release hormones for its distinguishing proof. A similar compound will be discharged when the snake comes in your dreams or creative energy.
In simple words, when we picture a particular substance in our psyches, our minds produce predictable neural patterns. It would then be able to be related to what is being imagined.
We have heard about ‘brain waves’ that carry information are similar to radio waves. Both waves are formed of electromagnetic radiations (waves that travel at the speed of light). Every time we think, a bunch of neurons fire at the same frequency and generate a wave.
The researcher has used this phenomenon to measure brain activity and connect the brain to electronic devices. They came to know, which part of the brain is active for different events. Also, which part of the brain is used during dreaming.
This method is very straight forward. It involves the appeared pictures and the waves created were recorded. The data are then put into an algorithm. The algorithm interprets the data and will compare that to known peaks. This strategy is mainly based on brain hormonal responses.
In this method, the person was asked to sleep in the fMRI machine. Also, allow an individual to dream about something. After some time, a person is woken up in the middle and was asked about what he was dreaming about. The peaks created in fMRI are recorded and then compared for the results.
The strategy is repeated approx. 200 times for each participated in the study.
Scientists claim that the outcome from these strategies is right up to 60%. However, with the improvement and progression of innovation, the result of Dream recording machine will show signs of positive growth in the near future.
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Author(s): Gnczy P
Abstract Share this page
Abstract The centriole is an evolutionarily conserved macromolecular structure that is crucial for the formation of flagella, cilia and centrosomes. The ultrastructure of the centriole was first characterized decades ago with the advent of electron microscopy, revealing a striking ninefold radial arrangement of microtubules. However, it is only recently that the molecular mechanisms governing centriole assembly have begun to emerge, including the elucidation of the crucial role of spindle assembly abnormal 6 (SAS-6) proteins in imparting the ninefold symmetry. These advances have brought the field to an exciting era in which architecture meets function.
This article was published in Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
and referenced in Journal of Physical Chemistry & Biophysics
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I am just speculating my imagination that whether at all, is it possible to build a universal compiler....??
For example, if i am programming in c( I use turbo c++ 4.5), is it possible to embed java code and some other language so that when the program gets executed....the java code gets executed simultaneously as the remaining c code...!!
Or, if i figure it in this way...If we have one environment in which compilers of java, c, perl, pyhton are linked together...and when a program is written containing multiple codes of different languages....it gets executed accordingly.....!!!
Sorry for my ignorance, i am a newbie...and quite new to programming....!!!
looking for a reply,
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National Latino AIDS Awareness Day
On what is the last day of Hispanic Hertiage Month, the government of the USA established National Latino Aids Day to raise awareness of the HIV/ AIDS within the Latino community and as a result October 15th is recognised nationally every year.
National Latino AIDS Awareness Day (or El Dia Nacional de Concientizacion Latina del SIDA in Spanish) was created by the Latino Commission on AIDS and the Hispanic Federation in 2003. The days main objective is to raise public awareness of the HIV epidemic in the Hispanic/ Latino communities in the USA.
The observance is coordinated by the National Planning Committee that supplies all organizations that organize events with useful kits, materials, and advice. Every local organization is responsible for its own events and activities that are tailored to the particular needs of the community. Local events and activities may vary from celebrations and cultural events to attempts to educate the community leaders and public officials about the importance of preventive activities and testing. The awareness day events are hugely successful and in 2018 the following statistics were recorded:
14333 people attended a NLAAD event.
117 events were held across 27 states
90% of all events held provided an opportunity to be tested.
1987 tests were carried out at the events
48000 condoms were handed out at the events.
With attendance and enagagement growing every year, this campaign is one of the many successes and demonstrates the importance of raising awareness and sharing knowledge.
Check out events in your local community and show your support.
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Early HIV symptoms usually occur within a couple of weeks to a month or two after infection and are often like a bad case of the flu. In many people, early HIV signs and symptoms include:
- Swollen lymph glands
- Sore joints or muscles
- Sore throat
These early HIV symptoms are called acute retroviral syndrome or primary HIV infection and are the body's natural response. Symptoms, if they appear at all, usually disappear within a week to a month and are often mistaken for those of another viral infection. During this period, you are very infectious. More-persistent or more-severe symptoms of HIV infection may not appear for several years after the initial infection.
The symptoms that indicate an early HIV infection are extremely common. Often, you can't tell them apart from symptoms of another viral infection. If you're concerned that you might have been exposed to HIV, talk to your doctor about your testing options.
Sept. 20, 2017
See more Expert Answers
- Symptoms of HIV. AIDS.gov. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/symptoms-of-hiv. Accessed Aug. 1, 2017.
- HIV/AIDS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html. Accessed Aug. 1, 2017.
- Sax PE. Acute and early HIV infection: Treatment. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Aug. 1, 2017.
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Summer: A Time for Making Memories and Learning a New Skill
Summer is in full swing and with it comes long summer days, picnics, parades, rodeos, farmers markets, and perhaps attending a summer camp. Summer is not only a time for making memories but also for learning a new skill. Whether you’re formally attending a summer camp, helping a family member with a project, or working a temporary summer job, every day can be a day to learn something new. As you go about your day, be curious, ask questions, and read. You will be surprised at how many new things you will learn.
Share with UtahCTE.org what you’re doing this summer. Send your stories and photos to UtahCTE@schools.utah.gov and we will share them with our online communities—Twitter, Facebook, Utah CTE blog, and the CTE Directions newsletter.
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Introduction to Rings:
Many organic compounds contain rings of carbon atoms or other
atoms such as oxygen or nitrogen. The simplest ring compound
contains 3 carbons as in cyclopropane. The most common ring compounds
contain either 5 or 6 carbons. These compounds are also called
Although the simplest representation is that of a line drawing
of a pentagon as shown on the left. At each angle change is a
carbon atom, and each carbon has the correct number of hydrogens,
two each, to fulfill the 4 bond rule of carbon.
However, the ring is not flat as implied by the line drawings.
As shown in the ball and stick structure, the left most carbon
is tipped up from the ring. Within the constraints of a pentagon
shape, the carbons still try to maintain a tetrahedral geometry
as much as possible.
in new window
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Read this article to get information on the social transformation of Indian society!
The process of social transformation in India has been conceived through transition of various aspects of society – structure, culture, institution, ideology etc. The objectives of social transformation in India as envisaged ideologically could be characterized as ‘revolutionary’ in content and ‘evolutionary’ in strategy.
The leaders of Indian freedom movement envisaged how social structure, history and tradition which form the initial condition of society, set a limit to the strategies, goals and methods of social transformation.
Gandhiji was foremost in his thinking in this regard. Nehru completed this process by evolving a model for Indian path to social transformation. It recognized that revolutionary changes in institutions, social structures and values of Indian society were essential if social change was to be brought about through democratic participation.
The model of social transformation that India gave to itself is contained in the Constitution. It lays down the normative principles which are the overriding elements in the entire strategy for social change.
Its emphasis of parliamentary democracy, justice, freedom and equality comprise the fundamental values to which all other process of social change – the economic, social and cultural should be subordinated.
Democracy, equality and freedom are revolutionary ideas. To realize these ideals human resources need to be generated which take time being essentially evolutionary in nature.
The social transformation envisaged through the Indian Constitution is pluralistic and voluntaristic with the state having the crucial role of setting norms and evolving the policies.
The dynamic movement by the Government and the State on the one hand and by the people and their organized bodies (either voluntary association or as political parties) on the other, form the strategy of this social transformation.
Initial conditions of Social Change:
The processes of restructuration in Indian society have been set into motion under specific historical contexts of public policy and national ideology. Historical forces define the initial social conditions. From these conditions the processes of social transformation and restructuration began in India. The main feature of social condition has been the principles of inter-structural autonomy in the social system.
The main structures concerned are the social stratification, political system and the cultural ideology. Caste comprises the central principle of social transformation and traditionally it enjoyed great deal of internal autonomy. The process of social change ushered in by the British rule set into motion social and cultural dynamics that started reorganization of structural pattern of traditional Indian society.
The inter-structural autonomy of the social components in the traditional Indian society has deeply influenced the nature and direction of social change. Their role could be evaluated through various stages of historical transformation. The first stage coincided with the beginning of the Western contact through British rule. The western contact through the British rule set the pace for cultural renaissance, initial industrialization and growth of new political consciousness.
These forces brought about major changes in the Indian society, specially in the areas of institution-building for a civic society such as the growth of modern education and judicial-administrative structures. Indian society was marked paradoxically by a process of de-industrialization and realizations of economy on the one hand. On the other hand, it was marked by the emergence of colonial mode of industrialization and modernization on the other.
These innovations convulsed the traditional social structure, led to downward mobility of several privileged classes. These innovations also led to selective upward mobility of other s drawn from the traditional business classes, literati and feudal nobility. This mobility created new classes of educationists, administrators, company agents, businessmen and others. These classes took advantage of the opportunities available in the early phases of colonial transformation.
The emergence of these social groups along with cultural awakening and reform movements in various parts of the country prepared the ground for political awareness and national movement. A strategy not only for political independence but social, economic and cultural modernization of the society was evolved. But the process of change, however, had a segmentary character.
It did not affect the large parts of rural peasantry, working classes the scheduled castes and Tribes possibly; the inter-structural autonomy of Indian society was responsible for this. Only selective modernization could take place in India. Massive areas of society remained untouched from the processes of social change.
The process of change could start and filter down without major breakdown in the social structure and without the loss of cultural identity.
The Strategy of Social Transformation after Independence:
The strategy of social change after independence underwent fundamental changes. The State took the responsibility of conscious planning of social transformation its objectives were the creation of a society based on democratic political participation, social justice and cultural and religious pluralism within the framework of a secular State. A policy framework was introduced which meant the abolition of age-old principles of inter-structural autonomy in the Indian Society.
The principles of inequality based on caste, birth, religion and sex were in normative sense, derecognized if not successfully abolished. In some areas, the policy of change began to show immediate results. These were electoral politics, industrial and economic expansion, agrarian reforms etc. This was compounded by abolition of intermediary rights in land, introduction of Panchayati Raj and community development schemes in village. The rural areas were thus exposed to major forces of social change.
However, the nature of social change in India’s villages during the 1950′s and 1960s indicates uneven impact on its social structure. The benefits of extension work in agriculture, irrigation, credit and cooperatives were monopolized by the traditional upper caste rich strata. Social mobility during the first two decades after impendence was slow and mainly confined to upper castes and classes.
Similar process had been taking place in urban centres. The urban change during this period has been termed as over-urbanization. The increase in entrepreneurship and industrial investment was confined to the upper classes.
Thus, the changes during the first two decades after independence were also segmentary as in the past. There were, however, some major differences, particularly, the scope and potential of social transformation now was much larger.
It had assumed a. truly structural dimension engulfing the whole of society. Grater political participation, exposure to media led to new social and political awareness. The cumulative results of various social forces along with major investments in science and technology, in agriculture, industry and health etc. have shown results during the 1970s and 1980s. In urban-industrial domain a new mercantile entrepreneurial class has emerged.
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Most recent update: October 10, 2016
Comparing educational systems is quite popular, but a very difficult task as the contexts can be very different. Tests as PIRLS, TIMMS or PISA do a good job trying to bypass this burden, but still the impact of the context remains.
There are some good resources for getting to know the different educational systems and countries.
For European countries a good starting point is Eurypedia:
Eurypedia offers comprehensive descriptions of 38 European education systems, usually at national level, but sometimes also at regional level. All information is available in English with some national information available in the language of the country or region concerned.
Aiming at providing the most accurate picture of education systems and latest reforms in Europe, Eurypedia is a resource tool which is regularly updated and completed by the Eurydice Network and its National Units. Powered by MediaWiki, it involves education experts and national ministries responsible for education from across Europe.
The OECD is adding information to a new tool, their Education GPS:
Education GPS is the source for internationally comparable data on education policies and practices, opportunities and outcomes. Accessible any time, in real time, the Education GPS provides you with the latest information on how countries are working to develop high-quality and equitable education systems.
The OECD isn’t the only one organizing international comparisons. There are also the TIMSS & PIRLS studies. With the release of the new TIMSS-results a TIMSS 2015 Encyclopedia was published:
“a comprehensive compendium of how mathematics and science are taught around the world. Each TIMSS 2015 country and benchmarking participant prepared a chapter summarizing key aspects of mathematics and science education, and completed the TIMSS 2015 Curriculum Questionnaire. The chapters describe the structure of each education system, the mathematics and science curricula in the primary and lower secondary grades, and overall policies related to mathematics and science instruction. Taken together, the data from the curriculum questionnaire and the information in the chapters present a concise yet rich portrait of mathematics and science education globally, and make the TIMSS 2015 Encyclopedia an indispensable resource for policy and research in comparative education.”
But there is a lot more, I found these on the website of the NY University library:
And I received this addition from Alexandra Draxler:
- SACMEQ: The Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) is an international non-profit developmental organization of 15 Ministries of Education in Southern and Eastern Africa that decided to work together to share experiences and expertise in developing the capacities of education planners to apply scientific methods to monitor and evaluate the conditions of schooling and the quality of education.
- PASEC (in French): Established in 1991, the CONFEMEN Programme for the Analysis of Education Systems (PASEC) aims at providing information about the evolution of education systems’ performance, to contribute to the development and monitoring of education policies. In two decades, over twenty African and Asian countries have been supported by PASEC in conducting national evaluations. In 2012, PASEC established international comparative evaluations, to better meet countries’ needs.
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(Also known as Catherine Tegakwitha/Takwita.)
Known as the "Lily of the Mohawks", and the "Genevieve of New France " an Indian virgin of the Mohawk tribe, born according to some authorities at the Turtle Castle of Ossernenon, according to others at the village of Gandaouge, in 1656; died at Caughnawaga, Canada, 17 April, 1680. Her mother was a Christian Algonquin who had been captured by the Iroquois and saved from a captive's fate by the father of Tekakwitha, to whom she also bore a son. When Tekakwitha was about four years old, her parents and brother died of small-pox, and the child was adopted by her aunts and a uncle who had become chief of the Turtle clan. Although small-pox had marked her face and seriously impaired her eyesight and her manner was reserved and shrinking, her aunts began when she was yet very young to form marriage projects for her, from which, as she grew older, she shrank with great aversion. In 1667 the Jesuit missionaries Fremin, Bruyas, and Pierron, accompanying the Mohawk deputies who had been to Quebec to conclude peace with the French, spent three days in the lodge of Tekakwitha's uncle. From them she received her first knowledge of Christianity, but although she forthwith eagerly accepted it in her heart she did not at that time ask to be baptized. Some time later the Turtle clan moved to the north bank of the Mohawk River, the "castle" being built above what is now the town of Fonda. Here in the midst of scenes of carnage, debauchery, and idolatrous frency Tekakwitha lived a life of remarkable virtue, at heart not only a Christian but a Christian virgin, for she firmly and often, with great risk to herself, resisted all efforts to induce her to marry. When she was eighteen, Father Jacques de Lamberville arrived to take charge of the mission which included the Turtle clan, and from him, at her earnest request, Tekakwitha received baptism. Thenceforth she practised her religion unflinchingly in the face of almost unbearable opposition, till finally her uncle's lodge ceased to be a place of protection to her and she was assisted by some Christian Indians to escape to Caughnawaga on the St. Laurence. Here she lived in the cabin of Anastasia Tegonhatsihonga, a Christian Indian woman, her extraordinary sanctity impressing not only her own people but the French and the missionaries. Her mortifications were extreme, and Chauchtiere says that she had attained the most perfect union with God in prayer. Upon her death devotion to her began immediately to be manifested by her people. Many pilgrims visit her grave in Caughnawaga where a monument to her memory was erected by the Rev. Clarence Walworth in 1884; and Councils of Baltimore and Quebec have petitioned for her canonization.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online
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Romanian Ornithological Society (SOR) / BirdLife Romania
Mission of the organisation
SOR is working to protect and study Romanian biodiversity with a particular focus on wild bird species and their habitats.
- Monitoring programs: Common Bird Monitoring, International Waterbird Count, breeding roller population, great bustard presence in Romania, white stork population and more.
- Field conservation work on birds (Red-breasted goose, Dalmatian pelican, Saker falcon, Imperial eagle, Lesser kestrel) and habitats (Danube Islands, European Biologically Important Forests, Lower Prut Floodplain Natural Park, Dumbraviţa Fishing Complex, „Pike Lake” Nature reserve etc.);
- Identifying, designating and promoting of Romanian IBAs and lobby work for their designation as SPAs (so far about 70% of these IBAs are officially declared SPAs under the EC Birds Directive);
- Advocacy work with national and regional governments and institutions (regarding the protection of Natura 2000 site, the hunting activities, the agricultural practices, the wind farms development, the sustainable use of natural resources etc.).
- Running public awareness and environmental education programs, promoting knowledge of birds, their life, and support for nature protection for positive attitude towards wild birds and nature.
Each year, SOR organises several ornithological camps, one of them especially for pupils and students. SOR published the firs Romanian Bird Guide, with help from RSPB and other sources. SOR is responsible for reviving the Romanian National Bird Day, on the 1st of April, and celebrating it each and every year. SOR is a constant presence in the online enviroment: it has the best bird site regarding Romanian birds and the most dynamic Facebook page.
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| 0.866502 | 372 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A Guide to Laser Vision Correction
Dr. Robert Maloney believes that a well-informed patient is key to successful vision correction surgery. He wants to be sure that you fully understand what you can expect from your procedure you choose.
He wants to help you care for and preserve your eyesight in the best way possible. Here, you can find the information that you need to help you make informed choices about health care for your eyes.
The Human Eye and How Vision Works
How Your Vision is Measured
Most people who have had an eye exam that in cludes a test to measure visual acuity, clarity or sharpness of vision, recognize the simple notation 20/20 as meaning "normal vision." What do those numbers mean? Let's say your vision is 20/40. That means you can see at twenty feet what a person with normal vision can see at forty feet. Your measure of visual acuity is deter mined by using the Snellen chart, that familiar eye chart with progressively smaller letters on each line. Although it is considered an accurate vision test, its results are sometimes affected by such variables as squinting, guessing at the letters, and room light.
So, numbers such as 20/20 or 20/40 describe your visual acuity but do not measure your refractive error-how accurately your eye bends, or refracts, light. When an eye doctor measures your refractive error, what you end up with is your eyeglass prescription. Finding an eye doctor whose measurements are impeccable is crucial, not just for your eyeglass prescription but also, as you will learn later, for laser vision correction.Understanding Your Eyeglass Prescription »
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- Meet Our Team
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No reuse, but...
NASA did not at any point actually reuse an external tank in any way. However...
They made plans to allow reuse in orbit.
NASA did have tentative plans for utilization of the tanks in orbit. These plans were scrapped, however. The primary factors being (1) decreased payload capacity to stable orbit †, (2) risk of insulating foam falling off and becoming space debris, and (3) lack of need for large tanks in orbit during the majority of the Space Shuttle Program era.
The tanks could have been worked to allow for attaching an airlock, and using the tank volume for storage or habitation, or melted for metals in orbit. The primary issue remains the insulation, and preventing it from becoming a hazard of its own.
Note that for reasons of weight, there is no external skin, and even the paint (which may have helped bind the insulation) was dropped for weight savings in later flights; a considerable mass (several hundred kilograms) of fabric or foil as an outer layer would suffice, as would a complete redesign of the tank to put the insulation between the inner tanks and the outer structural shell.
This also would not have been the first time a fuel tank was converted to a space habitation - Skylab was a modification of a Saturn S-IVB's tankage into a space habitat, albeit the work was done on the ground.
Also, keep in mind that the shuttle's normal operating regime isn't a stable height for stations - most potential customers looking to take advantage of the "free tanks" would have to have shipped up other components to make use of them, and had NASA deliver the tank to a more stable, higher orbit.
† while the OMS burn to ensure the tank falls would no longer be needed, the mass being carried to orbit means the OMS burn is including the tank mass, and thus proportionately longer for the same change in craft vector. This means, for the same orbit, more OMS fuel being used overall.
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Athlone Institute of Technology launch a new research initiative to make plastic more environmentally friendly
Since its 1950s, global production and consumption of plastic have grown exponentially. In 2017, approximately 400 million tonnes of plastic were produced, a significant portion of which was single use. Common examples that surround us in our day-to-day lives include light-weight bags, straws, disposable razors, plastic drinks bottles and coffee capsules. The ubiquity of these items means that plastic pollution has become a global problem of prodigious proportions.
Plastic doesn’t degrade or rust in the way other, more expensive to produce materials do, and can take hundreds, if not thousands of years to break down fully. In the sea, plastic can present an even bigger problem as it breaks up into tiny microparticles that are often ingested by aquatic life, like mussels and oysters, and subsequently enters the food chain. By 2050, it is likely our oceans will be populated with more plastic than fish.
While it’s true that improper usage and disposal of plastic can have a detrimental effect on the environment, it also has many positive uses and has become indispensable to modern living. Dr Declan Devine, director of the Materials Research Institute (MRI) at Athlone Institute of Technology, explains: “Plastic has many applications and low production costs, something that has driven public demand for plastics in areas like food packaging and manufacturing. It has completely revolutionised the way we consume and store our food. It’s also extremely strong and adaptable in ways many alternatives are not. Plastic is an incredibly sophisticated tool for extending the shelf life of most fresh perishables while maintaining freshness.
According to Dr Ian Major, programme leader at the MRI, the use of plastic in food packaging can actually lessen the environmental impact of food waste by extending its shelf life from days to weeks. “Polyethylene shrink wrap, for example, can extend the shelf life of a refrigerated cucumber by a week, while beef that has been vacuum packed in multilayer plastic can last up to 45 days on the shelf. By extending the shelf life of food, food waste is kept to a minimum. From this perspective, plastic is key to reducing the significant environmental impact of food waste in terms of climate, land, water and biodiversity, all of which are impacted by the multiple processes involved in growing and distributing food,” he said.
Currently, more than 1.3 billion tonnes of food is being lost or wasted each year through inefficiencies in the food supply chain. Weak infrastructure, including issues with food storage, processing and packaging, and the ability to keep food fresh, leads to significant income loss for farmers and an increased cost for the consumer. The introduction of sustainable, compostable plastic could greatly reduce this wastage.
Usefulness aside, the impact of plastic on the environment and the subsequent challenges surrounding its production are keenly felt by those working in plastics research and in industry. To address this, plastic researchers and manufacturers from all over Ireland have come together to find a solution to this widescale problem. Led by Athlone Institute of Technology’s MRI, a consortium, dubbed INSPIRE (Innovative Sustainable Packaging Ireland), hopes to find a more environmentally friendly way to address the challenges associated with plastic entering the environment.
INSPIRE will seek to make the production of plastic more environmentally friendly by utilising food waste and biomass to generate a range of materials capable of replacing petroleum-based polymers for packaging applications. “The most commonly used biodegradable polymer is polylactic acid which is most frequently synthesised from corn. However, this puts added pressure on already strained global food production. We’re hoping to use special compostable polymers to make plastic production more sustainable. In the food packaging space, where plastic contamination is common, this is particularly salient.
“Used food packing is often difficult to sort and clean, and that’s if it’s a simple one plastic sheet or container. The use of multiple plastics in the same film adds complexity to this process. Combined with the prohibitive cost, this can make recycling uneconomical. Through INSPIRE, we’ll create special compostable plastic that can be disposed of in the brown food waste bin. This will help create a circular economy that will reduce the quantity of plastic ending up in the landfill or the sea.”
To help fund their research, the college will be making an application to the recently established €500 million Disruptive Technologies Innovation fund, which was established as part of Project Ireland 2040, the government’s overarching policy to “make Ireland a better country for us all”. More than 20 national industrial partners, ranging from small SMEs to larger multinational companies, have endorsed the project with many joining the INSPIRE consortium, in partnership with academic partners including Maynooth University, Limerick Institute of Technology, University of Limerick, University College Dublin and Trinity College Dublin.
Since opening its doors in 1970, Athlone Institute of Technology has lead polymer research and innovation in Ireland. Its polymer engineering graduates form the backbone of the flourishing Irish Plastics and Med Tech sectors. Currently, more than 430 Med Tech companies produce thousands of devices and implants in Ireland, 80% of which require at least one plastic component. To support these and other industries, the MRI house the Applied Polymer Technologies (APT), Technology Gateway. This Centre is a part of the Enterprise Ireland funded Technology Gateway Network, a nationwide resource for industrial partners. Its manager Dr Noel Gately notes that: “APT aims to provide close to market solutions for Plastics, Med Tech and related industries, and is consistently ranked in the top 3 (of 15) gateways nationally in terms of industry engagement”.
Athlone Institute of Technology is a modern and dynamic HEI distinguished by outstanding learner experience, international focus and applied research and innovation. Awarded Sunday Times Institute of Technology of the Year, AIT is ranked 8th nationally of all HEIs in the league table comprising of Irish Universities and IoT’s. Athlone Institute of Technology boasts a wide array of courses in the Faculties of Engineering and Informatics, Business and Hospitality, and Science and Health. For the full list of courses on offer at Athlone Institute of Technology click here.
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The Pierre Menard Home is part of the French region of southwest Illinois. It is a State Historic Site, also inscribed on the National Register of Historic Places, and a National Historic Landmark authorized by the National Park Service. The latter designation means that the Pierre Menard Home has “national importance.” That importance has to do with the architecture as well as with who Pierre Menard was and what he represented in a historic, social, and cultural context.
The home was built ca. 1802 – 1815. Architecturally, this is a two-and-a-half story house with a hipped anddormered roof. A wide veranda with a balustrade wraps around the front.The veranda is supportedby sturdy squarestone pillars.The living areawas on thesecond floor. The basement was one large storage facilityfor the trade good that made Menard a wealthy man.The home is described in the NHL designation document as a “magnificent and little-altered example of a large French Colonial ‘raised cottage’ Louisiana-type plantation house. …It is only surpassed by the Parlange Plantation, c. 1750, near Mix, Louisiana.” The Parlange Plantation reference in the designation document is important because the Menard Home is almost 600 miles north and therefore is evidence of the geographical extent and economic wealth of the French enterprise in North America. Also, we must think about what “Plantation” meant in Louisiana around 1750, which is to say an agrarian estate using African/African American slave labor. What about the Menard Home?
Pierre Menard was French-Canadian, born near Montreal in 1766. In 1792 he arrived in Kaskaskia, the largest town in the Illinois Country. He became a wealthy businessman.
Pierre Menard was a slave-owner but this information is lacking at the site, for instance in the fixed informational signs and in the official state summary of the site. And an otherwise quite good documentary about Pierre Menard, produced in 1992 by what was then the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency similarly makes no mention of his slaves. But archaeologists believe they know were the slave quarters were — see the image below.
Archaeologists believe that the slave quarters were on today’s grass lawn.
It was slaves who were doing the menial work of his lovely estate. In 1810 he had 7 slaves. Because he owned slaves prior to Illinois’ statehood in 1818, Menard was permitted to keep them. By 1820 he had 13. By 1830 he had 22. He could have emancipated them, but he did not. Menard died in 1844. Slavery was abolished in Illinois by the Illinois State constitution in 1848.
In contrast to being a slave holder and obscuring that fact, history books about Pierre Menard repeatedly refer to his good relationships with Native American people and Indian tribes overall. Moreover, living close to Kaskaskia, Menard would have seen many cases of inter-marriage between French/French Canadian men and Indian women. Nevertheless, there was a real power inequality between Menard and the Native Americans.
Reda, John. “From subjects to citizens. Two Pierres and the French influence on the transformation of the Illinois Country.” IN: French and Indians in the Heart of North America,1630-1815, edited by Robert Englebert and Guillaume Teasdale, pp. 159-181. Michigan State University Press and University of Manitoba Press, 2013.
Stratton, Christopher and William Flesher. Searching for the Slaves Quarters: Archaeological Investigations at the Menard Home Historic Site, Randolph County, Illinois. Fever River Research, Springfield, 1999.
Stratton, Christopher and Floyd Mansberger. Searching for the Slaves Quarters: Archaeology at the Pierre Menard House State Historic Site, Randolph County, Illinois. Illinois Antiquity40(3): 14-19. 2005.
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Water circulation and turbulence in the cold pressor task: Unexplored sources of variance among experimental pain laboratories
Carl L. von Baeyer, David Torvi, Howard Hemingson and David Beriault
Action Editor for this manuscript was Patrick J. McGrath
In the cold pressor task (CPT), the participant places a hand or forearm in circulating cold water, which produces gradually increasing pain, and withdraws it voluntarily at any time up to a ceiling of 3 or 4 minutes (von Baeyer et al., 2005). This task can be used in experiments with children and adults to test variations in pain-altering pharmacological, attentional and social conditions. Various standardized water temperatures have been tested ranging from 0°C to 15°C, with 6°C to 10°C most common in published pediatric studies.
However, large variations in results of similar experiments performed in different laboratories might be due to an important methodological aspect of the CPT. The speed and turbulence of water circulation affect the rate of cooling of the skin and the rate of increase in pain, but have not been standardized to date. A familiar parallel, for people who live in cold climates, is the wind chill coefficient, which expresses how much colder one will feel in windy than in still conditions given the same cold outdoor temperature. Other familiar examples are the use of a fan for cooling one’s skin on a hot day, and the fact that boiled eggs or potatoes cool faster in running than in still water. With respect to cold pressor research, Mitchell et al. (2004), in a review of water temperatures used in studies with adults, confirmed that experiments using circulated water yielded lower average pain tolerance than those using uncirculated water.
The purpose of this commentary is to draw attention to this source of variability in cold pressor research findings, to discuss preliminary work on it, and to recommend that researchers consider it further in their cold pressor studies.
Variations in CPT apparatus for use with children are illustrated in photographs on a web page which accompanies the review article by von Baeyer et al. (2005): www.usask.ca/childpain/research/cold-pressor (accessed 1 Oct 2010). All of these laboratories used water at 10°C, yet reported markedly varied pain tolerance as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Survival curves: Number of participants with their hand still in the water as a function of time elapsed. All laboratories used water at 10ºC. Trapanotto: Padua, Italy. Pepino: Philadelphia, USA. Chambers: Vancouver and Halifax, Canada. Zeltzer: Los Angeles, USA. Piira (now Jaaniste): Sydney, Australia.
The rate at which skin cools in the CPT is influenced by the rate of convection heat transfer between the cold water and the subject’s skin. Convection heat transfer is a function of water temperature, circulation in the tank, initial temperature of the skin and other factors. The rate of convection heat transfer can be estimated using the convection heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient is expressed in SI units as watts per meter squared per kelvin: W/m2·K.
Cold pain has been studied extensively for several decades. A number of temperatures have been given for the activation of cold pain receptors in the skin, including 12°C (Nomoto et al., 2004), 15°C (Guyton & Hall, 2000), and 18°C (Wolf & Hardy, 1941). For the present commentary, it is assumed that the cold pain threshold is reached, on average, when the skin temperature reaches 15°C. (This represents a deliberate simplification, as a variety of other influences on pain threshold are present, including individual and developmental differences in pain sensitivity, properties of the layers of the skin, variations in blood circulation, and initial temperature distributions between the surface and the body’s core temperature.)
Based on a mathematical model of skin cooling, the influence of convection heat transfer on time to reach pain threshold in the CPT can be estimated, as shown in Figure 2. This model assumes initial skin temperature of 32°C, pain threshold at 15°C, and water temperature at 10°C. In this model, it takes over 50 seconds to reach pain threshold when the convective heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m2·K, while it takes less than 8 seconds at 1,500 W/m2·K. A convection heat transfer coefficient of 500 W/m2·K would represent a still water bath, while higher values represent varying degrees of water circulation. Differences in pain threshold times predicted by the model for still and circulating water baths are similar to results reported in the literature (e.g. Pepino & Mennella, 2005; Piira et al., 2002).
Figure 2. Effect of convection heat transfer coefficient on predicted time required to reach cold pain threshold, assuming initial skin temperature of 32°C, pain threshold at skin temperature of 15°C, and water bath temperature of 10°C.
Given the influence of convection heat transfer on rate of skin cooling and hence on measures of pain experience, and disparities across laboratories in response to the CPT, it may be desirable either to measure or to control for convection heat transfer in CPT apparatus.
The simpler option would be to use standardized apparatus in all laboratories that engage in similar research. A collaboration of several CPT labs in different countries was developed starting at the Seventh International Symposium on Pediatric Pain in Sydney, Australia, in 2006, and that group agreed to recommend the use of a standard laboratory dip cooler, water bath, and thermoregulator made by Techne ® (www.techne.com, accessed 1 Oct 2010). The setup is illustrated in the top photograph at www.usask.ca/childpain/research/cold-pressor. The disadvantage of this setup is that it is expensive (in the $5,000 USD range) compared with the improvised cold pressor tanks also shown on that page. It also depends on continued availability of the exact equipment models agreed upon.
Another option would be to measure convection heat transfer, and to adjust the water circulation rate (e.g. via changing the speed or size of the circulation pump, or using baffles to direct water flow) in order to meet a specified standard value. This requires development of measurement apparatus, procedures, and normative tables or other means to analyze the results. One such project, carried out as an undergraduate engineering student project by the third and fourth authors, involved design and construction of a specialized probe for this purpose (Beriault & Hemingson, 2006). A probe was developed that is low cost (approximately $150 USD in labor and materials), relatively easy to use, and does not require the use of a sophisticated data acquisition system. It consists of a pure copper sphere, 43 mm in diameter, with a thermocouple embedded in its surface and connected by wire to a digital thermometer. The sphere is warmed to 35°C and then lowered into the cold water, and the time it takes to cool down to a specified temperature, such as 12°C, is measured in seconds. A table or spreadsheet is used to convert the measured time into a convection heat transfer coefficient.
Other possible measuring devices could be developed. Investigators have measured convective heat transfer during immersion in water by placing commercially available heat flow meters on the surface of the skin of a test subject (e.g. Castellani et al., 2007). The cost of one of these heat flow meters is in the range of $200 USD (www.conceptengineering2000.com, accessed 15 Dec 2010), in addition to the cost of the device used to record the voltage output. This measurement could be made using the arm of one of the investigators; however, placing such a device on the surface of the skin of a participant may affect CPT results. During their design project, the third and fourth authors looked at an alternative design that more closely simulates the geometry of the forearm and hand. However, this design requires a more sophisticated data acquisition system than the copper sphere or the heat flow meter.
The purpose of the present commentary was to draw attention to variations in convection heat transfer as a potential source of discrepancies in CPT research results across laboratories. Within labs, as long as the same apparatus and flow conditions are used, this is not an issue, but difficulties in reconciling conflicting findings across laboratories may be reduced by use of standardized equipment and protocols, or by measurement and calibration of equipment to meet an agreed upon standard of convection heat transfer in the CPT. The influence of water flow rate and turbulence on convective heat transfer is, of course, only one potential source of variation across laboratories. Others might include ambient temperatures, cultural or ethnic differences, procedural differences, or children’s typical experience with cold water, each of which might deserve separate investigation.
Cite as: von Baeyer CL, Torvi D, Hemingson H, Beriault D. Water circulation and turbulence in the cold pressor task: Unexplored sources of variance among experimental pain laboratories. Pediatric Pain Letter 2011;13:13-16. ppl.childpain.org
Beriault D, Hemingson H. Measurement of the convective heat transfer coefficient in a cold pressor apparatus. ME 495 Design Report, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 2006.
Castellani JW, O’Brien C, Tikuisis P, Sils IV, Xu X. Evaluation of two cold thermoregulatory models for prediction of core temperature during exercise in cold water. J Appl Physiol 2007;103:2034-2041. PubMed Abstract
Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000. p. 562. Link
Mitchell LA, MacDonald, RAR, Brodie EE. Temperature and the cold pressor test. J Pain 2004;5:233-237. PubMed Abstract
Nomoto S, Shibata M, Iriki M, Riedel W. Role of afferent pathways of heat and cold in body temperature regulation. Int J Biometeorol 2004;49:67-85. PubMed Abstract
Pepino MY, Mennella JA. Sucrose-induced analgesia is related to sweet preferences in children but not adults. Pain 2005;119:210-218. PubMed Abstract
Piira T, Taplin JE, Goodenough B, von Baeyer CL. Cognitive-behavioural predictors of children’s tolerance of laboratory-induced pain: implications for clinical assessment and future directions. Behav Res Ther 2002;40:571-584. PubMed Abstract
von Baeyer CL, Piira T, Chambers CT, Trapanotto M, Zeltzer LK. Guidelines for the cold pressor task as an experimental pain stimulus for use with children. J Pain 2005;6:218-227. PubMed Abstract
Wolf S, Hardy JD. Studies on pain. Observations on pain due to local cooling and on factors involved in the “cold pressor” effect. J Clin Invest 1941;20:521-533. PubMed Abstract
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It can be scary for children to hear about events worldwide on TV or read about them in the news. Sometimes they don’t understand what’s going on, but other times they do. It’s hard for them not to worry and feel scared when their parents are worried too.
Faith Leonard, a mom of a young child, wanted to teach her son Grant to learn about the Newtown tragedy.
Knowing this is a complex subject to explain to a child, Faith shared gently that bad things happen but that he could make a difference.
Together they painted Stars of HOPE at the kitchen counter. The stars had simple words and pictures that would make someone smile. They packed them up in the reusable box and sent them with a note to Audrey and Jennifer in Newtown, CT, who placed the stars around the parks and playgrounds. The stars were for the Newtown community to discover in their parks and let them know that a family from Arizona was thinking about them.
The best way to help children feel safe is by speaking with them about what they see and hear. When a child talks about something frightening, find out as much information from the child as possible. Occasionally when we speak of scary things that are going on in their community or home life, kids don’t yet have an understanding of the significance behind causes for concern because there may be some disconnect between how adults view situations versus how children do. Due to cognitive development, they can become frightened if not given all pertinent details, so always make sure you tell your little ones everything!
The best way to keep young minds feeling secure is through open dialogue- talking with them while inquiring into what they’ve seen or heard themselves to assess any potential threats appropriately.
It’s difficult to know how to answer your child when they ask why there is violence in the world or what you can do about it. However, there are ways to discuss what happened, using words you feel the child can handle.
Faith said, “Painting stars of HOPE at the kitchen table is a labor of love. Stars of HOPE has helped me talk and share my big feelings with Grant in a way that is on his level while giving us something we could do together to remember.”
The positive intention of sitting next to your child, the quiet connection, having a task to make a positive change, and the positive phrasings of how children can make a difference is a simple way to handle complex subjects.
Sitting down together and creating art is a calming way to start hard conversations and let your child know that they can make the world a better place, even for those they do not know. Download the free Stars of HOPE template. Children can be creative using words and pictures to create a positive intervention. “Making stars with my boy … It was the best way I could explain any part of that tragedy to him. I just told him that I don’t know why bad things happen, and sometimes you have to be the good you want to see in this crazy world.” Make sure there is adequate time and a quiet place to talk following an upsetting broadcast. Ask your child what they have heard and what questions they may have. Provide reassurance regarding their safety.
Faith added, The world is full of yucky right now, but I will always believe there is more good, and I will work to bring good in hopes that this world won’t be a fiery blaze by the time Grant is my age. I’m grateful for organizations like Stars of HOPE that shine in the darkness. These are my people, and I thank them for their good and the hope they share!”
When a tragic event happens, it can be hard to know what to say. If you have children, this is even more difficult because they probably ask questions about how something like that could happen and why. One way of helping them process their feelings is by using Box of HOPE kits from Stars of HOPE. These kits provide tools for expressing themselves and help show them how to cope with what has happened while also providing help and healing to a community after tragedy strikes.
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Westgate Cricket Club
Statement of Intent
We are committed to providing a caring, friendly and safe environment for all of our children so they can train and play in a relaxed and secure atmosphere. Bullying of any kind is unacceptable at our club. If bullying does occur, all children should be able to tell and know that incidents will be dealt with promptly and effectively. We are a TELLING club. This means that anyone who knows that bullying is happening is expected to tell the staff and officials.
What Is Bullying?
- Bullying is the use of aggression with the intention of hurting another person.
- Bullying results in pain and distress to the victim.
- Bullying can be:
- Emotional: being unfriendly, excluding ,tormenting (e.g. hiding kit, threatening gestures)
- Physical: pushing, kicking, hitting, punching or any use of violence
- Racist: racial taunts, graffiti, gestures
- Sexual: unwanted physical contact or sexually abusive comments
- Homophobic: because of, or focusing on the issue of sexuality
- Verbal: name-calling, sarcasm, spreading rumours, teasing
- Cyber: All areas of internet, such as email and internet chat room misuse. Mobile threats by text messaging and calls. Misuse of associated technology, i.e. camera and video facilities
Why is it Important to Respond to Bullying?
- Bullying hurts. No one deserves to be a victim of bullying. Everybody has the right to be treated with respect. Children who are bullying need to learn different ways of behaving. Cricket Clubs have a responsibility to respond promptly and effectively to issues of bullying.
Objectives of this Policy
- All officials, coaching and non-coaching staff, children and parents should Have an understanding of what bullying is.
- All officials, coaching and non-coaching staff should know what the club policy is on bullying, and follow it when bullying is reported.
- All children and parents should know what the club policy is on bullying, and what they should do if bullying arises.
- As a club we take bullying seriously. Children and parents should be Assured that they will be supported when bullying is reported.
- Bullying will not be tolerated.
Signs and Symptoms
A child may indicate by signs or behaviour that he or she is being bullied. Adults should be aware of these possible signs and that they should investigate if a child:
- says they are being bullied
- changes their usual routine
- is unwilling to go to the club
- becomes withdrawn anxious, or lacking in confidence
- comes home with clothes torn or belongings damaged
- has possessions which are damaged or “go missing”
- asks for money or starts stealing money (to pay bully)
- has unexplained cuts or bruises
- is frightened to say what's wrong
- gives improbable excuses for any of the above In more extreme cases, the child:
- starts stammering
- cries themselves to sleep at night or has nightmares
- becomes aggressive, disruptive or unreasonable
- is bullying other children or siblings
- stops eating
- attempts or threatens suicide or runs away
These signs and behaviours could indicate other problems, but bullying should be considered a possibility and should be investigated.
- Report bullying incidents to the Club Welfare Officer
- In cases of serious bullying, the incidents will be reported to the ECB Child Protection Team for advice via the County Welfare Officer
- Parents should be informed and will be asked to come in to a meeting to discuss the problem
- If necessary and appropriate, police will be consulted
- The bullying behaviour or threats of bullying must be investigated and the bullying stopped quickly
- An attempt will be made to help the bully (bullies) change their behaviour In cases of adults reported to be bullying cricketers under 18, the ECB must always be informed and will advise on action to be taken.
We will use the following methods for helping children to prevent bullying. As and when appropriate, these may include:
- writing a set of club rules
- signing a behaviour contract
- having discussions about bullying and why it matters
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The biosphere is the part of the Earth that includes all living things. It is one step above ecosystems and contains organisms that live in communities of species or populations, which interact with each other.
Ecosystems are all of these communities and living organisms plus all of the nonliving components of those environments. When you study Earth science or other environmental sciences, it is important to remember that the biosphere contains all the life on Earth.
Geologist Eduard Suess was the first person to use the term biosphere. He created the term by adding the word bio (life) to sphere (the shape of the Earth) to refer to the areas on Earth with life forms. Suess needed the new word in order to refer to life as a whole instead of zoning in on particular species or organisms on the Earth's surface.
The current biosphere meaning references all of life on Earth in the lithosphere (the rocky crust of the Earth), the atmosphere (air) and the hydrosphere (water). It includes all the ecosystems, biomes and organisms on the planet. The biosphere is a comparatively thin layer or zone of life that includes everything from bacteria to humans.
Network of Life on Earth: Biosphere Resources
There are different components and resources in the biosphere. All life depends on biotic and abiotic resources in their ecosystems, which include sunlight, food, water, shelter and soil.
B__iotic factors are living, while abiotic factors are nonliving. Animals and plants are examples of biotic factors. Rocks and soil are abiotic factors.
All ecosystems connect to each other by being in the biosphere. This creates a complex network of organisms and nonliving resources that requires a delicate balance. In order for the biosphere to work, many things had to come together to allow for life on Earth.
From the right distance from the sun to the tilt of the Earth, different factors contributed to the emergence of life. The biosphere has evolved over time as the planet's composition and features have changed.
What Affects the Biosphere?
Both living and nonliving things affect the biosphere. From the African coast to the Arctic, the biosphere is constantly changing. Large factors such as the Earth's tilt affect the biosphere in a great way because it contributes to the seasonal climate change humans have learned to expect. Other nonliving factors like weather patterns, plate tectonics, erosion and natural disasters also influence the biosphere.
Natural disasters can have a lasting impact on the biosphere. For example, volcanic eruptions can change life on land by spewing gases, lava, rocks and ash that destroy ecosystems. Volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor can heat up the surrounding water.
Volcanoes can act as both a destructive force and a creative one. Over time, volcanoes can also create new landforms and dramatically change the appearance of the planet.
By studying global patterns, scientists can learn more about what affects the biosphere. To preserve life on Earth, the United Nations established a program that focused on sustainable development and created 563 biosphere reserves in 110 countries.
Biogeochemical cycles are an important part of the biosphere. A biogeochemical cycle is the pathway or flow of elements among living things and the environment. Since matter is conserved in the universe, it is recycled throughout the biosphere.
For instance, animals eat plants, and the plants' nutrients or matter are incorporated into the herbivores and scat that goes back into the soil. Those herbivores die and decompose, putting their matter back into the environment.
Many cycles connect the biosphere. Some examples include:
- Rock cycle: This is how rocks change over time through weathering, erosion, transportation, compaction and other factors.
Water cycle: This describes how water moves through ecosystems by evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff and transpiration.
Nutrient cycles: These pathways move nitrogen, carbon and other nutrients through ecosystems.
Photosynthesis is the cycle that plants use to make energy. By turning light and carbon dioxide into usable energy, plants create the foundation for almost all living things. Some bacteria, protists and plants use solar energy and carbon dioxide to make oxygen and sugar, which is crucial for other nutrient cycles and food webs.
The biosphere is particularly important for the carbon cycle: Living things take in carbon dioxide and change it into oxygen, so the organisms become carbon reservoirs like fossil fuels and trees.
The biosphere extends up to 12,500 meters from the surface of the Earth. It includes the tallest mountains in the air all the way down to the deepest trenches in the ocean. This is a small slice of all of the Earth, but it contains millions of organisms.
It is estimated that there are 8.7 million different species in the biosphere. About 6.5 million species live on land, while 2.2 million live in the water.
Water, or the hydrosphere, is the largest part of the biosphere and covers 71 percent of the planet's surface. The oceans contain 96.5 percent of the water, and only 1 percent is actually accessible as fresh water for living organisms that need it.
Biomes in the Biosphere
A biome is an ecological community that includes living things in a specific environment. It is a naturally occurring group of plants and animals that live in a habitat. The biosphere contains all the biomes on the planet. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between different biomes, and a biome can contain more than one ecosystem.
There are six major biomes: freshwater, marine, desert, forest, grassland and tundra. However, there are other ways to classify biomes, and different systems exist. A broader classification system divides biomes into terrestrial and aquatic groups.
The land, climate and other features of a geographic area affect the type of plants and animals that can survive in it. Over time, biomes can change and evolve.
Human activities, natural disasters and other factors can influence biomes. For example, agricultural activities can change the vegetation in an area and drive out or attract different species. Once the flora and fauna change in a specific ecosystem, this can affect the entire biome. Because humans have a large impact on biodiversity, studying the entire biosphere is crucial for protecting species and the environment.
Biosphere Examples: Biosphere 2
Currently, the only known biosphere in the universe is Earth's biosphere, and it is considered Biosphere 1. However, humans have created artificial biospheres, including Biosphere 2. Biosphere 2 was a laboratory built in Oracle, Arizona, to do controlled studies. The self-contained facility looked like a large greenhouse. Between 1991 and 1994, groups of people tried to live and work in the facility.
In 1991, Biosphere 2 had five different biomes spread across three acres. The scientists who lived in the laboratory wanted to make it sustainable and avoided interactions with the outside world. The original goal was to stay in the artificial biosphere for 100 years. However, the missions lasted for only four years. The teams faced many challenges, including cockroaches and ants, constant hunger, irrational antagonism, internal power struggles and dangerously low oxygen levels.
Although people do not live in it full-time, Biosphere 2 is still an important research facility. You can even take a tour of it and see how scientists used the laboratory to learn more about biomes and ecosystems.
About the Author
Lana Bandoim is a freelance writer and editor. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in biology and chemistry from Butler University. Her work has appeared on Forbes, Yahoo! News, Business Insider, Lifescript, Healthline and many other publications. She has been a judge for the Scholastic Writing Awards from the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers. She has also been nominated for a Best Shortform Science Writing award by the Best Shortform Science Writing Project.
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What Do You Call the Outputs on Your Computer That You Connect to a Projector?
Connecting a computer to a projector used to be a simple matter of simply stringing a heavy cable between the Video Graphics Adapter ports on the two devices. In many cases, this is still an excellent way to make a connection. However, today's computers and projectors offer a number of different ports that can make it possible to use easier-to-handle cables or even do to more by taking advantage of projector audio capabilities or remote control features.
Video Graphics Adaptor
While it is gradually being phased out from some computers as of 2012, the VGA port has been the standard way to connect computers and video output devices like projectors since the late 1980s. It has a sturdy 15-pin connector with two rows of pins arranged in a trapezoidal shape. VGA ports frequently have thumbscrews to let you tightly secure the connector.
When your projector has a built-in sound system, you can send your computer's audio to it by using the line-out jack on your computer. This jack accepts a one-eighth inch or 3.5 mm-wide plug similar to the ones on earbud headphones. You use a cable with two 3.5 mm plugs to connect it to your projector's audio input. Line-out jacks may be labeled with a speaker with an arrow or with a picture of headphones and are frequently color-coded with a light-green surround.
High Definition Multimedia Interface
The HDMI port on many computers can be a better way to connect a projector. HDMI carries very high resolution images, including copy-protected high definition video streams. On some computers and projectors, it can also carry an audio signal, letting your use your projector's speakers without having to run an audio cable. Finally, HDMI cables are smaller and lighter than VGA cables and are easier to securely connect and to disconnect.
Universal Serial Bus
Many projectors now have remote control capability. For some, you can use your computer to control the projector's menu system. Others let you use the projector's remote control as a presentation remote or as a mouse for your computer. In either case, using this feature requires connecting the projector's USB plug to an open USB port on your computer.
- Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Getty Images
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When we study history, especially, history of innovation, people conventionally mention the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, etc. At the core of such descriptions lies a wonder material — stone, bronze, iron, steel, silicon — something that enables a huge range of applications, which power technology developments for decades or even hundreds and thousands of years.
Paradoxically, there's no Clay Age (see fig below).
This is really unfortunate because the clay turned out to be the ultimate material that served us, humans, for thousands of years and enabled us to produce an amazing range of objects and technologies: from bricks to construction and architecture, from jars to storage and shipping, from ceramics to chemistry and modern waterworks, from concrete to skyscrapers and highway transportation systems. From an inventor's perspective, I see clay-based technologies as the first example of what we call today additive manufacturing.
Let's go back few thousands of years and compare stone (Before) and clay (After) as manufacturing materials. If you live in a cave and use stone to make your tools you have to chip away, blow-by-blow, certain parts of the original piece of rock that don't fit your design.
Even when we consider "raw" rocks being cheap and disregard the waste of material itself, our ability to shape the rock or change its internal physical structure is severely limited by what we can find in nature. By contrast, clay is extremely malleable: you can shape it, add filaments, make it hollow, make it solid, make it hard, glaze it, and much more. If you are a hunter-gatherer, by combining clay and fire you can create all kinds of sharp weapons that your stone age competition can't even imagine. If you are a gatherer, you can create jars and jugs, using one of the cornerstone inventions of human civilization: the Potter's Wheel.
If you are a house builder, even a primitive one, you can use mud bricks and reinforce them with straw. As you master fire and masonry, you learn how to create bricks and construct buildings that last decades and centuries, instead of years. You can even print money tokens with appropriate clay technologies! Furthermore, with advanced firing techniques, you discover how to melt and shape metals and discover important alloys, such as Bronze. Ultimately, you develop communities of innovation and economies of scale unheard of in the Stone Age.
Why thinking about the Clay Age is important today, when we are well beyond using mud for building cities? The main goal is to gain an insight into what additive manufacturing can do for us for years to come. Just like clay, 3D printing represents a technology approach with a promising long-term potential. That is, when working with both, clay and 3D printing, instead of removing and wasting extra, we add materials and shape surfaces to achieve desired designs. Luckily, for 3D printing we can leverage the learnings from clay.
Over the thousands of years, humans learned to work with clay by combining 6 key modifying methods:
1. Shape - change the outer geometry (e.g. brick).
2. Thin or thicken - change the inner geometry (e.g. thin jar).
3. Fill - change the inner structure (e.g. reinforced concrete)
4. Fire - modify inner and/or outer hardness or other material properties (e.g. hardened stove brick)
5. Slip - modify or create an outer layer with specific properties (e.g. ceramic glazes)
6. Decorate - paint or other exterior designs to make things aesthetically appealing.
With 3D printing we are still working on items 1 and 2, barely touching 3. Some of the research labs approach item 4 on our list - firing, or its equivalents. For example, the MIT article that I've mentioned in the beginning of the post uses the ancient sequence of a clay-based technology: shape your piece from a soft material with special additives, then fire in the kiln, to achieve desired hardness and durability. Remarkably, modern 3D printing combines the ancient material — ceramics — with modern design techniques — computer modeling and manufacturing.
In the short term, 3D printing went through a lot of hype that fizzled a bit by now. In the long term, the age of 3D printing, just like the Clay Age, is going to create a strong foundation for a broad range of human technologies. Basically, we are in the hunter-gatherer stage of our 3D evolution curve.
tags: technology, innovation, history, invention, creativity
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Lucille Eichengreen was a school girl in Hamburg. Like most children she had many friends and a carefree childhood. Her world changed overnight. “Hitler came to power in January 1933. The children that lived in the same building…no longer spoke to us. They threw stones at us, they called us names, and that was maybe three months after Hitler came to power, and we could not understand what we had done to deserve this…And when we asked at home the answer pretty much was, ‘Oh it’s a passing phase, it won’t matter, it will normalise.’ What that actually meant we did not know. But we could not understand the change.”
She was not alone. Eugene Levine used to study in a mixed religion school where, one day, he was taunted by a non-Jewish boy, who was his friend, “Well, Levine, have you got your ticket to Palestine?” Eugene was shocked. “But, you see, anti-Semitism’s always there beneath the surface.” These incidents are a part of a history that even the Germans don’t want to remember any longer. Both the statements, together, hint at a fact that is distasteful, dangerous and apocalyptical.
At that point nobody had visualised what lay in store for Jews in the coming days, months, and years later—the Holocaust, in which humanity saw the most brutal face ever of any political regime. Lucille’s incomprehension at her friends turning into enemies overnight is explained by Eugene who suggested that anti-Semitism had always existed in Germany but it was dormant; it waited for a Hitler-like figure to come to power before becoming the monstrosity it did.
It is a lesserknown fact of history that Hindenburg who appointed Hitler as chancellor, had refused twice before to appoint him to the post. He had said in November 1932, that a presidential cabinet headed by Hitler would inevitably develop into a party dictatorship with all its consequences, resulting in a worsening of the antagonisms within the German people.
Unlike Hindenburg, Indian president Pranab Mukherjee did not have any choice but to obey the will of the people; and at that time if he had any reservations about the turn of events, he did not share it with anyone. But it is to be noted that a section of the intelligentsia had always viewed Modi as a polarising figure who unabashedly pursued Hindutva and did not hide his views vis-a-vis minorities. His image as a Hindutva icon was one of the major reasons for his success and he did not flinch in exploiting it to the hilt, though he did marry it with the utopia of development and the idea of making India great again.
He could succeed only because like in Germany prejudice against Muslims had been lying dormant in a section of Hindus for long. To be fair to Modi and the RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh), this prejudice against Muslims existed even before the RSS was formed in 1925.
The problem with the RSS is that it has failed to understand, that in independent India, two incidents—the demolition of Babri Masjid in 1992 and the 2002 Gujarat riots—have majorly impacted the Muslims’ collective psyche, scarred them emotionally, and shaken their belief in the Indian legal system.
Modi’s identification with Gujarat riots is too overwhelming in the Muslim community. And his rule since 2014 has not helped lessen the burden of history; rather it has created new fissures in their minds, inflicted much deeper emotional wounds and constructed a regime of alienation, helplessness and betrayal.
The killing of Akhlaq, Pehlu Khan, Junaid and others by cow vigilantes; the subsequent collaboration of state machinery to save the perpetrators; no urgent and unequivocal condemnation of these incidents from Modi and Bhagwat; felicitation of mob lynching accused and convicted Hindutvavadis by central ministers; provocative statements by BJP/RSS leaders targeting Muslims; sudden closure of abattoirs in UP and other states without any opportunities for alternate ways of livelihood; forced ban on beef in northern and western states by BJP governments at a time when India is the leading beef exporter in the world; the arrest and brutal beatings of Muslim youth in the name of love jihad; insulting and intimidating Muslims who tried to offer namaaz in an open space; regular violations of the symbols of Muslim identity; a nonstop attempt to portray and lampoon them as terrorist and anti-national by the Hindutva Brigade on TV Channels and social media; the Modi government’s effort to abrogate instant triple Talaq and through that to build a narrative that the community is regressive, and so on, has built a perception in the community that the Indian state has become anti-Muslim in its ethos and practice.
Since 2014, a section of Hindus have rediscovered their Hindutva which if scratched a bit, reveals an anti-Muslim point of view. Flaunting an anti-Muslim attitude is definitely massively on the rise. The stereotyping of Muslims has increased manifold. The present status of Muslims in India, reminds me of Silvia Vesela, a Slovakian Jew, who was held in a temporary camp in 1942, where death was staring her in the face. She said, “It hurt, it really hurt when I, for example, saw many schoolmates shouting with fists raised, ‘It serves you right!’ Since that time I do not expect anything of people.”
Since Modi took over the reins of the government a paradigm shift has taken place. Muslims have started feeling that the state had now started interfering in matters of their religion and culture. Anwar Alam writes, “It is the religio-cultural alienation which might strengthen the process of radicalistion among Indian Muslims. The demolition of Babri masjid was a jolt to the faith of the Muslim community. Since 2014 when the present NDA government came into power at the Centre, it has initiated a series of policy measures including the issue of criminalising instant triple talaq and keeping a distance from sharing Muslim/Islamic symbolism in the public domain that deeply concerns the Muslim community: whether they are any longer free to practice their religion freely in this nation.”
During research for this book I met many Muslim intellectuals and leaders. I could sense that there was a definite unease in the Muslim community vis-a-vis the Modi government, guarded by a rather deceptive silence. The present crisis is being perceived as an existential crisis. Therefore a lot of internal churning is going on. It has been acknowledged by the community that the traditional leadership of the Muslim community has let them down. Now, young and educated leaders are taking the lead and trying to organise the community. Older leaders are extremely cautious in articulating their views on issues related to politics, and it has been communicated to all, especially the youth to not get provoked, whatever be the nature of the provocation. Anand Vivek Taneja, assistant professor of anthropology and religious studies at the University of Vanderbilt, USA, had been touring areas such as Aligarh, Lucknow, Kolkata, Patna, Hyderabad and so on, across the country for his research on Muslims. During an interview with me, he said, “[The] Muslim community is definitely in a self -reflective mood and there is an extraordinary amount of restraint but (the) community also makes a clear distinction that the present problems it is facing is because of the current politics. There is no ill feeling against Hindus per se. Hindus are not seen as religious enemies. The problem is the RSS and Hindutva.”
Excerpted with from Ashutosh’s Hindu Rashtra with permission from Context. We welcome your comments at email@example.com.
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Those interested in this subject may also want to take a look at Human Perception of String Tension and Compliance in Stringed Musical Instruments, which discusses how players actually perceive string tension and compliance.
Last updated: Tuesday, June 12, 2012
The formula for determining string tension in U.S. customary units of measurement is:
Information on unit weights of various types and sizes of strings is available from D'Addario Strings in a document entitled Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About String Tension (.pdf). Click here for a table of notes and their equivalent frequencies.
A few things should be apparent from the formula:
1. Everything else being the same, pitch increases as tension increases;
2. Everything else being the same, tension increases as scale length increases;
3. Everything else being the same, tension increases as unit weight increases, thus a heavier gage string will be under greater tension as a lighter one of the same length tuned to the same note;
Given these, it should be obvious why higher pitched instruments tend to have shorter strings and lower pitched instruments longer strings and why fretting a string (i.e. Shortening the string) raises the pitch of that string when it vibrates. It also should be obvious why the lower pitched strings of an instrument are wound - this increases the unit weight and thus lowers the pitch. Although it is certainly possible to increase the unit weight of a string simply by increasing its diameter, doing so also increases the string's side bending stiffness. Overly (side bending) stiff strings behave more like bars than strings when they vibrate. Consider what folks in the early 17th century had to do to build an instrument that covered a wide pitch range with a very limited range of available strings and no overspun (wound) strings. The instrument in the picture is called an orpharion. It is related to the bandora and the lute, and is tuned the same as the latter. The splayed frets (also sometimes called fanned frets) make the scale length on the bass side longer than the scale length on the treble side.
This paper is from D'Addario Strings, which surprisingly is the only string manufacturer to provide tension data for all their strings. It also contains unit weight data for all their strings, which can be used to approximate unit weights of similarly constructed strings from other manufacturers as well.
The kind folks at D’Addario are both knowledgeable and generous enough to provide us with this data. I thank them by buying their products.
If you know the scale length, fequency and string tension you can solve for unit weight of the string. This is useful for example in the case where you want to figure out what string to use for, say, the low B string of a seven string guitar. The scale length is the same for the rest of the strings, and you'd want the tension to be more or less the same as the tension of those other strings, too. The frequency is that of the note the open string should sound, in this case low B at 61.735 hz. Once you determine the unit weight you can look up a string of suitable construction and that unit weight from the D'Addario Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About String Tension (.pdf) document.
The formula for determining unit weight of a string in U.S. customary units of measurement is:
When designing an instrument it is certainly possible to specify a scale length and a pitch for a string which would require the string to be tensioned past its breaking point. This generally only happens if the instrument is intended to have a relatively long, high pitched string. It is something to consider when designing an instrument from scratch.
The tensile strength (ultimate tensile strength or UTS) of the wire used for plain unwound steel strings and for the cores of wound strings ranges from approximately 350,000 lb/sq.in.to 450,000 lb/sq.in. Hard numbers are not generally available, as string manufacturers tend to consider this information to be proprietary. When designing a new instrument it is best to be conservative and use the low end of this range. From this and the diameter of the string (or for a wound string, the diameter of its core) you can calculate the breaking strength of the string.
The formula for determining the approximate minimum breaking strength of a steel string in U.S. customary units of measurement is:
S = UTS * π * (D / 2)2
Note that the calculator above uses the lower limit of the range. As a general rule of thumb, instrument strings can be tensioned to a maximum of approximately 80% of their breaking strength.
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The plight of the Rhino is one of the most aggressive examples of humanity’s propensity for destruction through consumption.
As with many wild species, Rhinos once roamed their native habitat in the millions, only to have their numbers decimated by human contact. Through colonial era wholesale hunting, loss of habitat, and more recently the onslaught of illegal poaching, Rhinos have been nearly eradicated in the wild. In 1977 the Black Rhino population was counted at around 70,000 and saw a 96% drop to a little over 2400 individuals by 1995 due to poaching1. Through conservation efforts by NGO’s like Save The Rhino and the International Rhino Fund, the Black Rhino population has been increased to over 5,000 individuals today, but the Black Rhino along with three other species of Rhino remain critically endangered and under constant threat.
Rhino horn is erroneously believed to have medicinal and sexual stimulant properties and is overwhelming consumed by the Asian market, with China often cited as a main contributor to Rhino poaching. Efforts to educate younger consumers about the plight of endangered species in China along with government bans on horn and ivory appear to have suppressed the Chinese market to an extent, but demand unfortunately continues to thrive in surrounding countries2.
While individuals and organized criminal networks continue to poach and African governments debate whether or not to legalize the trade in Rhino horn as a means to fund conservation3 this prehistoric species teeters on the brink as a unfortunate example of humanity’s failure to manage its own hubris.
Once, There Were Black Rhinos
The oil painting I’m working on is titled “Once, There Were Black Rhinos” and is the first work in a planned series highlighting endangered species. As mentioned in my artist statement, I often explore the relationship between humanity’s impact on the natural world.
As with most of my work, I begin with a sketch that allows me to tack down composition and subject position). With this painting, the composition will be simple with most of the impact coming from the texture, color and lighting of the finished artwork. Art school teachers will often rail against it, but I love the center placement of a subject.
A Rhino is essentially a rectangle, so after finishing the sketch I move forward by drawing her onto the canvas using a rectangle as a container.
Once she’s drawn in, I begin my favorite part of the painting process, laying in color and texture. It was a deliberate decision to have the background texture closely mimic the texture of Rhino skin. I create this effect by applying glazes and then pulling them off, waiting for a layer to dry, then applying another layer. It takes several days to get the depth and effect I desire since oils take a day or so to cure-to-touch.
In Part 2 of this WIP I will show the steps taken to complete this Black Rhino painting. Make sure to check back for the update.
Resources for further reading:
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As the Coronavirus outbreak continues to disrupt lives around the world, health is at the forefront of peoples’ minds. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people should clean and disinfect commonly used surfaces — tables, doorknobs, light switches, countertops, handles, desks, phones, keyboards, toilets, faucets, and sinks — frequently. But what about the surfaces you can’t control? Store door handles? ATM keypads? Button door locks?
SpecialistID has a solution: The Heavy Duty No Touch Door Opener Tool. Designed to prevent the spread of germs by avoiding touching certain surfaces, the solid brass tool is a life saver in this era of pandemic health risks.
Need further proof? Here are 10 smart ways the touchless key tool can protect you from germs.
On any given day, think of how many people touch a public door handle. While you could just carry a baggy of sanitizing wipes in your pocket and scrub every door handle you meet, why not avoid touching them all together?
We’ve all likely used the old foot-flush hack in a public restroom. But, frankly, isn’t that just adding to the filth on a public toilet? Keep your feet firmly planted and use the Heavy Duty No Touch Door Opener Tool instead. Just hold it between your thumb and forefinger and push the flusher down.
Copper alloys — such as braise — have been known to kill viruses since ancient times. In fact, according to the Smithsonian Institute, scientists have discovered the novel Coronavirus dies within hours after landing on copper. These antimicrobial properties are part of the Heavy Duty No Touch Door Opener Tool, another helpful element in the fight against germs.
Use the Heavy Duty No Touch Door Opener Tool as an extension of your fingers and never worry about touching another keypad again. Whether it’s at the checkout line at the grocery store or the gas station, by holding the tool you can hit the right buttons without exposing yourself to the previous shopper’s germs.
Right now the CDC is asking people to continue to maintain six feet of distance between them. But that doesn’t mean you can’t be courteous. Using the Heavy Duty No Touch Door Opener Tool, you can open even the heaviest of doors for someone else while still maintaining a thoughtful six feet of space.
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Just as you can pull a door open, you can easily push it open as well. Slip the ergonomic Heavy Duty No Touch Door Opener Tool through the handle and use your body weight to easily access the next room. There is no need to place both hands on the door thanks to this touchless tool.
The beauty of the Heavy Duty No Touch Door Opener Tool is its size. Small and compact, it can easily fit into your pocket or purse so you can keep yourself germ-free no matter where you are.
Just as masks have become de rigueur, so too will touchless tools designed to help people avoid questionable or high-touch surfaces. While the best practices for health and hygiene continue to be maintaining social distance suggestions, practicing good personal hygiene with plenty of hand washing, sanitizing and cleaning properly and regularly, and avoiding touching high-touch surfaces can be just as positive in the long fight to prevent the spread of germs.
At a low cost ($14.99), the Heavy Duty No Touch Door Opener Tool is another resource to practice safe distancing. Small, affordable, and highly effective, not only does it make a great personal device to have on hand, but something to gift to the whole family. When employed regularly it can help diminish the risk of picking up any unwanted germs while without interrupting someone’s day.
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en
| 0.91269 | 962 | 2.6875 | 3 |
When starting a new unit students can use many resources to support their inquiry.
Steps to online researching (student simple guide)
Year level Moodle pages
Researching pages and links
Unit of Inquiry Livebinders
A group of Year 3 students have been experimenting with the green screen as a means to share their learning this term. These students have been considering ways to evaluate, reflect and report on reading.
These green screen movie reflections were created using a variety of apps on the iPad (using the video, camera, drawing and green screen apps).
- Touch Cast
- Green Screen by Do Ink
- Doodle Buddy
This is what the students have thought about the process so far…
See below for two reviews they have created. When the students create their next review (in Term Two) they will direct this (almost) independently, with the aim to become experts for the other students in the class, teaching how to use the green screen and its associated apps.
These reviews are not polished presentations but have been created in a short time frame as a tool to engage and enhance the learning experience.
The Cats of Venus
Today the students were introduced to the concept of a book hook to ‘sell’ the book to another reader.
See “How to write a book hook” wiki how with pictures.
The Treasure Island: A Fun Map
The students shared why someone should ‘read’ this map.
As the students become more confident and self reflective, the presentations will become more diverse and ‘professional’.
Finally, students are presenting for an authentic audience.
Over the last few years I have collected many weblinks that relate to the Units of Inquiry, online learning, PYP, languages, ICT and Web2.o just to name a few areas.
Recently I have started to use Diijo. I find that it is wonderful for the community aspect make it a valauable PLN tool. This is my profile of Diijo.
Go to Soichi Noguchi’s twitter site to see images that he is posting from an International Space Station.
Sometimes, sand dune is as big as an airport. Arabia.
Yr 3GD have been viewing the week to come using XTRANORMAL.
[NB:Note the age of the user agreement – not for Primary Aged students – must be 13yrs to subscribe- great as a Teacher Tool.]
View Week 4 Term here.
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<urn:uuid:842795d1-1c53-475c-a5a6-bdad5e58dc17>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://juliaboulton.blog/category/library/year-3-library/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348513230.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606093706-20200606123706-00246.warc.gz
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en
| 0.919415 | 513 | 3.234375 | 3 |
When such acts [that desecrate Shabbat in order to save a life] are done, they are not to be done by gentiles or by children… but by great Torah scholars and wise people. It is forbidden to delay when desecrating Shabbat for the sake of a dangerously ill person, for the verse says (Leviticus 18:5): “These are the commandments which you shall do and live,” and not die because of them.
From this we learn that the laws of the Torah are not in order to punish the world but to bring love, kindness, and peace to the world. As for those heretics who claim that such an act is a desecration of the Sabbath, about them the verse says (Ezekiel 20): “I gave them laws that are no good and rules by which they cannot live.”
Mishneh Torah Shabbat 2:3
Find more Wise Fridays wisdom on MJL.
Pronounced: shuh-BAHT or shah-BAHT, Origin: Hebrew, the Sabbath, from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday.
Pronunced: TORE-uh, Origin: Hebrew, the Five Books of Moses.
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<urn:uuid:8f8cd8db-bb07-4696-8dc5-818813e207d4>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.myjewishlearning.com/mixed-multitudes/wise-fridays-how-to-desecrate-shabbat/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00701.warc.gz
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en
| 0.952781 | 257 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is Receptive Language?
What one understands/ comprehension skills, also known as listening skills. How well does your child seem to listen?
What is Expressive Language?
What one says, how many words one combines and what language concepts one uses. Speech- language therapists analyze your child's sentence length, ability to answer and ask questions, and much more!
What is Childhood Apraxia of speech?
What appears to be a neurologically based disorder of motor planning, which impacts how a child is able to produce isolated sounds (e.g. nasal sounds m/n or the back sounds k/g) or combine and sequence sounds into words/ phrases, often associated with groping and overall frustration. Apraxia is a complex disorder known to cause significant speaking delays (often in the presence of age appropriate ability to understand language) and requires a specialist to see positive change. At Chattykiddo we will guide you through every step of the treatment. PROMPT is highly effective in treating Apraxia. Ask about it today!
What is a speech articulation disorder?
A disorder affecting speech sound production or how a child is able to use the articulators (tongue, lips) to form a specific sound successfully. In contrast to Apraxia, with this disorder a child maybe speaking in phrases and sentences; however speech is marked by poor intelligibility. Speech therapy is the only way to help shape appropriate speech clarity because who likes to be misunderstood all the time?
What is Social Skills?
Social skills is the way we communicate with others through facial expressions, gestures, and, of course, words. A big part of Social skills is HOW we interact and whether that's appropriate to context. Some children (and adults) have difficulty learning and communicating in age-appropriate and socially expected ways and this is where we step in to help.
What is an auditory processing disorder?
Not to be confused with the ability to hear or with one's listening comprehension (though disorders can co-occur). Processing has to do with how much information or how many words can one process (understand) at a time.
What is PROMPT therapy?
According to Prompt Institute, PROMPT is "an acronym for Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular
Phonetic Targets. The technique is a tactile-kinesthetic approach that uses touch cues to a patient’s articulators (jaw, tongue, lips) to manually guide them through a targeted word, phrase or sentence. The technique develops motor control and the development of proper oral muscular movements, while eliminating unnecessary muscle movements, such as jaw sliding and inadequate lip rounding". Read more about this therapy approach here:
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<urn:uuid:33c7683b-9879-482a-8983-1d39ca45317a>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.chattykiddo.com/frequently-asked-questions
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882934.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703184459-20200703214459-00325.warc.gz
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en
| 0.945422 | 556 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Here’s a bit of a puzzle that I thought I would bring up. I came across an article that discusses findings of research conducted by scientists on board the JOIDES Resolution, a research ship that collects core samples of rocks from the oceanic crust beneath the ocean floor.
Dr. Mark A. Lever of Center for Geomicrobiology at Aarhus University, Denmark reports on finding life in the porous basalt that makes up much the oceanic crust that is fundamentally different from life formed through photosynthesis. He states,
“We collected rock samples 55 kilometres from the nearest outcrop where seawater is entering the basalt. Here the water in the basaltic veins has a chemical composition that differs fundamentally from seawater, for instance, it is devoid of oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The microorganisms we found are native to basalt . . .
“It all began when I extracted DNA from the rock samples we had brought up. To my great surprise, I identified genes that are found in methane-producing microorganisms. We subsequently analysed the chemical signatures in the rock material, and our work with carbon isotopes provided clear evidence that the organic material did not derive from dead plankton introduced by seawater, but was formed within the oceanic crust.”
I’m not entirely sure what the ramifications of a finding like this are, but it seems to be evidence that there may be much more to life on earth than is normally supposed. It seems to tie in with the school of thought that suggests that petroleum may be abiotic in nature — somehow formed from deep within the earth, rather than being formed by decomposed and transformed organic matter. This report suggests a geochemical source of life and energy, one that is not normally discussed in the scientific realm.
To me, this all goes to show that there is so much yet to be discovered about life, matter, energy — and of course that is the focus of this site, and something that has been discussed here many times.
The complete article from EurekAlert can be read here. A full report has been published in the March 15th issue of the journal Science. An abstract can be found here.(Subscription is required for full text)
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<urn:uuid:dc88a9d1-abd0-4f83-aeb2-8b096ec07a2c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://e-catworld.com/2013/03/21/research-points-to-geochemical-source-of-life-beneath-ocean-floor/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806586.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122122605-20171122142605-00281.warc.gz
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en
| 0.968738 | 457 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The voice of the mad in Britain between the 17th and 20th century
This is the second of two series of 70 weekly podcasts that began broadcasting in July 2016. This series comprises 26 podcasts. It uses extracts from the autograph writings of those with mental problems or their reported speech between the 17th and 20th century, to explore a range of mental disorders ranging from autism and depression to schizophrenia and obsessive stalking. Seen through original historical manuscripts and printed sources, the series documents individual, family, and social crises related to mental disorders, including suicide, crimes of violence, protection of vulnerable adults, religious mania, and admission to lunatic asylums and the experience of living in them. It aims:
- To provide a balanced and historically reliable account of how sufferers from a wide range of mental disorders and handicaps experienced their afflictions, by using their own writings or those of others who quoted them.
- To balance the usual bias in the history of psychiatry towards medical practitioners, by focusing on patients and their families and friends.
- To raise awareness of attitudes towards mental health and the experience of those suffering from mental disorders or disabilities among the general public, by using historic examples.
- To bring to the fore the significance of a knowledge of history to present day understandings of mental problems and ways of dealing with them.
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<urn:uuid:7cf0942d-bb91-4bf6-bfbb-6f5d9a75c425>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/psychhist/index.php/series-two/about-series-two/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655143.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608204017-20230608234017-00344.warc.gz
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en
| 0.954014 | 272 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Inspectors at a textile manufacturing plant rate samples of dyed fabric as go or no-go (pass or fail) based on the absence or presence of white specks. To assess the consistency and correctness of the inspectors' ratings, a quality engineer asks two inspectors to rate print quality on 60 samples of fabric twice. Fabric samples were randomly presented.
You can use this data to demonstrate Attribute Agreement Analysis. Because the data include only two levels, it is useful for demonstrating the Assessment Disagreement table of the Attribute Agreement Analysis. The data also include a known standard for each sample, so that you can assess the consistency and correctness of ratings compared to the standard in addition to compared with other appraisers.
|Appraiser||The identification number of the inspector evaluating the fabric|
|Response||The inspector's evaluation for the sample (go or no-go)|
|Samples||The sample identifier|
|Standard||The known rating for each fabric sample (go or no-go)|
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<urn:uuid:50933f49-5079-46cf-aad2-af00497cdb04>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://support.minitab.com/en-us/datasets/measurement-systems-analysis-data-sets/dyed-cotton-fabric-data/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146186.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226023658-20200226053658-00174.warc.gz
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en
| 0.893065 | 205 | 2.5625 | 3 |
With advances in science and technology in 20th century there is an explosion of knowledge, new information and understanding of disease. New advances in biochemistry, physiology, genetics, gene identification and genome mapping provides scientifically based information for the preclinical and clinical studies. A modern day ayurvedic physician must be able to understand and use this information in order to maximise benefits of ayurvedic therapies.
An ayurvedic physician needs to know the basics of modern science such as autoimmune, membrane transport, protein interactions, congenital and metabolic studies. He must know basics of ayurvedic concept of disease management and use of modern diagnostic methods such as blood biochemistry, urine examinations, histology, micro-pathology and radiology. The bachelor and master level courses in ayurveda are designed to provide modern as well as ayurvedic knowledge to the graduates. He should possess the skills to apply his knowledge of modern science to co-relate with ayurvedic concepts for the diagnosis and treatment of patient.
Finally, the ayurvedic physician must understand the interaction of spiritual and psychological elements of patients as descibed by “Charka” in ayurvedic texts. He should use his knowledge and skills to manage patient’s health issues through compassion and holistic care.
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<urn:uuid:578c6d2a-b530-4720-a2cd-698caf6d4176>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://ojushealth.com.au/2016/06/10/ayurvedic-physician-of-20th-century/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686034.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919202211-20170919222211-00259.warc.gz
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en
| 0.941137 | 270 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Betrayal is a sense of being harmed by the intentional actions of a person who is assumed to be trusted and loyal. This could be a family member, a friend, a colleague or work environment. Most common types of betrayal are dishonesty, infidelity, disloyalty, abandonment, disclosure of confidential information or failure to offer expected assistance during times in need.
Betrayals are unexpected events and are experienced as a shock. The effects of betrayal tend to be longstanding due the breach in the existing bond or trust. Betrayals can be traumatic and its effects are grief, morbid pre-occupation, low self-esteem, anger, self-doubt and could lead to depression and anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in particular.
As nothing is guaranteed in life, anyone can be subjected to betrayal within a trusting relationship, and as adults we ought to assume such risks as a risk averse approach to life is not compatible with living. The possibility is always there, the probability increases or decreases with what we/others do or don't do. It takes courage to consider whether we might have played some (unknowing) role in a betrayal: ignoring a problem, not negotiating boundaries in relationships (what is acceptable or not acceptable), being self-centred. The possibility that we co-created a climate for betrayal can be an empowering realisation. It offers a basis for communicating in a more genuine way; it may increase awareness of our automatic responses; it may create ground for re-assigning responsibility.
The seriousness of the betrayal lies within the dynamic between the magnitude of the harm caused and the depth of the trusting bond. We enter relationships assuming safety (non-harm), we associate with friends assuming loyalty and reciprocity (meeting each others’ needs), and throw ourselves into work assuming (financial) support at times in need (illness, injuries). The more of an expectation we hold (believing that we are gonna be treated fairly and supported) the more damaging the effects of the betrayal.
The moral of these notes is that betrayal is a significant psychological phenomenon. Acts of betrayal are strongly disapproved by the society; there is a moral objection to causing intentional harm to others, particularly to those we form a bond to. Betrayals can lead to permanent changes in trust. Surprisingly one of the possible consequences of betrayal is mental contamination (the sense of feeling dirty that does not respond to repeated washing). People are more likely to present to therapy with symptoms of OCD (compulsive washing) without recognising the link between symptoms and betrayal. Betrayal can also generate PTSD symptoms in that people experience a sense of current threat and a sense of changed self and future.
Find the right counsellor or therapist for you
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<urn:uuid:22a9b9eb-0af1-4c46-92ba-0be26cfdbbf4>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/memberarticles/betrayal
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891654.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707044954-20200707074954-00319.warc.gz
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en
| 0.943803 | 580 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2013)|
|Born||15 November 1888|
|Died||21 August 1957(aged 68)|
|Institutions||Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Norwegian Polar Institute
|Doctoral advisor||Vilhelm Bjerknes|
|Notable awards||Alexander Agassiz Medal (1938)
William Bowie Medal (1951)
Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (15 November 1888 – 21 August 1957) was a Norwegian oceanographer and meteorologist who made a number of important theoretical discoveries in these fields. Having first worked in Bergen and Leipzig he was the scientific director of the North Polar expedition of Roald Amundsen aboard the Maud from 1918 to 1925. His measurements of bottom depths, tidal currents, and tidal elevations on the vast shelf areas off the East Siberian Sea correctly described the propagation of tides as Poincare waves. Upon his return from this long expedition exploring the shelf seas to the north of Siberia, he became the chair in meteorology at the University of Bergen in Norway.
He was made director of California's Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1936, initially for 3 years but the intervention of World War II meant he held the post until 1948. During 33 expeditions with the research vessel E. W. Scripps in the years 1938-1941 he produced a detailed oceanographic dataset off the coast of California. He also developed a simple theory of the general ocean circulation postulating a dynamical vorticity balance between the wind-stress curl and the meridional gradient of the Coriolis parameter, the Sverdrup balance. This balance describes wind-driven ocean gyres away from continental margins at western boundaries. After leaving SIO, he returned home to become director of the Norwegian Polar Institute and continued to contribute to oceanography, ocean biology and polar research. In biological oceanography, his Critical Depth Hypothesis published in 1953 was a significant milestone in the explanation of phytoplankton spring blooms.
His many publications include the magnum opus The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology by Harald Sverdrup, Martin W. Johnson and Richard H. Fleming (1942, new edition 1970) which formed the basic curriculum of oceanography for the next 40 years around the world.
He was a member of the American and Norwegian Academies of Science and the Swedish Order of the Polar Star. The sverdrup (Sv) is used in physical oceanography as an abbreviation for a volume flux of one million cubic meters per second. The American Meteorological Society's named the Sverdrup Gold Medal Award in his honor as well.
T. Wayland Vaughan
|Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Sverdrup, H. U. 1953. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer. 18:287-295
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<urn:uuid:54b9698d-6e8e-41ee-9f55-28aa25acaa6d>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Sverdrup_(oceanographer)
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776439950.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234039-00039-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.891463 | 633 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Chord progressions give your song some emotion and direction. They are the canvas on which to build great melodies and rhythms! Learn all about creating them in this 30-tutorial course from our Music Theory expert, Gregg Fine...
Chord progressions in music are a lot like the canvas an artists paints on - a multi-purpose canvas, that is. That's because a songwriter can give his or her song a totally different feeling just by altering a few chords under its melody and take the listener on a completely new journey.
In this in-depth course about building chord progressions, Gregg Fine takes you on a harmonic voyage and shows you, step by step, how chord progressions are created and how they can evolve. You learn how to build progressions using techniques such as chromatic passing chords, borrowed harmonies, chords with added tones, and so on. Your ear gets a workout with musical examples that Gregg has created especially for the course. As you progress through this harmonic journey, you get familiar with various types of progressions and you find out how and why knowing how to transpose your chords to a different key is so useful. Gregg also shows you how modulation works and reveals the all-important pivot chord as a way to gently move your listener from one section of your song to another.
So open you ears wide, and get ready to listen deeply to the way chord progressions work inside a song! And while you're here, make sure to brush up on your musical theory with Gregg Fine as your guide.
Table of contents:
2. What is a Chord Progression?
3. Getting Started with Diatonic Progressions
4. Building Diatonic Progressions
5. The 4-Chord Progression
6. The Three Chord Classes
7. Cadences - Part 1
8. Cadences - Part 2
9. Circle Progressions - Part 1
10. Circle Progressions - Part 2
11. Borrowed Chords - Part 1
12. Borrowed Chords - Part 2
13. Secondary Dominants - Part 1
14. Secondary Dominants - Part 2
15. Added Tone Chords in a Progression
16. Added Tone Chords to Accompany Melody
17. Sus Chords in a Progression - Part 1
18. Sus Chords in a Progression - Part 2
19. Passing Chords in a Progression - Part 1
20. Passing Chords in a Progression - Part 2
21. Using Inversions
22. Using Modulation in a Progression - Part 1
23. Using Modulation in a Progression - Part 2
24. Creating Surprise with Fake-Outs!
25. Creating Surprise with Harmonic Rhythm
26. Transposition: Why Do It?
27. Transposition: How To Do It
28. Transposition Exercises
29. Ear Training Exercise
30. Conclusion (and Final Exam)
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<urn:uuid:4b982e27-6700-46b2-9ef7-c6b3b084fe45>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.apppicker.com/apps/988512829/course-for-music-theory-106--building-chord-progressions
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655884012.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704042252-20200704072252-00259.warc.gz
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en
| 0.880097 | 610 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Adney, Edwin Tappan and Howard I. Chappelle. The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Museum of History and Technology, 1964.
Fernald, Peggy. Brief Description of Birchbark Canoe Building. Bar Harbor: Abbe Museum, 1970. Bulletin No. 9.
Gidmark, David. Birchbark Canoe: Living Among the Algonquin. Willowdale, Ontario: Firefly Books, 1997. A description of building a birchbark canoe near Quebec.
Jennings, John. Bark Canoes: The Art and Obsession of Tappan Adney. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books, 2004.
Kent, Timothy J. Birchbark Canoes of the Fur Trade. Ossineke, MI: Silver Fox Enterprises, 1997.
McPhee, John. The Survival of the Bark Canoe. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1975. The construction and history of a traditional birch bark canoe; a canoe trip; and diagrams of canoe models by Adney.
Poling, Jim Sr. The Canoe: An Illustrated History. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 2001.
Thoreau, Henry David. The Maine Woods. New York: Norton, 1950. Includes building of Indian canoes.
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<urn:uuid:6f881c14-2b33-44e4-9803-e0ea0ccfec1c>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://penobscotmarinemuseum.org/pbho-1/our-maine-ancestors/canoes
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919886.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909044443-00167-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.718986 | 284 | 2.96875 | 3 |
If you want to protect files on your Mac, on an external drive, or even in the cloud, it's a good idea to encrypt them. You don't need any special software to do this; your Mac already contains the app you need. Apple's Disk Utility lets you create an encrypted disk image that you can use to store sensitive files that no one, not even the NSA, can get at.
We recently discussed how to use Disk Utility to manage disks and volumes. One of this app's powerful features is the ability to make disk images, with or without encryption. To do this, start by opening Disk Utility — you'll find this app in the Utilities folder in your Applications folder (go to Finder > Applications > Utilities).
You have two options for creating encrypted disk images: you can either create a new, empty disk image, or you can have Disk Utility make a disk image of a folder, such as one containing files that you want to archive. In this article, you will learn both ways how to encrypt disk images to protect files with Disk Utility.
Let's start by creating a new blank disk image. Choose File > New Image > Blank Image, or press Command-N. As you can see in the screenshot below, you have a number of options for creating your disk image.
Start by choosing a name and the location where you want to save the disk image. You name the disk image twice: once for the file name, at the top of the dialogue, and once for the name of the volume, which mounts in the Finder. That's the second Name field, lower down in the dialogue.
Choose a size for your disk image. By default, Disk Utility sets the disk image to be 100 MB. Depending on how many files you want to store, you may want to make this a bit smaller or much larger. (Note that you can choose from a number of image formats that make your disk image more flexible.) Click the Image Format menu and you can choose a sparse or sparse bundle disk image. These two formats are quite similar, but for our purposes we will choose a sparse disk image. With a sparse image, you can add more files to the disk image, and it will resize itself. This is the best choice if you plan to alter the contents of the disk image. If not, just choose read/write disk image.
Next, click the Encryption menu and choose either 128-bit or 256-bit encryption. The latter is twice as strong, but may require a bit more processing power. Given the speed of today's Macs, you are better off choosing 256-bit encryption. Disk Utility will ask you to enter a password. Make sure you remember this password; you will be able to add it to your keychain later.
Click Save, and Disk Utility writes the disk image to the selected location. If you have created a very large disk image, this may take several minutes. When this operation is completed, Disk Utility will alert you.
Now, go to the Finder, and double-click your disk image. The file looks like this and has the extension .dmg:
The Finder asks you to enter the password that you entered when creating the disk image. If you wish, you can check "Remember Password" in My Keychain, so you don't have to re-enter the password each time you mount the disk image.
The disk image mounts on the Desktop, or in the Finder sidebar, like any other disk or volume. When you drag files into the disk image, they get encrypted. When you eject the disk image, no one can access these files without your password.
As mentioned earlier, you have two options for creating encrypted disk images. The second is to take an existing folder and convert it into a disk image. To do this, put the files you want to protect in a folder somewhere in the Finder; then, in Disk Utility, choose File > New Image > Image from Folder. Disk Utility asks you to select the folder, and then you go through the same process described above, choosing a name, size, format, and so forth.
There are fewer options available when you create a disk image from a folder. You get the same encryption options, but the image format options are different. Disk Utility knows how big the folder is, and you cannot create a sparse image, so creating a disk image from a folder is less flexible. You should only do this if you plan to archive files and never want to add any files to the disk image. Choose either Compressed or Read/Write for the image format.
Once you've done this, you've got an uncrackable way to store files. Copy them to another drive or computer, put them in the cloud, or just leave them on your Mac. Your secrets will be safe.
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<urn:uuid:97e51637-598e-4b8c-9b96-44f2b8b15a1a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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https://www.intego.com/mac-security-blog/encrypt-disk-images-with-disk-utility-to-protect-files/amp/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825889.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023092524-20171023112524-00099.warc.gz
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en
| 0.893905 | 986 | 2.75 | 3 |
Find a COMMON NOUN for each letters below. Example: a – alligator
Common Nouns worksheet. Common Noun is the name for a person, place or thing. Find a common noun for each of the letters. Check out for more grammar worksheets.
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<urn:uuid:9aca1672-04e8-4efa-acd2-4ab696000d9f>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://worksheetdigital.com/product/common-nouns/
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The Big Squeeze
Students observe what happens as crayon shavings are melted and/or pressed together. They compare this to the process some rocks go through as they are heated and compressed naturally on earth.
3 Views 16 Downloads
Growing Minds: Cabbage Exploration
It's all about cabbage in this scientific observation resource! After reading a related story, learners explore three varieties of cabbage. They observe the leaves using a leaf diagram, predicting what the middle might look like. They...
K - 2nd English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Infiltration Test: Exploring the Flow of Water Through Soils
Soil scientists gain experience with an infiltrometer can to determine the infiltration rates at different locations on campus. If you are using the entire unit, the class has already analyzed water flow and soil types, so they should...
4th - 12th Science
Summer Water & Sand Activity: All Soaked Up!
In this lesson, Summer Water & Sand Activity: All Soaked Up!, learners experiment with sponges and water. Students analyze how sponges absorb water. Learners learn a song to sing during the lesson to help them understand the water...
Pre-K - K Science
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Why Ganesh visarjan is performed? Why Lord Ganesh is immersed in water after Ganesh Utsav? Ganesh immersion, also known as Ganesh Jala nimajjan, is the most beautiful event of this festival. About the immersion reasons and factors, it is the perplexing question to answer.
There are some reasons related to both the Sanatana Hindu dharma and the environment. As per many Hindu scriptures, the clay idols of any God (we usually see the idols of Lord Ganesha and Goddess Durga) should be immersed after performing puja and worshipping for certain period.
But nowadays the idols of Plaster of Paris are also immersed in water. We should immerse only the clay idols in water and not the idols made of other hazardous material like POP and other harmful chemicals.
There is another version of story Ganesh immersion and Durga Visarjan. To reserve fresh water of rainy season in ponds, lakes, tanks, and other water bodies, we need to dig out the old clay or soil in them. To show the accordance between environmental awareness and Hindu rituals, Ganesh idols are prepared with clay of tanks and ponds. But why the clay idols are immersed in the same water from where the artisans picked out the clay? The clay idol is worshipped with turmeric and some other natural herbs during the Ganpati Navratri. The herbal characters of these materials help the water animals like fish, tortoise, etc to grow well.
On the first day of Ganesh Utsav festival (Ganesh Chaturthi), Ganesh idol is installed in Mandap or houses. Installation of an idol is nothing but ‘Prana Prathista’ and ‘avahan’ of the particular God in to that. It symbolizes that Lord Ganesh is there in the idol during the festival and receiving our prayers, chants, and nivedanas. Other than her mother ‘Bhu mata’ (Mother Earth – Bhudevi is none other than Goddess Shakti), no one can bear the power and energy of Ganesha after Ganpati Navratri festival and to symbolize his udwasan (farewell) Ganesha idol is immersed in water. Thus, he goes back to his heavenly abode.
Ganesh festival is not only a Hindu ritual but also reminds us the protection of environment. As per the scriptures and traditions only clay idols are to be worshipped and immersed in water. Those who celebrate Ganesh festival in eco friendly manner and those who avoid immersion of eco-harmful and eco-hazardous material in water would be blessed with better health and better environment.
This is reply to a query posted by N V Bala – “Why Lord Ganesh is immersed – what is the significance of lord Ganesh being immersed?
Read how to do Ganesh immersion… Ganpati visarjan procedure… Ganesh immersion mantras & puja procedure before nimajjanam
Video of Vinayaka Chavithi Vrathakalpam with detailed instructions..
Bullshit post by naveen sangala the made up clay story can he give proof that lord ganesh must mr thrown away which they call virarjan tell me where is the proof that the idol must be or it is compulsory the visarjan if any one replies to my comments than it must be from the shatras not some made up junk answer.the people throw the lord that prevents vighan badha then how can the devotees live in peace its sacrilege and bulldozers later load the idols and discard somewhere please celebrate chaturthi but refran from the visarjan part that same idol can be used for pooja again
OM GAMAGANPATE NAMAH Sharmaji everyday I do GANAPATI GAYATRI JAAP and everyday I ask myself why would we do the visarjan today I tried to get answer online but it is not logical as I would never immerse my LORD for any stupid reason I am so Thankful to you please advise me if we can bring this issue openly and get logical and spiritual answer or stop this visarjan Sir my email address is email@example.com please contact me if we can rectify this Namaskar 🙏
Its not shastr vidhi a man made ritual shouting ganpatibappa moria celebrating chaturthi is auspicious but the visarjan is inauspicious and bad the clay or no clay why the visarjan give proof from the shastr not some man made story.
Why only ganesh why not others murtis the nirakar and sakar bullshit lord ganesh and lakshmi have no visarjan vidhi if you have any than proof it from the books not man made story
Gentlemen, Meeting with our Lord is, after we die and are resurrected..However connecting with him in this life in a true sense will first require us to contemplate the reality of death and come to terms with our mortality..Once we make ourselves comfortable with the fact that we have to face death and the real life is the life of the H
hereafter..then the revelation of our Lord will become crystal clear to us and we will live with that connection till we breathe our last…May Lord Almighty guide us all to his final & secure revelation…
Hii everyone my name is rizvan and i am a muslim. But it very sad to say that our religion does not have any proper ditection..we used to marry our sisters and and also allowed to have many wifes…..and our holy imam used to have sex with our wifes and sisters…..really shame on being Muslim……and Arab Muslim says that we all Indian Muslim are just like their slave we are not real Muslims…..and I feel so bad for this……
this explanation does not make sense
I dont fnd a proper reason here to immerse our god in water. We prayed and done arathi for days and the last day taking that idol and dipping in water . Is that really looking good . I hate the day when people carry away the idol for dipping in water . Are we finding our reasons to dip our god in to water? Is this written in any vedas ?
I have Ganesh murti at home still which has not been immersed after Vinayaka chaturthi and our family circumstances are such that we cannot do it immediately
Will it cause any problem and what can we do daily as offering for the delay?
Daily once, you have to do puja to Ganesha idol. As early as possible, immerse the Ganpati.
There are a number of people who are asking why is Ganesha immersed / drowned in water. In order to understand why, you need to know how Hinduism was born, how the five major religious streams / philosophies merged together, why Tilak took up Vinayaka as the unifying force against the British. You need to read history. Very little religion or philosophy in it.
It people believe that Lord Ganesha is in moorti(idol) , how do they get the courage to immerse their god into water. The belief system seems illogical here.
Wow It was really informative. As we all know Ganesha brings positivity & wealth and in times of COVID, it is much needed one. In case you are looking for a Ganesha Idol for your home decor needs (for home, office entrances, tabletops, showpiece), don’t forget to checkout us. The Ganesha Idol is made of Resin, available in 3 colors and looks stunning.
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Does Jupiter have a solid surface?
We do not yet know if a solid surface exists on Jupiter. Jupiter's clouds are thought to be about 30 miles (50 km) thick. Below this there is a 13,000 mile (21,000 km) thick layer of hydrogen and helium which changes from gas to liquid as the depth and pressure increase. Beneath the liquid hydrogen layer is a 25,000 mile (40,000 km) deep sea of liquid metallic hydrogen. Beneath this, there might be a solid core which is about one and a half times the size of Earth, but thirty times more massive. The temperature here would be about 55,000 Fahrenheit (30,000 Celsius) and the pressure would be tremendous because of the weight of the atmosphere above. So, if it is a solid surface, it's not at all like what you would find on a rocky planet, and it's not something you could walk on.
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The bark of an oak tree is a vital protective layer for the tree, helping it to ward off pests, regulate temperature, and resist disease. When the bark begins to fall off an oak tree, this could be a sign of an underlying problem that needs to be addressed. There are a variety of reasons why a tree’s bark may begin to peel off, from insect infestations to extreme weather conditions. It is important to investigate the cause of the bark falling off in order to ensure that the health of your oak tree is not compromised.The primary cause of bark falling off an oak tree can be attributed to environmental stress. This is due to factors such as drought, extreme temperatures or insect infestations. Other causes could include mechanical damage, such as mowers or trimmers rubbing against the bark, or physical damage from animals, such as squirrels. In some cases, the bark may be removed intentionally by pruning or trimming. Additionally, certain diseases and fungi can cause bark to fall off an oak tree.
Signs of Bark Falling from Oak Tree
One of the most common signs of bark falling from an oak tree is the presence of thin, vertical strips of bark that have come away from the tree trunk. These strips, called bark scaling, can range in size from a few inches to several feet long. Bark scaling typically starts near the bottom of the tree and works its way up to the top. It can also occur in patches on one side of the tree or across its entire circumference. In some cases, you may see pieces of bark that have been discarded on the ground beneath the tree. Another sign is a series of shallow furrows or ridges on the trunk where bark has pulled away from it.
In addition to these physical signs, there may be other indications that an oak’s bark is beginning to deteriorate. The leaves may start to turn yellow or brown prematurely, and there may be more dead branches than usual on an otherwise healthy looking tree. If you notice any changes in your oak’s foliage, it’s important to contact a certified arborist for an assessment as soon as possible.
The Impact of Bark Falling off Oak Tree
The bark of a tree serves an important purpose in the overall health and longevity of the tree. It helps to protect the tree from disease, pests, and other environmental issues that can cause significant damage to the health of the tree. When the bark starts to fall off an oak tree, it can signal a number of potential problems that may require intervention.
The most common reason for bark to start falling off an oak tree is due to damage from extreme weather conditions. Cold temperatures or strong winds can cause the bark on an oak tree to become brittle and break off, leaving behind patches of exposed wood. This type of damage can weaken the overall structure of the tree and make it vulnerable to further weather-related damage or infestation by pests or disease.
In some cases, bark falling off an oak tree can also be caused by improper pruning practices. Pruning should be done carefully in order to ensure that only healthy branches are removed and no too much of the bark is stripped away. If too much is removed, it can leave large bare patches on the trunk where new growth won’t be able to take hold and protect against further damage.
When bark starts falling off an oak tree, it’s important to assess what may have caused it in order to take corrective measures if necessary. If weather related damage is suspected, then additional protection such as wrapping or staking may be needed in order to help protect against future issues. If improper pruning is deemed responsible, then corrective pruning techniques should be employed in order to minimize any further damage or disruption of growth patterns within the canopy.
It is also important to note that while bark falling off an oak tree can signal potential problems, it doesn’t necessarily mean that there are serious issues that need addressing right away. In many cases, when proper measures are taken such as corrective pruning or additional protection against extreme weather conditions, then healthy new growth will soon take over and replace any damaged areas with minimal disruption or long-term impact on overall health and longevity of the tree.
Identifying Bark Damage on an Oak Tree
Bark damage on an oak tree can be caused by a variety of factors, including disease, insects, and animals. Identifying the cause of the damage is important in order to take the necessary steps to prevent further damage or even death of the tree. The first step in assessing bark damage is to determine if it is diseased or caused by an external factor.
If the bark appears to have been gnawed away from an animal such as a squirrel or rabbit, there will usually be evidence of tooth marks. If it appears that the bark has been cut away, then it may be from pruning or an intentional injury. In either case, it is important to promptly act and assess the extent of the damage.
Inspecting for disease should next be done by looking for discoloration or lesions on the bark surface. Fungal diseases are often responsible for bark discolorations and will need to be treated with fungicides. Insects such as borers can cause serious damage if left untreated and will need to be treated with insecticides. If no discoloration or lesions are present, then mechanical injury should be considered as a possible cause of bark damage.
Finally, root disturbances can cause significant damage to oak trees as well. This occurs when soil is disturbed around the roots due to construction activities or backfilling around utility lines and trees roots become exposed or disturbed. It is important to look for signs of these disturbances before making any decisions about treatment options as root disturbance can lead to serious issues if not appropriately addressed in time.
In summary, identifying bark damage on an oak tree requires close inspection and knowledge of potential causes such as disease, insects, animals, pruning injuries, mechanical injury and root disturbances. If you suspect that your oak tree may have sustained any kind of bark damage it is important that you consult a professional arborist so they can assess the extent of the problem and provide you with treatment options that are tailored specifically for your tree’s needs.
Prevention of Bark Falling from an Oak Tree
The bark of an oak tree can be susceptible to damage and falling off. To prevent bark from falling off, it is important to maintain the health of the tree. Proper pruning and trimming should be done regularly to ensure that the tree is healthy and has no dead or diseased branches. Regular fertilization should also be done to ensure that the soil around the tree has adequate nutrients for the tree’s growth. Additionally, mulching around the base of the tree will help retain moisture and keep weeds away, which can damage or weaken the bark.
It is also important to inspect the bark for any signs of damage or decay, such as cracks, splits, or discoloration. If any signs of damage are found, they should be addressed immediately by a qualified arborist who can determine if further treatment is necessary. Additionally, protecting trees from pests such as borers and aphids can help prevent bark from falling off due to their feeding habits.
Finally, it is important to provide proper care and maintenance for your oak tree throughout its lifetime. This includes ensuring adequate watering during periods of drought and avoiding mechanical damage by limiting activities such as mowing too close to the trunk. Taking these steps will ensure that your oak tree stays healthy and its bark remains intact for years to come.
Deterioration of an Oak Tree’s Bark
Oak trees are known for their strong bark and wood that is sought after by many for its durability. Despite the strength of oak trees, their bark can still deteriorate over time. There are several factors that can contribute to the deterioration of an oak tree’s bark, including exposure to extreme weather conditions, age, and pests.
Exposure to extreme weather conditions such as periods of intense heat or cold, as well as prolonged periods of wetness or drought can cause an oak tree’s bark to crack and flake off. This kind of damage is especially common during the winter months when temperatures drop drastically and moisture in the air increases. As a result, the bark can become brittle and eventually begin to break away from the tree.
Age also plays a role in the deterioration of an oak tree’s bark. As it gets older, its bark will become more prone to cracking and flaking due to wear and tear from its environment. Furthermore, older trees are more susceptible to pests such as borers which can burrow into the bark and cause further damage.
In order to prevent further damage, it is important to inspect your oak trees regularly for any signs of deterioration. If you notice any cracking or flaking on your tree’s bark, it is important to take action immediately by treating it with a fungicide or insecticide if necessary. Pruning back branches that may be rubbing against the trunk can also help reduce stress on the tree as well as prevent further damage from occurring in the future.
Repair Damaged Bark on an Oak Tree
Repairing the bark on an oak tree can be a challenging task. Depending on the severity of the damage, it is possible to repair the bark and help your tree heal. There are several options available for repairing damaged bark that can help restore your tree’s health and appearance.
The first option is to use a pruning sealer or wound dressing. Pruning sealer is a paste-like substance that is applied directly to the damaged bark. It helps protect the area from pests and disease and also aids in healing. Wound dressings are also available in liquid form and are used to cover large areas of damaged bark with a protective coating.
Another option for repairing damaged bark on an oak tree is to use grafting techniques. Grafting involves taking a piece of healthy bark from another tree and attaching it to the damaged area on your oak tree. This may take some practice, but with careful application, you can successfully graft new bark onto your tree.
Finally, you may want to consider using a growth hormone spray or gel. These products contain hormones that help stimulate new cell growth in damaged areas of the tree, which can promote healing and help reduce further damage to the bark.
In conclusion, there are several options available for repairing damaged bark on an oak tree. Depending on the severity of the damage, these methods can help restore your tree’s health and beauty while protecting it from further harm. With proper care and maintenance, you can ensure that your oak tree remains healthy for years to come!
Common Diseases and Pests That Cause Bark Loss on Oaks
Oak trees are susceptible to a variety of diseases and pests that can lead to bark loss. Common diseases that cause bark loss include oak wilt, cankers, and powdery mildew. Oak wilt is a fungal disease caused by the Ceratocystis fagacearum fungus. It is spread by sap-feeding insects, such as beetles and aphids, which carry the fungus from infected plants to healthy ones. The symptoms of oak wilt include yellowing leaves, wilting branches, and bark discoloration or loss. Cankers, which are caused by a bacterial infection, can also lead to bark loss on oaks. These lesions form beneath the bark and can cause it to break away from the trunk. Powdery mildew is another fungal disease that causes white spots on the oak’s leaves and stems and can sometimes result in bark loss if left untreated.
In addition to diseases, oaks may also be affected by certain pests that can cause bark loss. Borers are insects that feed on tree tissues and create tunnels underneath the bark of oaks. These tunnels weaken the tree’s structure and can lead to significant bark loss over time. Further damage may be caused by woodpeckers, which often feed on borer larvae beneath the tree’s outer layer of bark. Finally, some species of caterpillars may also cause damage to oaks by stripping away large sections of their outer layer of bark while feeding on their leaves and stems.
It is clear that bark falling off an oak tree can be caused by a variety of factors, both natural and man-made. In order to properly diagnose the cause of this issue, it is important to consult with a knowledgeable arborist or other expert in the field.
Once the cause of the bark falling has been identified, it is important to take steps to address the problem. This may include applying fungicides or insecticides, pruning damaged branches, or removing the affected tree entirely.
In addition, it is important to ensure that any bark-falling issues are addressed promptly as they can lead to further damage and health risks for both people and animals in the ecosystem. With proper care and attention, however, bark-falling issues can be managed and prevented.
In conclusion, understanding why bark is falling off an oak tree is essential for ensuring its health and long-term wellbeing. With proper diagnosis and treatment of the problem, one can easily restore their oak tree back to its former glory.
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An egg of Columbus or Columbus' egg refers to a brilliant idea or discovery that seems simple or easy after the fact. The expression refers to an apocryphal story in which Christopher Columbus, having been told that discovering the Americas was inevitable and no great accomplishment, challenges his critics to make an egg stand on its tip. After his challengers give up, Columbus does it himself by tapping the egg on the table to flatten its tip.
The story is often alluded to when discussing creativity. The term has also been used as the trade name of puzzles.
A Columbus switch is an automatic extinguishing switch to light staircases, basements, etc.
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Write, Blog, Tweet
Writing is essential. Plus, it’s fun! There will be weekly writing assignments. Some will be informal blogposts, others in-class exercises, and a few will be traditional written assignments. Since writing on deadline is a key point of this class, grades will be dropped at least a half-point if you miss deadline. The later an assignment is handed in, the more the grade will fall.
- Goal: Hone your craft→ The only way to get better at writing is to practice.
- Format: Your written assignments will consist of in-class exercises, three blogposts, three short news pieces (250 to 400-words, see below), and one 800-1,200 feature story.
- Grading: Written work will be graded on accuracy, objectivity, news judgment, quality of reporting and writing, use of quotes, and creativity. Effort and improvement will count in your favor. All assignments must be submitted on LATTE by 2pm E.T. on their respective due dates.
These days, most science journalists start honing their craft by blogging. Over the course of the semester, students will be required to keep a blog. Blogs are the sandbox where writers get to try out new things. (Write short. Write long. Write in the 1st person. Write in the 3rd.) The best blogposts make succinct, well-informed, and well-researched points.
- 1) Write for a popular audience with a high school level of scientific fluency;
- 2) Translate the esoteric into the digestible while making a specific argument;
- 3) Have fun discussing scientific issues you encounter in other classes or outside of school. Each blogpost should have a stated point and students should stick to it. In other words, keep it specific.
- *Pro Tip: Don’t tackle the entire health care debate. Instead, discuss an interesting case of one kind of patient in one town in Massachusetts. Don’t write the definitive story on creationism in American schools. Rather, point us to an interesting and newsworthy story from a specific school district.
- Format: The class blog, https://blogs.brandeis.edu/jour130b/, will be hosted on WordPress on the Brandeis network. It will be private. Every student will have a login. If you have any problems with the basics of publishing blogposts on WordPress, read this. The blog’s format is very flexible. Students can publish:
- 1) Listicles of science stories they’re reading, watching or hearing, e.g. “Top 5 science podcast episodes I listened to this month”;
- 2) Brief, informal posts about scientific studies students find interesting and why, e.g. “Why the Zika virus may not be the only thing to blame for Brazil’s spike in microcephaly cases”;
- 3) A pointed reaction piece to a certain scientific issues circulating in the media, be it a new diet or a political talking point, e.g. “What Marco Rubio forgot to say during last night’s debate about how he’s fighting sea level rise in Florida.”
- Grading: Though students are encouraged to blog weekly, only three blogposts will be submitted for grading. Though they’ll be posted to the student blog, submit the published URL to Aleszu by 2pm E.T. on January 26, March 1, and March 29. Feel free to tweet it!
Twitter is a great venue for sharing stories, finding stories, joining discussions and finding sources. It’s also a great place for young writers to get noticed and join conversations halfway around the world.
- Goal: Sharing stories, finding stories, joining discussions and finding sources. Demonstrating you’ve found, read and are capable of summarizing science stories.
- Format: Students will be expected to tweet science stories they are reading in between class meetings. Before every class meeting, every student will be expected to tweet at least one story they have read that week to me @aleszubajak or use the hashtag #JOUR130B. A headline and a link will suffice. Providing extra context is better. Emojis are fine, too. If you find yourself drawing comparisons between stories or themes, tweet the connections you’re making. Come prepared to explain what your story is about, why it’s important and, in general terms, how it was reported. You must use this hashtag or mention @aleszubajak or I won’t be able to find your tweet! *Students with privacy concerns should feel free to create a private or anonymous Twitter account. Twitter is public: be careful what you write!
- Grading: Twitter activity will be counted towards your participation grade. Students must come to class prepared to explain, in a few sentences, the science stories they’ve read and tweeted.
This course will be heavily discussion-based so attendance and participation is expected at every class. We will be sharing ideas about the profession, stories we read, debates we’ve heard, and each other’s written work, both during class and on the class website. Every class will start with a discussion of topical science stories you’ve tweeted using the hashtag #JOUR130B or by tweeting at @aleszubajak. You must use this hashtag or mention @aleszubajak or I won’t be able to find your tweet! Though every student will be required to tweet at least one story before class, we’ll only discuss a handful.
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Radiation is one of the most interesting phenomena we encounter while exploring outer space. Space radiation has a vastly different composition and is much more intense than its terrestrial equivalent. Not only must we protect our astronauts and spacecraft against its harmful effects, it also helps us understand our universe and how it formed! That is why we want to learn as much as possible about the space radiation environment.
At SpaceRad Laboratory, we focus on the characterization of radiation environments aboard spacecraft exploring various parts of our solar system — for example on the International Space Station in orbit around Earth or aboard rovers on the lunar surface.
And so, if we want to be space farers, then radiation is just a fact of life. […] there’s many ways that radiation can hurt us, but it is one thing that we absolutely have to solve.
Space radiation is the most important thing we must understand before missions to Mars are possible.
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In this article we will discuss Peer-to-Peer Networks, will make brief discussion on Peer-to-Peer Networks, In last article we discuss about Client-Server Model.
In the peer-to-peer (P2P) networking model, the data is accessed from a peer device without the use of a dedicated server.
The P2P network model involves two parts: P2P networks and P2P applications. Both parts have similar features, but in practice work quite differently.
In a P2P network, two or more computers are connected via a network and can share resources (such as printers and files) without having a dedicated server. Every connected end device (known as a peer) can function as both a server and a client. One computer might assume the role of server for one transaction while simultaneously serving as a client for another. The roles of client and server are set on a per request basis.
In addition to sharing files, a network such as this one would allow users to enable networked games, or share an Internet connection.
I am Hamza arif, and i am excited to learn new things, i am well focused for my work and always try to explore new things. My graduate is in BS (Telecom) and i am expert in Networks and working on new technology is my passion i work a lot on AI (Artificial Intelligence) Augmented Reality and many other projects.
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Assembly: System.Windows.Forms (in System.Windows.Forms.dll)
The following code example demonstrates the use of this type. In the example, an event handler reports on the occurrence of the PropertyValueChanged event. This report helps you to learn when the event occurs and can assist you in debugging. To report on multiple events or on events that occur frequently, consider replacing Show with Console::WriteLine or appending the message to a multiline TextBox.
To run the example code, paste it into a project that contains an instance of type PropertyGrid named PropertyGrid1. Then ensure that the event handler is associated with the PropertyValueChanged event.
Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP SP2, Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows XP Starter Edition, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2000 SP4, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows 98
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| 0.75487 | 195 | 2.53125 | 3 |
GMHC Treatment Issues 1997 Jul/Aug 1; 11(7/8): 17
A five- year-old boy enters the hospital and remains curled in
a fetal position, face to the wall, refusing to talk. Medical
interventions to treat the reason for the admission are
instituted, but the child remains withdrawn. Given the stage of
illness, a trial of round-the-clock pain medication is given,
and he begins to get up, go to the playroom and enjoy life
A three-year-old girl, finished with the physical exam, chooses
an animal pop-up book to "read" while the phlebotomist prepares
to draw blood. Grandma sits with the child in her lap asking
about all the animals, distracting the child's attention away
from the procedure. After a moment's focus upon the needle
"stick," she exhales a deep breath to "blow the hurt away" and
the procedure is over. With a hug from Grandma and the
technician, the child replaces the book and waves good-bye 'til
the next visit.
Children with HIV/AIDS experience pain throughout the course of
the disease. Initially, periodic pain associated with
procedures may be tantamount, but as disease progresses and
children reach the end of life, pain and pain management become
more complex. Historically, pain in children has been
underrecognized, underreported and undertreated (Schecter,
1991; Eland, 1977). For children living with HIV, history is
There has been little research done in the area of pediatric
HIV and pain. Although there are few reports in the literature,
clinicians who have cared for large numbers of children with
HIV recognize pain as a serious problem. In adults with HIV,
pain is a frequently reported symptom during all stages of
disease (O'Neill & Sherrard, 1993; Hewitt, 1997). Patients
report headaches, mouth and throat pain, chest pain, myalgia
(muscle ache), peripheral neuritis, arthralgia (joint pain) and
the pain associated with medical procedures (O'Neill &
Sherrard, 1993; Lebovitz, 1989; Singer, 1993). Like patients
with cancer and other diseases, pain in patients with HIV has
been severely undertreated (Breitbart, 1996).
A few studies document that children with HIV also have similar
types of pain. Hirschfeld et al. (1996) reported a pain
incidence of 59% in 61 children with HIV infection as compared
to an incidence of 47% in children with cancer. Types of pain
experienced by children with HIV include headache, abdominal
pain, oral cavity pain, neuromuscular pain, peripheral
neuropathy, chest pain, earache, odynophagia (pain while
swallowing), myalgia and arthralgia (Czarniecki, 1993).
Yet barriers to recognition and treatment of pain are
considerable. Despite increasing research to the contrary
(Anand, 1987), myths regarding children's pain persist. Some
clinicians continue to believe that children do not experience
pain. The belief that nerve cell myelination was incomplete in
infants and young children has resulted in the erroneous
assumption that children do not experience the same kind or
intensity of pain as adults, and therefore do not need the same
pain prevention (anesthesia) or pain relief (analgesia). A
second myth is that children do not remember painful
experiences. "The sooner we get this over with, the sooner
he'll forget" is a common attitude when performing painful
procedures. Anyone who has witnessed a three year old begin to
cry at the sight of the hospital entrance knows that children
do remember and associate their pain.
A third myth is that children cannot tell where it hurts. It is
true that children may not have the same vocabulary, and much
of what is communicated may be nonverbal, but using reliable
pain assessment tools (such as the Eland coloring tool) allows
children to communicate the location, frequency and intensity
of their discomfort. As children, clinicians and family members
become increasingly familiar and competent in the use of such
tools, a better understanding and subsequent management of
children's pain can be expected. Pain assessment should be as
routine a component of data collection as vital signs.
The assumption that children who watch TV, play or sleep must
not be in pain is also a myth. As with adults who distract
themselves from noxious stimuli, so do children find a way to
focus attention away from the pain. Sleep, unfortunately, is a
too common remedy used by children to escape from pain.
The effective treatment of pain in children with HIV/AIDS can
be challenging. Developing an appropriate pain management
strategy may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic
(complementary) therapies tailored to a child's age,
development, culture, type of pain and past experience.
Specific barriers can sometimes hinder clinicians. Children may
be nonverbal because of age or neurologic complications, and
cannot self-report their pain. But even when the children do
express themselves, parents and health care professionals may
deny a child's pain because it represents progression of
disease. Also, families who have a history of substance abuse
may be very resistant to the use of opioid analgesics for fear
Effective pain management requires several essential
components. First, pain must be recognized. Pain is whatever
the child says it is and wherever the child says it hurts. When
there is a reason to suspect pain, but the child is unable to
communicate due to age or cognition, a trial of pain management
should be offered. Using the example of the five-year-old boy,
it is clear that the responsibility for considering pain as the
source for signs of depression is the clinician's. Children
express pain in a number of different ways. Besides crying,
grimacing or thrashing about, children with chronic pain may
simply become withdrawn, quiet, depressed, inactive and
Secondly, pain should be treated even as the underlying cause
is being determined. Reluctance or refusal to medicate a child
in acute pain for fear of "masking the symptoms" is neither
ethically acceptable nor medically indicated. The family of a
child doubled over with acute abdominal pain should expect that
a correct diagnosis will be based upon appropriate medical and
laboratory evaluations and not solely on a pain assessment.
Even when a specific diagnosis for pain is elusive, which is
not uncommon for children with HIV, pain relief is essential.
Lastly, the backbone of good pain management is the appropriate
use of analgesics according to a pain ladder (Pediatric
Supportive Care/Quality of Life Committee, 1995). The following
is based upon the World Health Organization guidelines.
* Mild pain: acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or naproxen).
* Moderate pain: continue NSAIDs or acetaminophen and add a
mild opioid such as codeine.
* Severe pain: continue NSAIDs or acetaminophen and add a
strong opioid such as morphine, oxycodone or fentanyl.
The dose of opioids to achieve pain relief can go very high.
Longer-acting opioids such as liquid methadone or time-released
morphine can be used once the correct dose is determined by
using short-acting morphine. The fentanyl patch, a transdermal
system that provides timed-released fentanyl over three days,
has been extremely helpful for opioid-experienced patients who
cannot tolerate oral medications. Whenever a long-acting agent
is administered, the patient must also be given prescriptions
for a short-acting opioid for breakthrough pain. As tolerance
develops, the clinician can calculate the 24-hour requirement
for short-acting medication and adjust upward the long-acting
Certain adjuvant medications such as anticonvulsants and
antidepressants have been found useful for neuropathic pain.
Hydroxyzine, which can help with nausea, also has an analgesic
affect and can reduce the amount of opioid required. Side
effects of opioids such as nausea, constipation, itching and
drowsiness should be anticipated and treated aggressively.
Families must be educated about the difference between physical
dependence and addiction. The clinician needs to explore with
the patient and family the meaning of pain to them and their
previous experience with pain and pain medications. In families
where substance abuse exists, the issue must be discussed
directly with them and there must be mutual understanding and
agreement about the giving of opioid prescriptions.
Anticipating and preventing pain, rather than alleviating
existing pain is the goal of appropriate pain management.
"Round-the-clock" as opposed to PRN (as needed) dosing
maintains a constant analgesic level. The goal is to attain
maximum pain relief with minimum side effects. Once pain relief
has been attained, it is essential that the schedule be
continued and not reduced because the child is now pain-free.
Pain is more than a physiologic response to a noxious
experience. If we again consider the three-year-old who bursts
into tears at the sight of the hospital, it is clear that the
discomfort is more than the moment of the needle stick
associated with a blood draw. Recognizing that anticipatory
anxiety has a profound impact on the child's quality of life,
appropriate interventions to decrease the fear associated with
the painful procedure should be instituted.
Strategies to meet this need are primarily based upon the
child's developmental level. Infants and young children respond
to distraction techniques such as bubbles, pop-up books or
pinwheels. As children become older, visualization techniques
such as imagining the pain controlled by a switch which the
child can "turn down" may assist in coping with chronic pain.
Visualizing the sights, sounds and smells of a visit to
Grandma's house may allow the child to relax, thereby
decreasing the muscle tension associated with acute pain. More
sophisticated interventions, such as altering the level of
consciousness and attaining a deep state of relaxation through
hypnosis require professional training but can make a
significant impact on pain control, particularly for children
with chronic pain.
Nonpharmacologic interventions can be enormously successful but
should never be used in place of appropriate pharmacologic pain
management. The use of a topical anesthetic, such as EMLA
cream, 2.5 grams applied to the venipuncture site 45 to 60
minutes before the painful procedure (as in the example of the
three-year-old) will avoid the development of anticipatory
anxiety since the pain will be eliminated. In the meantime
stress management techniques can be applied to return control
of the experience to the child.
Recognizing, assessing and treating the acute and chronic pain
associated with HIV disease in children is frustrating and
time-consuming. But successful interventions are both possible
and necessary and offer incalculable rewards.
Anand KJS, Hickey PR. The New England Journal of Medicine.
November 19, 1987; 317(21):1321-9.
Breitbart W et al. Pain. May-June 1996; 65(2-3):243-9.
Czarniecki L et al. PAAC Notes. 1993; 5:492-5.
Czarniecki L et al. Pain in HIV/AIDS (48-52). Washington, D.C.,
France-USA Pain Association.
Eland JM, Anderson JE. The experience of pain in children.
Pain: a Sourcebook for Nurses and Other Health Professionals.
Boston, Little, Brown, 1977.
Hewitt DJ et al. Pain. April 1997; 70(2-3):117-23.
Hirschfeld S et al. Pediatrics. September 1996; 98(3 Pt
Lebovitz A et al. Clinical Journal of Pain. September 1989;
O'Neill W, Sherrard J. Pain. July 1993; 54(1):3-14.
Pediatric Supportive Care/Quality of Life Committee of the
NIAID's Pediatric ACTG, (1995). "Enhancing supportive care and
promoting quality of life: clinical practice guidelines.
Pediatric AIDS and HIV Infection: Fetus to Adolescent," 6,
Schecter N. Pediatric Clinics of North America. August 1989;
Singer BJ et al. Pain. July 1993; 54(1):15-9.
* National Pediatric & Family HIV Resource Center, University of Medicine
and Dentistry of New Jersey
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Canadian Council of the Blind (CCB)
The main objectives of the CCB are to give people who are blind or vision impaired a voice in their own affairs (through the consumer advocacy movement) and to provide rehabilitation through peer support and social and recreational activities.
The objectives of the Council are threefold:
- To promote the well-being of individuals who are blind or vision impaired through higher education, profitable employment and social association, and to create a closer relationship between blind and sighted friends.
- To organize a nation-wide organization of people who are blind and vision impaired and groups of blind persons throughout Canada.
- To promote measures for the conservation of sight and the prevention of blindness.
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The article by Mark Alpert ’82, “How It All Began” (feature, April 22), is a good read but points to some fundamental mistakes. The subject is the Suborbital Polarimeter for Inflation, Dust and the Epoch of Reionization, or SPIDER, and Mr. Alpert states that “SPIDER’s results may shed light on one of the biggest questions in all of science: What created our universe 13.8 billion years ago?”
First of all, the question is not what, but who? As the theologian R.C. Sproul has pointed out, a being with the quality of aseity, or eternal self-existence, is a logical necessity. The first law of logic is that you can’t get something from nothing. Self-creation is a logical contradiction because the thing created would have had to exist before it existed. Self-existence is not.
Secondly, Mr. Alpert and the Princeton scientists he refers to should get hold of a book of essays titled In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation (John F. Ashton, ed.). In particular, I recommend the one by John R. Baumgardner *70, who has an M.S. in electrical engineering from Princeton and an M.S. and Ph.D in geophysics and space physics from UCLA.
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These free, printable Thanksgiving cornucopia coloring pages provide hours of online and at-home fun for kids during the holiday season. Thanksgiving Day is a national holiday in the United States and Canada. The first Thanksgiving was in 1621, when the Pilgrims in Plymouth Colony gave thanks to God for their first harvest. It is a time for family get-togethers and good food.
Our Thanksgiving coloring pages may be used only for your personal, non-commercial use. Parents, teachers, churches and recognized nonprofit organizations may print or copy multiple Thanksgiving coloring pages for use at home or in the classroom.
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Play is a Child's Work
Children usually don't need any encouragement to play – it’s in their genes to do it, and offering toys in which to play safely is vital. Who doesn't like to play with toys? Did you know that kids NEED to play to develop the skills necessary to learn and be a productive adult?
Independence grows as a child embraces their surroundings and investigates the possibilities of life. In play, the world is their oyster – from battling imaginary fires with a red fire hat and garden hose, to mastering a multi-piece puzzle.
Play is vital in developing motor, cognitive, language, emotional, and social skills. Offer toys that leave room for creativity and imaginations to burst forth and while they are at it, join in and have some fun, too.
What play can do for your kids:
How to Select the Right Toys
In this day and age of technology at our finger tips, we are often wondering about fun and engaging toys. Take a look at the comprehensive Toy Portfolio when investigating new trends for toys.
List of attributes to look for:
Kids crave high-tech selections. The lure of blinking lights and intricate mechanisms of some toys can be overwhelming. Try and limit your use of them in early years. There is plenty of time for technology rich materials in later years. When children are under 8, we suggest thoughtful toys to assist in their development.
For children under 3, avoid small parts that may be a choking hazard (insert the choking hazard post) and be sure with all electronic toys that batteries are regularly checked for corrosion.
How to Keep it Organized
Toys at certain ages and stages have more components than others. The toddler and preschool years seem to have the mother-lode of toys. At either end of child development, infants and teenagers - the amount is significantly less. This also correlates with the abundance of toys at a time when parents need to teach about keeping it all organized and this can be very frustrating.
Routines for clean up is as beneficial as the toys themselves. Honoring and taking care of toys comes from adults showing them how it's done. Putting toys away with care, will foster helpful skills later in life.
Try to focus on keeping this a positive transition. Give gentle cues that clean-up is coming and do a countdown. Kids do have a need to finish their "work", just as adult do. Sometimes an activity will be in 'progress' , like a puzzle. Offer a spot to keep the toy in 'play' until they can finish the activity and put it away.
Tips to Stay Organized
Toys play an important role in the development of children. This is always are great time to support your local toy shops in your hometown and we hope you can get out there and have some fun, too.
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| 0.964704 | 581 | 3.1875 | 3 |
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Articulate your use of images in light of their rhetorical context and elements.
- Analyze images rhetorically both in and out of academic settings.
The consideration of visual rhetoric is not merely an academic exercise. Because visual and digital images are ever-present, thinking critically about them is a meaningful way of interacting with the world, reflecting on attitudes and behaviors, and communicating with others. You can apply what you learned in this chapter by considering the images surrounding you: those you see on advertisements in public spaces, those you view on television and other streaming services, and those you see and post on social media platforms.
Interacting with Images Online
- Does it contain information open to interpretation?
- What is its point of view?
- How is it arranged?
- What colors or symbols does it use, and what associations might these have for you or others?
Draft an analysis of your own image-posting behavior to include in your course portfolio. The purpose is both to showcase and continue practicing the writing skills and techniques you learned from this chapter and to assess and reflect upon the ways in which you interact with visual and digital images. Remember to include the following elements in your analysis:
- Introduction. Establish the context. Material here should include relevant information about you, your posting platforms and behaviors, and the image you posted. Should you choose to write a persuasive piece, your introduction should include a thesis statement identifying your position and one or more reasons for it.
- Paragraphs with clear topic sentences. Focus each paragraph on a technical element of the image, and ensure that it contains a mixture of description and either reflection, analysis, or persuasion. Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence identifying the paragraph’s focus.
- Image(s). Because you are describing and assessing the image you posted, a copy of it will go a long way toward helping your audience understand it. If the image is in the public domain, embed it with a citation. If not, embed a link so viewers can see it on the Internet.
- Citations. Understanding context often requires research. Furthermore, images have creators who deserve recognition for their work. Follow MLA guidelines to cite all of your sources, including the image.
- Conclusion. Go beyond summarizing to identify future image-posting practices that you intend to consider and would encourage others to consider.
In conclusion, this chapter explains the concepts associated with both visual rhetoric and writing about visual and digital images. Through the numerous examples, analyses, and procedures outlined here, you can connect your personal and cultural experiences to the visual and digital images with which you interact. In doing so, you can make meaningful connections with a variety of audiences, permitting a broader understanding of the world and its many visual depictions.
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Kristiansand, the capital of the Norway's south, has approximately 77,000 inhabitants. The town celebrated its 350-year jubilee in 1991. Founded in the 17th century by King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway, the old part of the town brims with character. Its streets are strictly at right angles, called kvadraturen in Norwegian.
Take a guided walk through Posebyen,the oldest part of the city, which remained intact after a huge fire devastated much of Kristiansand in 1892. This quarter consists mainly of modest, white-painted, wooden houses built for the working class. These lovingly kept houses are very popular and in use today for residences, small businesses and shops.
Continue to Møvik to visit the Kristiansand Cannon Museum at the Vara Battery. Following the German invasion of Norway in the spring of 1940, construction of a large number of artillery installations began along the coast, including the Vara Battery. A similar installation was constructed in Denmark's Jutland and together they were meant to guard the Skagerak Ocean between the two countries and the shipping lane to Kattegat and the Baltic.
After World War II and into the 1950s, the fort played a significant role in Norwegian coastal defense. The battery is now operated as a military history museum and houses the only completely intact 38-cm gun remaining in the world. The Kruppcannon, one of the largest ever built, weighs 337 tons and boasts a range of 35 miles. The tour also includes a visit to the bunkers beneath the cannon with interesting exhibits.
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| 0.97141 | 327 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Oh Those Savages in America’s Story of Race
The Race: Are We So Different? project is, by far, the most valuable teaching tool created by the American Anthropological Association. It contains an exhibition that travels the country and a comprehensive detailed interactive website, and “Race: The Power of an Illusion.” There is also a related three-part documentary from California Newsreel: 1) “The Difference Between Us;” 2) “The Story We Tell;” and 3) “The House We Live In.” Each segment deconstructs this idea of race from biological, social science, cultural studies, and public policy perspectives.
The second part, which I use in classes, never fails to amaze students unless they had a particularly progressive preparatory education. It asks them to first recognize how and why this story was created, and also to confront the omissions to which we have become too accustomed. Lately, the increase in revisionist history and absence of critical inquiry in middle and high schools has meant more students are flabbergasted by “The Story We Tell.”
I teach at an historically white institution, where students (across the board) are too at ease saying that race is socially constructed, without knowing what that actually means. My aim is to take them on a journey to unpack this notion by paying particular attention to: 1) the making of this narrative and the rise of academic disciplines; 2) changes in social structure and the language of racial classifications in relation to power; and 3) the multiple meanings/significations of racial difference concomitant to capital signs.
In a sweeping 57 minutes, the historical development of this idea of race is chronologically developed to explicate it as a method to justify the rationalization of slavery, as well as the dispossession of Native peoples and their conquest by whites. Along the way, it weaves a compelling narrative that explores the role of evolutionary theory, scientific racism, and the making of Manifest Destiny and American Imperialism. The documentary surveys the Trail of Tears and the Mexican-American War, as it ponders upon the significance of the “race question” vis-à-vis the value of whiteness and the White Man’s Burden.
Over the years, I have repeatedly heard variations of “I had no idea”; “It’s not black and white”; “This wasn’t even a sidebar in my textbook”; “Never thought of all these connections. OMG! It’s all one big story.”
Yes, it is.
I keep it old school, depending on the course and level, they had been assigned brief excerpts from Lee D. Baker’s From Savage to Negro: Anthropology and the Construction of Race (1998), Stuart Hall’s Race the Floating Signifier (1997) Cheryl I. Harris’ “Whiteness as Property” (1991), Faye V. Harrison’s “The Persistent Power of Race in the Cultural and Political Economy of Racism” (1991), Ian F. Lopez’s “The Social Construction of Race” (1994) Arlene Torres and Norman Whitten’s Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean (1998) and Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s Silencing the Past (1995), or other texts. My aim is not to inundate or overwhelm. Rather, I seek to cultivate enough sustained curiosity to recognize as Michel-Rolph Trouillot argues, “There is no Savage Slot”. America’s story of race is riddled with “partial truths” and narrative breaks that certainly beg further interrogation and must be filled in.
A Quibbling Intervention
Seventeen minutes into the film (at 16:55 to be exact), the narrative turns to U.S. territorial expansion due to the Louisiana Purchase from France. There is no mention or reference to the Haitian Revolution or its impact, which caused Napoleon to get rid of this territory. I often bring this to students’ attention.
After students’ feedback, I usually return to the quote from Robin D.G. Kelley, “Race was never just a matter of how you look, it is about how people ascribe meaning to how you look.” I ask them to think of recent moments that provide examples of this. They do not disappoint: “Being profiled while shopping”; “The hoodie is not the same for every body”; “Check out Key and Peele”; “When police are engaging minorities, why is the default to shoot first?”
In recent years, it has become more challenging to hold classroom discussions around race. This unit is usually a couple weeks into the semester as dynamics are still setting, so with their active presence, constructive engagement is possible. I try to approach this unit as a meditation. After years of teaching, I am only too aware of what it means to make this intervention in their thinking given the body that I am in. And depending on their readiness, things can get tough with the backlash.
As I wrote this entry last week, the importance of this project was accentuated by the super PAC strategist, Alex Castellanos’ social limits, “There is an Otherness to this President…” he said on Meet the Press. On Twitter, my response was restricted to a mere 140 characters, I quoted Michel-Rolph Trouillot: “There is no Other, but multitudes of others who are all others for different reasons, in spite of totalizing narratives, including that of capital” (2003:27).
This brings me back to my favorite segment (41:00) with historian James Horton,
“If America had looked the world in the eye and said we hold these people in slavery because we need their labor and we’ve got the power to do it. That would have been much better because when the power was gone when slavery is over, it’s over! But what we said was there is something about these people, by doing it means when slavery is over, the rationalization remains…”
If only we had told a different story, indeed!
Race: The Power of an Illusion. 2003. California Newsreel.
Lee D. Baker, From Savage to Negro: Anthropology and the Construction of Race (1998),
Stuart Hall Race the Floating Signifier (1997)
Cheryl I. Harris “Whiteness as Property” (1991),
Faye V. Harrison “The Persistent Power of Race in the Cultural and Political Economy of Racism” (1991)
Ian F. Lopez “The Social Construction of Race” (1994)
Arlene Torres and Norman Whitten Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean (1998)
Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s Silencing the Past (1995),
—- “Anthropology and the Savage Slot: The Poetics and Politics of Otherness.” (1991)Gina Athena Ulysse is a feminist artist-anthropologist-activist known both for her spoken word performance and her ethnographic sensibility. She is Professor of Anthropology at Wesleyan University, and the author of Downtown Ladies, an ethnography on Jamaican informal Commercial Importers and Why Haiti Needs New Narratives. She considers her spoken word pieces to be “alter(ed)native” forms of ethnography. She weaves history, statistics, personal narrative, theory and Vodou together in her art in order to address social (in)justice, intersectional identities, spirituality and the dehumanization of Haitians and other marked bodies. Her next book, Because When God Is Too Busy: Haiti, me & THE WORLD, a collection of poetry, performance texts and photographs will be dropping Feb 2017. You can follow her on Twitter or at her personal website. Follow @ginaathena
3 thoughts on “The Anthropoliteia #BlackLivesMatterSyllabus Project, Week 4: Gina Athena Ulysse on “Race: The Power of an Illusion””
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https://anthropoliteia.net/2016/09/28/the-anthropoliteia-blacklivesmattersyllabus-project-week-4-gina-athena-ulysse-on-race-the-power-of-an-illusion/
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| 0.932609 | 1,825 | 2.8125 | 3 |
JA by Grade Level
Following is an overview of the program by grade level. For more detailed information about the curriculum, see the Junior Achievement website.
Kindergarten — Ourselves®
Ourselves® uses compelling stories read aloud by the volunteer, along with hands-on activities to demonstrate helping, working, earning, and saving.
· Concepts–Barter, Benefit, Buying, Choices, Consumer, Costs, Earning, Entrepreneurs, Giving, Goods, Incentives, Income, Money, Resources, Rewards, Saving, Scarcity, Selling, Spending, Voluntary exchange, Wants, Work
· Skills–Abstract thinking, Coin recognition, Decision-making, Drawing, Following directions, Interpreting information, Listening responsively, Matching, Responsibility, Sequencing, Teamwork
First Grade — Our Families®
Our Families® emphasizes the roles people play in the local economy and engages students with activities about needs, wants, jobs, tools and skills, and interdependence.
· Concepts–Business, Choices, Consumers, Economic institutions, Employment, Family, Incentives, Income, Interdependence, Jobs, Needs, Resources, Scarcity, Skills, Tools, Voluntary exchange, Wants, Work
· Skills–Analyzing information, Decision-making, Differentiating, Drawing, Following directions, Interpreting symbols, Listening responsively, Making observations, Map reading, Matching, Teamwork
Second Grade — Our Community®
Our Community® explores the interdependent roles of workers in a community, the work they perform, and how communities work.
· Concepts–Banking, Business, Choices, Circular flow of money, Community, Division of labor, Economic institutions, Goods, Government, Incentives, Interdependence, Jobs, Money, Productivity, Taxes
· Skills–Comparing, Critical thinking, Decision-making, Identifying choices, Listening responsively, Making observations, Matching, Problem-solving, Role-playing, Teamwork.
Third Grade — Our City®
Our City® studies careers, the skills people need to work in specific careers, and how businesses contribute to a city.
· Concepts–Banking, Business, Careers, City, Consumer, Economic institutions, Entrepreneur, Incentives, Income, Jobs, Money, Producers, Quality, Resources, Skills, Specialization, Zones
· Skills–Applying information, Conducting research, Decision-making, Filling out forms, Interpreting directions, Map reading, Math computations, News writing, Role-playing, Teamwork.
Fourth Grade — Our Region®
Our Region® introduces the relationship between the natural, human, and capital resources found in different regions and explores regional businesses that produce goods and services for consumers.
· Concepts–Business, Choices, Economy, Exchange, Expenses, Goods, Incentives, Income, Investment, Products, Profit, Region, Resources, Risk, Scarcity, Services, Specialization, Taxes.
· Skills–Comparing, Compiling data, Conducting research, Decision-making, Differentiating, Giving reports, Interpreting data, Math computations, Problem-solving, Reading, Teamwork, Understanding symbols.
Fifth Grade — Our Nation®
Our Nation® provides practical information about businesses’ need for individuals who can meet the demands of the job market, including high-growth, high-demand jobs. Further, it introduces the concept of globalization of business as it relates to production materials and the need for students to be entrepreneurial in their thinking to meet the requirements of high-growth, high-demand careers worldwide.
· Concepts–Advertising, Capital resources, Career preparation, Communication, Competition, Corporation, Demand, Employees, Employers, Engineering, Entrepreneur, Free enterprise, Global competition, Goods, High-growth, High-demand jobs, Human resources, Natural resources, Opportunity costs, Partnerships, Price, Products, Profit, Resources, Resume, Scarcity, Services, Skills, Sole proprietorship, Specialization, Stock, Stockholders, Supply, Technology, Technophile, Technophobe
· Skills–Addition and subtraction, Brainstorming, Conceptualizing and designing advertisements, Creative thinking, Critical thinking, Decision-making, Drawing conclusions, Estimating, Evaluation, Following directions, Graphing and graph interpretation, Listening, Map reading, Problem solving, Reading and writing, Reasoning, Role-playing, Teamwork, Verbal communication, Working in groups.
Sixth Grade – JA America Works®
JA America Works® provides students with examples of how business and entrepreneurship affected the economic development of the United States during the 19th century. Six required, volunteer-led sessions.
· Concepts–Benefit, Boomtown, Capital resources, Communication, Competition, Cost, Cost-benefit analysis, Demand, Emigration, Entrepreneurship, Human resources, Immigration, Industrialization, Innovation, Invention, Modes of transportation, Natural resources, Opportunity cost, Productive resources, Productivity, Pull factor, Push factor, Risk, Scarcity, Supply, Technology, Telegraphy
· Skills–Analyzing information, Critical thinking, Decision making, Decoding messages, Encoding messages, Gathering, interpreting, and organizing information, Math calculations, Oral and written communication, Planning, Reading and interpreting data, Working in groups
Seventh Grade – JA Economics for Success®
JA Economics for Success® explores personal finance and students’ education and career options based on their skills, interests, and values while demonstrating the economic benefits of staying in school. Six required, volunteer-led sessions.
Concepts–Credit, Debt, Gross income, Insurance, Interest, Needs and wants, Net income, Opportunity cost, Risk, Self-knowledge, World of work
Skills–Critical thinking, Decision making, Following directions, Interpreting data, Math calculations, Oral and written communication, Role-playing, Self-assessment, Working in groups
Eighth Grade – JA Global Marketplace®
JA Global Marketplace® provides practical information about the global economy and its effect on students’ lives. Six required, volunteer-led sessions.
Concepts–Business practices, Culture, Currency, Domestic trade, Embargo, Emigrate, Entrepreneurship, Exchange rates, Exports, Franchise, Global trade, Human resources, Immigrate, International trade, Market, Productivity, Quota, Standard, Subsidy, Tariff, Technology, Trade, Trade barrier
Skills–Analyzing points of view, Brainstorming, Critical reading, Critical thinking, Gathering and organizing information, Interpreting maps, charts and globes, Math calculations, Oral and written communication, Persuasion, compromise, and bargaining, Working in groups
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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https://www.stmschool.org/student-life/junior-achievement/ja-by-grade-level/
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| 0.870454 | 1,394 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Illinois map collection
You are free to use our map of Illinois for educational and commercial uses. Attribution is required. How to attribute?
About the map
A city and road map of Illinois that has major rivers, lakes, and landmarks. Chicago, Springfield, and Aurora are major cities shown on this Illinois map. Illinois is the “Land of Lincoln”. Even though Lincoln was born in Kentucky, he lived here until he became president. Overall, this slogan represents a symbol of democracy.
Illinois is a great place for families to visit, with attractions such as the Navy Pier, the Art Institute of Chicago, and exploring Lake Michigan. But it’s argued that the state of Illinois is basically equal to Chicago. This represents more than half the population residing here.
Also, Illinois is known as the “Slaughterhouse of America”. In fact, cows were brought here from Texas to be slaughtered, and this is the origin of the nickname.
|Illinois Map – National Map||Illinois State in Google Maps|
Major cities and towns
East St Louis
Lakes, rivers and creeks
Landmarks in Illinois
US National Parks Map
A US national parks map that displays the 5 regions and 62 national parks of the United States. Hawaii and Alaska have inset maps with outlines and names.
US Elevation Map and Hillshade
There are really several ways to see elevation in the United States. But the most common way to see a US elevation map is through a digital elevation model.
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://gisgeography.com/illinois-map/
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Drilling into 3D printing: Gimmick, revolution or spooks' nightmare?
Top prof sorts the hype from the science for El Reg
Special report 3D printing, otherwise known as additive manufacturing, is a subject that pumps out enthusiasts faster than any real-life 3D printer can churn out products.
In conventional machining, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CADCAM) combine to make products or parts of products by cutting away at, drilling and otherwise manhandling materials. With 3D printing, CADCAM works with product scanners, other bits of IT and special plastics and metals to build products up, whether through the squirts of an inkjet-like device or the sintering of metal powder by lasers or electron beams.
Rather in the same way, America’s somewhat self-conscious Maker Movement – several thousand DIY fans out to revive manufacturing through the web and from the privacy of their own garages – promotes 3D printing with layer upon layer of hype.
It’s true that 3D printing has its good points. Without having to engage in expensive retooling, a 3D printer can easily be reprogrammed to make variations on a basic product - good for dental crowns, for example. 3D printing can also make intricate products with designs that cannot be emulated by conventional, "subtractive" techniques.
In principle, though not always in practice, 3D wastes less material than conventional techniques. And while jewellery, toys, footwear, the cases for mobile phones and other smallish items lend themselves to 3D, researchers at the European aerospace and defence giant EADS have for two years hoped that they will one day be able to print titanium components directly on to the structure of an entire wing of an Airbus.
The touchscreen-driven 3D Touch 3D printer: Cheerful, user friendly and only, er, $3,000 (£1,999)
Despite all this, those who blithely proclaim that 3D printing brings a revolution to manufacturing make a mistake. 3D printing does not represent a pervasive, durable and penetrating transformation of the dynamics and status of manufacturing. Nor, as The Economist newspaper has proposed, is its emergence akin to the birth of the printing press (1450), the steam engine (1750) or the transistor (1950). There is much to celebrate about 3D printing, and even its too-fervent advocates at least represent a reasonable desire to produce new kinds of things in new kinds of ways. Yet what characterises 3D printing is how, as with other powerful technologies today, it need only barely arrive on the world economic stage for zealots to overrate it, and for others to turn it into an object of fear.
Web democracy is old hat - it's all about 'democratising innovation in atoms’
From customised surgical implants to complex, lightweight components in the car industry, 3D seems to conquer everything before it. Indeed, not too long after the hipsters at Wired began to promote 3D, two editors from that stable quit to join Makezine.com. In another telling move, Chris Anderson, for years editor-in-chief of Wired, left last year to become CEO of 3D Robotics, a company that uses 3D printing and robots to build civilian unmanned aerial vehicles – aeroplane drones and helicopter drones, ready to fly at $765.
Anderson’s book, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (2012), is a big plea for 3D printing, and, though boosterish, is nevertheless instructive. Citing the famous and somewhat singular instance of Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook, Anderson starts from the dubious premise that the web has democratised innovation by closing the gap between invention and entrepreneurship. "Anyone with an idea for a service," he intones, can "turn it into a product with some software code… [and go on to] 'ship it' to a global market of billions of people". Then, in the breezy style affected by Wired, the author goes on to instruct: "Just imagine what a similar model could do in the larger economy of Real Stuff."
So the web, we are told, democratised innovation in bits; and now a new class of rapid-prototyping technologies – machines that allow rough but functional designs to be turned out in a few hours or days – is, Anderson insists, "democratising innovation in atoms". As a result, "anyone" with an invention or good design can "upload files to a service to have that product made, in small batches or large, or make it themselves with increasingly powerful desktop fabrication tools such as 3D printers. Would-be entrepreneurs and inventors are no longer at the mercy of large companies to manufacture their ideas."
In fact, seeing IT in general and the web in particular as forces on the side of democracy is an idea with a long and ill-distinguished past. For instance, in his seminal 1993 book, The Virtual Community, the prolific American author Howard Rheingold already put forward computer-mediated communications as a "democratising" technology and as "a means of enhancing democracy". He forgot that democracy is a political matter, not a technical one that can be reduced to the movement of electrons.
What, then, is new about 3D printing? Do its high priests merely mark yet another American fad for attributing new kinds of liberating political powers to new technologies? After all, once the US and British media gave rave reviews to US pollster Nate Silver for correctly computing the outcome of the 2012 US presidential elections in all 50 states, it ought to have been clear how easily fondness for data-crunching technologies substitutes for political ideals nowadays.
Certainly the old idea of IT allowing someone like Michael Dell to build a corporate giant from his college dormitory room dies hard in the US. And those who exaggerate the power of 3D printing to turn everyone into a budding inventor /entrepreneur/manufacturer follow very much in this utopian tradition. But there is more to boosters of 3D than mere geekery or quackery.
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<urn:uuid:3ae925a5-bcf4-4560-8932-cc20b50ca88c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/03/19/woudhuysen_on_3d_printing/
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en
| 0.934507 | 1,261 | 3.125 | 3 |
Lao Tzu (Chinese: 老子; Hanyu pinyin: Lǎozǐ; Wade-Giles: Lao Tsu or Lao Tzu) was a Chinese philosopher who wrote the book: "The Tao Te Ching" ("The Way" or "The Path") which became the foundation for the philosophy of Taoism.
His exact date of birth is not known but he is believed to have lived during the time of the Zhou dynasty. Lao Tzu was not his true name, but a title of honor that was given to someone considered to be a wise sage; it translates as "Old Master."
According to legend, Lao Tzu worked as custodian of archives in the Emperor's library. At the age of 80, disillusioned by the wordliness of men, he decided to leave civilization and embark on a journey into the desert, riding a water buffalo. When he arrived at the final gate of the great wall protecting the kingdom, the gatekeeper persuaded him to record the principles of his philosophy in a book (The Tao Te Ching) for posterity before he left.
Lao Tzu believed that the way to happiness was for people to learn to live in harmony with nature. This idea is called "wu-wei", which means "doing by not doing". His philosophy was that everything alive shares a universal life-force. The two sides to the life-force are called the Yin and Yang. One explanation of "wu-wei" is to "accept everything with ease and let go completely" or to "stay busy, don't hurry, don't worry, be happy."
Quotes from the Tao
"A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step".
"Those who know do not speak, those who speak, do not know"
- "It's easy to end all suffering, just accept everything with ease and let go completely." - Bhikshu Shr Fu Shen Kai, Buddhist Monk Dharma Master of Jen Chen Buddhism
- "Stay busy, don't hurry, don't worry, be happy" - Bhikshu Da Xin De Ben Shr, Buddhist Monk Dharma Meditation Master
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.conservapedia.com/Lao_Tzu
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en
| 0.945481 | 451 | 3.09375 | 3 |
This paper explores the possibility of using self-tracking technologies to promote sustainable food habits. To explore socio-cultural aspects in food practices and to understand the potential role of self-tracking tools in participants’ everyday lives, we designed and deployed a probe kit with seven participants. We found that (1) participants had differing, and at times conflicting, conceptions of what made their diet sustainable; (2) they viewed self-tracking tools as an unobtrusive means to help them achieve a goal–but didn’t report that those goals were ever met; and (3) they expressed strong associations between particular eating behaviors and rituals and/or holidays. Reflecting on the results and the concept of design (in)action, we suggest an alternative way of designing self-tracking tools for self-reflection (i.e., the art of noticing) that might help people draw attention to the impact of their food practices on the environment. We conclude by recommending a shift in focus from traditional and “always-on” self-tracking solutions to everyday practices, holidays, or rituals in which a technological tool could bring more attention to a particular facet of food sustainability.
Keywords: reflection, sustainability, cultural probes, self-tracking, noticing, food, inaction, human-food interaction
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<urn:uuid:5ffaf754-beab-4d61-8c63-6a4c1b64039c>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://tmilab.colorado.edu/~janghee/index.php/from-the-art-of-reflection-to-the-art-of-noticing-a-shifting-view-of-self-tracking-technologies-role-in-supporting-sustainable-food-practices-chi-lbw-2021/
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en
| 0.951945 | 265 | 2.734375 | 3 |
- By increasing oxygen levels in cells, Pau d’Arco helped destroy bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses.
- Ability to boost the immune system.
Pau d’Arco is an evergreen tree grown in the warmth of Central and South America particularly in the Amazon rain forest. The inner bark of the tree has been used for medicinal purposes by South Americans for centuries.
Pau d'Arco, also known as Lapacho or Taheebo, is native to the rainforest.
Potential medicinal breakthroughs are lost on a daily basis due to rainforest destruction. Nature's Way encourages active participation in saving the world's natural rainforests.
: Take two capsules twice daily, preferably with food. For intensive use, take four capsules three times daily.
Serving Size: 2 Capsule(s)
QUALITY AND POTENCY GUARANTEED
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<urn:uuid:806312fe-bfb1-48a6-a11d-c891759e9824>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://www.vitabase.com/supplements/vitamins-minerals/herbs/natures-way-pau-d-arco.aspx
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en
| 0.885334 | 186 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In the last blog, I have given the analysis of personalities and their interaction, communication style of Bigg Boss, participants. This blog has got almost 500 hits in a day and there were different comments. I had to delete few of comments because of abusive language. This is also funny, how people respond, when something goes different from their expectations. I wanted to put the exact point of this theory here. I thought to explain what this theory is and how it works in our day to day life.
Transactional analysis or TA is a branch of psychotherapy developed by Eric Berne. His definition of it is “a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and change”. Based on this theory Thomas Anthony Harris had written a beautiful self-help book, “I am OK, You are OK.” It is about how people interact with each other especially which ego state of the person is interacting with which ego state.
Knowing about TA can be very useful for improving our interaction/communication skills. TA is about how people are structured psychologically and is both a theory of communication and a theory of child development.
The attached presentation will help you to understand more about this theory and model…
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<urn:uuid:c44f3897-e3a8-4790-bb9e-e23dd99fc7f3>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://vinodtbidwaik.blogspot.com/2013/11/transactional-analysis-understanding.html
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en
| 0.973365 | 249 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Volante Farms of Needham, Massachusetts has a state-of-the-art energy efficient greenhouse. The ventilation, light level and watering are all controlled by computer algorithms.
The computer monitors weather conditions inside and outside, including sunlight, temperature, wind, and humidity and then adjusts how the greenhouse responds accordingly. Different zones can call for heat as needed or vent extra heat through the articulating roof vents. It can recognize that a cloudy day may not provide enough sunlight to help plants grow and therefore keep a heat curtain closed to conserve the ambient heat. It can recognize whether precipitation falling is snow or rain and turn on roof level radiator fins to aid rapid snow melt and prevent potential roof collapse.
Mechanized intelligence in action — enabling the greenhouse to use a fraction of the labor and resources it otherwise would consume. You can read more about all the technology on the Volante Farms greenhouse page.
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<urn:uuid:8c012661-679d-485e-beed-d240f6e3ad86>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://mechanizedintelligence.com/2014/05/03/profusion-of-greenhouse-flowers-tended-by-mechanized-intelligence/
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en
| 0.877909 | 180 | 3.0625 | 3 |
About this Course
PHP can do so much more than include files. In this course we'll explore reading and writing files from a directory. We'll also take advantage of built-in parsing functions for working with common file formats to read and write CSV, XML and JSON data.
What you'll learn
- Reading and Writing Files
- Input/Output (I/O)
After starting out in fine art and moving into graphic design, Alena found her passion for programming over 15 years ago and has never looked back. Alena enjoys community and is excited to introduce people to the wonderful world of PHP and the Portland Tech Community.
When not at her computer, Alena enjoys exploring Portland with her friends and family, including her 3 young children. She also enjoys the Symphony, Cooking, Books, Yarn and Yoga.
You need to sign up for Treehouse in order to download course videos.Sign up
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<urn:uuid:8e5dd028-6aff-47f9-b470-e5e69f3d189f>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://teamtreehouse.com/library/file-handling-with-php
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00467.warc.gz
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en
| 0.948481 | 187 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Analysis of the myosins encoded in the recently completed Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence
Genome Biology volume 2, Article number: research0024.1 (2001)
Three types of molecular motors play an important role in the organization, dynamics and transport processes associated with the cytoskeleton. The myosin family of molecular motors move cargo on actin filaments, whereas kinesin and dynein motors move cargo along microtubules. These motors have been highly characterized in non-plant systems and information is becoming available about plant motors. The actin cytoskeleton in plants has been shown to be involved in processes such as transportation, signaling, cell division, cytoplasmic streaming and morphogenesis. The role of myosin in these processes has been established in a few cases but many questions remain to be answered about the number, types and roles of myosins in plants.
Using the motor domain of an Arabidopsis myosin we identified 17 myosin sequences in the Arabidopsis genome. Phylogenetic analysis of the Arabidopsis myosins with non-plant and plant myosins revealed that all the Arabidopsis myosins and other plant myosins fall into two groups - class VIII and class XI. These groups contain exclusively plant or algal myosins with no animal or fungal myosins. Exon/intron data suggest that the myosins are highly conserved and that some may be a result of gene duplication.
Plant myosins are unlike myosins from any other organisms except algae. As a percentage of the total gene number, the number of myosins is small overall in Arabidopsis compared with the other sequenced eukaryotic genomes. There are, however, a large number of class XI myosins. The function of each myosin has yet to be determined.
Movement of eukaryotic cells, intracellular transport, signaling, cell division and cell shape are functions of the cytoskeleton [1,2,3,4]. The cytoskeleton is made up of three types of filaments: actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. Three groups of proteins called molecular motors utilize energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to move in association with the cytoskeleton: kinesins, dyneins and myosins [1,5,6]. Kinesins and dyneins move along microtubules [5,7] and actin is utilized by myosin for motility [8,9].
Molecular motors in non-plant systems have been extensively characterized but less is known about the presence and functions of these motors in plant cells. Using antibodies to mouse dynein, two 400 kDa proteins were identified in tobacco pollen during pollen germination suggesting the presence of dynein in pollen tubes. To date, no report has been published on the presence of dynein at the molecular level. Using animal dynein sequences to search the Arabidopsis database TAIR (The Arabidopsis Information Resource) , no sequences similar to heavy or intermediate chains were found. However, some sequences showing similarity to light chains are present in the database. Kinesins have been identified in Arabidopsis and other plant systems [12,13,14,15,16] and their movement along microtubules has been analyzed [16,17,18,19]. Kinesins are a superfamily of molecular motors containing at least nine subfamilies [7,20]. Plant kinesins are represented in all but two of the families. Using the amino-acid sequence of the motor domain of a plant kinesin, a search of the Arabidopsis genome yielded 61 kinesin-like proteins . This is the largest number of kinesins in an organism per thousand genes compared to yeast, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans.
Phylogenetic analysis of known myosins in various organisms has resulted in the classification of myosins into several groups. The Myosin Home Page (MHP) has a phylogenetic tree with 143 myosins classified into 17 classes. However, an analysis of the myosin superfamily in Drosophila, concluded that two new mammalian myosins and a Drosophila myosin make up a new class of myosins, class XVIII . These myosins have a unique amino-terminal PDZ domain. The classes have been named according to the order in which each class was first discovered except for myosins I and II. Myosin II is the conventional myosin, which was discovered 60 years ago . The next myosin identified was myosin I and then in order of class name. Myosins have three domains in common; a motor domain that interacts with actin and binds ATP, a neck domain that binds light chains or calmodulin and a tail domain. The tail domain varies by class. Phylogenetic analysis is often based on the motor domain of the myosins. However, using the full-length sequence results in nearly the same grouping, indicating that the heads and tails have evolved together [23,24,25,26]. A study using the head (motor domain), neck and tail domains separately for phylogenetic analysis or the head and neck/tail showed that this is generally true . The neck domain consists of one or more helical sequences termed the IQ motif, which has the consensus sequence IQXXXRGXXXR . The IQ motif binds the conventional myosin II light chains and calmodulin or calmodulin-like proteins in other myosins . Unlike most calmodulin-binding proteins, myosins bind calmodulin in the absence of Ca2+.
As actin is utilized by myosin for motility, the possible functions of myosin in plants are closely linked to the functions of actin. The actin cytoskeleton has been shown to be involved in many processes in plants including transportation, signaling, cell division, cytoplasmic streaming and morphogenesis [2,3]. Much of the cytoplasmic streaming work has been done in algal cells and the direct involvement of actin and myosin has been shown [30,31]. Genetic, biochemical and cell biological studies with trichomes during the past four years have provided interesting insights into the role of the cytoskeleton in trichome morphogenesis. These studies indicate that actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton play a pivotal role in cell expansion and branching during trichome development .
Localization studies and visualization of the actin cytoskeleton in live cells with an actin-binding protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) indicate that the organization of F-actin changes during trichome morphogenesis [33,34]. Chemicals that promote depolymerization or stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton did not effect branching but produced distorted trichomes. The morphology of these trichomes is similar to that observed in a 'distorted' class of mutants, suggesting that at least some of the affected genes are likely to code for proteins involved in actin organization/dynamics (for example myosins, actin-depolymerizing factors, actin-binding proteins). There is also evidence that the actin cytoskeleton is involved in mitosis and during separation of daughter cells after the successful segregation of chromosomes into daughter nuclei . The actin cytoskeleton is also involved in pollen tube growth, and calcium regulation has also been shown to be involved [35,36].
Myosins have been identified in plants both biochemically [37,38,39,40] and at the molecular level [41,42,43]. Immunological detection of myosins using antibodies against animal myosin identified proteins of various sizes from different plants [44,45,46]. Immunofluorescence studies localized myosin to the surface of organelles, the vegetative nuclei and generative cells in pollen grains and tubes , to the active streaming lanes and cortical surface in pollen tubes and, more recently, to plasmodesmata in root tissues [38,47]. Motility assays and ATPase assays [48,49,50] using myosin-like proteins isolated from plants have also demonstrated the presence of myosins in plants.
Since 1993, five partial or full-length myosins from Arabidopsis have been characterized at the molecular level. Using PCR-based approaches, Knight and Kendrick-Jones cloned a myosin they called ATM (Arabidopsis thaliana myosin), Kinkema and Schiefelbein cloned the myosin MYA1 and Kinkema et al. cloned another full-length myosin, ATM2, and two partial length myosins MYA2 and MYA3. Kinekema et al. also identified three PCR products that coded for unique myosin motor domain sequence. Phylogenetic analysis using these myosins indicated that the ATM myosins were a unique class and they were named class VIII. The MYA myosins are somewhat related to class V myosins but as other analyses have been done, these myosins were also assigned to a new class, class XI [8,42].
Myosins have been identified in Zea mays, two of which belonged to class XI and one to class VIII . PCR fragments for fern myosins have been reported [52,53] and sequences are available for myosins from Helianthus annuus (0. Vugrek and D. Menzel, unpublished data). Two fern (Anemia phyllitidis) PCR products and the H. annuus myosins also fall either into class VIII or class XI myosins [22,42]. Two algal myosins are also members of the class XI myosins, one from Chara corallina and one from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [22,54]. A third class of myosins (XIII) is composed of two algal myosins from Acetabularia cliftonii. No animal myosins are in any of these classes and no plant myosins are in any other myosin class. However, the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum has one myosin (Dd MyoJ), which is alternatively grouped with class V or class XI .
Other organisms have myosins from more than two classes. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has five myosins in three different classes. Caenorhabditis elegans has myosins in seven classes and Drosophila melanogaster in nine. Do plants have only two classes of myosins? How many myosins are in a plant genome? What are the similarities and differences between plant and non-plant myosins that might help establish a function for the myosins? Until the recent completion of the sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome , answers to these questions were not known. It is now possible to determine how many myosins are in the Arabidopsis genome and to see if any plant myosins fall into other myosin classes. As the myosin motor domain is highly conserved, the sequence from one myosin motor can be used to search a database for all other myosins. We used the motor domain from MYA1 to search the Arabidopsis database for sequences with similarity to this domain. We identified 17 Arabidopsis myosins, including the 5 reported myosins, in the Arabidopsis genome. Phylogenetic analysis using non-plant and plant myosins showed that all 17 fall into either myosin class VIII or XI. Only 4 are in class VIII and 13 in class XI. An analysis of their exon/intron junctions and sequence similarities indicates that all myosins are highly conserved and some may represent gene duplication events.
Identification of Arabidopsismyosins
Using the amino-acid sequence of the conserved motor domain of the plant myosin MYA1 , databases were searched using BLASTP and TBLASTN at TAIR . Other searches using the amino-acid sequence of motor domains from representatives of other classes of myosins were also done but they did not reveal any other myosin sequences. Sixteen unique sequences were obtained that contain a myosin motor domain as identified by the SMART (Smart Modular Architecture Research Tool) program . The sequences obtained in this search were compared to the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS) list of myosin domains in Arabidopsis. MIPS lists 16 Arabidopsis sequences showing myosin domains. A check of these showed that 13 of the sequences were myosins identified in our search and one was a myosin not available in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) protein database . Two are not full-length myosins. One is a putative helicase (At1g26370) with no myosin motor domain and one is a possible pseudogene (At1g42680) with only 162 amino acids that have some similarity to the myosin motor domain. MIPS does not list three myosins identified in our search (At XIG, At XIF and At XI-I). Table 1 lists the myosins by names as given in the phylogenetic tree constructed by Hodge and Cope and as assigned by us. There are a total of 17 myosin genes in Arabidopsis. In comparison, S. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, C. elegans and D. melanogaster have 5, 5, 20 and 13 myosins, respectively (Figure 1) [60,61]. Arabidopsis has the lowest percentage (0.068%) of myosin genes out of the total number of genes, as compared to S. cerevisiae and S. pombe with 0.080% and 0.093%, respectively, C. elegans with 0.11% and D. melanogaster with 0.096% (see Figure 1).
Only 5 of the 17 Arabidopsis myosins have been reported in the literature [41,42,43]. The other 12 are sequences obtained from the Arabidopsis database sequenced as part of the Arabidopsis Genome Sequencing Project. These sequences are, therefore, predicted sequences that have not been verified by complete cDNAs. The average sequence length of the Arabidopsis myosins is 1,400 residues, with the shortest sequence prediction being 1,085 (At VIIIA) amino acids and the longest 1,730 (At XIA). Some of the intron/exon predictions may not be correct, which could reduce or increase the size of the predicted proteins and so the sizes may change as more characterization is done for each myosin. A case in point is the cDNA that was isolated by Kinkema and Schiefelbein for At MYA1 (At MYA1) which codes for 1,520 amino acids, whereas the predicted protein has 1,599 because of differences in intron prediction.
Using the Arabidopsis Sequence Map Overview of TAIR , the location of each myosin was determined (Figure 2). The myosin genes are distributed throughout the Arabidopsis genome. The chromosome lengths are based on the centimorgan (cM) scale as shown on the TAIR Map Overview . The maps reported with the announcement of the Arabidopsis genome sequence show somewhat different lengths than the TAIR maps .
All Arabidopsis myosins and a selection of myosins from other organisms representing each of the myosin classes were aligned using the motor domain sequence as determined by the SMART program . The alignment was done in Megalign by the CLUSTAL method and a phylogenetic tree was generated using the Bootstrap (100 replicates) method with a heuristic search of the PAUP 4.0b6 program (Figure 3). The Arabidopsis myosins all group into two classes along with other plant myosins - class VIII and class XI. No animal myosins group with the plant myosins and no plant myosins group into any of the animal myosins. An algal (Chara corallina) myosin, Cc ccm, does group with the plant class XI myosins but is on a separate branch from any other class XI myosin (Figure 3). The D. discoideum myosin Dd myoJ did not fall into a class with any of the plant myosins. In fact, three D. discoideum myosins (Dd myoI, Dd myoJ, and Dd myoM) did not fall into any of the classes (Figure 3). The phylogenetic trees of Hodge and Cope and the tree on the myosin home page [22,59] show the Dd myoI branching from class VII myosins. A heuristic search without bootstrapping also showed the Dd myoI myosin as a branch from class VII and domain analysis shows that Dd myoI has the MyTH4 domain found in other class VII myosins. Other phylogenetic anaylses have placed Dd myoJ as a branch off class XI myosins from plants [22,59]. However, the phylogenetic tree generated from full-length sequences of plant myosins and Dd myoJ (see below) also shows that Dd myoJ is separate from the plant myosins.
Myosins from another alga, Acetabularia cliftonii, are classified into a separate group (XIII) and one myosin each from the fungi Emericella nidulans and Pyricularia grisea are also assigned to a separate class (XVII). A second alignment was done using the full-length sequences for all Arabidopsis and other known full-length plant myosins with a human heavy-chain myosin (Hs Ib) as an outgroup. The two classes of plant myosins are clearly seen (Figure 4). Among the class XI myosins the similarity ranges from 40-85% (full length) and 61-91% (motor domain). The similarity between the class VIII myosins ranges from 50-83% (full length) and 64-92% (motor domain). When class VIII myosins are compared to class XI myosins the similarity only ranges from 22-29% (full-length) and 35-42% (motor domain). Thirteen Arabidopsis myosins group into class XI. Two subgroups branch off in this class with three outliers (Figure 4). One subgroup consists of two pairs of Arabidopsis myosins, At XIB/At MYA2 and At XIG/At XIH, which are most similar to the sunflower myosin Hahamy4 and then another pair of Arabidopsis myosins, At XID/At XIA. The other subgroup consists of the Arabidopsis myosin pair At XIC/At XIE and two unpaired Arabidopsis myosins, At XIK and At MYA1, that are most closely related to sunflower myosins Hahamy2 and Hahamy5 and to the maize myosin ZmMYO1. At XIJ, AT XIF and At XI-I are on separate branches that group with the other class XI myosins but not within the two subgroups. There are four class VIII Arabidopsis myosins that form two pairs, At ATM/At VIIIA and At VIIIB/At ATM2. The first pair group with class VIII myosins from Z. mays and H. annuus whereas the second pair are on a separate branch.
Characterization of the Arabidopsismyosins
Figure 5 shows schematic diagrams of each myosin. The motor domain in all cases is in the amino-terminal region. The motor domain starts at about 50-55 residues for the class XI myosins whereas the class VIII myosins have a longer amino-terminal region before the motor domain (99-159 residues). The IQ domains usually follow right after the motor domain but are separated slightly from the motor domain in At XID, At XI-I, and At XIK. There are three or four IQ domains in class VIII myosins and five or six in class XI, except for At XIK, which has only four. There are coiled-coil domains, that differ in length and number, in all the myosins. They often follow directly after the IQ domains, but in some cases there is intervening sequence. Based on the presence of the coiled-coil domains, the Arabidopsis myosins are probably dimeric . The class XI myosins are much longer than the class VIII myosins with the difference being in the length of the carboxy-terminal region following the conserved domains found in myosins.
Besides the motor, IQ and coiled-coil domains, other domains have been identified in myosins from classes other than the plant classes VIII and XI. These include SH3 domains (Src homology 3 domains, that bind to target proteins), MYTH4 (a domain of unknown function found in a few classes of myosins), a zinc-binding domain, a pleckstrin homology domain, FERM/talin (band 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin), GPA-rich domains and a protein kinase domain [8,22,26]. These domains are involved in protein interactions and presumably give specificity to the action of the myosin. Except for the IQ and coiled-coil domains, the SMART program used to identify the motor domain of the myosin sequences did not identify any domains other than a few with scores less significant than the required threshold.
Myosins have 131 highly conserved residues spread throughout the motor domain that define a core consensus sequence . Comparison of an alignment of Arabidopsis myosin motor domains to these conserved sequences shows a great deal of conservation among them (data not shown). One example is the ATP-binding site which consists of GESGAGKT (179-187 in Dictyostelium myosin II, DmyoII) and NxNSSR-FGK (233-241, DmyoII). With the exception of only one residue these are conserved in all 17 Arabidopsis myosins. The conformational state of myosin changes with ATP hydrolysis and a very conserved region implicated in this process has the conserved sequence LDIxGFExFxxN(S/G)(F/L)EQxxINxxNExLQQxF (453-482, DmyoII) . The plant sequences are very conserved through this region. The sequence in this region is LDIYGFExFxxNSFEQxCINE(K/R)LQQHF (the first x is S in all but one myosin, the fourth x is F in all but one myosin). Cope et al. suggest that release of the γ-phosphate of ATP may be through a hole in the structure centered around an absolutely conserved arginine residue (residue 654, DmyoII) which is also absolutely conserved in all Arabidopsis myosins. The presence of these highly conserved residues in plant myosins suggests that they are capable of motor function. In fact, in vitro motility studies with a purified myosin from Chara (myosin XI, Cc ccm in Figure 3) have confirmed that it is indeed an actin-based motor . A loop present in the motor domain called the HCM (mutations in this loop cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) is the location of a phosphorylatable serine (S) or threonine (T) in certain amoeboid myosin I molecules and myosin VI molecules. This S or T residue is 16 residues upstream from the conserved DALAK sequence. The enzyme activity of the amoeboid myosins depends on phosphorylation of this site, but although phosphorylation of the myosin VI T residue has been demonstrated, the regulation of enzyme activity has not [8,63]. Most other myosins have a constitutively negatively charged amino acid, either aspartic acid (D) or glutamic acid (E) at this site. This site has been named the TEDS rule site on the basis of these amino acids . The Arabidopsis and other plant myosins all have aspartic acid, glutamic acid or glycine residue at this site, suggesting that they are not regulated by phosphorylation at this site. However, three residues upstream (19 from DALAK), all the class XI myosins have a threonine residue.
The site for each predicted or actual intron was located and is shown schematically in Figure 6. The intron locations were determined from the information at MIPS . The length of each exon and the domain(s) they code for are shown in Tables 2 and 3 for class VIII and class XI myosins, respectively. The exons vary in length from 12 to greater than 672 nucleotides (the length of the beginning and last exons for each gene are not known as the predicted sizes include only the protein-coding nucleotides) with an average of 122 nucleotides. The four class VIII myosins have seven exons of the same length in the same order within the myosin motor domain (Table 2). The motor domain starts in the third exon of each class VIII myosin. The start of the IQ domains and the coiled-coil domains is more variable except for the At ATM2/At VIIIB pair. The class XI myosins also have many exons that are of the same length and in the same order but that differ from the class VIII pattern (Table 3). The exons coding for the motor domain sequence are most conserved in length. Most class XI myosins motor domains start in the third exon and end in the twentieth. Six of the class XI myosins have an intron after the start codon. Most differences in exon length are in the carboxy-terminal regions (Figure 6 and Table 3). However, even in the carboxy-terminal region there are some exon lengths conserved between some or all of the myosins. The two XI myosins with the closest similarity are At XIB and At MYA2. A Clustal alignment at Pole Bio-Informatique Lyonnais showed 83.88% identity, 8.19% strong similarity and 2.36% weak similarity between these two myosins. Their motor domains are 91.6% identical. Twenty-three of their introns are at the same location in the motor domain area and then following a few different size exons, there are similar sized exons again. They are located on chromosomes I and V, respectively. It is possible that this pair is a result of gene duplication. Class VIII myosins At ATM and At VIIIA have 13 exons of the same length. Their full-length sequences are 79% identical with another 6.72% strongly similar and 3.52% weakly similar. Their motor domains have 93% similarity. At ATM is on chromosome III whereas At VIIIA is on chromosome I. This again may have resulted from a gene duplication. Analysis of the total Arabidopsis genome revealed that a whole genome duplication occurred, followed by subsequent gene loss and extensive local gene duplications . The duplicated segments represent 58% of the Arabidopsis genome. The S. cerevisiae genome has also had a complete ancient genome duplication and 30% of the genes form duplicate pairs. Duplicated genes account for 48% of the total genes of C. elegans and Drosophila .
If the gene pairs are the result of duplication, it is interesting to note that while exon lengths have been conserved, intron lengths have not. The intron lengths are shown in Table 4. No pattern can be seen in intron lengths between any of the myosins. The average intron length is 131 nucleotides with the shortest intron at 47 nucleotides and the longest at 860. At XI-I has the highest average, 272 nucleotides. It contains the 860-nucleotide intron and three others that are over 500 nucleotides. In a study of 998 introns only 3.3% of the introns were longer than 500 nucleotides with sizes ranging from 59 to 1242 nucleotides . This makes At XI-I unusual in having four out of 33 introns (12%) longer than 500 nucleotides. Only two other myosins had an intron over 500 nucleotides. Of the total 557 splice sites that were identified in the Arabidopsis myosins only six (a little more than 1%) were over 500 nucleotides with four out of the six being in one myosin. Hunt et al. found that a SV40 small-t intron only 66 nucleotides in length was spliced efficiently in tobacco cells . Several of the introns in the myosins are between 66 and 70 nucleotides and so may be long enough to be spliced. Only one is in a cloned myosin known to be spliced at that site (At XIJ). There is also a predicted intron of only 47 nucleotides in length (At XID) which is thought to be too short for efficient splicing. Brown et al. found three introns less than 66 nucleotides in length in known expressed proteins, but none of them was less than 59 nucleotides. Until the expression of At XID is studied, no conclusion can be made as to the validity of this intron prediction. The significance of the range and variability of intron length is not known. In Arabidopsis, in general, the range is even greater (47-6,442) .
The consensus nucleotide sequences for the 5' and 3' splice sites are A-2G-1 G+1T+2A+3A+4G+5T+6 and T-5G-4C-3A-2G-1G+1T+2, respectively . The most conserved sequences are the 5' consensus G (100%) T (99%) at the +1, +2 positions, respectively, and the 3' A(100%) G(100%) at the -2, -1 positions, respectively. The splice sites in the reported myosins and the predicted myosins (Table 4) all contain the 5' GT and 3' AG sequences. The sequences in the Arabidopsis myosins upstream and downstream of these two very conserved sites varied as a reflection of the less conserved nature of these nucleotides (Table 4). However, these predicted sites at the 5' and 3' splice sites need to be confirmed experimentally.
Only two classes of myosins are present in Arabidopsis. A study of myosins in lily and tobacco pollen tubes using antibodies to three animal-type myosins IA and IB, II and V suggested the presence of three types of myosins in these plants . However, no type I, II or V myosins have been found in any plant and only two types (VIII and XI) have been identified. Class XI are somewhat similar to class V myosins and this may explain the reaction with the type V antibody. Possibly the other reactions were due to similarities in the myosin motor domain. Phylogenetic analysis of Arabidopsis myosins along with other plant myosins suggests that most class XI myosins (except three) fall into two subgroups (Figure 4).
The Arabidopsis myosins have anywhere from three to six IQ domains. The IQ domain in non-plant myosins has been shown to bind to calmodulin in a calcium-independent manner. The regulation of myosin action is thought to be due to calmodulin interaction. In plants, two myosin heavy chains have been shown to associate with calmodulin [37,67]. A myosin-containing protein fraction from tobacco BY2 cells was used in motility assays with F-actin. Concentrations of Ca2+ higher than 10-6 M caused a significant reduction in F-actin sliding . Another study with myosin isolated from lily pollen, also demonstrated a co-precipitation of myosin and calmodulin and a similar effect of Ca2+concentration . Not only did concentrations above 10-6M cause inhibition of myosin activity, but the effects of concentrations higher than 10-5 M were not reversible upon Ca2+ removal. These studies provide evidence that plant myosins bind calmodulin in the absence of Ca2+ and are active when calmodulin is bound and inactivated when the Ca2+ concentration is increased. They also found that when the myosin fraction was pretreated with CaCl2 calmodulin did not bind the myosin, suggesting that calmodulin dissociates from myosin at high concentrations of Ca2+. The myosins in the above studies have not been cloned, and binding to specific IQ domains has not been established. However, the presence of IQ domains in Arabidopsis and other plant myosins suggests that these are the sites of Ca2+ regulation. It would be interesting to investigate the possible phosphorylation of the threonine residue which is three residues upstream from the TEDS rule site in class XI myosins and to see if enzyme activity is regulated by phosphorylation of this residue.
Myosins are involved in a wide range of cellular functions. They have been shown to be involved in movement, translocation, cell division, organelle transport, G-protein-linked signal cascade and maintenance of structure within cells . Insight into the function of plant myosins has been gained by studies in algae. Cytoplasmic streaming is responsible for movement of organelles and vesicles and of generative cells and vegetative nuclei in pollen tubes. Physiological studies in Chara have shown that an increase in Ca2+ concentration causes cytoplasmic streaming to stop . A myosin isolated from the alga Chara corallina was shown to be responsible for cytoplasmic streaming [30,69,70]. The myosin was cloned and characterized and found to be a class XI myosin related to the Arabidopsis MYA myosins .
Myosins in plants have also been shown to be involved in cytoplasmic streaming. Using immunofluorescence, myosin was localized to vesicles, organelles and generative cells and vegetative nuclei in grass pollen tubes . A myosin isolated from lily pollen has been shown to be responsible for cytoplasmic streaming in pollen tubes and two myosins were identified in tobacco cell cultures that are also thought to participate in cytoplasmic streaming [37,71]. Antibodies to the myosins recognized a protein in vegetative cells as well as pollen tubes. Liu et al. suggest that class XI myosins are likely candidates for transport of large vesicles because of the number of IQ domains (5-6). Previous studies showed that translocational step size produced by a myosin motor is proportional to the number of IQ domains and the larger the step the faster or more efficiently they are able to transport vesicles . However, the kinetic properties of the motor domain are also involved in speed and there is a wide range of movement speeds for myosin II molecules [2,72,73].
An antibody specific to a Z. mays class XI myosin was used to localize this myosin in fractions of maize proteins and maize root tip cells . The nuclear/cell wall fraction and the plastid fraction contained relatively small amounts of antigen while the mitochondrial fraction and the low density membrane fraction had most of the antigen. The root tip cells showed particulate staining in the cytoplasm, but neither the vacuole membrane nor plasma membrane were stained, although in some cells the staining was too bright to distinguish if the plasma membrane was stained or not. There are 13 class XI myosins in Arabidopsis that could be involved in vesicle and organelle transport. The large number could reflect redundancy of function or differential expression. Patterns of expression were different for the cloned Z. mays and Arabidopsis myosins that have been analyzed [42,51].
Immunolocalization studies have also detected myosin associated with plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata are interconnections between contiguous plant cells that allow direct cell-to-cell transport of ions and proteins. A recent study using an antibody to a cloned class VIII Arabidopsis myosin ATM1 (At ATM) localized this myosin to the plasmodesmata and the plasma membrane regions involved in the assembly of new cell walls . Earlier work suggested that actin was involved in regulation of plasmodesmal transport . Other studies using antibodies to animal myosins in root tissues of Allium cepa, Z. mays and Hordeum vulagare have also indicated the presence of myosin in the plasmodesmata . However, immunolocalization studies with antibodies to animal myosins need to be interpreted with caution as there are no plant myosins that group with animal myosins.
The recent work by Reichelt et al. is more convincing because they used antibody to plant myosin. The myosin was localized mainly to the transverse walls with some punctate labeling of the longitudinal walls. During cell division the anti-class-VIII myosin staining remains confined to the transverse cell walls and is strongest in the newly formed cell wall. Immunogold electron microscopy showed labeling of class VIII myosin associated with the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata. These studies suggest that class VIII myosins may be involved in new cell wall formation and transport in the plasmodesmata. Reichelt et al. suggest that myosin VIII could act to bring islands of membrane plate material together or could trigger exocytosis of new cell wall material, or alternatively as an anchor for actin along the transverse walls. The role of myosin in the plasmodesmata was studied further by pretreating tissue with 2,3-butanedione 2-moxoxime (BDM), an inhibitor of actin-myosin motility. The pretreatment resulted in a strong constriction of the neck region of plasmodesmata . Myosin VIII in the plasmodesmata could be a part of a gating complex that is thought to control the opening of the plasmodesma neck . There are four class VIII myosins in Arabidopsis that could be involved in these types of functions.
A recent study of the effect of BDM on the distribution of myosins, F-actin, microtubules and cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) suggests that myosins may link together microtubules and actin filaments involved in structural interactions . This study used antibody to myosin II from animals and Arabidopsis myosin VIII for immunofluorescence studies. BDM treatment disrupted normal cellular distributions of maize myosins and the characteristic distribution of F-actin was also affected. Myosin may participate in the intracellular distribution of actin filaments as was proposed for myosin XV . Microtubule arrangements in cortical root cells were altered, as was the normal ER network. Post-mitotic cell growth was inhibited by BDM, specifically in the transition zone and the apical parts of the elongation region. The study suggested that actin fibers and microtubules interact together via myosins and that myosin-based contractility of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for the developmental progression of root cells . However, BDM has only been shown to inhibit a few myosins in vitro and is known to be a nonspecific inhibitor; so these results must be viewed with caution.
As the classification system of myosins now stands, plant myosins fall only into two classes - class VIII and class XI. All animal cells examined contain at least one myosin II gene and usually multiple myosin I genes , but this is not true for Arabidopsis specifically and possibly for all plants. Also, no animal myosins of type VIII or XI have been identified. Plant and animal cells have some common tasks such as vesicular and organelle movement, but plant cells are unique in many ways and the presence of specific plant myosins is probably a reflection of that uniqueness.
There are 4 class VIII and 13 class XI Arabidopsis myosins. The large number of myosins in class XI could be the result of gene duplication or specialization of function in different tissues or different life cycle times. This work identifies the Arabidopsis myosins, their domains and gene intron/exon structure. The task ahead is to analyze the protein products biochemically and try to establish the function of each myosin.
Materials and methods
Using the conserved motor domain of the plant myosin At MYA1 database searches were performed using BLASTP and TBLASTN at TAIR . The sequences were evaluated for the presence of a myosin motor domain using the SMART program . All sequences with a myosin domain had BLASTP scores greater than 100 and E values less than 10-20. The motor domains of representative myosins from other groups were also used to search the Arabidopsis domain but the searches did not reveal any new myosin genes. The SMART program also identified the IQ and coiled-coil domains and the location of the domains. The sequences found at TAIR were checked against the MIPS database . Sequences identified at MIPS as myosins but not at TAIR were evaluated as above. The sizes of the exons/introns were determined using the exon/intron data for each myosin sequence using the MIPS predictions for myosins not previously cloned. Two sequences (At XIF, At XIH) were edited by comparing the upstream genome sequence translation to conserved sequences present in the other myosins but missing in the predicted sequences.
Sequences of myosins other than the Arabidopsis myosins for phylogenetic analysis were obtained from MHP or NCBI . The names are as in the tree of Hodge and Cope . The motor domain sequences were determined using the SMART program . The motor domain sequences were used for alignment of the plant and non-plant myosins using the Megalign program. The alignment was saved as a PAUP file and the phylogenetic analysis was done using PAUP 4.0b4a (PPC). We performed a bootstrap analysis with 100 replicates using the heuristic method. Full-length sequences were used for analysis of the plant myosins using the same methods as above.
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This work was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation (MCB-0079938) and NASA to A.S.N.R. We thank Jun Wen for help with the phylogenetic analysis. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful suggestions.
About this article
Cite this article
Reddy, A.S., Day, I.S. Analysis of the myosins encoded in the recently completed Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence. Genome Biol 2, research0024.1 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2001-2-7-research0024
- Pollen Tube
- Motor Domain
- Cytoplasmic Streaming
- Intron Length
- Class VIII
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Are you a student who has difficulty learning the traditional way?
Do you want to obtain techniques that will enhance learning at any age?
And to make learning expeditious, interesting, fun and creative?
Do you want to speak a foreign language, but don’t think you can?
Then the art of memory is for you!
How can training in the art of memory assist you?
These techniques will:
Improve your ability to learn
Increase the efficiency of your learning
Enhance recall of information
Make learning creative and fun.
Who can benefit from learning the art of memory?
Everyone can benefit from these techniques, such as primary or secondary school students who are struggling; high achieving pupils who want to enhance their learning; university students and academics; or people who want to learn just for fun.
How are they taught?
The techniques can be taught in one-on-one sessions or in a small group setting.
Is there any proof that these techniques work?
Although some of these techniques are over 2,500 years old, they have stood the test of time, as evidenced in contemporary research. Several studies have been conducted that demonstrate the value of these techniques over traditional learning methods.
(We refer to some of this research in our Present section.)
Although these ancient techniques have not been practiced in education for hundreds of years, they can and should be revived in the modern world.
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Gardening can be a fun and rewarding hobby. A well-maintained garden will produce the most bounty out of any other type. A healthy, naturally grown, and vibrant space just feels better to be in than a neglected one that produces weeds and fat pests.
But how do you keep your garden looking good? The following blog post will discuss how to maintain your garden to always be healthy and beautiful!
What is a garden?
A garden is a piece of land where plants are grown. Gardens can be vegetable gardens or flower gardens. A common feature of a garden is herbaceous plants, but there are many types of plants that you can grow. Gardens can be planted in pots or containers, and they can also be built on the ground.
Why maintain your garden?
Maintenance will help your garden stay healthy and alive. Healthy plants are more likely to produce good flowers, so you want to make sure everything stays in great shape. Keep your plants healthy to help the plants grow to their full potential.
How often should I water the garden?
Water every day if it is a hot, sunny summer day outside, or less if you live in a cooler climate where there are more rainy days during the week. Rain can be detrimental for gardens because they need consistent watering daily.
How do I know how much fertilizer to use?
You need about one cup of soil per plant or pot, and you can mix in a quarter cup of organic compost for every two cups of soil. You should fertilize your garden once a week during the spring, summer, and fall months with an annual application at the end of the season. The growth of the plant will determine how much fertilizer to use.
How often should I mulch the garden?
Mulching helps to keep weeds away by smothering them under a layer of organic material, like leaves or straw. You want to use one inch of mulch for every foot of ground in your garden. It is best to mulch in the early morning or evening hours so that it doesn’t dry out.
How do I know when to harvest my garden?
Harvesting your vegetables and herbs is a great way to plan for how you will use them in the week ahead, but it can also be done anytime before they go bad! If we want our plants healthy, then harvesting at the right time is important. Knowing what plant to harvest will depend on how it is growing.
How do I know if my plants are diseased?
Look for any wilting, discoloration, or spots on the leaves when you go out to water your garden in the morning. If bugs are crawling around, then that could also be a sign of disease! Diseases can affect many plants, and how to spot them is different for every plant.
How do I know if my plants are infested with pests?
Examine your garden closely, look at the leaves on the surface of the soil, or remove a few layers of topsoil from around the base of each plant. If you see any bugs crawling around, then they may be infesting your plants.
How do I get rid of pests?
You need to remove the bugs from your garden and make sure that you are not providing an environment for them to thrive in by removing any plant matter or soil they might use as a food source. You will also want to look at how much water is available to them- make sure that they are not drowning.
How do I use the harvested plants?
You can compost any leftover vegetables or herbs in your backyard and give them back to the soil for nutrients, but also try using some of these other ideas! Try including the flowers from your garden in herbal tea, a recipe for Panzanella Salad (fresh bread, diced tomatoes, and cucumbers, chopped garlic or anchovies, red wine vinegar) by adding purslane leaves or basil.
How do I know if it is too late for me to maintain my garden?
It’s never too late! Plants need regular maintenance, and they will become unhealthy when you fail to provide them with what they need. It would be best if you could start tomorrow with how to maintain your garden, but there are other ways you can keep the plants healthy.
How do I know how to tell when my plants are wilting?
If the leaves start turning brown or withering away, then that is an indication that they aren’t getting enough water! You will need to water your garden more often if it’s hot outside, or less often in cold climates.
What is a green thumb?
There is no definite answer for how to get a “green thumb” because it’s not just about being able to identify plant problems or make sure everything stays alive and well in the garden! Gardening is a mix of art, science, and patience.
How often should I be fertilizing my garden?
You will need to fertilize your plants about once a week during the spring, summer, and fall months, with an annual application at the end of the season. You can use organic compost mixed in with soil or fertilizer for this purpose. When you are buying fertilizer, make sure it is labeled as organic and the NPK ratio is appropriate for how much you need to use.
Tips for maintaining an organic vegetable patch or fruit tree orchard
How do I maintain an organic vegetable patch?
You will need to dig up weeds that have grown in the garden and remove any plant matter or soil they might use as a food source. You can also add compost for nutrients every year, but it’s best if you are using it from your backyard rather than buying new fertilizers each year.
How do I maintain an organic fruit tree orchard?
You will need to prune the trees every year to keep them properly shaped and remove any dead branches so that they don’t spread disease to other living plants around them. You also want to make sure you are picking off bugs because these can cause damage as well!
To keep your tree healthy and looking great, you will want to make sure that it is getting the proper amount of water. Watering might be necessary every few days instead of once per week during frosty weather or in a dry environment. Trees need plenty of sunlight too! Another way to tell how well your trees are doing is how healthy the leaves are. If they start to turn brown and wither away- this could be a sign that there isn’t enough water in your tree’s environment, or it is getting too much sun!
If you are looking to remove a tree from your yard, something important must be done. You need to have the roots removed before cutting down the tree because they can cause damage if left in place. Call a Tree Removal Specialist for help!
Maintenance garden tools you should have on hand at all times
- Leaf rake
- Pruning shears
- Sharp hoe
- Digging fork
- Full plant watering can and hoses
- Gloves for weeding and picking out bugs from plants
- A good pair of shears or sharp pruning scissors
- Safety goggles for picking out bugs or getting too close to the plants when weeding
- Compost bin or pile (if you have enough space in your backyard)
- Tarp for covering the dirt if it is raining outside
You may also like:
7 Garden Science Ideas for Children
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Furthermore, animals have to drink and are known to visit water holes. This raises several concerns, 1) Animals are not very mindful of their toilet etiquette and 2) Predators will sometimes use water holes as a place of attack. If we were desperate, (dying of thirst) and had no way to purify the water, first we really should ask ourselves how we got ourselves into such a situation, then we would have no choice but to drink the water in hopes that we are rescued before the water borne disease kills us. Think outside the box, is there a way to get a makeshift bowl (wood, vegetation) and use hot rocks to boil the water. Is there any material around, bamboo etc that can be used to slowly bring the water to a boil. Build a multiple stage filter using sand, charcoal and sphagnum moss which has been known to contain some levels of iodine. If all that fails then we would be faced with the choice of drinking the untreated water. We know that moving water is preferable to standing water, but what can we do. We can walk around the water source, find the area with the least animal traffic and preferably a sandy shoreline. We can then dig a hole near the water deep enough to allow water to collect. The distance from the water source will have to be judged by the soil we are digging. The hope here is that the water will slowly seep into the hole and begin to collect while being "filtered" by the sand and rocks. At this point we have to get creative to get the water out. Perhaps make a straw out of natural materials or simply soak a bandana and squeeze it into our mouth. This would be a last resort and very risky.
• Snow: The energy it requires for your body to absorb the water from snow is high. Instead of eating the snow, melt it first. This can easily be done over a fire or with a camp stove. If those aren’t options, use the sun. Accelerate the process by chopping up ice and hanging it in a water bag in direct sunlight. If there’s no sun, use your body’s heat.
While the intermittent nature of sunlight and its variable intensity throughout the day makes PV efficiency prediction difficult and desalination during night time challenging, several solutions exist. For example, batteries, which provide the energy required for desalination in non-sunlight hours can be used to store solar energy in daytime. Apart from the use of conventional batteries, alternative methods for solar energy storage exist. For example, thermal energy storage systems solve this storage problem and ensure constant performance even during non-sunlight hours and cloudy days, improving overall efficiency.
A nice feature of the Sawyer system is the benefit of using the same filter as a water treatment bottle, inline on a hydration pack, as an ultra light drink straw and attached to a faucet with the included faucet adaptor. If purchased with the faucet adaptor kit, it can be configured to drink straight from the tap during boil alerts or in areas of natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes. The kit also provides hydration pack assembly kit for installing the inline filter on a hydration pack.
Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Applicable to desalination. Heated seawater is passed along the surface of a hydrophobic polymer membrane. Evaporated water passes from the hot side through pores in the membrane into a stream of cold pure water on the other side. The difference in vapour pressure between the hot and cold side helps to push water molecules through.
The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense layer in the polymer matrix—either the skin of an asymmetric membrane or an interfacially polymerized layer within a thin-film-composite membrane—where the separation occurs. In most cases, the membrane is designed to allow only water to pass through this dense layer while preventing the passage of solutes (such as salt ions). This process requires that a high pressure be exerted on the high-concentration side of the membrane, usually 2–17 bar (30–250 psi) for fresh and brackish water, and 40–82 bar (600–1200 psi) for seawater, which has around 27 bar (390 psi) natural osmotic pressure that must be overcome. This process is best known for its use in desalination (removing the salt and other minerals from sea water to produce fresh water), but since the early 1970s, it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial and domestic applications.
Bioremediation is a technique that uses microorganisms in order to remove or extract certain waste products from a contaminated area. Since 1991 bioremediation has been a suggested tactic to remove impurities from water such as alkanes, perchlorates, and metals. The treatment of ground and surface water, through bioremediation, with respect to perchlorate and chloride compounds, has seen success as perchlorate compounds are highly soluble making it difficult to remove. Such success by use of Dechloromonas agitata strain CKB include field studies conducted in Maryland and the Southwest region of the United States. Although a bioremediation technique may be successful, implementation is not feasible as there is still much to be studied regarding rates and after effects of microbial activity as well as producing a large scale implementation method.
Plumbosolvency reduction: In areas with naturally acidic waters of low conductivity (i.e. surface rainfall in upland mountains of igneous rocks), the water may be capable of dissolving lead from any lead pipes that it is carried in. The addition of small quantities of phosphate ion and increasing the pH slightly both assist in greatly reducing plumbo-solvency by creating insoluble lead salts on the inner surfaces of the pipes.
The addition of inorganic coagulants such as aluminum sulfate (or alum) or iron (III) salts such as iron(III) chloride cause several simultaneous chemical and physical interactions on and among the particles. Within seconds, negative charges on the particles are neutralized by inorganic coagulants. Also within seconds, metal hydroxide precipitates of the iron and aluminium ions begin to form. These precipitates combine into larger particles under natural processes such as Brownian motion and through induced mixing which is sometimes referred to as flocculation. Amorphous metal hydroxides are known as "floc". Large, amorphous aluminum and iron (III) hydroxides adsorb and enmesh particles in suspension and facilitate the removal of particles by subsequent processes of sedimentation and filtration.:8.2–8.3
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We here at the Museum have been studying the life in our hotspot for a hundred years. To continue this tradition and to take it to the next level, we are inviting you to join us. Today we are launching a new initiative that will do this, NHM Urban Safari.
We are going to map the wildlife that lives all over our city. From places like Griffith Park and the L.A. River, to your backyards and school yards. To help us do this we have applied for a $100,000 grant through the LA 2050 competition. This is a huge project that involves all of us, and you can start helping today by voting for NHM.
Take a moment to imagine what L.A. could be like in 2050 if everyone in our city helped to study the AMAZING and AWESOME wildlife that lives here! School children would be studying wildlife in their own school yards, which would also be safe places to play. Families all over the city would have planted habitat and documented the return of all 500 native bees. Hikers would have trekked all over Griffith Park and discovered and documented rare species which we thought were lost. Kayakers would be floating down our beautiful river and snapping pictures of the birds, dragonflies, and frogs they see. Finally, visitors to our fine city won’t just be coming for a Hollywood starlet sighting, they’ll also be coming to experience nature in this biodiversity hotspot. Wow!
Watch our video to learn more about the project and to cast your vote. All you need to do is click the blue button marked "vote" and follow the instruction.
California newt, Taricha torosa
Tell all your friends! Our nature is in your hands.
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One of the most revelatory advances in medical nutrition in the past decade has been around the importance and influence gut bacteria has on the function of our minds and bodies. Also known as the microbiota or microbiome, the thousands of bacteria that inhabit our bodies are busy pushing buttons and pulling levers everywhere at all times. From hormones to blood sugar, these tiny babies have a huge influence on everything from our energy level to our sex drive, our appetite to even our thoughts and beyond. That’s why it’s so important that we choose foods that promote a optimal gut health.
The great news is that these bacteria are highly adaptable with the ability to process the information dictated by the foods we eat from moment to moment. These beneficial bacteria thrive on colorful, plant-based foods.
Benefits: High in inulin, strong prebiotic potential
Background: Inulin, an insoluble fiber, travels through our bodies from the small to large intestine, our colon. Once this insoluble fiber finds its way to the colon, it ferments into healthy micro flora. Other good sources of inulin include asparagus, leeks, onions and bananas. Note: It’s good to ease into eating Jerusalem artichokes, as they may cause distress to people with sensitive digestive tracts.
Benefits: Restores health of the bacterial community, may reduce inflammation
Background: Like a peacemaker, bananas work to maintain harmony among microbes in the bacterial community, known as phyla. This is one reason bananas are a standard prescription for an upset stomach. Bananas may also reduce inflammation, due to high levels of potassium and magnesium.
Benefits: This high-fiber, corn-based complex carbohydrate has a fermentable component
Background: Corn, the base of polenta, earns credit for fostering a healthy gut. Polenta’s insoluble fiber travels directly to the colon, where it ferments into multiple strands of gut flora. It’s good to note that polenta, like kombucha, varies in fermentable components.
Broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables (kale, cabbage, and cauliflower)
Benefits: Cruciferous vegetables contain sulfur-containing metabolites, known as glucosinolates, which are broken down by microbes to release substances that reduce inflammation and reduce the risk of bladder, breast, colon, liver, lung and stomach cancer.
Background: Like a game of Pac Man, glucosinolates latch onto carcinogenic intruders in our colon and kindly show these pathogens the way out. Over the long run, this pays big dividends: Studies show people who eat the most cruciferous vegetables reduce their risk of colorectal cancer by 18 percent. One more reason to load up on leafy greens!
Benefits: Can modify the microbiota to enhance immune function
Background: Our eyes are naturally drawn to anthocyanins, the pigment that gives blueberries a bold color, for good reason. We’re not sure if it’s the antioxidants, vitamin K compounds or fiber that gives blueberries clout as a superfood, but we’re impressed with the results. Studies continue to show blueberries may help strengthen our memory, improve our immune system, and diversify our gut bacteria.
Benefits: Any legume will help release short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that strengthen your intestine cells, improve absorption of micronutrients and help with weight loss.
Background: Beans feed good gut bugs, which in turn revs up your immune system. Calorie for calorie, beans offer the most nutrition bang for your buck. They are packed with fiber, protein, folate and B vitamins, which play a role in regulating a healthy gut and a healthy brain.
Fermented plant-based foods: sauerkraut, kimchi and tempeh
Benefits: Fermented foods, such as beet radish kimchi or pickled ginger sauerkraut, are trending for a reason. They directly inoculate your gut with healthy live micro-organisms that will crowd out the unhealthy bacteria, improve the absorption of minerals and improve overall health.
Background: Fermented plant-based foods are probiotics that have been found to improve the health of the intestinal cells, improve immune function, decrease allergies, reduce the risk of colon cancer and treat diarrhea. You can make fermented foods at home and just as easily pick them up from a local grocery or health food store.
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Who Is Talking About Strabismus and Why You Need to Be Worried
Publié le 9/04/2019 à 13:14,From time to time, strabismus is very noticeable. In some instances, the basis for strabismus may be unknown. Continuous strabismus is harder to treat, because it's more difficult to retrain an visual system in case the eyes not get the job done together.
If strabismus is not treated properly in a young stage, it may cause permanent vision loss or vision difficulties. Certain types of strabismus also have been associated with a higher risk of myopia. Nonparetic strabismus is normally concomitant.
Strabismus - the Conspiracy
Most forms of strabismus, but don't vanish as a kid develops. While strabismus can frequently be noticed upon simple monitoring of someone's eyes, amblyopia may not. Strabismus results every time someone has trouble developing the visual ability area of attention teaming. Occasionally strabismus may be a sign of a more critical eye disease or other health issue, and should always be completely investigated by means of an eye specialist whenever possible. Strabismus is a visual disorder at which the eyes are misaligned and point in a variety of directions. Normally, continuous large-angle strabismus doesn't result in symptoms like eye strain and headaches because there's almost no effort by the brain to straighten the eyes.
Most of the time, the reason for strabismus is unknown. Strabismus occurs whenever there are anatomical or neurological issues that interfere with the management and purpose of the extraocular muscles. In reality, strabismus is the most frequently encountered cause of idle eye. Strabismus may lead to amblyopia due to their brain ignoring one eye. The exact source of strabismus remains unknown. The very first step in treating strabismus is to ensure the patient gets the very best glasses prescription.
Hearsay, Lies and Strabismus
The many sorts of strabismus produce a number of symptoms. Strabismus is too little coordination between the eyes. Strabismus may have a hereditary component, but that isn't always true. Strabismus is an problem with eye teaming and amblyopia is a problem with vision that can not be improved with glasses. The Cosmetic Problem Strabismus causes an issue with look. Strabismus is usually treated with a combination of eyeglasses, vision therapy, and surgery, based on the underlying reason behind the misalignment. Strabismus is a crucial condition that can affect a person's wellbeing.
Strabismus is often known as crossed eyes, but it may present in lots of special ways. Strabismus should not be left untreated, since it can bring about permanent vision damage. Strabismus includes any kind of eye misalignment. Strabismus is normally known as crossed eyes, although the definition above implies , it entails any sort of attention turn, not just crossing.
Strabismus - Dead or Alive?
Squint surgery is needed because it's very tough to move eyes wherever sufferer wants. More than 1 operation might be required and complications are extremely rare. Because strabismus surgery is a permanent therapy, it's fairly feasible for the mind to relearn the best way to use the eyes with each other, and fix some compensatory mechanisms.
Frequently, kids experience strabismus to get a consequence of issues that may be easily treated with glasses. If a child is showing any indications of strabismus they ought to be examined by an eye specialist immediately. If your kid is experiencing symptoms of strabismus, you need to speak to a professional specialist after potential. Otherwise, a child might be given an eye patch to wear over the straight eye for a few hours every day.
For more information please visit strabismo (strabismus).
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Rock climbing involves strength, control and finesse. Using the muscles in your arms and legs to pull yourself up a sheer rock face takes strength and control. Using your brain to place your hands and feet so that your muscles can do their job -- that's finesse.
Rock climbing is a little like skydiving. Both rock climbing and skydiving have an element of danger. Both are sports where people participate mostly for their own personal satisfaction -- these sports do not offer much for spectators. And both are sports where potential participants either "get it" or they don't. In skydiving, either you are excited about leaping out of a plane into the abyss, or you aren't. In rock climbing, either you are excited about scaling a vertical piece of stone, or you aren't.
The basic premise behind rock climbing is extremely simple. You are trying to climb from the bottom to the top of something. If that was all there were to it, then you would need nothing but your body and a good pair of climbing shoes. The other part of the sport comes if you slip anywhere along the way. Because of the possibility of falling, rock climbing involves a great deal of highly specialized equipment to catch you when you fall. When you're rock climbing outdoors on "traditional" routes, learning to use and properly place this equipment is at least half of the sport!
In this article, we will look at different types of rock climbing and you will learn about the equipment and skills that climbers use to scale rock faces that can rise for thousands of feet.
Types of Rock Climbing
A sport that can be done indoors on plywood climbing structures, or done outdoors on cliffs thousands of feet high, rock climbing comes in several different forms today:
- Traditional rock climbing - Traditional climbing is the sort of climbing you typically see in movies and in nature documentaries. Connected by a rope, pairs of climbers wearing harnesses scale a rock face carrying racks of specialized equipment. As they go, the climbers place wedges, nuts and other forms of protection from their racks into cracks in the rock. The rope is hooked to these pieces of protection so that, if a climber falls, the rope catches them.
- Sport climbing - Sport climbing is like traditional climbing in most respects, except that the protective pieces are permanently bolted into the rock. The climber doesn't have to carry protection with him/her or place it along the way. This makes sport climbing safer, faster and less expensive than traditional climbing.
- Free solo climbing - Free solo climbing is like sport climbing except you use no rope. If you fall, you die.
- Indoor climbing - Indoor climbing is like sport climbing, except that climbers scale indoor climbing structures made of plywood or concrete and hold onto artificial handholds/footholds bolted onto the structure. The fact that it is indoors means that the height of the structure is limited by the height of the ceiling in the room. However, there are no weather problems and it is easy to unbolt the handholds and footholds to reconfigure the wall.
- Ice climbing - Ice climbing is like traditional climbing except that the climber is scaling an ice formation (such as a frozen waterfall or a glacier) rather than a rock formation. Specialized equipment that can screw into the ice is used instead of the wedges, nuts and cams used on rock formations.
- Bouldering and buildering - Bouldering is like sport climbing, but you are climbing on boulders (or the sides of chimneys and buildings) rather than on cliffs and crags. Because the maximum height of a boulder is typically ten feet or so, bouldering is often done without ropes.
Interested in rock climbing and other adventure sports? Check out the ice climbing article, video and images at Discovery’s Fearless Planet.
Now let's find out what it takes to climb a rock.
Rock Climbing Skills and Technique
Image courtesy of Department of Defense
Imagine a 1,000-foot tall sheet of vertical, continuous, seamless glass. If you had to climb it, it would be impossible unless you had suction cups for your hands and feet. Now imagine a 1,000-foot tall vertical rock wall filled with cracks and outcrops that are so obvious and so easy to find that you can climb it like you climb a ladder. Rock climbing always falls somewhere between these two extremes.
In the easy case there isn't really any skill involved at all. As long as a person is in decent physical shape, it's possible for just about anyone to climb a rock like this. As the rock gets smoother and the handholds get farther apart and smaller, the climber begins to enter the realm of nuance and finesse. The climber must be able to find adequate handholds and footholds, balance on them in often precarious positions, and move from one point to the next without falling. On difficult routes there can be thin cracks with little to grab hold of, overhangs that require incredible strength to traverse, and wind and temperatures that make the route up the rock even more challenging.
Whenever possible, the climber is trying to do most of the work of climbing using his/her legs. In the ideal case, climbers try to keep their centers of gravity over their feet and then push upwards with their legs. They use their arms and hands only for balance and positioning. As the rock becomes smoother, it becomes harder to stay in this ideal position. This is where strength and agility come in. On difficult routes, the climber needs incredible arm, hand and finger strength and endurance to stick to the rock. On extremely difficult routes, finding enough things to hold onto in a continuous sequence becomes a complex geometry problem. Check out the videos at SmithRock.com to see how strenuous climbing can get.
In the United States, climbers use a standard rating system to describe the difficulty of different routes. There are 6 classes in this system, ranging from class 1 (normal walking) through hiking, scrambling and then climbing at class 5. Everything known as "rock climbing" falls in class 5. Class 6 is rock walls that are so smooth that there is no way to climb them without artificial aids like ladders.
Within class 5 there are 14 different levels that break down like this:
Probably the easiest and safest way to get started in rock climbing today is to go to an indoor climbing facility and take lessons. There you will learn the basic techniques in a safe environment, build your strength and skills, and meet other climbers. Any major city will have two or three climbing gyms in the area. Once you understand the basics, you can find a partner and head out to start on easy sport routes. As you gain experience, you can move up to more advanced routes.
Many climbers never move beyond sport climbing because they like the safety and speed of using pre-placed bolts. If you want to try advanced routes, or routes in remote areas, then you can learn how to place protection and try out traditional climbing. In making the jump to traditional climbing, it is essential to find a partner or hire a guide/instructor with traditional climbing experience so that you can learn how to safely place protection yourself.
Now you have an idea of how to get started. And, you've learned that there are several forms of rock climbing, and that each requires different levels of skill. Strength, stamina and control are integral to mastering the sport. Some other important aspects are the equipment and climbing technique. In the next section we'll take a look at the equipment and technique involved in sport climbing.
Rock Climbing Equipment
In sport climbing, the equipment is fairly simple. At the minimum you need:
- Climbing shoes
- A harness and carabiners for attaching the harness to the rope
- Gloves or hand chalk
- A dozen quickdraws
- A belay device and a rappelling device
- A rope
- A helmet
Carabiners and belay device
On the next page, learn how two climbers would use all this equipment on a typical sport route.
Lead Climbing and Belaying
The first climber to climb the route is known as the lead climber. While he/she is climbing, the lead climber is protected by the rope attached to his/her harness. The other end of the rope is held by the second climber, who is known as the belayer. The belayer runs the rope through a belay device attached to his/her harness and feeds rope out as the lead climber rises.
As the lead climber climbs, he/she will come to the first bolt on the rock wall. A bolt is a permanent anchor that has been drilled into the rock. There's a metal loop attached to the bolt. The lead climber uses a quickdraw to connect the rope to the bolt. A quickdraw is a pair of carabiners attached together by strong nylon webbing. The lead climber hooks the carabiner on one end of a quickdraw to the bolt, and runs the rope through the second carabiner on the other end of the quickdraw. The lead climber proceeds up the route, hooking into each bolt as he/she comes to it.
If the lead climber falls, the belayer will grab the rope to arrest the fall. The maximum distance that the lead climber can fall is equal to twice the distance between the last bolt and his/her current position, plus the length of slack left in the line by the belayer, plus the stretch of the rope. Climbing rope stretches to absorb the shock of the fall. So, if the lead climber is 4 feet (1.2 meters) above the last bolt that he/she clipped into, the climber will fall 8 feet (4 feet to get even with the bolt and then 4 feet past it), plus the length of the slack in the line, plus the length that the rope stretches. Perhaps 10 to 12 feet (3.4 meters), in other words.
The lead climber can climb to a maximum height equal to about half the length of the rope. If the lead climber goes any higher than that, it will not be possible for the belayer to lower him/her back to the ground if the lead climber falls and is injured. Since most ropes are 50 to 60 meters long, it means that the distance that the lead climber can climb before stopping is 25 to 30 meters (75 to 90 feet).
The lead climber will climb to a ledge, tie into an anchor in the rock with a short piece of rope or webbing, and the two climbers switch roles. The lead climber become the belayer from above for the second climber. The second climber detaches and collects the quickdraws placed by the lead climber as he/she climbs.
Once the lead climber and the second climber are together again, they have completed the first pitch. They will then repeat the process to climb the second pitch, and so on, until they reach their destination.
Traditional climbing follows the same steps. However, instead of attaching to pre-placed bolts, the lead climber carries and places temporary protection (aka pro) along the way. Protection is placed into cracks in the rock and comes in several different forms:
The lead climber places protection into cracks as he/she climbs, and the second climber removes all of it as he/she follows. The placement of protection is obviously a crucial skill, since protection devices are the only thing that stand between life and death in a fall. The protection must be placed so that it locks into the rock and holds firm during the stress of a fall.
For more information on rock climbing and related topics, check out the links on the next page.
Related HowStuffWorks Articles
- How Climbing Mount Everest Works
- How Spelunking Works
- How has Mount Everest tourism affected Nepal?
- What are urban explorers?
- How a Block and Tackle Works
- How Hang Gliding Works
- How SCUBA Works
- How Skydiving Works
- How Muscles Work
More Great Links
- The archive of climbing moves and tips
- Metolius How To's
- DIY rock climbing
- Roped climbing methods
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Experts have said that, due to the adverse impacts of climate change, green growth financing projects play a very important role for the sustainable development of Vietnam.
Vietnam is one of the five countries most likely to be affected by climate change because most of the population lives in low-lying coastal areas. It is estimated that climate change will reduce the country’s national income by up to 3.5% by 2050, Vietnam News citied a report from the World Bank.
Meanwhile, an International Finance Corporation (IFC) study shows climate finance in Vietnam accounts for only about 5% of total bank loans, equivalent to US$10.3bil (RM43bil) and the value is projected to increase significantly in the coming years.
According to IFC, the implementation of the national target of reducing total greenhouse gas emissions by 9% by 2030 to mitigate the effects of climate change will provide a climate investment opportunity worth US$753bil for Vietnam in the 2016-30 period.
Meanwhile, a survey by international rating agency MSCI found 79% of investors in Asia-Pacific significantly increased their investment in Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) in 2020 in response to uncertainties of the Covid-19 pandemic and 57% of them planned further study to make investment decisions by the end of 2021.
Although the growth rate of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Vietnam is slowing down due to the negative impact of the pandemic, capital flows into green growth projects are still quite positive.
Especially, through domestic credit institutions, international financial institutions are playing an important role in financing green economic development in Vietnam.
Recently, French development finance organisation Proparco granted a US$50 million loan to Vietnamese lender HDBank to lend green projects to promote sustainable development.
The IFC also provided a $100 million long-term loan to the Orient Commercial Joint Stock Bank (OCB) last month to further promote the contribution of the private sector in green and sustainable growth in Vietnam.
The green growth trend of international investment organizations is opening up many opportunities to raise capital for Vietnamese firms, however, in order to receive the international capital funding, local firms also need to make more efforts and be consistent with their planned development goals.
As Vietnam’s economy has developed rapidly over the past decade, the country is fertile land for investors looking for growth. However, to sustain the growth, the country will need to develop capital markets, and foreign capital will play an important role, according to HSBC Vietnam.
The HSBC Vietnam assessed anti-climate change initiatives and green finance programs in Vietnam are still in their infancy, but this frontier market is gradually catching up with governance and social factors.
Many investors were surprised to learn that Vietnam has a detailed set of corporate governance rules and is on the right track with meeting a significant number of the 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations.
For example, in the renewable energy sector, Vietnam is recording the highest level of investment in renewable energy in the Asean region. To attract more FDI and provide foreign companies with a more sustainable energy source, the country has demonstrated a strong commitment to renewable energy.
However, with the increasing importance of investing in ESG, HSBC experts believe Vietnamese firms will be under greater pressure to comply with ESG standards so they will focus more on sustainable growth and further make public on ESG issues.
Investors will demand more from firms. Therefore, firms operating in the high-carbon emission sector need to rethink their business models and strategies, according to Wai-Shin Chan, Head of HSBC’s Climate Change Centre of Excellence and also Head of Environmental Social Governance (ESG) Research. Vietnam News reported.
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Henri Cartier-Bresson…In His Own Words
Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004) was a French photographer largely regarded as the father of photojournalism. He used, nearly exclusively, a Leica 35mm with 50mm lens (and a wide angle for a few landscapes). He painted the shiny parts with black paint to make his camera less conspicuous.
He used to be a painter until he saw a photograph by Martin Munkàcsi titled Three Boys at Lake Tanganyika, who said about it, “I suddenly understood that photography can fix eternity in a moment.”
I ran across a video called Henri Cartier-Bresson: The Decisive Moment produced in 1973 by Scholastic Magazines Inc. and International Center of Photography. It is a video of his images overlaid by his voice recorded for a radio interview. He avoided being photographed or filmed himself stating he was embarrassed by the notion of being photographed for being famous. However, that notion didn’t stop him earlier from appearing in two French movies before his photography career.
This video is truly a masterclass in his philosophy about photography, his thoughts and inspirations about some of his images, and an exciting immersion into this iconic photographer’s portrait, photojournalism and street photography.
Please click here to view the video. NOTE: For an unknown reason – and this may not occur on your computer or pad, but it seems to start 20 seconds in. Just click and drag the time-lapse button at the bottom of the video back to the beginning.
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When looking at patterns of rights of way across Norfolk some are unsurprising, such as the greater number of footpaths and lanes in the south east of the county and the relative sparseness of the north west. Examining the historic development of such contrasts will form a key part of our Pathways to History project, but as we sort through the results of fieldwork and documentary research we’ve started to explore and map a range of other patterns.
Firstly, we’ve been looking at the modern density of rights of way (footpaths, bridleways and byways), calculated in terms of metres of rights of way per hectare of each parish. On this basis the densest network of rights of way is to be found in the parish of Wacton, to the west of the A140 near Long Stratton. Anyone who has ever looked at an Ordnance Survey map of this area won’t be surprised by this – the mesh of paths and tracks across and around Wacton Common is striking even in an area with as many footpaths as south Norfolk. It might reasonably be expected that the other most densely ‘pathed’ parishes in Norfolk would be in this area, but the distribution of the top ten is rather more widespread.
|No||Parish/Area||PROW(m) per HECTARE|
|7||Burston and Shimpling||33.25|
Looking at these in a little more detail they can be divided into a number of categories. Firstly, there are those parishes which have high densities due to their diminutive areas, such as New Buckenham and Yelverton. Secondly there is Downham West, which scores highly here by virtue of the long bridleways and byways which follow the course of fenland rivers and dykes. Thirdly there are those parishes, such as Wacton and Runton where areas of common land survived much later than elsewhere in Norfolk. Indeed, Runton is one of the few places in this region where open field strips survived late enough to be included on the first edition six inch and twenty five inch Ordnance Survey maps of the 1880s. Drayton is a somewhat surprising entry in the top ten, particularly as there appear to be very few rights of way on modern maps. However, the definitive map for Norfolk includes a cluster of footpaths around Drayton Wood and Canham’s Hill which help to explain the results above. You can see them on Norfolk County Council’s interactive map here – http://www.countrysideaccess.norfolk.gov.uk/interactive-map.aspx
Further research, both fieldwork and documentary, will undoubtedly shed more light on these patterns; and on the more detailed history of rights of way within individual parishes.
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Fundamentally, all landers eventually use lithobraking - it's called touchdown, and the last few m/s are shed that way. Apollo lunar lander landing gear were design rated for a maximum of 5 feet per second vertical velocity at touchdown.
High Velocity Impact
Currently, artillery electronics can be hardened for short duration 30000 Gee accelerations according to public data; it's almost a certainty that the actual numbers are higher. Similar decelerations are acceptable provided the electronics are designed for that.
Typical science packages are not going to be able to survive that. Certain science packages might be able to do so, and plowing into a 100m long skid (or penetration) from 300m/s is shedding 45kj/kg in 0.6 sec or so, and about 6900 G's.
In order to survive this, special construction techniques are needed, and the types of experiments are limited severely.
Lithobreaking as Sole Method
The speeds needed for orbit are high enough that lithobraking is implausible for a a sole method even for the best hardened projectile electronics.
For translunar or more distant missions, the speeds and energies are higher still, and a shallow graze would result in a skip into orbit or past the target.
Lithbreaking as final process
The Pathfinder Rover is considered to have used Lithobraking via it's airbag bounce landing. This was used to shed a 14 meters per second at 18 G peak impact - too high for human safety, but well within human survivability. And, since it performed multiple science activities, easily within the realm of delivery for science payloads.
Similar systems could be used on the moon, albeit with much longer runs and higher bounces.
Price and Mass
The two competing issues are price and mass. For the Pathfinder rover, it was competetive; I've read (but cannot cite) that it was more expensive than rocket, but thought to be more likely to succeed. It was not more mass-efficient, but wasn't severely higher, and offered a number of other failure mode advantages.
The system was not practical when scaled up for larger rovers - both mass and price resulted in a return to thrust based.
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Among surgical procedures, arthroplastic (hip and knee) surgeries are key high-cost, high-volume surgeries targeted for surgical site infection prevention. Infections following hip or knee replacement surgery are devastating for the patient and those caring for the patient. Treatment often requires additional surgery and hospitalization; prolonged systemic antibiotic therapy; and impaired mobility during treatment. Patients generally require intensive rehabilitation in a skilled nursing facility or at home, where the burden of care, as well as considerable out-of-pocket expense, falls upon family members.
Key Changes for Improvement
- Use an alcohol-containing antiseptic agent for preoperative skin preparation
- Instruct patients to bathe or shower with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) soap for at least three days before surgery
- Screen patients for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and decolonize SA carriers with five days of intranasal mupirocin and bathing or showering with chlorhexidine gluconate soap for at least three days before surgery
- Appropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics
- Appropriate hair removal
The IHI How-to Guide contains detailed information on key changes to prevent surgical site infection for hip and knee arthroplasty and measures to guide improvement.
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PRESCHOOL BIBLE VERSE MEMORIZATION: Less Is Better
Every Sunday School teacher knows the value of helping children
memorize scripture. The question is not should children memorize, but
how can we help them memorize. In the case of younger children, less is
better. Concentrate on learning only a few verses well.
Use a variety of teaching and learning methods such as singing,
saying in different voices, emphasizing a specific word, saying in
rhythm, using picture cards, making up motions and using simple rhythm
patterns of claps, taps or stomps.
|
<urn:uuid:61ab3e6f-d6fd-4938-8174-93d05e5831c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://childrensministryideasunlimited.blogspot.com/2014/09/preschool-bible-verse-memorization-less.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689413.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923014525-20170923034525-00335.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.898686 | 128 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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