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Language is a tool and needs to be used as such. Researchers need to have a uniform language to advance ideas because differing language in the scientific community creates confusion.
Confused about basic research versus translational research? Check out this 101-guide to help you understand the difference in these two fields of research.
Citizen scientists are individuals that actively engage with the scientific world around them by asking questions, participating in and funding research, and self-education. Citizen scientists have the important role of observing the world around them and using this knowledge to benefit the work of professional scientists.
Where can the families of children with neurological conditions find themselves represented in media? Sproutflix ensures that those with developmental conditions are the main representation.
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The following resources are included with the Second Grade package:
- Second Grade Syllabus
- Intermediate Recorder
- Clay Fun
- First Book of Nature Crafts
- Animal Stories
- Just So Stories
- Ben & Meg
- The Voyages of Dr. Dolittle
- Animal Friends
Please note that The Heart of Learning and The Home Teacher Process Manual are used through grades K -3. These items are sold separately as they only need to be purchased once. The recorders, which are used in the music curriculum, are included in the craft kit (sold separately) or can be purchased individually.
Oak Meadow’s Second Grade curriculum expands on your child’s natural intelligence and growing confidence as a reader and writer. Reading emerges from writing, and observations of animals and nature become the subject of poems, writing, and stories. The rhythmic nature of rhyming poems becomes a natural and playful means of working with phonetic letter sounds as students develop their independent reading skills.
In Social Studies, students continue to develop their understanding of history, geography, economics, and civics. Fables and folktales provide the backdrop for learning about ancient cultures, and universal human themes. Students explore the themes of good citizenship by learning about the lives of inspiring individuals.
In Math, the second grader’s growing understanding of mathematics and confidence in manipulating numbers leads to work with the multiplication tables and gaining skill with the four processes.
In Science, students continue to develop their observation skills as they explore the world of animals. Themes such as interdependence, natural rhythms, and classification provide the foundation for close-up investigations into the plant and animal kingdoms.
Through hands-on and investigative activities in Art, Crafts, Music, and Health, students engage in explorations of color and craft, develop their recorder playing skills, and conduct inquiries into topics related to their healthy development.
Projects, crafts, and activities through the year include:
- Copy and illustrate poems
- Make books
- Perform puppet plays
- Grow an indoor plant
- Make an ancient mask
- Create a doll
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When Pepsi announced last week it was dumping the artificial sweetener aspartame from its Diet Pepsi formula, it surprised many people that the soda giant would tamper with the recipe for such a successful product.
But there have been health concerns about aspartame for decades. The sweetener, which is sold under the brand names Equal and NutraSweet, has been linked to at least 90 symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, fatigue, weight gain, depression, and memory loss.
Pepsi's move may simply be one of economics.
It follows a 5.2 percent drop in sales of Diet Pepsi in 2014, and a survey found that aspartame is the main reason many consumers avoid diet sodas.
Studies questioning the safety of diet sodas have increased in number in recent years, finding they raise the risk of:
• Heart disease.
Researchers from Columbia University and the University of Miami found that a single diet soda daily over a period of 10 years increased the risk of heart attack and stroke by 43 percent.
. A study published in the journal Nature
found that diet sodas change the microbes living in the gut in a way that increases the risk of diabetes.
Researchers at Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science found that mice fed artificial sweeteners developed glucose intolerance.
They also found that people who regularly used artificial sweeteners, including aspartame and saccharin, had elevated levels of HbA1C, a measure of blood sugar. A study conducted at the University of Minnesota found that a single diet soda daily raised the risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes by 36 percent.
• Weight gain
. A study at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio found those who drank diet sodas were more likely to become overweight than those who drank regular sugary sodas.
For each can of diet soda consumed each day, the risk of obesity increased by 41 percent. After 10 years, those who drank two or more diet sodas a day increased their risk of obesity by 500 percent
According to researchers, aspartame can trigger or worsen many chronic illnesses including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia.
One study found that aspartame became a brain toxin when combined with a common food coloring.
Other studies found that drinking two diet sodas every day could cause an increase in belly fat, and that the artificial sweetener, like sugar, actually increases blood glucose levels and leads to diabetes.
Still, the Food and Drug Administration insists aspartame is safe.
In February the agency's Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee reiterated its stance, although it mentioned a "possible association" between aspartame and the risk of some blood cancers, such as non-Hodgkins lymphoma.
Pepsi will replace aspartame with sucralose — known as Splenda — a somewhat less controversial artificial sweetener, and Ace K, acesulfame potassium, a non-calorie sweetener that's 200 times sweeter than sugar.
Sucralose also has its detractors, however.
Studies show it reduces the "good" bacteria in the gut by 50 percent.
Changes in gut bacteria are linked to obesity and diabetes.
Studies have also shown that sucralose also limits drug absorption. Ace K contains methylene chloride, a carcinogen, and studies of lab animals have connected it to multiple types of cancer.
"Artificial sweeteners, including aspartame, are a disaster," says board-certified family physician Dr. David Brownstein, author of the Natural Way to Health
newsletter. "They’re known to cause neurologic problems, autoimmune disorders, and probably cancer."
© 2023 NewsmaxHealth. All rights reserved.
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The concept of doing philosophy with children has been around for more than forty years, beginning with the work of Matthew Lipman in the United States in the late 1960s. Lipman created the Philosophy for Children programme after becoming concerned with the lack of critical thinking skills displayed by his college students. He reasoned that students needed to be taught these skills much earlier in their educational journey in order to engage better at university level. Over the intervening decades, Philosophy for Children (P4C) has expanded to encompass much younger children, all around the world.
Philosophy for Children uses philosophical inquiry with children, namely through creating a Community of Inquiry (CoI). The aim is to create a collaborative, safe space where children are free to explore issues, ask questions, engage in dialogue and reflect on their thinking in a supportive environment. It is not necessarily about teaching children the subject of Philosophy but rather harnessing children's inherent wonder and curiosity about the world and encouraging them to philosophise. P4C is an empowering programme that acknowledges children’s capabilities to think and speak up for themselves. It respects their individual experiences and perspectives that they bring to the group (CoI) and invites them to become part of a learning community.
For me, the three Cs of thinking - Critical, Creative and Caring - are the back bone of Adventures in Wonder's programme. They share an equal weight of importance, as they form a foundation of best thinking practice. Critical thinking skills give children the capacity to think for themselves; creative thinking enhances imagination and problem solving; caring thinking fosters empathy and compassion. Together, they help shape compassionate, thoughtful and individual thinkers.
As an educator, I connected with P4C from the moment I came across it during my Master's research. I was interested in ways to empower young children in the classroom and give them more of a voice. I believe P4C provides the tools for children to articulate their thinking more clearly, encourages them to work through thoughts and ideas together, and fosters respectful communication. The possibilities of P4C are just as exciting to me now as they were then.
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Submitted to: Journal of Radiation Physics and Chemistry
Publication Type: Proceedings
Publication Acceptance Date: January 5, 2004
Publication Date: March 7, 2004
Citation: Sommers, C.H., Fan, X., Niemira, B.A., Rajkowski, K.T. 2004. Irradiation of ready-to-eat foods at usda's eastern regional research center - 2003 update. Journal of Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 71:511-514. Technical Abstract: Ionizing radiation is a safe and effective method for eliminating bacterial pathogens from food products and disinfestation of fruits and vegetables. Since 1980 research has been conducted at USDA's Eastern Regional Research Center pertaining to the elimination of food-borne pathogens from meat, poultry, fruit and vegetable products. Recent work has focused on elimination of pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from ready-to-eat (RTE) food products including hot dogs, bologna, lettuce, cilantro, sprouts and seeds, and frozen vegetables. The ionizing radiation dose required to eliminate those pathogens from RTE foods has been found to be commodity, formulation and temperature dependent. The need to eliminate bacterial pathogens from RTE food products must always be balanced with the maintenance of product quality. In addition to determining the effective ionizing radiation doses required for pathogen elimination the effects of irradiation on product chemistry, nutritional value and organoleptic quality have also been determined.
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Today I am taking a break from the sites within the Ecclesiastical settlement at St. Mullins to jump across the road to one of my personal favourite site in the area. The Motte and Bailey. It’s the first thing that you will notice as you drive into St. Mullins, commanding a watchful presence over its surrounds, even today. On a clear day there is some stunning scenery to be viewed from the summit of the mound. On my arrival there was a young father with his son, whom where using an old coal sack to slide down its steep sides. A practise that I am sure has occurred here many times over the years. Initially I wondered might this have been an early Irish fortification which pre-dated the arrival of Norman invaders, such as The Rock of Dunamase for example. It wold have made sense for St. Moling to have his cemetery close by. As it would have given him a certain amount of protection. But after reading about how this settlement was plundered by our friendly Northmen on a number of occasions, I quickly put this theory to rest.
Located directly across from the main enterance to the monastery, which would suggest that whatever Norman Lord built his fortification here, either wanted to protect the monastery or wanted to remove the control/power of the monastery and claim it for himself. Not only would this structure have overshadowed the monastery, but it would have controlled the main road through the village and indeed access to the monastery itself. Over the years it was believed that there were up to 150 various castles in the Carlow area. I was only able to find the name of one Castle in the locale of “Tymolyn” which was an old variation of what is now known as St. Mullins. So I wonder if this Motte and Bailey is indeed the site of Cushlanmoyle Castle?
Aside from the afore mentioned this fortification was also strategically placed overlooking the Barrow river, so whomever lived here, controlled not only the monastery, but also the transport routes of the area, both land and water. The site itself consists of a steep sided mound of about 9 meters in height, with a diameter of about 40m. It is enclosed by a deep wide fosse, with signs of an outer bank to the north and east. The rectangular bailey which runs north-west from the motte, is about 24x46m and is enclosed by a low bank and external fosse. Now considering this was built back in the 12th century as commonly believed, the chances are that this fortification was of the early Norman wooden variety. These were normally followed by a more permanent stone structure, but there is little trace to support this which leads me to believe that this was in fact a wooden fort.
As far as Norman motte’s go this is quite impressive and in good condition. However the bailey does not appear to have been as lucky and is rather difficult to make out. In all a great place to visit on a sunny day, with stunning views and plenty to do. I you are planning on visiting with children, don’t forget an old sack for sliding down the mound. Its been years since Ive done so but it looks like great fun.
To see more of these images, why not visit my Website or join me on Facebook or Twitter.
Pingback: Motte & Bailey @ St. Mullins
wonderfully mysterious Ed!! and you’d make a great detective!!
All part of the ruinhunter skillset Cybele 🙂
These are fascinating – difficult to take on board that they are so old
Pingback: The Penal Alter | EdMooneyPhotography
leave your sack at home protected structure
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Jane Austen was an English novelist whose books, set amongst the English middle and upper classes, are notable for their wit, social observation and insights into the lives of early 19th century women.
Jane Austen was born on 16 December 1775 in the village of Steventon in Hampshire. She was one of eight children of a clergyman and grew up in a close-knit family. She began to write as a teenager. In 1801 the family moved to Bath. After the death of Jane's father in 1805 Jane, her sister Cassandra and their mother moved several times eventually settling in Chawton, near Steventon.
Jane's brother Henry helped her negotiate with a publisher and her first novel, 'Sense and Sensibility', appeared in 1811. Her next novel 'Pride and Prejudice', which she described as her "own darling child" received highly favourable reviews. 'Mansfield Park' was published in 1814, then 'Emma' in 1816. 'Emma' was dedicated to the Prince Regent, an admirer of her work. All of Jane Austen's novels were published anonymously.
In 1816, Jane began to suffer from ill-health, probably due to Addison's disease. She travelled to Winchester to receive treatment, and died there on 18 July 1817. Two more novels, 'Persuasion' and 'Northanger Abbey' were published posthumously and a final novel was left incomplete.
/\/ \|":Biography:"|/ \/\
Jane Austen was born on 16 December, 1775, at the rectory in the village of Steventon, near Basingstoke, in Hampshire. The seventh of eight children of the Reverend George Austen and his wife, Cassandra, she was educated mainly at home and never lived apart from her family. She had a happy childhood amongst all her brothers and the other boys who lodged with the family and whom Mr Austen tutored. From her older sister, Cassandra, she was inseparable. To amuse themselves, the children wrote and performed plays and charades, and even as a little girl Jane was encouraged to write. The reading that she did of the books in her father's extensive library provided material for the short satirical sketches she wrote as a girl.
At the age of 14 she wrote her first novel, Love and Freindship (sic) and then A History of England by a partial, prejudiced and ignorant Historian, together with other very amusing juvenilia. In her early twenties Jane Austen wrote the novels that were later to be re-worked and published as Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey. She also began a novel called The Watsons which was never completed.
The first 25 years of her life Jane spent in Hampshire. On her father's unexpected retirement, the family sold off everything, including Jane's piano, and moved to Bath. Jane, aged twenty-five, and Cassandra, her elder sister, aged twenty-eight, were considered by contemporary standards confirmed old maid, and followed their parents. Torn from her friends and rural roots in Steventon, Austen abandoned her literary career for a decade.
As a young woman Jane enjoyed dancing (an activity which features frequently in her novels) and she attended balls in many of the great houses of the neighbourhood. She loved the country, enjoyed long country walks, and had many Hampshire friends. It therefore came as a considerable shock when her parents suddenly announced in 1801 that the family would be moving away to Bath. Mr Austen gave the Steventon living to his son James and retired to Bath with his wife and two daughters. The next four years were difficult ones for Jane Austen. She disliked the confines of a busy town and missed her Steventon life. After her father's death in 1805, his widow and daughters also suffered financial difficulties and were forced to rely on the charity of the Austen sons. It was also at this time that, while on holiday in the West country, Jane fell in love, and when the young man died, she was deeply upset. Later she accepted a proposal of marriage from Harris Bigg-Wither, a wealthy landowner and brother to some of her closest friends, but she changed her mind the next morning and was greatly upset by the whole episode.
After the death of Mr Austen, the Austen ladies moved to Southampton to share the home of Jane's naval brother Frank and his wife Mary. There were occasional visits to London, where Jane stayed with her favourite brother Henry, at that time a prosperous banker, and where she enjoyed visits to the theatre and art exhibitions. However, she wrote little in Bath and nothing at all in Southampton.
Then, in July, 1809, on her brother Edward offering his mother and sisters a permanent home on his Chawton estate, the Austen ladies moved back to their beloved Hampshire countryside. It was a small but comfortable house, with a pretty garden, and most importantly it provided the settled home which Jane Austen needed in order to write. In the seven and a half years that she lived in this house, she revised Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice and published them ( in 1811 and 1813) and then embarked on a period of intense productivity. Mansfield Park came out in 1814, followed by Emma in 1816 and she completed Persuasion (which was published together with Northanger Abbey in 1818, the year after her death). None of the books published in her life-time had her name on them — they were described as being written "By a Lady". In the winter of 1816 she started Sanditon, but illness prevented its completion.
Possibly suffering from Addington’s disease, Jane Austen died on 18 July, 1817. She lies buried in the north aisle of the nave in Winchester Cathedral in Winchester, England.
In the Memory of
youngest daughter of the Late
Rev.d George Austen
formerly rector of Steventon in this County
She departed this Life on the 18th of July, 1817,
Aged 41, after a long illness supported with
the patience and the hopes of a Christian
Dates: December 16, 1775 - July 18, 1817
Occupation: novelist, Romantic period.
Jane Austen's Family:
- Father: George Austen, Anglican clergyman, died 1805
- Mother: Cassandra Leigh
- Siblings: Jane Austen was the seventh of eight children.
- James, also a Church of England clergyman
- George, institutionalized, disability uncertain (may have been mental retardation, may have been deaf)
- Henry, banker then Anglican clergyman, served essentially as Jane's agent with her publishers
- Francis and Charles, fought in the Napoleonic wars, became admirals
- Edward, adopted by a wealthy cousin, Thomas Knight
- older sister Cassandra who also never married
- Aunt: Ann Cawley; Jane Austen and her sister Cassandra studied at her home 1782-3
- Aunt: Jane Leigh Perrot, who hosted the family for a time after George Austen retired
- Cousin: Eliza, Comtesse of Feuillide, whose husband was guillotined during the Reign of Terror in France, and who later married Henry
The family was associated with the Tories and maintained a sympathy for the Stuart succession rather than the Hanoverian.
- Early education at home, as was usual for girls of the time; her brothers were educated at Oxford
- widely read; her father had a large library of books including novels
- 1782-1783 - Jane Austen and her sister Cassandra studied at home of their aunt, Ann Cawley
- 1784-1786 - boarding school in Reading, with her sister Cassandra
- Northanger Abbey - sold 1803, not published until 1819
- Sense and Sensibility - published 1811 but Austen had to pay the printing costs
- Pride and Prejudice - 1812
- Mansfield Park - 1814
- Emma - 1815
- Persuasion - 1819
I do not want people to be agreeable, as it saves me the trouble of liking them.
To sit in the shade on a fine day, and look upon verdure is the most perfect refreshment.
Where so many hours have been spent in convincing myself that I am right, is there not some reason to fear I may be wrong?
One half of the world cannot understand the pleasures of the other.
Silly things do cease to be silly if they are done by sensible people in an impudent way.
A large income is the best recipe for happiness I ever heard of.
Everybody likes to go their own way--to choose their own time and manner of devotion.
I cannot think well of a man who sports with any woman's feelings; and there may often be a great deal more suffered than a stander-by can judge of.
I pay very little regard...to what any young person says on the subject of marriage. If they profess a disinclination for it, I only set it down that they have not yet seen the right person.
If any one faculty of our nature may be called more wonderful than the rest, I do think it is memory. There seems something more speakingly incomprehensible in the powers, the failures, the inequalities of memory, than in any other of our intelligences. The memory is sometimes so retentive, so serviceable, so obedient; at others, so bewildered and so weak; and at others again, so tyrannic, so beyond control! We are, to be sure, a miracle every way; but our powers of recollecting and of forgetting do seem peculiarly past finding out.
It will, I believe, be everywhere found, that as the clergy are, or are not what they ought to be, so are the rest of the nation.
Nothing amuses me more than the easy manner with which everybody settles the abundance of those who have a great deal less than themselves.
Oh! Do not attack me with your watch. A watch is always too fast or too slow. I cannot be dictated to by a watch.
One cannot fix one's eyes on the commonest natural production without finding food for a rambling fancy.
The enthusiasm of a woman's love is even beyond the biographer's.
There will be little rubs and disappointments everywhere, and we are all apt to expect too much; but then, if one scheme of happiness fails, human nature turns to another; if the first calculation is wrong, we make a second better: we find comfort somewhere.
We have all a better guide in ourselves, if we would attend to it, than any other person can be.
Where any one body of educated men, of whatever denomination, are condemned indiscriminately, there must be a deficiency of information, or...of something else.
But when a young lady is to be a heroine, the perverseness of forty surrounding families cannot prevent her. Something must and will happen to throw a hero in her way.
Friendship is certainly the finest balm for the pangs of disappointed love.
In every power, of which taste is the foundation, excellence is pretty fairly divided between the sexes.
For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbours, and laugh at them in our turn?
Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. If the dispositions of the parties are ever so well known to each other or ever so similar beforehand, it does not advance their felicity in the least. They always continue to grow sufficiently unlike afterwards to have their share of vexation; and it is better to know as little as possible of the defects of the person with _______
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Hoshangabad, India — The boat you see is a ferry system to cross the Narmada River. I just rode in the boat to this shore and know why the men are standing: the bottom is full of water. As I rode across, I raised my legs as I sat on one of the benches, trying to balance my shoes on the curved side of the boat to avoid inundation. A memory of a doctor’s warning against touching open water sources in India flooded my head; but I could not have anticipated this adventure.
Now on dry land, I am standing on the sloping shore of a bank that rises to a forty foot cliff behind me, with farmland beyond. The men in the boat are headed to the urban center at the far shore, lined with massive steps and platforms that lead down to the river.
As the oar man pushed the boat away from the shore, the morning light perfectly illuminated these men, the river and the distant scene. I moved quickly to center myself with the boat as it pulled away. At one moment, the men all turned in their own directions, looking outward, contemplative.
I came to this shore with farmers and men from communities along the Yamuna River, another famous big river in India, farther north. We were staying on a farm in Hoshangabad for a workshop on no-tillage agriculture, an alternative approach to conventional tilling of soil. Over time, tilling exhausts the soil and farmers often turn to inputs like fertilizer or pesticides to make up for nature’s decline. These inputs eventually make their way to rivers, harming aquatic life and people. But at this moment, I’m not thinking about soil or farming. I’m awestruck by the sights around me. This is my first time seeing a river being worshiped.
A priest with women leaving offerings to the Narmada goddess: fruit, flowers, candles.
In the Hindu religion, the Narmada River, like other rivers in India, is considered holy – a goddess – and is revered through prayer, offerings, and bathing in the water. To bathe in the Narmada is part of a lifetime’s religious pilgrimage to all the major rivers in India.
The group and I came to this rural shoreline away from the stone steps and the people so that they could bathe in the Narmada. While the shore was full of people actively washing themselves, their clothes, offering prayers, and swimming in the water, the activity was also just downstream of a nallah sewage outfall — a source of untreated sewage.
Man bathing near nallah sewage outfall, at far left.
While rivers are considered holy in India, pure and clean from a spiritual standpoint, they may also be full of untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural waste. Describing a river as dirty is not simple when the river also has significant cultural value and religious meaning.
Everyone in the group I was with was well aware of what plagued the Narmada River, the Yamuna, and other rivers. But the men in the group proceeded to undress down to their undergarments and go for a bath. They laughed and splashed in the water, swum on their backs, and smiled to each other at having ventured this far to see the Narmada. The only two others from the group who chose not to bathe, aside from myself, were doctors.
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In recent years, the healthcare industry has witnessed a dramatic transformation, with technology playing a pivotal role in enhancing patient care and access to medical services. Telemedicine, in particular, has emerged as a powerful tool for remote healthcare delivery, breaking down geographical barriers and providing medical assistance to individuals who might not have had access otherwise. But there’s an exciting new development on the horizon that promises to take telemedicine to the next level: Virtual Reality (VR).
The Rise of Telemedicine
Telemedicine, also known as telehealth, has seen a rapid rise in popularity, driven by advancements in communication technology and the need for convenient healthcare services. It allows patients to consult with healthcare professionals from the comfort of their own homes, saving time and reducing the burden on healthcare facilities. Telemedicine has proven invaluable, especially in situations like the COVID-19 pandemic, where in-person visits became challenging.
The Role of VR in Telemedicine
Virtual Reality is a cutting-edge technology that immerses users in a digital environment, replicating real-life experiences. It’s often associated with gaming and entertainment, but its potential in the healthcare sector is immense. VR can be integrated with telemedicine to create a more engaging and immersive experience for patients and medical practitioners alike.
1. Enhanced Doctor-Patient Interaction
VR technology allows doctors to interact with patients in a more personal and realistic manner. Rather than relying solely on video calls or phone conversations, physicians can now use VR to examine patients virtually. This immersive experience enables them to assess a patient’s condition more accurately, ultimately leading to better diagnoses and treatment plans.
2. Training and Skill Development
Another significant advantage of VR in telemedicine is its use in medical training. Medical students and professionals can benefit from realistic simulations and scenarios that help improve their skills and knowledge. Surgeons, for instance, can practice complex procedures in a risk-free virtual environment, enhancing their expertise and patient safety.
3. Reducing Anxiety and Pain
Medical procedures can be anxiety-inducing and painful for patients. VR can be employed to distract patients during medical procedures, reducing anxiety and pain perception. This innovative approach enhances the overall patient experience and can lead to better treatment outcomes.
4. Remote Consultations and Monitoring
VR headsets can be distributed to patients, allowing them to attend virtual appointments with healthcare providers. This is particularly beneficial for individuals with limited mobility or those living in remote areas. Additionally, VR can facilitate continuous monitoring of chronic conditions, providing doctors with real-time data to make informed decisions.
Transitioning to a VR-Enhanced Telemedicine Future
Incorporating VR into telemedicine is not without its challenges, including cost and accessibility. However, as technology advances and becomes more affordable, the potential benefits are too significant to ignore. The integration of VR promises to revolutionize healthcare by improving patient experiences, increasing the effectiveness of medical treatments, and extending healthcare access to underserved populations.
VR and Telemedicine: A Perfect Union
In the journey to create a seamless VR-enhanced telemedicine experience, there are several aspects to consider:
1. Connectivity and Infrastructure
One of the critical factors in making VR telemedicine widely accessible is ensuring that a strong and reliable internet connection is available, even in remote areas. Governments and telecommunication companies must work together to bridge the digital divide and make high-speed internet accessible to all.
2. Standardization and Regulation
To ensure the safety and effectiveness of VR telemedicine applications, it’s essential to establish industry standards and regulations. This will help build trust among patients and healthcare providers, knowing that the technology meets strict quality and security requirements.
3. Training and Education
As this technology continues to evolve, it’s imperative to invest in the training and education of healthcare professionals. Medical practitioners need to be proficient in using VR tools and understand how to incorporate them into their practice effectively.
4. Research and Development
The future of VR in telemedicine will depend on ongoing research and development. Innovations like haptic feedback (providing a sense of touch) and improved VR hardware will take the patient experience to new heights.
The Road Ahead
In the not-so-distant future, we can expect to see virtual reality and telemedicine forming an inseparable bond. Patients will be able to step into a digital world for consultations, diagnoses, and even therapy sessions. This integration will not only revolutionize healthcare but also extend its reach globally, ensuring that medical care is accessible to all.
As the healthcare industry continues to embrace technology, VR-enhanced telemedicine represents a beacon of hope. It’s not merely a tool; it’s a profound shift towards a more patient-centric, efficient, and accessible healthcare system. The possibilities are endless, and the benefits are immeasurable.
The journey to merging VR and telemedicine is an exciting one, and as we move forward, it’s essential to keep an eye on the latest developments. Together, we can create a future where healthcare knows no boundaries, and every patient receives the best care, irrespective of their location.
In conclusion, the combination of telemedicine and VR represents a new frontier in healthcare. It has the potential to change the way we access and receive medical care, making it more convenient, efficient, and patient-centric. As technology continues to evolve, the future of healthcare looks brighter than ever, thanks to the exciting possibilities of VR-enhanced telemedicine.
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Updated: Jan 5
Waking up every day to do the same tasks can be boring. No wonder the term Monday Blues was coined by some genius. After all, we don’t want Sunday to end. Boredom is a state where one experiences lethargy and hopelessness and finds things to be unsatisfying or intriguing. However, boredom in moderation is not bad. It is a sign that something needs to be changed. It can ignite the creative spark, set us up to explore and seek purpose in life. It helps to set new goals and motivate us to achieve the same. Some are able to navigate a boring job by working out, pursuing a side hustle, having an active social life, and spending more time with family and friends, thus improving their mental well-being.
However, some aren’t. Why’s that?
Before getting to the answer, let’s understand can boredom cause depression?
Psychologists at the University of Virginia conducted an experiment to study the power of the human mind in 2014. Individuals were placed in rooms devoid of distractions and the psychologists expected partcipants to day dream or sit quietly for sometime. However, people disliked it and many preferred physical pain over boredom. With a button to get mild shock, 67% of men and 25% of women pressed it at least once to escape boredom. Shockingly, one of the participants was shocked 190 times. Research has also found that individuals are prone to self-harm and exhibit willingness to hurt others in boredom. According to the paper
A paper on Relationships between Boredom Proneness, Mindfulness, Anxiety, Depression and substance abuse, found that boredom proneness correlated positively with anxiety, depression and substance abuse. This means that people who experience high levels of boredom are likely to indulge in alcohol, drugs, gambling, overeating, reckless driving and are at the risk of anxiety and depression. It means boredom and depression are co-related. A 2013 research also found that people with brain injuries were prone to boredom. The exact mechanism is unclear and it is suspected that the boredom is the result of damage to the value and reward areas of the brain. The explanation is that when things lose value due to the damage, people with brain injuries are likely to be bored. Further, it has been found that prolonged duration of boredom has negative consequences on mental health. Research on solitary confinement of prisoners shows long-term boredom of prisoners to quickly translate to depression, cognitive disturbances, hallucinations and psychosis, self-harm and suicide.
Thus, boredom proneness - an inherent trait determines why some individuals are prone to mental health issues.
How does work impact boredom or boredom at work depression?
I hope most of us dread going to work if our work is repetitive, lacks creativity and fulfillment.
In fact, doing repetitive work contributes to boredom, increasing the risk of mental health issues.
Both early and modern research evidence suggests the same. According to a 1962 paper published in the British Medical Journal on the physical and mental effects of monotony in modern industry, monotony and fatigue were the two elements that affect happiness and health of workers at the workplace. Dr. Judy Willis, a neurologist, explains that boredom can blur judgment, goal setting, risk assessment, focus and control on our emotions. Thus, running on a hamster wheel at work can cause chronic boredom, leading to depression, anxiety and stress or we can say, it is depression due to boredom .
Boredom can also be viewed positively. For example: boredom-contributing factors such as lack of autonomy, repetitive work, lack of purpose and others can nudge individuals to search for new jobs. A survey by Korn Ferry of ~5,000 professionals reveals that the top reason why people sought out new jobs in 2018 was due to boredom in the current ones.
If you wonder, retirement is the solution to being happy, you’re wrong! According to a 2013 study by the Institute of Economic Affairs, retirement increases the chances of suffering from clinical depression by 40%. Especially, the rate of suicide is higher in men aged above 50 and highest for men over 75 years. As men will no longer be able to get a boost to their self-esteem from work or be breadwinners, they tend to view retirement as a major life altering event.
Boredom due to lack of work also impacts mental health.
Irrespective of your work situation, recognise mental health as a priority and seek therapy when needed. Manoshala offers counseling for conditions such as work stress, anxiety, depression, grief, etc. via online and offline sessions. We have 98 experts from institutions like Harvard, NYU, and Berkeley who can handle the emotional states of people in an individual or a group setting.By understanding individuals’ needs, our experts suggest personalized therapy sessions to manage their mental health condition.
Book a free 15-minutes pre-screening call with us to discuss your requirements.
Is boredom a symptom of depression?
We all feel bored. Do not jump to the conclusion that you’re depressed. Depression is diagnosed by a psychotherapist and one shouldn’t self-diagnose based on reading articles.
Most of us deal with our boredom by watching Netflix, listening to songs, calling a friend, sleeping, going for a walk, scrolling Instagram for sometime and getting back to our life. A few may even make positive lifestyle changes such as active planning for the day, taking care of diet, sleeping on time, etc and work towards work-life balance. Do you still think, Is boredom a sign of depression? However, if you experience chronic boredom that impacts your work, health and every day functioning, then it could be a symptom of depression.
Do you always feel in a low mood?
Do you feel constantly tired and fatigued?
Are you unable to get out of bed every morning?
Do you feel unhappy throughout the day?
Is hopelessness weighing your headspace?
Do you hear a lot of negative self-talk?
Have you been procrastinating lately with all deadlines?
Has your focus been off lately?
Are you feeling overwhelmed often with so much on your plate?
Are you always impatient and irritable?
If you answer yes to most of the questions, then revisit what’s causing you to feel bored. If it’s your job, evaluate your financial situation to switch to a newer role, or take time-off to explore a job and a culture that aligns with your values. Consider therapy alongside to release your emotional baggage and improve your mental health. Manoshala offers creative therapies through art, music, drama and body movement. Our experts will help in channelising emotions in healthy ways through doodling, sketching, body tapping, lyrics writing, role-play activities, storytelling, etc.
Lack of mental stimulants, challenges and limited ability to make choices at work can contribute to boredom at the workplace. If you’re engaging in hobbies or exploring new jobs, boredom will melt away. However, if you’re depressed, boredom will not go away despite making all external changes. With psychotherapy methods such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and an individual's efforts, there is light at the end of the tunnel.
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The caeca of the brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli increased in length isometrically with body mass, but wall mass and thus mucosal thickness increased allometrically. Kiwi caeca are sacculate, with greater thickness of mucosa in the proximal portions. The caecal mucosa is similar to the small intestinal mucosa, with well-developed mucosal folds, villi, and crypts of Lieberkühn or intestinal glands. The solid matter in caecal digesta contained disproportionately large quantities of material that was not retained by a 75 μm sieve. The per cent of incombustible material (total ash) within the caeca digesta did not differ significantly from those within adjacent small intestinal or rectal segments. The fine particles within the caeca were not composed of fine crystalline uric acid; chemical analyses showed only low levels of uric acid in caecal digesta. These findings indicate that the caeca of this flightless insectivorous ratite are a site for the sequestration and fermentative digestion of fine particulate material, such as plant fibre, fragmented chitin or uric acid crystals.
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A PanAfricanist Queer Womanist Collective
“You are either alive and proud or you are dead, and when you are dead, you can’t care anyway.” ~ Bantu Steve Biko
Today HOLAA! remembers Bantu Steve Biko the father and founder of the Black Consciousness movement. A movement born out of a sense of indignation towards the institutional and systematic racist violence that Black Africans were subjected to under the Apartheid regime. African Queers everywhere can relate to the notion of being marginalized, ostracized and victimized because of who we are and how we love.
Black Consciousness sought to galvanize Black people based on a sense of pride regarding their common identity and a belief in a future where they too were active and equal participants in society. The notion behind Black Consciousness is that the only way in which the Black community can attain true liberation, respect and ultimately personhood is if they purged themselves of internalized self-loathing, reconfigured their self understanding of themselves and took pride in the unique attributes of their communities. Black consciousness was, and is, about the knowledge and re education of self and community.
September 12th marks the 36th anniversary of Steve Biko’s death. In 1977 Biko died under mysterious circumstances while in police custody. The inhumane torture, treatment and abuses that Biko suffered at the hands of the Apartheid security police were also metered out towards homosexual members of the South African Defense Force. From 1969 – 1987 homosexuals were frequently subjected to shock therapy to cure them of their “ailment”; at times voltages were so high that prisoners’ shoes would fly off. What is common in both these cases is that people were routinely persecuted for open expressions and celebrations of who they were. Identities that did not conform to commonly prescribed norms were seen as subversive and in need of marginalization and silencing.
In 21st century Africa much of the rhetoric used by colonial administrations to marginalize Black people is being used against Queers. Homosexuality is labeled as “unAfrican”, disgusting, unnatural, carnal and shameful. Many African Queers silence themselves for fear of being ostracized or victimized by their communities. This victimization can take many forms such as: attempts at religious exorcism, excommunication or, in its most severe form, murder. Though institutional, political and social changes take time the Queer African community can use the lessons from black consciousness to its benefit.
One of the biggest challenges African Queers face is overcoming internalized homophobia. Being socialized in an environment where queers are invisible and patriarchal family values are of primacy can lead to non-heteronormative persons questioning, fearing and resenting themselves. Overcoming preconceived notions of gender, compulsory heterosexuality and what it means to be African is critical in understanding yourself as a Queer. Re-educate yourself about who you are and understand the power dynamics behind the laws, morals, politics and traditions that you observe around you. Who you are is not a mistake nor is it a disability. Popular opinion should not sway you because norms always evolve over time.
Being a Queer African means that you are African and Queer- which does not require you to mimic popular representations of homosexuality. Your strength lies in the unique understanding of SELF that Africanness affords. Black consciousness was about mobilizing marginalized communities in order to effect change.
African Queers need to band together around their LBGTQI identities and build communities where stories can be shared and support garnered. Identity policing is the last thing that the Queer African movement needs because it fractures an already vulnerable minority. We are strongest when we are united. We are strongest when we are true to ourselves.
Queers must instill within themselves a sense of pride about who and what they are. Being lesbian, gay, transgendered, intersex and/or bisexual is not about trying to prove that you are “just like the straights”. We are all unique in who we are, what we feel and how we see. As such we must seek to understand and appreciate ourselves so that we can use our differences to make a patent change in the world around us. If it had not been for their unique positions as Queer Black Womyn Audre Lorde and Alice Walker may not have been able to articulate their social criticisms so poignantly. Who you are determines the voice you speak with and your voice absolutely matters. So live boldly! Always be conscious of who you are and always proud of it.
Visit the HOLAA Facebook Page
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Online MA in TESOL!
Alejo's Word Pum
There is a drinking game in Colombia called Pum. People sit around in a circle and say numbers in order (1,2,3,4....) but the tough part is this... every time the number 3 or a multiple of 3 comes the player must say pum ( 1,2,pum,4,5,pum,7,8,pum,10....). The person that misses the pum or the correct number drinks.
For english I made a variation like this. Bring a bag of letter tiles from Scrabble to class and pick one letter out (or have a student do it)and show it to the students. The first one must say a word with that letter, the second one also but the third one says a word with the next letter of the alphabet and then go back to the original letter two times and then again the next letter.
Example: Let's say the letter is A: First student says Apple, the next Airplane, the next Bus, the next Air, the next All, the next bicycle.... and so on.
Note: Don't bring alcohol to class, PLEASE!!!!
Well, hope it works for you and if not, you also have there a game to play with your co-workers after class.:)
Alejandro Rosa Muskus
Alliance Language Centers
World's Best Jobs!
Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2016 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved.
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When Netflix's 13 Reasons Why was released two years ago, depicting the life of a teenager who decided to take her own life, educators and psychologists warned the program could lead to copycat suicides. Now, a study funded by the National Institutes of Health shows that those concerns may have been warranted.
In the month following the show's debut in March 2017, there was a 28.9% increase in suicide among Americans ages 10-17, said the study, published Monday in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. The number of suicides was greater than that seen in any single month over the five-year period researchers examined. Over the rest of the year, there were 195 more youth suicides than expected given historical trends.
Researchers warn that their study could not prove causation. Some unknown third factor might have been responsible for the increase, they said. Still, citing the strong correlation, they cautioned against exposing children and adolescents to the series.
"The results of this study should raise awareness that young people are particularly vulnerable to the media," study co-author Lisa Horowitz, a staff scientist at the National Institute of Mental Health, said in a statement. "All disciplines, including the media, need to take good care to be constructive and thoughtful about topics that intersect with public health crises."
Lead author Jeff Bridge, a suicide researcher at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, told The Associated Press that an additional analysis found the April suicide rate was higher than in the previous 19 years. "The creators of the series intentionally portrayed the suicide of the main character. It was a very graphic depiction of the suicide death," he said, which can lead to suicidal behavior.
The study found that boys were far more likely than girls to kill themselves after the show debuted. Suicide rates for females did increase, but it was not statistically significant. Nor were there any "significant trends" in suicide rates for people 18-64, researchers said.
In a statement, a Netflix spokesperson said they had "just seen this study and are looking into the research. "This is a critically important topic and we have worked hard to ensure that we handle this sensitive issue responsibly," Netflix said, according to The Associated Press.
The spokesperson noted that the study conflicts with research published last week out of the University of Pennsylvania. That study found that young adults, ages 18-29, who watched the entire second season of the show "reported declines in suicide ideation and self-harm relative to those who did not watch the show at all."
However, that study found, viewers who stopped watching the second season before the end "exhibited greater suicide risk and less optimism about the future than those who continued to the end." The results "suggest that a fictional story with a focus on suicidal content can have both harmful and helpful effects," the authors wrote.
When the show debuted, the National Association of School Psychologists issued a warning statement: "We do not recommend that vulnerable youth, especially those who have any degree of suicidal ideation, watch this series. Its powerful storytelling may lead impressionable viewers to romanticize the choices made by the characters and/or develop revenge fantasies," they said. "Suicide is not a solution to problems."
After the criticism, Netflix added a "viewer warning card" before the first episode. Netflix also added language publicizing the website 13reasonswhy.info, which offers resources for people contemplating suicide. Season 3 of the show is expected to be released this year.
If you or someone you know may be considering suicide, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 (En Español: 1-888-628-9454; Deaf and Hard of Hearing: 1-800-799-4889) or the Crisis Text Line by texting HOME to 741741.
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All of the workings that go on underground have been an intriguing subject since the first caveman dug his first hole. It’s a science in itself. As children we dug in the dirt. As adults we got bigger toys and continue to dig in the dirt. We make huge piles of dirt, move dirt, spread dirt, amend dirt and yes, we drive fence posts into it.
There are billions to hundreds of billions of soil microorganisms in a mere handful of a typical, pasture soil. That single handful might well contain thousands of different species of bacteria (most of whom have yet to be classified), hundreds of different species of fungi and protozoa, dozens of different species of nematodes plus a large assortment of various mites and other micro arthropods. Almost all of these countless soil organisms are not only beneficial, but essential to the life giving properties of soil.
Despite all of our technology and research that has been done on “dirt” we are still learning and gaining new revelations every day. But, the purpose of this short blog is to talk about what is going on underground with a fence post. The top few feet of soil does encounter a lot of changes and movement. It experiences both lack of moisture as well as an abundance of moisture. There is also freezing, thawing and heaving of soil. These simple facts make the life of a fence post somewhat variable and unpredictable.
Let’s look at the most common types of post materials that are normally used with high tensile electric fences.
Natural Wood Post: There are some native species of wood that are more rot resistant than others. Among the best are Hedge (Osage Orange) and Black Locust. These species, after 50 years in the ground will look better underground than they will above. They make a very good fence post and last generally a lifetime. They are environmentally safe and can be easily disposed of after they have outlived their usefulness.
Treated Wood Post: These posts are generally southern yellow pine but come in other varieties as well. The types of treatment have changed over the years and are still in transition. It is hard for the average consumer to determine which treatment is best. Technically, a CCA treated post should last 30 years +. But, we all know that sometimes some may rot and not last more than 10 years underground. The treatment chemicals used are sometimes environmentally questionable for obvious reasons.
Steel Posts: I always have to mention here that I feel strongly that steel is the enemy of electric fence, however there are lots of people that use them, so, I will write about them. They will last a relative long amount of time, unless you have alkaline or salty soils, in which case they will rust prematurely. Also, in coastal areas they will rust from salt water. The downside of using steel posts is the insulators that you have to use to insulate the post from the wire. Most insulators on the market are somewhat short lived and will create a potential for shorts and maintenance. As for their performance underground – it will depend on the amount of salts and moisture that ultimately promotes rust and failure. I am not aware of any environmental concerns with steel posts.
Fiberglass Posts: This is a non-conductive material and there are several types of fiberglass on the market. The ones that are manufactured as a fence post, have a coating that helps block the UV rays and aids in not allowing them to splinter. The other source of fiberglass is known as “sucker rods” and is a bi-product from the oil field and drilling industries. The sucker rods I see are a good long lived post. The problem with them is that they splinter and are hard to handle. Some people paint them with epoxy paint to solve that problem but it still can be a problem. Fiberglass is relatively flexible, but may shatter with extreme bends. As for underground – they seem to last a long time. Environmental issues could involve splintering and dust particles from sawing, drilling and handling.
Wood-plastic Composite Posts: The non-conductive PasturePro composite post is manufactured of polypropylene and wood fiber. This post is somewhat the new kid on the block. I was personally involved with installing the first ones around seven years ago. I have actually dug some of them up to inspect them underground and have to date not seen any deterioration below ground. In fact, my layman assumption is that they will likely last a very long time underground. You can read more about how they are made on this website. They do not have the same concerns about the dust and splintering that the older fiberglass technology has.
In summary, my personal recommendation for fence posts for electric fencing are: Natural native wood (if available) for Corners, Ends, Brace Posts, Gate Posts and Line Bosses. As a second choice, I would suggest a good quality CCA treated wood post. And for line posts, I highly recommend the PasturePro composite post. When I weigh up the entire pros and cons of every type of post – the ones recommended have more pluses and less minuses. I still maintain the idea that steel is an enemy of electric fencing and if you can keep it out of your system, you will be better off for it. And, lastly, the post that lasts the longest and requires the least amount of time with maintenance, repair or replacement is the winner. Oh, and by the way, we do put a 20 year warranty on the PasturePro post, both above and underground.
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Watching sports is a great way to introduce new vocabulary. Watch a few minutes of your favorite sport or event with your child. Talk about what the players are doing, teamwork, what the rules are, what kind of venue it's played at or what time of year the game is played.
Afterwards, ask your child:
- What sport did they watch?
- What equipment did the athletes need?
- How many winners were there?
Discussing the event will help build vocabulary, strengthen your child's memory and increase their reading comprehension.
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Abstract and Keywords
This chapter outlines the trends, methodological approaches, and developments pertaining to the relation between the biography of Muḥammad (sīra), and Qur’anic exegesis (tafsīr). It starts with a survey of the main trends in modern scholarship offering a critical examination of present academic discourses. The endeavours undertaken by early compilers of sīra narratives aimed at articulating the attempts of the early community to constitute itself as a post-Prophetic community, whose emerging consciousness was shaped not only by the word of God, but also within the concrete historical events of the hierophanic time. Perceived as such, the sīra does not represent a scheme of salvation history, but rather reveals a communal cultural memory which took on the form of a historical narrative. Since these events are congruent with both the life of the community and its social fabric, some sīra narratives are intended to explain the setting in which the communicative act took place. The chapter accentuates the function of tafsīr as a tool for sīra. Occasionally, a narrative comes to serve exegetical purposes, especially when a certain Qur’anic word or expression remains vague and needs to be explained in relation to other literary genres or life situations.
Access to the complete content on Oxford Handbooks Online requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription.
If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.
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Blockchain with Drones & 3D Printing - Trailblazing
The world is pivoting at insane speed. Start-up are developing a blockchain-hosted registry and a protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT), unveiling a prototype drone delivery system using Ethereum.This basically means the shared state of the blockchain can handle the functionality of a general purpose computer, as opposed to the simple movement of coin transactions on Bitcoin.It also means blockchain technology in interaction with a dynamic physical object and access control in real-time.These drones will need to be easily recognisable and securely verifiable to the infrastructure and machines with which they interact, and the systems and apps that arise to support IOT will need to be completely interoperable with secure identities in order to support the interaction of numerous organisations, products, operating systems, and individuals. Similarly , 3D Printing and Blockchain networks are disruptive technologies…combining the two will undoubtedly revolutionize the future of manufacturing. We see the greatest threats to 3D-PRINTING as cyber-physical hacking and counterfeiting. The deployment of a Blockchain can combat both. It’s very exciting technology. While the potential of this technology and its synergy with the 3D printing industry is fairly evident.
The presentation I propose is a deep-dive of blockchain technology and its interactions with 3D Printing and Drones.
Outline/structure of the Session
- Blockchain Technology/Distributed Ledger Technology - Introduction.
- Blockchain Technology - Interaction with [AI,IOT, 3D-Printing,Drones,AR,VR,CyberSecurity]
- Real Life Application of Blockchain with Drones and 3D-Printing.
- Start-up Ecosystem - BLOCKCHAIN with 3D Printing and Drones.
- Challenges & Implications
- What lies ahead in BLOCKCHAIN Space?
- Blockchain Technology landscape & Beyond .
- The transformative potential of blockchain in convergence with other technologies
- Recent developments in the space and start-up outlook.
- Use-cases of adoption of blockchain and it's potential interlock with other cutting-edge technologies.
Solution Architects/ Sr. Developers/ Managers/Leaders
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This is my continuing series on emerging technology trends and libraries. This week’s trend is all about conversational systems.
What is a Conversational System? For starters, there are a TON of names and related technology that goes along with them, including: smart speakers, voice assistants, personal assistants, voice computing, conversational systems, conversational platforms, and conversational interfaces.
There are different types of conversational systems. You have probably heard of smart speakers, like the Amazon Echo, Google Home, or the Apple HomePod. You probably have Google Assistant or Apple Siri on your phone. And I’ll guess that you have talked to a chatbot before. For example, I’ve been having problems with my AT&T uVerse DSL internet. So I called AT&T, and talked to a bot first, who wanted to know what the problem was, who I was, etc in order to direct me to the right department. Honestly, I just say “customer service” a bunch of times until the bot says “ok, it sounds like you want to talk to a person…” Works for me 🙂
Who owns Voice Assistants? Techcrunch recently shared some research about this – 32% of US consumers own a smart speaker. That’s up from 28% a year ago. According to the article, it’s predicted to hit about half of US consumers after Christmas.
How do people use Conversational Systems? Here are some popular tasks associated with voice assistants:
- ask it to play music
- get the weather forecast
- ask questions
- do an online search
- check the news
- make a phone call
- ask for directions
- get recent sports scores
- use smart home commands (i.e., turn up the AC, turn off lights, etc)
- send and answer text messages
- do some shopping
How can libraries incorporate Conversational Systems?
Here are a few ideas. I’ll bet you have more (please share if you do)!
- Learn it. Hey – it’s new technology. Figure it out so you can help customers with it.
- Teach it. Show customers how to use their app-based voice assistants. Hold a class on setting up and using an Amazon Echo.
- Make it. Some libraries are creating Amazon Alexa Skills and Google Assistant Actions. Why not see if you can do the same thing?
- Nearly a Third of US Consumers Now Own Smart Speakers
- Conversational Systems are the Future of Business
- Voice Assistants in 2018: 5 Emerging Trends
Making Skills and Actions:
- Four Pro Tips for First-Time Alexa Skill Developers
- Conversation Design (Build Actions for the Google Assistant with Actions on Google)
- Worthington Libraries
- The Free Public Library of the Borough of Pompton Lakes (dang that’s a long name!)
- Designing an Alexa Skill for the Public Library
- New Alexa Skill debuts this week at DCPL
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Original Articles: 2014 Vol: 6 Issue: 6
Design on ECM Device for Chamber Body Cavity of Gun Barrel
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a method based on electrochemical process for removing metals in mass productions. In weapons industry, the project of ECM of chamber body cavity was put forward for its high precision and no cutting stress. According to research object—chamber body cavity, ECM device was designed, which were the inner cavity of ECM. Thereinto, with the use of the parallel gap method, the polishing cathode and the processing cathode of the complex inner cavity were designed; in consideration of the design of the two sets of fixture were done for the external shape of chamber body, and the base of the fixture should be equipped with a conductive seat; in addition, what needed to be considered were the relative problems of the electricity conduction, the feed liquid, the flow distribution and the insulation sealing between work pieces and fixtures. Among them, the method of the feed liquid lies in side streaming; the conductive method was to transmit the electric current to the workpiece through the galvanical fixture, and the conduction of cathode was through the draw bar which connected to the spindle. Under the fixture seat, an insulating board was added to bring about the insulation effect. The way to prevent the electrolyte from overflowing is to fill the gap between the draw bar and the end face of the fixture with a sealing gasket. Experimental results indicate that chamber body cavity can be produced at one time with good quality and high efficiency.
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The Political System of the European Union
This course examines the political and institutional framework and the functioning of the European Union. It analyses the role of the main institutional organs of the Union, emphasizing the role of inter-institutional interdependence, the significance of outside interventions and the relations between the member states and the Union. Its main objective is to study the dynamics of European integration in the passage of time, in order to examine whether the current "system" is indeed a homogeneous political system, to define its form and characteristics and to assess its future evolution. This approach allows us to compare the main characteristics of the EU political system with the corresponding characteristics of national political systems in order to define and explain the ensuing differences and to better understand the unique nature of the European Union.
Upon the completion of this course, students are expected to: - aquire a comperhensive view of the institutional system and function of the EU - understand the particularities and the multilevel nature of the EU political system - be able to follow and interpret political and economic developments in the EU in the light of the inter-dependencies between the national political system, the EU political system and the international environment - possess the necessary intellectual baggage in order to study particular aspects of the institutional process of the EU and/ or examine specific forms of governance with a significant European dimension
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Readers may recall that Dr. John Christy found that irrigation increases temperatures measured in the central valley. This study finds it also increases rainfall and storms due to the additional available moisture. CO2 is not listed as being part of the equation, which makes the ‘extreme weather’ meme being pushed by alarmists even less likely. – Anthony
Central Valley irrigation intensifies rainfall, storms across the Southwest
UCI study finds that doubling of moisture in air has positive, negative effects
Irvine, Calif., Jan. 28, 2013 – Agricultural irrigation in California’s Central Valley doubles the amount of water vapor pumped into the atmosphere, ratcheting up rainfall and powerful monsoons across the interior Southwest, according to a new study by UC Irvine scientists.
Moisture on the vast farm fields evaporates, is blown over the Sierra Nevada and dumps 15 percent more than average summer rain in numerous other states. Runoff to the Colorado River increases by 28 percent, and the Four Corners region experiences a 56 percent boost in runoff. While the additional water supply can be a good thing, the transport pattern also accelerates the severity of monsoons and other potentially destructive seasonal weather events.
“If we stop irrigating in the Valley, we’ll see a decrease in stream flow in the Colorado River basin,” said climate hydrologist Jay Famiglietti, senior author on the paper, which will be published online Tuesday, Jan. 29, in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. The basin provides water for about 35 million people, including those in Los Angeles, Las Vegas and Phoenix. But the extra water vapor also accelerates normal atmospheric circulation, he said, “firing up” the annual storm cycle and drawing in more water vapor from the Gulf of Mexico as well as the Central Valley.
When the additional waves of moisture bump into developing monsoons, Famiglietti said, “it’s like throwing fuel on a fire.”
Famiglietti, an Earth system science professor in the School of Physical Sciences, and colleague Min-Hui Lo, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California Center for Hydrologic Modeling who is now at National Taiwan University, painstakingly entered regional irrigation levels into global rainfall and weather models and traced the patterns.
“All percent differences in the paper are the differences between applying irrigation to the Central Valley and not applying it,” Famiglietti said. “That’s the point of the study – and the beauty of using computer models. You can isolate the phenomenon that you wish to explore, in this case, irrigation versus no irrigation.”
Famiglietti’s team plans to increase the scope of the work to track how major human water usage elsewhere in the world affects neighboring areas too. A better understanding of irrigation’s impact on the changing climate and water availability could improve resource management in parched or flooded areas.
About the University of California, Irvine: Founded in 1965, UCI is a top-ranked university dedicated to research, scholarship and community service. Led by Chancellor Michael Drake since 2005, UCI is among the most dynamic campuses in the University of California system, with more than 28,000 undergraduate and graduate students, 1,100 faculty and 9,400 staff. Orange County’s second-largest employer, UCI contributes an annual economic impact of $4.3 billion. For more UCI news, visit news.uci.edu.
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The declivity was so small, that I walked near a mile before I got to the shore, which I conjectured was about eight o’clock in the evening.
The declivity of the upper surface, from the circumference to the centre, is the natural cause why all the dews and rains, which fall upon the island, are conveyed in small rivulets toward the middle, where they are emptied into four large basins, each of about half a mile in circuit, and two hundred yards distant from the centre.
…those projectors came to him with proposals to destroy this mill, and build another on the side of that mountain, on the long ridge whereof a long canal must be cut, for a repository of water, to be conveyed up by pipes and engines to supply the mill, because the wind and air upon a height agitated the water, and thereby made it fitter for motion, and because the water, descending down a declivity, would turn the mill with half the current of a river whose course is more upon a level.
There are no more uses of "declivity" in the book.
Show samples from other sources
One Heart Breaking "There is a passion for declivity in this world," Tennessee Williams has one of his characters say in Comino Real. The ultimate declivity is death. But the pain that accompanies this descent in Williams’ plays is a sense of what is lost during the journey—honor, gentleness, tenderness, brotherhood, the ability to love, or even communicate with, another human being.
One Heart Breaking, Time Magazine, 1/19/70 -- http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878685,00.html(retrieved 08/15/09)
Physical declivity takes her from a cane to a walker to a wheelchair.
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Upper Mississippi Forest
“It’s the last great land rush,” was the way one long-time Lake Vermilion-area resident described it in a 2005 story in the Star Tribune.
Large swaths of Minnesota’s Northwoods, owned for generations by paper companies, were being sold, subdivided into smaller pieces and often resold for development. Between 1998 and 2005, more than 400,000 acres of industrial forestland in northern Minnesota changed hands.
“It was a real wake-up call,” said Peggy Ladner, who directs The Nature Conservancy’s work in Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. “The many benefits we derive from our forests — wood products and jobs, clean air and water, wildlife habitat and recreation opportunities — were at risk, and we had to do something. So with Blandin Foundation, we formed the Minnesota Forest Legacy Partnership.”
The Partnership completed its final transaction in 2012, wrapping up a conservation effort that protected more than 330,000 acres of industrial forestland in northern Minnesota, far exceeding its initial goal of 75,000 acres.
Formed in 2005 with a lead grant of $6.25 million from Blandin Foundation, the Partnership worked with industrial landowners to purchase working forest conservation easements. The easements keep the land in private hands and on the tax rolls while ensuring it is harvested sustainably for timber and remains open to the public for recreation. An additional 6,977 acres were protected in fee, and the Partnership raised $22.85 in private funds and $56 million in state and federal grants to finance the conservation effort.
One of the highlights was the Upper Mississippi Forest project, the largest conservation effort in state history and a signature project of the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment. With support from the Partnership, The Conservation Fund and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources negotiated an easement that protected 187,000 acres of working forestland in northern Minnesota.
The working forests protected by the Partnership not only provide forest products and good-paying jobs they contain miles of undeveloped lake and river shoreline, hundreds of acres of wetlands and hiking, cross-country and snowmobile trails; all of which contribute to our quality of life and tourism economy.
Another great example is the Koochiching-Washington Forest Legacy project, which protected more than 51,000 acres in and near Koochiching State Forest and George Washington State Forest. The project preserved public access for outdoor recreation including to an existing snowmobile trail, #147, near Effie, Minnesota.
“One of the best things about the Partnership is what it leaves to the future,” said Ladner. “Forests for the Future, formed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources in 2008 with assistance from many Minnesota Forest Legacy partners, is a strong, enduring program that will continue to protect working forests throughout the state and the many benefits they provide for generations to come.”
Minnesota Forest Legacy Partnership
- Blandin Foundation
- Grand Rapids Area Chamber of Commerce
- Minnesota Deer Hunters Association
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
- Minnesota Forest Industries
- Minnesota Forest Resources Council
- The Conservation Fund
- The Nature Conservancy
- The Trust for Public Land
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Substance abuse can mean using illegal drugs orintentionally misusing legal drugs or alcohol—and continuing to do so despite adverse consequences.
Unfortunately, few people recognize the moment or day they cross over from substance abuse to a life of addiction. The line can be blurry, especially when viewed through the hazy effects of alcohol, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, alcohol, and other addictive substances. The fact is that both substance abuse and substance addiction bring with them a long list of risks and dangers that can be life-threatening. Often, the only way to break free is to seek and receive addiction treatment at a substance abuse treatment center—in Palm Springs, an example would be Michael’s House—equipped to provide medical detox and comprehensive psychotherapeutic care.
The Definition of Substance Abuse
Substance abuse is an unhealthy relationship with an addictive substance that alters your consciousness. For those who drink alcohol, this could mean regularly bingeing and drinking more than five drinks in an evening or having multiple alcoholic beverages daily. For illegal addictive substances, any use is considered abuse since there is no regulation of processing or distribution, and a single use can be deadly. For legal drugs other than alcohol, any use outside the bounds of a legitimate prescription for treating a medical issue is defined as drug abuse.
Substance abuse can be life-threatening, but not in the same way that substance addiction is deadly. Acute health problems related to substance abuse are common, but chronic health ailments take much longer to develop. Issues at home and work may mean problems but rarely mean losing a job or a family situation. The most significant risk of substance abuse is death by accident. Driving while under the influence of any addictive substance is one of the most common causes of death, followed by violence under the same circumstances and unprotected sex that leads to the transmission of deadly diseases like HIV.
When Abuse Turns Into Addiction
When substance abuse begins to infect every aspect of the patient’s life and becomes a daily or almost-daily occurrence or obsession, it becomes an addiction. Here are just a few of the most common signs of substance addiction:
- Regular child abandonment, abuse, or neglect because a parent is under the influence
- Divorce or separation is threatened or occurs due to one spouse’s addiction
- Job loss due to the inability to get addiction under control
- Failure to find or maintain new employment while addiction continues
- Family finances disappear due to addiction.
- Chronic and acute health problems begin and develop
- Legal issues arise from purchasing or being under the influence of drugs or alcohol
The signs of substance abuse may be harder to recognize, making it far more complicated to pinpoint. However, some behavioral signs of substance abuse are easily recognized even if you haven’t been observing someone for a long time:
- Isolation from friends, family, or loved ones
- Suddenly poor performance at work or school
- Encounters with law enforcement
- A constant need to borrow money
- Nervousness and anxiety
- Secretive behavior on whereabouts, addictive substance usage, and current state
The good news is that it is possible to find treatment for substance abuse before it turns into a deadly overdose or debilitating substance addiction. The key is early identification and immediate rehab assistance.
Associated Costs of Untreated Substance Abuse and Addiction
The costs of substance abuse are sometimes hard to define in dollars. How do you put a price on lost opportunities, lost relationships, and lost self-esteem? In the ongoing discussions about healthcare, more focus is being placed on the actual costs of substance abuse when it goes untreated. Here are just a few:
Chronic use of toxic substances destroys the liver and the kidneys. Using needles can cause circulatory system problems, blood-borne disease transmission, abscesses, and infections. If you smoke addictive substances, respiratory problems and cancers are common. The medical costs of substance abuse-related accidents and needed medications to stave off these deadly diseases in their early stages are significant.
Whether the relationship you damage is with your spouse or partner, one or more children, parents, coworkers, bosses, neighbors, or friends, there is no price tag on the effects of losing that support and companionship.
Drugs and alcohol create imbalances in brain chemicals. It is not uncommon to have psychological problems directly related to drug abuse, such as paranoia, depression, mania, anger or rage, and extreme fluctuations from one emotion to the next.
It’s impossible to calculate how your life would have turned out if you had chosen drug rehab earlier. Would you have gotten a new job, returned to school, and had a healthy child or two? How many relationships from the past could you have mended?
Medical Consequences of Substance Abuse
Here are some of the most common consequences of substance abuse and addiction:
- Increased risk of contracting HIV and other infectious diseases – All addictive substances lower the immune system. Still, using needles and the increased rate of unprotected sex under the influence can increase the chances of contracting HIV and other infectious diseases.
- Cardiovascular issues – Abnormal heart rate, arrhythmia, heart attack, heart disease—can be traced back to substance abuse. When needles are the method of injection, issues like collapsed veins and bacterial infections that affect the heart are also a risk.
- Respiratory issues – Bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and an increase in asthma symptoms are all related to smoked drugs, including crack, marijuana, and heroin.
- Gastrointestinal issues – Nausea and vomiting can be an issue during the abuse of different substances, while others cause significant cramping and abdominal pain.
- Musculoskeletal effects – The most significant risk for musculoskeletal issues occurs when those under 18 abuse drugs and alcohol. Muscle weakness and muscle cramps are associated with several different addictive substances at all ages.
- Kidney damage – Increased body temperature and muscle breakdown caused by different drugs can lead to kidney problems and kidney failure.
Substance addiction is a brain disease, but it’s also a disease that can contribute to the development of a host of other diseases and disorders.
Substance Abuse Treatment Programs in Palm Springs
If you or someone you love is addicted to drugs or alcohol, substance abuse treatment can help. Substance abuse treatment programs offer services to those struggling with addiction, including detoxification, counseling, and aftercare planning. Most are also customized to help with a particular addiction, including:
- Alcohol addiction treatment program
- Cocaine addiction treatment program
- Heroin addiction treatment program
- Meth addiction treatment program
- Opiate addiction treatment program
- Painkiller addiction treatment program
- Prescription drug addiction treatment program
- Xanax addiction treatment program
- Marijuana addiction treatment program
- Fentanyl addiction treatment program
- Oxycodone addiction treatment program
- Oxycontin addiction treatment program
- Percocet addiction treatment program
- Adderall addiction treatment program
Often, these programs are also individualized for each patient.
Help Is Available at Michael’s House
Michael’s House offers residential drug treatment for individuals who want to enact real, positive change in their lives. For more information or a private consultation, contact Michael’s House today. If you have questions about the substance abuse treatment center in Palm Springs, please call 760.548.4032.
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I just updated the poetic forms list on this blog (click here to check out 29 different poetic forms). I feel that attempting poetic forms is an essential step on the path to becoming a good poet. This doesn’t mean that I think poets have to write in forms to be considered poets, but there is something important in learning the traditional rules of poetry before bending and breaking them. After all, even most of the best free verse poets had (and have) a sense of form.
Here’s the thing: Most early attempts at any poetic form are going to be bad.
The reason behind this is not that forms are horrible or too hard; instead, it’s just the simple fact that early attempts are often focused on following the rules of the form. It’s like learning anything new.
I have four boys, and I’ve seen them all go through the process of learning something, getting frustrated with their own limitations, and then taking themselves to new levels. Whether it’s learning to talk, walk, ride a bicycle, swim, etc., there is the initial period where you’re just focused on completion before you get comfortable.
Here are some reasons why I think poets should learn and play with forms–even if they intend on only writing in free verse:
- Form gives structure to a poem. Form is the skeleton (and skin) of the poem; the content is the blood and vital organs. Even poets who write free verse should have an idea of how their line breaks affect their readers.
- Form teaches new tricks in conveying meaning. For instance, I find that I often have to compress ideas or images to make them fit a certain meter or a rhyme scheme. This forces me out of my comfort zone and ultimately into an area of excessive creativity. The tricks I learn trying to make forms work can then enhance my free verse poems.
- Form is important for the reader. Even readers of free verse poetry like to think the poet has an idea of what they’re doing–and that there is a point (even if the point is that there is no point). Otherwise, why should readers waste their time reading?
- Form adds an extra layer of complexity to the poem. This does not mean that a bad poem in sonnet form is going to be considered a great poem, but form provides the poem an extra layer of interpretation and investigation for the reader. Layering can help make a poem more challenging and/or more fun to read and ponder.
- Form is fun. I notice that many poets don’t need to be wrestled into writing forms, because they see forms for what they are: poetic puzzles or games. Sure, forms can be challenging, but challenging in the same way as learning to dribble a basketball or finish a crossword puzzle.
I don’t think that all poems should be traditional forms, and I don’t think that all poets should publish traditional forms. I think one of the strengths of poetry is its diversity. However, I do think it’s worth the time of all poets to play around with and learn from forms.
Try the forms listed at the link above. Make up your own forms. Push yourself out of your comfort zone. Poem away!
Follow me on Twitter @robertleebrewer
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I'm reading up on Gödels constructible universe L in the book "Constructibility" by Devlin, and by comparing his text with texts like Kunen and Jech, there is one thing in particular that he's doing ...
This question may seem silly, beyond the capacity of human thought, senseless, etc. but I nevertheless think that it is worth musing over: is mathematics itself finite? As I understand, mathematics is ...
While reading appendix A of John Harrison's "Handbook of Practical Logic and Automated Reasoning" a somewhat advanced theorem is appealed to as a prerequisite for characterizing when an inductive ...
I was wondering if it is possible to define exactly what a non-constructive (nc) proof is. I have often seen the concept associated with the use of principles such as the axiom of choice or the law of ...
I believe this is more of a philosophical question. Given a consistent theory T and a statement S independent of T. Can S be true or false in T? (I don't see any contradiction with that) I read that ...
I've heard about mathematicians who defend a strictly finite conception of mathematics, with no room for infinity. I wonder, how is it possible for these people to do this? Are there any concepts that ...
I am reading historical/philosophical stuff on the concept of "metamathematics" and am by now quite confused. Several questions emerged, but they are probably somehow confused and interrelated, I ...
I was wondering if there is a good way to "define" what definition means exactly in mathematics. Since the answers may be subjective or philosophical, I want to ask only for references on this topic. ...
YARFMO (Yet another reposting from Mathoverflow) ;-) The more you know about math the more you find conceptions previously thought correct to be false: 1.) math is not as exact as many believe - in ...
I apologize for posting such an untechnical question, but with responses it could surely be posed in a better form. I'm a math noob, but I've seen (as we all have) a few examples of "connections" ...
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| 0.955182 | 453 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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We often use "cool water". But can we use "cool water" or "cold water"? Which is correct? Examples:
- I drink cool water only.
- People always like cool water.
In the above examples, instead of the word cool, can we use cold?
For Bodies of Water, choose "cool"
When referencing a body of water like a swimming pool, pond, lake or even an ocean, use "cool." A "cold" body of water is dangerous and threatening. While a "cool" body of water is inviting and friendly; one might take a swim in a "cool lake," but not a "cold lake."
For Drinks, choose "cold"
In English (American, at least) you are more likely to see "cold" used in reference to drinks. If you search for "cold beverages" you'll find results like below. If you search for "cool beverages" you will have fewer results. (Google will actually return results for "cold beverages" because of its algorithms.)
The reason is that "cold" is considered close to ice; whereas "cool" is closer to "mild" or "warm" while still being cooler than either. If you are seeking refreshment, you are likely to want something "cold" instead of "cool."
You can use cold in the following sentence in place of cool
Whether it is correct or not depends on the meaning and the context, cold implies a lower temperature than cool, that is, cold is colder than cool. So it would most likely be preferable to swim in cool water than cold water
There is a short thread about this Cool versus Cold - when to use the adjectives...
An example taken from there points out that a"cool person" is quite different to a "cold person"
English temperature terms are arrayed across the liquid range of water on a linear scale:
The polar words at the negative and positive ends (freezing, boiling) refer to state changes that limit the interest of human participants, who can't survive either freezing or boiling, personally.
Only such polar terms can take the intensifier absolutely:
Like all perceptual terms, these are relative to speaker, addressee, and context.
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Two year olds outdoors – ShejaSheja is 2 years 9 months old; we see him enjoying the freedom to move, explore and make noise in his nursery garden. We also see him beginning to socialise with other children at the nursery. His home language is Persian and he is also learning English.
Good for looking at
- Communication and language
- Playing and exploring
- Physical play
- Object play
- Music and rhythm
- Effective adult support
Prompts for developing practice
Stephen clearly enjoys the times when he can focus his attention on Sheja, but there are several other children playing outdoors at the same time. In outdoor play, the adults have several roles that need to be shared and juggled. Team work and a commitment to enabling each other to have time for this level of interaction are necessary, so that overall supervision is not compromised.
- This is not easy to achieve – could you make this happen in your setting?
Mixed age play can be highly beneficial for both younger and older children, and the outdoors often seems to support this interaction, perhaps because the needs of children are so well met in the outdoor environment.
- Having closely watched both Sheja and Skye, discuss the benefits and organisational issues for your provision.
While watching the film of Sheja, focus on the materials he uses and consider what makes them good resources for two year-old play outdoors. When there are abundant supplies of simple stuff; when children can do what they need with them; and when they are open to emerging symbolic (pretend) and interactive play, they have high play value.
- Use this to review the resources provided outdoors in your setting to ensure their value for play and development.
- Extend your discussions to also consider how well the outdoor resources are organised, so as to make them accessible and easy to use for adults and well presented to children. Does the flexibility of the outdoor space itself support flexible use of these resources?
In this film, we repeatedly see the benefits of adults really knowing the child well – this is brought about in these settings by a key person approach.
- Use the sequences to debate how adults can share their knowledge about children between key groups and with parents to maximise the ways they can support all children, especially in a bilingual situation [Siraj-Blatchford & Clarke 2000: chapter 3].
Noticing the subtle details of young children’s play and recognising their significance ensures that responses more appropriate and effective, and makes the job very rewarding.
- Discuss what this film has made you more aware of or interested in about two year-old play outdoors.
It is really important for the practitioners to find out and share lots of information about Sheja’s experiences with his family in order to know how to interpret his play behaviour and best support him, including exchanging knowledge about his growing vocabularies in both languages. The words he is using at home can then be used in parallel with English words both indoors and outside.
- Share ideas for how this can be done in a busy setting with busy parents.
Men are often more comfortable with physical and silly play and more inclined to play in this way to meet the rough & tumble and ‘dizzy’ play needs of children, especially boys.
- Do your parents (including fathers) understand this need and what are their views about touch and ‘rough’ play?
|Booklet - Additional notes and information for Two Year Olds Outdoors||Download|
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What is social anxiety?
Social anxiety is a particular type of anxiety that involves extreme shyness and feelings of anxiety specifically relating to social interactions. People with this type of anxiety typically feel self-conscious around others and may feel inferior or judged. Social anxiety is extremely common and may accompany other issues such as depression.
Types of social anxiety
Specific Social Phobia: While some people may struggle in a party environment, some sufferers of social anxiety are able to mix with people and socialise normally in most instances. However they may struggle with a particular aspect of social interaction, such as public speaking, or eating in front of others and fear that something is going to go wrong.
General Social Phobia: Other people may become anxious whenever they are around others. They may feel judged or watched and this can be incredibly disabling for them. Often people with this type of social phobia feel the only way to cope with their feelings is to avoid social situations. As a result they may struggle to form long-term relationships.
The symptoms of social anxiety
There are many physical symptoms of social anxiety and everyone is different, but some of the most common symptoms include: sweating, blushing, trembling, dry mouth, finding it hard to breathe, and palpitations.
Those with social anxieties often over analyse social situations that are coming up worrying about what could go wrong. Or they may dwell on past situations and think what they could have done better, or what others thought of them.
People with such anxieties are usually aware of them and may use a number of coping mechanisms to alleviate the symptoms such as alcohol, drugs or avoidance of the social situation altogether.
What is the cause of social phobia?
It is not fully understood why some people get socially anxious. It can run in families but it is not known whether this is due to biological or social factors. Bullying or teasing at school can also have a bearing on how we interact as adults, as can how we were treated by family and friends as children.
Seeking help for social anxiety
The good news, if you're reading this as a sufferer of social anxiety, is that social anxieties can be effectively treated. There are a number of approaches you can take to dealing with a social anxiety from developing your social skills to make you feel more in control to self-help books and prescription drugs.
One popular, evidence-based, drug-free approach commonly used in the NHS for anxiety is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT).
CBT has been shown to be very successful for treating people with anxiety related issues. CBT involves looking at the relationship between how you think and how you feel. By learning CBT techniques, people can learn to recognise unhelpful thought patterns and work to change these to improve their mood.
Managing anxiety using CBT techniques workshops
First Psychology is running workshops on managing anxiety using CBT skills later this month in Edinburgh and Glasgow. The workshops will be led by Tom Seath. Tom is a CBT practitioner with a wealth of experience working with people using CBT techniques for a wide range of issues including anxiety. Participants of these short workshop will take away a toolkit of techniques and skills that they can use to reduce their feelings of anxiety in difficult situations.
Further details of our workshops on Managing Anxiety Using CBT Skills >
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BREATHING?
You have to breathe because all of the cells in your body require oxygen. Without oxygen, your body wouldn't move. It would be like a parked car without no battery. The car might have gas, but without a battery, forget it! So you might have blood in your body, but without oxygen, forget it!
You receive oxygen from breathing in air and then the oxygen goes to your blood which is then circulated throughout your entire body.
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF BREATHING?
You breathe with the help of your diaphragm (which is a dome-shaped muscle under your rib cage) and other muscles in your chest and abdomen. These muscles will literally change the space and pressure inside your body cavity to accomodate your breathing. When your diaphragm pulls down, it is making room for the lungs to expand. The lungs get bigger with air and pushes the diaphragm down. The diaphragm also lowers the internal air pressure.
Outside of your body, the air pressure is greater and you suck in air when you inhale. The air then expands your lungs like two balloons being blown up. When your diaphragm relaxes, it moves up and the cavity inside your body gets smaller. Your muscles will then squeeze your rib cage and your lungs begin to collapse as the air is pushed up and out your body when you exhale. Cool huh?
BREATHING BEGINS IN THE NOSE
About 18 - 20 times a minute, you breathe in. When a doctor puts hisor her hand on your shoulder or back and looks at the clock, they are keeping track of how many times you breathe within one minute. This is how one of your vital signs is measured, called "respiration."
When you breathe, you inhale air and pass it through your nasal passages where the air is filtered, heated, moistened and enters the back of the throat. The esophagus (food tube) is located at the back of the throat and the trachea (windpipe) for air is located at the front of the throat. When you eat, a tiny flap called the "epiglottis" closes down to cover the windpipe so food won't go down the wrong pipe.
WHAT ARE THOSE TINY AIR SACS FOR?
Air flows down through the windpipe, past the vocal cords (voice box), to where the lowest ribs meet the center of your chest. This is where your windpipe divides into two tubes which lead to each of the two lungs that fill most of your ribcage. Each lung feels just like a sponge. Inside each of your sponge-like lungs, there are tubes called bronchi which branch into even smaller tubes just like the branches of a tree. At the end of these tubes are millions of itty bitty bubbles or sacs called alveoli. If you were to spread out flat all of the air sacs in the lungs of an adult, the tissue would cover an area about the third of the size of a tennis court.
WHAT DO THE SACS DO?
The alveoli sacs bring new oxygen from air you just breathed to your bloodstream. It is here that a phenomenal exchange takes place. The oxygen is exchanged for waste products, like carbon dioxide, which the cells in your body have made and can't use.
HOW DOES THE OXYGEN/WASTE EXCHANGE WORK?
This phenomenal exchange works with the assistance of the red blood cells in your bloodstream. Your red blood cells are like box cars on a railroad track. They will show up at the sacs at just the right time, ready to trade in old carbon dioxide that your body's cells have made for some new oxygen you just breathed in. During this process, the red blood cells turn from purple to a sparkling red color as they start carrying the oxygen to ALL the cells in your body.
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CARBON DIOXIDE?
The carbon dioxide (waste) that your body made and now can't use will go through the lungs, back up your windpipe and out with every single exhale. This is a chemical exchange of breathing in and out (inhalation/exhalation). This is an automatic process that you don't even have to think about. Unless of course you smoke, then you'd be depriving ALL of your cells of oxygen.
JUST THE FACTS:
- Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over 300 million alveoli.
- Every minute you breathe in 13 pints of air.
- Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Plants are our partners in breathing. We breathe in air, use the oxygen in it, and release carbon dioxide.
[ back to top ]
**This web site's goal is to provide you with information that may be useful in attaining optimal health. Nothing in it is meant as a prescription or as medical advice. You should check with your physician before implementing any changes in your exercise or lifestyle habits, especially if you have physical problems or are taking medications of any kind.
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University of Pittsburgh psychiatry professor Richard Schulz has been one of the nation’s foremost researchers on caregiving stress for
The release of a comprehensive report Thursday analyzing how people might stave off dementia could have spawned a public health campaign showing how to avoid one of any individual’s worst nightmares connected to aging.
That is not, however, what the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine could deliver. Just as Alzheimer’s disease has proven elusive to any drug cure, it has defied researchers trying to identify a sure-fire lifestyle behavior or choice that will prevent cognitive decline.
A National Academies committee made up of experts in the Alzheimer’s field, who looked collectively at wide-ranging results of prior research, thus declined to offer any guarantees for avoiding the affliction of Alzheimer’s or the cognitive decline connected to it. There are too few rigorous studies with consistent, repeated positive findings to make that possible, especially considering the slow-developing nature of the disease over many years — even decades — where no symptoms are visible.
The report instead found evidence that, though “inconclusive,” was sufficiently encouraging, to suggest adults can assist the long-term health of their brains in the following ways: being physically active; engaging in mentally stimulating activities; and, in the case of people 35 to 65 years old with hypertension, managing their blood pressure. The report gave only general guidance to be physically and mentally active, and said further study would be needed of what specifically works best.
“These three areas are very encouraging to me, because they do no harm and they might do good,” said Alan I. Leshner, chairman of the committee producing the report. “We’re saying you can add these three things to the list. You can do these three things, or one or more, and you might — you wouldn’t want to say you will — but you might be able to delay cognitive decline.”
Those findings from the “Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Way Forward” report weren’t earthshaking, but they were more than was provided in a similar analysis of research done seven years ago. The National Institute on Aging sought the new report to determine what progress has been made, and NIA director Richard Hodes said it’s helpful that the recommendations represent health behaviors or modifications already known for benefits.
“We can continue public health campaigns already in place, and add that there is a possibility these interventions could also have positive impact on cognitive function and dementia prevention,” Dr. Hodes said.
The Alzheimer’s Association, from its own analysis of prior research, already has a list of 10 lifestyle recommendations it deems potentially helpful, including the three aspects cited by the National Academies. Its list additionally recommends interventions such as avoiding obesity and smoking and adhering to a Mediterranean diet.
The National Academies committee determined there was insufficient proven research to make recommendations beyond its three. Keith Fargo, director of scientific programs and outreach for the national Alzheimer’s Association, did not dispute that assertion, but said there is also hope for the benefit of other behaviors that are still lacking equivalent evidence.
“There’s really no downside, frankly, to exercising more, and similarly, if you have high blood pressure to control that, and to keeping cognitively active as you age,” Mr. Fargo said. “We don’t want people to be hopeless about their cognition as they age. ... That’s the takeaway — there are things you can do now to protect your brain as you age.”
The report focused on what can be done by presently healthy adults rather than those who already have signs of memory loss, confusion or other cognitive decline at any stage. As there is no drug cure, researchers have increasingly focused on Alzheimer’s prevention, but the long-term nature of its progression makes that particularly challenging compared to other diseases.
“The big question is, can you do something during your life that can prevent something that will happen 20 or 30 years down the road, because there are no long-term studies that have collected that information,” said Dr. Oscar Lopez, a neurologist who is director of the University of Pittsburgh’s Alzheimer Disease Research Center.
He said the report’s findings nonetheless mesh with what he and many other health professionals were aware of in the three areas where recommendations were made.
“I would say it’s not optimistic, but at the same time it’s not depressing,” Dr. Lopez said of the report. “It’s somewhere in the middle.”
Gary Rotstein: firstname.lastname@example.org or 412-263-1255.
First Published June 22, 2017 9:00 AM
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The scarecrow is commonly associated with modern references like the Wizard of Oz and Batman, but its original purpose was to discourage birds such as crows or magpies from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops.The earliest reference is in Japanese lore (circa 700 AD) in which a Kuebiko is depicted as adiety which knows everything of the world from its unmoving location among the fields.
Yet, maybeall is not asit appears. First, was the scarecrow reallyonly a utilitarian object used for its stated purpose?
According to Occult View, “In agrarian societies farmers lived close to their land andtheir natural world, unlike today’s modern corporate farms…which is why the scarecrow would seem pointless, since it does not really scare crows!Farmersknewthis.”
Today we are learning anew just how intelligent crows and ravens are. As we’ve seen in studies documented by PBS since 2009, (and again just last night in Nature’s Crows special), Crows and their cousins never forget a face.Farmers skilled in the art of olde probably knew this.After all, if a crow can remember you and I, they are quite capable of recognizing the ol’ tattie bogle that hasn’t moved an inch since he showed up. They are also not fooled by plastic owls. So why the continued use of bogeymen?
“Perhaps one possible purpose of the scarecrow was notjust to scare away birds, but to mark the land as belonging to the farmer. Or if a serf, to the land’s lord.Stay out!The idea of hanging bodies as a warning was used in the past. The ancient Romans left crucified prisoners to send a message to their population. The infamous Vlad the Impaler impaled prisoners of war as a gruesome warning. The scarecrow, impaled and crucified, could have served a similar, if less graphic, purpose.Call it a Scareman.
Farms were always subject to the whims of nature, and the farmer lived at the mercy of a capricious environment. A drought or flood could result in starvation. An infestation of pests could devastate crops, a plague destroy the livestock. The scarecrow could also have served as an effigy, a form of substitute human sacrifice. The scarecrow would be offered to the natural world in place of the living, that nature might be sated.Like the gargoyles on the gothic cathedral, the scarecrow might have been a hex to protect the farm from harm andkeep evil spirits away.”
In Norse mythology, Odin hung upside down from the world-tree Yggdrasil in order to attain enlightenment. He had to suffer greatly for his wisdom. After nine days Odin achieved his goal and discovered the Runes, died and was reborn, freed from the tree but at the cost of one of his eyes.Sufferingbefore spiritual growth is a theme in many religions.
To complete the circle, Odin was linked to his two ravens, Huginn (thought) and Muninn (memory), which travel the world giving Odin information. Here ravens represent the power of the mind as they perch on Odin’s shoulder whispering in his ears. As crows perch on the scarecrow, grantingthem theadvantage of sight over the fields.
Fast forward a bit to the dark ages. In folklore from the British isles, crows were considered omens of doom and death. If crows were considered bad omens, then using a scarecrow to banish them seems to have a metaphysical as well as a practical purpose.
These symbolic supernatural attributes are a reflection of the genuinevirtues of the crow.They are mischievous,enterprising, adaptive, and highly communicative, and the scarecrow represents not the will of man to ‘scare’ them away, but that man was scared of the crow.
As the ages wear on, methods change, and scarecrows have joined the ranks among the legends and folktale pasttimes, existing only as lonely halloween decorations.
Today, highly reflective aluminized PET film ribbons are tied to the plants to create shimmers from the sun, a futuristic approach to pest problems, however we all know how much corvids like shiny things.
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There are many books and websites that look at New Zealand’s geological make-up and the natural hazards it causes.
On this page:
Awesome Forces at Te Papa
Feel the earth move under your feet in Awesome Forces. Learn how plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and erosion have shaped one of the most dynamic and diverse landscapes in the world: Aotearoa New Zealand.
Awesome Forces exhibition
Delve into the inner workings of our amazing planet. Guided by our educators, your students will explore the Earth’s inner core and discover the forces that shape the landscape of AotearoaAotearoa New Zealand.
Book an education visit
Explore Awesome Forces with your students on a self-guided education visit.
Book a self-guided education visit
Hicks, G, and Campbell, H, eds. Wellington: Te Papa Press in association with EQC and GNS Science, 1998
Highly recommended for students and teachers alike, this book gives excellent background on the workings of Earth before homing in on New Zealand and why it has such active faults and volcanoes. Each chapter deals with a specific hazard, including all the ones mentioned in this resource.
Slumbering Giants: The volcanoes and thermal regions of the central North Island
Cox, G. New Zealand: HarperCollins, 1996
This book looks at the volcanoes and thermal regions of the central North Island: Taupō, Rotorua, Tarawera, and others. Includes a bibliography.
The Restless Country: Volcanoes and earthquakes of New Zealand
Cox, G. New Zealand: HarperCollins, 1999
A great introduction to earthquakes and volcanoes (including extinct ones) in New Zealand. Includes a list for further reading.
Fountains of Fire: The story of Auckland’s volcanoes
Cox, G. New Zealand: HarperCollins, 2000
Investigates the story of Auckland’s 48 volcanoes and their eruptions. Great illustrations.
Rocked and Ruptured: Geological faults in New Zealand
Aitkin, J. New Zealand: Reed Books, 1999
Produced in association with the Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (now GNS Science), this book is a more in-depth investigation of the known geological faults around New Zealand and their histories. There is an excellent chapter on how scientists gather information and measure the energy of earthquakes. Includes a good reference section for further reading.
The shaping of New Zealand
O’Flaherty, B. New Zealand: Reed Children’s Books, 2002
This book is part of the ‘New Zealand Wild’ series. It has an easy-to-read short history of the development of our planet and more specifically New Zealand. It includes the highly informative NIWA photo of New Zealand (also in the Awesome Forces exhibition at Te Papa) that shows where the tectonic plates meet.
Also check out your local council’s website for emergency management information.
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This article considers the cultural dimension of applying the land information system (LIS) concept to lands held under customary land tenure. The article recognizes that the LIS concept has been developed primarily to serve the needs of countries with a western-style land market where individual land rights are the norm. However, many countries where customary landholdings exist, or predominate, are also interested in establishing LISs to manage their land resources better. The article has three main sections. In the first section, western LIS concepts are reviewed, placing their development in a historical perspective. This section includes a sample of the main attributes of land that are stored in a typical LIS. The article then reviews the main features of customary land tenure systems that distinguish them from western systems. Drawing examples from Fiji, where one of the authors is involved in establishing an LIS, the article compares land rights under western tenure to those under customary tenure and discusses the cultural implications of including these attributes in an LIS.
Part Two (separate document)
"Western" countries, on the other hand, have developed land registration and cadastral systems that record the details of all land parcels in a state or jurisdiction. The primary purpose of these systems is to manage land and to support a free land market. Today's land information systems are often outgrowths of many of these land registration systems or, at the very least, land registration systems are an important component of such modern LISs. As a result of this development being primarily in the western world, these LISs are inevitably based on western concepts of land tenure, including the perception of land as a commodity and an agent for economic growth.
De Soto (1993) has pointed out, however, that as many as two-thirds of the countries of the world are still classified as developing countries. The majority of these countries operate under customary land tenure systems that do not encourage the commoditization of land based on cultural ties. The introduction of LISs in these countries would invariably have to accommodate some of the lands held under customary tenure. It is therefore essential to examine the appropriateness of LISs for such lands.
McLaughlin (1981) defines land tenure as "rights, responsibilities and restraints that individuals and groups of individuals have with respect to land". In this article, the discussions relating to land tenure emphasize this triad of rights, responsibilities and restraints, while the reviews and discussion on customary land tenures draw on the first-hand knowledge and experience of two of the authors from Nigeria and Fiji.
[ Contents ]
Source: Williamson 1985a; and 1985b
In its multi-purpose form, the cadastral concept "has been considerably broadened and the cadastre either contains additional information or is linked to other databases, especially when in digital form" (Benwell and Ezigbalike 1994). The term "land information system" (LIS) has been used increasingly worldwide to describe such systems which support the management of spatial data of all forms within a government context. It has been used in many countries as the global term to include all cadastral and parcel-based, environmental and natural resource systems on both small and large scales. LIS refers primarily to systems and processes, with minimal emphasis on technology. A successful LIS should be able to store and provide all the information relevant to the nature, extent and possession of land rights. The widespread practice in western countries of recording all dealings that affect the ownership of land has facilitated this task. The standard western LIS has adopted the parcel of land as the basic organizational unit for referencing land tenure data and information. This basic organizational unit links all disparate data sets with each other. The attributes of land maintained in such an LIS can be classified according to two types - spatial attributes and textual or non-spatial attributes. The spatial attributes of a land parcel determine the following:
The textual attributes, which generally require some form of adjudication or legal investigation, include :
The following is a list of typical tenure information that may be found in a western land tenure-based LIS:
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Acquaye (1984) suggests that customary land tenure "does not lend itself easily to precise definition" for two main reasons. First, "it can never be of universal application because it varies between communities". Second, "it is constantly undergoing natural evolution, and [is] being modified or even completely changed by the grafting on of foreign legal concepts". A report prepared for the United Nations (UN) defined customary land tenure as:
This definition has been criticized by Simpson (1976, p. 224) because it
Informal customary land tenures are those that are not officially sanctioned or recognized by the courts or government, but are practised and accepted as an unspoken long-term customary practice. These systems include such things as complying with traditional beliefs and customary taboos: e.g. lala - providing services to chiefs.
Features of customary land tenure
Dual land tenure systems. As has been mentioned in the definition and customs subsections, customary tenure is changing under several influences. The most significant agent of change is the direct or indirect contact of communities with outside communities, especially European ones. Colonial governments, and sometimes post-colonial governments, have introduced land laws fashioned along the lines of "western" (or European) economies. These laws usually include incentives or sanctions to encourage or persuade landholders to convert their land rights to the perceived superior system. Despite the efforts made in this direction, the customary systems have proved resilient. The result is therefore a dual land tenure system in which some lands are held under western/European laws, while others are held under customary laws, albeit formalized by legislation. Two main factors account for the resilience of customary land tenure systems. First is the kinship and lineage organization of societies whereby descendants of a common ancestor live together and discourage immigration into their community. The second factor is that "access to land in most of rural Africa continues to be determined by indigenous systems of land tenure" (Bruce, 1988). Fourie (1994) came to similar conclusions from extensive fieldwork in an informal settlement: "Even in an urban area behaviour in significant measure is shaped by historically determined relationships and perceptions of land, rather than exclusively by economic forces." The most important source of land rights is through inheritance. Before the introduction of the European concept of testacy, which is still not very commonly observed, when the holder of land rights died, the rights either devolved on the holder's children as family property or reverted to a communal pool for reallocation by the responsible authorities. Nwabueze (1972, p. 4546) notes that, in Nigeria, the devolution of the property upon children "applies with equal force even where the property has been acquired and held by the intestate under English law. The operation of this rule imposes a severe limitation upon the process of individualization; for it means that whatever progress is made in one generation is stultified in the next." While the 1978 Land Use Act of Nigeria attempted "to provide a uniform mode of access to land in Nigeria" (Aina, 1990, p. 196), it created another dual system, that of "customary" and "statutory" occupancy.
Land tenure based on custom. Customary land tenure is assumed to be based on "custom". There has been considerable discussion in the literature regarding this assumption. "These systems are frequently referred to as ëcustomary' or ëtraditional', a misleading practice because they change and evolve rapidly; often an important customary rule turns out to be only a generation old" (Bruce, 1993, p. 35). Such problems arise because "custom" seems to be used in its specialized context: "in English law to denote a peculiar exception to the common law of the Land; ...and [which] must be shown to be of antiquity" (Lloyd, 1962, p. 16). This usage explains why it is also referred to as "traditional", implying long-established practice passed down from previous generations.
No system has maintained its "indigenous" (another term commonly used to describe customary tenure) purity. In view of this fact, and of the points raised above for definition, the sense in which "custom" would now refer to land tenure practices and rules is in the sense of "a synonym for usage - what is usually done" (Lloyd, 1962, p. 15). This implies some element of the English law usage, viz. that such practices and rules "be accepted by those to whom they refer as certain, reasonable and obligatory".
It is no longer true that customary land tenure is based on unwritten law. Rakai (1993, p. 144) referred to "formal customary land tenures" as "those that have been recognized and regulated by government laws". The Nigerian Land Use Act of 1978 provided as follows:
2.(1) As from the commencement of this Decree...
6. (1) It shall be lawful for a Local Government in respect of land not in an urban area:
(Government of Nigeria, 1979)
The rules and practices are also no longer simply passed on by word of mouth. With the introduction of literacy, more people are documenting, although not necessarily registering, their land rights and transactions. It is not uncommon now for a father who is barely literate to prepare a document allocating residential sites to his sons. Such a document would confer the customary rights of occupancy. It would not be a will and would not be registered nor registrable, except for the possibility of conversion to a "statutory right of occupancy" as provided by the 1978 Land Use Act. Although the Act provides for the passing on of land upon death, according to "the customary law of the region" (Igbozurike, 1980, p. 16), it does not expressly provide for such allocation but, by recognizing customary law, the Act allows such modern expression of the custom.
The concept of ownership. Ownership of a thing is comprised of "the right to make physical use of a thing, the right to the income from it, in money, in kind or in services and the power of management, including that of alienation" (Nwabueze, 1972, p. 7). In customary land law, the concept of ownership is different from the western concept, for example:
This inability to alienate the land is the main indicator, in the western sense, of an interest or right which is less than ownership:
(Nwabueze, 1972, p. 7)
Allodial nature of rights. Although the cardinal right of alienation may be missing in customary rights in land, the rights that exist tend to be absolute in nature, as Nwabueze (1972, p. 28) explains:
It should be pointed out that among societies that had central government structures, whether indigenous or introduced by colonial governments, the allocation and control of land is one of the most important attributes of the power of the authority. However, Elias (1971, p. 74) notes that "the chief has no right, even under ancient customary tenure, of continuous or detailed supervision over any land which has once been granted to a family, or to an individual, whose right of enjoyment and user cannot be lightly disturbed unless for good cause shown."
Group ownership of rights. The most important feature of customary land tenure is the predominance of group ownership of whatever rights exist in land. Acquaye (1984, p. 17) notes that rights are usually "held corporately by a social group". This group could be "a tribe, village, clan, lineage, or family". This is a consequence of the group control and discipline which exist at a very high level:
(Herskovits, 1956, p. 235)
(Bruce, 1988, p. 25)
(Coker, 1966, p. 9)
A question that arises naturally regards the nature of the rights of each member of the landowning group in the group's property. Does each person hold a separate individual interest over the whole land or an aliquot portion of it? Alternatively, does the community constitute a landowning corporate entity? Group ownership is not uncommon in western land tenure, for example English law has joint tenancy, but how does this compare with group ownership under traditional tenure?
The alternative of regarding the community, village or family as a corporate entity, distinct from its members, must also be rejected. With regard to the community or village it is necessary to distinguish its social from its political aspects.... It is the community or family as a social unit which is pre-eminently important for this purpose; in this capacity the community, village or family is not a corporate entity in law, but merely a society or collection of persons with a common interest in land, all of whom are jointly, severally and directly liable for debts properly incurred on behalf of the land.
(Nwabueze, 1972, p. 53-54)
Religious significance of land. In places where customary tenure exists, there is usually some religious significance attached to land. It is regarded as a gift from God, to varying degrees. Among the Igbo of Nigeria, for example, land, ground and earth would synonymously be translated as Ala, the Earth-goddess. She is the most significant and most cherished of all Igbo deities, being responsible for the place where one lives and plants crops (Igbozurike, 1980, p. 113), the fount of all fertility and the guardian of public morality (Meek, 1957, p. 147). Still using the Igbo example, ancestors play an important part in the lives of the living. The final resting place of the group's ancestors is therefore made sacred.
(Herskovits, 1956, p. 235)
The concept of permanent home. Even today, most traditional non-urban communities are comprised of people who are related by blood. These relatives have varying rights and responsibilities in the community lands. People have always been able to travel out of their communities on commercial ventures for varying lengths of time and, while on such trips, they usually set up temporary homes. To most people, their real home is the ancestral home to which they always return, where their rights are never lost and they are never discharged of their responsibilities. These communities do not usually have a concept equivalent to the English word immigration. While on the trip, the "stranger" may be given rights to land for housing, agriculture or other industry, but these rights are limited and do not usually extinguish the rights of the original owner or community. While the stranger has some responsibilities in the community, these are not usually the same as those of the permanent members. Aina (1990, p. 196) observed that in Nigeria, "distinction [is] made in all indigenous communities between ëstrangers' and members of the community. Again this distinction contributed to the restrictions placed on providing land to migrants for building." This "stranger" classification is the recognition of the fact that strangers do not lose their membership of their original, ancestral communities. Their rights to land, and associated responsibilities, are still respected and binding. Thus, a Fijian who lives in Suva still has land rights and development responsibilities in Sawana, her permanent home, and a Nigerian who in the past 12 years has spent a cumulative total of two months in Nigeria still regards Nimo as his permanent home. As far as the relatives "back home" are concerned, these movements are no different from the seasonal movements of farmers or fishermen who return at the end of the season. In the meantime, part of the earnings of those living away from their permanent homies are repatriated and applied towards general development projects and sometimes the sustenance of older relatives who can no longer earn independent incomes. Even children born in these "places of work" know that their real home is wherever their parents originally came from. Hardin (1990, p. 63) reporting on "the extended family labyrinthian web of rights and duties" of an Accra-based lecturer in Ghana observed that the system "does not follow free-market precepts, Marxist dogma or the rule of law. It is governed by blood, of tradition, of guilt." Even in modern Nigeria, in spite of the access to land anywhere that was guaranteed by the 1978 Land Use Act, access to some official entitlements is still determined by the ubiquitous "state of origin" question on many forms.
Transactions in land. Even where there is an abundance of land, the land might not be equally suitable for agriculture, grazing, housing or whatever other uses people might have for it. In an agricultural community the more fertile lands normally attracted more attention during the initial settlement of the community when land was being cleared and colonized. Some people would eventually gain control over more parcels of land of a certain desirable nature than they could effectively use, while others would have fewer. In spite of the religious attitude which discouraged outright sale, and the apparent abundance of land, various types of land transactions developed.
Lease. In Nigeria, the lease under customary tenure is very similar to that under English law. The usual form is where one person creates use rights in favour of another for a specific period, for a specific purpose (usually agriculture) and for some material return. The rent was usually paid in goods or services but, with economic evolution, cash rent is now common. The residential leases that are normally granted to strangers are usually for the indefinite period of the latter's sojourn; although agricultural leases are usually for one farming period, indefinite arrangements are not uncommon, especially for strangers.
Pledge. This is the practice of using land as a security to borrow money or goods or to get services for credit. It contrasts with the western concept of mortgage because the pledgor surrenders possession of the land to the pledgee until the debt is discharged. With the introduction of land sales, the pledge sometimes merges into a sale, the parties agreeing on a time limit after which the pledgor can no longer redeem the land.
Gift. This is the gratuitous granting of rights to land to another person. No price is fixed, nor are any conditions stipulated. The giver transfers whatever interest they had in the land to the beneficiary. Land gifts are made for varying purposes. A parent may make a land gift to a child, outside and separate from the child's entitled inheritance. This could be done to circumvent inheritance provisions, for example to provide for a child in societies where a person's land passes on to the surviving blood siblings or to provide for a daughter where land is inherited only by sons.
Outright sale. While it may be true that land did not have an exchange value in times of abundance and that religious beliefs discourage the sale of certain types of land, land is now being bartered and sold. Not all societies were blessed with an abundance of land. For example, the people in the southern forest regions of Nigeria did not have much land and therefore have developed more sedentary lifestyles, with closely knit societal structures where descendants of a common ancestor live together. The land available to the community was limited and was a measure of wealth and importance in the community, among other measures of affluence. It should therefore be expected that, with the introduction of the cash economy, some people would be expected to convert such wealth into cash: "With increasing commercialization, land has become a fertile source of income in the form of periodic rent or lump-sum payment" (Nwabueze, 1972, p. 7).
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Cannabis cultivation comes with its fair share of challenges, powdery mildew being at the top of the list. The appearance of white spots on cannabis leaves is enough to send any cultivator into panic mode. This is because the fungus can quickly destroy the entire growth cycle of cannabis plants if not dealt with early enough. Powdery Mildew, aka Oidium or white mold, is a common fungus belonging to the Ascomycetes fungi, a classification of the Erisiphales fungi order.
Powdery mildew on cannabis is a widespread problem affecting greenhouse, indoor, and outdoor-grown plants. The pathogen can also be found in tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, peppers, and many other plants. If you are dealing with powdery mildew or researching the pathogen in case it ever strikes, you are in the right place. This piece features everything you need to know about powdery mildew, including tips on how to prevent its occurrence in the first place.
What is powdery mildew, and how does it occur?
Powdery Mildew is a fungal pathogen that initially presents as white spots on cannabis leaves. It tends to favor the upper side of leaves but can also attack the bottom. When not handled early enough, PM spreads to other plant parts, such as the stems, petioles, and buds. The pathogen can strike during any growth stage or during the drying and curing process.
When Powdery mildew is introduced into a grow room (more on how this happens later on), the spores can stay dormant for a long time, waiting for the perfect conditions to present. When this happens, it quickly latches onto its host and starts to reproduce. The fungi thrive in temperatures ranging from 68° to 86° and humidity of 70% or higher. It multiplies exponentially when attacking plants in an overcrowded, dark, poorly ventilated, and warm environment so it is vital to control your grow room climate as a preventative measure.
Powdery mildew on cannabis usually targets the newly formed leaves first and later spreads to the older ones located at the bottom. It attacks by creating a white layer over the cannabis leaves, thus preventing them from getting enough sunlight for photosynthesis. The PM coating obstructs the respiration and transpiration processes, leading to a weak plant and stunted growth. Eventually, the leaves dry out and fall off the plant. When the plant loses leaves, its ability to produce enough energy for its survival is compromised. Consequently, the plant dies, leaving the cultivator with a considerable loss.
How to spot powdery mildew on cannabis plants
Under a microscope, it appears as barrel-shaped, colorless fungi that barely grows larger than 0.02mm. The pathogen becomes visible to the naked eye in large quantities as the spores form chains. You can spot small, white, or gray patches that take on a circular shape at the initial stage of the attack. As the spores continue to reproduce, Oidium appears as a layer of flour on leaves, almost as if someone poured baby powder on them. Plants with powdery mildew will have wilting leaves with bright green or yellow spots. Young leaves will appear discolored and distorted and will experience limited growth.
How significant a damage can white powdery mildew cause?
Early detection can be instrumental in salvaging your crop if you happen to find powdery mildew on your cannabis plants during the seedling or vegetative stage. If not detected early, it can lead to the death of seedlings due to their vulnerability. Plants in the vegetative stage may recover after thorough recovery techniques, although this can cause lasting damage and significantly increase the time your grow will take. The advantage cannabis plants have have in dealing with fungal infections like powdery mildew is that they can easily grow new leaves to replace the compromised ones, thus providing enough energy for the plants to still produce an impressive yield if caught early.
When powdery mildew strikes during the flowering stage, it can significantly affect the overall quality of the bud and yield. The plant is no longer growing but focusing on bud creation. Powdery mildew may dramatically affect the final yield, causing severe losses to the cultivator.
Powdery mildew on dried buds is something that every cultivator dreads. There are limited options on how you can deal with such a situation (discussed later on). However, it is possible to salvage the situation, although you may lose some of the harvests due to compromised, unsmokable bud.
How does powdery mildew reproduce, and what conditions are necessary to thrive?
Powdery mildew’s life cycle combines both asexual and sexual reproduction. The former occurs during the cannabis plant’s growth period from seedling up to the flowering period or as the growing session ends. The pathogen produces conidia or asexual spores at this stage, which are obligate parasites that require a live host for survival. The asexual spores spread rapidly and take between three to seven days to infect the cannabis plants. It poses a threat in this state as it can easily cause a pandemic that is hard to come back from.
Sexual reproduction of powdery mildew occurs during the last stages of cannabis growth. This type of reproduction produces spores (ascocarps) that can survive without a host; that is why you can spot powdery mildew late flower or even early-stage powdery mildew on dried buds. Sexual spores are highly resistant to humidity and temperatures, enabling them to survive harsh conditions. The Ascocarps vary in genetic composition as they result from a combination of two parent spores. They can develop resistance to fungicides, making them nearly impossible to combat.
As mentioned earlier, the fungi thrive in temperatures of 68°F to 86°F, similar to the ideal temperature for cannabis cultivation. Another contributing factor is high humidity of 70% and above. When a grow room experiences temperature fluctuations, the relative humidity changes. A change from a low to a high temperature (even within the normal 68°F to 86°F) will increase relative humidity. When the humidity is high, it presents the perfect environment for powdery mildew spore reproduction. This explains why the pathogen is prevalent in cannabis cultivation grow environments. Other factors within the grow room that can support the spread of powdery mildew include;
- Poor ventilation leading to areas with stagnant air
- Contaminated and unfiltered air
- Dark spots and tightly packed plants
Factors facilitating the spread of powdery mildew
Powdery mildew is introduced into the grow room in various ways. The introduction of infected clones is one of the leading causes. Another cause is powdery mildew from other plants. When gardening, one of the plants might have powdery mildew in its early stages. One can spread the pathogen to cannabis plants without knowing, especially if they do not decontaminate or change clothes before entering the grow room. Lastly, it is likely to reoccur if you have dealt with it in the past and not thoroughly decontaminated and sterilized the grow room. The pathogen’s spore remains dormant until the ideal conditions for reproduction are present. Once powdery mildew strikes, the factors highlighted below can hasten the spread at an alarming rate.
Tightly spaced plants
Plants that grow close to each other make it easy for the fungi to spread. This can be further exacerbated if the plants are dense and bushy. Cannabis plants should ideally be spaced such that they can fully stretch laterally without touching other plants.
Powdery mildew can be spread via contaminated tools. The spores attach to equipment, such as pruners, and latch on to healthy plants when used afterward. This is a dangerous practice that can quickly destroy crops grown in different areas.
Another way cross-contamination happens is when the grow room personnel carries spores on their clothes from a contaminated area to a healthy section of cannabis plants.
A grow room/space should be well ventilated as still air gives the pathogen sufficient time to latch on the leaves, complete its growth cycle, reproduce, and become a pandemic.
How to get rid of powdery mildew on cannabis
Powdery mildew has struck. What can you do? First, you need to determine the severity of the fungal infestation. If it’s mild, you can utilize one of the following natural ways of dealing with powdery mildew. NOTE: Spray the leaves with these solutions when the lights are off to avoid burning them.
Potassium bicarbonate has a high PH that discourages the spread or growth of powdery mildew. This solution will kill the fungi within 2-4 weeks, leaving them as healthy as they should be. To make a solution, take a tablespoon of potassium bicarbonate and mix it with a teaspoon of liquid soap (non-detergent) and one gallon of purified water. Apply daily until the PM disappears.
Apple cider vinegar
Acetic acid is abundantly present in apple cider vinegar. This compound is known for its fast-acting properties against powdery mildew. Take 2 or 3 tablespoons of natural apple cider vinegar and mix it with one gallon of water. Spray the affected plant with this solution for seven days, then do it every other day until the leaves regain their original color.
Neem oil is an excellent option for anyone dealing with the initial stages of PM infestation. The solution is mild but tough enough to correct the issue within a week or two. Use two and a half teaspoons of neem oil and a gallon of water to make the solution. Use the solution regularly until the PM issue is corrected.
Readily available, cheap, and easy to make. Milk also contains numerous beneficial compounds that improve the health of cannabis plants. Using a 60/40 water-milk ratio, create your own PM cure. You will notice your plants regaining their health and vitality within 24 hours.
If the pathogen has caused significant damage to the plants, cut out the affected leaves and put them inside a seal bag. Take caution so as not to spread the spores to other plants. Once you are left with healthy or mildly affected leaves, try out any of the highlighted solutions above to get rid of the PM that might be present.
There are times when one detects powdery mildew after it has done irreversible damage to the plants. In such a case, you need to count your losses and get rid of all the plants. Properly dispose of them and, if possible, burn them. Do not use the plants as compost since the spores might destroy your next crop.
Powdery mildew-infested buds are very fragile and hard to deal with. As a cultivator, your ultimate goal is to produce top-shelf buds with a high degree of aromatic scents and full of flavors. Using fungicides interferes with these qualities and lowers the overall quality of the yield. Unfortunately, you can’t also sell or smoke the buds as they pose a serious health risk.
The only way to kill powdery mildew on cannabis is by using one of the solutions highlighted above. Take a neem oil, potassium bicarbonate, apple cider vinegar, or milk solution and spray it on a piece of cloth. Ensure it isn’t drenched in the solution to avoid dampness which may result in bud rot. Wipe the fan and sugar leaves and any part of the buds with signs of the fungi. Afterward, ensure you subject the buds to the ideal conditions for proper drying to keep moisture away. Do this regularly until the PM can no longer be spotted.
Preventing powdery mildew
Before you begin to cultivate cannabis, you need to select a strain that is resistant to common biotic and abiotic factors. Powdery mildew resistance is a quality that is desired by many cultivators, especially those that have faced the issue before. Buy seeds like Northern Lights, Gorilla Glue, and Afgoo from a reputable company that guarantees a 99% germination rate.
The first line of defence against powdery mildew is prevention. As you cultivate cannabis, you need to put measures into place to ensure the entire process is seamless and results in healthy plants and a bountiful harvest. Here is how you can prevent PM
- Only buy clean, tested, and powdery mildew-free clones. Get them from reliable, trusted sources that other cultivators can verify. After purchasing, ensure you decontaminate the clones before installation.
- Ensure the grow room is positively pressurized. This guarantees that the air is pushed outside rather than indoors when the door is opened. When the opposite happens in a negatively pressurized room, the air coming in may contain pathogens that may compromise the health of the plants.
- Maintain steady humidity levels. The optimum humidity for cannabis growth is between 40% and 70%. Avoid stagnant water or overhead watering as they increase the air moisture levels. Utilize dehumidifiers to keep the levels in check.
- Increased airflow may dry the leaves and break them, along with some small branches. Inadequate airflow in the grow room creates the perfect environment for PM proliferation. An ideal grow room should have a good setup airflow system that supports a 13-mph breeze.
- Utilize a HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air filtration) system. This will keep the powdery mildew spores out of the room. The filtered air can then be sterilized electronically or via UV sterilization. Ensure you maintain all your grow room systems for optimum performance.
- Conduct regular maintenance of tools and equipment used in the gow room. Additionally, decontaminate them using hydrogen peroxide to prevent pathogen transfers from plant to plant.
- Focus on keeping the grow room clean by removing dead leaves or decaying plant matter. After every growth cycle, clean the entire grow room and decontaminate surfaces and tools thoroughly.
- All personnel entering the grow room should decontaminate and change into work clothes before entering the grow room. This prevents any pests or pathogens from invading the prized plants.
- Keep your plants spaced out. Closely packed plants encourage the spread and reproduction of powdery mildew. Incorporate trimming and pruning practices into your cultivation schedule.
Growing cannabis in an open setup can be challenging due to the range by which one can control the environment. To avoid powdery mildew, ensure that all your plants are spaced out. Outdoor-grown plants tend to be bigger compared to indoor-grown ones. You need to ensure they have sufficient space to stretch out laterally and vertically.
Occasionally prune the plants to avoid a bushy structure. This ensures that all plant parts are exposed to optimum sunlight for impressive yields. Lastly, take extra precautions during spring and autumn. During these seasons, cannabis plants are highly susceptible to powdery mildew.
Powdery mildew is one of the many cannabis leaf problems cultivators face. The pathogen can easily destroy an entire crop if detected late. Conducting a thorough inspection of plants is warranted as it allows growers to identify such issues at their initial stage of an attack and deal with them instantaneously.
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It's called Greek fire. Invented around AD 670, it was one of the first flamethrowers, involving a pressurized siphon to shoot a stream of liquid flame at enemies. The Byzantine Empire used this incendiary weapon to defend against fleets of Arab ships in the first and second sieges of Constantinople in 674–678 and 717–718. "It was a very fearsome naval weapon at the time," says Tom Harris, who was one of the 232 students awarded bachelor's degrees from Caltech last week.
But historical details of the weapon—how it was invented and how it worked—are murky. That mystery made Greek fire a perfect thesis topic for Harris, who graduated with a double major in history and mechanical engineering. Working with Warren Brown, a professor of history at Caltech, Harris spent much of his senior year studying Greek fire and analyzing how it worked based on original historical documents and our modern-day understanding of fluid mechanics. He also consulted with Joe Shepherd, the C. L. Kelly Johnson Professor of Aeronautics and professor of mechanical engineering, and Tim Colonius, a professor of mechanical engineering.
His conclusions? "Greek fire was an impressive weapon, but it wasn't that effective in the naval warfare that was practiced at the time," Harris says. Although he points out that his analysis is far from definitive, he made some calculations using a simple model of how Greek fire might have worked, and found that the weapon could shoot fire as far as about 50 meters—which is not enough distance to devastate a foe in a naval battle. "A lot of people in the past have hypothesized that this device did not have a very long range, and that's why it wasn't really effective," Harris explains. "My analysis seems to corroborate that."
Harris came to Caltech with an undeclared major, thinking he would study computer science. But, having been an avid Lego builder as a kid, he was drawn to mechanical engineering. He also has an interest in medieval history, which similarly dates back to his childhood—he loved pirates and knights, and both his parents were history majors—and after he took Brown's medieval history class, his impression of the study of history changed. Instead of reading textbooks and analysis from other historians, Harris and his dozen or so classmates read and analyzed original documents.
After his sophomore year, Harris spent a month in Rome learning about structural engineering as part of a UC Davis program. He took advantage of his time in Europe by pursuing yet another childhood passion: swords. After the program ended, he stayed in Italy for another week, taking blacksmithing lessons in Le Marche, and he then went to England for another week of lessons. He made various pieces, including metal leaves, a fire poker, and scrollwork similar to the old metal handrails you can see around Caltech's campus. In England, he forged a short sword called a seax.
The following spring break, Harris once again traveled to England, to learn swordmaking. During his free time, he spent hours at the British Museum looking at swords and other medieval weaponry.
Returning to campus, Harris discovered that other Techers were interested in blacksmithing, and so—with the help of the George W. Housner Student Discovery Fund—he led an effort to get a blacksmithing forge for the student shop on campus. The forge hasn't arrived yet, but when it does, Ben Abbott, an electrical engineer with the LIGO project and a blacksmith with more than two decades' worth of experience, has volunteered to teach students the art and craft of blacksmithing.
For Harris, blacksmithing—and Caltech—allowed him to rekindle many of his childhood passions. "You could say this experience was about rediscovering my inner child and finding a more mature way of exploring these interests," he says.
Now that he's graduated, Harris will work as a quality engineer at Covidien, a company that specializes in biomedical devices, such as stents used to unblock arteries. Although he has no experience in biomedicine, he's looking forward to learning new things—something he's gotten used to at Caltech.
"Caltech has been a place where I could feed my desire to learn," Harris says. "I'm glad for the experience I've had here."
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Who was president in August of 1969?Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. He was a member of the Republican Party who previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961.
Who won the presidency in 1969?Richard Nixon was able to win the Electoral College, dominating several regions in the Western United States, Midwest, Upland South, and portions of the Northeast, while winning the popular vote by a relatively small 511,944 votes over Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey.
What did Nixon March 1969?March 9 – President Nixon holds a two-hour meeting with White House aides on the subject of antiballistic missile system deployment at his beachfront villa in Key Biscayne, Florida.
Who was president in the late 60’s early 70’s?
Why was 1969 a famous year?Apollo 11 Moon Landings
On July 20th, Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon, one of the most historic cultural events in 1969. Apollo 11 landed with Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. It was the fifth mission by NASA’s Apollo program.
Who ran against Obama the first time?Obama won a decisive victory over McCain, winning the Electoral College and the popular vote by a sizable margin, including states that had not voted for the Democratic presidential candidate since 1976 (North Carolina) and 1964 (Indiana and Virginia).
Who was the silent majority during Vietnam War?In 1967, labor leader George Meany asserted that those labor unionists (such as himself) who supported the Vietnam War were « the vast, silent majority in the nation. » Meany’s statement may have provided Nixon’s speechwriters with the specific turn of phrase.
Did Nixon end the Vietnam War?Unfortunately, this did not end the war for the Vietnamese and the fighting continued until April 1975 when Saigon fell to the communists.
Who ran against JFK in 1964?
How did they call the moon in 1969?Nixon Calls the Moon
» Neil and Buzz , The President of the United States is in his office now, and would like to to say a few words to you, » Mission Control relayed to the men on the moon. « That would be an honor, » replied one of the astronauts.
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https://www.vidaatlanta.com/president-in-1969/
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Summary and Keywords
Fernando Ortiz is recognized today as one of the most influential Latin American authors of the 20th century. Amazingly prolific, his publications written between the 1890s and the mid-1950s engage with a vast array of subjects and disciplines. Perhaps Ortiz’s most significant accomplishments were the creation of the field of Afro-Cuban studies and major early contributions to the emergent field of Afro-diasporic studies. Almost everyone else associated with similar research began their investigations decades after Ortiz and in dialogue with his work. Ortiz was one of the first to seriously examine slave and post-abolition black cultures in Cuba. His studies became central to new and more positive discourses surrounding African-derived expression in the mid-20th century that embraced it as national expression for the first time in Latin America.
This essay considers Ortiz’s academic career and legacy as regards Afro-Cuban musical study beginning in the early 20th century (when his views were quite dated, even racist) and gradual, progressive changes in his attitudes. Ortiz’s work on music and dance have been underrepresented in existing academic literature, despite the fact that most of his late publications focus on such topics and are considered among his most valuable works. His writings on black heritage provide insight into the struggles within New World societies to overcome the racial/evolutionist ideologies that justified colonial subjugation. His scholarship resonates with broader debates throughout the Americas over the meanings of racial pluralism and the legacy of slavery. And his changing views over the years outline the trajectory of modern Western thought as regards Africa and race, specifically the contributions of Afro-diasporic peoples, histories, and cultures to New World societies.
Access to the complete content on Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription. If you are a student or academic complete our librarian recommendation form to recommend the Oxford Research Encyclopedias to your librarians for an institutional free trial.
If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.
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https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-343?rskey=lyGaaL&result=2&print
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David (born Twycross Zoo in March 2008) and Davina (born Chessington Zoo in October 2008) both arrived at Paignton Zoo in 2009. Born on 18th August this year, this youngster is their first offspring and is so far un-sexed. Sometimes known as the giant guinea pig, capybaras are the world’s largest rodent and are found in densely forested areas or grassland near bodies of water in much of South America. They can grow up to 1.3 metres in length and like nothing more than to lounge around in swamps and rivers with only their eyes and nostrils breaking the surface. They have slightly webbed toes which help them to swim – they are excellent swimmers and use their ability to survive underwater for up to five minutes as an escape from predators. They can also sleep underwater, keeping their nostrils just above the waterline.
In the wild one of the main parts of their diet is the water hyacinth and to accommodate their growing family, Paignton Zoo’s Garden Department has been growing plants especially for them to eat this year.
Caught in the act!
An adult capybara can eat 6-8 pounds of grasses per day and chews food by grinding back and forth rather than side to side. Similar to a cud-chewing by a cow, they may also regurgitate their food to masticate it again. They also like to eat their own faeces as a source of bacterial gut flora which helps to digest the cellulose in the grass in order to take out the maximum amount of protein from their food.
In the wild they have a lifespan of 4 – 8 years but on average this is less than four years due to them being the favourite food of various predators such as the jaguar, puma, ocelot, eagle and caiman, as well as being the anaconda’s preferred meal.
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SPEAKING this week at the United Nations, President Hu Jintao of China declared that his country “fully appreciates the importance and urgency of addressing climate change.” As well it should. China is beginning to realize that it has a lot to lose from the carbon dioxide that the world so blithely emits into the earth’s atmosphere.
Mr. Hu’s words made me think back to a day not long ago when I found myself on a platform 14,000 feet above sea level, surrounded by throngs of Chinese tourists in colorful parkas. A chairlift had brought us that much closer to the jagged peaks of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain and the glacier that cascades down its flank. People cheerfully snapped photos of the icy mass, seemingly unaware of the disaster unfolding before them.
Because of climate change, the roughly 1.7-mile-long Baishui Glacier No. 1 could well be one of the first major glacial systems on the Tibetan Plateau to disappear after thousands of years. The glacier, situated above the honky-tonk town of Lijiang in southwest China, has receded 830 feet over the last two decades and appears to be wasting away at an ever more rapid rate each year. It is the southernmost glacier on the plateau, so its decline is an early warning of what may ultimately befall the approximately 18,000 higher-altitude glaciers in the Greater Himalayas as the planet continues to warm.
Because the Tibetan Plateau and its environs shelter the largest perennial ice mass on the planet after the Arctic and Antarctica, it has come to be known as “the Third Pole.” Its snowfields and glaciers feed almost every major river system of Asia during hot, dry seasons when the monsoons cease, and their melt waters supply rivers from the Indus in the west to the Yellow in the east, with the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Salween, Mekong and Yangtze Rivers in between. (The glaciers on Jade Dragon Snow Mountain contribute much of their water to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.)
From a distance, Baishui Glacier No. 1 looks as immovable as the defiant mountain above. In reality, it is a fluid field of ice and rock in constant downward motion. Scientists speak about the reactive behavior of these glaciers as if they were almost human. The Tibetan and Naxi peoples who inhabit this region treat them, and their mountain hosts, as embodiments of deities and spirits.
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- Water Wars – Winners and Losers (induslatin.com)
- China’s Emissions Growth Targets: Your Move, U.S. (treehugger.com)
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http://www.innovationtoronto.com/2010/12/thaw-at-roof-of-world/
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| 0.948773 | 637 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Editor’s note: The following is extracted from The Heroes, Or Greek Fairy Tales for My Children, by Charles Kingsley (published 1889).
HOW PERSEUS AND HIS MOTHER CAME TO SERIPHOS
Once upon a time there were two princes who were twins. Their names were Acrisius and Prœtus, and they lived in the pleasant vale of Argos, far away in Hellas. They had fruitful meadows and vineyards, sheep and oxen, great herds of horses feeding down in Lerna Fen, and all that men could need to make them blest: and yet they were wretched, because they were jealous of each other. From the moment they were born they began to quarrel; and when they grew up each tried to take away the other’s share of the kingdom, and keep all for himself. So first Acrisius drove out Prœtus; and he went across the seas, and brought home a foreign princess for his wife, and foreign warriors to help him, who were called Cyclopes; and drove out Acrisius in his turn; and then they fought a long while up and down the land, till the quarrel was settled, and Acrisius took Argos and one half the land, and Prœtus took Tiryns and the other half. And Prœtus and his Cyclopes built around Tiryns great walls of unhewn stone, which are standing to this day.
But there came a prophet to that hard-hearted Acrisius and prophesied against him, and said, ‘Because you have risen up against your own blood, your own blood shall rise up against you; because you have sinned against your kindred, by your kindred you shall be punished. Your daughter Danae shall bear a son, and by that son’s hands you shall die. So the Gods have ordained, and it will surely come to pass.’
And at that Acrisius was very much afraid; but he did not mend his ways. He had been cruel to his own family, and, instead of repenting and being kind to them, he went on to be more cruel than ever: for he shut up his fair daughter Danae in a cavern underground, lined with brass, that no one might come near her. So he fancied himself more cunning than the Gods: but you will see presently whether he was able to escape them.
Now it came to pass that in time Danae bore a son; so beautiful a babe that any but King Acrisius would have had pity on it. But he had no pity; for he took Danae and her babe down to the seashore, and put them into a great chest and thrust them out to sea, for the winds and the waves to carry them whithersoever they would.
The north-west wind blew freshly out of the blue mountains, and down the pleasant vale of Argos, and away and out to sea. And away and out to sea before it floated the mother and her babe, while all who watched them wept, save that cruel father, King Acrisius.
So they floated on and on, and the chest danced up and down upon the billows, and the baby slept upon its mother’s breast: but the poor mother could not sleep, but watched and wept, and she sang to her baby as they floated; and the song which she sang you shall learn yourselves some day.
And now they are past the last blue headland, and in the open sea; and there is nothing round them but the waves, and the sky, and the wind. But the waves are gentle, and the sky is clear, and the breeze is tender and low; for these are the days when Halcyone and Ceyx build their nests, and no storms ever ruffle the pleasant summer sea.
And who were Halcyone and Ceyx? You shall hear while the chest floats on. Halcyone was a fairy maiden, the daughter of the beach and of the wind. And she loved a sailor-boy, and married him; and none on earth were so happy as they. But at last Ceyx was wrecked; and before he could swim to the shore the billows swallowed him up. And Halcyone saw him drowning, and leapt into the sea to him; but in vain. Then the Immortals took pity on them both, and changed them into two fair sea-birds; and now they build a floating nest every year, and sail up and down happily for ever upon the pleasant seas of Greece.
So a night passed, and a day, and a long day it was for Danae; and another night and day beside, till Danae was faint with hunger and weeping, and yet no land appeared. And all the while the babe slept quietly; and at last poor Danae drooped her head and fell asleep likewise with her cheek against the babe’s.
After a while she was awakened suddenly; for the chest was jarring and grinding, and the air was full of sound. She looked up, and over her head were mighty cliffs, all red in the setting sun, and around her rocks and breakers, and flying flakes of foam. She clasped her hands together, and shrieked aloud for help. And when she cried, help met her: for now there came over the rocks a tall and stately man, and looked down wondering upon poor Danae tossing about in the chest among the waves.
He wore a rough cloak of frieze, and on his head a broad hat to shade his face; in his hand he carried a trident for spearing fish, and over his shoulder was a casting-net; but Danae could see that he was no common man by his stature, and his walk, and his flowing golden hair and beard; and by the two servants who came behind him, carrying baskets for his fish. But she had hardly time to look at him, before he had laid aside his trident and leapt down the rocks, and thrown his casting-net so surely over Danae and the chest, that he drew it, and her, and the baby, safe upon a ledge of rock.
Then the fisherman took Danae by the hand, and lifted her out of the chest, and said—
‘O beautiful damsel, what strange chance has brought you to this island in so flail a ship? Who are you, and whence? Surely you are some king’s daughter; and this boy has somewhat more than mortal.’
And as he spoke he pointed to the babe; for its face shone like the morning star.
But Danae only held down her head, and sobbed out—
‘Tell me to what land I have come, unhappy that I am; and among what men I have fallen!’
And he said, ‘This isle is called Seriphos, and I am a Hellen, and dwell in it. I am the brother of Polydectes the king; and men call me Dictys the netter, because I catch the fish of the shore.’
Then Danae fell down at his feet, and embraced his knees, and cried—
‘Oh, sir, have pity upon a stranger, whom a cruel doom has driven to your land; and let me live in your house as a servant; but treat me honourably, for I was once a king’s daughter, and this my boy (as you have truly said) is of no common race. I will not be a charge to you, or eat the bread of idleness; for I am more skilful in weaving and embroidery than all the maidens of my land.’
And she was going on; but Dictys stopped her, and raised her up, and said—
‘My daughter, I am old, and my hairs are growing gray; while I have no children to make my home cheerful. Come with me then, and you shall be a daughter to me and to my wife, and this babe shall be our grandchild. For I fear the Gods, and show hospitality to all strangers; knowing that good deeds, like evil ones, always return to those who do them.’
So Danae was comforted, and went home with Dictys the good fisherman, and was a daughter to him and to his wife, till fifteen years were past.
HOW PERSEUS VOWED A RASH VOW
Fifteen years were past and gone, and the babe was now grown to be a tall lad and a sailor, and went many voyages after merchandise to the islands round. His mother called him Perseus; but all the people in Seriphos said that he was not the son of mortal man, and called him the son of Zeus, the king of the Immortals. For though he was but fifteen, he was taller by a head than any man in the island; and he was the most skilful of all in running and wrestling and boxing, and in throwing the quoit and the javelin, and in rowing with the oar, and in playing on the harp, and in all which befits a man. And he was brave and truthful, gentle and courteous, for good old Dictys had trained him well; and well it was for Perseus that he had done so. For now Danae and her son fell into great danger, and Perseus had need of all his wit to defend his mother and himself.
I said that Dictys’ brother was Polydectes, king of the island. He was not a righteous man, like Dictys; but greedy, and cunning, and cruel. And when he saw fair Danae, he wanted to marry her. But she would not; for she did not love him, and cared for no one but her boy, and her boy’s father, whom she never hoped to see again. At last Polydectes became furious; and while Perseus was away at sea he took poor Danae away from Dictys, saying, ‘If you will not be my wife, you shall be my slave.’ So Danae was made a slave, and had to fetch water from the well, and grind in the mill, and perhaps was beaten, and wore a heavy chain, because she would not marry that cruel king. But Perseus was far away over the seas in the isle of Samos, little thinking how his mother was languishing in grief.
Now one day at Samos, while the ship was lading, Perseus wandered into a pleasant wood to get out of the sun, and sat down on the turf and fell asleep. And as he slept a strange dream came to him—the strangest dream which he had ever had in his life.
There came a lady to him through the wood, taller than he, or any mortal man; but beautiful exceedingly, with great gray eyes, clear and piercing, but strangely soft and mild. On her head was a helmet, and in her hand a spear. And over her shoulder, above her long blue robes, hung a goat-skin, which bore up a mighty shield of brass, polished like a mirror. She stood and looked at him with her clear gray eyes; and Perseus saw that her eye-lids never moved, nor her eyeballs, but looked straight through and through him, and into his very heart, as if she could see all the secrets of his soul, and knew all that he had ever thought or longed for since the day that he was born. And Perseus dropped his eyes, trembling and blushing, as the wonderful lady spoke.
‘Perseus, you must do an errand for me.’
‘Who are you, lady? And how do you know my name?’
‘I am Pallas Athené; and I know the thoughts of all men’s hearts, and discern their manhood or their baseness. And from the souls of clay I turn away, and they are blest, but not by me. They fatten at ease, like sheep in the pasture, and eat what they did not sow, like oxen in the stall. They grow and spread, like the gourd along the ground; but, like the gourd, they give no shade to the traveller, and when they are ripe death gathers them, and they go down unloved into hell, and their name vanishes out of the land.
‘But to the souls of fire I give more fire, and to those who are manful I give a might more than man’s. These are the heroes, the sons of the Immortals, who are blest, but not like the souls of clay. For I drive them forth by strange paths, Perseus, that they may fight the Titans and the monsters, the enemies of Gods and men. Through doubt and need, danger and battle, I drive them; and some of them are slain in the flower of youth, no man knows when or where; and some of them win noble names, and a fair and green old age; but what will be their latter end I know not, and none, save Zeus, the father of Gods and men. Tell me now, Perseus, which of these two sorts of men seem to you more blest?’
Then Perseus answered boldly: ‘Better to die in the flower of youth, on the chance of winning a noble name, than to live at ease like the sheep, and die unloved and unrenowned.’
Then that strange lady laughed, and held up her brazen shield, and cried: ‘See here, Perseus; dare you face such a monster as this, and slay it, that I may place its head upon this shield?’
And in the mirror of the shield there appeared a face, and as Perseus looked on it his blood ran cold. It was the face of a beautiful woman; but her cheeks were pale as death, and her brows were knit with everlasting pain, and her lips were thin and bitter like a snake’s; and instead of hair, vipers wreathed about her temples, and shot out their forked tongues; while round her head were folded wings like an eagle’s, and upon her bosom claws of brass.
And Perseus looked awhile, and then said: ‘If there is anything so fierce and foul on earth, it were a noble deed to kill it. Where can I find the monster?’
Then the strange lady smiled again, and said: ‘Not yet; you are too young, and too unskilled; for this is Medusa the Gorgon, the mother of a monstrous brood. Return to your home, and do the work which waits there for you. You must play the man in that before I can think you worthy to go in search of the Gorgon.’
Then Perseus would have spoken, but the strange lady vanished, and he awoke; and behold, it was a dream. But day and night Perseus saw before him the face of that dreadful woman, with the vipers writhing round her head.
So he returned home; and when he came to Seriphos, the first thing which he heard was that his mother was a slave in the house of Polydectes.
Grinding his teeth with rage, he went out, and away to the king’s palace, and through the men’s rooms, and the women’s rooms, and so through all the house (for no one dared stop him, so terrible and fair was he), till he found his mother sitting on the floor, turning the stone hand-mill, and weeping as she turned it. And he lifted her up, and kissed her, and bade her follow him forth. But before they could pass out of the room Polydectes came in, raging. And when Perseus saw him, he flew upon him as the mastiff flies on the boar. ‘Villain and tyrant!’ he cried; ‘is this your respect for the Gods, and thy mercy to strangers and widows? You shall die!’ And because he had no sword he caught up the stone hand-mill, and lifted it to dash out Polydectes’ brains.
But his mother clung to him, shrieking, ‘Oh, my son, we are strangers and helpless in the land; and if you kill the king, all the people will fall on us, and we shall both die.’
Good Dictys, too, who had come in, entreated him. ‘Remember that he is my brother. Remember how I have brought you up, and trained you as my own son, and spare him for my sake.’
Then Perseus lowered his hand; and Polydectes, who had been trembling all this while like a coward, because he knew that he was in the wrong, let Perseus and his mother pass.
Perseus took his mother to the temple of Athené, and there the priestess made her one of the temple-sweepers; for there they knew she would be safe, and not even Polydectes would dare to drag her away from the altar. And there Perseus, and the good Dictys, and his wife, came to visit her every day; while Polydectes, not being able to get what he wanted by force, cast about in his wicked heart how he might get it by cunning.
Now he was sure that he could never get back Danae as long as Perseus was in the island; so he made a plot to rid himself of him. And first he pretended to have forgiven Perseus, and to have forgotten Danae; so that, for a while, all went as smoothly as ever.
Next he proclaimed a great feast, and invited to it all the chiefs, and landowners, and the young men of the island, and among them Perseus, that they might all do him homage as their king, and eat of his banquet in his hall.
On the appointed day they all came; and as the custom was then, each guest brought his present with him to the king: one a horse, another a shawl, or a ring, or a sword; and those who had nothing better brought a basket of grapes, or of game; but Perseus brought nothing, for he had nothing to bring, being but a poor sailor-lad.
He was ashamed, however, to go into the king’s presence without his gift; and he was too proud to ask Dictys to lend him one. So he stood at the door sorrowfully, watching the rich men go in; and his face grew very red as they pointed at him, and smiled, and whispered, ‘What has that foundling to give?’
Now this was what Polydectes wanted; and as soon as he heard that Perseus stood without, he bade them bring him in, and asked him scornfully before them all, ‘Am I not your king, Perseus, and have I not invited you to my feast? Where is your present, then?’
Perseus blushed and stammered, while all the proud men round laughed, and some of them began jeering him openly. ‘This fellow was thrown ashore here like a piece of weed or drift-wood, and yet he is too proud to bring a gift to the king.’
‘And though he does not know who his father is, he is vain enough to let the old women call him the son of Zeus.’
And so forth, till poor Perseus grew mad with shame, and hardly knowing what he said, cried out,—‘A present! who are you who talk of presents? See if I do not bring a nobler one than all of yours together!’
So he said boasting; and yet he felt in his heart that he was braver than all those scoffers, and more able to do some glorious deed.
‘Hear him! Hear the boaster! What is it to be?’ cried they all, laughing louder than ever.
Then his dream at Samos came into his mind, and he cried aloud, ‘The head of the Gorgon.’
He was half afraid after he had said the words for all laughed louder than ever, and Polydectes loudest of all.
‘You have promised to bring me the Gorgon’s head? Then never appear again in this island without it. Go!’
Perseus ground his teeth with rage, for he saw that he had fallen into a trap; but his promise lay upon him, and he went out without a word.
Down to the cliffs he went, and looked across the broad blue sea; and he wondered if his dream were true, and prayed in the bitterness of his soul.
‘Pallas Athené, was my dream true? and shall I slay the Gorgon? If thou didst really show me her face, let me not come to shame as a liar and boastful. Rashly and angrily I promised; but cunningly and patiently will I perform.’
But there was no answer, nor sign; neither thunder nor any appearance; not even a cloud in the sky.
And three times Perseus called weeping, ‘Rashly and angrily I promised; but cunningly and patiently will I perform.’
Then he saw afar off above the sea a small white cloud, as bright as silver. And it came on, nearer and nearer, till its brightness dazzled his eyes.
Perseus wondered at that strange cloud, for there was no other cloud all round the sky; and he trembled as it touched the cliff below. And as it touched, it broke, and parted, and within it appeared Pallas Athené, as he had seen her at Samos in his dream, and beside her a young man more light-limbed than the stag, whose eyes were like sparks of fire. By his side was a scimitar of diamond, all of one clear precious stone, and on his feet were golden sandals, from the heels of which grew living wings.
They looked upon Perseus keenly, and yet they never moved their eyes; and they came up the cliffs towards him more swiftly than the sea-gull, and yet they never moved their feet, nor did the breeze stir the robes about their limbs; only the wings of the youth’s sandals quivered, like a hawk’s when he hangs above the cliff. And Perseus fell down and worshipped, for he knew that they were more than man.
But Athené stood before him and spoke gently, and bid him have no fear. Then—
‘Perseus,’ she said, ‘he who overcomes in one trial merits thereby a sharper trial still. You have braved Polydectes, and done manfully. Dare you brave Medusa the Gorgon?’
And Perseus said, ‘Try me; for since you spoke to me in Samos a new soul has come into my breast, and I should be ashamed not to dare anything which I can do. Show me, then, how I can do this!’
‘Perseus,’ said Athené, ‘think well before you attempt; for this deed requires a seven years’ journey, in which you cannot repent or turn back nor escape; but if your heart fails you, you must die in the Unshapen Land, where no man will ever find your bones.’
‘Better so than live here, useless and despised,’ said Perseus. ‘Tell me, then, oh tell me, fair and wise Goddess, of your great kindness and condescension, how I can do but this one thing, and then, if need be, die!’
Then Athené smiled and said—
‘Be patient, and listen; for if you forget my words, you will indeed die. You must go northward to the country of the Hyperboreans, who live beyond the pole, at the sources of the cold north wind, till you find the three Gray Sisters, who have but one eye and one tooth between them. You must ask them the way to the Nymphs, the daughters of the Evening Star, who dance about the golden tree, in the Atlantic island of the west. They will tell you the way to the Gorgon, that you may slay her, my enemy, the mother of monstrous beasts. Once she was a maiden as beautiful as morn, till in her pride she sinned a sin at which the sun hid his face; and from that day her hair was turned to vipers, and her hands to eagle’s claws; and her heart was filled with shame and rage, and her lips with bitter venom; and her eyes became so terrible that whosoever looks on them is turned to stone; and her children are the winged horse and the giant of the golden sword; and her grandchildren are Echidna the witch-adder, and Geryon the three-headed tyrant, who feeds his herds beside the herds of hell. So she became the sister of the Gorgons, Stheino and Euryte the abhorred, the daughters of the Queen of the Sea. Touch them not, for they are immortal; but bring me only Medusa’s head.’
‘And I will bring it!’ said Perseus; ‘but how am I to escape her eyes? Will she not freeze me too into stone?’
‘You shall take this polished shield,’ said Athené, ‘and when you come near her look not at her herself, but at her image in the brass; so you may strike her safely. And when you have struck off her head, wrap it, with your face turned away, in the folds of the goat-skin on which the shield hangs, the hide of Amaltheié, the nurse of the Ægis-holder. So you will bring it safely back to me, and win to yourself renown, and a place among the heroes who feast with the Immortals upon the peak where no winds blow.’
Then Perseus said, ‘I will go, though I die in going. But how shall I cross the seas without a ship? And who will show me my way? And when I find her, how shall I slay her, if her scales be iron and brass?’
Then the young man spoke: ‘These sandals of mine will bear you across the seas, and over hill and dale like a bird, as they bear me all day long; for I am Hermes, the far-famed Argus-slayer, the messenger of the Immortals who dwell on Olympus.’
Then Perseus fell down and worshipped, while the young man spoke again:
‘The sandals themselves will guide you on the road, for they are divine and cannot stray; and this sword itself, the Argus-slayer, will kill her, for it is divine, and needs no second stroke. Arise, and gird them on, and go forth.’
So Perseus arose, and girded on the sandals and the sword.
And Athené cried, ‘Now leap from the cliff and be gone.’
But Perseus lingered.
‘May I not bid farewell to my mother and to Dictys? And may I not offer burnt-offerings to you, and to Hermes the far-famed Argus-slayer, and to Father Zeus above?’
‘You shall not bid farewell to your mother, lest your heart relent at her weeping. I will comfort her and Dictys until you return in peace. Nor shall you offer burnt-offerings to the Olympians; for your offering shall be Medusa’s head. Leap, and trust in the armour of the Immortals.’
Then Perseus looked down the cliff and shuddered; but he was ashamed to show his dread. Then he thought of Medusa and the renown before him, and he leaped into the empty air.
And behold, instead of falling he floated, and stood, and ran along the sky. He looked back, but Athené had vanished, and Hermes; and the sandals led him on northward ever, like a crane who follows the spring toward the Ister fens.
HOW PERSEUS SLEW THE GORGON
So Perseus started on his journey, going dry-shod over land and sea; and his heart was high and joyful, for the winged sandals bore him each day a seven days’ journey.
And he went by Cythnus, and by Ceos, and the pleasant Cyclades to Attica; and past Athens and Thebes, and the Copaic lake, and up the vale of Cephissus, and past the peaks of Œta and Pindus, and over the rich Thessalian plains, till the sunny hills of Greece were behind him, and before him were the wilds of the north. Then he passed the Thracian mountains, and many a barbarous tribe, Pæons and Dardans and Triballi, till he came to the Ister stream, and the dreary Scythian plains. And he walked across the Ister dry-shod, and away through the moors and fens, day and night toward the bleak north-west, turning neither to the right hand nor the left, till he came to the Unshapen Land, and the place which has no name.
And seven days he walked through it, on a path which few can tell; for those who have trodden it like least to speak of it, and those who go there again in dreams are glad enough when they awake; till he came to the edge of the everlasting night, where the air was full of feathers, and the soil was hard with ice; and there at last he found the three Gray Sisters, by the shore of the freezing sea, nodding upon a white log of drift-wood, beneath the cold white winter moon; and they chaunted a low song together, ‘Why the old times were better than the new.’
There was no living thing around them, not a fly, not a moss upon the rocks. Neither seal nor sea-gull dare come near, lest the ice should clutch them in its claws. The surge broke up in foam, but it fell again in flakes of snow; and it frosted the hair of the three Gray Sisters, and the bones in the ice-cliff above their heads. They passed the eye from one to the other, but for all that they could not see; and they passed the tooth from one to the other, but for all that they could not eat; and they sat in the full glare of the moon, but they were none the warmer for her beams. And Perseus pitied the three Gray Sisters; but they did not pity themselves.
So he said, ‘Oh, venerable mothers, wisdom is the daughter of old age. You therefore should know many things. Tell me, if you can, the path to the Gorgon.’
Then one cried, ‘Who is this who reproaches us with old age?’ And another, ‘This is the voice of one of the children of men.’
And he, ‘I do not reproach, but honour your old age, and I am one of the sons of men and of the heroes. The rulers of Olympus have sent me to you to ask the way to the Gorgon.’
Then one, ‘There are new rulers in Olympus, and all new things are bad.’ And another, ‘We hate your rulers, and the heroes, and all the children of men. We are the kindred of the Titans, and the Giants, and the Gorgons, and the ancient monsters of the deep.’ And another, ‘Who is this rash and insolent man who pushes unbidden into our world?’ And the first, ‘There never was such a world as ours, nor will be; if we let him see it, he will spoil it all.’
Then one cried, ‘Give me the eye, that I may see him;’ and another, ‘Give me the tooth, that I may bite him.’ But Perseus, when he saw that they were foolish and proud, and did not love the children of men, left off pitying them, and said to himself, ‘Hungry men must needs be hasty; if I stay making many words here, I shall be starved.’ Then he stepped close to them, and watched till they passed the eye from hand to hand. And as they groped about between themselves, he held out his own hand gently, till one of them put the eye into it, fancying that it was the hand of her sister. Then he sprang back, and laughed, and cried—
‘Cruel and proud old women, I have your eye; and I will throw it into the sea, unless you tell me the path to the Gorgon, and swear to me that you tell me right.’
Then they wept, and chattered, and scolded; but in vain. They were forced to tell the truth, though, when they told it, Perseus could hardly make out the road.
‘You must go,’ they said, ‘foolish boy, to the southward, into the ugly glare of the sun, till you come to Atlas the Giant, who holds the heaven and the earth apart. And you must ask his daughters, the Hesperides, who are young and foolish like yourself. And now give us back our eye, for we have forgotten all the rest.’
So Perseus gave them back their eye; but instead of using it, they nodded and fell fast asleep, and were turned into blocks of ice, till the tide came up and washed them all away. And now they float up and down like icebergs for ever, weeping whenever they meet the sunshine, and the fruitful summer and the warm south wind, which fill young hearts with joy.
But Perseus leaped away to the southward, leaving the snow and the ice behind: past the isle of the Hyperboreans, and the tin isles, and the long Iberian shore, while the sun rose higher day by day upon a bright blue summer sea. And the terns and the sea-gulls swept laughing round his head, and called to him to stop and play, and the dolphins gambolled up as he passed, and offered to carry him on their backs. And all night long the sea-nymphs sang sweetly, and the Tritons blew upon their conchs, as they played round Galatæa their queen, in her car of pearled shells. Day by day the sun rose higher, and leaped more swiftly into the sea at night, and more swiftly out of the sea at dawn; while Perseus skimmed over the billows like a sea-gull, and his feet were never wetted; and leapt on from wave to wave, and his limbs were never weary, till he saw far away a mighty mountain, all rose-red in the setting sun. Its feet were wrapped in forests, and its head in wreaths of cloud; and Perseus knew that it was Atlas, who holds the heavens and the earth apart.
He came to the mountain, and leapt on shore, and wandered upward, among pleasant valleys and waterfalls, and tall trees and strange ferns and flowers; but there was no smoke rising from any glen, nor house, nor sign of man.
At last he heard sweet voices singing; and he guessed that he was come to the garden of the Nymphs, the daughters of the Evening Star.
They sang like nightingales among the thickets, and Perseus stopped to hear their song; but the words which they spoke he could not understand; no, nor no man after him for many a hundred years. So he stepped forward and saw them dancing, hand in hand around the charmed tree, which bent under its golden fruit; and round the tree-foot was coiled the dragon, old Ladon the sleepless snake, who lies there for ever, listening to the song of the maidens, blinking and watching with dry bright eyes.
Then Perseus stopped, not because he feared the dragon, but because he was bashful before those fair maids; but when they saw him, they too stopped, and called to him with trembling voices—
‘Who are you? Are you Heracles the mighty, who will come to rob our garden, and carry off our golden fruit?’ And he answered—
‘I am not Heracles the mighty, and I want none of your golden fruit. Tell me, fair Nymphs, the way which leads to the Gorgon, that I may go on my way and slay her.’
‘Not yet, not yet, fair boy; come dance with us around the tree in the garden which knows no winter, the home of the south wind and the sun. Come hither and play with us awhile; we have danced alone here for a thousand years, and our hearts are weary with longing for a playfellow. So come, come, come!’
‘I cannot dance with you, fair maidens; for I must do the errand of the Immortals. So tell me the way to the Gorgon, lest I wander and perish in the waves.’
Then they sighed and wept; and answered—‘The Gorgon! she will freeze you into stone.’
‘It is better to die like a hero than to live like an ox in a stall. The Immortals have lent me weapons, and they will give me wit to use them.’
Then they sighed again and answered, ‘Fair boy, if you are bent on your own ruin, be it so. We know not the way to the Gorgon; but we will ask the giant Atlas, above upon the mountain peak, the brother of our father, the silver Evening Star. He sits aloft and sees across the ocean, and far away into the Unshapen Land.’
So they went up the mountain to Atlas their uncle, and Perseus went up with them. And they found the giant kneeling, as he held the heavens and the earth apart.
They asked him, and he answered mildly, pointing to the sea-board with his mighty hand, ‘I can see the Gorgons lying on an island far away, but this youth can never come near them, unless he has the hat of darkness, which whosoever wears cannot be seen.’
Then cried Perseus, ‘Where is that hat, that I may find it?’
But the giant smiled. ‘No living mortal can find that hat, for it lies in the depths of Hades, in the regions of the dead. But my nieces are immortal, and they shall fetch it for you, if you will promise me one thing and keep your faith.’
Then Perseus promised; and the giant said, ‘When you come back with the head of Medusa, you shall show me the beautiful horror, that I may lose my feeling and my breathing, and become a stone for ever; for it is weary labour for me to hold the heavens and the earth apart.’
Then Perseus promised, and the eldest of the Nymphs went down, and into a dark cavern among the cliffs, out of which came smoke and thunder, for it was one of the mouths of Hell.
And Perseus and the Nymphs sat down seven days, and waited trembling, till the Nymph came up again; and her face was pale, and her eyes dazzled with the light, for she had been long in the dreary darkness; but in her hand was the magic hat.
Then all the Nymphs kissed Perseus, and wept over him a long while; but he was only impatient to be gone. And at last they put the hat upon his head, and he vanished out of their sight.
But Perseus went on boldly, past many an ugly sight, far away into the heart of the Unshapen Land, beyond the streams of Ocean, to the isles where no ship cruises, where is neither night nor day, where nothing is in its right place, and nothing has a name; till he heard the rustle of the Gorgons’ wings and saw the glitter of their brazen talons; and then he knew that it was time to halt, lest Medusa should freeze him into stone.
He thought awhile with himself, and remembered Athené’s words. He rose aloft into the air, and held the mirror of the shield above his head, and looked up into it that he might see all that was below him.
And he saw the three Gorgons sleeping as huge as elephants. He knew that they could not see him, because the hat of darkness hid him; and yet he trembled as he sank down near them, so terrible were those brazen claws.
Two of the Gorgons were foul as swine, and lay sleeping heavily, as swine sleep, with their mighty wings outspread; but Medusa tossed to and fro restlessly, and as she tossed Perseus pitied her, she looked so fair and sad. Her plumage was like the rainbow, and her face was like the face of a nymph, only her eyebrows were knit, and her lips clenched, with everlasting care and pain; and her long neck gleamed so white in the mirror that Perseus had not the heart to strike, and said, ‘Ah, that it had been either of her sisters!’
But as he looked, from among her tresses the vipers’ heads awoke, and peeped up with their bright dry eyes, and showed their fangs, and hissed; and Medusa, as she tossed, threw back her wings and showed her brazen claws; and Perseus saw that, for all her beauty, she was as foul and venomous as the rest.
Then he came down and stepped to her boldly, and looked steadfastly on his mirror, and struck with Herpé stoutly once; and he did not need to strike again.
Then he wrapped the head in the goat-skin, turning away his eyes, and sprang into the air aloft, faster than he ever sprang before.
For Medusa’s wings and talons rattled as she sank dead upon the rocks; and her two foul sisters woke, and saw her lying dead.
Into the air they sprang yelling and looked for him who had done the deed. Thrice they swung round and round, like hawks who beat for a partridge; and thrice they snuffed round and round, like hounds who draw upon a deer. At last they struck upon the scent of the blood, and they checked for a moment to make sure; and then on they rushed with a fearful howl, while the wind rattled hoarse in their wings.
On they rushed, sweeping and flapping, like eagles after a hare; and Perseus’ blood ran cold, for all his courage, as he saw them come howling on his track; and he cried, ‘Bear me well now, brave sandals, for the hounds of Death are at my heels!’
And well the brave sandals bore him, aloft through cloud and sunshine, across the shoreless sea; and fast followed the hounds of Death, as the roar of their wings came down the wind. But the roar came down fainter and fainter, and the howl of their voices died away; for the sandals were too swift, even for Gorgons, and by nightfall they were far behind, two black specks in the southern sky, till the sun sank and he saw them no more.
Then he came again to Atlas, and the garden of the Nymphs; and when the giant heard him coming he groaned, and said, ‘Fulfil thy promise to me.’ Then Perseus held up to him the Gorgon’s head, and he had rest from all his toil; for he became a crag of stone, which sleeps for ever far above the clouds.
Then he thanked the Nymphs, and asked them, ‘By what road shall I go homeward again, for I wandered far round in coming hither?’
And they wept and cried, ‘Go home no more, but stay and play with us, the lonely maidens, who dwell for ever far away from Gods and men.’
But he refused, and they told him his road, and said, ‘Take with you this magic fruit, which, if you eat once, you will not hunger for seven days. For you must go eastward and eastward ever, over the doleful Lybian shore, which Poseidon gave to Father Zeus, when he burst open the Bosphorus and the Hellespont, and drowned the fair Lectonian land. And Zeus took that land in exchange, a fair bargain, much bad ground for a little good, and to this day it lies waste and desert with shingle, and rock, and sand.’
Then they kissed Perseus, and wept over him, and he leapt down the mountain, and went on, lessening and lessening like a sea-gull, away and out to sea.
HOW PERSEUS CAME TO THE ÆTHIOPS
So Perseus flitted onward to the north-east, over many a league of sea, till he came to the rolling sand-hills and the dreary Lybian shore.
And he flitted on across the desert: over rock-ledges, and banks of shingle, and level wastes of sand, and shell-drifts bleaching in the sunshine, and the skeletons of great sea-monsters, and dead bones of ancient giants, strewn up and down upon the old sea-floor. And as he went the blood-drops fell to the earth from the Gorgon’s head, and became poisonous asps and adders, which breed in the desert to this day.
Over the sands he went,—he never knew how far or how long, feeding on the fruit which the Nymphs had given him, till he saw the hills of the Psylli, and the Dwarfs who fought with cranes. Their spears were of reeds and rushes, and their houses of the egg-shells of the cranes; and Perseus laughed, and went his way to the north-east, hoping all day long to see the blue Mediterranean sparkling, that he might fly across it to his home.
But now came down a mighty wind, and swept him back southward toward the desert. All day long he strove against it; but even the winged sandals could not prevail. So he was forced to float down the wind all night; and when the morning dawned there was nothing to be seen, save the same old hateful waste of sand.
And out of the north the sandstorms rushed upon him, blood-red pillars and wreaths, blotting out the noonday sun; and Perseus fled before them, lest he should be choked by the burning dust. At last the gale fell calm, and he tried to go northward again; but again came down the sandstorms, and swept him back into the waste, and then all was calm and cloudless as before. Seven days he strove against the storms, and seven days he was driven back, till he was spent with thirst and hunger, and his tongue clove to the roof of his mouth. Here and there he fancied that he saw a fair lake, and the sunbeams shining on the water; but when he came to it it vanished at his feet, and there was nought but burning sand. And if he had not been of the race of the Immortals, he would have perished in the waste; but his life was strong within him, because it was more than man’s.
Then he cried to Athené, and said—
‘Oh, fair and pure, if thou hearest me, wilt thou leave me here to die of drought? I have brought thee the Gorgon’s head at thy bidding, and hitherto thou hast prospered my journey; dost thou desert me at the last? Else why will not these immortal sandals prevail, even against the desert storms? Shall I never see my mother more, and the blue ripple round Seriphos, and the sunny hills of Hellas?’
So he prayed; and after he had prayed there was a great silence.
The heaven was still above his head, and the sand was still beneath his feet; and Perseus looked up, but there was nothing but the blinding sun in the blinding blue; and round him, but there was nothing but the blinding sand.
And Perseus stood still a while, and waited, and said, ‘Surely I am not here without the will of the Immortals, for Athené will not lie. Were not these sandals to lead me in the right road? Then the road in which I have tried to go must be a wrong road.’
Then suddenly his ears were opened, and he heard the sound of running water.
And at that his heart was lifted up, though he scarcely dare believe his ears; and weary as he was, he hurried forward, though he could scarcely stand upright; and within a bowshot of him was a glen in the sand, and marble rocks, and date-trees, and a lawn of gay green grass. And through the lawn a streamlet sparkled and wandered out beyond the trees, and vanished in the sand.
The water trickled among the rocks, and a pleasant breeze rustled in the dry date-branches and Perseus laughed for joy, and leapt down the cliff, and drank of the cool water, and ate of the dates, and slept upon the turf, and leapt up and went forward again: but not toward the north this time; for he said, ‘Surely Athené hath sent me hither, and will not have me go homeward yet. What if there be another noble deed to be done, before I see the sunny hills of Hellas?’
So he went east, and east for ever, by fresh oases and fountains, date-palms, and lawns of grass, till he saw before him a mighty mountain-wall, all rose-red in the setting sun.
Then he towered in the air like an eagle, for his limbs were strong again; and he flew all night across the mountain till the day began to dawn, and rosy-fingered Eos came blushing up the sky. And then, behold, beneath him was the long green garden of Egypt and the shining stream of Nile.
And he saw cities walled up to heaven, and temples, and obelisks, and pyramids, and giant Gods of stone. And he came down amid fields of barley, and flax, and millet, and clambering gourds; and saw the people coming out of the gates of a great city, and setting to work, each in his place, among the water-courses, parting the streams among the plants cunningly with their feet, according to the wisdom of the Egyptians. But when they saw him they all stopped their work, and gathered round him, and cried—
‘Who art thou, fair youth? and what bearest thou beneath thy goat-skin there? Surely thou art one of the Immortals; for thy skin is white like ivory, and ours is red like clay. Thy hair is like threads of gold, and ours is black and curled. Surely thou art one of the Immortals;’ and they would have worshipped him then and there; but Perseus said—
‘I am not one of the Immortals; but I am a hero of the Hellens. And I have slain the Gorgon in the wilderness, and bear her head with me. Give me food, therefore, that I may go forward and finish my work.’
Then they gave him food, and fruit, and wine; but they would not let him go. And when the news came into the city that the Gorgon was slain, the priests came out to meet him, and the maidens, with songs and dances, and timbrels and harps; and they would have brought him to their temple and to their king; but Perseus put on the hat of darkness, and vanished away out of their sight.
Therefore the Egyptians looked long for his return, but in vain, and worshipped him as a hero, and made a statue of him in Chemmis, which stood for many a hundred years; and they said that he appeared to them at times, with sandals a cubit long; and that whenever he appeared the season was fruitful, and the Nile rose high that year.
Then Perseus went to the eastward, along the Red Sea shore; and then, because he was afraid to go into the Arabian deserts, he turned northward once more, and this time no storm hindered him.
He went past the Isthmus, and Mount Casius, and the vast Serbonian bog, and up the shore of Palestine, where the dark-faced Æthiops dwelt.
He flew on past pleasant hills and valleys, like Argos itself, or Lacedæmon, or the fair Vale of Tempe. But the lowlands were all drowned by floods, and the highlands blasted by fire, and the hills heaved like a babbling cauldron, before the wrath of King Poseidon, the shaker of the earth.
And Perseus feared to go inland, but flew along the shore above the sea; and he went on all the day, and the sky was black with smoke; and he went on all the night, and the sky was red with flame.
And at the dawn of day he looked toward the cliffs; and at the water’s edge, under a black rock, he saw a white image stand.
‘This,’ thought he, ‘must surely be the statue of some sea-God; I will go near and see what kind of Gods these barbarians worship.’
So he came near; but when he came, it was no statue, but a maiden of flesh and blood; for he could see her tresses streaming in the breeze; and as he came closer still, he could see how she shrank and shivered when the waves sprinkled her with cold salt spray. Her arms were spread above her head, and fastened to the rock with chains of brass; and her head drooped on her bosom, either with sleep, or weariness, or grief. But now and then she looked up and wailed, and called her mother; yet she did not see Perseus, for the cap of darkness was on his head.
Full of pity and indignation, Perseus drew near and looked upon the maid. Her cheeks were darker than his were, and her hair was blue-black like a hyacinth; but Perseus thought, ‘I have never seen so beautiful a maiden; no, not in all our isles. Surely she is a king’s daughter. Do barbarians treat their kings’ daughters thus? She is too fair, at least, to have done any wrong I will speak to her.’
And, lifting the hat from his head, he flashed into her sight. She shrieked with terror, and tried to hide her face with her hair, for she could not with her hands; but Perseus cried—
‘Do not fear me, fair one; I am a Hellen, and no barbarian. What cruel men have bound you? But first I will set you free.’
And he tore at the fetters, but they were too strong for him; while the maiden cried—
‘Touch me not; I am accursed, devoted as a victim to the sea-Gods. They will slay you, if you dare to set me free.’
‘Let them try,’ said Perseus; and drawing, Herpé from his thigh, he cut through the brass as if it had been flax.
‘Now,’ he said, ‘you belong to me, and not to these sea-Gods, whosoever they may be!’ But she only called the more on her mother.
‘Why call on your mother? She can be no mother to have left you here. If a bird is dropped out of the nest, it belongs to the man who picks it up. If a jewel is cast by the wayside, it is his who dare win it and wear it, as I will win you and will wear you. I know now why Pallas Athené sent me hither. She sent me to gain a prize worth all my toil and more.’
And he clasped her in his arms, and cried, ‘Where are these sea-Gods, cruel and unjust, who doom fair maids to death? I carry the weapons of Immortals. Let them measure their strength against mine! But tell me, maiden, who you are, and what dark fate brought you here.’
And she answered, weeping—
‘I am the daughter of Cepheus, King of Iopa, and my mother is Cassiopoeia of the beautiful tresses, and they called me Andromeda, as long as life was mine. And I stand bound here, hapless that I am, for the sea-monster’s food, to atone for my mother’s sin. For she boasted of me once that I was fairer than Atergatis, Queen of the Fishes; so she in her wrath sent the sea-floods, and her brother the Fire King sent the earthquakes, and wasted all the land, and after the floods a monster bred of the slime, who devours all living things. And now he must devour me, guiltless though I am—me who never harmed a living thing, nor saw a fish upon the shore but I gave it life, and threw it back into the sea; for in our land we eat no fish, for fear of Atergatis their queen. Yet the priests say that nothing but my blood can atone for a sin which I never committed.’
But Perseus laughed, and said, ‘A sea-monster? I have fought with worse than him: I would have faced Immortals for your sake; how much more a beast of the sea?’
Then Andromeda looked up at him, and new hope was kindled in her breast, so proud and fair did he stand, with one hand round her, and in the other the glittering sword. But she only sighed, and wept the more, and cried—
‘Why will you die, young as you are? Is there not death and sorrow enough in the world already? It is noble for me to die, that I may save the lives of a whole people; but you, better than them all, why should I slay you too? Go you your way; I must go mine.’
But Perseus cried, ‘Not so; for the Lords of Olympus, whom I serve, are the friends of the heroes, and help them on to noble deeds. Led by them, I slew the Gorgon, the beautiful horror; and not without them do I come hither, to slay this monster with that same Gorgon’s head. Yet hide your eyes when I leave you, lest the sight of it freeze you too to stone.’
But the maiden answered nothing, for she could not believe his words. And then, suddenly looking up, she pointed to the sea, and shrieked—
‘There he comes, with the sunrise, as they promised. I must die now. How shall I endure it? Oh, go! Is it not dreadful enough to be torn piecemeal, without having you to look on?’ And she tried to thrust him away.
But he said, ‘I go; yet promise me one thing ere I go: that if I slay this beast you will be my wife, and come back with me to my kingdom in fruitful Argos, for I am a king’s heir. Promise me, and seal it with a kiss.’
Then she lifted up her face, and kissed him; and Perseus laughed for joy, and flew upward, while Andromeda crouched trembling on the rock, waiting for what might befall.
On came the great sea-monster, coasting along like a huge black galley, lazily breasting the ripple, and stopping at times by creek or headland to watch for the laughter of girls at their bleaching, or cattle pawing on the sand-hills, or boys bathing on the beach. His great sides were fringed with clustering shells and sea-weeds, and the water gurgled in and out of his wide jaws, as he rolled along, dripping and glistening in the beams of the morning sun.
At last he saw Andromeda, and shot forward to take his prey, while the waves foamed white behind him, and before him the fish fled leaping.
Then down from the height of the air fell Perseus like a shooting star; down to the crests of the waves, while Andromeda hid her face as he shouted; and then there was silence for a while.
At last she looked up trembling, and saw Perseus springing toward her; and instead of the monster a long black rock, with the sea rippling quietly round it.
Who then so proud as Perseus, as he leapt back to the rock, and lifted his fair Andromeda in his arms, and flew with her to the cliff-top, as a falcon carries a dove?
Who so proud as Perseus, and who so joyful as all the Æthiop people? For they had stood watching the monster from the cliffs, wailing for the maiden’s fate. And already a messenger had gone to Cepheus and Cassiopoeia, where they sat in sackcloth and ashes on the ground, in the innermost palace chambers, awaiting their daughter’s end. And they came, and all the city with them, to see the wonder, with songs and with dances, with cymbals and harps, and received their daughter back again, as one alive from the dead.
Then Cepheus said, ‘Hero of the Hellens, stay here with me and be my son-in-law, and I will give you the half of my kingdom.’
‘I will be your son-in-law,’ said Perseus, ‘but of your kingdom I will have none, for I long after the pleasant land of Greece, and my mother who waits for me at home.’
Then Cepheus said, ‘You must not take my daughter away at once, for she is to us like one alive from the dead. Stay with us here a year, and after that you shall return with honour.’ And Perseus consented; but before he went to the palace he bade the people bring stones and wood, and built three altars, one to Athené, and one to Hermes, and one to Father Zeus, and offered bullocks and rams.
And some said, ‘This is a pious man;’ yet the priests said, ‘The Sea Queen will be yet more fierce against us, because her monster is slain.’ But they were afraid to speak aloud, for they feared the Gorgon’s head. So they went up to the palace; and when they came in, there stood in the hall Phineus, the brother of Cepheus, chafing like a bear robbed of her whelps, and with him his sons, and his servants, and many an armed man; and he cried to Cepheus—
‘You shall not marry your daughter to this stranger, of whom no one knows even the name. Was not Andromeda betrothed to my son? And now she is safe again, has he not a right to claim her?’
But Perseus laughed, and answered, ‘If your son is in want of a bride, let him save a maiden for himself. As yet he seems but a helpless bride-groom. He left this one to die, and dead she is to him. I saved her alive, and alive she is to me, but to no one else. Ungrateful man! have I not saved your land, and the lives of your sons and daughters, and will you requite me thus? Go, or it will be worse for you.’ But all the men-at-arms drew their swords, and rushed on him like wild beasts.
Then he unveiled the Gorgon’s head, and said, ‘This has delivered my bride from one wild beast: it shall deliver her from many.’ And as he spoke Phineus and all his men-at-arms stopped short, and stiffened each man as he stood; and before Perseus had drawn the goat-skin over the face again, they were all turned into stone.
Then Perseus bade the people bring levers and roll them out; and what was done with them after that I cannot tell.
So they made a great wedding-feast, which lasted seven whole days, and who so happy as Perseus and Andromeda?
But on the eighth night Perseus dreamed a dream; and he saw standing beside him Pallas Athené, as he had seen her in Seriphos, seven long years before; and she stood and called him by name, and said—
‘Perseus, you have played the man, and see, you have your reward. Know now that the Gods are just, and help him who helps himself. Now give me here Herpé the sword, and the sandals, and the hat of darkness, that I may give them back to their owners; but the Gorgon’s head you shall keep a while, for you will need it in your land of Greece. Then you shall lay it up in my temple at Seriphos, that I may wear it on my shield for ever, a terror to the Titans and the monsters, and the foes of Gods and men. And as for this land, I have appeased the sea and the fire, and there shall be no more floods nor earthquakes. But let the people build altars to Father Zeus, and to me, and worship the Immortals, the Lords of heaven and earth.’
And Perseus rose to give her the sword, and the cap, and the sandals; but he woke, and his dream vanished away. And yet it was not altogether a dream; for the goat-skin with the head was in its place; but the sword, and the cap, and the sandals were gone, and Perseus never saw them more.
Then a great awe fell on Perseus; and he went out in the morning to the people, and told his dream, and bade them build altars to Zeus, the Father of Gods and men, and to Athené, who gives wisdom to heroes; and fear no more the earthquakes and the floods, but sow and build in peace. And they did so for a while, and prospered; but after Perseus was gone they forgot Zeus and Athené, and worshipped again Atergatis the queen, and the undying fish of the sacred lake, where Deucalion’s deluge was swallowed up, and they burnt their children before the Fire King, till Zeus was angry with that foolish people, and brought a strange nation against them out of Egypt, who fought against them and wasted them utterly, and dwelt in their cities for many a hundred years.
HOW PERSEUS CAME HOME AGAIN
And when a year was ended Perseus hired Phoenicians from Tyre, and cut down cedars, and built himself a noble galley; and painted its cheeks with vermilion, and pitched its sides with pitch; and in it he put Andromeda, and all her dowry of jewels, and rich shawls, and spices from the East; and great was the weeping when they rowed away. But the remembrance of his brave deed was left behind; and Andromeda’s rock was shown at Iopa in Palestine till more than a thousand years were past.
So Perseus and the Phoenicians rowed to the westward, across the sea of Crete, till they came to the blue Ægean and the pleasant Isles of Hellas, and Seriphos, his ancient home.
Then he left his galley on the beach, and went up as of old; and he embraced his mother, and Dictys his good foster-father, and they wept over each other a long while, for it was seven years and more since they had met.
Then Perseus went out, and up to the hall of Polydectes; and underneath the goat-skin he bore the Gorgon’s head.
And when he came into the hall, Polydectes sat at the table-head, and all his nobles and landowners on either side, each according to his rank, feasting on the fish and the goat’s flesh, and drinking the blood-red wine. The harpers harped, and the revellers shouted, and the wine-cups rang merrily as they passed from hand to hand, and great was the noise in the hall of Polydectes.
Then Perseus stood upon the threshold, and called to the king by name. But none of the guests knew Perseus, for he was changed by his long journey. He had gone out a boy, and he was come home a hero; his eye shone like an eagle’s, and his beard was like a lion’s beard, and he stood up like a wild bull in his pride.
But Polydectes the wicked knew him, and hardened his heart still more; and scornfully he called—
‘Ah, foundling! have you found it more easy to promise than to fulfil?’
‘Those whom the Gods help fulfil their promises; and those who despise them, reap as they have sown. Behold the Gorgon’s head!’
Then Perseus drew back the goat-skin, and held aloft the Gorgon’s head.
Pale grew Polydectes and his guests as they looked upon that dreadful face. They tried to rise up from their seats: but from their seats they never rose, but stiffened, each man where he sat, into a ring of cold gray stones.
Then Perseus turned and left them, and went down to his galley in the bay; and he gave the kingdom to good Dictys, and sailed away with his mother and his bride.
And Polydectes and his guests sat still, with the wine-cups before them on the board, till the rafters crumbled down above their heads, and the walls behind their backs, and the table crumbled down between them, and the grass sprung up about their feet: but Polydectes and his guests sit on the hillside, a ring of gray stones until this day.
But Perseus rowed westward toward Argos, and landed, and went up to the town. And when he came, he found that Acrisius his grandfather had fled. For Proetus his wicked brother had made war against him afresh; and had come across the river from Tiryns, and conquered Argos, and Acrisius had fled to Larissa, in the country of the wild Pelasgi.
Then Perseus called the Argives together, and told them who he was, and all the noble deeds which he had done. And all the nobles and the yeomen made him king, for they saw that he had a royal heart; and they fought with him against Argos, and took it, and killed Proetus, and made the Cyclopes serve them, and build them walls round Argos, like the walls which they had built at Tiryns; and there were great rejoicings in the vale of Argos, because they had got a king from Father Zeus.
But Perseus’ heart yearned after his grandfather, and he said, ‘Surely he is my flesh and blood, and he will love me now that I am come home with honour: I will go and find him, and bring him home, and we will reign together in peace.’
So Perseus sailed away with his Phoenicians, round Hydrea and Sunium, past Marathon and the Attic shore, and through Euripus, and up the long Euboean sea, till he came to the town of Larissa, where the wild Pelasgi dwelt.
And when he came there, all the people were in the fields, and there was feasting, and all kinds of games; for Teutamenes their king wished to honour Acrisius, because he was the king of a mighty land.
So Perseus did not tell his name, but went up to the games unknown; for he said, ‘If I carry away the prize in the games, my grandfather’s heart will be softened toward me.’
So he threw off his helmet, and his cuirass, and all his clothes, and stood among the youths of Larissa, while all wondered at him, and said, ‘Who is this young stranger, who stands like a wild bull in his pride? Surely he is one of the heroes, the sons of the Immortals, from Olympus.’
And when the games began, they wondered yet more; for Perseus was the best man of all at running, and leaping, and wrestling and throwing the javelin; and he won four crowns, and took them, and then he said to himself, ‘There is a fifth crown yet to be won: I will win that, and lay them all upon the knees of my grandfather.’
And as he spoke, he saw where Acrisius sat, by the side of Teutamenes the king, with his white beard flowing down upon his knees, and his royal staff in his hand; and Perseus wept when he looked at him, for his heart yearned after his kin; and he said, ‘Surely he is a kingly old man, yet he need not be ashamed of his grandson.’
Then he took the quoits, and hurled them, five fathoms beyond all the rest; and the people shouted, ‘Further yet, brave stranger! There has never been such a hurler in this land.’
Then Perseus put out all his strength, and hurled. But a gust of wind came from the sea, and carried the quoit aside, and far beyond all the rest; and it fell on the foot of Acrisius, and he swooned away with the pain.
Perseus shrieked, and ran up to him; but when they lifted the old man up he was dead, for his life was slow and feeble.
Then Perseus rent his clothes, and cast dust upon his head, and wept a long while for his grandfather. At last he rose, and called to all the people aloud, and said—
‘The Gods are true, and what they have ordained must be. I am Perseus, the grandson of this dead man, the far-famed slayer of the Gorgon.’
Then he told them how the prophecy had declared that he should kill his grandfather, and all the story of his life.
So they made a great mourning for Acrisius, and burnt him on a right rich pile; and Perseus went to the temple, and was purified from the guilt of the death, because he had done it unknowingly.
Then he went home to Argos, and reigned there well with fair Andromeda; and they had four sons and three daughters, and died in a good old age.
And when they died, the ancients say, Athené took them up into the sky, with Cepheus and Cassiopoeia. And there on starlight nights you may see them shining still; Cepheus with his kingly crown, and Cassiopoeia in her ivory chair, plaiting her star-spangled tresses, and Perseus with the Gorgon’s head, and fair Andromeda beside him, spreading her long white arms across the heaven, as she stood when chained to the stone for the monster.
All night long, they shine, for a beacon to wandering sailors; but all day they feast with the Gods, on the still blue peaks of Olympus.
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See how others use our toys here.
The three-horned Triceratops is the most famous – and most gigantic – of all the horned dinosaurs. This iconic animal browsed for plants in North America during the Late Cretaceous, 65 million years ago.
- Scientific Name: Triceratops horridus
- Characteristics: Triceratops is best known for its horns: a short one on its nose, and a long horn over each eye. Triceratops has a curved beak, and a solid bony frill on the back of its head. It walked on four short robust legs. Its front legs have five toes, of which three have blunt claws, and the hind feet have four large toes with hoof-like claws. At 26 ft long it was one of the largest horned dinosaurs.
- Size and Color: This model is 8 inches long and 2.75 inches high. It is colored in natural shades of green and brown.
- The Triceratops is part of the Wild Safari® Prehistoric World collection
- All of our products are Non-toxic and BPA free
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Cropping For Print
This lesson shows you how to preview multiple print aspect ratios at the same time so you can more easily choose between common print sizes. That way you can visit the web site of a company that might print your image and visualize how printing at various sizes (16×20, 30×40, 40×60, etc.) would affect how you’d need to crop an image. In the process, I’ll show you how to create your own custom crop overlay so you can have a template to quickly apply in the future.
In this lesson, I referred to the following lesson for more information about overlays in LR: https://mastersacademy.com/course/lr-image-overlays/
Note: The downloadable practice images for this lesson have been compressed into a .zip archive. That means you’ll need to double-click on the file after download to extract its contents before attempting to use the images in Photoshop or Lightroom.
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Strong trademarks are so distinctive that it is easy to prevent a third-party from using the mark. It is also less difficult to both register and defend these trademarks. The time an cost involved in registering a Strong trademark can be reduced in most cases. In contrast, “weak” trademarks are often descriptive and/or already used by others to describe their goods or services. As a result, weak trademarks are difficult and more costly to protect.
Generally, marks fall into one of four categories: fanciful or arbitrary, suggestive, descriptive, or generic. The category of the mark largely determines its strength.
• Fanciful and arbitrary marks are the strongest because they are the most distinctive. Fanciful marks are invented words with no dictionary or other known meaning. Meanwhile, arbitrary marks are actual words with a known meaning that have no association/relationship with the goods protected. Examples of fanciful marks are EXXON, KODAK, and XEROX.
• Suggestive marks are also considered strong. They suggest, but do not describe, qualities or a connection to the goods or services. A well-known example is FROOT LOOPs breakfast cereal.
• Descriptive marks are generally considered weak. As the term suggests, these marks use words or designs to describe the goods and/or services. If the USPTO determines that a mark is “merely descriptive,” then it cannot be registered unless it acquires a distinctive secondary meaning through use in commerce for a significant period of time. Descriptive marks are considered “weak” until they have acquired distinctiveness. Examples include CREAMY for yogurt or WORLD’S BEST BREAD.
• Generic terms can serve as the basis for a trademark. Because generic words are the common, everyday name for goods and services and everyone has the right to use such terms to refer to their goods and services, they are not protectable.
It is vital to develop a “strong” trademark from the outset. For more information about the potential strength of your trademark, please you to contact one
How Can I Help?
It is vital to develop a “strong” trademark from the outset to brand and protect your business. Trademarks are only one aspect of protection, but, because trademarks are your face to customers, they can be extremely important to your success.c
If you, or someone you know, need help on copyrights, patents, trademarks, please contact me for a free 30 minute consultation by sending me an email or call TOLL FREE at 1-855-UR IDEAS (1-855-874-3327) and ask for Norman.
– Ex astris, scientia –
I am and avid amateur astronomer and intellectual property attorney. As a former Chief Petty Officer in the U.S. Navy, I am a proud member of the Armed Service Committee of the Los Angeles County Bar Association working to aid all active duty and veterans in our communities. Connect with me on Google +
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The Center for Disease Control is a trusted resource all over the nation. As such, when they release a report, we all tend to listen. One of the fundamental statements they’ve come out with in the past 50 years that we as plumbers and homeowners MUST listen to is this: the dangers that exist in lead pipes.
Lead Pipes in Older Homes
In homes that are older, it’s possible that lead pipes are in place. These were the standard for home building materials in the early centuries of the United States. However, today we know so much about this danger. Lead is actually toxic to humans, so consumption is just not safe.
Unfortunately, lead is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. This means that if it’s in place at a home, the residents most likely won’t know it. This is where we come in as professionals. We ensure to run tests for lead in the water, as this is the only true way to detect it in tap water.
To combat the possibility of lead in residential water, we install water filtration systems. In more severe cases, we make sure to replace the entire plumbing system altogether. This is not a risk that we want anyone to take.
Replacing the Plumbing
It may seem drastic that we often suggest replacing the plumbing completely in older homes. However, we do this because even if the pipes themselves aren’t made of lead, the joints that connect the pipes might be. If you’re worried about pricing, we will work with you. We offer coupons and financing here at Baylor Heating, Air Conditioning, and Plumbing. This is because your safety is our concern: 812.425.8435.
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Arrives in 3-7 Business Days
This book integrates astronomical observations and theories with geophysical studies, presenting a comprehensive overview of the extraterrestrial matter that falls to Earth from space. Meteoroids are the main topic of the book, although cosmic dust, interplanetary matter and meteorites are also discussed. This work is of great value to researchers involved in the study of meteor phenomena.
MORE FROM THIS COLLECTION
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What the ‘food security’ agenda means for animal conservation in terrestrial ecosystems
Article first published online: 29 MAR 2012
© 2012 The Authors. Animal Conservation © 2012 The Zoological Society of London
Volume 15, Issue 2, pages 115–116, April 2012
How to Cite
Gordon, I. J., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Altwegg, R., Garner, T. W. J., Gompper, M. E., Katzner, T. E., Pettorelli, N. and Redpath, S. (2012), What the ‘food security’ agenda means for animal conservation in terrestrial ecosystems. Animal Conservation, 15: 115–116. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00541.x
- Issue published online: 29 MAR 2012
- Article first published online: 29 MAR 2012
The goal of the ‘food security’ agenda – to provide the world's population with a sustainable and secure supply of safe, nutritious, affordable and high-quality food (Research Councils United Kingdom, 2011) – comes with considerable challenges. To feed the expanding human population, numbered over 7 billion and growing (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2011), it is anticipated that by 2030, crop production must increase by 43% and meat production by 124% (Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2009). Growing demand is expected to result in escalating food prices as transport and storage costs increase, potentially reducing access to food among the world's poor. Given the past relationship between lack of access to affordable food and political instability (Brinkman & Hendrix, 2011), food security is given a high priority on global and national political agendas.
Increases in food demand and price may potentially work against animal conservation in a number of ways. For people in rural areas, escalating food prices may create a need to increase hunting, leading to greater impacts on wildlife species that are currently harvested and new species being targeted for the bushmeat trade. To meet increasing demand for food, wildlife habitat will be reduced as wilderness areas are converted into agricultural production and pressure to increase crop and meat yields changes the way land is currently used (Smith et al., 2010). Because these large-scale changes in land use can negatively impact the structure of biological communities (Gil-Tena, Brotons & Saura, 2009), they are likely to result in substantial impacts on wildlife and a loss of biodiversity (see Smith, Acevedo-Whitehouse & Pedersen, 2009). Furthermore, pre-harvest consumption by wild species accounts for 20–30% loss of crops and livestock in the supply chain (Oerke, 2006); efforts to reduce these losses are likely to impact on the wildlife concerned. Additionally, while the expectation is that food production will be sustainable, intensive food production has historically caused biodiversity loss, as well as soil erosion, water pollution and reduction in ecosystem services (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).
The growing influence of a food security agenda suggests three broad priorities for the focus of animal conservation research: first, how to optimize protected area networks to conserve vulnerable species from habitat conversion; second, how to benefit species that can live in agricultural landscapes; and third, how to strengthen interrelationships between agriculture and species that can benefit production goals. For many species, such as large predators and habitat specialists, an increase in food production that relies on conversion of land to agriculture and large inputs of fossil fuels, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides is virtually irreconcilable with reducing their risk of extinction. For these species, the need for protection within a global network of reserves and national parks will be greater than ever. Thus, research will be needed to develop effective protected area networks, as well as the means by which landholders can be encouraged to manage for wildlife movement between protected areas. Additionally, new research will be required to ensure that assessments evaluating the costs and benefits of land conversion to agriculture include evidence about the impacts of conversion on wildlife conservation.
A second priority relates to species that can live within agricultural landscapes. For these species, conservation science will have to increase its efforts to (1) assess the most effective means of managing landscapes so that pressure from agricultural development can be minimized; and (2) identify which food production methods actually benefit wildlife populations (e.g. Bengtsson, Ahnström & Weibull, 2005). Agri-environment schemes across Europe and the USA provide incentives for farmers to manage their land to benefit wildlife (Whittingham, 2007; United States Department of Agriculture, 2009). At present, some wildlife-friendly farming techniques can reduce yields of crops and livestock (Green et al., 2005); as food prices rise in the future, farmers may be less willing to accept wildlife-friendly farming approaches that reduce food production, so research will be needed that helps minimize wildlife conservation/food production trade-offs, as well as research that tailors government incentives that continue to change farmer behaviour to benefit wildlife conservation.
Thirdly, sometimes the goals of wildlife conservation and food production are synergistic, such as when wildlife provides ecosystem services that support the development of sustainable agriculture. Integrated biological control – use of wildlife to increase nutrient cycling or control pests – increases yields and reduces reliance on pesticides and fertilizers (Paoletti, Foissner & Coleman, 1993) and is likely to become more prevalent in Europe as legislation comes into play to substantially restrict the use of pesticides (Hillocks, 2012). Inevitably, realizing the benefit of wildlife for food production will require integrating areas where wildlife can flourish with farming systems rather than annexing wildlife to marginal areas where agricultural potential is limited (e.g. Bhagwat et al., 2008; Koh, 2008). To increase our understanding of when animal conservation and food production are compatible, we need more comprehensive evidence as to when wildlife species benefit food production (see also Rosenzweig, 2003). In cases where beneficial wildlife species have been extirpated, we will need to develop the knowledge and tools to reintroduce them into agricultural systems (Winfree, 2010). However, animal conservation will not benefit unless land managers change their practices. Therefore, the social and economic sciences are fundamental in informing conservation practitioners how to engage with stakeholders, such as farmers and corporations, who currently are unaware of the benefits that managing wildlife can have for food production systems.
The growing political agenda behind food security will create many challenges for animal conservation. Increasing efforts will be needed to protect vulnerable species within a matrix of agricultural production landscapes and include wildlife species within farming systems. Our science will be needed to inform the integration of conservation and food security goals in land management and to provide insights and innovation in the development of sustainable food production systems that support, rather than conflict with, animal conservation.
- 2005). The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 42, 261–269. , & (
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- 2011). Food insecurity and violent conflict: causes, consequences, and addressing the challenges. Occasional Paper No. 24. Rome: World Food Programme. & (
- Food and Agriculture Organisation (2009). The state of food and agriculture 2009: livestock in the balance. Rome: FAO.
- 2009). Mediterranean forest dynamics and forest bird distribution changes in the late 20th century. Glob. Change Biol. 15, 474–485. , & (
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- 2012). Farming with fewer pesticides: EU pesticide review and resulting challenges for UK agriculture. Crop Prot. 31, 85–93. (
- 2008). Birds defend oil palms from herbivorous insects. Ecol. Appl. 18, 821–825. (
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Millennium ecosystem assessment, ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends. Washington, DC: Island Press.
- 2006). Crop losses to pests. J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 144, 31–43. (
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- Research Councils United Kingdom (2011). Global Food Security. Strategic Plan 2011-16. RCUK, Swindon. http://www.foodsecurity.ac.uk/assets/pdfs/gfs-strategic-plan.pdf.
- 2003). Win-win ecology, how the Earth's species can survive in the midst of human enterprise. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (
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- 2010). Competition for land. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 365, 2941–2957. , , , , , , & (
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). World population prospects: the 2010 revision, highlights and advance tables. ESA/P/WP.220.
- United States Department of Agriculture (2009). Conservation Reserve Program. Available at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/crp/.
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There are several just in this one mine
Bucket-wheel excavators (BWEs) are heavy equipment used in surface mining and mechanical engineering/civil engineering. The primary function of BWEs is to act as a continuous digging machine in large-scale open pit mining operations. What sets BWEs apart from other large-scale mining equipment, such as bucket chain excavators, is their use of a large wheel consisting of a continuous pattern of buckets used to scoop material as the wheel turns.
Category: Resources - Coal
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The OSOS project encourages an open school approach. An open school opens up to the community and uses the school’s environment to enrich the learning experience of the students. It imports external ideas that challenge internal views and beliefs and uses these insights to innovate education. Furthermore, an open school is a more engaging environment for learning and makes a vital contribution to the community: student projects meet real needs in the community outside school and draw upon local expertise and experience. And finally: learning in and together with the real world creates more meaning and more motivation for students and teachers.
More information: download the newsletter
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Healthcare Career Articles
Benefits Of Ultrasound Scans
An Ultrasound test is a diagnostic medical imaging technique, which is performed to view a patient's internal organs and to assess his or her blood flow through various vessels. An Ultrasound is also very usefull when performed on a pregnant lady so an obstetrician can check on the developing baby. It does this with the help of high-frequency sound waves which have no adverse effect on the body.
Your average Ultrasound machine or scanner will consist of a computer, a display screen and a transducer probe that is used to scan the body. The transducer is the small gadget that the Ultrasound technician will hold in his or her hand and that is attached to the scanner. This is the part of the Ultrasound scanner that is placed on top of the area of the body that needs to be scanned; the respective area will be lubricated with a special gel. The transducer transmits the sound waves that go through the body and the internal structure of the body reproduces them as "echoes". These echoes return to the transducer which in turn transmits them to the computer part of the Ultrasound scanner which will exhibit them as real-time visual images.
Ultrasound pictures work on exactly the same basis as the sonar that bats and submarines use to navigate. Since a controlled sound will bounce against any object, its echo can be used to perceive the distance the respective object is at, its shape, size and even its density. When the Ultrasound scanner's transducer is pressed against the skin, it starts directing a stream of muted and high frequency sound waves into the body. The sound waves echo from the body's fluids, tissues and organs and are picked up by the transducer which record the tiny changes in the sound's pitch and direction. These echoes are then instantly measured and displayed by the computer, which will also generate a real-time picture on the display screen for the technician and doctors to view.
Ultrasound images have proven to be a good method of guiding minimally invasive procedures and as a very useful diagnostic instrument in Obstetrics. Ultrasound scanner images are used to examine the body in order to detect problems with muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints and soft tissue. Ultrasound images will often demonstrate movement, function and anatomy, and will allow radiologists to analyze a multiplicity of conditions and assess damage after an injury or illness.
Ultrasound scanning is also a good method of examining the body's internal organs, including the heart, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and bladder. Ultrasound scans help in determining the sources of pain, swelling or infection a patient may suffer from. Since the Ultrasound images are captured in real time, they demonstrate movement of internal tissues and organs, and allow physicians to observe the patient's blood flow and heart valve functions.
This versatility of the Ultrasound scanner helps to diagnose the damage after a heart attack or other illness. Gallstones and kidney stones are easily spotted. Ultrasound scans will identify fluid, cysts, tumors, abscess in the abdomen or liver and it will also detect impaired blood flow from clots or arteriosclerosis in the legs. Ultrasound images are also used to evaluate superficial structures such as the thyroid gland and scrotum. Most Ultrasound examinations take forty five minutes or less.
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What Do You Know About Anemia?
1. Anemia is the most common blood disorder. What happens?
a. body produces too much iron
b. too few red blood cells produced
c. plasma becomes thick
d. too many white blood cells produced.
2. What is the most common cause of anemia?
a. too little sleep
b. too much sugar
c. iron supply too low
d. X-ray radiation
3. What else can cause an anemic condition?
b. vitamin imbalance
c. thyroid deficiency
d. all of the above
4. Which of these groups is the most likely to experience anemia?
5. How does anemia affect the body?
a. the body is less able to transport oxygen from the lungs
b. blood becomes thin
c. tissues retain fluids
d. none of the above
6. Your body needs an adequate supply of which of these in order for red blood cells to mature normally?
b. vitamin C
c. vitamin B-12 and folic acid
d. bone marrow
7. Which of these are signs of iron-deficiency anemia?
a. pale gums
b. dark circles under eyes
d. numbness in hands, feet
8. How does iron-deficiency anemia affect teenagers?
a. more trouble with written expression
b. can't concentrate
c. aggravates hyperactivity
d. a and b
9. Iron-deficiency anemia can cause pica, a rare condition in which a person craves eating nonfood items. Which of these would he or she eat?
d. any of the above
10. Anemia often contributes to which of these among the elderly?
a. more falls
b. high blood pressure
c. diminished eyesight
1. b, too few red blood cells produced. These cells carry oxygen to all the cells in the body. Anemia isn't a single disease but a condition that has many different causes.
2. c, iron supply too low. This is the most common cause worldwide.
3. d, all of the above.
4. b, women. Women ages 65 and younger are six times more likely to suffer from anemia than men. After 65, the ratio of women to men narrows to 2 to 1.
5. a, the body is less able to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. Severe anemia can affect heart function.
6. c, vitamin B-12 and folic acid. Both are needed for red blood cells to grow to the right size and shape to carry oxygen.
7. a, pale gums. Pale fingernail beds and eyelid linings (conjunctiva), forceful heartbeats and fatigue may signal mild anemia.
8. d, a and b. Teenage with iron deficiency can suffer memory loss and increased difficulty concentrating.
9. d, any of the above. Adequate nutrition is the best cure.
10. a, more falls.
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Easy Practical Lessons in Selfless Actions
Practical lessons on Selfless actions
Extracts from Talks with Ramana Maharshi
Mr. Rangachari, a Telugu Pandit in Voorhees’ College at Vellore, asked about nishkama karma. There was no reply. After a time Sri Bhagavan went up the hill and a few followed him, including the pandit. There was a thorny stick lying on the way which Sri Bhagavan picked up; he sat down and began leisurely to work at it. The thorns were cut off, the knots were made smooth, the whole stick was polished with a rough leaf. The whole operation took about six hours. Everyone was wondering at the fine appearance of the stick made of a spiky material. A shepherd boy put in his appearance on the way as the group moved off. He had lost his stick and was at a loss. Sri Bhagavan immediately gave the new one in his hand to the boy and passed on.
The pandit said that this was the matter-of-fact answer to his question.
When a child held something to be offered to Sri Bhagavan by the parents, they cajoled the child to offer it to Sri Bhagavan. The child did so gladly. Sri Bhagavan remarked: Look at this! When the child can give a thing away to Bhagavan (God), it is tyaga (giving up unselfishly).
See what influence Bhagavan has on children also! Every gift implies unselfishness. That is the whole content of Nishkama Karma (unselfish action). It means true renunciation. If the giving nature is developed it becomes tyaga. If anything is willingly given away it is a delight to the giver and to the receiver. If the same is stolen it is misery to both.
Dana, dharma, nishkama Karma are all tyaga only. When ‘mine’ is given up it is chitta suddhi (purified mind). When ‘I’ is given up it is jnana (self-realization). When the nature to give away is developed it results in jnana.
Again a little later, a young boy came all alone, unescorted by his parents. He had come from Chengam in a bus. Sri Bhagavan remarked, “The boy has left his parents to come here. This is also an instance of tyaga.”
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It’s difficult to imagine life without cotton as the world uses more cotton than any other kind of fibre.
We dry ourselves with cotton towels, sleep between cotton sheets and wear cotton jeans. Cotton is used largely for clothing and household items but has many other uses.
Every part of the cotton plant is used. The long fibres are used to make cloth and the short fibres are used for paper; cottonseed oil is made from the seeds, and other parts of the plant are used as cattle feed.
Cotton grows in subtropical areas and the biggest cotton-growing countries in the world are Australia, India, Pakistan, China and the USA.
A big polluter
Cotton, because it is a natural fibre has the image of being natural and pure. Nothing could be further from the truth, and cotton farming takes a tremendous toll on the environment, mainly because of its heavy use of pesticides.
According to Organic Authority, the cotton industry is the most pesticide-intensive crop grown on the planet and uses the most dangerous pesticides to human and animal health.
Read: Why are pesticides used?
While cotton covers only 2.5 percent of the world’s cultivated land, it accounts for 24 percent of the world’s insecticide market and 11 percent of sale of global pesticides. The pesticide run-off also poisons our ground water, and cattle consume contaminated cotton straw and cottonseed.
Aldicarb, one of the insecticides used on cotton, is so poisonous that it can kill a human with just one drop absorbed through the skin. Converting cotton into fabric and clothing also involves many toxic chemicals.
A recently published report (Cool Cotton – Organic Cotton and Climate Change) by the Soil Association states that switching to organic could reduce the global warming impact of cotton production by 46 percent. It would also reduce consumption of fresh water by more than 90 percent and energy use by over 60 percent.
The organic cotton produced in 2013/14 saved the world the equivalent of nearly 95,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools of freshwater compared to non-organic, and the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions was the equivalent of driving a car around the world over 14,000 times.
Read: SA's greenhouse emissions 'very high'
The report adds that the demand for organic cotton is growing, and that in 2014 the global market for organic cotton grew by more than 60 percent. It is estimated that global production of organic cotton increased by 15 to 20 percent in 2014/15.
A study done in India found that organic cotton yielded just 14 percent less than non-organic, but that the costs involved were 38 percent lower. Organic cotton farms also have to grow other crops besides cotton, which means that they are more self-sufficient – in addition to enjoying better health because of the avoidance of pesticides.
Image: Countries that grew organic cotton in 2014. Source: Aboutorganiccotton.org
Organic cotton in South Africa
In South Africa Woolworths has started working with the “Better Cotton Initiative" in order to foster more sustainable farming – reducing usage of water, fertilizers and pesticides, while improving conditions for farmers and their workers.
Hugo Lemon, Product Technologist at Woolworths, said that BCI met their requirements best because it “talks to all aspects of growing cotton in a better way”.
Woolworths joined BCI in July 2014 with the goal of converting 15% of their cotton lint to Better Cotton by 2017.
Health24 asked Woolworths why we should switch to organic cotton and what the benefits are:
Q: Which South African fashion brands offer organic cotton? And globally?
A: Woolworths is the largest South African fashion retailer offering organic cotton and this year was confirmed by the Textile Exchange to be the fastest growing organic cotton retailer in the world.
Photoganic [who also sells sustainable satin clothing], EarthChild & Earth Addict are other local, niche fashion brands committed to organic cotton.
Globally there are a number of brands offering organic cotton ranges. There is a full list of global fashion brands on aboutorganiccotton.
Q: How will I know if my garment is made of organic or non-organic cotton, or only contains some organic cotton?
A: Retailers such as Woolworths clearly label organic cotton products and when there are other fibres in the fabric will offer a composition split, e.g.: 95% organic cotton and 5% Lycra.
The Textile Exchange is global a non-profit organisation committed to the responsible expansion of organic cotton and they regulate organic cotton labelling parameters globally.
Q: Are clothes made of organic cotton more expensive?
A: Generally organic cotton is approximately 30% more expensive than conventional cotton due to lower yields and auditing costs.
However, Woolworths has minimised this premium by converting substantial volume lines like chinos and golf shirts into organic cotton, thereby using volume purchase to offset additional costs.
Q: What are the advantages to wearing organic cotton in terms of wearability, how long the garment will last, and how does it feel on the skin?
A: Organic cotton performs the same as conventional cotton. Organic cotton appeals to a specific consumer mindset of choosing sustainable product options and doing the right thing for the planet.
Q: Are the dyes used to colour organic cotton clothes safe? How would we know?
A: Woolworths believes that if one is using organic cotton it makes sense to maintain the integrity of that product by using only OEKOTEX 100 dyes as a standard.
We ensure that all our organic cotton products have the Global Organic Textile standard and OEKOTEX 100 certification.
Q: Does SA produce organic cotton? If so, where is it farmed, what is the scale and do we export?
A: Unfortunately, South Africa currently doesn’t produce any organic cotton. 75% of the world’s organic cotton is grown in India, which is where the majority of Woolworths’ organic cotton is sourced from.
WIN A WOOLWORTHS GIFT VOUCHER!
Woolworths SA has generously offered Health24.com users the chance to win one of four R500 gift vouchers which they can spend at any Woolworths store on a beautiful organic cotton garment of their choice. Note, the competition closes on 4 February 2016.
Enviro crisis spurs organic trend
Spices make eco-friendly pesticides
How do organic farms work?
SoulAssociation.org to download the full report.
Environmental Justice Foundation (2007) "The Deadly Chemicals in Cotton" (in collaboration with the Pesticide Action Network UK) (accessed August 2015)
Carbon Trust (2011) "International Carbon Flows – Cotton" (accessed August 2015)
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Sibling Bullying: Call It by Its Name
Research highlights the negative impact of bullying on a child's well-being.
Posted June 8, 2019 | Reviewed by Gary Drevitch
“Oh sure. My brother and I fought a lot of the time. He always started them. He’d often call me stupid or ugly. And he sometimes slapped me on my head or held me down and pressed a knuckle into my chest. When I complained to my parents, they usually said that all brothers fought. I guess I started to believe that was true.”
The above statement was made by Ryan, a client who had endured ongoing sibling bullying throughout much of his childhood and early adolescence. Of course, he didn’t initially call it that. Earlier in treatment he had minimized the impact it had on him–and did not connect it with his predisposition for anger arousal as an adult. This tendency to ignore his feelings was fueled by his parents’ inability to recognize that such fights were not natural but rather reflective of sibling bullying.
As a child, Ryan had learned to minimize or even suppress his feelings about his brother’s aggression. Unfortunately, he had internalized his parents’ response, which only furthered his sense of feeling inadequate for making a big deal of his suffering. Even during adolescence, he had little awareness of how being bullied had contributed to his feelings of isolation and depression and his increasing tendency toward being angry. This is a situation that I have unfortunately heard numerous times throughout my clinical work involving anger management.
Sibling bullying is not an isolated moment of anger. Rather, it reflects an ongoing and pervasive pattern in a sibling relationship in which one may be emotionally or physically abusive toward another. It may take the form of denigrating, shaming, embarrassing, or threatening behavior as well as threats to or actual destruction of a sibling’s property.
Ryan's parents were not alone in downplaying the bullying and not recognizing its destructive potential. Most of my early professional education emphasized the potential negative impact that parents’ abuse or neglect might have on a child’s development. This focus neglected the critical contribution that sibling bullying can have on a child’s emotional well-being and, specifically, on that child’s difficulty in managing his(her) feelings, including anger.
The negative impact of sibling bullying
Ryan was like many of my clients who have minimized their suffering due to emotional or physical abuse or neglect from parents. Victims of sibling bullying may similarly minimize, suppress, or deny the emotional pain caused by their abuse–with regard to their anger, hurt, fear and anxiety associated with abuse by a sibling. They may similarly internalize their anger, viewing themselves as being at fault and consequently experience the shame associated with doing so.
A child who is the victim of sibling bullying develops a sense of helplessness and isolation, feeling he is on his own to deal with feeling confused, frustrated and powerless. It is no surprise then that when such suffering is ignored, a child does not feel safe within his(her) home. As such, a child whose pain is overlooked by a parent may further withdraw from seeking connection with them
Such silence can further a sense of isolation that may lead to bullying others outside of the family context. It is also no surprise than that this same lack of emotional connections may, for some, severely intensify a child’s longing for connection with others–or foster sufficient hurt and anger that then inhibit his desire for connection. It is unfortunate but all too often this longing may, in turn, lead to associating with peers who similarly feel isolated, angry and powerless–whether seeking affiliation with gangs, resorting to addiction, or even joining a hate group.
A recent study emphasizes that sibling bullying may be more common in large families, with the firstborn or older child most often the perpetrator (Dantchey & Wolke, 2019). Researchers reviewed a study of 6,838 British children born in either 1991 and 1992 and their mothers. Sibling bullying was defined by psychological abuse (saying nasty or hurtful things), physical abuse (hitting, kicking or pushing) or emotional abuse (ignoring one’s sibling, telling lies or spreading false rumors).
The mothers were questioned when the children were 5 years old regarding how often the children were victims or perpetrators of bullying in the family. The children were asked at age twelve if a sibling had bullied them or if they had bullied a sibling in the previous six months.
The researchers also collected data regarding the number of children living in the household, the mother’s marital status, parental conflicts, the family’s socioeconomic background, maternal mental health during and after pregnancy, the mother-child relations and domestic violence and abuse.
The study concluded that 28 percent of the children were involved in sibling bullying–with psychological abuse being most dominant. The researchers found that bullying can happen in larger families and suggested that resources such as parental affection or attention may be more limited in these families. Female children and younger children were more often the targets of such bullying and it was most prevalent in families with three or more children–with the eldest child or older brother most likely the perpetrator. It is interesting to note that sibling bullying occurred across all socioeconomic levels and in single-parent households as much as those that included two parents.
A previous study found sibling bullying was associated with the bullied child being at greater risk for depression, anxiety and self-harm (Bowes, et. al., 2014). This finding was based on a longitudinal study of the same 6,838 children described in the more recent study. This finding was based on the administration of the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised when the participants were 18. Bullied children were twice as likely to have depression, to self-harm and to report anxiety. More specifically, the study suggested that 13% of depression and 19.3% of self-harm could be attributable to being bullied when being bullied appeared to be a causal factor. Additionally, this study found that the link between being bullied and later mental health disorders was similar for boys and girls.
Another study found that children ages 0 to 9 and youth ages 10-17, who were victims of sibling bullying, reported greater mental health distress (Tucker, et. al.,2013). The sample size was based on telephone interviews. The children ages 0 to 9 evidenced greater mental health distress than the youth aged 10 to 17 in the case of mild physical assault. However, they did not differ for the other types of sibling aggression. The authors of this research concluded that the impact of sibling bullying can be just as negative as bullying by someone outside of the family.
The Challenge for Parents
The first study emphasizes that a reduction of resources, especially with larger families, may contribute to the occurrence of sibling bullying. At the same time, the demands parents experience in making a living, their own emotional or physical challenges, as well as the special needs of another sibling may further reduce their capacity to observe sibling bullying or take it seriously when it occurs.
Additionally, such demands may further reduce the face-to-face presence that is essential to help children feel valued, connected and secure. Such presence is further undermined by our increased attention to screens, whether the computer, cell phones or television. Loss of such quality time may further exacerbate the internal stress of a child, which may lead to heightened competition and rivalry that contributes to sibling bullying.
The challenge in responding to sibling bullying is also rooted in our history, one that has minimized the emotional life of children and their suffering. And, as in Ryan’s case, parents may simply lack understanding of the impact of such bullying as well as the skills to help prevent it or address it when it occurs.
What parents can do to reduce sibling bullying
Following are some specific guidelines to help parents address prevent and respond to sibling bullying.
Regarding the children
- Be attentive to how siblings interact with each other. Closely monitor them if you suspect bullying is occurring.
- Try to be consistent in your interactions with each child.
- Privately address any concerns you have about a child, whether in regard to behavior, school performance, feelings, etc.
- Reward positive sibling interactions–including their working on a project together and sharing interests.
- Provide your children with specific guidelines for resolving conflicts. Teach them problem-solving skills that include clear and assertive communication, discussing–rather than acting out–their feelings, negotiating and compromise.
- Be attentive to suffering reported by children. Foster the discussion of feelings, including anger as well as the hurts behind it. Encourage forgiveness without rushing it.
- Do your best to avoid making comparisons.
- Find logical consequences for any form of bullying, clearly stating that it will not be tolerated.
- Create sufficient face-to-face time with each sibling and with your children as a group or dyad.
Regarding parent self-reflection
- Cultivate your capacity to be fully present with your child, truly attentive to them, without attending to other tasks.
- Recognize your own tendency to minimize or even deny feelings regarding your own experiences of parental abuse or neglect–or sibling bullying when you were a child. Your acceptance of such feelings will help you to be more validating and observant of your child’s suffering.
- Be alert to how your interactions with them, or with your spouse or partner, model bullying. Specifically, be alert to any discrepancy between what you say about bullying and behavior that may provide a different message.
- Identify different expectations you may have of your children, based on their intelligence, gender, physical qualities or any personality traits that lead you to show favoritism.
All of us have different points of view, key desires that motivate us, and ways of negotiating our needs. This may be especially challenging for children when they feel a weak sense of self. As such, it is natural to expect disagreements between siblings from time to time. By contrast, sibling bullying reflects a problematic and unhealthy resolution to these differences. Such was the case for Ryan, who, as an adult, was able to recognize his pain and to grieve and mourn what could have been.
Suggesting that sibling bullying is a to be expected as a part of having siblings, is a denial of the lasting harm it can have for a child. Rather, being alert to recognize it and call it what it is, reflects our deepest compassion for our children. Such compassion is essential to help promote a child’s emotional well-being and for providing him(her) with a constructive model for addressing their conflicts outside of the family.
Dantchey, S. and Wolke, T. (2019). Trouble in the nest: Antecedent of sibling bullying victimization and perpetration. Developmental Psychology, Vol. 55, No. 5, 1059-1071 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000700
Bowes, L., Wolke, D., Joinson, C., et. al. (2014). Sibling bullying and risk of depression, anxiety and self-harm: a prospective cohort study. Pediatrics, Vol. 134, No.4, 1032-1039.
Tucker, C., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., et. al. (2013) Association of sibling aggression with child and adolescent mental health. Pediatris, Vol. 132, 79-84.
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— The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) says as many as 85 million Takata airbags in the U.S. contain ammonium nitrate, the chemical believed to be the primary cause of exploding Takata airbags. What's even more scary is the fact those 85 million airbags are not currently part of any recall.
Takata airbags have killed at least 10 people in the U.S. and injured over 140. The airbags contain metal inflators used to deploy the airbags. Inside each inflator is an explosive chemical called ammonium nitrate that is used to create the explosive charge to deploy the airbags.
However, scientists confirmed the inflators can allow moisture to invade the ammonium nitrate and alter the chemical, causing it to become unstable. The explosive force causes the metal inflator to explode like a grenade and send shards of metal into the vehicle cabin, and vehicle occupants.
NHTSA says out of the 85 million airbags that haven't been recalled, 32 million have a desiccant (drying agent) added to the ammonium nitrate to protect the chemical from moisture. That leaves 53 million airbags equipped with ammonium nitrate without a drying agent, therefore making the chemical more susceptible to moisture.
The only way those 85 million airbags won't eventually be recalled is if Takata can prove to safety regulators the airbags are safe. That could be a tough order for the 53 million inflators that don't contain a drying agent.
The 85 million inflators include estimates of 14.5 million driver-side airbag inflators, 43.4 million passenger-side inflators and about 27 million side airbag inflators.
To date, 29 million inflators have been recalled in the U.S., with the majority of affected vehicles still waiting for repairs. Data concerning how many airbags have been repaired shows much needs to be done before all 29 million inflators are replaced.
As of April 8, 2016, NHTSA says 4,552,841 driver-side airbags and 3,408,417 passenger-side airbags have been repaired. That's a total of 7,961,258 airbags repaired out of almost 29 million that need repairs, all installed inside vehicles from 14 automakers.
Takata originally set aside millions of dollars to cover the cost of the recalls and government penalties, but recent estimates have blown those figures out of the water. In February, one group of analysts put the estimated cost at $17 billion and a later maximum number of $24 billion was tossed around by a source close to Takata.
Takata has until the end of 2018 to prove the desiccant-equipped airbags are safe and has until the end of 2019 to prove the airbags without the drying agent are safe.
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There was a rift in the auto industry in the early 1900s that led to some unusual motor cars emerging, like the 1914 Briscoe now on display at the Manitoba Antique Automobile Museum in Elkhorn.
Back in 1910, Benjamin Briscoe was a partner in the Maxwell-Briscoe firm in New York. After several amalgamations, US Motors was formed and attempted to oust General Motors (GM) from its commanding position in the market. Maxwell-Briscoe entered production in 1914 under the name of the Briscoe Motor Car Company.
This company only lasted until 1922 so examples of the brand are very rare. The Auto Museum has one of the first examples built and the only one of its kind known in Canada.
The car has a four-cylinder engine and a unique front end – the single headlight is mounted above the radiator, which led to its nickname of the “One-Eyed Briscoe”.
The Splitdorf-Apelco electrical system features a 6/12-volt battery hookup and a combination starting motor and generator using a common field and armature assembly; the functioning of the assembly is governed by the manner in which an automatic switch connects power.
The original owner was Walter Seaward of Beulah, Manitoba. Later it was owned by William Williams of Miniota and eventually was donated to the museum by car collector Ike Clarkson.
Submitted by Lillian Jackson for the Manitoba Antique Automobile Museum, Elkhorn.
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These are some of our favorite games for kids in wheelchairs! Perfect for promoting activity and engagement!
*This post contains affiliate links. Read more.
One of the most important goals for any child progressing through the stages of development is mastery of mobility skills. Functional movement, at any age, allows for independence. A baby learns to roll to his favorite toy. A child learns to walk to get her favorite snack. A young athlete learns to run to avoid being tagged.
For a child in a wheelchair, this goal of functional independence is the same but the path to achieve it might look a little different. It is important to keep kids who use wheelchairs active to improve their independence, increase their self-esteem and quality of life, maximize their cardiovascular health, strength, and endurance, and optimize inclusion with their peers.
Just as with a typical child, it is important to be creative and approach functional mobility practice in a fun and positive manner. In my practice, I frequently use a variety of games for kids in wheelchairs to motivate kids and inspire them to participate.
Games for Kids in Wheelchairs
Here are some of my favorites for children in manual or power wheelchairs. Many can be adapted for those children without functional upper extremity ability who have a caregiver to assist.
One of our favorite toys for working on bilateral coordination and upper extremity strength! Check out Zoom Ball here!
This is an exercise that every child in a wheelchair has probably done hundreds of. Make it a fun and give them a bit of control by adding a set of dice that determine how many reps must be done.
Table Top Ball Bouncing
Grab a few Solo cups or a small container and some ping pong balls. Have the child sit at one end of the table and try to bounce the balls into the container or cup. If they miss, they have to negotiate the room to retrieve the stray balls!
Table Top Bean Bag Soccer
Use a small box as a goal at one end of the table (sit it up on end). See if the child can slide the bean bag along the table and into the goal. Again, if they miss, they have to go get that fallen bean bag!
Wheelchair Simon Says
Use this game to work on basic wheelchair propulsion. Simon can offer instructions like: Propel forward, propel backward, roll on something soft, roll on something hard, change surface levels (curbs, slope, etc), turn to the left, turn to the right, do a 180* turn or a 360* turn.
Red Light, Green Light
Use this game to practice starting and stopping on command, an important skill for functional wheelchair mobility. Any child can play along!
Some of our favorite games of tag are totally appropriate for kids in wheelchairs and can be an awesome way to introduce an inclusion activity.
Set up lines to follow, objects to avoid and low surfaces to navigate over. Add a timer for even more motivation.
Take one of our favorite Sensory Motor Scavenger hunts and adapt it for the environment you are working in. This is a great way to work on functional mobility at the wheelchair level through a school building, a home or the community!
Set up bowling pins or any other items that can simulate bowling pins at one end of the room. Place a large therapy ball in front of the wheelchair. Use the wheelchair to push the therapy ball toward the pins to knock them down. For kids working on wheelchair mobility, set obstacles up between the “pins” and the wheelchair.
Latest posts by Lauren Drobnjak (see all)
- Springtime Writing Activities and Prompts for Kids - March 30, 2020
- A New Approach: Telehealth Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy - March 26, 2020
- How to Survive IEP Season as a School-Based Therapist - March 11, 2020
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June 29, 2012
Oldest Neolithic Bow Discovered In Europe At La Draga Neolithic Site In Banyoles
Archaeological research carried out at the Neolithic site of La Draga, near the lake of Banyoles, has yielded the discovery of an item which is unique in the western Mediterranean and Europe. The item is a bow which appeared in a context dating from the period between 5400-5200 BCE, corresponding to the earliest period of settlement. It is a unique item given that it is the first bow to be found in tact at the site. According to its date, it can be considered chronologically the most ancient bow of the Neolithic period found in Europe. The study will permit the analysis of aspects of the technology, survival strategies and social organisation of the first farming communities which settled in the Iberian Peninsula. The bow is 108 cm long and presents a plano-convex section. Worth mentioning is the fact that it is made out of yew wood (Taxus baccata) as were the majority of Neolithic bows in Europe.
In previous archaeological campaigns, fragments of two bows were found (in 2002 and 2005) also from the same time period, but since they are fragmented it is impossible to analyse the characteristics of these tools. The current discovery opens new perspectives in understanding how these farming communities lived and organised themselves. These bows could have served different purposes, such as hunting, although if one takes into account that this activity was not all that common in the La Draga area, it cannot be ruled out that the bows may have represented elements of prestige or been related to defensive or confrontational activities.Remains have been found of bows in Northern Europe (Denmark, Russia) dating from between the 8th and 9th centuries BCE among hunter-gatherer groups, although these groups were from the Paleolithic period, and not the Neolithic. The majority of bows from the Neolithic period in Europe can be found in central and northern Europe. Some fragments of these Neolithic bows from central Europe date from the end of the 6th millennium BCE, between 5200-5000 BCE, although generally they are from later periods, often more than a thousand years younger than La Draga. For this reason archaeologists can affirm that the three bows found at La Draga are the most ancient bows in Europe from the Neolithic period.
The research carried out at the La Draga site is financed by the Department of Culture of the Government of Catalonia and the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness. This project is being conducted under the coordination of the County Archaeological Museum of Banyoles, with the participation of the UAB Department of Prehistory, the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology of the CSIC Institute Milà i Fontanals, the National Museum of Archaeology of Catalonia and the Centre for Underwater Archaeology of Catalonia. The excavation includes the participation of archaeology students from UAB and other universities in Spain and Europe.
The Neolithic people of La Draga, Banyoles
La Draga is located in the town of Banyoles, belonging to the county of Pla de l'Estany, and is an archaeological site corresponding to the location in which one of the first farming communities settled in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula. The site is located on the eastern part of the Banyoles Lake and dates back to 5400 and 5000 BCE. The site occupies 8000 sq m and stretches out 100 m along the lake's shore and 80 m towards the east. Part of the site is totally submerged in the lake, while other parts are located on solid ground. The first digs were conducted between the years 1990 and 2005, under the scientific leadership of the County Archaeological Museum of Banyoles. Since 1994, excavations were also carried out by the Centre for Underwater Research (Museum of Archaeology of Catalonia). The current project (2008-2013) includes participation by the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and the Spanish National Research Council.
The site at La Draga is exceptional for several reasons. Firstly, due to its antiquity, which is considered to be one of the oldest of the Neolithic period existing in the Iberian Peninsula. Secondly, because it is an open-air site with a fairly continuous occupation. Lastly, and surely most remarkably, because of its exceptional conditions in which it is conserved. The archaeological levels are located in the phreatic layer surrounding Lake Banyoles, giving way to anaerobic conditions which favour the conservation of organic material. These circumstances make La Draga a unique site in all of the Iberian Peninsula, since it is the only one known to have these characteristics. In Europe, together with Dispilo in Greece and La Marmota in Italy, it is one of the few lake settlements from the 6th millennium BCE.
The phenomenon of Neolithic lake settlements is well known in the more modern chronologies of central Europe, where there is an abundance of lakes and humid environments, but extremely rare outside this geographic area. For this reason, the La Draga site is well-known amongst specialised scientific sectors and attracts researchers from around the world because of the quality of the data which can be obtained from this archaeological context. La Draga is a palaeodiverse island offering a set of extraordinary bioarchaeological elements, key for the analysis of how farming and livestock rearing communities came into existence in Europe.
On The Net:
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Tuesday, 9 September 2008
Why Malay Rights?
Malaysia - Malaya - Tanah Melayu was build through Tamadun Melayu. The sultans, diraja Melayu and pendekar melayu.
New friends traveled from abroad and some stayed over permanently - accepted to the land of Tanah Melayu - not till long they became part of Tanah Melayu
Tanah Melayu was shared amongst the Non Bumis but big portion was still Melayu's Tanah.
The 'Hak Melayu' we are fighting for now is to preserve the Tamadun Melayu - which the Malays originally build - later developed together with the non-bumis - Malaysia was born.
This whole issue or 'fight' however is a big wake up call to the Malays. For them to appreciate what they have... and to realise how they have misused and taken advantage of the privileges provided by the ancestors... and perhaps consider giving a landing hand/ or be considerate to those who have to work thrice harder just to survive.
Wake up Malays - look at what you have - appreaciate it - keep up the fight.
~Malaysia is 'zone free' from natural disasters...non malays are accepted to Parliament and not considered minorities unlike many countries including the 1st world...multi racial, rich in culture...great food...blessed soil...~
To the people at the top, why stir us (the nation) up now?
Why create a fiery issue that only segregate us more?
And Why have pseudo-intention that this is to 'unite' us?
Tanya Pak Lah, Pak Lah tak peduli ...
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In 1998, during the post-Hurricane Marilyn major renovation of Coral World, we created a man-made red mangrove lagoon with fewer than 50 small seedlings. Today, these small protected seedlings have grown into a dense mat of trees. In fact, the mat became so dense that at one point we decided we had to try to relocate some of the trees or the walls of the lagoon would burst. Now the upper part of the lagoon is home to our Southern Stingrays.
Our goal was to educate our visitors, both residents of the Virgin Islands and tourists, about the importance of mangroves to marine ecosystems. Many have been dredged because people have considered them swampy, foul smelling areas not worthy of protection. Mangroves, the backbone of the tropical ocean coastlines, are far more important to the global ocean's biosphere than previously thought.
The finger-like roots of mangrove plants protect coastal wetlands against the ocean. They protect shorelines from damaging storm and hurricane winds, waves, and floods. Mangroves also help prevent erosion by stabilizing sediments with their tangled root systems. They maintain water quality and clarity, filtering pollutants and trapping sediments originating from land. Mangroves are essential to the growth of sea grasses and are important fish habitats. They are very valuable nurseries and breeding grounds for a wide variety of fish and invertebrates.
But mangrove foliage has declined by nearly 50% over the past several decades because of increasing coastal development and damage to its habitat. In Thailand, for example, the mangroves may be entirely gone in 70 years largely due to its shrimp fishing industry and coastal development for tourism.
Researchers have learned that mangroves, which cover less than 0.1 percent of the global land surface, provide more than 10 percent of essential dissolved organic carbon that is supplied to the global ocean from land. Dissolved organic matter is an important player in the global carbon cycle that regulates atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate.
As the habitat has changed, decreasing quantities of mangrove-derived detritus are available for formation and export of dissolved organic matter to the ocean. Researchers believe rapid mangrove destruction may have serious consequences for atmospheric composition and climate.
In addition to our efforts to educate our guests about the very important role of mangroves, Coral World’s marine operations staff has participated in mangrove restoration efforts with propagules from our man-made lagoon. Mangrove seeds or propagules are unusual in that they germinate while still on the tree, sprouting seedlings that grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long. The seedlings are cigar-shaped and heavier at the root end than at the leafy end. Upon falling, they tend to plant themselves in the mud below the parent tree.
Our staff planted mangrove seedlings along a section of Coral World’s shoreline on Water Bay with limited success because of the amount of boat traffic in the bay. A more successful cooperative effort took place in quieter waters on St. John. Coral World contributed hundreds of propagules and several staff to the project. Despite the hurdles, we will continue our efforts to restore the mangroves of the Virgin Islands.
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|Gas mileage in an automobile is the distance travelled per gallon of
gasoline, or equivalently, the distance per unit of energy or work, and
this is the reciprocal of the force exerted by the engine on the car.
This force can be represented by a sum of seven kinematic elements:
F = ma + (P0 +Tw)/v + mg(mcosq + sinq) + (rAf + m/x0)v2/2
The contributions are due to acceleration, auxilliary power usage such
as radio, AC and headlights, transmission drag, rolling friction, hills,
wind drag and stopping. The velocity terms cause the gas mileage to rise
from zero, reach a maximum and decline to zero again. The components and
total drag force are shown at left.
|Auxilliary power is roughly 2 kW. The transmission exerts a constant
drag force for each gear, determined, from the difference in deceleration
at zero engine power in and out of gear, to be about 250 N in high gear.
Below 25 m/s, the transmission maintains nearly constant 1500 rpm when
cruising, and this requires 6 kW power. A heavy foot significantly increases
transmission drag and decreases gas mileage.
The mass of the Buick Park Avenue is 1800 kg and the rolling coefficient
of friction measured at low speeds on level ground in neutral is .010,
leading to a constant drag force of 180 N. The total drag power as a function
of speed is shown at left.
|The cross-sectional area is about 3 m2 ,the drag coefficient,
f, is the typical modern value of .29 from the manual and the density of
air is 1.23 kg/m3, varying inversely as the absolute temperature,
being ten to twenty per cent higher in winter. Rain adds to this density
less than one per cent except in the most torrential cases or as puddles
or snow banks. The distance between stops is x0, which should
exceed m/rAf = one mile on the interstate, and
this precludes tailgaiting. The gas mileage variation with speed, shown
at left, is the 50 MJ/gallon of gasoline is divided by 1608 meters per
mile and the total drag force without acceleration or hills. The Park Avenue
can easily exceed its rated 32 mpg at 55 mph.
|The available acceleration is determined by subtracting the drag power from the 140 kW total power and dividing by the car's momentum, mv. The acceleration for low speeds is less than shown for three reasons: the engine is not at 1500 rpm but over 5000 rpm, the transmission has much greater drag in low gear, and the maximum acceleration is about g/2 since the force is only through the rear wheels.|
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The Implications of New Definitions/Forms of Communication in Modern Life
The contemporary world is changing at a rapid rate because of increased technological advancements and globalization that has made it easy for people to interact with others across the globe. Technological advancements and globalization have changed people’s lifestyles and had tremendous impacts on the society. One of the areas that have been transformed by these factors is communication, which now has new definitions and new forms. Through technological advancements and globalization, it has become easier for people to enhance their interactions and communicate even with those in the remote parts of the world. The improved interactions have in turn helped in transforming contemporary life through enhanced connectivity. However, there are some implications of new definitions and/or forms of communication in the contemporary life. This paper examines these implications in terms of how technological advancements and globalization have contributed to new definitions/forms of communication.
New Definitions/Forms of Communication in Contemporary Life
Communication is basically defined as the process/act of transmitting information from one person or group to another. This process is carried out through the use of mutually understood words, semiotic rules, and signs to help in conveying the intended meanings. Johnston (n.d.) states that communication in the contemporary life has not only taken new forms, but also characterized by new definition/meaning. In this regard, the definitions of communication in the modern world have been expanded to incorporate changes in today’s lifestyles and society. The emergence of new forms/definitions of communication in contemporary life is largely attributable to technological revolution and the advent of globalization. Due to technological revolution in the contemporary life, today’s communication is significantly dependent on technology.
Given the impact of technological revolution and globalization, communication in contemporary life is classified into two i.e. human communication and mediated communication, which provides the premise for two different definitions of communication. Human communication refers to direct verbal and non-verbal communication that has been utilized throughout the history of mankind for human interactions (de Mooij, 2013). The non-verbal components of human communication include facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. On the contrary, mediated communication is communication that entails the use of another medium or form to convey information. In the contemporary life, mediated communication basically entails the use of electronic devices and platforms to convey information between people and/or groups.
In an interview, James Albert, a university lecturer, stated that technological tools are increasingly utilized as communication tools in the learning environment (J. Albert, personal communication, October 27, 2017). Students are increasingly preferring to utilize electronic devices and online platforms for increased interactions with teachers and their colleagues, which demonstrates that technology is the new form of mediated interpersonal communication. Unlike in the past, the definition of mediated interpersonal communication has been expanded to include technology-mediated communication because of recent technological advancements. Some of the most common forms of technology-mediated communication in contemporary life include e-mail, instant messaging, social networking, and video conferencing (Johnston, n.d.).
Implications of these Definitions/Forms on Contemporary Life
The emergence of new definitions and/or forms of communication because of rapid technological advancements and globalization have had significant implications in contemporary life. Some of the major implications of these new definitions/forms of communication in contemporary life include…
One of the major implications of the new definitions/forms of communication in contemporary life is enhanced interaction and connectivity between people across the globe. In this regard, technological revolution and globalization has provided the platform for the development of new media and communication tools. The new media and communication tools have in turn enhanced interaction and connectivity between people across the globe including remote parts of the world.
An example of a new form of communication that has changed contemporary life is the Internet, which has experienced tremendous growth in terms of number of users in recent years. The Internet has made it easier for people to communicate and interact with each other through providing different ways for self expression. It has allowed people to utilize different ways of self-expression including video conferencing, blogging, websites, and pictures. While Internet usage is also associated with some negative impacts on communication and contemporary life, it has generally enhanced how people communicate.
One of the most commonly used aspect of the Internet for communication is social media, which has enabled people to communicate with huge audiences on a global scale, which used to be viable only on a local level (Ebay, 2015). Social networking sites and platforms like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram have become common in today’s society since they are increasingly utilized as platforms for enhanced interactions and connectivity between people on a global scale. In essence, social media/social networking sites has made it easier for people to communicate on a global scale, which in turn enhanced connectivity between people.
The enhanced interactions and connectivity in contemporary life brought by new forms of communication are attributable to the fact that these forms eliminate conventional barriers of communication, particularly distance. Unlike in the past, contemporary communication is not significantly limited by distance since new forms of communication have made it easy for people to communicate regardless of their locations across the globe. Margaret Fischer, a communications expert, stated that one of the major impacts of new forms of communication is removing the challenge of distance (M. Fischer, personal communication, October 27, 2017). In this case, communication is no longer dependent on face-to-face meetings, but can happen among people in different locations and instantaneously.
Changes in Relationships
The second implication of new definitions/forms of communication in contemporary life is changes in the mode of relationships. In this case, new forms of communication have transformed how people relate with one another. The increased usage of technology-mediated communication has played a major role in the emergence and proliferation of online relationships. Through these forms of communication, people in the modern society are able to develop relationships with others regardless of whether or not they have ever met in real-life. According to a publication by the Huffington Post, technology-mediated communication has put relationships in beta, redefined how people express themselves and their desires, and changed how people trust one another (Men, Women & Children, 2014). This form of communication has enabled people to meet their lifetime partners and/or explore new ways of developing relationships with others.
However, the presence of technology-mediated communication has also had negative impacts on relationships. Recent studies have demonstrated that increased dependence on technology-mediated communication tools and channels have affected the development of interpersonal relation skills among people (Men, Women & Children, 2014). Margaret Fisher stated that people who rely on technology-mediated communication platforms like social networking sites tend to have poor interpersonal relation skills and difficulties in face-to-face interactions (M. Fischer, personal communication, October 27, 2017). The poor interpersonal relation skills among these people in turn damage their relationships with those close to them, particularly family members.
Changes in the Social Fabric
The other implication of new definitions/forms of communication in contemporary life is changes in social fabric. New forms of communication like smartphones, tablets and social networking sites were developed to better connect people (Robbins, 2017). Even those these communication forms have enhanced connectivity between people across the world, they have also changed the social fabric and damaged social co-existence. Robbins (2017) states that these new forms of communication have made people to have less physical and emotional contact with one another. The changes in the social fabric are attributable to the fact that new forms of communication have resulted in dependence on technological devices, increased loneliness, and reduced physical and emotional contact.
In conclusion, modern communication has experienced significant transformation because of the increased technological revolution and globalization. This has in turn contributed to the emergence of new definitions/forms of communication that have implications on contemporary life. Due to technological revolution and globalization, the new definitions/forms of communication have been expanded to include technology-mediated communication. The major implications of the new definitions/forms of communication in modern life include better connection between people, changes in the social fabric, and changes in mode of relationships.
De Mooij, M. (2013). Human and mediated communication around the world: a comprehensive review and analysis. Netherlands, Springer.
Ebay. (2015, March 29). The Way the Internet has Changed the Way We Communicate. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://mashable.com/2015/03/28/internet-communication-brandspeak/#ui6TBaMKjsqB
Johnston, K. (n.d.). Examples of Different Forms of Technology-Mediated Communication. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-different-forms-technologymediated-communication-34313.html
Men, Women & Children. (2014, October 17). This Is How Technology Is Affecting Your Relationship. The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/17/technology-changing-relationships_n_5884042.html
Robbins, G. (2017, April 21). Are Smartphones and Social Media the Antidote to Loneliness? The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved October 27, 2017, from http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/cyber-life/sd-me-connected-dilipjeste-20170421-story.html
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There is little reason to worry even if a fellow passenger has contracted the disease.
Ever since Thomas Duncan, the first Ebola patient diagnosed in the United States, got on a plane in Monrovia and travelled to Dallas with the virus incubating in his body, there has been a lot of confusion about the risk of contracting the disease during travel. Now, with the news that the second Dallas health worker to contract Ebola flew from Cleveland the day before reporting to hospital with a fever, worry about the virus during air travel is likely to peak.
Here’s a guide to how you can and can’t get Ebola on a plane (or, for that matter, anywhere else).
Ways you can get it
- You can get the Ebola virus if you have direct contact with the bodily fluids of a sick person, including blood, saliva, breast milk, stool, sweat, semen, tears, vomit and urine. Direct contact means these fluids need to get into your broken skin (such as a wound) or touch your mucous membranes (mouth, nose, eyes or vagina).
- You can get Ebola on a plane by kissing or sharing food with someone showing symptoms of Ebola. You can get it if that symptomatic person happens to bleed or vomit on you during flight and those fluids hit your mouth or eyes.
You can also get it if you are seated next to a sick individual, who is sweating profusely, and the sweat touches your face. But this is unlikely.
One of the Ebola discoverers, Peter Piot, said: “I wouldn’t be worried to sit next to someone with Ebola virus on the tube as long as they don’t vomit on you or something. This is an infection that requires very close contact.”
- You can become infected by having sex with someone infected with Ebola. This means you can get Ebola on a plane if you join the mile-high club with an Ebola-infected individual. The virus has been able to live in semen for up to 82 days after a patient became symptomatic, which means sexual transmission – even with someone who has survived the disease for months – is possible.
- You can get Ebola through contact with an infected surface. Though Ebola is easily killed with disinfectants such as bleach, if it isn’t caught it can live outside the body on, say, an armrest or table. In bodily fluids, such as blood, the virus can survive for several days.
Thus, if someone with infectious Ebola gets his or her diseased bodily fluids on a surface that you touch – a plane seat, for example – and then you put your hands in your mouth and eyes, you can get Ebola on an plane.
- This is a highly unlikely situation, but you can get the virus by eating wild animals infected with Ebola or coming into contact with their bodily fluids – on a plane. The fruit bat is believed to be the animal reservoir for Ebola and, when it’s prepared for a meal or eaten raw, people get sick. So you can get Ebola in flight by bringing some undercooked bat meat on to the aircraft and having it for supper.
Ways you can’t get Ebola
- You can’t get Ebola from someone who is not showing symptoms and is not already sick. The virus only appears in bodily fluids after a person starts to feel ill, and only then can he or she spread it to another person. If you were sitting on a plane next to someone who had Ebola but wasn’t yet showing symptoms (and therefore was not yet infectious) and you were exposed to that person’s bodily fluids, you would not get Ebola.
The second Dallas health worker to contract the virus flew the day before she reported to hospital with a fever and had a temperature of 37.5°C (normal is 37°C).
If true, it’s unlikely that she would have been infectious at the time but health officials are taking precautions and following up with everybody on the flight.
- It’s very rare to transmit Ebola through coughing or sneezing. The virus isn’t airborne, thankfully, and experts expect that it will never become airborne because viruses don’t change the way they are transmitted.
Still, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offered this cautionary note: “If a symptomatic patient with Ebola coughs or sneezes on someone, and saliva or mucus come into contact with that person’s eyes, nose or mouth, these fluids may transmit the disease.”
This happens rarely and usually only affects health workers or those caring for the sick.
Low chance of transmission
The possibility of transmission on a plane by coughing or sneezing exists but it is small. It would have to go something like this: an Ebola patient would have to cough on the hand of the person sitting next to them, releasing some amount of mucus or saliva.
The person being coughed on would then have to, say, rub his or her eye with that hand, allowing the disease into the body.
The bottom line: Ebola is difficult, but not impossible, to catch even in confined spaces such as planes.
Ebola isn’t easy to transmit. The scenarios under which Ebola spreads are very specific.
As the World Health Organisation, which does not recommend travel bans, put it: “On the small chance that someone on the plane is sick with Ebola, the likelihood of other passengers and crew having contact with their body fluids is even smaller.”
They also point out that people who are sick with Ebola are so unwell that they cannot travel.
Ebola doesn’t spread quickly, either. An Ebola victim usually only infects one or two other people. Compare that with HIV, which creates four secondary infections, or measles with 17.
So far, there have been three known Ebola cases originating in the US. There are more than 8 000 in West Africa. That’s where experts say the worry and fear about Ebola contagion should be placed.
The Ebola virus is a haemorrhagic fever that’s fatal in about half of all cases.
Ebola typically strikes like the worst and most humiliating flu you could imagine. People start sweating and have body aches and pains. Then they begin to vomit and have uncontrollable diarrhoea.
These symptoms can appear anywhere between two and 21 days after exposure to the virus. Sometimes people with Ebola go into shock. Sometimes they bleed. Again, about half of those infected with the virus die, and this usually happens fairly quickly – within a few days to a few weeks of getting sick.
The others return to a normal life after a months-long recovery period that can include hair loss, sensory changes, weakness, fatigue, headaches, and eye and liver inflammation.
There are five strains of Ebola, four of which have caused the disease in humans: Zaire, Sudan, Taï Forest and Bundibugyo.
The fifth, Reston, has infected nonhuman primates only.
Although scientists haven’t been able to confirm this, the animal host of Ebola is widely believed to be the fruit bat, and the virus only occasionally makes the leap into humans.
The current outbreak involves the Zaire strain, which was discovered in 1976, the year Ebola was first identified in what was then Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo).
The same year, the virus was also discovered in South Sudan.
The Ebola virus is extremely rare. People are much more likely to die from Aids, respiratory infections or diarrhoea.
Since 1976, there have only been about 20 known Ebola outbreaks. Until last year, the total impact of these outbreaks included 2 357 cases and 1 548 deaths, according to the CDC.
They all occurred in isolated or remote areas of Africa, and Ebola never had a chance to go very far.
And that’s what makes the 2014 outbreak so remarkable: the virus has spread to five countries in Africa plus the US, and has already infected more than 8 000 people and has killed more than half of them.
That is more than triple the sum total of all previous known outbreaks combined.
This article was originally published on vox.com. The original article can be found here
Travel restrictions and screening keep SA one step ahead
The scale of the current outbreak of Ebola viral disease in West Africa has led to mounting fears around the world, including in South Africa. Lucille Blumberg, the National Institute for Communicable Diseases’ (NCID) deputy director, said there was a chance of the virus being imported to South Africa, although the country was classified as low-risk.
“We are not talking about an outbreak in South Africa. But there is a chance of a traveller with Ebola coming into any country in the world,” she said.
The health department’s spokesperson, Joe Maila, said that, although the fear was understandable, preventive measures put in place by the health minister would minimise the risk of an Ebola outbreak in South Africa.
“These measures include the screening that we do at airports,” Maila said.
Heat scanners have been placed at OR Tambo International Airport and Lanseria Airport in Johannesburg to identify travellers with temperatures, which is one of the symptoms of Ebola.
“At the time we had ascertained that Gauteng was the most vulnerable but our surveillance is ongoing and scanners will be put in place in Durban and Cape Town if the need arises,” Maila said.
“We have issued travel restrictions – not bans – to and from the affected countries.
“We are appealing to the public to put off any nonessential travel to those countries until the situation has been stabilised.”
The advisory restricts travel between South Africa and Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone.
Even diplomats and healthcare workers travelling between South Africa and the affected countries need permission from the health department to do so.
Four countries – Nigeria, Senegal, the United States and Spain – had reported imported cases of Ebola, the NCID said in a statement this week.
Since the outbreak was first confirmed by the World Health Organisation in March, more than 4 500 people have died from the disease, most of them in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia.
Blumberg said: “The most important thing is that cases be recognised early.
“Anyone dealing with a patient needs to be protected. We need to reduce the risk of spread, but we are not going to have an outbreak like they have in West Africa. We are quite prepared to prevent that from happening.”
According to Maila: “Although we are doing our best to prevent any cases of Ebola in the country, in the event that a case is reported, there are 11 hospitals in South Africa that are equipped to deal with the disease.
“These hospitals have been equipped with sufficient personal protection equipment to protect our health workers and the isolations facilities in these hospitals are adequate to be able to contain the virus. I can still confirm that there is no case of Ebola in South Africa. All of the suspected cases in the country tested negative for the virus,” said Maila. — Additional reporting by Ina Skosana
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Unsolved mystery - Paradoxes are rather loosely defined, but can be said to be a true statement that defies intuition. Some have solutions, some don’t. Here are 7 paradoxes we bet you can’t solve.
1. Free will
If God is omnipotent and knows what we will do before he created us, how can we have free will?
ANSWER: This paradox is explained by God being outside of time–he knows the future just like he knows the past and the present. Just as the past does not interfere with our free will, neither does the future.
2. Crocodile Dilemma
A crocodile steals a son from his father, and promises to return the child if the father can correctly guess what the crocodile will do. What happens if the father guesses that the child will not be returned to him?
ANSWER: There is no solution. If the crocodile keeps the child, he violates his rule, as the father predicted correctly. If the crocodile returns the child, he still violates his rule as the father’s prediction was wrong.
3. Grandfather paradox
A man goes back in time, and kills his grandfather before the grandmother can meet his grandmother. This means that one of the man’s parents will not have been born, and the man in turn, will not have been born. This would mean that he could not have traveled back in time after all, which means the grandfather would still be alive, and the traveler would have been conceived allowing him to travel back in time and kill his grandfather.
ANSWER: The moment the time traveler changes something in the past, a parallel universe splits. This is supported by quantum mechanics.
4. Paradox of the heap
There are 1,000,000 grains of sand in a heap. If we remove one grain, it is still a heap. If we remove another grain, if it still a heap. If we continue removing one grain at a time, when we’re left with one grain, is that still a heap?
ANSWER: Set a fixed boundary. If we said 10,000 grains of sand made a heap, then anything below it would not be a heap. Yet, it seems unreasonable to distinguish between 9,999 and 10,001 grains of sand. The solution can therefore be altered to say there is a fixed boundary, but they are not necessarily knowable.
5. Omnipotence paradox
Can God create something so heavy He cannot lift it? If he can create something so heavy he can’t lift, then his lack of strength means he is not omnipotent. If he can’t create something so heavy he can’t lift, than he is not omnipotent.
ANSWER: The most common response is that as God is omnipotent, “can not lift” does not make sense. Other answers include the question being a contradiction, like a “square circle”.
6. Epimenides paradox
Epimenides, in a poem wrote: “The Cretans, always liars, evil beasts, idle bellies!” However, Epimenides himself was a Cretan. If Epimenides is a Cretan and a liar, then his statement, “The Cretans, always liars” is a lie. This means all Cretans are truthful, then Epimenides’ statement is the truth. The paradox will infinitely regress.
ANSWER: If Epimenides knew of at least one Cretan (other than himself) who is not a liar, his statement is a lie (because he asserts all) even though it correctly describes the speaker as a liar.
7. Unstoppable force paradox
What happens when an unstoppable force meets an unmovable object? If the force moves the object, then it is not unmovable. If the force doesn’t, the force is not unstoppable.
ANSWER: This situation can never happen, as if there is an unstoppable force, there couldn’t be an unmovable object and vice versa. More interestingly, there can never be an unmovable object. An unmovable object would have to have infinite inertia, and therefore infinite mass. Infinite mass cannot exist in our finite universe, therefore an unmovable object cannot exist.
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What increases IVF success rates?
Sleep During IVF Research indicates that individuals who sleep 7-8 hours every night have a higher chance of success through IVF. Sleep is very restorative. It’s where repair takes place throughout the body, amongst other processes, and it can contribute to a healthy pregnancy.
What does utilitarianism say about IVF?
For Utilitarianism, reproductive technology is morally allowed if the advantages of the technology outweigh the harms. Currently most utilitarians would see a net benefits in using IVF if its risks to the offspring could be reduced to an agreeable level.
How are IVF success rates calculated?
There are several ways to calculate IVF success rates, but all are essentially calculated by dividing the number of favorable results (number of live births, for example) by the number of procedures performed (number of embryo transfers, for example).
What is the average number of IVF attempts before success?
“Nine cycles is a lot,” said Barbara Luke, a reproductive epidemiologist at Michigan State University whose own study on the cumulative success of multiple IVF cycles, with similar findings, was published in 2012 in the New England Journal of Medicine. “The average is two to three.”
Does rule utilitarianism support in vitro fertilization?
A Rule Utilitarian might support the procedure of IVF if there is strong evidence to support the view that it will lead to a society in which the welfare of its members will be served.
What are the arguments against IVF?
Carrier of a genetic disease The main arguments against IVF treatment for carriers of a genetic disease are medical ones and concern the high transmittance risk and the severity of the disease.
When is IVF most successful?
Women who started IVF before they turned 35 had the highest success rates. For example, women under 30 had a 44% chance of a live birth in their first cycle, and a cumulative live-birth rate of between 69% (conservative) and 91% (optimal) after six cycles; women aged 30-34 had only marginally lower rates than these.
What causes failed IVF?
One of the most common reasons as to why an IVF cycle fails is due to the quality of the embryo. Many embryos are unable to implant after transfer to the uterus as they are defective. Embryos that look healthy in a lab may have defects that cause them to die rather than grow.
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Global crude oil production capacity is likely to climb from 93 million b/d currently to 110 million b/d by 2020 in the largest single-decade increase since the 1980s, a former senior Eni executive forecasts in a new study.
The 17 million b/d surge will occur nearly everywhere, with the largest increases in Iraq, the US, Canada, Brazil, and Venezuela, said Leonardo Maugeri, a research fellow at the Geopolitics of Energy Project at the Belfer Center for Scientific and International Affairs at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government.
His study, Global Oil Production is Surging: Implications for Prices, Geopolitics, and the Environment, also forecasts that technological advances in unconventional oil production will help the US experience unprecedented output and help make the Western Hemisphere energy self-sufficient by 2020.
“What’s happening in North Dakota, particularly in the Bakken and Three Forks formations…and the Eagle Ford in Texas is the beginning of a big revolution, probably the biggest we’ve seen in the oil industry in decades,” Maugeri said.
Tight oil production in the two states has grown from virtually nothing in 2010 to 1 million b/d, “which is incredible by any standard,” he continued. The combination of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling will make it possible to exploit US tight oil plays, “and there are plenty,” and open up a new era, Maugeri said. “By 2020, thanks to production from tight oil formations, the United States could be the world’s second oil producer in the world after Saudi Arabia,” he said.
Maugeri said increased global production potentially could make prices collapse. Investments could sustain the 20% production capacity increase if price stay at or above $70/bbl, he explained. But with world demand sluggish due to the sluggish economy and growing emphasis on energy efficiency, a significant dip or even a collapse in prices is possible, he said.
“If I’m right, and this new production makes its way onto the market, we will face sooner or later a collapse of oil prices,” Maugeri said. “Depending on [its] timing, the consequences could be short-term or long-term.”
Major emissions reduction technology investments will need to accompany this coming oil boom to respond to growing enforcement of regulations, the study indicated. New oil production projects could be stymied or delayed without a balance between industry and environmental interests, it said.
Maugeri said his study was unique because it began with a huge proprietary base of the world’s existing oil fields, a field-by-field analysis of investments, and production targets from those investments. “Then I made my assumption about risk factors, depletion, and reserve growth,” he said.
“It’s a kind of bottom-up analysis that is unique because usually this kind of study is based on macroeconomic, econometric models and not on the reality of the bottom-up production under way,” he said.
Contact Nick Snow at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Dr Stephen Bridgman: Winter wellness starts with a warm, dry home
Dr. Stephen Bridgman, Medical Officer Health, Public Health Physician, on how ventilation and insulation can improve the health of our homes and the health of our families.
Rates of colds, flu, and, more recently, COVID-19, increase during the winter months because wintertime conditions create a favourable environment for viral spread. First, there’s less sunlight in winter meaning there are lower levels of ultra-violet light to harm viruses. Second, humidity is higher, allowing viruses to survive outside of our bodies for longer. Finally, we spend more time indoors during the winter which makes ventilation and physical distancing challenging.
As humidity and time spent indoors are major contributors to the spread of common winter illnesses, staying well this winter truly starts with a warm and dry home.
Though winter favours viruses, ideally our homes should not. Cold indoor temperatures lead to dampness, creating the kind of humid conditions viruses survive in for longer. Increasing heat, reducing dampness, and improving a home’s ventilation is an essential part of slowing viral spread in winter. The World Health Organisation recommends indoor temperatures of 18°C, or 21°C if the household includes babies and/ or elderly people. Most houses in New Zealand average just 16°C.
Below 16°C the risk of respiratory illness increases. This is because in a cold indoor environment our day-to-day activities like cooking, showering, and even breathing, create condensation. Condensation gathers on cold surfaces, such as uninsulated walls and ceilings, and can lead to mould growth. Dampness is a health risk in itself, but mould can contribute to respiratory problems. Mould affects asthma sufferers and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions in particular.
Poor quality housing and structural issues in homes make maintaining warmth very challenging. Most New Zealand homes have at least some insulation, but many have defects like gaps in ceiling insulation, and in 2010 a study showed that 45% of houses did not have under-floor insulation. Sufficient insulation is the first place to start in making a warm home—insulation keeps the heat in and lowers heating costs.
- The HomeFit online check can help you assess where a home is lacking when it comes to being warm, dry, safe, and efficient, and provide local contacts for installers who can improve the condition of the home.
- Homeowners who meet certain criteria are eligible for 80% off the insulation or heaters through the Warmer Kiwi Homes programme
- Landlords have an obligation for their properties to meet Healthy Homes standards, which include fixed heating devices and insulation. If your rental property does not meet these standards, read about how to raise concerns with landlords here.
If the insulation is sufficient, the next piece to tackle is a safe and efficient heater. Options include heat pumps (especially with thermostats), electric heaters, wood burners, and wood pellet burners.
Wood burners contribute to air pollution, especially in urban areas. Wood burners should be avoided if possible, but if they the only option in your home, the outdoor air pollution can be can lessened by burning dry, seasoned firewood. Nelson City Council and Tasman District Council are supporters of the Good Wood scheme: advice for better burning and a directory of suppliers who meet Good Wood criteria.
Following warm home tips, such as drawing curtains at night and opening them in the day or using draught stoppers, can help keep heat in. Increasing ventilation and reducing dampness is equally important: dry air is easier to heat.
Opening windows for just two to three minutes at a time at least once a day in winter greatly improves a home’s air quality and ventilation and is free to do. Airing the home reduces condensation. Using extractor fans in the kitchen when cooking and the bathroom when bathing or showering also reduces the condensation that leads to dampness.
If mould does occur it can be removed with a bleach solution (2 teaspoons of bleach to 1 litre of water), or use white vinegar (without any added water).
Visit our Healthy homes webpage to explore new features on making and keeping a home warm and dry.
- Golden Bay residents can connect with a Heartland Services Coordinator for help navigating Tenancy Services, Kāinga Ora, healthier homes, and more.
- Whānau can register their interest with Whānau Power. Whānau Power can navigate dependable powers suppliers and healthy whare solutions with you.
- Work and Income may be able to help with an urgent power, gas, or water bill, or the costs of heating.
- If you’re over 65, Age Concern can link you with Social Work support to help you access resources, services and information you may need this winter. Call them on (03) 544 7624.
- If you need assistance affording bedding, curtains, heaters, or clothes, contact:
- St Vincent de Paul: Call (03) 548 9372 (Nelson); (03) 547 7351 (Stoke); (03) 544 0893 (Richmond, Moteuka and Golden Bay); (03) 573 5475 (Picton), or (03) 577 8378 (Blenheim) and ask to speak to the Welfare Support worker.
- The Salvation Army:
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Tory (n.) 1566, "an outlaw," specifically "one of a class of Irish robbers noted for outrages and savage cruelty," from Irish toruighe "plunderer," originally "pursuer, searcher," from Old Irish toirighim "I pursue," from toir "pursuit," from Celtic *to-wo-ret- "a running up to," from PIE root *ret- "to run, roll" (see rotary).
About 1646, it emerged as a derogatory term for Irish Catholics dispossessed of their land (some of whom subsequently turned to outlawry); c.1680 applied by Exclusioners to supporters of the Catholic Duke of York (later James II) in his succession to the throne of England. After 1689, Tory was the name of a British political party at first composed of Yorkist Tories of 1680. Superseded c.1830 by Conservative, though it continues to be used colloquially. In American history, Tory was the name given after 1769 to colonists who remained loyal to George III of England; it represents their relative position in the pre-revolutionary English political order in the colonies. As an adjective from 1680s.
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At every stage and in every impacted nation, Covid-19 has struck the elderly hardest.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 out of every 10 Covid-19 deaths in the U.S. have occurred in adults age 65 and older. This age group also accounts for upward of 70 percent of all coronavirus hospitalizations nationwide.
Why? The prevalence of underlying health conditions like diabetes and heart disease as we grow older plays a big role. But experts at OMRF say there’s another culprit that bears part of the blame: our immune system, the biological network whose job is to protect us against foreign invaders like viruses.
“The general line of thinking is that immunity falters with normal aging, just like our muscle mass and cognitive function,” said Hal Scofield, M.D., a physician-scientist at OMRF. “You don’t see pro athletes playing after age 50. We have a shelf life physically, and that goes for immunity, too.”
That waning immunity leaves older people more prone to serious complications not only from Covid-19 but from seasonal illnesses like the flu.
T cells and B cells, special types of white blood cells involved in the immune response, offer clues to why immunity declines with age, according to OMRF immunologist Susan Kovats, Ph.D. “We don’t know all the specifics behind the decline in immune function with aging, but we do know that both T cell and B cell function deteriorates with age,” she said.
T cells are made by a small organ in your chest called the thymus, “which slowly shrinks over time and is essentially gone in your adult years,” said Kovats.
Meanwhile, she said, “The ability of B cells to produce highly specific antibodies that inactivate viruses also decreases with age.” B cell numbers decline to a greater extent in elderly men, Kovats noted, “which may explain why they are more likely to die from severe Covid-19 disease.”
These age-related declines explain why, for example, a virus like shingles tends to emerge from a weakened immune system later in life.
“If you’ve had chickenpox, the shingles virus stays in your body forever,” said Scofield, who also serves as associate chief of staff for research at the Oklahoma City VA. “When you’re young, your immune system keeps the virus in check. As you age, your body begins to lose its defenses and that increases your likelihood of getting shingles.”
Weakened immunity has also made the annual flu shot less effective in the elderly, with the CDC reporting that only 25 percent of people age 50 and older were protected during the 2018-19 flu season.
“The immune responses to vaccines are not as good overall in the elderly, and this is a legitimate concern as Covid-19 vaccines are hurried to the finish line,” said Kovats. “A lot of work is being done to try to understand why the immune response weakens, and significant effort has gone into changing how vaccines are made for this age group in order to solicit better immune responses.”
Researchers at OMRF and across the country are investigating the mysteries of aging, as well as the immune system, to better protect a population that now counts more than 50 million Americans over the age of 65.
“Covid-19 is unlike anything the body has ever seen before, and older people do not respond well to pathogens or viruses they’ve never been exposed to,” Scofield said. “This is going to be a challenge, but the more we learn about how the immune system works, the better we’ll be at protecting our seniors in future outbreaks.”
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Giant conifer aphid (Cinara spp.)
Pest description and damage These are large aphids, up to 0.2 inch long. Their color may range from gray to brownish to dark. Aphids establish large colonies on the twigs but are found feeding on leaf scales. Their feeding and honeydew production can cause sooty mold problems on foliage and nearby surfaces and reduce the ability of plants to produce sugars.
For biology, life history, monitoring and management
See "Aphid" in:
See Table 1 in:
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Accessible via links at the top and right side of the blog for new information every week!
IMAGE OF THE WEEK
While flying over the border between Mexico and the United States, an astronaut aboard the International Space Station photographed these sister cities on the Rio Grande. The image shows the second largest metropolitan area (population 2.7 million people) on the Mexico–U.S. border. The centers of El Paso and Ciudad Juárez (image top right) lie close together on opposite sides of the Rio Grande, and large residential areas cover the arid slopes in the rest of the scene. The river crosses the entire image as a prominent line and acts as the international border. (Note that north is to the left in this image.) A large, elliptical race track appears on the far left.
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The origin stories that surround geographic information systems focus in on the 1960s, as a period of intense advancements in computer-supported cartography. In this presentation, I examine one site of such innovation: the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics (and Spatial Analysis), founded by Howard Fisher in 1965. By examining the growing interest and expansion of computational methods in the analysis and representation of spatial data, I reconsider and rescale what we might mean by innovations in digital mapping.
- 3:30 to 5:00 p.m.
- Refreshments are offered in 319 Walker Building at 3:30 p.m.
- The lecture begins in 112 Walker Building at 4:00 p.m.
- Coffee Hour To Go
November 28: No Coffee Hour
IPCC Climate Change 2014 Fifth Assessment (AR5) Synthesis Report released
Petra Tschakert, a Coordinating Lead Author, recently participated in the 6-day approval session with the national delegates in Copenhagen. The report concludes:
- Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history. Recent climate changes have had widespread impacts on human and natural systems.
- Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. Limiting climate change would require substantial and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions which, together with adaptation, can limit climate change risks.
- Adaptation and mitigation are complementary strategies for reducing and managing the risks of climate change. Substantial emissions reductions over the next few decades can reduce climate risks in the 21st century and beyond, increase prospects for effective adaptation, reduce the costs and challenges of mitigation in the longer term, and contribute to climate-resilient pathways for sustainable development.
- Many adaptation and mitigation options can help address climate change, but no single option is sufficient by itself. Effective implementation depends on policies and cooperation at all scales, and can be enhanced through integrated responses that link adaptation and mitigation with other societal objectives.
The full report is available: http://www.ipcc.ch/
GIS Day, the annual, worldwide salute to geospatial technology and its power to transform and better lives, is coming to Penn State on Wednesday, Nov. 19, during Geography Awareness Week, Nov. 16 to 22. The University Libraries and the Department of Geography are co-sponsoring the event to raise awareness of geospatial information, the many possibilities and opportunities of geographic information systems (GIS) and activities related to GIS at University Park.
Researchers in the US propose yet another way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and at the same time prevent soil subsidence − by preserving and even restoring the world’s wetlands.
Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, a geographer at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, US, reports in the journal Global Change Biology that she and colleagues from Californian universities measured carbon dioxide and methane from a pasture, a cornfield and a flooded rice paddy, all in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta in California, which was drained more than a century ago and was settled for agriculture and human habitation.
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Posting your underwater holiday photos online could help
conservationists track the movements of whale sharks.
A study examining the reliability of using pictures posted by
tourists on photosharing websites discovered that individual whale
sharks could be identified in 85 percent of cases.
"Globally, this outcome provides strong support for the
scientific use of photographs taken by tourists for whale shark
monitoring," said lead researcher Tim Davies of Imperial College's Department of
"Hopefully, this will give whale shark research around the world
confidence in using this source of free data. In the Maldives in
particular, where whale shark tourism is well established and very
useful for collecting data from throughout the archipelago, our
results suggest that whale shark monitoring effort should be
focused on collecting tourist photographs."
The 85 percent success rate for identifying the sharks comes
from tourist pictures which clearly record the unique pattern of
spots behind the gills -- a kind of shark fingerprint which can be
used by a computer program to tell the animals apart.
Specifically directed efforts by marine biologists to track the
animals have a 100 percent success rate but being able to use the
data from sites like Flickr and YouTube would help keep track of
population numbers as well as location and behaviours.
"Hopefully, as more data come in from tourists over the years
and from further across the archipelago, we will be able to build
up our understanding of the Maldives population and monitor its
status closely," said Davies.
If you find yourself in possession of any whale shark holiday
pictures you can contribute them directly to the Ecocean
monitoring project which also collects more detailed
information about your encounter.
Image: Christian Steen / CC BY 2.0
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The politico-media complex (PMC, also referred to as the political-media complex) refers to the close, symbiotic relationship between a state's political and ruling classes, its media industry, and any interactions with or dependencies upon an analogous interest group. The PMC is often used to describe collusion between governments or individual politicians and the media industry in an attempt to manipulate rather than inform the people.
Evidence of the politico-media complex, especially in the form of propaganda, can be observed in many areas of media industry, including print, radio, film, television, and the internet. Newsprint has served as a source of political news and platform for political propaganda for the longest. While some critics argue that today's newsprint and magazine industries are in decline, they are still an active industry in the politico-media complex as politicians and interest groups continue to attempt to influence editors and journalists. Radio also represents a potent form of media that is remains susceptible to political influence - it was widely used by governments for propaganda during the two World Wars. Film also can be used to promote propaganda, as it was especially during the two World Wars. It is a medium that can manipulate not only words, but sound and moving imagery, as well. As a result, its capacity to influence the public can be all the more powerful as it not only describes, but ostensibly shows reality and can claim to truly represent it visually. Another media industry that plays a role in the politico-media complex--now one of the two main sources of news across the world--is television. With the same advantages of film, television has grown and transformed political campaigns so that they have come to center around the medium. The framing of television advertisements and programs has been found to have significant effects on people’s perceptions, especially when dealing with political issues or institutions, making the persuasive-power of political groups who can control such networking that much greater. The internet has become the second main source of news and is rapidly increasing in uses and its number of users. The internet's innovations, such as forums, blogs, and 24-hour news sites have dramatically affected the way by which the public views and digests news and politics, such as by giving them increased power to participate in what was once a mostly closed system between the government and the media industry. Every year elections rely more and more on the internet as a source of advertisement and useful information to the public but continues to suffer the same pitfalls of other media as a means of political manipulation.
Early media institutions
Before Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in 1450, most information was delivered by town criers, ministers from the pulpit, or bartenders. Town criers spread information and news including royal edicts, police regulations, important community events and war news. These early methods of communication were often delivered by messengers on foot, and could be easily controlled by the ruling class. With the invention of the printing press news began to be spread in writing. Corantos, which were semi-regular pamphlets that reported news, are an example of the early politico-media complex. Popular in England, corantos reported mostly foreign news, as the royal government attempted to control what domestic news reached the masses. Corantos eventually would become regular periodicals that were subject to less political control, and mark one of the earlier forms of industrialized media.
Global print media
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers". Most of the international papers present in the world today are national papers re-edited for a wider audience. Because of this, there can be biases based on nationality. In any publication there is some sort of bias just from what news is covered and what stories are shown at the forefront of the publication.
Although print media is said to be struggling in the West, newspapers and magazines in second and third world countries continue to do well. For countries in which the majority of the population do not have ready access to the Internet or television, newspapers and magazines are one of the few ways to get the news. However, the independence from political influence, and dependability of newsprint is questionable in many countries. The Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index suggests that even in many first world countries the rights of the press are not fully respected, and that the press is not completely free to investigate or criticize the government, though the situation is far worse in third world or politically unstable nations.
Newspapers and magazines do have a back and forth between readers and journalists. Most studies show that the print media are more likely to reinforce existing political attitudes of the masses than change them. This makes it seem like print news is a mouthpiece for citizens, rather than a tool to oppress them. Of course, the media can only be a reflection of the masses if the masses are allowed to express their views. For this, freedom of the press is necessary.
One of the more comprehensive judges of freedom of the press is Reporters Without Borders. Every year it releases an index, drawing attention to how free the press is in every country in the world. “It is disturbing to see European democracies such as France, Italy and Slovakia fall steadily in the rankings year after year,” Reporters Without Borders secretary-general Jean-François Julliard said at the release of this year's index. “Europe should be setting an example as regards civil liberties. How can you condemn human rights violations abroad if you do not behave irreproachably at home? The Obama effect, which has enabled the United States to recover 16 places in the index, is not enough to reassure us."
The Communist Chinese government has claimed that Western freedom of press is illusory because it is controlled by a small wealthy minority. However, Reporters Without Borders ranks China's press situation as "very serious," the worst possible ranking on their five-point scale. China's press was ranked 168th out of 175 countries in the 2009 Freedom of the Press Index. The Chinese government maintains the legal authority to censor the press, and in defense of censorship claims that the Communist party in China has the most freedom of press, since there is no wealthy minority controlling it.
The Middle East and North Africa
Middle Eastern print media is mainly paid for by private funders, either a specific family or specific government party. These newspapers and magazines are rather obvious in their political ties, and clearly display the politico-media complex. Many countries in the Middle East and Africa have harsh government restrictions as to what can be published when, for various reasons depending on political and economic circumstances. Iran, ranked 172 out of 175 is described as highly censored, as the Iranian government maintains strict control over much of the media, including print. Israel has experienced a media control crackdown as the government censors the military action coverage, displaying how governments often limit press freedom during times of war. According to Reporters Without Borders for 2009, Eritrea in Northern Africa is the worst ranked country for journalism freedom, displaying the connection between political stability and media freedom. Eritrea is currently a one-party "transitional government" which has yet to enact its ratified constitution. Other African countries at the bottom of the Press Freedom Index include Syria (165) and Somalia (164). Both countries exhibit little journalistic freedom, and are both known for their unstable transitional governments and near constant warfare.
Where newspapers used to represent an exclusive connection between readers and advertisers, print media must now compete with the power of the entire Internet. For reasons of expense, and reduced audiences, print press is described as declining. Today a little more than half of Americans read a newspaper every day. However, 55 million newspapers are still sold daily in the United States, and newsprint still plays a significant role in the politico-media complex.
In addition to economic struggles, and readership decline newsprint has also struggled with loosing reader’s trust. Surveys have found that people tend to trust newspapers less than other news mediums because they believe commercial issues and political bias motivate journalists. Most people believe their local and national news television stations more than their local and national newspapers. The only news medium that people trust less than newspapers is print magazines.
Some speculation has shown that the youth today are more visually inclined, and are therefore less likely to be influenced by written political news or propaganda. One Pew Center study recently found that 28% of this generation read the paper on a given day, and average only 10 minutes of reading time. Professor Thomas Patterson concludes his study on young people and news with this insight: "What's happened over time is that we have become more of a viewing nation than a reading nation, and the internet is a little of both. My sense is that, like it or not, the future of news is going to be in the electronic media, but we don't really know what that form is going to look like."
History of political radio
The early American radio industry was composed of commercial shipping companies that used radio for navigation, and amateur radio enthusiasts, who built radios at home. This mixture of military, industry and community went unregulated until the Radio Act of 1912, which required all ships to use radio communication and keep a constant radio watch, amateur users to be licensed, and began regulating the use of wavelengths for radio transmissions. This act represents one of the earliest interactions between the government and the radio media and also set a precedence for later radio legislation, including the Radio Act of 1927, which established the Federal Radio Commission and added further regulation to radio users, both commercial and amateur. Government regulation increased again with the American entrance into World War I, when President Woodrow Wilson ordered naval control of all radio stations, and ordered that amateurs cease all radio activity. Jonathan Reed Winkler, a noted WWI historian, says “It was only during World War I that the United States first came to comprehend how a strategic communications network-the collection of submarine telegraph cables, and long-distance radio stations used by a nation for diplomatic, commercial and military purposes- was vital to the global political and economic interests of a great power in the modern world.” After World War I radio was introduced to broader civilian audiences when Westinghouse released the Aeriola Jr. in 1919, and the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) released the Radiola in 1920. The Aeriola Jr. and Radiola helped established a new channel for the politico-media complex to enter into thousand of American homes. By 1919 the oldest licensed American radio station, KDKA, from Pittsburgh, PA began broadcasting regular music shows, and soon music, educational programming, sports coverage and eventually news coverage became popular. Coverage of politics quickly caught on across the countries, as stations began covering elections, and reporting news of government actions. The close politico-media complexbetween government and radio was finalized in 1924 when the Republican and Democratic National Conventions were covered, and candidates made eve of election speeches, the first instance of radio broadcasting that was meant to affect the American political process.
The radio industry's politico-media complex would only deepen as the years passed. The numbers of radio users exploded, by 1935 about 2 in 3 American homes owned a radio. Politicians quickly learned to reach these huge audiences. Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Fireside Chats are an excellent example of the politico-media complex. In his series of informal broadcasts from 1933 to 1944, Roosevelt developed a comforting rapport with the American public. The Fireside Chats enabled the President to communicate directly to the public through on of the most popular media outlets of the time. Politicians would continue to use the radio in World War II, in which the radio was used primarily for news transmissions and the spread of propaganda. One example of radio propaganda and the politico-media complex are Iva Toguri D'Aquino, Ruth Hayakawa, June Suyamawho, and Myrtle Lipton collectively known as Tokyo Rose. These women hosted anti-American programming intended to lower American soldiers' morale and illustrate the use of governments' use of the media to influence the public, or their enemies.
After WWII and throughout the Cold War era, Democratic nations used long-range radio waves to broadcast news into countries behind the Iron Curtain or otherwise information-compromised nations. The American international radio program, the Voice of America, founded during World War II, became a critical part of Cold War era "public diplomacy," which aimed to spread democratic values, and popularize American policies abroad. In 1950, President Harry S. Truman described the Cold War conflict as a "struggle, above all else, for the minds of men," which the American people would win by getting "the real story across to people in other countries." in other words, embracing the politico-media complex and using it to influence foreign listeners. The Voice of America, operating under the authority of the United States Information Agency, supported programming in forty five languages, broadcasting over 400 hours of programming a week. Programming included unbiased news coverage, musical programs, and Special English broadcasts, which intended to help listeners master American English. The VOA was not alone in its international broadcasting efforts, the United States Central Intelligence Agency supported Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, both propagandist radio networks intended to incite dissent against Communism. Other nations also used international radio as propaganda, for example, Deutsche Welle, the German international radio program was a major broadcaster during the Cold War. By 1965 DW was airing 848 hours of programming to the Soviet Union and abroad and reached 5% of the USSR population weekly by 1980. Deutsche Welle's mission to “promote understanding of Germany as an independent nation with its roots in European culture and as a liberal, democratic, constitutional state based on the rule of law.” illustrates German use of the politico-media complex.
Modern political radio
The Golden Age of Radio may have only lasted from 1935-1950, yet radio is still an active medium in the politico-media complex. Today there is extensive radio programming on politics. One notable example is the Rush Limbaugh Show, which broadcasts the political commentary of Rush Limbaugh, referred to by listeners as "America's Truth Detector," the "Doctor of Democracy," and the "Most Dangerous Man in America." The Rush Limbaugh Show has hosted numerous politicians, illustrating that politicians still use the radio to affect public opinion and the political process. The Air America Media company, provides progressive political commentary and news coverage and is described as "most recognized progressive talk radio network, providing an independent and unfiltered voice to a grateful listening nation." Air America programs such as The Rachel Maddow Show, The Lionel Show, and Live in Washington with Jack Rice discuss recordings of politicians, host politicians as live guests, and act as a connection between the political classes and the media.
One of film's most powerful political and sociological forms is national cinema, for which there are entire books for individual countries and varying definitions. Films represent societies and countries as they are or how they should and should not be. In a way, it is a cultural gate-keeper that can influence the ideologies and behavior of citizens. As a form of popular entertainment it thus provides a political group or government with a powerful and dangerously imperceptible means of maintaining control over its citizens, though it can also provide non-governmental groups with the power to make change and galvanize the masses (where such films are free to be produced and screened.) Nations and ideological groups can construct and reinforce their collective identities through film, as well as the identities of foreigners.
Ulf Hedetoft has observed, "In the real world of politics and influence, certain nationalisms, cultures, ideas and interpretations are more transnationally powerful, assertive and successful than others. Where the less influential ones are not necessarily less self-congratulatory, they are certainly more inward-looking and always carry the label of national specificity." He goes on, however, to say that these more transnationally powerful films actually become de-nationalized as a result of its "national-cultural currency" more widely and easily dispersed, mixing with other cultures, becoming either a "positive admixture" to other countries' cultures and identities or a "model for emulation." He compares national cinema that undergoes such processes to English becoming a global lingua franca: the cultural sharing that results is hegemonic and the globalizing process is non-symmetrical.
Propaganda is a way that politics can be represented and manipulated in film. Leif Furhammar and Folke Isaksson credit Russian producers Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin with the birth of propaganda aesthetics, for which the underlying assumption was that by manipulating cinematic images representing reality, they could manipulate spectators' concepts of reality. Documentaries can be an even more effective form of propaganda than other genre films because the form of representation claims to mirror reality, making the manipulation of an audience that much more obscured.
Such British newsreels as The Battle of the Somme of World War I were propaganda because they only showed the war from their own perspective, though it can be argued as being more honest and objective than more recent war documentaries (for they were edited without adjustments for dramatic or epic effect. Their photographers remained on their front lines, therefore presenting at least some truth. According to Furhammar and Isaksson, it was Russian filmmakers who were the "masters of montage" who discovered film's power to create convincing illusion with cutting, rhythmic editing, and a didactic approach.
When sound became possible, documentaries could be all the more politically powerful with the use of speakers' voices and music. In Nazi Germany, newsreels were just as important as feature films, while in Fascist Italy propaganda was mostly limited to documentaries. A comparison of the first three installments of the American series Why We Fight and the Nazi documentary Sieg im Westen (Victory in the West) demonstrates how convincing even two opposing interpretations of the same events can be. The first covers years in a couple of hours but its density disguises any omission of truth while the latter manages to depict war with real images but without blood or death. The same is found in documentaries about the Spanish Civil War.
Falsification of political matter in documentaries can be created by lifting shots of events other than the one being dealt with and including them in the film so that they appear to be a part of the "reality" it claims to represent. The House Committee on Un-American Activities, for example, did this with Operation Abolition in 1960 and Nazi newsreels depicted scenes of the Allies' defeat at Dieppe as real scenes from the Normandy invasion just a few days afterward to convince audience of the Reich's success. Audience's political affiliations can also be manipulated by actually staging the ostensibly real events as the 1944 Nazi picture The Fuhrer Gives the Jews a Town did.
World War II propaganda persisted 30 years after Dachau and Auschwitz such as in the thinly disguised fascist Italian film The Night Porter (1974). The film sought to legitimize the Nazis' genocide, while glorifying sadism, brutality, and machismo. What amazes Henry Giroux, as he explains in "Breaking into the Movies," is that such blatant ideological messages were ignored by critics and the general public. That society may be incapable of testing the present against the past has implications for post-industrial oppression in the West and the strategies for resisting it. Despite the writings of Antonio Gramsci, Herbert Marcuse, and Paulo Freire, the majority of Americans (at least) do not recognize how important class hegemony, or cultural domination, is in nations where populations are kept obedient to governments through ideological means. He argues, "We are not only victims in the political and material sense, but are also tied emotionally and intellectually to the prevailing ruling-class norms and values."
Though feature forms of propaganda lack documentaries' ostensible authenticity they can retain political power because directors' resources are less limited and they can create the reality of the film. They further compensate for lack of credibility with intensity.
Anti-politics in film
Despite the strong patriotism and nationalism of Americans, overtly political films have never been popular in the U.S. while films that have represented politics inconspicuously (such as in the form of propaganda) have remained popular. Besides Frank Capra, no other major American filmmaker has seriously presented central themes of citizenship, participation, and responsibility in civic life amidst the complexities and corruption of the political world. While Capra sought to "develop a positive American cinematic vocabulary for political action" of the individual, as Charles Lindholm and John A. Hall describe, he ultimately failed.Capra's films are characterized by the same basic formula according to which the fundamental American values of fairness and honesty are challenged by the corruption and cruelty of politics. Ironically, Ronald Reagan later extensively quoted the speech made by Mr. Deeds in Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) in which he expresses his disgust with the complexities of politics and calls for individual goodness. In his next film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, (1939) Capra reinforces the integrity and decency of the everyman who can transcend politics despite the power and crookedness of special interest groups. After the hero of John Doe realizes his need for others, he discovers and attempts to expose a fascist bidder for presidency planning to take advantage of his club support. He fails, however, in the midst of a violent mob with the depressing conclusion that the American public is a credulous crowd, susceptible to manipulation until the John Doe club members come begging his forgiveness and convince him to return to lead them.
The ending of John Doe was unsuccessful amongst audiences and critics, discouraging any more political films for Capra and no films of merit after It's a Wonderful Life. Capra's ultimate fall from filmmaking and his advice that all American filmmakers should forget politics if they do not want to cut themselves in half signify the challenge filmmakers face when they attempt to criticize politics. Lindholm and Hall observe that "the problems that defeated Capra have also undercut later attempts by American filmmakers to portray the complex relationship between individualism and citizenship in the United States" and claim that Hollywood has instead adopted the paranoia of politics that Capra had tried to overcome. Consequently, political films in the U.S. have followed a trend of focusing on the flawed character of leaders, such a films like Citizen Kane (1940) and Nixon (1995). Otherwise, they show the corruption of power, such as in The Candidate (1972) and Primary Colors (1998). Other films, like A Face in a Crowd (1957) and All the King's Men (1949), follow John Doe's warning. JFK (1991) and The Manchurian Candidate (1962), on the other hand, are based on the premise that democracy is an illusion and Americans are the ignorant pawns of various conspiracies involving, for example, the collusion between the government and the media.
The depoliticizing effect of cinema
While films can be overtly political they can also depoliticize and oversimplify what is inherently complex, such as class struggle. Film, as it contributes to mass culture, has been criticized for reducing the concept of class to stereotypes and predictable formulas that promote superficial understandings of ideology. Such misrepresentation and the ignorance that it promotes and perpetuates makes audiences and citizens vulnerable to manipulative tactics of politicians in a reality that is complex. One of the exceptions to oversimplification and ideological flattening in cinema is Norma Rae (1979), a film that presents a truer representation than is conventional of the complexities and politics of the working-class struggle and culture at the level of everyday life.
Main article: List of actor-politicians
Role of television in American Presidential election
The role of television within the politico-media complex has only become more powerful its growth has led to such a transformation in political campaigns that presidential election campaigns now center on it. Extensive studies have shown that mass media have always influenced the political process, but never more so than with the innovation of the television. As the most popular means by which voters obtain information on candidates and the news in general, television is a powerful means by which political groups can influence the public.
This transformation first kicked off in the early 1960s, when newscast programs were increased to a thirty-minute programs, which allowed for greater news coverage and capacity. This expanded time slot allowed more focus to be given to presidential candidates, and network news soon became the center of national politics coverage. Because newscasts were national, the aired political campaigns were able to impact viewers across the country, enlarging the realm of influence.
Rick Shenkman also analyzes the media’s impact on politics in his book, Just How Stupid Are We?: Facing the Truth About the American Voter, and observes that although American voters have gained significant political power over the last 50 years, their knowledge of politics and world affairs have decreased, which makes them more vulnerable to manipulation. Shenkman finds that this ignorance stems from the fact that many Americans rely solely on television newscasts for their information on politics and political campaigns. This means that Americans primarily get their information on political candidates from their 30-second campaign commercials, which is very insufficient when considering how vast a politician's campaign actually is. In the past, Americans' primary source of information on politics was from the newspapers, which provided much greater information and detail on the stands of politicians. The great emphasis on passive entertainment in today’s competitive, capitalistic society has led the general public to be far less inclined to sit down and study a newspaper or an online article to determine what is going on in politics. Instead, they obtain their information from what they are able to see in the media entertainment. This method of information gathering has led to the superficial politics and ignorance of voters in America today. Shenkman demonstrates how the political-media complex is reinforced as "politicians have repeatedly misled voters" by "dumbing down of American politics via marketing, spin machines, and misinformation."
Television's role within the politico-media complex is so powerful that its news media can set a nation’s political agenda by focusing public attention on whatever issue network producers and reporters choose to make the key public issues by broadcasting them. Through this power of prioritization, the news media play a significant role in determining the nation’s political reality; they provide the political information that will be regarded as fact and indicate to viewers how much importance to attach to each topic according to how much air time they dedicate to a given issue and the emphasis they place on it. For example, television news is able to offer cues on topic salience by deciding what the opening story on the newscast will be or by altering the length of time devoted a story. When these cues are repeated broadcast after broadcast, day after day, they are able to effectively communicate the amount of importance broadcasters want each topic to have. This illustrates how the news media is able to set the agenda for the public’s attention.
Political influence on religion via television
In his book, “Politics After Television: Religious Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India,” Arvind Rajagopal examines Hindu nationalism during the late 1980s and 1990s in India. Rajagopal analyzed the role of the media in the public’s construction of national, cultural, class, and regional identity. More specifically, he studied the hegemonic role of the Ram Janmabhumi movement and how the Ram project was played out on Indian national television. In his study, Rajagopal found that the Ram project played a role in “shaping discourses about national and cultural identities through the 1990s to the present” in India.
Rajagopal investigated the cultural and political economy of television in contemporary India. His discussion of television revolves around the industrial and cultural politics of the serialized epic Ramayan. The serial epic, which generated unprecedented viewership, was based on the epic story of the Hindu god Ram and aired on Doordarshan, India's state-run television. Rajagopal made the argument that the national telecast of the Hindu religious epic Ramayan during the late 1980s provided much of the ideological groundwork for the launch of the Ram Janmabhumi movement. To defend his argument, Rajagopal stated that “television profoundly changes the context of politics” (p. 24).
The epic was broadcasted on national television, sponsored by the ruling Congress government. Rajagopal argues that the Congress assumed that the mere sponsorship of the epic would aid its electoral future by bringing in the majority Hindu vote. Quite the opposite happened, however. Rather, it was the electorally weak Hindu nationalist political body, the Bharariya Janata Party (BJP), that benefited from the serial's popularity. The BJP did so by avoiding the media effects framework attempted by Congress and instead articulating a complex relationship between the televised Hindu epic and its own Hindu nationalist beliefs. The BJP mobilized the public around the symbol of Ram, the lead figure of the serial, but strategically reworked the symbol via the Ram Janmabhumi movement to articulate cultural authenticity, national belonging, and a renewed sense of national purpose and direction. Articulating the temple restoration project within its electoral promise, the BJP, not surprisingly, went on to form the national government in the next general election (p. 43). This illustrates that, as Rajagopal argues, television is capable of profoundly impacting politics.
Central to the BJP’s success was the party’s strategic use of using both the media and the market, by creating merchandise such as stickers, buttons, and audio tapes centering on the key figure of the Ram. Rajagopal argues that the televised epic also dealt with the tension between the past and the present at many levels. This can be seen in the reworking of the epic story of the Ram to fit the conventions of modern commercial television. In addition to this, the epic was laced with twenty minutes of advertising both before and after the program, which helped the serial to reconstruct the past through technologies of the present. This key fact highlights the power of advertisements in the media.
Television and politics around the world
In the “Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt,” Lila Abu-Lughod suggests that a nation’s television should be studied to answer larger questions about the culture, power, and modern self-fashioning of that nation. Abu-Lughod focuses on the Egyptian nation and investigates the elements of developmentalist ideology and the dreams of national progress that dominated Egyptian television in the past. She analyzes the nation’s television broadcasts and highlights the attempt to depict authentic national culture and the intentional strategies for fighting religious extremism.
The main cultural form that binds together the Egyptian nation is, surprisingly, television serials. These serials are melodramatic programs, similar to American soap operas but more closely tied to political and social issues than their Western counterparts. Their contents reflect the changing dynamics of Islam, gender relations, and everyday life in the Middle Eastern nation of Egypt, while at the same time trying to influence and direct these changes.
Another group who studied the impact of television on politics included Holli Semetko and Patti Valenburg. In their studies, they analyzed the framing of press and television news in European politics. For reader clarification, they provided the best working definitions of news frames as defined from a wide range of sources. News frames are "conceptual tools which media and individuals rely on to convey, interpret and evaluate information" (Neuman et al., 1992 , p. 60). They set the parameters "in which citizens discuss public events" (Tuchman, 1978, p. IV). They are "persistent selection, emphasis, and exclusion" ( Gitlin, 1980 , p. 7). Framing is selecting "some aspects of a perceived reality" to enhance their salience "in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation" ( Entman, 1993 , p. 53). Frames are to help audiences "locate, perceive, identify, and label" the flow of information around them (Goffman, 1974, p. 21) and to "narrow the available political alternatives"(Tuchman, 1978, p. 156).” In other words, news frames act to direct the attention of viewers and promote a specific issue or idea.
News frames have what is known as the framing effect. Framing effects are when relevant attributes of a message – such as its organization, content, or structure – make particular thoughts applicable, resulting in their activation and use in evaluations ( Price et al., 1997, p. 486). Framing has shown to have large effects on people’s perceptions, and has also been shown to shape public perceptions of political issues or institutions.
Like agenda-setting research, framing analysis focuses on the relationship between public policy issues in the news and the public perceptions of these issues. However, framing analysis "expands beyond agenda-setting research into what people talk or think about by examining how they think and talk about issues in the news" ( Pan & Kosicki, 1993 , p. 70, emphasis in the original).” The results of Semetko and Valenburg’s research indicate that the attribution of responsibility frame was most commonly employed by the news. This particular type of framing focuses on making viewers feel a sense of role responsibility, in which they feel bound to perform whatever duties are attached to the given role, and feel a sense of moral accountability for not taking on the role. After understanding the attribution of responsibility frame, it is easy to see why it is such a powerful tool to news programs, as it evokes strong emotions within the viewer.
Impact on political media
The Internet has given the world a tool for education, communication, and negotiation in political information and political roles and its use by individuals and organizations as increased. This increase can be compared to the boom of the television and its impact on politics as a form of media. The internet also opens up a world of commentary and criticism which in turn allows for new and better ideas to circulate amongst many people. It gives multidirectional communication, which allows people to stay in connection with organizations or people associated with politics more easily. There are many controversies regarding the politico-media complex as it encourages the practice of providing bits of information or biased information, which leads to public cynicism toward the media.
There is also, however, a positive spin on politics and the media in that it gives us the ability to use multiple forms of deliberation and decision making structures. The advancements of the internet’s impact on politics are outstanding. This form of media has more current information than others since it is constantly constantly being updated. Another advancement is its capacity to have extensive information in one place, like voting records, periodicals, press releases, opinion polls, policy statements, speeches, etc. Obtaining a comprehensive understanding of an election, for example, is more convenient than it has been in the past. Political Information available on the internet covers every major activity of American politics. Users, nonetheless, remain susceptible to bias, especially on websites that represent themselves as objective sources.
E-mail has achieved a large scale of usage amongst numerous levels of government, political groups, and even media companies as a means of communicating with the public and thus plays a significant role in the political-media complex. The boom of e-mail hit the internet and the public in the mid 1990s as a way to keep in touch with family and friends. Different governments got a hold of this technology, and in 1993 the United States Congress and the White House were using this as communication as a means of communicating with general public. During the Clinton administration a director for e-mail and electronic publishing was appointed and by the summer of 1993, the White House was receiving 800 e-mails per day. In order to deal with the influx of e-mail a more sophisticated system was put in. When an e-mail is sent there is a standard form and is easily categorized. In a six month period, at one point, there were half a million e-mails sent to the president and vice president.
The internet had given people a great resource for information about elections like: candidates, issues, and a place to give and receive opinions and ideas about elections. Since the use of the internet increases, so do the relationship with candidates and their issues. The ability of the candidates to reach as many people as they can through the internet is becoming a terrific resource in their campaigns. The United States Presidential campaign in 1996 between sitting-President Bill Clinton and Bob Dole was one of the first campaigns to utilize the Internet on a national level.
With so many campaigns using the Internet it raises a significant amount of money in a shorter period of time then with any other method. The web sites are set up like advertising sites. There are links to click on to watch ads, information and background on the candidate, photos from the campaign trail, schedules, donation links, etc. E-mail gives a great low-cost way of connecting with the campaign trail and voters.
During the 2008 United States Presidential election between John McCain and Barack Obama, the internet was extensively utilized by both candidates. Facebook, an internet social network, was used heavily to give people the ability to support their views and share information with their friends. Both sent out messages daily to promote themselves and the issues at hand, for leverage against the other candidate.
Blogging is a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. Blogging started to become popular at the start of the millennium, and was used mostly by highly educated, highly paid, males. Around 2004 blogging became more main stream and was typically used for political interaction. Many political campaigns use this as a stake in monitoring blogs and actively using them to spread information about their candidate.
The internet creates a space in which people can voice their opinions and discuss political issues under the protection of anonymity. Some discussion forums are actually groups or organizations that set up discussion for a specific purpose about one issue or person in politics. Some problems with discussion forums include the lack of personal contact, which allows people not to take responsibility for posts. Many times online discussions lead to name calling and rude comments. Bias is another issue of online discussion forums because many websites attract like-minded individuals, making it less likely for alternative perspectives to be introduced.
An electronic government is a government that is inter-networked through digital technology for mass media distribution and communication for voters, taxpayers, schools, hospitals, etc. This is a radical new way to transform government programs by closing the gap between distance and time. This idea gives a more cost effective and convenient way to form programs around the needs of citizens rather than civil servants.
- Freedom of the press
- History of Radio
- KDKA (AM)
- Mass Media
- Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
- Military-Industrial Complex (MIC)
- Spin (public relations)
- ↑ Swanson, David L. "The Political-Media Complex at 50: Putting the 1996 Presidential Campaign in Context." American Behavioral Scientist 40 (1997): 1265.
- ↑ Bliss, Edward. Now the News: the Story of Broadcast Journalism. Columbia University Press. 1991.
- ↑ Heard, Alexander and Nelson, Michael. “Presidential Selection.” United States of America: Duke University Press, 1987.
- ↑ Semetko, Holli A. and Valenburg, Patti M. “Framing European Politics: A content Analysis of Press and Television News.” Journal of Communication, Vol. 50, 2000.
- ↑ Fellow, Anthony (2005). American Media History, Boston, MA: Michael Rosenberg.
- ↑ Patterson, Catherine. "Inventing the News." Engines of our Ingenuity. University of Houston. 2005. http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1983.htm. Dec. 14, 2009.
- ↑ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. 2009. UN.org
- ↑ Tunstall, Jeremy. pg 12. The Media In Britain. 1983.
- ↑ "Middle East Newspapers Struggle in New Age". October 26, 2009. Zawya.com
- ↑ Geography of the Third World. pg 303. Routledge. New York. 1996.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Press Freedom Index 2009". RSF.org
- ↑ Byerly, Caroline. Ross, Karen. “Women and media: international perspectives”. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2004.
- ↑ "The News by Country". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved August 25, 2006
- ↑ "History of Publishing." Encyclopædia Britannica. November 2, 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ↑ Lewis, Bernard. pg 11. The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years. Britain. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1995.
- ↑ Peri, Yoram. Between Battles and Ballots: Israeli Military in Politics. pg 2. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. 1983.
- ↑ "Eritrea." The World Fact Book. The Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html
- ↑ "Syria" & "Somalia." The World Fact Book. The Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sy.html & https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html
- ↑ Ivan, Robert. The Krugman Paradox: newspaper websites' inability to generate economically sustainable advertising revenue. New York University. Fall 2008. pg. 18.
- ↑ "The State of the News Media 2004". Stateofthemedia.org
- ↑ "The State of the News Media 2004". Stateofthemedia.org
- ↑ Jones, Juston. "Young Adults Are Giving Newspapers Scant Notice". July 16, 2007. Nytimes.com
- ↑ Craig, Douglas B. Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States. pg 26. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2000.
- ↑ An Act to Regulate Radio Communication, August 13, 1912.
- ↑ Public Law No. 632, February 23, 1927, 69th Congress. An Act for the regulation of radio communications, and for other purposes.
- ↑ Winkler, Jonathan Reed. Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I. pg. 2. Harvard University Press. 2008.
- ↑ Bliss, Edward. Now the News: the Story of Broadcast Journalism. pgs. 10, 13-16. Columbia University Press. 1991.
- ↑ Bliss, Edward. Now the News: the Story of Broadcast Journalism. pg. 18. Columbia University Press. 1991.
- ↑ Schoenherr, Steven E. "Golden Age of Radio,1935-1950" Sandiego.edu
- ↑ "Treasures of American History: The Great Depression and World War II." National Museum of American History. Kenneth E. Behring Center. Smithsonian Institute. SI.edu
- ↑ "Famous Cases: Iva Toguri d'Aquino and 'Tokyo Rose.'" The Federal Bureau of Investigation. FBI.gov
- ↑ McMahon Robert. "Channeling the Cold War: U.S. Overseas Broadcasting". The Foreign Service Journal. pg. 58. October 2009.
- ↑ Gorman, Lyn. McLean, David. Media and Society in the Twentieth Century: a historical introduction. pg. 107. Wiley Blackwell. 2003.
- ↑ Voice of America in the Postwar Years. About VOA. Voanews.com
- ↑ Puddington, Arch. Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. pg. ix. University Press of Kentucky. 2000.
- ↑ Wood, James. History of International Broadcasting, Vol. 2. pg. 51. IET. 2000.
- ↑ R. Parta, R. Eugene. Discovering the Hidden Listener. pg. 9. Hoover Press. 2007.
- ↑ From the Heart of Europe. About Deustche Welle. Deustche Welle. 2009. Dw-world.de
- ↑ "About the Rush Limbaugh Show." Premier Radio Networks. RushLimbaugh.com
- ↑ "About Air America." AirAmerica.com
- ↑ "About the Rachel Maddow Show", AirAmerica.com
- ↑ "About the Lionel Show" AirAmerica.com
- ↑ "About Live in Washington with Jack Rice" AirAmerica.com
- ↑ Hjort, Mette, and Scott MacKenzie, eds. Introduction. Cinema and Nation. By Hjort and MacKenzie. New York: Routledge, 2000. p. 3
- ↑ Choi, Jimmy. "Is National Cinema Mr. MacGuffin?" International Films The Institute of Communications Studies, University of Leeds, UK. Available at Leeds.ac.uk
- ↑ Lindholm, Charles and John A. Hall. "The Sociological Scope of National Cinema." Cinema and Nation. Eds. Mette Hjort and Scott Mackenzie. New York: Routledge, 2000. p.22-26
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Hedetoft, Ulf. "Contemporary Cinema: Between Cultural Globalisation and National Interpretation." Cinema and Nation. Eds. Mette Hjort and Scott Mackenzie. New York: Routledge, 2000. p. 280
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 Furhammar, p. 152.
- ↑ Furhammar, p. 153.
- ↑ Furhammar, p. 154.
- ↑ Giroux, p. 29
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Giroux, p. 31
- ↑ Furhammar, p. 153.
- ↑ Lindholm, p. 32
- ↑ Lindholm, p. 33
- ↑ Lindholm, p. 34
- ↑ Lindholm, p. 34-35
- ↑ Lindholm, p. 36
- ↑ Lindholm, p. 40
- ↑ Lindholm, p. 42
- ↑ Lindholm, p. 43
- ↑ Giroux, p. 19
- ↑ Giroux, p. 20-21
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Heard, Alexander and Nelson, Michael, eds. Presidential Selection. United States of America: Duke University Press, 1987. ISBN 0822307502
- ↑ McCombs, Maxwell E. and Shaw, Donald L. "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1972, XXXVI.2, 110.
- ↑ McCombs, Maxwell E. and Shaw, Donald L. "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1972, XXXVI.2.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Rajagopal, Arvind. “Politics After Television: Religious Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India.” Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2001.
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Abu-Lughod, Lila (2005). Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Semetko, Holli A. and Valenburg, Patti M. “Framing European Politics: A content Analysis of Press and Television News.” Journal of Communication, Vol. 50, 2000.
- ↑ Kaid, Lynda (2004). Handbook of Political Communication Research, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.
- ↑ Shane, Peter (2004). Democracy online: The Prospects for Political Renewal Through the Internet, New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Group.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 Kaid, Lynda; Holtz-Bacha, Christina (2008). Encyclopedia of Political Communication, Volume 1, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- ↑ Davis, Richard; Owen, Diana (1998). New Media and American Politics, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc..
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Tremayne, Mark (2007). Blogging, Citizenship, and the future of media, New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
- ↑ Tapscott date=1999, Don The Digital Economy: Promise & Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. (PDF) The Industrial Age Bureaucracy. Alliance for Converging Technologies. URL accessed on December 13, 2009.
- Lindholm, Charles; Hall, John A. (2000). "Frank Capra meets John Doe: Anti-politics in American National Identity." Cinema and Nation. Eds. Mette Hjort and Scott Mackenzie. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0115208629
- Giroux, Henry A (2002). Breaking in to the Movies: Film and the Culture of Politics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publisers. ISBN 0631226036
- Furhammar, Leif; Isaksson, Folke (1968). Politics and Film. Trans. Kersti French. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 9780742538092
- (2002) "Positioning of the Subject" Semiotics: The Basics, 186-90, New York City: Routledge.
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Food Uses and Nutrition
Often eaten fresh, poha is made into jelly and jam as well as canned whole. In Europe it is dipped into chocolate or used to decorate cakes. The fruit is also used in a wide variety of sauces.
Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion
Moisture 78.9 g
Protein 0.054 g
Fat 0.16 g
Fiber 4.9 g
Ash 1.01 g
Calcium 8.0 mg
Phosphorus 55.3 mg
Iron 1.23 mg
Carotene 1.613 mg
Thiamine 0.101 mg
Riboflavin 0.032 mg
Niacin 1.73 mg
Ascorbic Acid 43.0 mg
Health Benefits- Poha is a source of phosphorus, that helps the body to process vitamins and aids in the conversion of food to energy. The primary benefit of phosphorus is the building of bones and teeth when balanced with calcium and magnesium. Poha also contains a cross section of different bioflavonoids (vitamin P), which help with anti inflammation and act as natural blood thinners.
Cape gooseberry, called poha in Hawaii, was distributed by early explorers and first reported in England in 1774. A commercial crop in many countries, the poha is often found in Hawaiian Regional Cuisine. First reported on the Big Island in 1825, the fruit is common in the wild as well as cultivated for home and commercial use around the state.
The plant is low growing shrub with velvety leaves and yellow bell-shaped flowers.
Mature fruit is round and orange skinned with many edible seeds. It is juicy and sweet with a distinctive flavor.
Poha is also known as golden berry in many English-speaking countries. In Australia, it is marketed under the cultivar names ‘Golden Nugget’ and ‘New Sugar Giant’. Growers in New Zealand often take cuttings from plants that produce the sweetest fruit for propagation.
Poha is commonly found at upper elevations on mountain slopes from 1000 to 4000 feet and reported occurring as high as 8000 feet. Plants at lower elevations usually produce smaller fruit. The shallow root system prefers well-drained soil. The plants are among the first to take root in newly cleared land and do will in relatively poor soils. Fertile soils favor vegetative growth over fruit production. The plant will become dormant during extended periods of drought unless irrigation is used. Harvesting is facilitated when plants are spaced 4 to 6 feet apart in rows and sometimes trellised or staked. Experiments in raised beds helped to minimize labor when harvesting.
Poha is tolerant of a wide variety of soils with pH between 5.0 to 6.5. Poha has a shallow root system, mulch and organic soil amendments help to retain water and nutrients. Plants at the 12 Trees Project were given 1/4-cup of 6-6-6 organic fertilizer every 4 months, placed around the drip line. Fruit ripening can take several months and harvesting generally occurs 60 to 100 days after flowering. Poha should be severely pruned after harvest and plants should be replaced after 3 to 4 years when fruit size and yield diminish.
Pests and Diseases
The Broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, feeds by puncturing the stem and sucking the sap from the wound. This will cause stunted growth, discolored leaves and deformed young foliage. Solanaceous treehopper; Antianthe expansa, thrips and various beetles can also affect the poha plant. Sooty mold; Asteridiella acervata, root-knot nematode; Meloidogyne sp., and bacterial wilt; Pseudomonas solanacearum, are among a number of pathogens that can also affect poha. In general good field sanitation, proper horticultural practices and an integrated pest management program can prevent crop damage.
Poha is usually started from seed but can be started from stem cuttings 6 to 8 inches in length. Use of a rooting hormone will induce rooting. Young seedlings are susceptible to high temperatures and it is advisable to plant them in the late afternoon or when cloudy. Seedlings should be kept moist and shaded.
Harvesting and Yield
Poha is harvested every few days when the husks are dry and turn to a straw color. It is often picked in the afternoon when there is little moisture. Many growers shake the bush so that the dry husks fall and are easily picked up from the ground. Plastic sheets are sometimes placed under the plants to catch the fallen fruit.
Plants at lower elevations, (300 feet to 700 feet), under irrigation, produce smaller fruit but in larger quantities, sometimes more than 1000 fruit per shrub. Higher elevations (700 feet to 3000 feet), with no irrigation produce an average of 300 larger sized fruit per shrub. Averages in South America are 3000 pounds of fruit per acre. Laborers produce 10 to 12 pounds of husked fruit per hour.
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Transplanting is the technique of moving the plant from one location to another.
At first the farmers sow rice in a nursery, and after 15 to 20 days it grows up to
the size of 2 to 3 inches, after which they are transplanted to the fields. The
farmers plant the saplings in a bunch row-wise. But this is a very labor-intensive
job. Farmers plant the saplings bending down which causes various ailments like
back-pain, spondylitis. It is very costly for a farmer to hire labor to such jobs.
The Hand-Operated Rice Transplanter is a solution to the above problem. It is
lightweight easy to use machine. The machine is pedal operated and powered
by hands. Since it is hand operated, it has very low maintenance, unlike the
motor-driven alternatives which require proper maintenance and has a
recurring cost of fuels (petrol and diesel). The parts are made from scrap
materials which can be easily and readily obtained from any bicycle shop. Such
as iron strips, iron rods, bearings, bicycle chain, steel plates, etc. It took 3
months to design and develop the machine, and cost only 1500/- Rs. But if more
machines are manufactured in mass, the production cost will significantly
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With normal brood chambers and a divider it may be even better. If we speak of „working with nucs“ we only mean the methods how to handle our small cell colonies at the beginning.
This means that we wait until a colony fills a chamber well and instead of putting on a second chamber we make a nuc with the queen.
The most important thing in doing so is that we take ALL capped brood and make the nuc including the queen.
To do this we take 3 or 4 combs with capped brood, the queen, honey and pollen, put it all into another chamber or nuc box and set this up at the same beeyard, but only with the hive entrance facing in another direction.
This means, that the mother colony has a breeding pause because they have to raise a new queen,
and the nuc has also a kind of breeding pause because all the foragers return to the mother colony.
Therefore both have an advantage concerning the reproduction of the varroa mite.
If we do this very strong, with many bees, a lot of capped brood and a lot of food, we can repeat the same process after a short time.
So we are able to establish a nice number of small cell populations in no time.
If we work exclusively with nucs in the beginning, the problem with the varroa mite will be controlled.
I have to add as well what happens in the nuc.
Because we create the nuc with 3-4 capped brood combs we have many young freshly hatched bees in no time.
A Langstroth comb 4.9mm has 8600 cells (a 5.44mm only has 7000 cells ) and if we assume that a brood comb has 2/3 brood cells, we have 17.000 bees coming on 3 brood combs (with 4 brood combs we have 23000 bees ).
Because the nuc will be set up at the same beeyard and all the field bees return to the mother colony, the egg laying of the queen will be drastically reduced.
And such a number of young bees which are not involved in brood care result in very sucessfully clearing out the newly infested cells.
The coherence between numbers of bees, lifespan of bees, VSH, and cellsize will be introduced in our presentation.
We must not forget to endow this nucs with enough food, pollen, and honey, because the most important thing is the strengh of the colony.
Or in better words, the quantity of bees to do the necessary work.
And this quantity simply is much larger with small cell bees because of two reasons:
First the broodnest is much more compact because of the smaller cell size and the space between combs is smaller, too.
So you need fewer bees to do the nursing.
Second the life span of small cell bees is considerably longer compared to the big cell bees, so it obviously means that a surplus of bees is present in the hive to do the necessary work.
By this large quantity of bees the VSH will be stimulated.
Now we see the significant advantage of the working with nucs at the beginning of shifting to small cells.
Because we of course know now that every beehive MUST deal with one or several crises until it can defend itself against the diseases.
And with this strategy we will make it much more easier for our bees.
The crisis will be less severe.
An example out of experience:
On 8.2. I made a nuc of a Mini+ colony.
It was really strong and sitting on 4 brood boxes Mini+. This means just about an entire brood box Langstroth. The nuc was done with 8 combs capped brood and the queen. This is the most important thing of this procedure.
Added to that were combs with food, so that all this found space in 2 brood boxes Mini+. On top of this I added an empty box and the nuc was put in a new location nearby, so the field bees could return to the mother colony. This is very essential.
The open brood remained in the mother colony and an empty box with foundation was added on top likewise.
You can see the trick is, all is done very strong.
Now I checked this hive again on 20.2. and lots of bees were hatched. The empty box with foundations I placed on top was filled and laid, so I had to add the 4. chamber on top.
So I already can do the next nuc with the queen after 3-4 weeks. This is the trick with „working with nucleus colonies“.
In this process the bees learn how to defend themselves against the varroa mites because we DON`T USE any treatment. If we would give them medical treatment even if it were the most harmless medicine, they would never learn this.
Now you understand why we cherish this „work with nucs“.
thanks for the translation to Sibylle
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Digital Literacies for Learning. Edited by Allan Martin and D. Madigan, Facet Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-1856045636, 304 pages.
In the changing, and increasingly digital world, learners and teachers are more and more subject to information overload and the noise this generates. Teachers must cope with larger cohorts and more disparate communities. Increasingly, information communication technologies are being used to address these issues and it becomes clear that new skills are required to operate effectively in the learning environment.
In Digital Literacies for Learning, editors Allan Martin and Dan Madigan set out to show in Part One how emerging (digital) learning environments require learners and teachers to develop new skills. Starting from a generalised definition of 'literacy' Chapter One shows how a number of 'literacies' are required to ensure rich, fulfilling and effective learning in this digital world.
Subsequent chapters in Part One go on to explore the new literacies further, develop arguments that suggest institutions should start investing in developing these literacies and putting them into the context of the changing learning landscape. Interestingly the discussion is balanced between the need to develop hard (computer) skills and soft (communication) skills. For Information Communication Technology to succeed, it seems there is a requirement for learners and teachers to learn how to communicate effectively, without regard for the communication medium. This is refreshing discussion and suggests that this book is not just for the technically minded - it is also a social study and provides ammunition for those trying to develop e-learning skills in institutions.
Just as you are starting to share the enthusiasm for the need for new literacies, starting to enjoy the arguments and realising how they may be used as part of your day-to-day work, the book changes tack, throwing you into Part Two. The second half of the book presents real examples of how new literacies are being developed across the globe, from Antigua to Hong Kong via Milton Keynes. (This alone is enough to make you think about the way the learning environment - and the world - has changed). A complete breakdown of the work's chapters is listed below.
A thread that runs through the latter part of the book is the potential for 'inclusion' brought through the use of information and communication technology in e-learning. Like the World Wide Web, electronic learning environments have the potential to reach geographically diverse participants, building multi-cultural, single interest communities, and taking first class education (and the institutions that created them) not just to the four corners of the globe but to the people just down the road who never dreamt of studying before - supporting and enabling life-long learning.
But, of course, to realise this potential, learners need the skills to exploit the technology, which brings the book full circle, and the reader is reminded of (and may want to explore again) Part One.
As with all 'reader' style books, while the essays included in Digital Literacies for Learning cover broadly the same ground, if you read the book cover to cover, it can feel a little disjointed. For example, you cannot help but notice repetition in some of the chapters of Part One - in the definition of literacy; or discrepancy in these definitions. Reading the book as a coherent whole, this jars. The writing styles vary significantly and some chapters are weaker than others. Sometimes the jumps are refreshing, sometimes they can be disconcerting and I couldn't help thinking that the book would have benefited from an epilogue, pulling things together. That said, the book works without it and the introductory chapters go some way to providing the necessary conceptual glue.
While only briefly mentioning the potentially significant development of what are called Web 2.0 technologies, the book does not feel out of date, which is quite remarkable for a book in this field. I feel this is because the literacies remain more constant than the technologies. I had one minor gripe: the citation style (and this is probably because it is not what I'm used to). While most chapters have comprehensive references and further reading - providing opportunies to explore the subjects in greater depth, or read more on the projects presented, usually through their Web sites - sometimes it is hard to link the reference to the body text of the chapter.
In conclusion, Digital Literacies for Learning challenges the reader to reflect on the way in which the world is changing. Not only is the reader asked to consider that we may well be on the edge of a pedagogical paradigm shift and what that means for the educational institutions we serve, but also how emerging technologies are creating new, geographically disparate, communities, creating challenges for learners and teachers alike. The work shows that this provides incredible opportunities to share knowledge, anecdote and experience, creating a richer learning environment, but only if (and it is a big 'if') learners and teachers are given the skills and incentives to embrace these new learning technologies. To be literate, it seems, requires so much more than it used to.
Part I: Literacies in the digital age
- Literacies for the digital age: preview of Part 1
- Learners, learning literacy and the pedagogy of e-learning
Terry Mayes and Chris Fowler
- Real learning in the virtual environments
- Digital fusion: defining the intersection of content and communications
- Literacy and the digital knowledge revolution
- Understand e-literacy
- Information literacy - an overview
- Contemporary literacy - the three Es
David F. Warlick
- Reconceptualizing media literacy for the digital age
- Literacy, e-literacy and multiliteracies: meeting the challenges of teaching online
- Graduate e-literacies and employability
Denise Haywood, Jeff Haywood and Hamish Macleod
Part II Enabling and supporting digital literacies
- Supporting and enabling digital literacy in a global environment: preview of part 2
- A 'dense syphony of the nation': Cymru Ar-Lein and e-citizens and e-communities in Wales
- The impact of information competencies on socio-economic development in the Southern Hemisphere economies
- Supporting students in e-learning
- The information commons: a student-centred environment for IT and information literacy development
- Socio-cultural approaches to literacy and subject knowledge development in learning management systems
- Approaches to enabling digital literacy: successes and failures
- Professional development and graduate students: approaches to technical and information competence
- Windward in an asynchronous world: the Antiguan intiative, unanticipated pleasure of the distance learning revolution
Cornel J. Reinhart
- A tale of two courses
Gill Needham and David Murphy
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The schools affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education follows the CBSE guidelines to frame their curriculum. Most of the books followed are by NCERT and which are always in accordance with the latest CBSE guidelines.
In class 7, students are introduced to a wide variety of topics in science which forms the foundation of a lot of higher level concepts. The topics like heat, electric current, light, etc. are extremely crucial for a student to understand concepts related to these chapter in their higher classes.
Along with studying the syllabus topics, students also need to solve the several CBSE class 7 science questions to get properly acquainted with the chapters and their related concepts. So, here are some CBSE class 7 science question answers that are given to help the students get exposed to a variety of question patterns and types from the CBSE Class 7 syllabus topics.
Click below to get the CBSE class 7 science questions and answers
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Dante's PeakDirector Roger Donaldson 1996
Color 1 hour 49 minutes PG
Questions to be answered during the video:
1. Describe two natural phenomena shown in the opening scene during the eruption of the volcano.
2. Why has harry Dalton been called to the Northern Cascades?
3. U.S.G.S. stands for the United States ____________________ ____________________.
4. What is the depth of the seismic activity at Dante's Peak?
5. What kind of spring are Twonset springs?
6. Dr. Dalton is not a geologist, he is a ____________________.
7. Dr. Dalton is checking the water at the high lake for ____________________.
8. What is Dr. Dalton's theory about the cause for the death of trees and wildlife in the area?
9. Dalton describes the volcano as not dead, but ____________________, like it is only sleeping.
10. What tools do the seismologist use to monitor the volcano?
11. The scientists enter the volcano crater by helicopter to check for ____________________ readings and emissions.
12. How did the scientists test the seismometer that they just buried?
13. The instruments recorded ____________________ microquakes per day. 14. Dr. Dalton says that the 2.9 shallow quake that caused the rock slide was ____________________ (tectonic or magmatic)
15. How has the volcano changed the town's water supply?
16. The scientists know an eruption is imminent because the ____________________ are swarming and the ____________________ readings increase.
17. Describe some of the damage effects caused by the strong quakes:
18. What effects occur as a result of the volcano's eruption?
19. Why shouldn't the helicopter be used during the eruption?
20. How has the lake changed since the eruption?
21. The eruption melts the snow off the top of the mountain (volcano), which effects the surrounding rivers. What problems are caused by the changes in the river?
22. How does the force of the pyroclastic cloud effect trees and structures?
Return to the Learning Science With Science Fiction Main Page
Send mail to
questions or comments about this web site.
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Only a handful of people claimed to witness human-like creatures to be seen in the cold areas covered with heavy snow regions such as Nepal and Tibet. According to the witnesses, they suggested these mythical creatures appeared to be suggestively tall, bulky and covered in snow white fur all over their entire body. The creature was knuckle-walking like an ape but despite that, it was also seen to walk upright like a human. Often times, people referred the mythical creature as Yeti or Abominable Snowman who tended to wander around secretly in snowy regions.
In the early 19th century, legends tell that the Himalayan people said to have the Yeti part of their beliefs and the mythical creature was being worshipped by Lepcha individuals as a Glacier Being, the God of the Hunt. By worshipping the Yeti, it served as a protection purpose for the villagers from natural disasters, hunters as well as outsiders who had intentions to harm the villagers. Some tales explain that a Yeti had immense raw strength who were able to lift extremely large boulders, rip off trees from the ground and to able to jump at least 20 feet high with their leg strength.
Countless of legends warned, if Yetis were angered, their mass destructive power could destroy small cities in one night, leaving nothing standing. Yetis have been known to wander in packs during dusk until night time in very dense snow forests which made them hardly visible to the human eye. Their white fur served as a camouflage to fuse themselves with the snowy regions. With the camouflage, they were able to sneak around areas to hunt for food and hide from outsiders. They use the high altitude snowy mountains for shelter and to hide from others. As of today, we have only witnessed figures that resembled Yetis during night as well as strange footprints in the snow that were much larger than humans. However, without a doubt, this myth will remain a great mystery. Reports say, Yetis still exists and are definitely out there, watching hikers every moment not very far.
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How does turmeric help with chronic inflammation?
Turmeric is a golden yellow, Indian spice packed with the potent antioxidant flavonoid, curcumin. It’s been used as an Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years and is now gaining a reputation as a medicine in the Western world with hundreds of studies linking it with inflammatory disease management.
So, what’s the science behind turmeric and chronic inflammation?
First, we need to look at what inflammation is.
Inflammation is the body’s natural response to infection or trauma. For example, if we get a splinter in our finger, it causes a puncture wound which becomes red, hot and swollen. This is a result of our immune system triggering our white blood cells to release chemicals called cytokines. These cytokines promote an increase in blood flow to the area and stimulate essential healing mechanisms. This is what causes the redness, heat and swelling.
Inflammation occurs hand in hand with mild infections. An infection is the action of a bacteria or virus causing the reaction of the immune system and the inflammatory response.
Inflammation is essentially a good response. It helps our body fight off the effects of harmful trauma, bacteria, viruses, irritants and allergens. Without inflammation, our body would succumb to minor injuries and infections that we’d otherwise be able to fight.
Acute vs chronic inflammation
This kind of mild inflammation is known as acute inflammation, its onset is sudden with prominent visible symptoms but its effects are self-limiting and often disappear within a few days. However, if acute inflammation is prolonged, it becomes chronic.
Chronic inflammation occurs more slowly, over weeks and months, causing severe and progressive injury to internal tissue that may not be immediately apparent. Chronic inflammation occurs in autoimmune conditions, when the immune system attacks the tissues of the body.
What conditions are related to chronic inflammation?
Examples of chronic inflammation related conditions are rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. In fact, more than 200 inflammatory diseases exist, the name often ending in -itis, for example arthritis – inflammation of the joints, meningitis – inflammation of the brain, and bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs.
Left untreated, chronic inflammation can cause major damage to the cells and tissues of the body, i.e. in the joints, gastrointestinal system or lungs.
What about other negative health effects of chronic inflammation?
Studies have linked the increased blood levels of cytokines related to chronic inflammation to many other health conditions including cardiovascular and lung diseases, diabetes, poor bone health, depression, Alzheimer’s disease and certain cancers. It seems a cruel twist of fate that one of our crucial repair mechanisms can become a causative agent for disease.
It’s therefore clear that for many reasons, we should seek to keep inflammation only to essential levels.
How can turmeric help inflammation?
Cytokines, the chemicals released during an immune response, are known to play an extensive role in inflammation. There are many types of cytokines, but one type called TNFs (tumour necrosis factors) play the biggest role.
One particular type of TNF, TNF alpha, is the really nasty guy. In chronic inflammation, TNF alpha is responsible for the damage of tissue associated with painful inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and Crohn’s disease. Therefore, in cases of chronic inflammation, drugs are often used that block the release of TNF alpha. These drugs are administered by injection, are expensive and often cause side effects.
But what if there was an alternative? Something that could block TNF alpha, is cheap, free from side effects and able to be taken orally instead of via an injection?
All hail curcumin! Studies have shown that curcumin can safely block TNF alpha in humans. It’s cheap, ‘orally bioavailable’ and has no known side effects. Curcumin has been shown to suppress inflammation in clinical trials with patients with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and poorly controlled asthma.
Studies are continuing and are continually showing great potential for curcumin as a therapeutic agent. The doses at which curcumin is needed to have this therapeutic effect are higher than adding turmeric to food alone, although consuming turmeric as a spice or in a drink can never be underestimated. Concentrated turmeric and curcumin extract capsules have been shown to be more bioavailable, meaning our body can absorb them better and therefore use them to greater effect.
Many studies have conclusively linked curcumin to specific chronic inflammation related conditions. One study provided a “compelling justification for its use as a dietary addition to conventional therapy for the treatment of arthritis”. Another found that sufferers of inflammatory bowel conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis “may benefit from increased turmeric consumption”. A further study concluded that “the low cost, pharmacological safety, proven therapeutic efficacy and multiple targeting potential make curcumin a promising agent for prevention and treatment of various human diseases”.
Many of these studies provide enough evidence to provoke further, much larger clinical trials that could result in curcumin as an accepted standard treatment for many inflammatory conditions.
And whilst we’re already celebrating the anti-inflammatory power of turmeric and curcumin, we can’t wait for the day they become mainstream and beneficial to sufferers of painful chronic inflammatory conditions everywhere.
Turmeric is one of the top superfoods in the modern world. This spice is hailed as the king of anti-inflammatory foods. Most people believe that turmeric's benefits are all because of one single compound known as curcumin. But we have looked into the research of turmeric and curcumin. The truth is a very different story to what many may believe.
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Environmental, Natural Resource, and Land Use Focus Area
The Environmental, Natural Resource, and Land Use Focus Area examines issues raised by increasing environmental pollution, by unchecked urban sprawl, by the depletion and contamination of natural resources, and by climate change. The object of the focus on the environment, natural resources, and land use is to develop a consciousness of the critical problems in these interrelated areas, and to immerse students in the fundamental ethical, legal, and policy perspectives that inform regulation and adjudication of disputes over environmental pollution and the allocation and exploitation of natural resources. To this end, courses consider law and policy initiatives by federal, state, and local agencies; by tribes; and by international entities.
Although these courses on the environment, natural resources, and land use constitute one focus area, the curriculum is organized so that students may emphasize one of the three aspects of the program. Students are required to take the foundational courses -- Administrative Law, Environmental Law Fundamentals, and Land Use Planning -- but may concentrate on one of the three curricular directions through intensive study of environmental law, natural resources law, or land use law. In each case, students may undertake this work through a variety of courses, seminars, clinical experiences, and independent research projects.
An example of the interrelationship between the courses is illustrated by the following sequence, one of several possible combinations: Environmental Law Fundamentals introduces, among many other topics, the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) and its environmental-impact statement requirement. The Environmental Law NEPA/SEPA/ESA course studies both the State Environmental Protection Act (SEPA) and another area of environmental regulation, the Endangered Species Act (ESA), which provides for extraordinary environmental restrictions to preserve endangered species. All legislative schemes, particularly NEPA, are important components of the Land Use Planning course.
Students in the focus area must also take one of the following three skills courses: the Administrative Law Clinic, a Land Use/Environmental Law Externship, or the Environmental Law Drafting Lab.
In addition to the required foundational courses and the skills component courses, students who wish to complete this focus must take at least three courses from a list of electives.
Environmental Law Faculty
|Carmen Gonzalez||Environmental Law Fundamentals, International Environmental Law|
|John Kirkwood||Administrative Law|
|Henry McGee||Environmental Law Fundamentals, Land Use Regulation, International Environmental Law|
|Catherine O'Neill*||Environmental Justice Seminar, Natural Resources|
|Dean Spade||Administrative Law|
* Focus Area Chair
|Tom Brubaker||Municipal Law|
|Eric Laschever||Climate Change; Envorinmental Law Fundamentals|
|Stephanie Nichols||Alaska Natives and Environmental Law; Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act|
|Michael O'Connell||Water Law|
|Clifford Villa||Environmental Enforcement; Disaster Law|
Focus Area Requirements
Plan the completion of your focus area with a focus area tracking form.
Foundational Courses (all courses required)
- Administrative Law (3 cr)
- Environmental Law Fundamentals (3 cr)
- Land Use Regulation (3 cr)
Skills Component Courses (at least one course required)
- Administrative Law Clinic (3 cr)
- Land Use/Environmental Law Externship (3-4 cr)
Elective Courses (at least three courses required)
- Alaska Natives and Environmental Law (4 cr)
- Climate Change (2 cr)
- Environmental Enforcement (2 cr)
- Environmental Justice Seminar (2 cr)
- Environmental Law: Growth Management Act (3 cr)
- International Environmental Law (3 cr)
- Municipal Law (3 cr)
- Natural Resources (3 cr)
- Water Law (3 cr)
Environmental Law Co-Curricular and Enrichment Opportunities
Externships are law-related placements outside the law school, where students receive academic credit for performing legal work for an agency or court under the supervision of an on-site supervising attorney or judge. A number of outstanding part-time externships are available in the environmental, natural resource, and land use fields, including externships with the Ecology Division of the Attorney General’s Office, EarthJustice Legal Defense Fund, Central Puget Sound Growth Management Board, Land Use and Environmental Divisions of the Seattle City Attorney’s Office, Seattle Housing Authority, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington Environmental Council, and the Center for International Environmental Law in Geneva, Switzerland, among others. Students interested in pursuing an environmental, natural resource, or land use related externship should visit the Externship Program TWEN site and meet with Professor Gillian Dutton, Externship Program Director.
Environmental Law Society (ELS)
In addition to externships, study in this area is enriched by numerous co-curricular opportunities, many of which are developed in conjunction with the Environmental Law Society (ELS). The ELS is a student organization comprised of students interested in the fields of environmental, natural resources, and land use law. The law school, ELS, and other organizations regularly sponsor speakers on current issues in the area, ranging from global climate change to local land use initiatives. ELS further contributes to intellectual exchange in this area by publishing the journal, Perspectives. This annual publication is a forum for scholarly work by students and faculty; it is entirely produced by students. ELS also sponsors the Mathew Henson Fellowship, a fellowship awarded each year to fund summer work in environmental law by a student committed to a career in the public interest.
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So, why are resolutions important if less than half of them will be followed after 6 months? The answer comes to us in yet another statistic - Those who make explicit resolutions are 10 times more likely to attain their goals!
I believe that one of the main reasons that goals are unmet is that we don't know how to make proper goals. The goals we make aren't SMART.
So, what is a SMART goal? It's simple, the goal must be:
S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Realistic
T - Time-bound
(Iain Abernethy, one of the UK’s leading exponents of applied karate, does a great job of explaining how to use the SMART model to create your goals in this podcast.)
So, using the two of the common goals, let's examine them and see how we can make them SMART.
Now, how can we restructure our original goal to meet the SMART model? Try this - "I want to drop a total of 20 pounds by the end of the year, or I want to lose one pound per week". Remember though, while this goal meets the standards of the SMART model, there remains one more key element - HOW are you going to meet your goal? It could be by reducing your daily caloric intake (again, use the SMART model to make this a new goal). Or, it could be through exercise.
Exercise - "I'm gonna get off my butt this year!!" Ok, perhaps you phrased it a bit more eloquently than that, but this is another very common goal. However, it's not a very specific goal. After all, you could theoretically meet this goal by simply parking farther away from the entrance to the next store you visit. If that constitutes "more exercise" to you, then perhaps that will suffice, but most people have something more in mind. If you are new to exercise, this one may be rather difficult to define. In fact, I'm still trying to define it. With all of the various methods of exercise, how are you to choose which would be best for you? Running, Yoga, Weight Lifting, Team Sports, Martial Arts (my favorite), the list can go on and on. Then, once you have decided on an activity, how do you determine how often you perform it, how far you will run, how much weight you hope to lift?
I believe there are a few ways to go about this; 1) trial and error, 2) join a class/group or 3) hire a professional. All of them, in truth, are going to involve some trial and error. The second two choices, however, are more likely to yield real results and probably a bit quicker as well.
I use a mix of all three. Late last year, I spoke to a personal trainer and took a complete fitness evaluation. That served as the basis and helped jump start my exercise goals. Spending my own money to help attain my goal, while not a requirement, reminded me that I was serious about attaining my goals - after all, money is the great motivator! Though I didn't follow the specific routine that we laid out (the purpose of me exercising more has changed since then), I still plan to meet with her again in a few months time to track my improvement.
Also, I regularly attend a cardio fitness group. Personally, I think that this is one of the best ways to keep reaching for your goal as you are usually surrounded by a group of like-minded people. After a while, a bond begins to develop and your new friends help to motivate you on those days that you'd rather spend the evening in front of the TV. Search around, find a class and group of people that you enjoy.
The last option mentioned, trial and error, definitely takes the longest and requires the most will-power. When you aren't spending your money for someone else to tell you what to do or to pay for that exercise class, you have to rely on your own personal will-power to keep you going. Decide what it is exactly that you hope to attain. Initially, I wanted to get bigger. However, during the course of my research, I determined that bigger is not better and now my goal is to achieve greater functional strength. As I'm still in the research and experimentation phase of this, I can't yet give you an exact routine that I follow, but I will begin keeping a detailed record of my activities as time goes on.
This brings me to another important point regarding goal-setting. It is very important that you write down your goals and then record your progress. This serves a number of important purposes. First, it reminds you of your goals and can help to provide direction if you begin to stray off track. Second, it gives you the opportunity to modify or change your goals if you decide that they aren't reasonable after all or you develop a greater understanding of what exactly it is that you want to achieve. Third, and perhaps most important, tracking your progress ensures that what you are doing is actually helping you to reach your goals. This can be a great motivator in itself.
I also recommend proclaiming your New Years resolutions to the world! Ok.. maybe not the entire world, but having a group of people that are aware of your goals and can help to keep you accountable and striving toward those ends. You might even end up motivating them with your progress!
I have one more thing I'd like to point out. Yes, the New Year has passed but don't let that stop you from making your goals now. In fact, waiting for a particular date or event to occur only shows that you may have a lack of resolve. Make the change today!
So, what goals have you made?
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| 0.976438 | 1,200 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The role of a professional interpreter is fairly straightforward — to render speech from one language to another. While it might seem to be a simple job, however, it can sometimes be a tricky task to accomplish.
Elaboration, clarification and neglect are all obstacles in the way of proper interpretation. A professional interpreter should only interpret speech verbatim. If they do otherwise, they’re bound to leave everyone tongue-tied.
Interpreters Open the Lines of Communication
The sole job of a professional interpreter is to enable communication between two or more parties who speak different languages.
To this end, professional interpreters can only interpret the words being spoken. They must always ensure that they communicate every detail of what is being said without a single omission or alteration. During simultaneous interpretation of a seminar, for example, an interpreter should interpret everything a speaker says, even miscues.
When an interpreter strays from what is being said, communication breaks down and this in turn can lead to misunderstanding between all parties involved.
In Virginia, for instance, an interpreter was aiding police in the interrogation of a suspect and did not relay to the detective the suspect’s request for an attorney. As a result, the interrogation and subsequent confession may never make it to a courtroom.
As this story illustrates, when interpreters fail to fulfill the requirements of their role, the consequences can be troublesome. At all times, a professional interpreter must only interpret verbatim and refrain from adding or — as in the case above — omitting information.
Interpreters Are Not Part of the Conversation
Professional interpreters must not color another person’s speech with their own commentary. They cannot offer personal thoughts on an issue or provide a context to what’s being discussed, no matter the situation.
To do otherwise can lead to confusion. In the case of the interpreter mishandling the interrogation, the interpreter gave a personal, misinformed response to the suspect’s request for an attorney. This not only resulted in a misunderstanding, but also called into question the entire legality of the interrogation. And it’s just plain bad interpreting to boot.
Professional interpreters will only interpret verbatim what is said and should barely make their presence known while performing their duties.
Interpretation, Not Clarification
But what happens if one of the parties doesn’t understand what the interpreter has said? For example, during the consecutive interpretation of an interview, an interviewee may not understand an interviewer’s question.
In such situations a professional interpreter should interpret the request for clarification and then interpret the response — no more, no less.
In some cases — such as during legal proceedings — there are even stricter rules regarding how an interpreter indicates that one of the parties needs something clarified.
In these ways an interpreter adds clarification but not mystification. In essence, a professional interpreter’s role is simply to keep the lines of communication clear… which sometimes isn’t so simple at all.
For professional interpreting services you can trust, contact Accredited Language today.
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- (UK) focussed
- Directing all one's efforts towards achieving a particular goal.
- Dealing with some narrowly defined aspects of a broader phenomenon.
- (directing all one's efforts towards a goal): concentrated, determined
- (dealing with narrow aspects): narrow-scope
- (directing all one's efforts towards a goal): distracted
- (dealing with narrow aspects): broad, unfocused
- simple past tense and past participle of
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| 0.865864 | 98 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Along with Australia, New Zealand and the Americas, South Africa may be considered a New World wine country (as distinct from Old World wine countries such as France or Germany).
Even so, South Africa's wine roots are very old. The Cape's first governor, Jan Van Riebeeck, made its first wine in 1659 — 130 years before Australia planted its first vines.
But Van Riebeeck and his fellow Dutch were poor winemakers. For instance, they aged wine in oak vats previously used to brine meat. In 1680, French Huguenots settled in South Africa, fleeing persecution but also bringing their superior winemaking skills. All was good with Cape wine until the mid-1800s.
In 1861, South Africa's principal market, Britain, resolved its difficulties with France, and the British, understandably, turned to their more proximate trading partner for wine. In 1896, the plant louse phylloxera began to lay waste to South Africa's vineyards.
And in 1899, the Second Anglo-Boer War broke out, ravaging much of the countryside and interring many native populations. Really, until 1994 and the unshackling of the country after apartheid, South African wines enjoyed little market outside the country.
Strange as it may be, South Africa's inexhaustible asset as a winemaker is the coupling of this unstable history with its enormously varied vineyard topography (dozens of soil types scattered over scads of plains, valleys and hills). No "old" exists to tell the "new" what to do, allowing for constant experimentation.
One gets the sense with South African winemaking that the future is limitless, a kaleidoscope of ever-developing possibilities.
"We've been making wine for more than 300 years," says Francois Haasbroek, winemaker at Waterford Estate in Stellenbosch, one of the country's more prestigious appellations. "But we've been world class for a tenth of that time. So using, in my case, Italian grapes such as sangiovese makes complete sense. There's no history to say, 'You can plant X or Y only.'"
At Nederburg Wines in Paarl, another well-regarded appellation, winemaker Wilhelm Pienaar tends to 35 varieties of vines — 22 red grapes and 13 whites. That's unheard of in Europe.
In some ways, South Africa's best wines today are examples of either one grape variety done into wine extraordinarily well, or blends of five or six grapes into one wine that shines.
You won't find chenin blanc that rivals Vouvray or Savennieres from the Loire in France until you sip chenin from the Cape.
The South Africans have made huge advances in the quality of their chenin blanc from the days when it was the country's everyday white plonk. Why? "Because variety is our nature," says Mulderbosch Vineyards' winemaker Richard Kershaw (again, in Stellenbosch).
"Chenin blanc is the Cinderella grape. It can make most any kind of white wine and boast most any flavor or aroma. I myself have 93 different (vineyard) blocks of chenin blanc."
Like the country itself, the hallmark of chenin blanc anywhere is its versatility. From sparkling to extraordinarily sweet, super-dry to mild and fragrant, South Africa offers a chenin blanc for most any occasion at table.
The other emerging star is the idea of blended wine. "Why not blends?" reiterates winemaker Haasbroek. "We've got only 3 percent of the world's vineyard lands — squished together that'd be all of Bordeaux — but the vineyards are spread out all over the place." As a result, there's no default grape variety for any one given region.
Pliny the Elder wrote: "Semper aliquid novi Africa." ("Always something new out of Africa.") In its wines, that's as true today as it was more than 2,000 years ago.
2010 Mulderbosch Sauvignon Blanc, Western Cape: A combination of upfront, fruity sauvignon with some off-vineyard blocks that matured into richer, riper grapes; the younger stuff snaps to attention, while the riper wine lends complexity, softness, richness; it's like a small nuclear family in a bottle. $21
2009 Forrester Chenin Blanc FMC, Stellenbosch: Very rare and meticulously harvested and crafted, which explains the price; many a fine Vouvray costs even more but won't match this killer white and its chin-dripping juicy flavors and haunting aromas. $65
2008 Raats Cabernet Franc, Stellenbosch: Terrific varietal character, from its blueberry-shocked fruit, to the notes of spice and salad greens, to the present but puffy tannins; great oak integration, too. $30
2007 De Toren Red Blend Z, Stellenbosch: The harvest allowed for long, steady ripening, so you've got a merlot-based Bordeaux-style blend with buckets of fruit, relentless intensity and more grace notes (spice, tobacco, leaf, pencil, etc.) than a Bach piece. $35
If your wine store does not carry these wines, ask for one similar in style and price.
Bill St. John has been writing and teaching about wine for more than 30 years.
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Erick Araujo, 13, was disciplined and removed from his middle school in Lost Hills, California, through next fall semester. But he was sent to an alternative school that’s so far away – 38 miles one way – his farmworker mother reluctantly agreed to put Erick on independent study at home four out five days a week. She is worried because the 7th grader began talking about dropping out. (John Harte/For the Center for Public Integrity)
From the Center for Public Integrity:
California’s Kern County is an American agricultural giant whose soil produced more than $6 billion worth of grapes, almonds and other farm products last year. Yet some of its workers’ children, after being disciplined for relatively minor offenses, are getting zero education.
Last July, the Center for Public Integrity and KQED radio in California reported that many of the hundreds of disciplined kids who are ousted from regular Kern schools every year are transferred to alternative county-run schools – and then put on independent study at home with only once-a-week minimum mandatory visits with teachers.
Independent study may be the only option for students who live miles away from an alternative school and have no way to get there on a daily basis. Unhappy parents said they fear this arrangement is giving their kids a meager education, and could be increasing their chances of getting into more serious trouble and failing at school. Even getting the kids to those once-a-week teacher meetings requires some parents to skip work and lose wages.
Now it turns out that there’s an uncounted population of ousted students who aren’t even getting the benefit of an independent study program. Parents of these students say they can’t afford or even ask permission to skip work that one day a week needed to drive the kids to alternative schools, as part of independent study requirements.
And so these students — no one knows exactly how many — are languishing at home, with no schooling at all in this rural area north of Los Angeles. Kern is one of the top five most productive farm counties in the nation. But there’s no school bus provided or reliable, supervised public transportation to ferry these re-assigned kids on their journeys to alternative campuses far away. Schools say, legally, it’s up to the parents to get kids to campuses.
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But Kern High School District trustees, under increasing pressure to address the situation, have now asked district staff members to look into whether anything might be done to help these families.
An ‘impossible’ situation
One Kern parent, immigrant farmworker Mario Ramirez of the town of Arvin, told the Center he resorted to sending his expelled 14-year-old daughter to Mexico to live with relatives last December just so she could be in a classroom for a few months during her year-long expulsion period from her hometown school.
“They’ve put me in an impossible situation,” Ramirez said, in Spanish, referring to Arvin High School and county school officials. His daughter is back from Mexico, but not back in school this fall. Arvin High won’t let her enroll at least until January, according to the teen’s expulsion plan. And Ramirez and his working wife, also a field worker, still can’t find a way to get their daughter to an alternative school 20 miles away.
“I’m getting more behind,” Ramirez’s daughter said. She admits she made mistakes, but says wants to study.
The Center has spoken to two other working families in Arvin whose kids have been out of school in Kern for months. Community organizers are knocking on doors in Arvin and other small towns to see if they can find other kids stuck at home.
“It’s a different reality for these farmworker parents. They can’t get time off to drive kids,” said Erika Brooks of the Dolores Huerta Foundation, a Kern group that works with field laborers’ families.
Employing zero-tolerance policies, Kern County’s schools, as the Center previously reported in 2011, have been expelling students from the county’s various school districts at a rate higher than anywhere else in California.
During both the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 school years, Kern expelled more kids, in raw numbers, than all the schools combined in Los Angeles County, which has nine times the number of pupils, according to data collected by the state.
Kern High School District officials, whose district is responsible for most of the removals in the county, now say that number is falling. The district’s expulsions totaled 1,095 kids for the 2011-2012 school year, about a 40 percent decline from the previous year, district data obtained by the Center showed. Because some schools are using new discipline methods and policies, officials said they predict expulsions for the 2012-2013 school year will have dropped further and could come in at around 300, once final statistics are analyzed by state education officials.
But parents remain concerned, complaining not just of formal expulsions, but also of “involuntary transfers” of students – which are not reported to state officials -- and other transfers due to truancy problems.
California not only requires that parents ensure children under 18 be in school, it also mandates that students who are expelled or otherwise removed from regular school still receive an education to help them get back on track and prevent them from dropping out.
State legislators and businesses say they’re worried about the implications of an estimated 73 percent graduation rate among Latino kids – a demographic that now represents about half the state’s students – compared to an 86 percent rate for white kids.
Ramirez said his daughter was removed from Arvin High School last December for a year because she allegedly had paraphernalia in her backpack that could be used to smoke marijuana – an infraction that does not require expulsion of a student. His daughter said she’d been suspended before for refusing to pick up trash.
When the teen was kicked out of Arvin High, Ramirez said he explained to Arvin and county school staff that he only has one car, and that both parents work.
“They told me it was my problem to get her to school,” he told the Center.
The only offer of help, he said, came in the form of passes for a series of public buses his daughter would have to ride, unsupervised, with multiple transfers in various towns and long waits alone on streets in unsafe urban areas in Bakersfield, the city where her assigned alternative school is located. That scared Ramirez and seemed, he said, a poor parental choice to make for a 14-year-old.
The only temporary fix Ramirez could think of was school in Mexico for part of last spring semester.
The son of Virginia Menchu, another Arvin resident, hasn’t set foot in any school since last January after he was expelled for allegedly getting into a second fight at age 16. He’s now 17.
His working parents can’t get their son to an alternative school 20 miles away either, not even once a week, Menchu said.
“I want to graduate. I don’t want to work in the fields like my parents,” Menchu’s son told the Center.
It’s the same story for Martha Cisneros’ son, who was 14 when she signed an “involuntary transfer” agreement last spring after her son was accused of infractions. She said she didn’t understand the agreement.
Pleas for help
On Sept. 3, the three parents appeared at a Kern High School Board of Trustees meeting to ask for help. They were accompanied by bilingual representatives from the Dolores Huerta Foundation.
The trustees, Dolores Huerta Foundation organizer Erika Brooks told the Center, informed the parents that they should go to the district office and fill out the proper paperwork and submit it to request a “closed session” with trustees to discuss possible solutions confidentially.
Kern High School District board president Bryan Batey confirmed this, and told the Center he’s willing to call a special meeting if the parents make such a request. He said he is aware that first-generation immigrant parents have trouble navigating through the school governance system.
Mike Zulfa, the high school district’s assistant superintendent of instruction, told the Center in an email that the district “hopes to work with the other involved agencies to address this transportation problem. We are in the ‘brainstorming’ phase of addressing this challenge.”
Batey thought that perhaps parents could organize carpools to take kids to distant alternative schools if they could find drivers they trust.
While many parents say they’d rather see kids kept in regular schools, Batey defended educators’ decisions to follow rules that spell out disciplinary steps that can culminate in expulsion.
Arvin High School, he said, has had problems with fights among students that are rooted in gang rivalries. A student recently stabbed another student in the leg, prompting cries for more security.
Batey said he can’t discuss individual cases. But in response to Ramirez’s daughter’s story, the trustee said he believed she likely had a “checkered” record that earned her an expulsion.
At forums and in interviews, a number of parents in Arvin and other Kern communities have asserted that some of their children have been unfairly accused of infractions, including drug use –even when drug tests came back negative. They also complained of being confounded and intimidated by expulsion hearings.
In 2011-2012, Arvin High, which is 95 percent Latino, expelled 56 students, mostly for offenses that are not among those that require expulsion. For example, 14 expulsions were for alleged fights; 17 for “controlled substances,” including alcohol; 13 were for students creating a hostile atmosphere or making threats.
Brooks of the Dolores Huerta Foundation said a local movement is growing to urge that more schools adopt counseling intervention programs, “positive behavior” reinforcement and other techniques that have proved helpful at engaging students, improving conduct and keeping them in school.
The foundation is also organizing workshops for parents to help them learn discipline methods to use at home and ways to get kids engaged in school.
As the Center’s July story explained, some California educators say independent study can be an effective method to help kids who act out or have personal problems move on to graduate, including older teens who work or have babies or who are motivated but don’t function well in a classroom.
In Kern’s neighboring Fresno County, however, a charter school called New Millenium lost its charter this year in part because it was accused of relying heavily on independent study to try to educate kids who had been expelled from regular schools and at times struggling academically. A Fresno County Grand Jury report said that the charter’s students “do not fit the profile” of “motivated” students the California Department of Education advises can thrive on independent study.
In Kern, county community school officials acknowledged that many parents are choosing independent study as a “last resort” only because they can’t take their children to alternative county schools on a daily basis.
One farmworker mom of a 13-year-old juggled field work and a night job in a packing shed so she could comply with the requirement to get her son to school one day a week to see a teacher 40 miles away. An Arvin vineyard worker, more senior than other workers, missed one day of work every week during last spring semester to drive his son to his meeting with a teacher 20 miles away.
Kern officials told the Center that more than 2,730 high school students and more than 300 middle-school age kids participated in independent study during the last academic year while enrolled at Kern’s nine county community schools. That’s more than two-thirds of the 4,460 students enrolled in that one county’s system.
The Center went directly to Kern officials to get the data after the California Department of Education said it does not collect the raw numbers of kids placed on independent study in the state’s more than 75 county community schools – which serve, on average, about 43,000 kids a year.
The Center subsequently discovered that the state does collect such numbers. But because they are collected in early October, the figures’ accuracy is questionable. Kids flow into these alternative schools in greater numbers as the school year progresses.
The state’s records, for example, showed that 788 high school students enrolled at Kern’s county community schools participated in independent study during the 2011-2012 school year, just a fraction of what Kern officials told the Center.
The state doesn’t track how students enrolled in these alternative community schools fare when, or if, they return to regular schools after a stint in the alternative facilities.
The Center for Public Integrity is a non-profit, independent investigative news outlet. For more of its stories on this topic go to publicintegrity.org.
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| 0.969606 | 2,784 | 2.5625 | 3 |
But a healthy life-style is far more than just food plan and physical activity, she says. A healthy life-style is much more than just diet and bodily activity. Association between a healthy life-style rating and threat of cardiovascular disease within the SUN cohort. In all research, adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is another key element to enjoying an extended life.
So, start by setting small targets which are straightforward to add to your daily life and that you control. Wellness and fitness contain being conscious and making healthy decisions about food regimen, exercise, and staying positive. This is an important funding you can also make in your life.
Get sufficient high quality sleep.
Also, hydration is important and sometimes ignored. So many elements are concerned when it comes to our health. Sticking to a healthy eating plan to shed weight may be difficult, particularly during the holidays when our stress ranges can be at their highest. Learn how stress impacts consuming habits and a few suggestions to help you keep healthy this holiday season.
Strive for the best health you’ll be able to have in all areas of your life by making aware, healthy choices. This is obvious, but it’s amazing how few veggies most people eat. Eating fruits and veggies reduces your danger of several leading illnesses, and it’s one of the easiest habits to type. Eat a salad (with out heavy dressings, bacon or different meats, croutons or cheese), add veggies to soups or veggie chili, cook up veggies as a healthy aspect dish with dinner or lunch. As human beings we all have physical, psychological, emotional, and non secular needs.
Education is vital in terms of a healthy way of life. I am curious as to why stress management was not checked out? Numerous research studies have proven stress to be a consider coronary heart illness, lowering life expectancy.
Additionally, it could possibly present a fast pick-me-up if you’re feeling depressed or torpid. To allow you to keep on monitor with this objective, consider investing in a fitness device. With this system you’ll be capable of regulate your day by day step rely and work towards your fitness targets. If you don’t walk much in every day life, begin small earlier than working your means as much as that aim of 10,000 day by day steps. Any lifestyle change is a “work in progress.” Lasting modifications take time.
- Avoid consuming a large meal before sleeping to decrease gastroesophageal reflux and weight achieve.
- In the related field of behavioral drugs, careers concentrate on the appliance of this type of research.
- Despite the hype over purple wine and longevity alcohol ought to be consumed only carefully, and for many people, by no means.
- In doing so, they may then assist create a remedy strategy that takes into consideration all dimensions of a person’s life and health, which maximizes its potential for success.
- Living a healthy way of life can help prevent continual diseases and lengthy-time period illnesses.
Components of a healthy lifestyle[change
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans of the US Department of Agriculture,9 apparently helpful dietary patterns are the “healthy” American food plan, the vegetarian diet, and the Mediterranean diet. Walking often is likely one of the easiest ways to remain in shape.
If you only focus on food regimen and exercise (physical) to be healthy and ignore the opposite three parts in your life, you’re effectively sabotaging your efforts. Stress, in the best moments (like fleeing a dangerous situation), is helpful. Chronic stress depletes vitality and retains cortisol ranges high, which is conducive to larger fats cells. When you’re consuming — For many people, skipping breakfast and consuming a giant dinner late within the evening is normal. This is a surefire approach to retailer more calories as fat.
It’s a low influence train with lots of potential health advantages. According to Harvard Medical School, walking can lower your threat of coronary heart illness and diabetes.
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The whole world, including Lithuania, has accumulated large quantities of various harmful organic materials and waste: unusable pesticides, outdated pharmaceuticals, chemical products, etc. Many of these materials contain Cl, F, P, and Hg combinations, gradually decomposing themselves and forming new harmful compounds.
Of the various existing hazardous substance and waste neutralization methods currently used in the world, the most widely used and most efficient (efficiency of 99%) thermal method is the plasma method. This method is considered to be the future technology for harmful materials processing.
Plasma waste and hazardous material neutralization facilities exist in the US, France, Switzerland, and Russia. However, there is almost no scientific data in the world’s scientific and technical literature on this hard plasma decomposable waste decomposition method, which, due to unique capabilities, could be widely applied in practice.
At present, an experimental device (plasma-chemical reactor) has been created at the Lithuanian Energy Institute Laboratory of Plasma Processing, which helps to ascertain the chemical and physical processes leading to the neutralization progress of sewage sludge and its efficiency. Successful realization of the set objectives for investigations would represent a major step towards more effective and much faster organic waste neutralization.
In order to completely break down harmful substances, the reaction temperature must be raised to 1800° C and maintained in the combustion zone for 1-2 seconds. Such conditions can only be achieved in the plasma reactor, into which various gases (air, water vapour, hydrogen) flow when heated in the plasma generator to 3000° K and more. During this process, the treated waste molecules are decomposed into atoms, radicals, electrons, and positive ions. While the plasma cools simple, nontoxic substances are formed, such as coal, steam, etc.
In the process solid waste in the reactor is melted down, and because of the very high process temperature all dangerous products are broken down, inorganic materials and metal components are fused into glassy slag, and the organic matter is converted into gas. Additionally, complete degradation of organic materials can be achieved in the reactor chamber by providing oxygen, propane, hydrogen, or other required gas. Very high decontamination efficiency is achieved this way, absolutely harmless to all organic and inorganic substances.
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http://slenis-nemunas.lt/en/content/lithuanian-scientists-are-developing-innovative-material-neutralization-methods
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en
| 0.924738 | 464 | 3.15625 | 3 |
- Old-fashioned or outdated: this antiquated central heating systemMore example sentences
outdated, out of date, outmoded, behind the times, old-fashioned, archaic, anachronistic, superannuated, outworn, ancient, antediluvian, primitive, medieval, quaint, old-fangled, obsolescent, obsolete, prehistoric; French passé, démodé, vieux jeuBritish • informal past its/one's sell-by date
- Hard cases make bad law, but antiquated conventions make bad legal practice.
- How can they still have this antiquated system where Sutton residents have no control over how much gas they use, or how much they can pay?
- If ever there was an opportunity to address the antiquated system of BBC funding and governance, this is it.
late 16th century (in the sense 'old, of long standing'): from ecclesiastical Latin antiquare 'make old', from antiquus (see antique).
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http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/antiquated
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| 0.882548 | 206 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Origin and brief history:
The Keeshond origins can be traced back to the Netherlands. Its breed is said to be a mix of multiple breeds, including Pomeranian, Finnish Spitz, and Samoyed, among others. During the French Revolution, the Keeshond became a symbol for the Dutch Political Party. It’s owner at the time, Cornelis (Kees) de Gyselaer, gave the dog the name Kees, which is how the breed got its name. The breed, however, was known in Europe as the Wolfspitz until 1926. It was in England that the name was changed. Here, people knew the breed as the Dutch Barge Dog as they were known to be useful guard dogs. The American Kennel Club officially recognized the breed in 1930.
Keeshonden are known to be great family pets. They are full of personality, and are great with children. The Keeshond is also known to be very intelligent, outgoing, and active. The breed is so affectionate, that it almost needs to be a part of all family activities. If a family already has other pets, a Keeshond would be a great addition. They usually get along with other animals. Keeshonden are very good watchdogs, as they like to bark. However, this forces owners to train the breed to known when enough barking is enough. With a calm and gentle, but firm attitude, Keeshonden should be easy to train.
While not difficult, a Keeshond does need to be constantly groomed. Their long coat needs to be brushed daily, with a stiff bristle. The Keeshond should only be bathed when necessary. Their undercoat does shed heavily twice a year, once in the spring and once in the fall.
Specification of breed:
The standard Keeshond is a medium sized dog, and will grow to be between 17 to 18 inches tall. They weigh between 30 and 40 pounds. Some breeders have said their Keeshonden have weighed up to 65 pounds. Females are not much smaller in height, growing to be around 16 to 18 inches.
Keeshonden are susceptible a various ailments. Hip dysplasia can occur. This will cause an abnormal formation of the hip socket, which may lead to pain in their joints. This breed is also known for heart disease and skin problems. Overfeeding of the Keeshond needs to be watched as well. The breed is known to gain weight quickly, so their diet needs to be monitored. Also, if they are not given proper exercise, they may release their energy in improper ways. They are known to spin in circles and express other behavioral issues when they need to burn energy.
image credit wikipedia.org
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The arms of John Alden of Plymouth, Massachusetts.
John Alden came to the Plymouth colony in 1620 from Hertfordshire, England.
The Coat of Arms Blazoned: Gules, three crescents within a bordure engrailed ermine.
Crested: Out of a ducal coronet per pale gules and sable, a demi-lion or.
Motto: [None recorded].
The arms were most likely awarded in England by the College of Arms of Great Britain in the year 1607.
As cited in the 1904 Edition of Crozier’s General Armory; William Armstrong Crozier, Fox Duffield & Company, New York.
This entry is unusual for Crozier’s armory in that it actually provides a year that the patent of arms was supposedly awarded. This is likely because John Alden was a verifiable celebrity in colonial America. It is said he was the first one to step off the Mayflower onto Plymouth Rock.
Of course, no one stepped directly off the Mayflower onto Plymouth Rock, but legends are like that. You can read John Alden’s story on wikipedia by clicking here.
The coat of arms above is a very low resolution example used for illustration of the basic design of the arms. If you need a bigger and prettier version of this coat of arms or that of one of your ancestors, please contact me. Just leave a comment stating what you need and I’ll send you an email.
What was the Coat of Arms of the Alden family from Plymouth, Massachusetts?
Gules, three crescents within a bordure engrailed ermine.
Originally posted 2010-11-20 11:42:47.
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| 0.920081 | 371 | 2.75 | 3 |
Croydon originally comprised two airfields, Beddington and Waddon. During WW1 the sites were used by the Royal Flyng Corps to defend London against Zeppelins, being just to the south of Central London, as well as for training new pilots. Immediately after WW1 Croydon Aerodrome was created out of the two original airfields and became London’s first international airport, and the home base for the newly formed Imperial Airways, which began life here in 1924. The famous terminal building and Aerodrome hotel were built in this period in the Art Deco style, the centrepiece of the newly named Croydon Airport which opened in 1928. Many famous aviators of the period flew in and out of Croydon, including Charles Lindbergh, Amy Johnson and Winston Churchill, who took flying lessons here with near disastrous consequences.
At the outbreak of war in 1939, Croydon once again became a military base, this time under Fighter Command. Squadrons based here at one time or another during the Battle of Britain included 111 Squadron, 501 Squadron, 401 Squadron RCAF, 85 Squadron, 72 Squadron, and 605 Squadron. The airfield was targeted by the Luftwaffe several times during the Battle.
In 1944, Croydon became the base of RAF Transport Command, and the airfield returned to civilian use in 1946. However, by then the new jetliners needed longer runways, and the new London airport was sited at Heathrow.
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| 0.981372 | 308 | 3.375 | 3 |
In the final step of a successful phishing attack, the user's action is translated into a system operation. This is the last chance we have to prevent the attack. Unfortunately, because phishing does not exploit system bugs, the system operations involved in a phishing attack are perfectly valid. For example, it is ordinary to post information to a remote server. Warnings based solely on system operations will inevitably generate a high rate of false positive errors—that is, warning users about innocent actions (Figure 9). These false-positives eventually cause users to disable the warnings or simply to become habituated to "swatting" the warning away.
Figure 9. Warning based on system operations
A more interesting approach involves modifying the system operation according to its destination. Web password hashing applies this idea to defend against phishing attacks that steal web site passwords. The browser automatically hashes the password typed by the user with the domain name to which it is being sent, in order to generate a unique password for each site—and hence sending useless garbage to a phishing site. Web password hashing assumes that users will type their passwords only into a password HTML element. But this element can be spoofed, and a sophisticated attack may be able to trick users into disclosing their passwords through other channels.
Case Study: SpoofGuard
The most comprehensive solution thus far for stopping phishing at the user interface is SpoofGuard, a browser plug-in for Internet Explorer. SpoofGuard addresses three of the four steps where phishing might be prevented.
At message retrieval time, SpoofGuard calculates a total spoof score for an incoming web page. The calculation is based on common characteristics of known phishing attacks, including:
Potentially misleading patterns in URLs, such as use of @
Similarity of the domain name to popular or previously visited domains, as measured by edit distance
Embedded images that are similar to images from frequently spoofed domains, as measured by image hashing
Whether links in the page contain misleading URLs
Whether the page includes password fields but fails to use SSL, as most phishing sites eschew SSL
At presentation time, SpoofGuard translates this spoof score into a traffic light (red, yellow, or green) displayed in a dedicated toolbar. Further, when the score is above a threshold, SpoofGuard pops up a modal warning box that demands the user's consent before it proceeds with displaying the page.
For the action step, SpoofGuard does nothing to modify the user's online behavior. The user is free to click on any links or buttons in the page, regardless of their spoof score.
SpoofGuard becomes involved again in the system operation step, however, by evaluating posted data before it is submitted to a remote server. The evaluation tries to detect whether sensitive data is being sent, by maintaining a database of passwords (stored as hashes) and comparing each element sent against the database. If a user's eBay password is sent to a site that isn't in ebay.com, then the spoof score for the interaction is increased. This evaluation is also linked with the detection of embedded images so that if the page also contained an eBay logo, the spoof score is increased still more. If the evaluation of the system operation causes the spoof score to exceed a certain threshold, then the post is blocked and the user is warned.
In general, however, SpoofGuard is an impressive step toward fighting phishing attacks at the client side.
Phishing attacks are likely to grow more sophisticated in the days ahead, and our defenses against them must continue to improve. Phishing succeeds because of a gap between the user's mental model and the true implementation, so promising technical solutions should try to bridge this gap, either by finding ways to visualize for the user details of implementation that would otherwise be invisible, or by finding ways to see the message from the user's point of view.
If technical solutions fail, we might ask whether there are legal or policy solutions. As a species of wire fraud, phishing is, of course, already illegal; no new legislation is required to prosecute an attacker. So, legal and policy solutions may have to restrict legitimate access instead, in order to make phishing attacks easier to detect or attackers easier to track down. One policy measure, already being undertaken by some companies, is to stop using email for critical communications with customers. AOL, one of the earliest targets of phishing attacks in the Internet era, has a unique message system for "Official AOL Mail" that cannot be spoofed by outsiders or other AOL members. More recently, eBay has responded to the spate of phishing attacks against it by setting up a private webmail system, "My Messages," for sending unspoofable messages to its users.
The success of phishing suggests that users authenticate web sites mainly by visual inspection: looking at logos, page layout, and domain names. The web browser can improve this situation by digging up additional information about a site and making it available for direct visual inspection. How many times have I been to this site? How many other people have been to this site? How long has this site existed on the Web? How many other sites link to it, according to a search engine like Google? Reputation is much harder to spoof than mere visual appearance. Authentication by visual inspection would be easier and more dependable if these additional visual cues were not all buried in the periphery of the web browser, but were integrated into the content of the page, in the user's locus of attention.
Another potential opportunity arises in the action step of an online interaction. A phishing attack is harmless unless the user actually does something with it. If earlier analysis suggests that the risk of phishing is high, then the system can suggest alternative safe paths ("Use this bookmark to go to the real eBay.com"), or ask the user to choose which site they really want to receive the information ("eBay.com in California, or 126.96.36.199 in South Korea?").
The ideal defense against phishing might be an intelligent security assistant that can perceive and understand a message in the same way the user does so that it can directly compare the user's probable mental model against the real implementation and detect discrepancies. This ideal is likely to be a long way off. In the meantime, phishing will remain a problem that must be tackled by both a user and a computer, with an effective user interface in between.
Editor's note: Robert Miller and Min Wu contributed the material contained in this excerpt from Security & Usability. This excerpt is one of thirty-four essays in the book that cover authentication, privacy and anonymity, secure systems, commercialization, and more.
About the Authors
Robert Miller is an assistant professor in MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and a member of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He received his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 2002. His research concerns intelligent user interfaces, end-user programming, and applications of usability to security, including authentication, secure email, and network visualization.
Min Wu is a Ph.D. candidate in electrical engineering and computer science at MIT. He received his M.S. in electrical engineering and computer science at MIT in 2001. He is interested in different techniques to deal with Internet fraud.
Anti-Phishing Working Group, "Phishing Attack Trends Report, April 2004"; http://antiphishing.org/APWG_Phishing_Attack_Report-Apr2004.pdf.
Bob Sullivan, "Consumers Still Falling for Phish," MSNBC (July 28, 2004); http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5519990/.
Neil Chou, Robert Ledesma, Yuka Teraguchi, and John C. Mitchell, "Client-Side Defense Against Web-Based Identity Theft," 11th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (2004); http://theory.stanford.edu/people/jcm/papers/spoofguard-ndss.pdf.
Anti-Phishing Working Group, "eBay—NOTICE eBay Obligatory Verifying—Invalid User Information" (March 9, 2004); http://www.antiphishing.org/phishing_archive/eBay_03-09-04.htm.
Bruce Schneier, "Semantic Attacks: The Third Wave of Network Attacks," Crypto-Gram Newsletter (Oct. 15, 2000); http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0010.html#1.
Anti-Phishing Working Group, "US Bank—Maintenance Upgrade" (July 6, 2004); http://www.antiphishing.org/
Anti-Phishing Working Group, "Citibank—Your Citibank Account!" (July 13, 2004); http://www.antiphishing.org/phishing_archive/07-13-04_Citibank_(your_Citibank_account!).html.
EarthLink Toolbar: Featuring ScamBlocker; http://www.earthlink.net/earthlinktoolbar/download/.
Tropical Software Secure Browser; http://www.tropsoft.com/secbrowser/.
F-SECURE, "F-Secure Virus Descriptions: Bagle.N"; http://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/bagle_n.shtml.
Anti-Phishing Working Group, "MBNA—MBNA Informs You!" (Feb. 24, 2004); http://www.antiphishing.org/phishing_archive/MBNA_2-24-04.htm.
eBay Inc., "Email and Websites Impersonating eBay"; http://pages.ebay.com/ help/confidence/isgw-account-theft-spoof.html.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice, "FBI Says Web 'Spoofing' Scams Are a Growing Problem" (2003); http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel03/spoofing072103.htm.
PayPal Inc., "Security Tips"; http://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=p/gen/fraud-prevention-outside.
eBay toolbar; http://pages.ebay.com/ebay_toolbar/.
VeriSign Secured Seal Program; http://www.verisign.com/products-services/security-services/secured-seal/index.html.
eBay, Inc., "Tutorial: Spoof (fake) Emails"; http://pages.ebay.com/education/spooftutorial/.
PassMark Security; http://www.passmarksecurity.com/twoWay.jsp.
Dan Boneh, John Mitchell, and Blake Ross, "Web Password Hashing," Stanford University; http://crypto.stanford.edu/PwdHash/.
Return to the O'Reilly Network
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What is a dental implant?
An implant is a small part made of titanium, titanium alloy or ceramics. The human body is generally tolerant of these materials. Titanium has been used for many years in surgical procedures, and it has shown to bond well with the human bone.
Our specialist Implantologist surgically inserts the dental implant into the jawbone under local anaesthetic. Once it has healed, the implant acts as a base for the new artificial crown of the tooth.
How many teeth can be replaced using implants?
Implants can be used to replace:
• An individual tooth
• More than one tooth
• All teeth
For further information on implants, visit the ‘Association of Implantology UK’ website below:
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| 0.886789 | 155 | 3.3125 | 3 |
How many shot in 1 cubic centimeter?
The answer is 0.033814022558919.
We assume you are converting between shot and cubic centimetre.
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
shot or cubic centimeter
The SI derived unit for volume is the cubic meter.
1 cubic meter is equal to 33814.022558919 shot, or 1000000 cubic centimeter.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between shots and cubic centimeters.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 shot to cubic centimeter = 29.57353 cubic centimeter
2 shot to cubic centimeter = 59.14706 cubic centimeter
3 shot to cubic centimeter = 88.72059 cubic centimeter
4 shot to cubic centimeter = 118.29412 cubic centimeter
5 shot to cubic centimeter = 147.86765 cubic centimeter
6 shot to cubic centimeter = 177.44118 cubic centimeter
7 shot to cubic centimeter = 207.01471 cubic centimeter
8 shot to cubic centimeter = 236.58824 cubic centimeter
9 shot to cubic centimeter = 266.16177 cubic centimeter
10 shot to cubic centimeter = 295.7353 cubic centimeter
You can do the reverse unit conversion from cubic centimeter to shot, or enter any two units below:
A cubic centimetre (cm3) is equal to the volume of a cube with side length of 1 centimetre. It was the base unit of volume of the CGS system of units, and is a legitimate SI unit. It is equal to a millilitre (ml).
The colloquial abbreviations cc and ccm are not SI but are common in some contexts. It is a verbal shorthand for "cubic centimetre". For example 'cc' is commonly used for denoting displacement of car and motorbike engines "the Mini Cooper had a 1275 cc engine". In medicine 'cc' is also common, for example "100 cc of blood loss".
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!
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| 0.829457 | 554 | 3.109375 | 3 |
For Linux users, managing file permission and ownership is one of the must-have skills. And here I’m going to show you how to tell and edit file permissions as well as ownership in details.
How to see file permissions and ownership in Linux:
If you’re working on Linux with a desktop environments, thing will be quite easy. Simply right on the file or folder and go to ‘Properties’.
It shows the owner, group, as well as permissions in “Permissions” tab. As well, you can change them if you’re the owner.
However, you are mostly here for Linux Server, e.g., Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS. So I’ll tell and explain the commands below.
1. Command to list file permission / ownership.
We usually use
ls command to list information about the file or directory.
To list current directory content, run:
To list a specified file or folder, user’s Downloads folder for instance, run:
ls -al ~/Downloads
It will output something like the picture shows:
As you can see, the first column shows the permissions:
- ‘d‘ means directory. ‘.‘ is the current, and ‘..‘ means parent folder.
- ‘r‘, ‘w‘, and ‘x‘ stands for read, write, and executable permissions.
- And ‘–‘ is there for either non-directory or no read, write, or execute permission.
The first letter ‘d‘ or ‘–‘ tells either folder or not. The 2 ~ 4 letters indicates permissions for the owner. And the 5 ~ 7 letters shows for all users in the group. The last three tells permissions for everyone else.
The second column in
ls -al command output indicates number of hard-links for file, or number of contained folders, including itself and the parent (‘.‘ and ‘..‘).
While the third and forth columns display the owner and group names, the last three shows the file size, last modified time, as well as filename.
Change file permission and ownership in Linux
1. chown – change the ownership.
Change the owner and group is easy via
For example, change the owner of a file in current directory to user ‘merilyn’ run command:
sudo chown merilyn filename
Change the group to ‘root’, use:
sudo chown :root filename
And set the owner to ‘merilyn’, group to ‘root’ run:
sudo chown merilyn:root filename
For a folder directory, you can add
-hR flag to change ownership for itself and all contained files/folders. For instance, the command will set the “Documents” and all in that folder to group ‘root’.
sudo chown :root -hR ~/Documents
2. chmod – change file permissions.
chmod command allows to change file or folder permissions for owner, group, and all others.
chmod ugoa + rwx FILE_OR_FOLDER
- ‘u‘ = user (the owner), ‘g‘ = group, ‘o‘ = others, ‘a‘ = all. You can use either one or a combination
- ‘+‘ means add permission. It can also be ‘–‘ to remove permission, or ‘=‘ to set permission.
- ‘r‘, ‘w‘, ‘x‘ stands for read, write, execute. Use either of them or combination.
Here are some examples:
- Add read permission to ~/Downloads and subfiles for all users:
chmod -R a+r ~/Downloads
- Remove execute permission of file for others:
chmod o-x FILE
- set read, write, execute for owner, read and write for group users, and read-only for others:
chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=r FILE
- add execute permission for all users, without specify
ugoaon command. NOT work when add/remove
chmod +x FILE
NOTE: for file or folder NOT belong to the current user, you HAVE to add sudo at the beginning for each command. For instance:
sudo chmod o-r /etc/apt/sources.list
To make life easier, a numeric mode is available.
- 4 is equivalent to ‘r‘ (read).
- 2 = ‘w‘ (write).
- 1 = ‘x‘ (execute).
- And 7 = 1 + 2 + 4, means read, write, and execute.
- 6 stands for read and write
- 5 = 1 + 4 means read and execute.
So you can use 3 numbers from possible combinations, to set permission for owner, group, others via single command. For example, the command below set read, write & execute to owner, read & execute for group and all other users:
chmod 755 FILE
That’s all. Enjoy!
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| 0.857608 | 1,123 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Summer heat is breaking records this year, and like you, your computer needs to keep cool. Though your laptop or desktop has a built-in computer fan specifically for this function, it still relies on the help of its user to operate without overheating. Want to keep a new one off your back to school supply list? Heed these stay-cool tips:
- Location. Location. Location.
Avoid use in hot, humid environments, like your car, in favor of cooler, drier ones, like an air conditioned room.
- Select the right surface.
Hard surfaces (ie: not your lap) are best for protecting airflow that is essential to cooling.
- Think: Personal space.
Don’t put your computer in an enclosed space, where circulation is poor. Keep vents free and clear.
- Keep it clean.
Dust can reduce airflow and heat dissipation. Have a little fun with a can of compressed air every now and again.
- Be flexible.
Adjusting power management options to those that require less electricity subsequently result in the production of less heat.
- Grab some gear.
When shopping for back to school items this year, add a laptop stand or mat to your supply list for better heat control, especially on high performance computers and laptops, which generate more heat than lower performance and desktop systems.
- Keep an eye on things.
With the installation of heat monitoring software that can help you better understand the situations that put your computer under pressure.
Signs Your Computer Is Feeling the Burn
Too much heat can reduce CPU efficiency and result in excess wear-and-tear on components. Avoid the untimely demise of expensive computer devices by being aware of these warning signs of excess temperature:
- Hot flash!
The PC is hot to the touch or uncomfortable on your lap.
Ensure proper ventilation with the right location and/or gear.
- You’re not listening!
The computer fan cycles on and off more frequently, runs fast, or makes excessive noise.
Ensure your computer has room to breathe, is clean, and is out of the sunlight.
- I’m tired…
Opening up a new tab in your web browser or another program is an Olympic event.
Close all unused tabs in your browser to prevent the generation of unnecessary heat via programs you’re not even using.
- I don’t feel so good.
Strange pixels, streaks, or tears appear on top of windows.
Close programs you don’t need, increase ventilation and get it out of the heat ASAP.
- I give up!
You experience the blue screen of doom, or the computer abruptly shuts down and/or will not restart.
Worst case: You fried it. Best case: You let it cool off for a bit and it restarts.
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| 0.873167 | 589 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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