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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
Sexual misconduct is misconduct of a sexual nature. The term may be used to condemn an act, but in some jurisdictions it has also a legal meaning.
Sexual misconduct encompasses a range of behavior used to obtain sexual gratification against another’s will or at the expense of another. Sexual misconduct includes sexual harassment, sexual assault, sexual abuse, and any conduct of a sexual nature that is without consent, or has the effect of threatening or intimidating the person against whom such conduct is directed.
- Being not with the right person: Including men having sex with men, with people of non-binary gender, with any women not being one's wife.
- Being not with the right organ: Including having oral, anal sex and masturbation.
- Being not at the right place: Including temples, public areas and rugged and rough places.
- Being not at the right time: Including women's period, pregnancy, nursing, fasting and disease.
A literature review of educator sexual misconduct published by the US Department of Education found that 9.6% of high school students have experienced some form of sexual misconduct In 4% to 43% of cases, the abusers were women. Black, Hispanic, and Native American Indian children are at greatest risk for sexual abuse. Also at increased risk are children with disabilities; the reason for this may be their greater need for individual attention and their possible problems with communicating.
Children who have been victims of educator sexual misconduct usually have low self-esteem, and they are likely to develop suicidal ideation and depression. Because the abuser was a person the child was encouraged to trust, he or she may experience a sense of betrayal.
- Professional boundaries
- Sexual abuse
- Sexual bullying
- Sexual ethics
- Buddhist ethics#Sexual misconduct
- Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs (Nov 20, 1991). "Sexual misconduct in the practice of medicine". JAMA. American Medical Association. 266 (19): 2741–5. doi:10.1001/jama.266.19.2741.
- West, SG; Hatters-Friedman, S; Knoll, JL IV. (2010). "Lessons to learn: female educators who sexually abuse their students". Psychiatry Times. 27 (8): 9–10.
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There are lots of things preschool-age kids learn to do – share toys, take turns, and skip and hop.
What about learning healthy behaviors? Today, over half of obese children first become overweight by the age of two, and about 1 in 5 children are overweight or obese by the time they turn six years old.
Teaching children to eat better and move more early helps them live a healthy lifestyle now, and later as adults. There are 5 healthy behaviors that, as parents and educators, we can help our children do to be healthy.
- Eat more fruits and vegetables
- Replace sugary drinks with water and plain low-fat milk
- Increase physical activity and active play
- Reduce screen time (in front of the TV or computer)
- Improve the amount and quality of sleep
Children age 3-5 years old need 60 minutes (1 hour) or more of structured physical activity and at least 1 hour of unstructured physical activity every day. Active children sleep better, grow strong bones and muscles, reach a healthy weight, feel better about themselves, and get along better with friends.
This activity does not have to occur all at one time; children should be active throughout the day. Learning basic movement skills such as running, jumping, throwing, and kicking are important to your child's physical and mental development.
Eating well is just as important for preschool-age kids. As a parent or child care provider, you have a real opportunity to teach kids to appreciate wholesome, healthy foods while they are beginning to form their habits. With a little patience, even the pickiest eaters can learn to like healthy foods.
This information is provided by the Department of Public Health.
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| 0.966954 | 349 | 4.0625 | 4 |
4.5: Patronage Income Distribution Choices and Cooperative Business Units
- Page ID
A board’s choice must take into account the business units of the cooperative. Consider a cooperative that has one line of business, which is buying milk from its members and manufacturing it into liquid milk and some butter or cheese products for consumer consumption. Member are vertically aligned with the cooperative in one way through milk from their cows. The cooperative is using one raw material product, milk, to create several types of products. As such, it is reasonable to assume that the cooperative agrees to pool all of the income derived from the sale of these products into one patronage pool. All dairy producers share equally, despite the fact that milk from different members might have different end uses. This is equitable from the members’ perspective because the overall operation of the plant has similar costs of processing the raw material product into different end uses. Each member thus participates equally because of the similar costs of manufacturing the milk into processed products.
The physical unit of raw material, pounds of milk, is easy to measure, and the cooperative would link the patronage refund with the quantity of milk each member sold to the cooperative.
Many cooperatives have just one line of business and it is relatively easy to treat each member equitably by pooling income from all products into one patronage pool and, thus, into one level of allocation. Some cooperatives, however, particularly in the farm supply business, have multiple lines of business including supply of products such as crop nutrients, crop protectants, animal nutrition, refined fuels and related energy products, and various services associated with agronomy, grain and oilseeds, and energy.
Each of these products and services has differing costs and net margins, and there are different risk profiles associated with each product based on the tools available to the cooperative. In addition, not every member needs or purchases all of these products and services, and many supply cooperatives also market a members’ feed grains and oilseeds. It thus makes sense to create multiple patronage pools in order to be equitable with each member in allocating income from that line of business to the member
In this example, the physical units are different. Crop nutrients are sold and measured in tons, crop protectants and refined fuels are measured in gallons or liters, and grain and oilseeds might be measured in bushels or tons. Furthermore, services are often bundled with the sale of the product. A cooperative might have one price for nitrogen fertilizer and application services and a different price for the purchase of that fertilizer alone. All of these products likely have different costs and different net margins per physical unit, and there is likely sharing of variable costs such as labor and fixed costs such as management. A members’ participation in the benefits from each product may thus be difficult to determine. Some products may not have physical units such as a farm equipment tires or credit (in the case of a financial services cooperative). In such a case, the board would typically create a patronage pool based on total value rather than physical units, and patronage allocated to the member could be linked with the members’ proportion of the total value of these types of products. The board may elect to allocate some of the income derived from members’ patronage into unallocated equity. In doing so, the cooperative must pay corporate taxes on that income. This choice is not common, but may be used if the board decides it needs that equity on its balance sheet.
In summary, the board of directors, based on input from management, makes a decision on the distribution of income. In doing so, it has several choices on handling patronage-sourced and non-patronage sourced income. Virtually all cooperatives choose to pay corporate taxes on the non-patronage sourced income and retain it as unallocated equity. On patronage-sourced income, the board decides how many patronage pools to operate and how to distribute income from those pools to members. These choices can be thought of as dividing the income into corporate taxes, patronage refunds, and retention as unallocated equity. The board should do what is in the best interest of the member which is to maximize the after-tax income available as patronage refunds. Operationally, what boards tend to do is retain the non-patronage sourced income as unallocated equity by paying corporate taxes upon it and distribute the patronage-sourced income as patronage refunds.
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In response to a Public Civil Action filed by indigenous and environmental organisations, the Brazilian Justice on Friday, February 21, 2020 ordered the temporary suspension of the environmental licensing process of a project that aims to install the largest open-pit coal mine in Latin America, called Mina Guaíba.
The project calls for the installation of the mine in an area of more than 10,000 acres, located less than 18 miles from Porto Alegre, one of the largest cities in Brazil, and within a Metropolitan Region that is home to 4.5 million people. In addition to the risk of air contamination, the mine, it was gathered, would be set up close to the State Park of Delta do Jacuí, considered crucial to the conservation of watersheds that supply this population.
The enterprise, observers said, would also represent a blow to the Brazilian efforts to reduce its emissions. It would produce a total of up to 166 million tons of coal, along 27 years, and would be the first step to the installation of a pole of factories whose power would be supplied by the coal mine, according to the company responsible for the project, Copelmi.
In case all the coal that might be extracted in the mine was used, it would lead to the emission of up to 4.5 Gtons of CO2, which is equivalent to almost 10% of the global emissions in one year, according to an estimate made by Dr. Rualdo Menegat, a professor linked to the Institute of Geoscience of UFRGS, a prestigious university in Rio Grande do Sul, the Brazilian state where the mine would be located.
The civil action was filed by the initiative of the Arayara Institute and the Poty Guarani Indigenous Association, with the support of 350.org and the Mineral Coal Observatory. One of the main problems pointed out by these organisations was that the compulsory environmental impact report presented by Copelmi to the federal agencies ignored the presence of indigenous villages in the area directly affected by the project, notably the Tekoá Guajaiyvi Village of the Mbyá-Guarani people.
Since the mine may affect these indigenous communities directly, they should have been consulted “through appropriate procedures”, as defined by the Convention C169 of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), of which Brazil is a signatory.
The Brazilian Justice considered that the licensing process should be interrupted and that it can only continue after conclusive analysis of the impacts over the Indigenous communities by the government agency responsible for indigenous affairs, Funai.
This legal fight is part of a set of actions taken by the communities living near the area of the mine project. The mobilisations included street demonstrations, participation in public hearings and legislative sessions, community environmental education campaigns and legal measures against the irregularities committed by Copelmi, as in the case of the absence of consultation with the Indigenous Peoples affected.
Nicole Oliveira, 350.org’s Director in Latin America, said: “The fossil fuel industry plans have just been crushed by a court decision acting on behalf of Indigenous’ interests. This mine would be installed on top of the Latin America’s most important organic rice production by re-settled farming communities and would harm important artisanal fishing areas and Indigenous villages.
“This victory belongs to the people, the indigenous communities, farmers, activists and fishers, who did not fear the size of the fossil fuel and financial industries and joined forces to defeat the coal giant. Coal Golias has lost.
“Even if the company responsible for the mine tries to appeal, this victory is important because it delays an enterprise that goes against the interests of millions of people and shows that this project is legally vulnerable. Investors should know that they are putting their money in a promise that might never be fulfilled.”
Juliano Bueno de Araújo, Director of Campaigns for 350.org in Latin America, said: “The indigenous people who live in the region are already being affected by the mine, when those responsible for the project try to erase their existence and bypass the mandatory consultation they should do, but the communities will not let this happen. They are fighting the fossil fuel industry and winning big.”
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“Sudoku Pieces” Puzzle Rules:
Pieces of a Sudoku grid are given beside the grid.
Place the different pieces so that each piece fits in one of the shapes drawn in the grid and each number from 1 to 6 occurs at most once in each row, column and 3×2 block. Pieces may be rotated but not reflected.
Every shape must be covered.
Solution of this Sudoku Pieces can be viewed by clicking on button. Please do give your best try to solve this Sudoku puzzle before looking at the answer.
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3.7.1 Discriminant Constraints
Language Design Principles
Name Resolution Rules
of a named discriminant_association
shall resolve to denote a discriminant of the subtype being constrained;
the discriminants so named are the associated
of the named association.
positional association, the associated discriminant
is the one
occurred in the corresponding position in the known_discriminant_part
that defined the discriminants of the subtype being constrained.
The second rule is necessary to prevent objects from changing so that
they no longer match their constraint. In Ada 95, we attempted to prevent
this by banning every case where an aliased object could be unconstrained
or be changed by an enclosing assignment. New ways to cause this problem
were being discovered frequently, meaning that new rules had to be dreamed
up to cover them. Meanwhile, aliased objects and components were getting
more and more limited. In Ada 2005, we sweep away all of that cruft and
replace it by a simple rule “thou shalt not create an access subtype
that can point to an item whose discriminants can be changed by assignment”.
The second rule will only use the indefinite or dereference bullets in
the definition of “known to be constrained”. The rule is
worded in terms of “known to be constrained” in order to
capture the special rules that apply in generic bodies (rather than repeating
them and getting them subtly wrong).
In addition, 8.6
requires that the expression
associated with an access discriminant is convertible (see 4.6
to the anonymous access type. This implies both convertibility of designated
types, and static accessibility. This implies that if an object of type
T with an access discriminant is created by an allocator for an access
type A, then it requires that the type of the expression
associated with the access discriminant have an accessibility level that
is not statically deeper than that of A. This is to avoid dangling references.
with an unconstrained discriminated subtype if each
discriminant value belongs to the subtype of the corresponding discriminant.
Ramification: The "dependent compatibility
check" has been eliminated in Ada 95. Any checking on subcomponents
is performed when (and if) an object is created.
Discussion: There is no need to define
compatibility with a constrained discriminated subtype, because one is
not allowed to constrain it again.
A composite value satisfies
a discriminant constraint if and only if each discriminant of the composite
value has the value imposed by the discriminant constraint.
For the elaboration of a discriminant_constraint
in the discriminant_association
are evaluated in an arbitrary order and converted to the type of the
associated discriminant (which might raise Constraint_Error — see
); the expression
of a named association is evaluated (and converted) once for each associated
The result of each evaluation and conversion
is the value imposed by the constraint for the associated discriminant.
Reason: We convert to the type, not the
subtype, so that the definition of compatibility of discriminant constraints
is not vacuous.
62 The rules of the language ensure that
a discriminant of an object always has a value, either from explicit
or implicit initialization.
Discussion: Although it is illegal to
constrain a class-wide tagged subtype, it is possible to have a partially
constrained class-wide subtype: If the subtype S is defined by T(A =>
B), then S'Class is partially constrained in the sense that objects of
subtype S'Class have to have discriminants corresponding to A equal to
B, but there can be other discriminants defined in extensions that are
not constrained to any particular value.
Large : Buffer(200); -- constrained, always 200 characters
-- (explicit discriminant value)
Message : Buffer; -- unconstrained, initially 100 characters
-- (default discriminant value)
Basis : Square(5); -- constrained, always 5 by 5
Illegal : Square; -- illegal, a Square has to be constrained
Inconsistencies With Ada 83
checks are no longer performed on subtype declaration. Instead they are
deferred until object creation (see 3.3.1
This is upward compatible for a program that does not raise Constraint_Error.
Wording Changes from Ada 83
Everything in RM83-3.7.2(7-12), which specifies
the initial values for discriminants, is now redundant with 3.3.1, 6.4.1,
8.5.1, and 12.4. Therefore, we don't repeat it here. Since the material
is largely intuitive, but nevertheless complicated to state formally,
it doesn't seem worth putting it in a "NOTE."
Incompatibilities With Ada 95
The Corrigendum added a restriction on discriminant_constraint
for general access subtypes. Such constraints are prohibited if the designated
type can be treated as constrained somewhere in the program. Ada 2005
goes further and prohibits such discriminant_constraint
if the designated type has (or might have, in the case of a formal type)
defaults for its discriminants. The use of general access subtypes is
rare, and this eliminates a boatload of problems that required many restrictions
on the use of aliased objects and components (now lifted). Similarly,
Ada 2005 prohibits discriminant_constraint
on any access type whose designated type has a partial view that is constrained.
Such a type will not be constrained in the heap to avoid privacy problems.
Again, the use of such subtypes is rare (they can only happen within
the package and its child units).
Wording Changes from Ada 2005
Revised the rules on access subtypes having discriminant
constraints to depend on the “known to be constrained” rules.
This centralizes the rules so that future fixes need to be made in only
one place, as well as fixing bugs in obscure cases.
Moved implicit conversion Legality Rule to 8.6
Ada 2005 and 2012 Editions sponsored in part by Ada-Europe
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Researchers at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore and the Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, have provided a review paper on how system biology approaches predict disease onset and progression focused on non-vascular or “dry” form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These research approaches include genomic, proteomic, metabolomic and other pharmacological and clinical data activities using mathematical models to obtain deeper understanding behind the pathobiology and responses of the retina. Multi-disciplinary expertise from researchers, geneticists, medics, computing engineers, mathematical modellers and statisticians allows to bring together a larger total sum beyond the sum of the individual parts.
As documented, AMD is projected to affect 196 million patients by 2020 globally, through two forms, a non-neovascular (“dry” form) and a neovascular (“wet” form). When dry AMD progresses in the late stages, geographic atrophy (GA) develops patches of RPE cell loss becoming confluent. This often includes the fovea leading to severe vision loss. While several experimental treatments have aimed to test a variety of visual cycle inhibitors, sustained release of neurotrophic factors, complement pathway inhibitors and others, to date these GA results have failed in human trials. Systems biology approaches are aimed to combine both genetic and environmental studies including more than 40 genetic variants and environmental factors (diet, lifestyle, light) which can aim to develop individual risk models for AMD. According to researchers, the integration of heterogeneous factors that influence AMD are now capable to translate and build new knowledge into the prevention, prediction, and treatment for patient clinical management.
Researchers now state that the systems biology outcomes will develop “basic, genomic, preclinical, medical, pharmacological, and clinical data into mathematical models of pathological processes at different stages of dry AMD in order to ask how relevant individual components act together within the living system”. Most importantly, the practical consequences of these projects have been well identified, showing that researchers “can now link heterologous large data sets to acquire novel information on which to generate new hypotheses, calculate risks on an individual basis, identify drivers of disease manifestation and progression, and turn knowledge into risk assessment and clinical recommendations. The EYE-RISK consortium is an example of how this goal can be achieved. A consortium of participants from different European countries, EYE-RISK (www.eyerisk.eu) has been funded by the EU Horizon 2020 program.”
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Tantrums: A spectacular loss of control and disorganized behavior. They come in all shapes and sizes but are generally an expression of frustration and anger. You might see these behaviors during a tantrum: kicking, shouting, flopping (or throwing) themselves to the ground, flailing, running away, hitting, arching their backs, and—in the extreme—even holding their breath, vomiting intentionally or harming themselves.1
You have likely seen a tantrum if you have or know a child. They are common between the ages of one and three. They occur because children of this age are still developing the language skills to express themselves, their needs, and their social and emotional regulation capacity. This means they often can’t communicate their needs effectively, leading to frustration. But this age group is also learning how their behaviors influence people around them, so tantrums can sometimes be intentional as they try to elicit a reaction to have particular needs met.1
There are dozens (okay, probably thousands) of articles out there about tantrums and how to manage them. But let’s flip the table and explore some of the pitfalls, things to avoid, and what not to say during a tantrum.
What Not to Say or Do During a Tantrum
Don’t Say Anything
Shh! A bit like the song says, “You say it best when you say nothing at all.” I’m not saying don’t comfort your child or address the tantrum. But while they are overwhelmed, they might not even be able to hear you or process your words effectively. Safety and common sense come first, but sometimes it’s best to wait for the crest of the tantrum to pass before you address it.
Don’t Say, “It’s Okay” or “You’ll Be Okay”
Don’t try and fix it by saying, “It’s okay” or “You’ll be okay.” This devalues and invalidates your child’s emotional experience and could trigger an even stronger emotional reaction. Especially if the tantrum was due to an inability to express themselves or get you to understand their feelings.2
Tempting as it is to raise your voice to be heard over the noise of their tantrum or to vent your frustrations, yelling will only escalate things.
Don’t Reason with Them
Similarly to the point above, your child will be accessing a very primitive part of their brain during their tantrum (the amygdala, among other regions), not the logical part of their brain that you need to have a reasonable conversation with them. The time to negotiate is only after they have calmed down.
Avoid Giving In
If you tell them a limit, do not go back on your word. All this teaches your child is that you will back down if they have a tantrum. So, make sure limits are reasonable and something you can follow through on because being inconsistent or detracting will only make things worse in the long run.3
Stop Telling Them How to Feel
Saying things like, “There’s nothing to cry about” or “You don’t need to get so angry” will incense them and probably escalate the tantrum. Their feelings are valid, and the delivery might not be ideal, but you can’t and shouldn’t try to change how they feel. It accidentally invalidates them and can negatively influence your relationship with them as they may feel that you aren’t connected to them, don’t understand them, or potentially that you don’t want to understand them.
Telling your child a lie to get them to cooperate or to avoid a tantrum altogether is a big no-no. Depending on the lie, it might distract them momentarily or get them to stop the tantrum. For example, saying, “Sorry, there aren’t any crackers left,” when you know there is an unopened packet of crackers. However, avoiding tantrums doesn’t give your child the opportunity to practice emotional regulation or for you to maintain boundaries. Just say no to the crackers and manage the outcome. Lying to your child is not a foundation on which you want to build your relationship, particularly when we expect and need our kids to be open and honest. We need to model this accordingly.
Don’t Make Them Responsible for Your Feelings
Saying things like, “It makes me so sad when you shout like this,” can put pressure on them and make them feel responsible for your emotional well-being. You can still express your feelings by saying something like, “I’m feeling pretty frustrated right now,” but ensure that you take responsibility for your emotions. Children can feel anxious and distressed when they are made to feel accountable for their parent’s well-being.
Managing tantrums can be challenging! However, remember that things can be just as uncomfortable and tricky for your child. Often, your child is working through a big emotion as best as they know how, so try and avoid taking things personally or judging yourself or your child. And yes, most definitely ignore any bystanders who might be giving some “side eye.” Try to view each tantrum as a learning opportunity rather than a behavioral issue. Instead of putting pressure on yourself to do more to manage the tantrum, try these strategies, which involve doing less, with some potentially positive outcomes.
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Home > Preview
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
What is the difference between an analgesic and an anesthetic?
An analgesic is medication that relieves the sensation of pain, where as an anesthetic is a medication that removes all sensation.
Both effect the CNS.
Briefly describe the nervous system and its different parts.
The nervous system is comprised of two main components, the CNS or central nervous system (brain & spinal cord) and the PNS the peripheral nervous system (all nervous tissue outside the CNS).
The PNS is two parts also, the autonomic and the somatic nervous systems. The autonomic controls automatic or involuntary functions and the somatic controls motor or voluntary functions.
The autonomic system is also two parts, the sympathetic (fight or flight)and the parasymathetic (feed & breed) nervous systems.
What is the opiate prototype?
What is an opiate antagonist?
What does an opiate agaonist/antagonist do?
Decreases pain (agonist effect) and has fewer respiratory depressant and addictive side effects (antagonist effect).
What is nitrous oxide?
An inhaled an anesthetic.
What is the function of a benzodiazepine?
To decrease anxiety, induce amnesia, control seizures and assist in sleeping.
What is the antagonist for benzodiazepines?
What are the three functional classes of CNS stimulants? What do they do?
Amphetamines (amphetamine sulfate) - Increase the excitatory neurotransmitters (norepi & dopamine), treat drowsiness, fatigue, & suppress appetite.
Methylphenidates (Ritalin) - Most common drug for ADHD, similar MOA as amphetamines.
Methylxanthines (caffeine) - Block adenosine receptors, relax bronchial smooth muscle, similar to amphetamines with a much lesser effect.
What is Haldol?
A high potency antipsychotic that affects the nerves.
What are extrapyramidal symptoms and how are they treated?
Common side effect of antipsychotic medications that may include tremors of the muscles and/or dystonic reations. Treated with diphenhydramine.
What are tricyclic antidepressants (TCA's) and what do they do?
Used to treat depression by blocking the reuptake of norepi and serotonin. They have anticholinergic properties causing blurred vison, dry mouth, urinary retention, and tachycardia. They may increase the possiblity of seizures and have very severe cardiotoxic effects if taken in overdose.
What do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) do?
Block the reuptake of serotonin with less severe side effects than TCA's.
What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) do and what is the prototype?
Block monoamine oxidase, but are insufficient in the treatment of depression. Phenelzine (Nardil) is the prototype.
What is the autonomic ganglia?
A group of autonomic nerve cells located outside the CNS.
What are preganglionic nerves?
Nerve fibers that extend from the CNS to the autonomic ganglia.
What are post ganglionic nerves?
Nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues.
What is a synapse?
The space between the nerve cells.
What is a neuroeffector junction?
A specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it inervates.
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that conduct a nervous impulse across a synapse.
What is a neuron?
A nerve cell.
What is cholinergic?
Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh).
What is adrenergic?
Pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
Which system is considered "Thoraco-lumbar"?
Which system is considered "Cranio-sacral"?
What is a sympathomimetic?
A drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system, also called adrenergic.
What is sympatholytic?
A drug or other substance that blocks the sympathetic nervous system, also called antiadrenergic.
What is a parasympathomimetic?
A drug or substance that causes effects like the parasympathetic nervous system, also called cholinergic.
What is parasympatholytic?
A drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system, also called anticholinergic.
How do the following adrenergic receptors react when stimulated?
- Alpha 1=vasoconstriction
- Alpha 2=decreases norepi, inhibits sympathetic response
- Beta 1=Heart (increases chronotrope, inotrope & dromotrope)
- Beta 2=lungs (bronchodilation), decrease in uterine contractions
- Beta 3=lipolysis
- Domaminergic=increased renal perfusion
What are the class IA & IB sodium channel blocker prototypes?
Class IA is procainamide and IB is lidocaine
What are the classes of antidysrhythmics?
- Class I=sodium channel blockers
- Class II=beta blockers
- Class III=potassium channel blockers
- Class IV=calcium channel blockers
What drug is a classified as a misc. antidysrhythmic?
What kind of hypertensive drugs are there?
Diuretics (lasix), adrenergic inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and direct vasodilators (nitro).
What kind of hemostatic agents are there?
Antiplatelets (asprin)-limit aggreation, anticoagulants (heprin/warfarin)-disrupts clotting cascade, and fibrinolytics (streptokinase)-breaks down fibrin.
What are the two main bronchodilators and their respective classes?
- Albuterol-sympathomimetic, beta 2 agonist.
- Atrovent-parasympatholytic, anticholinergic.
What are the two antihistamine receptors?
- H1-bronchoconstriction & vasodilation
- H2-increase in gastric acid release
What is an antitussive?
A medication that suppresses the stimulus to cough in the CNS.
What is an expectorant?
A medication intended to increase the productivity of coughing.
What does a mucolytic do?
Makes mucus more watery.
What is peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
An imbalance between factors in the GI system that increase acidity and those that protect against acidity.
What is the prototype H2 blocker and what does it do?
Cimetidine. Blocks acid secretion and returns balance of the protective and aggressive factors.
What is an antacid?
An alkalotic compound used to increase the pH in the gastric environment and are mostly aluminum, magnesium, calcium, or sodium compounds.
What is a laxative?
A medication used to decrease the firmness of stool and increase the water content.
What do antiemetics do?
Prevent vomiting or treat prophylacticly for motion sickness.
What drug is used as a local anesthetic for the eyes?
What are the two hormones produced in the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin & vasopressin (ADH)
Which endocrine gland is responsible for the regulation of blood Ca++ levels?
The adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids. What do they do?
Glucocorticoids regulate the metabolism of glucose and mineralcorticoids regulate sodium and water balance.
In the Islet of Langerhans, in the pancreas what are the alpha and beta cells responsible for?
Alpha cells secrete glucagon increasing blood glucose levels and beta cells secrete insulin decreasing blood glucose levels.
What medication is used to treat absent seizures?
What medication is used to treat partial seizures?
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Hot and Spicy – Flavors of Sichuan Cuisine
Sichuan province is the birthplace of many dishes that are well-received globally. Sichuan food, originated from the Southwestern region of China, is the most widely served cuisine in China itself. The dishes of Sichuan cuisine are known for their deep and rich flavours, especially the taste of Sichuan pepper which is rare in other regional cuisines.
Sichuan cuisine holds a reputation for its variety of seasonings used, as each dish requires different cooking methods. As the saying goes, ‘one dish with one flavor, with one hundred dishes come hundred flavors.’
Sichuan food is most well-known for its hot and spicy flavor, though it may sport sweet and sour flavors too. The most commonly used spices you can find in most households and eateries are “The Five Fragrances” which consist of fennel, pepper, aniseed, cinnamon, and clove; chili and Sichuan pepper.
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What are the Downsides of Electric Cars?
On May 2, 2022, the Biden Administration announced it would begin a $3.1 billion plan to increase domestic manufacturing of batteries to help the United States produce more electric vehicles (EVs). Ultimately, the goal is to mitigate human-caused climate change as the transportation sector is the most significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. However, it’s important to note that electricity and industry are the second and third biggest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions.
The problem is that EVs have their own set of environmental, socioeconomic, and humanitarian complications. Further, the increase in emissions in the industry and electricity sectors that will be required to make EVs on a global scale may offset many of the benefits that are associated with next-gen vehicles.
From the mining that takes place to manufacture the batteries to the devastation to aquatic life, this form of next-generation transportation has a variety of faults. To take a closer look, BenchForce, a leader in automotive bench programming components, looks at the downsides of EVs.
Disrupts the Lives of Indigenous People
The rapid push for renewable energy has created the next gold rush, except this time, massive corporations are panning for lithium, cobalt, and nickel. These key ingredients make EV batteries possible.
However, the demand for lithium from EVs has caused the indigenous people in Chile—where roughly 40% of the world's lithium resides—to lose the sacred Atacama salt flats. The constant exploration from some of the mining industry's most prominent players has ignited violent protests for mining to cease. Similar to Chile, The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has become the de facto capital of the world for another EV material: cobalt. Currently, over 70 percent of all cobalt mining occurs there.
Because the DRC is one of the poorest countries in the world, people are forced to make difficult financial and work decisions to survive. People have destroyed their homes digging for EV metals, literally digging through the floor, creating tunnels under their neighbors' homes, and risking major cave-ins.
Many women also make money washing raw mining material, which is packed with toxic metals, some of which are radioactive. A recent study in The Lancet found that women in southern Congo "had metal concentrations that are among the highest ever reported for pregnant women."
Damages Marine Ecosystems & Polluting Water
Mining for nickel and refining has caused severe damage to marine ecosystems worldwide, from Canada and Russia to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Every year, mining companies dump 220 million tons of hazardous waste directly into oceans, rivers, and lakes. To put that into perspective, that's more waste than the entire United States puts into its landfills.
These practices obliterate fish populations, smother coral reefs, and cause wetlands to flood. Moreover, it’s also polluting our water supply and jeopardizing our health. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), unsafe water kills more people each year than war and all other forms of violence combined. A recent study found that polluted water was responsible for 1.8 million deaths in 2015.
While many countries, including the United States, have wastewater treatment facilities, more than 80 percent of the world's wastewater flows back into the environment without being treated. In fact, even in the United States, the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that 850 billion gallons leave treatment facilities untreated.
Contaminated water also sickens roughly 1 billion people annually, and low-income communities are disproportionately at risk. From cancer and hormone disruption to nervous system effects and gastrointestinal illness, heavy metals and chemicals in our water can cause a host of health issues.
While cobalt is a key ingredient in making EV batteries, which could ultimately help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it's currently a massive burden on the environment. As mining occurs, companies cut down trees, build roads, run gas-powered heavy machinery, and use a substantial amount of electricity.
As this happens, animals are displaced, wetlands are destroyed, and aquatic life is smothered in toxins. In and around mines, there are entire "dead zones" where there is almost no life aside from the people digging for cobalt. And, it's not just happening overseas. There are plant species in the U.S. that have landed on the endangered species list due to the race for lithium.
So, Are EVs Better for the Environment?
The International Council on Clean Transportation suggests electric vehicles produce 60 to 68 percent fewer emissions over their lifetime than gas-powered cars. However, companies only recycle about 5% of the world's lithium batteries compared to 99% of lead-acid car batteries. The more lithium batteries end up in landfills, the more hazardous waste leaks into the soil and groundwater.
Even beyond the long-term effects of pollution from heavy metals ending up in water supplies and landfills, battery production may be the most environmentally damaging stage in the manufacturing process of EVs. The European Environment Agency (EEA) found batteries alone account for 10 to 75 percent of the energy and 10 percent to 70 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the entire production of the vehicle.
Without a lithium battery, the production of electric and gas-powered vehicles would be nearly identical. However, with it, the EEA found the production of electric cars emits between 1.3 and 2 times more greenhouse gases than their internal combustion counterparts.
Consider this fact as well: People are charging EVs on an electrical grid that is powered by fossil fuels. Currently, only 20% of the electricity in the United States is from renewable energy. But here’s the other kicker: The resource demands of 100 percent renewable energy will more than likely exceed the earth’s reserves of cobalt, lithium, and nickel.
Therefore, in the near term, EVs actually produce more greenhouse gasses than gas-powered vehicles, as well as various economic and humanitarian issues. Although it's true that a vehicle makes more carbon dioxide during its lifecycle while burning gasoline than it does during the manufacturing process, it still could make more sense from a green perspective to keep your old car running as long as possible due to the high environmental costs to manufacture a new automobile and junk an old one.
Optimize Your Ride
It’s clear that EVs have various downsides. To reduce your own carbon footprint, it may be better to ensure your current ride is running as well as possible. Whether you’re looking to improve gas mileage or simply program a replacement stock ECU, TCM, or BCM to keep your car running, BenchForce has the programming components you need to make the most out of your vehicle.
If you’re looking to reprogram your car engine with more convenient tools, browse BenchForce’s selection of Engine Control Unit (ECU) programming harnesses.
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Modern day HVAC is divided into three major residential system types. Although there are three categories there are endless configurations.
The three major categories for residential HVAC systems are electrical systems, heat pump systems, and gas systems.
These three categories include numerous different options in configuration and components, so lets break those down.
Electric HVAC systems are some of the most common systems installed. These systems are a reliable way to heat and cool our homes, offices, and other indoor spaces. They make use of electricity to power an air-conditioning system that can both heat and cool a space through the process of circulating air. This is done by using a variety of components, such as an air handler, compressor, fan coil unit, evaporator coil or condenser coil.
The major difference you will see between this type of system and the other types below is how they create heat. Electrical systems create heat by energizing a coil of metal, then blowing air through this coil. Each year during the warmer months your heater remains inactive and dust can sometimes build up on these coils. This is why you get that distinctive burning smell the first time you turn the heat on each year, don’t worry if your smoke alarm goes off either, this is completely normal. If your smoke alarm continues to go off for hours after the heat has been activated call a professional right away.
On the cold side of the system you’ll see that the primary components of an AC unit are typically the same across these three variations. The key components are the compressor, condenser coil, evaporator coil, metering device(Thermostat) and blower motor. When powered on, the compressor pulls refrigerant gas from the evaporator coil located inside the building. The coolant gas is then compressed into a liquid state before being transferred to the condenser coil outside where heat is released into the atmosphere by the fans in that loud box outside your home. This liquid gas is pumped back into your Evaporator Coil in your inside unit and decompressed causing the liquid to expand into a gas and absorb heat. Much like an ice cube melting in a drink, when water transform from a solid to a liquid it absorbs heat. This absorption makes your ice cubes melt and your drink colder. In the same way the gas expanding absorbs heat makes the pipes cold. Air is drawn through those cold pipes by your blower motor delivering cold air to your home through your ducts.
This cooling process is relatively the same for each of the other two types of systems we’ll discuss below.
Heat pump systems actually work exactly the same as their electrical cousins do, but with one major difference. We already explained that the electrical system provides heat by energizing a coil with electricity and that it cools by compressing refrigerant and decompressing it resulting in hot air outside and cold air inside, but what if you reversed that cooling process? You could take the cold air outside and bring the warm air inside. That is exactly what a heat pump system does. By simply reversing the process the machine is able to create hot air in your home and push all of the cold air outside of your home.
Lastly we have gas systems and I’m sure by this point many of you will have a good guess at the difference in gas systems from the two above. The cooling side of a gas system is identical to that of an electrical system. The heating portion of the unit, however, is powered by combustible gas that is burned in a furnace to heat your home. Air is blown thru this furnace and heat is delivered through the ducts.
This is a very simple break down of the three major system categories, but there are also alternative solutions for different applications. For example, Mini splits are similar to their Electric System cousins in the fact that they are simply smaller versions of the same machine. They are simply designed to cool smaller spaces. One key difference is that because of their size they run without ducts.
There are many other ductless options and even some bigger commercial options like RTU’s (Roof Top Units).
But overall they all essentially work in the same way.
In some areas “swamp coolers” are used to cool homes. Swamp Coolers use the original design from Benjamin Franklin to naturally cool a space with water and evaporation. This unit is unlike any of the above units in this regards and could technically be considered a forth category, however it isn’t used often. Read more about the origins of Air Conditioning (Ben Franklin) in our Article, What Does HVAC Stand For?
Learn About The Signs Of When Your System Will Need Replacing
Being prepared makes a huge difference, no one wants to be caught off guard. Learn about HVAC Systems and how to know if yours might need to be replaced soon and how to be prepared for when it does.
Or Call And Speak To One Of Our Pros!
Need A New System?
If you’re looking to replace your system and want to learn more about different options, please give our office a call. We would be happy to give you more information or send a technician out to your home to give you a free estimate and explain what would be the best options for your home.
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Robotic Classes for School Students in Gorakhpur
Teaching robotics in schools allows students to address the growing demand for teaching STEM subjects while learning how science, engineering, math, and technology work together and interact. VGS is providing robotics classes in Gorakhpur to students keeping in mind the application of artificial intelligence in the future.
Five Reasons to Teach Robotics in Schools
- An Introduction to Programming Increases Creativity
- Prepare them for the future
- Teaching Children How to Turn Frustration into Innovation
- Promoting Inclusivity
- Good exposure to AI
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Since the beginning of time, humans have been looking for ways to improve their lives. This quest for simplifying life has resulted in the invention and innovation of everything that we have today.
From the invention of the first automobile in 1885 to the invention of the first telephone in 1875 or the invention of electricity in 1879, life has been dramatically simplified for our well-being.
There has, however, been a significant change in industries over the past century. This is greatly attributed to the automation of processes in the industries.
Automation is the incorporation of robotics in industrial processes to simplify and hasten the production process. This involves the use of robots and recently, Cobots.
But what really is this automation? Is it really necessary in business and industries?
Below are the five facts you need to know about automation.
1. It will take your jobs!
Well, there has been a massive uproar by many people who believe that automation will result in unemployment. Some people even believe that robots will one day rise to take over the world!
However, despite some of these arguments being true, robots will indeed take over some jobs, but in return, they will create new and better job opportunities. This means that robots will not cause job losses but rather job displacement.
By displacement, I mean that robots will take over some of the tedious, repetitive tasks in industries and businesses and force the workers to acquire better skills for them to fit in the market place.
There will be a need for people who will maintain the robots, people who will program the robots and other essential skills will be required to fit in the jobs created.
2. It will transform the workplace
By creating new jobs and new ways of doing things, automation will change the communication channels, service delivery, processing capabilities and marketing strategies.
Advanced mathematical computations will be done much quicker by robots. Moreover, robots and Cobots can perform critical processes more accurately than human workers.
Automation will also mean faster and more accurate processes. The workplace will require workers who are quick in thinking and working and also people who can easily adapt to new ideas and changes.
It will also result in a more competitive work environment as more and more industries are investing in automating their processes. Some industries will even need to work in shifts both day and night to meet the market requirements and to maintain the robots which operate 24 hours each day.
3. You have to automate to survive
We are living in an era where companies are no longer targeting local markets but also international ones. This means that the demand for quality goods is high, and the marketplace has expanded.
Therefore, if you are to compete at the same level as the big companies, you will need robots. You may have human workers, but still, they are prone to making errors, some of which will cost you greatly.
For industries and factories,manufacturing automationwill be useful for working in dangerous zones and even operating heavy machinery. This will create a worker-friendly environment and improve your efficiency in production.
Automating your business will also ensure that you can meet market and client deadlines even in the high season and thus create a loyal customer base.
4. It is not expensive.
For a long time, there has been a misbelief that robots and automation processes are expensive. This is a big lie since, over the years, the price of robots has significantly spiralled down.
This attributed to the development of new technology such as Artificial Intelligence which has created many more modern machines. Besides, automation has a very high return on investment, and thus, you will be reaping your benefits in a short while.
Automation is one factor that promises to transform how we manufacture and market our products. Despite having some disadvantages like taking away some jobs, it is a field that has infinite potential in changing the world.
Therefore, with the future of automation seeming bright, if you want to simplify your life, now is the best time for you to invest in automation.
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Early OCR (Feb, 1949)
Reading Machine Spells Out Loud
Experimental eleetronic device looks at printing and says what it sees — at the rate of 60 words a minute.
By Martin Mann
PS photos by Hubert Luckett
SOME time ago, The New Yorker magazine satirically described the invention of a reading machine. “It is obvious,” a fictional Professor Entwhistle was quoted as saying, “that the greatest waste of our civilization is the time spent in reading. We have been able to speed up practically everything. . . . But today a man takes just as long to read a book as Dante did. … So I have invented a machine. It operates by a simple arrangement of photoelectric cells. . .”
A simple arrangement of photoelectric cells that will read a book for you now has been unveiled by RCA researchers. The device looks at printed matter and reads it aloud, letter by letter. It sounds like a radio announcer spelling out “R-I-N-S-O.”
The main trouble with this invention is that it costs a mint of money.
The reading machine grew out of research on aids for blind people sponsored jointly by RCA, the Veterans Administration, and the wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development. This work also produced the “reading pencil” (PS, April ’47, p. Ill), which sounds a different tone signal for each letter and is now being tested with blind hospital patients.
The pencil can read only about 20 words a minute, however, much slower than running a finger over Braille and only about a third as fast as the new machine. Both devices are purely experimental, and there are no present plans for manufacturing them.
Besides reading all 26 letters—thus spelling out any word—the new machine can read a few whole words. One could be built to read additional words by making it bigger and more complex.
Even the existing one is an electronic-engineer’s nightmare. The “simple arrangement of photoelectric cells” overflows a tall radio-equipment rack housing more than 160 vacuum tubes. Part of its brain alone uses 960 resistors. Too expensive for home use, it might be installed in libraries and institutions. It could also be hooked up as a master reading station to serve several persons using different books.
The present model was developed and built under the direction of L. E. Flory and W. S. Pike at the RCA Laboratories.
Their reading machine has three main parts: an eye that looks at the printed letter, a brain that decides which of the 26 letters it is, and a voice that speaks the letter.
The eye is essentially a scanner moved across the text by hand. Inside is a special cathode-ray tube—the smallest RCA makes— with eight flying spots of light that flash on and off 600 times every second. Light from these spots is interrupted when the scanner passes over a black letter. These interruptions are noted by a photoelectric cell, which passes the signal on to the machine’s brain.
The eight spots of light are strung out vertically, so that each spot picks up a different part of a letter. The top spots catch the upper parts of tall letters like “1”; the lower spots catch the ends of letters like “g”; and the middle spots are arranged to pick up details like the crossbar of an “e.” In this way, each letter causes different spots to be interrupted a different number of times, creating a characteristic signal for itself.
The brain is an electronic computer similar to the machines used for complex scientific calculations. It counts the number of times each spot has been interrupted, thus identifying which letter the electric eye has seen, and tells the voice which letter to speak.
The voice is 40 magnetic-tape phonographs—one phonograph for every letter and word in the machine’s vocabulary. The brain switches on the phonograph corresponding to the letter seen by the eye. The phonograph speaks that letter and then turns itself off.
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Herma van Gerner via Crowdrise
June 22, 2012
BENEFITING: FOUNDATION FOR ANTARCTIC RESEARCH
Many seabird populations are rapidly declining and are threatened with extinction. They face a wide range of threats, both on land and at sea, including being killed as bycatch in longline and trawl fisheries, predation and habitat loss. Global solutions are needed to protect seabirds that spend much of their lives travelling vast distances across international waters.
To help make these fisheries seabird safe Amerro Engineering (Queensland, Australia) and the Australian Antarctic Division have developed a new technology, called the underwater bait setter.
The underwater setter is a stern-mounted hydraulically-driven device that delivers baited hooks underwater to avoid detection by seabirds. It comprises components that are fixed to the vessel and a component (a capsule that holds the baited hook) that freefalls in the water column each time a hook is set. This design is the most fuel efficient method of delivering baited hooks at required depths underwater because it minimises the drag associated with devices that remain underwater while setting.
Albatrosses should be free to circle the globe for millions of years to come – we must stop this needless slaughter now to prevent an entire branch being torn from the evolutionary tree.
Sir David Attenborough, broadcaster and naturalist
Photo: Herma van Gerner
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High-speed machining (HSM) is an emerging area of technology within manufacturing engineering. Recent improvements in high-speed spindle design (reliable 4189 rad/s (40,000 rpm) / 40 kW spindles are commercially available) and new slide system developments (velocities and accelerations approaching 1 m/s and 20 m/s^2, respectively) have made HSM an economically viable alternative to other manufacturing processes such as forming and casting. At this time, the most dramatic applications of HSM have been in the manufacture of aluminum components where volumetric material removal rates can exceed thousands of cubic centimeters per minute. In the aerospace industry, for example, HSM is changing the way aircraft are manufactured by enabling the replacement of sheet-metal assemblies with machined monolithic components resulting in substantial cost savings and improved performance. These monolithic structures can be stronger, lighter, and more accurate than the sheet-metal build-ups and provide a large reduction in inventoried jigs and fixtures.
The practical implementation of HSM requires accurate knowledge of the machine dynamics. Typically, the tool point frequency response function is measured for each tool/holder/spindle combination on a particular computer numerically-controlled machining center and a stability analysis performed for each case to select appropriate spindle speeds for maximum material removal rate (experimental and analytical analyses have shown that the most favorable tooth passing frequencies for process stability occur when operating at a substantial integer fraction of the most flexible natural frequency of the structure). These multiple frequency response measurements typically require a trained technician and considerable machine down time. To reduce measurement time, receptance coupling substructure analysis has been applied to the prediction of the tool point dynamic response, combining frequency response measurements of individual components (i.e., tool, holder, and spindle) through appropriate connections to determine assembly dynamics. A tool tuning example provides verification of this method. Experimental and predicted results show dramatic variations in the tool point response (and process stability) as the tool length is changed and the tool cantilever mode interacts with different holder/spindle modes, similar to the effect seen in dynamic absorbers. Predicted local increases in the critical stability limit match empirical results recorded previously by NIST researchers.
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This is a Guest Post written by PLOS ONE Academic Editor Christopher Lepczyk
Urban ecosystems are expanding around the world as people migrate to cities and the human population continues to grow. What happens to other species as these urban ecosystems expand, and how species live and interact in established urban ecosystems, is the central focus of urban ecology. Over the past two decades, urban ecology has rapidly expanded from simple studies evaluating what types of species are present in urban ecosystems to complex investigations of the characteristics that allow species to thrive in urban environments. In a recent PLOS Collection, curated by PLOS ONE Academic Editor Christopher Lepczyk and PLOS ONE staff editors, we highlight the diversity of recent urban ecology research published in PLOS ONE.
Today, urban ecology covers a vast array of questions and topics that are helping to shape our understanding of both people and human society. For instance, a large area of research focuses on how urbanization affects basic patterns of urban wildlife in time and space In this vein, Hung and colleagues demonstrate how urbanization fragments bee habitat and what that means for bee diversity through the seasons. Because of such fragmentation effects on species, there has been increased attention at whether conservation-conscious urban planning should prioritize expansion or densification of cities, as discussed by Wolff and co-workers. Not only has the focus been on how to grow cities, but how to co-ordinate this growth with a better understanding of future uncertainties (Troupin and Carmel) and in the face of climate change (Scheuer and colleagues).
Another area of exciting research has focused on how urbanization affects basic aspects of species’ biology. For instance, Owens and colleagues describe how artificial light affects fireflies and demonstrate the mechanisms by which they attune their behavior to urban environments. Similarly, Lahr and co-workers found notable differences in the physiology of red maples depending on whether they were of urban or non-urban ancestry, with important repercussions for urban tree management.
Species interactions are likewise affected by urbanization, such as how coyotes (Canis latrans) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) coexist in urban areas (Mueller and colleagues). Similarly, how wildlife diseases are operating and changing in and around urban ecosystems is nicely described by Lewis and co-authors in the context of cat species (felids). In fact, the merging of urban and disease ecology is of critical importance to both human and wildlife health.
An important aspect of urban ecology focuses on the negative impacts of urbanization on species. For instance, Sumasgutner and colleagues show how poor diet quality of urban Eurasian kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) negatively affects their reproduction and health. Along similar lines, Dale and Frank show how warming and drought in cities favor invasive species to the detriment of urban trees. Finally, evaluating how to mitigate the negative consequences of urbanization on species is nicely illustrated by Pena and co-workers in their study of how street trees help alleviate pressures on urban birds.
A final area of importance to both urban ecology- and biodiversity research overall- is how people interact with and perceive species in urban areas. For many people, urban wildlife plays a key role in shaping their views of nature as a whole. Hosaka and colleagues demonstrate how early experiences with species affect individuals’ perceptions of native and invasive species in Japan. Likewise, White and co-authors examine how environmental education programs in cities can aid in awareness and knowledge of urban wildlife. Bringing people into urban ecology is not simply about understanding how they interact with nature, but also in actually engaging them as urban ecologists, as exemplified in a study by Scott and colleagues that uses citizen scientists to collect data on urban carnivores.
Collectively, the studies in the urban ecology collection show an exciting range of research and the increasing importance of the field for basic and applied ecological knowledge. Moreover, these studies indicate how important urban ecology is to conservation and management in city environments. While we have greatly increased our understanding of urban ecosystems, they remain an understudied type of system, and urban ecology provides many open avenues for future research.
About the Author:
Chris Lepczyk is a Professor of Wildlife and Conservation at Auburn University. He is a broadly trained scientist, having received his BS at Hope College with a dual major in Biology and Geology and a minor in Chemistry, an MS in Wildlife Ecology from the University of Wisconsin Madison, and a dual PhD in Fisheries and Wildlife, and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior from Michigan State University. He takes an interdisciplinary research approach addressing questions aimed at conserving, restoring, and managing species and landscapes. His studies integrate aspects of ecology, ornithology, geography, sociology, demography, economics, policy, and citizen science. Chris has been a PLOS ONE Academic Editor since 2014.
Image Credit: Credit: Photo via Good Free Photos
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Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
Quadrupole ion trap
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is a type of mass analyzer (or mass spectrometer) for determining the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions based on the cyclotron frequency of the ions in a fixed magnetic field. The ions are trapped in a Penning trap (a magnetic field with electric trapping plates) where they are excited (at their resonant cyclotron frequencies) to a larger cyclotron radius by an oscillating electric field orthogonal to the magnetic field. After the excitation field is removed, the ions are rotating at their cyclotron frequency in phase (as a "packet" of ions). These ions induce a charge (detected as an image current) on a pair of electrodes as the packets of ions pass close to them. The resulting signal is called a free induction decay (FID), transient or interferogram that consists of a superposition of sine waves. The useful signal is extracted from this data by performing a Fourier transform to give a mass spectrum.
FT-ICR was invented by Melvin B. Comisarow and Alan G. Marshall at the University of British Columbia. The first paper appeared in Chemical Physics Letters in 1974. The inspiration was earlier developments in conventional ICR and Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. Marshall has continued to develop the technique at The Ohio State University and Florida State University.
The physics of FTICR is similar to that of a cyclotron at least in the first approximation.
In the simplest form (idealized) the relationship between the cyclotron frequency and the mass to charge ratio is given by:
where f = cyclotron frequency, q = ion charge, B = magnetic field strength and m = ion mass.
This is more often represented in angular frequency:
where is the angular cyclotron frequency which is related to frequency by the definition .
Because of the quadrupolar electrical field used to trap the ions in the axial direction this relationship is only approximate. The axial electrical trapping results in axial oscillations within the trap with the (angular) frequency:
Where is a constant similar to the spring constant of a harmonic oscillator and is dependent on applied voltage, trap dimensions and trap geometry.
The electric field and the resulting axial harmonic motion reduces the cyclotron frequency and introduces a second radial motion called magnetron motion that occurs at the magnetron frequency. The cyclotron motion is still the frequency being used but the relationship above is not exact due to this phenomenon. The natural angular frequencies of motion are:
where is the axial trapping frequency due the axial electrical trapping and is the reduced cyclotron (angular) frequency and is the magnetron (angular) frequency. Again is what is typically measured in FTICR. The meaning of this equation can be understood qualitatively by considering the case where is small, which is generally true. In that case the value of the radical is just slightly less than and the value of is just slightly less than (the cyclotron frequency has been slightly reduced). For the value of the radical is the same (slightly less than ) but it is being subtracted from resulting in a small number equal to (i.e. the exact amount that the cyclotron frequency was reduced by).
FTICR-MS differs significantly from other mass spectrometry techniques in that the ions are not detected by hitting a detector such as an electron multiplier but only by passing near detection plates. Additionally the masses are not resolved in space or time as with other techniques but only by the ion cyclotron resonance (rotational) frequency that each ion produces as it rotates in a magnetic field. Thus, the different ions are not detected in different places as with sector instruments or at different times as with time-of-flight instruments but all ions are detected simultaneously during the detection interval. This provides an increase in the observed signal to noise ratio owing to the principles of Fellgett's advantage. In FTICR-MS, resolution can be improved either by increasing the strength of the magnet (in tesla) or by increasing the detection duration.
A review of different cell geometries with their specific electric configurations is available in the literature. However, ICR cells can belong to one of the following two categories: closed cells or open cells.
Several closed ICR cells with different geometries were fabricated and their performance has been characterized. Grids were used as end caps to apply an axial electric field for trapping ions axially (parallel to the magnetic field lines). Ions can be either generated inside the cell or can be injected to the cell from an external ionization source. Nested ICR cells with double pair of grids were also fabricated to trap both positive and negative ions simultaneously.
The most common open cell geometry is a cylinder, which is axially segmented to produce electrodes in the shape of a ring. The central ring electrode is commonly used for applying radial excitation electric field and detection. DC electric voltage is applied on the terminal ring electrodes to trap ions along the magnetic field lines. Open cylindrical cells with ring electrodes of different diameters have also been designed. They proved not only capable in trapping and detecting both ion polarities simultaneously, but also they succeeded to separate positive from negative ions radially. This presented a large discrimination in kinetic ion acceleration between positive and negative ions trapped simultaneously inside the new cell. Several ion axial acceleration schemes were recently written for ion-ion collision studies
Stored waveform inverse Fourier transform
Stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) is a method for the creation of excitation waveforms for FTMS. The time-domain excitation waveform is formed from the inverse Fourier transform of the appropriate frequency-domain excitation spectrum, which is chosen to excite the resonance frequencies of selected ions. The SWIFT procedure can be used to select ions for tandem mass spectrometry experiments.
Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry is a high-resolution technique that can be used to determine masses with high accuracy. Many applications of FTICR-MS use this mass accuracy to help determine the composition of molecules based on accurate mass. This is possible due to the mass defect of the elements. FTICR-MS is able to achieve higher levels of resolution than other forms of mass spectrometer, in part, because a superconducting magnet is much more stable than RF (radio frequency) voltage. Another place that FTICR-MS is useful is in dealing with complex mixtures, such as biomass or waste liquefaction products, since the resolution (narrow peak width) allows the signals of two ions with similar mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) to be detected as distinct ions. This high resolution is also useful in studying large macromolecules such as proteins with multiple charges, which can be produced by electrospray ionization. For example, attomole level of detection of two peptides has been reported. These large molecules contain a distribution of isotopes that produce a series of isotopic peaks. Because the isotopic peaks are close to each other on the m/z axis, due to the multiple charges, the high resolving power of the FTICR is extremely useful. FTICR-MS is very useful in other studies of proteomics as well. It achieves exceptional resolution in both top-down and bottom-up proteomics. Electron-capture dissociation (ECD), collisional-induced dissociation (CID), and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) are all utilized to produce fragment spectra in tandem mass spectrometry experiments. Although CID and IRMPD use vibrational excitation to further dissociate peptides by breaking the backbone amide linkages, which are typically low in energy and weak, CID and IRMPD may also cause dissociation of post-translational modifications. ECD, on the other hand, allows specific modifications to be preserved. This is quite useful in analyzing phosphorylation states, O- or N-linked glycosylation, and sulfating.
- Marshall, A. G.; Hendrickson, C. L.; Jackson, G. S., Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: a primer. Mass Spectrom Rev 17, 1-35.
- "UBC Chemistry Personnel: Melvin B. Comisarow". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
- M.B. Comisarow and A.G. Marshall, Chem. Phys. Lett. 25, 282 (1974)
- Marshall, A (2002). "Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance detection: principles and experimental configurations". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 215 (1-3): 59–75. Bibcode:2002IJMSp.215...59M. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(01)00588-7.
- S. Guan, A. G. Marshall, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 146/147 (1995) 261
- Marshall, Alan G.; Hendrickson, Christopher L.; Jackson, George S. (1998). "Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: A primer". Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 17 (1): 1–35. ISSN 0277-7037. PMID 9768511. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1998)17:1<1::AID-MAS1>3.0.CO;2-K.
- Kanawati, B.; Wanczek, K. P. (2007). "Characterization of a new open cylindrical ion cyclotron resonance cell with unusual geometry". Review of Scientific Instruments. 78 (7): 074102. Bibcode:2007RScI...78g4102K. PMID 17672776. doi:10.1063/1.2751100.
- Kanawati, B; Wanczek, K (2008). "Characterization of a new open cylindrical ICR cell for ion–ion collision studies☆". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 269 (1-2): 12–23. Bibcode:2008IJMSp.269...12K. doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2007.09.007.
- Cody, R. B.; Hein, R. E.; Goodman, S. D.; Marshall, Alan G. (1987). "Stored waveform inverse fourier transform excitation for obtaining increased parent ion selectivity in collisionally activated dissociation: Preliminary results". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 1 (6): 99–102. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290010607.
- Shi, S; Drader, Jared J.; Freitas, Michael A.; Hendrickson, Christopher L.; Marshall, Alan G. (2000). "Comparison and interconversion of the two most common frequency-to-mass calibration functions for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 195-196: 591–598. Bibcode:2000IJMSp.195..591S. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(99)00226-2.
- Leonardis, Irene; Chiaberge, Stefano; Fiorani, Tiziana; Spera, Silvia; Battistel, Ezio; Bosetti, Aldo; Cesti, Pietro; Reale, Samantha; De Angelis, Francesco (8 November 2012). "Characterization of Bio-oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Organic Waste by NMR Spectroscopy and FTICR Mass Spectrometry". ChemSusChem. 6 (2): 160–167. doi:10.1002/cssc.201200314.
- Sudasinghe, Nilusha; Cort, John; Hallen, Richard; Olarte, Mariefel; Schmidt, Andrew; Schaub, Tanner (1 December 2014). "Hydrothermal liquefaction oil and hydrotreated product from pine feedstock characterized by heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and FT-ICR mass spectrometry". Fuel. 137: 60–69. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.069.
- Sleno L, Volmer DA, Marshall AG (February 2005). "Assigning product ions from complex MS/MS spectra: the importance of mass uncertainty and resolving power". J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 16 (2): 183–98. PMID 15694769. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2004.10.001.
- Bossio RE, Marshall AG (April 2002). "Baseline resolution of isobaric phosphorylated and sulfated peptides and nucleotides by electrospray ionization FTICR ms: another step toward mass spectrometry-based proteomics". Anal. Chem. 74 (7): 1674–9. PMID 12033259. doi:10.1021/ac0108461.
- He F, Hendrickson CL, Marshall AG (February 2001). "Baseline mass resolution of peptide isobars: a record for molecular mass resolution". Anal. Chem. 73 (3): 647–50. PMID 11217775. doi:10.1021/ac000973h.
- Solouki T, Marto JA, White FM, Guan S, Marshall AG (November 1995). "Attomole biomolecule mass analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance". Anal. Chem. 67 (22): 4139–44. PMID 8633766. doi:10.1021/ac00118a017.
- Scigelova, M.; Hornshaw, M.; Giannakopulos, A.; Makarov, A. (2011). "Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 10 (7): M111.009431–M111.009431. ISSN 1535-9476. doi:10.1074/mcp.M111.009431.
- What's in an Oil Drop? An Introduction to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) for Non-scientists National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Scottish Instrumentation Resource Centre for Advanced Mass Spectrometry
- Fourier-transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) FT-ICR Introduction University of Bristol
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International School Meals Day (ISMD) is a unique campaign with the aim of raising awareness of good nutrition for all children regardless of their circumstances.
Since December 2010, the UK and USA have been sharing examples of policy and practices in promoting healthy eating in schools. With similar challenges and successes on both sides of the Atlantic, both wanted to find a way to raise awareness of the importance of good nutrition amongst children and foster healthy eating habits both at home and at school – and so, International School Meals Day emerged.
Since its launch in 2013, it has brought together teachers and students, policy makers, school cooks, chefs, food and nutrition professionals, schools and communities, charities, businesses and health professionals from around the world to talk about the importance of school meals and its impact on wellbeing and education.
What are the aims of International School Meals Day?
Overall, the aims of International School Meals Day are to:
- Raise awareness of the importance of the nutritional quality of school meal programs worldwide
- Emphasise (Emphasize) the connection between healthy eating, education and better learning
- Connect children around the world to foster healthy eating habits and promote well-being in schools
- Share success stories of school meal programs around the globe
- Highlight research activities in school meal programs around the globe
- aise awareness of the hunger and poverty issues being addressed through school feeding programmes (programs)
Who supports International School Meals Day?
International School Meals Day is managed by Children in Scotland.
We are delighted to have supporters across the UK and the United States of America including:
- The Scottish Government
- The Welsh Assembly
- The United States Department of Agriculture, Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services (USDA)
- Lead Association for Catering in Education
- Association of Service Solutions in Scotland
- Association for Public Service Excellence
- Association for Young People’s Health
- British Council Schools
- Children in Scotland
- Cooking Matters
- Education Foundation
- Education Scotland
- Fare Share
- Food For Life
- Fuel Zone
- Global Child Nutrition Foundation
- Healthy Living Northumbria University
- Magic Breakfast
- MakeLunch (summer lunch programme)
- Mary’s Meals
- No Kid Hungry
- School Food Plan
- School Nutrition Association
- Skype in the classroom
- Tetra Pak (Laval)
- We Day
- World Bank
- World Food Programme
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A mortgage loan is a type of loan used to purchase a piece of real estate. It is a loan that is secured by the property that is being purchased, meaning that if the borrower fails to repay the loan, the mortgage lender has the right to seize the property. A mortgage loan is usually taken out for a period of time, typically 15 or 30 years, and is usually paid back in monthly installments.
The borrower typically pays interest on the loan in addition to the principal amount. The interest rate is usually based on the borrower’s credit score and other factors such as the amount of the loan and the term of the loan. The interest rate can also be fixed or variable, depending on the terms of the loan.
When taking out a mortgage loan, the borrower will typically have to go through an approval process. This process can involve a credit check, income verification, and other financial documents. After being approved, the lender will provide the borrower with a loan package that includes the loan amount, interest rate, and repayment terms.
The borrower is responsible for making monthly payments on the loan, which usually consist of an interest payment and a principal payment. The interest payment is typically calculated as a percentage of the loan amount, while the principal payment is the amount of the loan that is being paid down. Over time, the principal payment will increase as the loan is paid down, and the interest payment will decrease.
At the end of the loan term, the borrower will have paid down the entirety of the loan and the property will be fully paid off. The lender may also require the borrower to pay off any remaining balance on the loan at the end of the loan term.
Mortgage loans are a common way for people to purchase a home, but they can also be used to purchase other types of real estate, such as land or commercial property. Mortgage loans are typically a long-term investment, so borrowers should make sure they understand the terms and conditions of the loan before signing any agreements.
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Whether you use nevermind or never mind depends on your type of writing and intended audience. Technically, both forms are correct. However, their meanings vary enough that you’ll want to know which is which. It’s also an interesting exploration of how words and phrases evolve in the English language.
Though the words are similar, their origins differ by about 140 years. That should alert you to the fact that there were some dramatic changes in the meanings over time. Both nevermind and never mind began with a phrase that sprang up in the late 1800s. Back then, you’d hear the phrase, “Never mind it,” as a gentle way to tell you not to fret over something.
When you hear the word, mind, you probably think of its meaning as a noun first. As a verb, mind means to pay attention, remember or be careful of something. Some of these uses are uncommon or obscure. One of the more common meanings is to obey. Looking back at the original phrase, “Never mind it,” you can see that it has changed through the years.
Eventually, the last word of the phrase fell out of use. Also, its meaning and context changed. Today, it carries a certain negativity that perhaps wasn’t part of its original intent. Saying “Never mind” to someone sometimes teeters on a snarky way to say that you don’t want to repeat yourself. But, it’s also shorthand for a change of mind.
It had acquired a new meaning in the 20th century. You’ll see it used to mean let alone or much less. Of the two ways to spell it, never mind as two words is more common today.
Historically, nevermind has two distinct meanings which often have negative connotations. It may mean attention or notice of something or someone. It could also refer to one’s business. You might see this word show up in older literature. The context would likely make its obscure meanings clear.
However, you probably won’t see it in modern day literature never mind common speech. Its use sounds awkward though its other meanings may come in handy for dialogue for the fiction writer. Unless you have a specific reason for using it, you may want to consider not using nevermind especially in formal writings. It isn’t as widely accepted today as it once was.
Using nevermind or never mind depends on context. For contemporary writing and speech, the use of never mind is preferable. Modern language uses the phrase as a verb which hearkens back to its etymology. Nevermind is still a good word for the fiction writer to keep in her back pocket. You never know when you’re going to have to tell someone that it’s not their nevermind.
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The ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed, the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually slaves of some defunct economist.
John Maynard Keynes, the author of these words, knew what he was talking about. Few economists have had a bigger impact on either the way the world is governed or the way we think about economic activity. But it is not enough simply to have the right idea: the times have got to suit them, too.
It is important to remember that The Economic Consequences of the Peace, in which Keynes accurately predicted the impact of the reparations imposed on Germany following World War One, did not have any impact until it was too late. Likewise the ideas that underpinned the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, while exerting a powerful intellectual influence in the late 1930s, had to wait until the conclusion of the Second World War to be put into practice.
Eventually, however, the idea that the state has a critical role to play in stabilising economies became the economic orthodoxy in most of the Western world.
Although Keynes was one of the key architects of the Bretton Woods institutions that became such integral parts of the postwar international order, some of his ideas, such as the development of a world currency, never got off the drawing board. American ideas about the basis for the emerging economic regime prevailed—not least because the US government was funding so much post-war international reconstruction. Political, economic and strategic power – not just good ideas – proved decisive.
Having the good fortune to be in the right place at the right geopolitical time was something that eluded Keynes’ great friend and rival, Friedrich Hayek, until late in his life. Significantly, it was not until Hayek’s ideas were championed by two of the most powerful political figures of their era – Ronald Regan and Margaret Thatcher – that what we’ve come to describe as ‘neoliberalism’ began to be taken seriously and influence public policy.
Much the same can be said about Milton Friedman’s theory of monetarism, which briefly came to supplant the Keynesian orthodoxy. Between them, Friedman’s and Hayek’s ideas provided an intellectual rationale for rolling back the state and letting the market rip. Yet whatever else the recent global financial crisis may have done, it served as a powerful reminder that there is still a good deal of mileage in Keynesian ideas and that markets cannot be relied on to regulate themselves.
These debates are not simply of historical interest for two reasons. First, capitalism remains as crisis-prone as it was when another giant in the economic intellectual landscape – Karl Marx – first spelled out its ‘internal contractions’ more than a century ago. He may not have been too good at predicting the course of history, but he and his followers still have something to tell us about the way market economies work.
The second reason the relationship between ideas and events is still so relevant is because economic thinking – outside the cloistered mainstream, at least – continues to evolve. The most tangible recent expression of this possibility is Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-first Century, which has generated a timely debate about the management of modern economies.
Piketty has assembled a wealth of persuasive empirical evidence to demonstrate a simple but compelling idea:
When the rate of return on capital exceeds the rate of growth of output and income … capitalism automatically generates arbitrary and unsustainable inequalities that radically undermine the meritocratic values on which democratic societies are based.
Put simply, the rich really are getting richer and the poor are getting relatively poorer. The widely observed declining rate of growth in the developed economies – caused in part, at least, by slowing population growth – and the much greater concentration of wealth held by a very small percentage of the population, seem to bear out Piketty’s central claims.
Worryingly, it is not only the ‘developed’ economies that are displaying such traits: China, too, is distinguished by growing levels of inequality and a looming demographic crisis.
The significance of Piketty’s research lies in its exposure of the underlying dynamics of contemporary capitalist economies. Left to their own devices, free market economies look likely to further entrench what do indeed look like normatively and practically unsustainable levels of inequality and – equally importantly, perhaps – opportunity. This is not good economics and it’s potentially fatal for political legitimacy.
The fight over scarce resources has, of course, been at the heart of the relationship between politics and economics for centuries. The rise of the welfare state was one way of addressing such distributional questions and creating a common sense of purpose that made capitalism politically sustainable.
The reality of a commonly shared fate may always have been illusory, but systematically dismantling social welfare nets whilst simultaneously allowing the creation of ever greater private fortunes threatens to undermine that implicit bargain.
Australia has some way to go before it reaches the levels of inequality that have come to distinguish the US. But without a state that is prepared to ‘intervene’ to correct the sort of unsustainable excesses Piketty identifies the direction of travel is increasingly clear. His suggestion that a tax should be imposed on capital rather than labour seems both practical (it won’t kill demand) and equitable (especially where capital is not invested productively).
Piketty is not optimistic about the prospects for his proposed global tax on capital, however. Although he has plainly sparked a useful debate, his pessimism looks all too justified: without powerful political advocates or an existential economic crisis of the sort experienced in the 1930s, such ideas are unlikely to be acted upon.
To judge from the recent budget, Australia is certainly not going to lead the way in developing policies to address structural inequality.
Ironically enough, it has generally been the critics of capitalism that have been its most acute observers. Plutocrats and policymakers alike might do well to read and learn from Monsieur Piketty’s weighty tome: it contains ideas that might keep them in their privileged positions, to say nothing of making life a little more agreeable for the rest of us.
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Modern building technologies make environmentally sustainable building materials and processes just as strong and stable, and in many cases, superior to the methods used for decades. Our building planning and processes take into account the use of resources throughout their life-cycle. Therefore, each phase of the design process, including planning and design, construction, and the long-term operation and maintenance and even the renovation of the building are included in our consideration. The buildings we create are part of a significant and mindful shift toward energy-efficiency and responsible use of resources in all aspects of the building lifespan.
While our environmentally-sound building methods are based on proven and verified principles, they can sometimes be improved. As we work through each phase of your building, we will evaluate the project to ensure that it is progressing according to our objectives for reducing their overall impact on the environment. Environmentally responsible work to achieve the following goals:
• Efficient use of natural resources, including water, air, soil, and other resources
• Protect the health of people and the animals and natural species in the area
• Reduce potential for waste and pollution
• Efficient use of energy
• Reduction in cost of living and operation; save money on operational costs
• Allow aesthetically-pleasing designs and features
The next generation of buildings will be far more energy efficient than ever before. They will maximize the energy required to heat, cool, or light them through the use of advanced technologies and insulation that works to prevent energy loss through air gaps and drafts. They will employ windows that reduce the amount of energy loss while maximizing the benefits of view, lighting, and ease of maintenance.
As we work through the selection process, we will usually recommend Energy Star appliances for all of your heating, cooling, water heaters and other appliances, and light fixtures.
The new building can include permeable materials to allow rainwater to soak into native plants, and the rainwater can be conserved with water-saver faucets.
Other energy efficient materials that can lead to ongoing savings over time can include:
• Insulated concrete forms
• Plant-based polyurethane rigid foam
• Reflective roofing
• Recycled wood
• Low-E windows
A substantial amount of energy – estimated to be approximately 50% of a building’s energy — tends to escape through windows, doors, and through the heating and cooling of a building. Our plans use efficient exterior walls, ultra-efficient windows, and energy efficient equipment to keep operating costs low and maximize energy conservation.
If you are planning an upcoming construction project then call us and set a time to have an energy audit. We will go over the various ways you can look to conserve energy and give you a plan for long-term energy savings.
Request A FREE Site Visit From A GIS Expert
If you are considering developing a site in the Seattle area and would like the opinion of an experienced professional, click the “Free Site Visit” button and we will schedule a time to meet with you.
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GEN IIITHE THIRD GENERATION
The future, or the "Third Generation," of skin care is the direct intervention in senescence (or the aging process). This technology will do what cosmetics have only promised to do for yearsto dramatically and visibly reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
The "first generation" of skin care occurred years ago when cosmetics enhanced the look and feel of the skin indirectly with creams and lotions. Efforts were made to compensate for losses in skin composition by adding moisture and emollient waxes. Unfortunately, these techniques only temporarily improve the "feel" of the skin.
The "second generation" introduced ingredients that protect skin from environmental damage (pollution, free radicals, and UV radiation), which causes premature aging. Products that tout antioxidants and vitamins are in this category. Although protection from environmental factors is a very important part of skin care, these products were not truly "anti-aging."
A more clear understanding of skin biology has allowed scientists to discover the causes of aging at the molecular level.
Naturally programmed into all cells are biologically inherent factors and mechanisms that cause senescence (ageing). New methods of intervention in the aging process at the molecular level are now possible because of this better understanding of the aging process. This we call "The Third Generation" of skin science or Gen III, anti-aging at the cellular level.
GEN III LIPOSOME
Gen III is not a single ingredient but a complex of ingredients. Gen III's effectiveness not only owes itself to the collection of ingredients but its shape is essential to functionality. It takes the form of a liposome, which is a vesicle of phospholipid material, similar to the makeup of the lipids in our own cell membranes.
However, Gen III is a very unique liposome, which has a bipyramidal-angled shape. This design is very complex and is essential for proper delivery to specific functional cells in the skin.
The Gen III liposome also has a special "signaling molecule" which is present on its external wall. It is this "signaling molecule" that makes Gen III an anti-aging revolution.
COLLAGEN & SKIN BIOLOGY
In the dermis, the lower structural layer of the skin, lies one of the distinctions between young and aged skin.
Fibroblasts in the dermis create collagen fibers and control the makeup and eventual appearance of the skin. Youthful skin contains a predominance of collagen type III, a tensile, flexible, and less fibrous form of collagen. At maturity, cells gradually lose their ability to produce collagen type III through
functional impairment. During the aging process, collagen type III is gradually replaced by collagen type I. In aged skin, collagen type I makes up 80% of dermal collagen while collagen type III accounts for only 15%.
This alteration in dermal (skin) architecture, which is responsible for support of the epidermal surface, causes the major visible differences between young and aged skin. This is one of the major contributors to the gradual formation of fine lines and wrinkles that characterize aged skin.
GEN III & COLLAGEN STIMULATION
Technology exists today to modulate or selectively signal and stimulate these dormant functions in the cells that produce collagen type III and other products essential to youthful skin.
Gen III has the ability to stimulate dormant collagen biosynthesis pathways that were naturally turned off by senescence. The mechanism for collagen production still exists, however it remains dormant without proper signaling. Clinical testing has shown that Gen III helps aged skin appear more elastic and smooth, with a reduction in fine lines and wrinkles.
|Now let's examine what Gen III will do to the skin from a broader point of view, or more importantly, how will it effect the skin to diminish fine lines and wrinkles and increase the elasticity of the skin? To do this we need to understand some simple anatomy of the skin and what the functional cells in the skin do.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has a very complex anatomy and physiology. It is in constant repair as it is in contact with the outside environment; therefore, it is composed of many layers. Your skin can be scientifically divided into two major layers, the dermis and the epidermis.
Epidermis: The top layers of the skin make up the epidermis. The epidermis is a mass of cells that continually divide, mature, and migrate to the surface. The functional cells of the epidermis are called Keratinocytes. They originate from stem cells at the basal layer and engage in a maturation process so that when they reach the top, or outside of the skin, they are completely dead and serve as a protection for the body from the outside environment.
Dermis: The dermis lies just beneath the epidermis. It is mainly a matrix of collagen and elastin fibers. The functional cell of the dermis is the "fibroblast." The fibroblast is responsible for depositing the matrix of collagen and elastin. The fibroblasts in the dermis must continually produce collagen and elastin to replace environmentally damaged collagen and elastin that must be eliminated.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGED & YOUNG SKIN
As we age, cell turnover in the epidermis slows and the epidermis becomes thinner. Also, the dermal-epidermal border becomes less undulating. Notice the difference in the thickness of the epidermis between the aged skin slide and the youthful skin slide.
As we age, collagen and elastin production in the dermis slows down. This has a devastating effect on the look and feel of the skin. Because of the production slowdown, the matrix of collagen and elastin in the dermis is more vulnerable to the outside environment and becomes damaged. As a result, less total collagen and elastin are found in the dermis.
The result is skin that appears more transparent or thin. Damaged collagen results in less elastic skin and more fine lines and wrinkles. Notice the aged skin slide shows empty voids in the dermis where collagen is not present. Collagen also does not stain as brightly as on the youthful skin slide which indicates that the aged skin has an abundance of damaged collagen.
EFFECTS OF GEN III ON AGED SKIN
With our current understanding of the differences between young and aged skin we are now ready to look at the anti-aging effects of Gen III.
Six healthy females, with an average age of 50 years, having wrinkles and dry skin were selected for this study. The subjects applied a Gen III serum to the right side of their face and to the left side they applied a placebo serum containing no Gen III.
After 27 days of treatment, readings were taken to compare the two sides of the face. Skin elasticity was measured using a scientific device called a Cutometer. Clinicians found an average improvement in skin elasticity of 35% compared to data collected on day one.
Improvement in elasticity is directly related to improvements in the dermal architecture; i.e. increased collagen synthesis and overall improvement in the health of the dermis. This shows that Gen III has a direct effect on the functional cells of the dermis, improving the rebound of the skin making it look and feel younger.
Gen III works without irritation.
Gen III also works without the irritation and photosensitization (sun sensitivity) commonly associated with alpha hydroxy acids, Retin-A, and retinol, which are the most prevalent anti-aging ingredients on the market today. This makes Gen III truly a revolutionary ingredient because it provides extraordinary anti-aging effects without the threat of irritation.
Back from Gen III skin care to Skin care
DNA Repair Creme
DNA Repair Technologya technological breakthrough that actually renews your skin's appearance from the inside out. More...
Skin Products containing Gen III technology:
Delicate Face Cleanser
An extra-mild pH balanced cleanser with antioxidant and nutritive vitamins and botanicals that leave your skin feeling cleansed and refreshed. More...
Revitalizing Toner is the final step to cleansing. It gently sweeps away pore-blocking impurities, restores pH, and prepares your skin for moisturization. More...
Shield your skin from the negative effects of aging and the environment. Anti-Aging Serum with Gen III technology visibly reverses the signs of aging at the cellular level. More...
Advanced Face Cream
Reverse the visible signs of aging with Gen III technology and help your skin achieve its optimum moisture balance. Advanced Face Cream is quickly absorbed. It protects the skin, leaving it soft, radiant, and resilient. More...
Synergy Nutritional Supplements
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© Steve Prezant/Getty Images
Scientists Discover Novel Sex Position In Mating Bombay Night Frogs
Trending News: Thanks To These Frogs, We Just Found A New Way To Get It On
Why Is This Important?
Because sometimes science really hits a homerun.
Long Story Short
A research team has documented a never-before-seen mating position, called the dorsal straddle, exclusive to a species of frogs in India. For now.
There are 6,650 known species of frogs and toads in the world. Their reproductive behavior has been studied extensively by scientists who, until now, thought they knew all there was to know.
Scientists were aware of six positions, or amplexus modes, used by those thousands of frog species to reproduce.
Now, for the first time, researchers have documented a seventh mating position used exclusively by stream-dwelling Bombay night frogs in India, known scientifically as, Nyctibatrachus humayuni.
Professor Sathyabhama Das Biju of Delhi University first observed Bombay night frogs mating in the wild in 2002, but it took several more years before he was able to launch a more formal observational study.
Between 2010 and 2012, Biju and his colleagues spent 40 nights in the forests of the Western Ghats mountain range during monsoon season using infra-red cameras to document 13 encounters between Bombay night frog pairs.
It’s official: the “dorsal straddle” is a thing.
Here’s how it works.
The male frog climbs onto the back of the female and then, holding onto leaves or branches, deposits his semen on her back.
Researchers say they have “no idea” why Bombay night frogs use this dorsal straddling technique. Professor Biju explains, “It differs from the other six positions because the male does not grasp the female under her armpits or head, but instead places his hands on the leaf, branch or tree trunk the pair is sitting on.”
Several of the six known frog mating positions involve the male climbing onto the back of the female; none involve the male holding nearby leaves or branches, and none involve the male ejaculating semen on the female’s back.
Most often, the female and male release their eggs and sperm at the same time.
Shortly after the male climbs off her back, the female Bombay night frog lays her eggs which, Biju and his team believe, are “fertilized by semen running down her back and hind legs.”
In their study, published in Peer J, a journal for biomedical sciences, Professor Biju and his team argue, “This discovery is fundamental for understanding the evolutionary ecology and behavior in anuran amphibians.”
Professor Biju and his team also report female Bombay night frogs are one of only 25 frog species where the female calls to the male as part of reproductive behavior.
The researchers say more studies are needed to determine what evolutionary advantage, if any, female courtship calls and dorsal straddling might provide the Bombay night frog.
Own The Conversation
Ask The Big Question: Will froggy style become the new doggy style?
Disrupt Your Feed: It’s important to point out that since 10 per cent of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine are the result of frog-based research, the well-being of frogs is connected to the well-being of humans.
Drop This Fact: In the last 25 years, four amphibian species have vanished, and today, around 1,800 amphibian species are at risk of extinction.
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Canine influenza, also called dog flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that affects dogs as well as cats. There are no reported cases of dog flu in humans. The first recognized cases of canine influenza occurred in January of 2004, at a greyhound racing facility in Florida. This outbreak was later identified as H3N8, which is one of two recognized strains of dog flu present in the United States. The other is H3N2, which was responsible for a 2015 outbreak that affected Chicago dog boarding facilities. In this article, we will outline the dangers of this condition, and tell you what you need to know regarding the canine influenza vaccine. Read on for more!
Transmission and Symptoms
Dog flu is an ‘airborne’ virus which travels from one dog to another via canine coughing, sneezing, and barking. The virus can live for 24-48 hours on human clothes, skin, and other surfaces – so direct contact with an infected dog is not necessary for contraction. While any dog can contract canine influenza, dogs in boarding facilities, shelters, and daycares are at much higher risk.
Canine influenza is still relatively rare, and it shares symptoms with many other canine respiratory illnesses. For these reasons, dog flu cannot be diagnosed based solely on the outlined canine influenza symptoms. If dog flu is suspected, a test can confirm the diagnosis. Canine influenza symptoms include coughing, sneezing, fatigue, dehydration, fever, and nasal discharge. The severity of symptoms varies, and while nearly all dogs recover from canine influenza, the H3N2 strain is responsible for at least a handful of deaths in the United States.
Treatment and Non-Vaccination Prevention
If a dog is unfortunate enough to contract canine influenza, treatment is usually focused on supporting the pup’s natural immune response. Helping the dog get proper rest and nutrition, as well as adequate fluids, is usually enough to help their body fight the illness on its own. Typically, symptoms dissipate within two to three weeks. In rare, more severe cases, pneumonia and secondary bacterial infections may develop, necessitating further treatment.
Prevention of canine influenza involves strict cleaning and disinfecting protocols in dog boarding and veterinary facilities. The virus can be killed easily with disinfectants, so employees should disinfect the entire facility at least once per day to ensure that canine influenza is not actively living on any surfaces. In veterinary clinics, dogs showing signs of respiratory illness should not be allowed in the waiting room. Additionally, any dog actively showing signs of respiratory illness should be quarantined for four weeks to prevent spreading of the virus.
Should my Dog be Vaccinated for Canine Influenza?
It is highly unlikely that your dog will contract canine influenza if he does not spend time in daycares, boarding, or grooming facilities. The vaccine is not recommended for dogs who do not fall into this category.
If you do board your dog in these facilities, be adamant about checking with the facility to learn about the precautionary measures they take. All dog boarding businesses should be extremely rigorous about disinfecting their facilities and scrupulously checking for any signs of respiratory illness in dogs. Fortunately, due to the pervasiveness of kennel cough and the similarities in symptoms and ways it spreads, most facilities do take such precautions. Still, as a responsible dog owner, you should always confirm with the facility that they take all possible measures.
In 2009, the first canine influenza vaccine was released in the United States to prevent H3N8, since that was the only strain present at the time. With the recent Chicago introduction and outbreak of H3N2, there are now vaccines available to prevent either or both strains. Healthy dogs and puppies seven weeks of age or more are viable candidates for the vaccination. The canine influenze vaccine schedule is two injections administered two-to-four weeks apart for the H3N2 and H3N8 combined vaccination. Annual revaccination is essential.
Many veterinarians do not stock the canine influenza vaccination because the virus is still relatively rare in the United States. If you have reason to believe that you should vaccinate your dog, ask your vet to order the vaccination. It must be administered at least two weeks prior to exposure to be effective.
Remember, vaccinated dogs can still become infected with canine influenza. While the vaccine does prevent contraction in many cases, its purpose is to reduce the severity, duration, and contagiousness of infected dogs in order to control the spread of the virus. Always check with your veterinarian to see whether they recommend the canine influenza vaccine for your dog. It is their responsibility to stay up-to-date on latest outbreaks and vaccination updates, but always cross-check their insights with your dog boarding facility to ensure you are doing the right thing.
“Canine Influenza Vaccination: Does Your Dog Need It?” PetMD, Accessed 15 Oct. 2018. www.petmd.com/news/view/canine-influenza-vaccination-does-your-dog-need-it-35403.
“Canine Influenza.” Avma.org, Accessed 15 Oct. 2018. www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reference/Pages/Canine-Influenza-Backgrounder.aspx.
“Key Facts about Canine Influenza (Dog Flu) | Seasonal Influenza (Flu) | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed 15 Oct. 2018. www.cdc.gov/flu/other/canine-flu/keyfacts.html.
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A black cat crossed your path!
Bad luck, right? Well, as it turns out, these purring creatures are not a witch’s sidekick, like Thackery Binx from Hocus Pocus. They are just like any other ordinary cat but with a major target on their backs for something we have been trying to eradicate within us humans for centuries: their color.
Ironically, black cats are considered good luck in many cultures around the globe. We have all seen the Egyptian drawings of a black cat head on a woman’s body. In ancient Egypt’s religion, the daughter of the sun god was called Bastet, and she was known as a fierce home protector, slaying any snakes or vermin that dare enter her home, just like a cat. To give her proper representation in their drawings, Egyptians drew her with a black cat head. Any black cat within Egypt was then considered sacred and worshipped. Ancient Egypt is just one of many cultures that celebrated these cats instead of feared them.
So how did black cats get labeled as unlucky?
It all starts in the Salem Witch Trials. Black cats were seen as associated with sorcery, so they were as distrusted as every so-called witch. Somehow, this viewpoint was engraved in American culture. Ergo, when Halloween rolls around with witches on broomsticks, their loyal buddy, the black cat, follows. Black cats are everywhere as you roam down the Halloween decoration aisles at Walmart, but these creatures are more than just decoration; they are pets.
Animal shelters around the nation have begun to notice that cats and dogs that have black fur are less likely to be adopted than any other animal. Because of outdated superstitions in our culture, black animals are not trusted as much, at no fault of their own. This is called Black Dog Syndrome, and it has definitely become a problem for shelters. In fact, the black fur gene in cats in the most dominant, so there are more black cats than any other cat. Many shelters are crammed with these “unadoptable” black cats. Something’s got to give.
Because of the Halloween season, these cuddly creatures are in danger of irresponsible adopters. Many people are looking for a cool Halloween decoration, so they adopt a black cat. Once Nov. 1 comes and the Halloween vibes wear off, these adopters realize that their new pet is more responsibility than they planned to take on, so the cat ends up in the shelter again. Black cats are also subjected to abuse from Satan worshippers and extremist horror movie junkies during the Halloween season, not to mention the possibility of being harmed by trick-or-treater traffic.
Before you rush off to adopt a black furry friend, please consider all of the new responsibilities they bring.
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Burst of New Dams in Southwest China Produces Power and Public Ire
CHENGDU, China- Even in China, where power plants, coal mines, water-transport networks, and other big tools of industrialization are built at astonishing scale and with surprising speed, the hydropower dam construction program in Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, and other southwest provinces has no equal in China, or anywhere else for that matter.
Israeli journalist Rachel Beitarie reports on China’s mammoth dam-building program for Circle of Blue, the sixth chapter in the Choke Point: China series that I’m editing and helping to report and write. Next week, we leave for China to publicly disclose the findings in the series in a series of events that start on April 1 with a conference appearance at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing. Big takeaway for me is that while the United States is pursuing an energy policy designed to perpetuate the fossil fuel era, China is aggressively mastering every form of energy available. Not veto in the system is why.
Here in Suijiang County-a remote and mountainous region on the border between Sichuan and Yunnan provinces-the immense scope of the most aggressive dam-building program in history is immediately apparent. Near the county’s center, an army of men and equipment is building the Xiangjiaba Dam, a wall of concrete and steel that is 909 meters (2,982 feet) long and 161 meters (528 feet) high.
When completed in 2015, the dam will house eight turbines capable of generating just over 6.4 gigawatts. It will be the fourth-largest hydropower plant in China and one of the 20 largest power plants of any kind in the world, according to industry figures.
The Chinese government’s vigor for hydropower has stirred resistance in villages upriver from the Xianjiaba project, where farmers are about to lose their homes. Filling the reservoir will require 60,000 people to leave. Among them are the residents of Guan Tian village, who were forced to relocate six months ago, well ahead of the scheduled relocation; and in a hurry. Residents were told that the construction was going to cause a landslide that would bury their village.
“Luckily there were no casualties. We all got out in time,” an elderly woman-who, like all of her neighbors, has asked that her name not be mentioned-told Circle of Blue. The entire population of Guan Tian now lives in shacks on rented land. Residents were given temporary compensation of $US 45 a month, though a number of residents complain that, in the last two months, the money has failed to arrive.
In November, protesting villagers blocked traffic to the dam site for eight hours, a farmer in his forties told Circle of Blue. “We were detained for interrupting public order, and a few men were put in administrative detention for two weeks.”
The protests, however, went unheeded by the provincial government officials, as well as those in distant Chongqing-the fastest growing city in the world-which is starving for energy to feed booming industry and a growing middle class.
Immense as it is, the Xiangjiaba Dam is just one of a dozen hydropower projects of similar scale in what Chinese engineers call a “cascade” of electricity-generating projects that have been approved for the Jinsha River-a 2,300-kilometer section of the Yangtze River in Sichuan Province. An even larger project, the 278-meter-tall (911-foot) Xiluodo Dam, is nearing completion downstream and will have the capacity to generate 12.6 GW of electricity. Taken together, the 12 Jinsha River dams will be capable of generating 59 GW, or nearly as much power as all 4,000 hydroelectric generating stations in the United States.
China already operates half of the world’s large hydropower dams, and there are more on the way-many more.
Along China’s midsection, the upper Yangtze River and five of its tributaries have 100 big dams that are in various stages of planning, engineering, and construction. Additionally, at least 43 big dams are in the same stages of development on the Lancang, Nujiang, Hongshui, and Jiulong rivers in China’s southwest.
Big Risk, Big Reward
The stakes for China’s dam-building campaign encompass every sector of the economy, as well as a historical and ecological heritage that spans seven southern provinces. The provincial and central government leaders who support China’s program to tame wild rivers with concrete, steel, and stone assert that hydropower provides considerable benefits to reduce air pollution, rein in coal consumption, and generate electricity for fast-growing cities and industries.
But opponents say the dams are wrecking treasured canyons, ruining fisheries, and displacing hundreds of thousands of residents. Some critics worry that most of China’s new big dams are being built in a seismically active region that has experienced a number of big earthquakes, including one in May 2008 that killed 80,000 people in Sichuan Province. A number of scientists theorized that the weight of the lake held back by the 760-MW Zipingpu Dam-built less than two kilometers from a major fault line-may have helped to trigger the disaster.
Just as significantly, opponents note that China is planning to generate a considerable portion of its energy from hydropower, relying on rivers that are becoming more susceptible to droughts. Because of climate change, say scientists, China’s southern region is experiencing longer and more numerous droughts that are lowering water levels.
See more at Circle of Blue.
– Keith Schneider
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Why Alkaline Foods and Proper pH Balance are Essential
- Author Everett Smith
- Published February 11, 2011
- Word count 506
From the elimination of harmful bacteria in the body to the prevention of serious chronic diseases, alkaline foods and a healthy pH balance have been revered as a panacea in modern Western culture. While precise benefits of using alkaline foods to keep a healthy pH balance may not yet be fully studied, there is certainly enough anecdotal (and experiental/obvious) evidence to make the topic essential for overall health and wellness.
Even susceptibility to arthritis and cancer may be attributed to an acidic pH balance in the body. Direct links to these illnesses may have yet to be determined, but for those suffering from their effects, the hope of relief is enough to generate interest in a variety of alternatives. One option is to select alkaline foods that help the body maintain a healthy pH balance.
The biggest factor in the acidification of body fluids and tissues is simply the fact that most people do not select enough alkaline foods. Instead, the usual American diet is focused heavily upon acid foods such as animal protein, white flour, sugar, and artificial ingredients.
Unlike alkaline foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables, packaged foods made with sugar and artificial ingredients are the fuel source for uninvited intruders in the body, such as yeast and bacteria. These unhealthy foes feed off of the sugars and proteins ingested. As a result, they excrete a host of toxins that are acid forming. This means the body must make unnatural adjustments in order to maintain pH balance, causing internal systems to fight for the alkaline condition that is required for optimal health. Food is not the only basis for acidification, however. High levels of stress can generate the release of toxins, too. Environmental toxins may also be blamed for the acidification of many bodies in modern society.
By selecting more alkaline foods, the body has the tools it needs to maintain a healthy pH balance. Trading acid foods with alkaline foods gives the body a chance to perform in a far more natural state. Harmful organisms like fungus, bacteria, and yeast will not survive in an alkaline environment. The same is true for many diseases. When they are unable to live, they are less likely to cause deterioration to the body.
Some of these disorders are suspected of links to the acidification of blood, tissues, and organ systems:
• Breast and Bone Cancers
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
While the the thought of completely overhauling the diet is intimidating, it may very well be the best way to improve overall health. On the other hand, there is nothing wrong with slowly but steadily introducing more alkaline foods while removing the acid foods. Some adjustments are more beneficial than one might even expect. For example, rather than using sugar or artificial sweeteners in drinks, stevia is a healthy herbal replacement that enhances flavor without being acidic. Taking a few small steps and making simple changes like this can be a great start in creating a healthy pH balance for life.
Cliff Everett Smith created the free Alkaline Food Test so that intelligent consumers may see how their dietary choices contribute to pH balance. Take the test for yourself and explore alkaline foods and drinks for a healthy life at his online health food store.Article source: http://articlebiz.com
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://articlebiz.com/article/1051399195-why-alkaline-foods-and-proper-ph-balance-are-essential
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387155.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525001747-20200525031747-00467.warc.gz
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en
| 0.918477 | 1,048 | 2.890625 | 3 |
More and more people are becoming environmentally and health conscious. Many people are starting to return to the things and products that our grandparents used to use. More and more of us are realising that many products are full of harmful substances that not only pollute the environment, but also our bodies. They add up, and as the years go by, we can get sicker and sicker. One of the natural products that we are seeing more and more of in our households is baking soda. We can use it in cleaning, but also for purposes that help to protect or improve our health. Let’s see what baking soda is good for.
Baking soda is an excellent cleanser and as such is great for cleaning and caring for teeth and oral cavities. It can also be good for teeth whitening because it is environmentally friendly and safe.
Compared to traditional toothpastes, baking soda effectively removes plaque from teeth without damaging tooth enamel. It gently whitens and cleans teeth and even freshens breath. Usually the cause of bad breath is too much plaque in the oral cavity, which is a major contributor to the growth of bacteria that can linger in the cavity.
Baking soda can also be used as a natural deodorant. If you want to avoid synthetic ingredients, baking soda is a great choice as it contains no harmful substances that could have a negative impact on your health. How to use it? Wet a small towel, sprinkle a little baking soda on it and apply to your underarms.
This popular product also has great skin soothing properties. For skin conditions such as psoriasis, it not only soothes the skin but also significantly reduces itching and irritation. Bathe in baking soda water if you have this or similar problems. Pour half a cup of baking soda into a tub of water and bathe in this water while the problem persists.
Baking soda can also be very effective in cases of athlete’s foot, as it helps to keep the feet dry and prevents bacteria and fungi from multiplying. It is safe to sprinkle baking soda on your feet, but you can also sprinkle it on your shoes to prevent over-infection.
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<urn:uuid:5425909b-59f0-4201-8744-11334284b37f>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://the-health-world.com/2022/11/16/baking-soda-for-health-toothpaste-underarm-and-foot-deodorant/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00272.warc.gz
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en
| 0.964227 | 440 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Tue, Apr 12, 2016
11:00 AM – 12:00 PM PDT
Currently, floor wax is used extensively in schools and public buildings to give a glossy appearance to vinyl composition tile (VCT) flooring. To maintain these floors, the wax must be regularly stripped and reapplied. Floor wax strippers are a concern because they contain VOC solvents, toxic solvents and other toxic ingredients, and have high pH. Several years ago, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) estimated that VOC emissions from floor wax strippers in California amounted to approximately eight tons per day.
During this webinar, Dr. Katy Wolf will present the findings and results of a project that addressed three methods for reducing or eliminating the risk of exposure to these strippers to maintenance workers, students, teachers, building workers and the general public. These methods include: developing two alternative low-VOC, low toxicity strippers; testing three alternative types of coatings that can be applied to VCT that make wax stripping unnecessary; and testing seven types of flooring replacements for VCT that do not require waxing or stripping. Dr. Wolf will also present a cost analysis of using VCT and the alternatives.
This project was conducted by the Institute for Research and Technical Assistance (IRTA), a nonprofit organization, and was sponsored by the Western Sustainability and Pollution Prevention Network at the University of Nevada, Reno and IRTA with funding from the US EPA Pacific Southwest Region and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.
Over the last 20 years, Dr. Wolf has served as the director of IRTA and has led projects that have reduced the use of hazardous substances in California by more than 100 tons per day.
About the Project
Floor wax stripping products are used in thousands of commercial buildings, public buildings and schools to maintain the look and integrity of floors. These products often contain Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that contribute to photochemical smog. Many of the VOC solvents in the strippers are also toxic and can cause toxicity problems for janitors who apply them, tenants of the buildings, visitors to the buildings and children and teachers in the schools.
WSPPN subcontracted Dr. Katy Wolf from Institute of Research and Technical Assistance (IRTA) to test and analyze alternative flooring and to test coatings that do not require waxing or stripping. Dr. Wolf is well known in the P2 Community for past research projects that she has done. Some of Katy’s more recent projects include an alternative graffiti remover; alternatives to release agents for parts manufacturing, concrete stamping and asphalt manufacture and application; and alternatives to methylene chloride consumer product paint strippers. There are many other studies posted on her site: http://www.irta.us/.
During the last year, IRTA recruited and worked with schools and public buildings to test the alternatives. Two different stripper suppliers helped Katy formulate and test promising alternative floor wax strippers. IRTA is working with both suppliers to develop strippers based on the new surfactant that will have very low VOC content. Screening tests were conducted on some of these strippers and IRTA tested two different strippers at the San Francisco City Hall. One foamed too much and the other was not quite aggressive enough. A supplier is modifying the formulations based on the results of the initial screening tests.
Next IRTA installed three different types of coatings on the flooring at a Riverside school and four different types of flooring at two Riverside schools. The coatings and alternative flooring will be inspected monthly with the coating and flooring suppliers during the school year. The flooring that requires floor wax is widely used today and is called vinyl composition tile (VCT). The floor wax strippers that are commonly used generally meet the VOC limits established by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). These are 3% VOC for light and medium buildup and 12% for heavy buildup. IRTA will try to develop alternatives with 1% VOC content; this is the limit set by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) in their certification program for janitorial products. Virtually all of the strippers used today also contain ethanolamines which can be toxic and IRTA will try to formulate alternatives that eliminate these components.
IRTA worked with the coating suppliers to apply three different types of coatings over the VCT in a well-used hallway with three doors to the outside at a Riverside school. These included a vinyl coating, a polyurethane coating and a UV curable coating. None of the coatings require waxing or stripping and they can be cleaned with plain water or a neutral cleaner. IRTA also worked with alternative flooring suppliers to coordinate the installation of four different types of flooring in two Riverside schools. Three of the alternative flooring types— sheet vinyl, sheet vinyl with cushioning and linoleum—were installed in the same school hallway where the coatings were applied. One additional type of flooring was installed in another Riverside school hallway where there is substantial traffic. This coating is Luxury Vinyl Tile (LVT). None of these types of flooring requires waxing or stripping and they can be cleaned with plain water or water with a small amount of vinegar.
IRTA plans to test a modified DuraChem stripper with the Riverside Unified School District. IRTA plans to regularly monitor and inspect the coatings and the alternative flooring installed in the two Riverside schools with the suppliers. The flooring suppliers are very interested in the results of the project and have invited IRTA to give a presentation in January.
Dr. Wolf said, “The suppliers think that this is a landmark study. It will be the first time that there will be information to compare the cost and performance of VCT with waxing and stripping to the cost and performance of coatings and alternatives flooring without waxing and stripping.”
Katy will finish the project as she always done with a thorough report that evaluates and compares the performance and cost of the alternatives to the currently used methods. WSPPN will likely organize a webinar once the project is completed, so stay tuned.
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<urn:uuid:8fe7caa8-0e5d-4f88-b7ea-811d8be37da5>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://wsppn.org/dr-katy-wolf-conducts-alternatives-analysis-on-floor-wax-stripping-products/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320368.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624235551-20170625015551-00418.warc.gz
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en
| 0.950212 | 1,271 | 2.796875 | 3 |
While out trick-or-treating this year, keep on the lookout for firefighters from the Puget Sound Regional Fire Authority in your neighborhood.
Those firefighters will be handing out small red flashers that the kids can attach to their costumes to make them more visible. By wearing the flashers, kids and parents can make Halloween a safe night of fun.
What else can adults do to help keep their little goblins and witches safe?
- Young children should always have adult supervision
- Pick costumes that have bright colors
- Avoid masks or other headgear that limits peripheral vision – use face makeup instead of a mask
- Add reflective material to costumes
- Carry and use a flashlight
- Cross streets carefully and use sidewalks where available
- Wear your fire department issued red flasher
- Trick-or-treat in neighborhoods you are familiar with
- Never eat candy not in its original wrapper
- Plan your path so that others will know where you are
- Never enter a house unless you know the residents well
House safety during Halloween:
- Keep your porch well lit
- Remove tripping hazards such as garden hoses, bikes, and toys
- Keep excitable pets away from children
It is expected to be dry on Halloween night, so expect many children to be out.
Puget Sound Fire hopes everyone has a safe and enjoyable Halloween night.
[Source: Kyle Ohashi, Puget Sound Regional Fire Authority]
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<urn:uuid:c913efbf-de10-45ee-8122-c176b0e11725>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://ilovekent.net/2017/10/30/halloween-safety-tips-from-the-puget-sound-regional-fire-authority/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949355.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330163823-20230330193823-00252.warc.gz
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en
| 0.917733 | 301 | 2.59375 | 3 |
On the Facing History’s online forum on Northern Ireland and integrated education, Detris Anderson asked me, “What is the government’s responsibility in integrating the schools?”:
The Government in Northern Ireland does not initiate the creation of any new integrated school (nor the transformation of any existing school to become integrated). Instead, the process is started by a group of parents or individuals who first form a Parent Steering Group, which then lobbies for the establishment of an integrated school. All integrated schools in Northern Ireland have been created this way.
The Government at first did not provide any financial support to integrated schools. Government now provides for teachers’ salaries and school equipment, but integrated schools still have to find their own money to buy a site and construct the buildings. Government provides capital funding after three years of the school’s establishment.
The Alliance Party (my employer) has pledged in its election manifesto to the Northern Ireland Assembly to place a duty upon local Education and Library Boards to encourage, not merely to facilitate, the development of integrated education. Alliance would also reform and relax the criteria for the creation and maintenance of integrated schools.
The barriers to the creation and development of integrated education in Northern Ireland, especially considering its deeply divided society, may come as a surprise for all those on this forum who support its merits. It frustrated the American Consul General for Northern Ireland, Barbara Stephenson, who broke protocol and spoke out on this issue recently.
The Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education (NICIE) is a voluntary organisation that serves as an umbrella group for all integrated schools. They also support those who wish to establish an integrated school. I would encourage all readers of this forum to visit the websites of NICIE as well as the Integrated Education Fund (you can even make a donation if you wish!).
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<urn:uuid:ac5de1fd-5c37-4e5c-8fb5-2ae214fd3461>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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https://mrulster.org/2004/04/14/ni-governments-responsibility-for-integrating-schools/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816170516-20170816190516-00020.warc.gz
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en
| 0.964486 | 372 | 2.546875 | 3 |
'Pocket' diagnosis for Parkinson’s
Smartphone technology revealed at the British Science Festival could help diagnose and treat Parkinson's disease.
Symptoms of Parkinson's are currently difficult to measure objectively after the patient leaves the doctor's clinic.
New smartphone software developed at Aston University will bring the doctor into the patient's pocket to assess their movements and speech at home.
Trials are now recruiting online, seeking people with and without the disease.
Parkinson's is one of the commonest neurodegenerative diseases, affecting around 127,000 people in the UK.
Diagnosis is based on symptoms including tremor, stiffness and difficulty with movements and speech. However, studies have shown that up to 20% of people diagnosed with Parkinson's show no evidence of the disease in post-mortem examinations.
"Most people who have the disease will never be objectively measured," explained Dr Max Little, a mathematical researcher with Aston's Nonlinearity and Complexity Research Group.
To read more please click here.
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<urn:uuid:1dbd10fd-ee5f-40cc-9ea7-b68941f5b96f>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.routeshealthcare.com/blog/post.asp?post=-pocket-diagnosis-for-parkinson-s-210
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00262.warc.gz
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en
| 0.920663 | 415 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Pillars of Creation
"Pillars of Creation" is a photograph taken by the Hubble Telescope of elephant trunks of interstellar gas and dust in the Eagle Nebula, some 7,000 light years from Earth. They are so named because the gas and dust are in the process of creating new stars, while also being eroded by the light from nearby stars that have recently formed. Taken April 1, 1995, it was named one of the top ten photographs from the Hubble by Space.com. The astronomers responsible for the photo were Jeff Hester and Paul Scowen, at the time both of Arizona State University. In 2011, the region was revisited by ESA's Herschel Space Observatory.
- Composition 1
- Destruction 2
- Hubble's photo 3
- Herschel's photo 4
- References 5
- External links 6
The pillars are composed of cool molecular hydrogen and dust that are being eroded by photoevaporation from the ultraviolet light of relatively close and hot stars. The leftmost pillar is about four light years in length. The finger-like protrusions at the top of the clouds are larger than our solar system, and are made visible by the shadows of Evaporating Gaseous Globules (EGGs), which shields the gas behind them from intense UV flux. EGGs are themselves incubators of new stars.
Images taken with the Spitzer Space Telescope uncovered a cloud of hot dust in the vicinity of the Pillars of Creation that one group interpreted to be a shock wave produced by a supernova. The appearance of the cloud suggests a supernova would have destroyed it 6000 years ago. Given the distance of roughly 7000 light years to the Pillars of Creation, this would mean that they have actually already been destroyed, but because of the finite speed of light, this destruction is not yet visible on Earth, but should be visible in about 1000 years. However, this interpretation of the hot dust has been disputed by an astronomer uninvolved in the Spitzer observations, who argues that a supernova should have resulted in stronger radio and x-ray radiation than has been observed, and that winds from massive stars could instead have heated the dust. If this is the case, the Pillars of Creation will undergo a more gradual erosion.
in the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 on board Hubble. The photograph was made with light emitted by different elements in the cloud and appears as a different color in the composite image: green for hydrogen, red for singly ionized sulfur and blue for double-ionized oxygen atoms.
The "stair-shaped" missing part of the picture at the top right corner originates from the fact that the camera for the top-right quadrant has a magnified view; when its images are scaled down to match the other three cameras, there is necessarily a gap in the rest of that quadrant. This effect is also present on other 4-camera Hubble pictures, and can be displayed at any corner depending on how the image has been re-oriented for publication.
In 2011 Herschel Space Observatory captured a new image of Pillars of Creation in far-infrared wavelengths, which allows astronomers to look inside the pillars and structures in the region, and come to a much fuller understanding of the creative and destructive forces inside the Eagle Nebula.
- Clavin, Whitney. Elephant Trunks' in Space"'". Retrieved March 9, 2011.
- Embryonic Stars Emerge from Interstellar "Eggs", Hubble news release
- Best Hubble Space telescope images from Space.com. [archived copy]
- "NOVA | Origins | The Pillars of Creation image 1". PBS. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- "The Birth of Stars". Csep10.phys.utk.edu. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- "A Stunning View Inside an Incubator for Stars - New York Times". Nytimes.com. 1995-11-03. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- Lovett, Richard. """Photo in the News: Supernova Destroys "Pillars of Creation. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- Shiga, David (January 10, 2007). Pillars of creation' destroyed by supernova"'". Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- "NOVA | Origins | The Pillars of Creation image 3". PBS. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- "NOVA | Origins | The Pillars of Creation image 2". PBS. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- "NOVA | Origins | The Pillars of Creation image 1". PBS. 1995-04-01. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- for example, this image of Seyfert's Sextet has the effect at bottom-left corner
- "'"Revisiting the 'Pillars of Creation.
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<urn:uuid:3bc40983-46a2-49a9-8a6b-7b12780108e3>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://cn.worldheritage.org/articles/Pillars%20of%20Creation
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423512.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720222017-20170721002017-00185.warc.gz
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en
| 0.907364 | 997 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Consumers and lending organizations rely upon the accuracy of credit reports for borrowing large and small sums of money, for anything from a store credit card, to purchasing a home. But how accurate is the information contained in your credit report?
The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003
In 2003, Congress directed the Federal Trade Commission to conduct a long-term study of the accuracy of consumer credit reports. Conducted between 2004 and 2012, the study included 1001 volunteer consumers, and reviewed a total of 2968 credit reports from the three major credit reporting agencies: Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. Invitations were sent out to consumers, with more invitations going out to those with below-average credit scores, to ensure that this group was adequately represented.
With the help of credit experts, consumers reviewed their credit reports and FICO scores. If mistakes were identified, they were disputed with the credit agencies. If there were corrections, the reports were submitted back to FICO for a second scoring.
And the Verdict?
The FTC released the eye-opening results in December 2012. According to the FTC, 21% of participants discovered a "confirmed material error" in at least one of their credit reports. A confirmed material error is a mistake significant enough to impact the consumer's overall credit score. Most errors involved reporting mistakes from consumer finance accounts (such as credit cards) or collections agencies. 5.2% of participants identified an error so significant, that their lowered credit score resulted in paying higher interest rates.
Credit agencies monitor the credit of about 200 million Americans. Based on this limited study, potentially 40 million Americans have errors on their credit reports, with 10 million of us paying higher interest rates due to these errors. Avoid paying for these mistakes by reviewing your credit report from each of the main agencies at least once a year, and take immediate action if you find anything amiss.
If you are being harassed by creditors, contact us for help today.
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<urn:uuid:7eb7a665-4a7b-4165-81e7-0f8e62a422f5>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.shieldslaw.net/blog/2017/november/how-accurate-is-your-credit-report-/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511055.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003060619-20231003090619-00177.warc.gz
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en
| 0.973299 | 400 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Submitted to: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Publication Type: Review Article
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/29/2013
Publication Date: 9/4/2013
Citation: Flint Garcia, S.A. 2013. Genetics and consequences of crop domestication. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61:8267-8276.
Interpretive Summary: All the world’s major crop species were domesticated from wild relatives thousands of years ago in various regions around the world. Humans imposed selection on these wild populations in order to make the crops more reliable, harvesting easier, and the food taste better. As a result, the form of the plant and the seeds or the fruit have undergone striking transformations. For example, wild tomato growing in Mexico or Peru resembles a very small cherry tomato. Over thousands of years, humans selected for larger fruit with varying shapes and colors, resulting in the amazing diversity of tomato cultivars available to gardeners and commercial producers today. Likewise, corn has a unique domestication and breeding history. The wild ancestor of corn, teosinte, was domesticated 9000 years ago in southern Mexico as a result of human selection for dramatic changes in the plant, ear, and kernel morphology. Teosinte is a bushy plant, with about one hundred small, cob-less ears that bear small seeds enclosed in a stony fruitcase. Human selection for single-stalk plants carrying one or two ears with hundreds of large, exposed kernels has resulted in the modern plant form. For all crops, human selection has profound effects on the genetic diversity of the crop that may impact its productivity. An understanding of the domestication and breeding history of each crop and the genetic consequences of this history can play an important role in increasing productivity in today’s agricultural systems.
Technical Abstract: Phenotypic variation has been manipulated by humans during crop domestication, which occurred primarily between 3,000 and 10,000 years ago in the various centers of origin around the world. The process of domestication has profound consequences on crops, where the domesticate has moderately reduced genetic diversity relative to the wild ancestor across the genome, and severely reduced diversity for genes targeted by domestication. The question that remains is whether reduction in genetic diversity has impacted crop production today. A case study in maize (Zea mays) demonstrates the application of understanding relationships between genetic diversity and phenotypic diversity in the wild ancestor and the domesticate. As an outcrossing species, maize has tremendous genetic variation. The complementary combination of genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) approaches, large HapMap datasets, and germplasm resources are leading to important discoveries of the relationship between genetic diversity and phenotypic variation, and the impact of domestication on trait variation.
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<urn:uuid:c7cdef4e-c035-45d9-83cc-560cda233740>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=289258
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00675.warc.gz
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en
| 0.921179 | 568 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Canopy Project
Each year Earth Day celebrates the world we live in by demonstrating support for our environment. This year, earthday.org is putting a special emphasis on The Canopy Project. People participating in The Canopy Project help impoverished communities by planting trees.
According to earthday.org, “Trees reverse the impacts of land degradation and provide food, energy, and income, helping communities achieve long-term economic and environmental sustainability.” On a larger scale, more trees in these developing areas will help filter the air and control climate change.
The Canopy Project in the last three years has helped plant 1.5 million trees in 18 countries and plans to plant 10 million trees all over the world by 2017. Go to earthday.org and search under the Program tab to find more information or donate to the cause.
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<urn:uuid:3268e8ed-17c6-454b-b737-708544ab896b>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.naturalsolutionsmag.com/alternative-medicine/departments/canopy-project
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894983.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00069-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.906283 | 172 | 3.171875 | 3 |
This 18th century wood and leather model of the foetus in the womb and the female genitalia is almost life size and is known as an 'obstetric phantom'. It can be manipulated to show how birth takes place and how abnormal positions of the child affect the proces. It was used at the Del Ceppo Hospital in Pistoia, Italy, posibly for teaching midwifery. Formal training and registration of midwives did not begin in most countries until the late 19th or early 20th century.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library
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<urn:uuid:aef8b4e5-5632-48c0-84b4-b61d456274bf>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.ssplprints.com/image/85956/obstetric-model-of-the-womb-and-genitalia-18th-century
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00454.warc.gz
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en
| 0.931126 | 117 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Stratford-upon-Avon Canal is a canal in the south Midlands of England, it was built between 1793 and 1816 and runs for 25.5 miles in total consisting of two sections. The dividing line of the canal is at the Kingswood Junction which allows access to the Grand Union Canal. When a railway company purchased the canal in 1856 it gradually declined and the southern section became un-navigable by 1945 although the northern section was a little better.
The northern section of the canal was the setting for a high-profile campaign organised by the Inland Waterways Association in 1947, this campaign was created to allow the right of navigation under the Tunnel Lane Bridge which required the Great Western Railway to give it up so that it allowed the boats to pass. The actions taken by this campaign saved the section of the canal from closure and the National Trust restored the southern section between 1961 and 1964 after the attempt to close it was over ruled. The canal was reopened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother on 1st June 1974. The responsibility of the canal was transferred to British Waterways in 1988.
The Stratford-upon-Avon Canal was formed as part of a network of canals that would allow coal form the Dudley and Stourbridge Canals to reach Oxford and London without having to go through the Birmingham Canals in which the management was seen as overbearing. On March 28th 1793 an Act was passed for the construction of a canal from a junction with Worcester and Birmingham Canal in Kings Norton to Stratford-upon-Avon. The route of this would take it close to the Warwick and Birmingham Canal at Lapworth but the act did not include the direct connection with it or the River Avon at Stratford itself. It was in 1795 when negotiations started to connect the canals and a second act was obtained on May 19th 1795 to allow a connecting link to be built even though there were unfavourable terms imposed on the through traffic by any other company.
Josiah Clowes was the engineer employed for the construction and it began in November 1793 staring at the Kings Norton end of the canal. He also worked on Dudley Canal’s extension and another four canal systems at the same time which gave him the title of the first great tunnel engineer. Josiah Clowes died the following year but the work continued up until the main line reached Hockley Heath in the May of 1796 when it was one mile short of the first lock at Lapworth, as at this point cutting ceased because of a lack of money as the money raised had all been spent. The Dudley Canal extension running through the Lappal Tunnel was opened in early 1798.
With progress being made on the Warwick and Birmingham Canal the company got a third act of parliament on June 21st 1799 and this allowed it the raise more money and included a new route further east near Lapworth which meant that the length of the link connectin Birmingham and Warwick was only 200 yards. When work restarted in 1799 it was under a new engineer called Samuel Porter (who was a former assistant of Josiah Clowes) and he continued as far as the Kingswood Junction which was formally opened on May 24th 1802 and after this cutting again ceased.
The construction only recommenced again in 1812 with the leadership of William James of Stratford who had owned shares in the Company since 1793 and had a wide interest in turnpike roads and railways. Following a tour of the north of England between 1802 and 1804 (a tour he was on when he investigated railways and canals) he expanded his business interests to include coal mining. He became the chairman of the canal Company and in 1813 personally bought the Upper Avon Navigation. William James of Stratford wanted to create a through route between the River Severn and the Midlands so the company got a further act of parliament on May 12th 1815 and this authorised a connection between the canal and the Avon at Stratford-upon-Avon. The canal reach Stratford in June 1816 and the connection with the river was made. The total cost of the canal was around £297.000.
The south section of the canal never saw William James of Stratford’s ambitions as the Upper Avon was too dangerous and prone to flood to be a reliable route through. He had spent £6,000 on the improvements to the Upper Avon locks in 1822 but this drained his funds and he was declared bankrupt not long afterwards.
The traffic on the canals slowly built up although the tolls were low to offset the costs imposed on goods passing through Kingswood Junction to the Warwick and Birmingham Canal. On the south section coal was taken to Stratford where it was sold or taken along the Upper Avon or the Stratford to Morton Tramway.
In the late 1930’s the south section had become derelict but the water supply was maintained and the Great Western Railway (GWR) used it to supply its engine shed in Stratford. In the north section although it was never officially closed the traffic in the canal had virtually ceased by 1939. The section was blocked when the Tunnel Lane lift bridge (bridge no. 2) at Lifford became faulty was replaced by the railway company with a fixed bridge with an insufficient high for boats to pass. Because of this Lord Methuen raised the issue in the House of Lords in 1947 and was assured that the bridge “would be lifted at any time on notice of intended passage being given”
Ton Rolt (an English writer and the biographer) who was a founding member of the Inland Waterways Association announced that he intended to pass under the bridge on May 20th 1947. Despite difficulties because of the state of the canal and the fact that the accompanying boat provided by the GWR got stuck the bridge was reached and it had been jacked up and was resting on heavy timbers. Robert Aickman who was another of the founders of the organisation had organised press coverage and the story was reported in the national newspapers and other members were then encouraged to use the route.
In 1950 the bridge that had become known as Lifford Bridge was replaced with a working swing bridge and the northern section was saved. The bridge has now been removed altogether.
The southern section of the canal was un-navigable by canal boats by the 1950’s as some of the locks could not be operated and a few of the small ponds between the locks were dry. Some problems with a bridge also began the process of restoring the section of the canal. In 1958 Warwickshire County Council sought to obtain the legal abandonment of the canal as they wanted to replace bridge 59 at Wilmcote without the expense of providing passable headroom. The inland Waterways Association and local activists began a campaign against this closure and two canoeists who had used the canal recently produced a dated toll ticket for their journey which was offered as proof that the canal was not disused.
On May 22nd 1959 it was announced that the canal would be restored with the British Transport Commission and National Trust reporting that they had agreed on the terms of a lease where the National Trust would be responsible for the restoration and maintenance of the south section.
The transfer of responsibility took place on September 29th 1960 with the work starting in March 1961. The project was managed by David Hutching who led the way in the use of voluntary labour, which would be used on many subsequent restorations, and assistance was also given by prisoners from Winson Green prison, the Army and the RAF Airfield Construction Branch.
The canal was fully navigable by mid-1964 and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother officially re-opened it on June 1st 1974. Its restoration was a turning point for the waterways movement in Britain.
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<urn:uuid:97af51db-54b9-49c1-be1f-d3cfd0377e56>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://canalandrivertoursblog.wordpress.com/2017/03/23/stratford-upon-avon-cana/
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| 0.987735 | 1,596 | 3.671875 | 4 |
By Jeffrey Howell
Today when anybody speaks of artificial intelligence, what comes in our minds is the science fiction inspired genre of movies of robots and machine-ruled world completing the manual tasks of human beings. Most of us think that Artificial intelligence is a part of the future world. In reality, it is already a part of our daily lives. Its just not limited to our smartphones, laptops or cars, it is everywhere around us!
So what does Artificial Intelligence exactly mean?
Artificial intelligence is the set of technology that enables machines to sense, learn, comprehend and augment human activities. Since the past few years, AI is used in every industry. From health care management to manufacturing to retails and more are considering to make artificial intelligence a part of their business activities.
Business researchers claim that AI is likely to increase the productivity of businesses by 40% or more by 2035. Although AI is still a work in progress, it is perceivable what it is capable of and how beneficial it is to companies. Many companies use AI to increasing sales efficiency, minimize the operational cost, enhance the customer’s experience and improve revenue.
There are many other possible scenarios in which artificial intelligence showcase its most exceptional applications and businesses, big or small, are taking advantages of it in the service industry. AI has changed the overall landscape of the business industry since the 90s and is still evolving.
As mentioned above, many countries are using artificial intelligence to increase the output of their company. Today AI is actively contributing in the human accomplishments. With its vast applications in various industries, AI is likely to become boisterous five years from now.
Prospects of AI across industries
Artificial intelligence in businesses is used to solve business problems. Through its wide range of applications, It can detect, frauds, enhance business sales and automate work process and provide predictive analysis.
For example, AI can improve the health care services by inventing tools for early diagnosis. It can help the logistic companies in inventory and delivering problems. Similarly, AI can automate the work process through machines in manufacturing improving the production and decreasing the human errors.
Likewise, Cortana of Microsoft, Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa and Google’s home are some more examples of artificial intelligence based algorithms that have made our lives easier. These technologies will be more prominent in influencing the future of consumer actions. Apart from that, most of the transactions will be completed by the chatboxes and virtual assistance.
The potential of artificial intelligence
Implementing artificial intelligence in business can result in better outcomes. It can have a considerable impact on the organization’s efficiency by automating the work process and reducing human errors.
Many businesses are recognizing the significance and benefits of using artificial intelligence along with a competitive edge it can gain from it. They are ready to explore their possibilities and use AI in making practical decisions.
For example, many soft drink companies are planning to add a virtual assistant in the vending machine. Other than that, coca cola releases a new flavor drink on the basis of AI-based product analysis.
Using AI in marketing
Today many companies are using artificial technology for marketing purposes. They use platforms such as Facebook and Wikipedia to promote their brands. They create Wikipedia page or a facebook page and add their information on it for promotion. In such cases, Artificial intelligence decreases the time utilized to analyze data and work out the issues.
Artificial intelligence will help different industries in analyzing more than just their potential clients and work to match their interests.
It can help out in figuring the business needs and understand risks
AI is designed to achieve better outcomes by eliminating risks and human errors. Although it is a work in process, many companies are already using AI for better development and determining the pain points of the company so they can be eliminated by using AI-based solutions.
AI automates the work tasks and helps you figure out the right objectives for your company. It is intended t figure out the risk factor and giving you the data that you need to make better decisions in the future.
AI in IT management and software development
From producing surveys to customer support to software development, AI has set its claws in all fields. To begin with, AI is competent in figuring out the basic problems and a great customer support tool in IT service management.
Apart from serving in a complicated place, it is also used by software engineers to develop new and modern tech. It has enabled them to run various tests faster with errorless results. It is a primary tool used in software development.
Artificial intelligence is the most reliable tool used in the cyber industry which is helping the security sector fight cyber crimes. Apart from this, strides are being made to enable AI-based software to fight back automatically so it can help fight bigger and complex criminal activities in the future.
As per the reasons discussed above, there are many business big and small who consider Artificial intelligence for the development of the business. The bottom line is there are many possibilities yet to be discovered. No one can really say how Artificial Intelligence is going to change the future of businesses and various growing industries. but with continuous development, the future of business is only going to get better, faster and stronger.
Jeffrey Howell is an American blogger who is a teacher by profession. He was born in Orlando, Florida and moved to New York city for doing his masters in marketing from the Fordham University, New York. He is well known for his work and has good research skills due to the fact he provide consultancy to Wiki management Inc to create and edit Wikipedia pages and also works as a Wikipedia Service provider as freelancer.
AI stock photo by Blackboard/Shutterstock
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.smallbizdaily.com/enterprises-ai-deliver-huge-business-growth-future/
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| 0.957052 | 1,162 | 3.28125 | 3 |
[ACCEPTED]-Euro sign in HTML-euro
Which one would you use in HTML?
None of 15 them. Use an appropriate encoding (i.e.: UTF-8 14 or another Unicode transform) and use the 13 charcter directly. Do not use HTML entities 12 if at all avoidable, since they’ve got no 11 advantage over use of a proper encoding.
Also, this 10 is wrong:
It's a pity that there is no standard 9 way to display the sign.
There is, and it’s 8 the way I’ve described. Literally every browser, down 7 to and including MSIE 5 will display Unicode 6 characters correctly if the chosen fond 5 supports the glyph.
valid reason to not 4 use Unicode characters and instead fall 3 back to entities might be projects that 2 use legacy software which doesn’t support 1 Unicode well. But that should never happen, right?
According to Google Doctype
€ is supported in all browsers. But 3 maybe not all fonts.
edit I also agree with Konrad 2 Rudolph, use the character directly if you 1 can.
From Google's HTML/CSS styleguide:
Do not 8 use entity references. There is no need 7 to use entity references like —, ”, or 6 ☺, assuming the same encoding (UTF-8) is 5 used for files and editors as well as among 4 teams.
The only exceptions apply to characters 3 with special meaning in HTML (like < and 2 &) as well as control or “invisible” characters 1 (like no-break spaces).
<!-- Not recommended --> The currency symbol for the Euro is “&eur;”. <!-- Recommended --> The currency symbol for the Euro is “€”.
You should really just test it and specify 5 those browsers that support it as minimum 4 requirements. This eases your workload considerably 3 since it makes the user responsible :-) Or, alternatively, use 2 the word "euro" or the "EUR" curruncy designator 1 (like USD, AUD, JPY and so on).
€ as you can see here : it works 1 in Firefox, Chrome and IE at least.
The accepted answer is actually awful,at 10 least as of today. Best choice is to use €
If you're 6 going to use plain UTF-8 text for symbols 5 you might end up having mistakes after changing 4 db properties, or if you're just typing 3 it into file, once you accidentally copy 2 it into an ANSI-coded, or some a file with 1 some other encoding. Been there.
More Related questions
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://yiister.ru/tag/html/5223142/euro-sign-in-html
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| 0.882229 | 610 | 2.71875 | 3 |
“Which deed do I use?” The history of land conveyancing is long and sometimes complicated, but the legal instrument used in Georgia to convey property is usually called a “deed.” A deed is a legal document conveying property from one party to another. There are specific statutory requirements for a deed to be both valid and recordable in the State of Georgia. For the purposes of this article, the term “deed” will refer to the instrument used to convey property from one party to another. The “grantor” identified in the deed is the party who is conveying the identified property to the “grantee.”
For most property transactions, the three types of deeds are (1) General Warranty Deed, (2) Limited Warranty Deed (often called a Special Warranty Deed in other states), and (3) Quitclaim Deed. Depending on the particular circumstances, the conveyance may also be (or may be required by statute to be) by Voluntary Deed, Testamentary Deed, or Administrator’s Deed. This article will focus on the three most common deed forms, the General Warranty Deed, Limited Warranty Deed, and Quitclaim Deed. It is important to consider for each of these deeds (i) what property is conveyed, (ii) what is not conveyed, and (iii) what warranty of title is given to the grantee by each type of deed.
What is conveyed:
There are no required words of conveyance in Georgia, although terms such as bargain, sell, grant, convey, demise, quitclaim and release are often used is the granting clause of a deed. Although there are no legal requirements for the description of property to be conveyed, a deed must identify the property with sufficient particularity and provide a “key” to a description of land. As with any other agreements, the more specificity the better. Only that land which is identified in the deed may be conveyed to the grantee.
Many modern deeds provide reference to an attachment or exhibit to the deed with a legal description of the land, often taken from a survey. Appurtenances to land, such as an easement for ingress and egress, will pass automatically with the land, because they are incident to the grant of ownership from the grantor. Buildings and improvements upon the identified land, unless expressly excepted, are also conveyed with the land.
What is not conveyed:
A deed may contain exceptions, reservations and restrictions that limit what is conveyed to a grantee. Grantors must be careful in reserving a portion of the land not to inadvertently create a life estate where a fee simple reservation was intended. The law generally does not favor restrictions on the free alienability of property, but does allow a grantor to place some restrictions on the land through the deed. A purchaser should always conduct proper due diligence to determine if there is any limitation in the chain of title as to what property is conveyed and how it may be used.
General warranty deeds, limited warranty deeds, and quitclaim deeds differ primarily in the warranty of title that each provides, and therefore, what claims a grantee may bring for a defect in title.
- A general warranty deed grants the broadest rights to a grantee, as the grantor warrants against all defects in title, regardless of whether such defects arose before or after the grantor took title to the property.
- A limited warranty deed limits such warranty to only those matters that arise during the time that grantor held title, and does not warrant against defects arising before the grantor received title. Under a limited warranty deed, the grantor is only taking responsibility for the grantor’s own acts or omissions (if grantor allowed an encumbrance or defect to be established) affecting title, as opposed to the acts of others before the grantor took title. A limited warranty deed must limit the warranty to “claims of persons holding by, through, or under the grantor” or use words of similar import.
- Finally, a quitclaim deed does not provide any warranty as to the state of title, and conveys only the interest, if any, the grantor has in the described property. A quitclaim deed is effective to convey the grantor’s interest in property in the same way as a limited or general warranty deed, but the grantee does not receive any warranty of title from the grantor. However, if the grantor had received any warranty of title when it took title, then such a warranty would also be conveyed to the grantee, who may bring suit based upon prior warranties.
In conclusion, the type of deed used in a real property transaction is critically important and may have a future impact on the grantee’s use or later sale of the property.
Please contact us if you need help with the purchase or sale of commercial real property.
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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http://atlantaleasinglawyer.com/deed-georgia
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en
| 0.950189 | 1,019 | 2.890625 | 3 |
THE POPE: SIGN AND PRINCIPLE OF UNITY
The pope is the bishop of Rome, the Church headed by the Apostle Peter before his martyrdom at the command of the Emperor Nero. It is clear in Scripture that Jesus chose Peter to lead the Apostles and that his leadership would have a unique role in the foundation of His Church and in preserving the Gospel He handed on to them.
[Jesus] said to them, “But who do you say that I am?” Simon Peter said in reply, “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.” Jesus said to him in reply, “Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah. For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you but my heavenly Father. And so I say to you, you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of the netherworld shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.”Matthew 16:15-19
Simon’s confession of faith was inspired by God, and Jesus declares that this divine aid to take hold of the truth makes Simon (and not just his faith) the rock foundation of the Church, so much so that Jesus changes Simon’s name to the Rock (Kephas in Aramaic (see John 1:42) or Petros (Peter) in Greek). Jesus further gives to Peter the role of leadership among the Apostles by telling him “you must strengthen your brothers.” (Luke 22:32) and “feed my sheep” (John 21:15-19). Peter continued to exercise this leadership in the life of the early Church at the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15), declaring what “we believe” (v. 11), even to the extent that the Church under his leadership can speak in the name of the Holy Spirit (v. 28).
The men who have succeeded Peter as the bishop of the Church in Rome continue to exercise the same leadership over the universal (i.e., Catholic) Church, even from the earliest times. For example, St. Clement (pope around the year 80 AD) exercised authority over the Church at Corinth, even though St. John the Apostle was still alive (cf. his Letter to the Corinthians).
The ministry of the pope guarantees the fidelity of the Church to Gospel that Jesus entrusted to the care of Peter and the Apostles. It is how Jesus fulfills the promise to preserve the Church in His truth.
I have much more to tell you, but you cannot bear it now. But when he comes, the Spirit of truth, he will guide you to all truth. He will not speak on his own, but he will speak what he hears, and will declare to you the things that are coming.John 16:12-13
The guarantee of divine protection for the Church to profess and teach the truth is expressed in the doctrine of Papal Infallibility. The pope cannot err when formally declaring matters of faith and morals, not because of his personal holiness or wisdom, but because of God’s special guidance.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://aquinasonline.com/the-pope-and-the-magisterium/
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| 0.964796 | 673 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The purpose of this article is to report on an effort to cultivate a critical social justice perspective and critical social justice praxis among educators enrolled in an online graduate program. Although the entire program was organized around themes of equity, collaboration, and leadership, this study focused on educators’ perspectives of the purposes, pedagogy, and outcomes of one course, Critical Pedagogy. Fourteen of the 19 students enrolled in the online course participated in one of six online focus groups following the conclusion of the course. Using constructivist grounded theory methods, the researchers identified the different ways in which students responded to the course, what they learned, and how they enacted their learning as well as the features of the course that the students believed contributed to their learning and practice. The study provides insight into features of online pedagogy that appear to facilitate transformative learning. It further provides insight into the kinds of content and assignments that may promote critical social justice praxis among educators.
Equity and Excellence in Education
Taylor & Francis
Bondy, E., Hambacher, E., Murphy, A., Wolkenhauer, R., & Krell, D. (2015). Developing critical social justice literacy in an online seminar. Equity and Excellence in Education, 48(2), 227-248.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://scholars.unh.edu/educ_facpub/69/
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| 0.909833 | 262 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Generally, we neglect the ruts and road maintenance which leads to complete failure of the road section which needs re-construction and costs 3 or more times of maintenance cost. Maintenance of road brings immediate and dramatic benefit through improved road safety, comfort and low vehicle operation cost. Hence, pothole patching plays a vital role and can be considered as maintenance work. It is generally taken as RECURRENT MAINTENANCE OF ROAD.
Pot Hole Repair / Pothole Patching
Patch repair is carried out to remove the holes formed in road, non-uniformity and waviness of the road structure to make road uniform and also to stop the conversion of small ruts(holes at the initial condition) into bigger holes and dig. This problem generally occurs in Flexible pavement (Bitumen road ). This problem is solved in the following ways :
1. Clean the area along the hole with the broom.
2. Trim it vertically to a regular geometrical shape like square or rectangle.
3. Level the bottom of the hole and remove loose aggregate and foreign materials.
4. Apply tack coat on bottom and sides of holes.
5. Now, apply the patching layer and compact it properly by taping or roller.
6. If the depth of the hole is greater than 7.5cm, Patching layer should be provided in 2 or more layers where each layer should be tamped or rolled properly.
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<urn:uuid:43d0d507-5288-4086-86f5-951087f017cd>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://dreamcivil.com/pothole-patching/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146176.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225233214-20200226023214-00497.warc.gz
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en
| 0.910242 | 296 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A malicious program that secretly integrates itself into program or data files. It spreads by integrating itself into more files each time the host program is run.
Disinfection & Removal
HLLO identifies a family of overwriting viruses written in High Level Languages, such as Pascal, C, C++ or Basic. There are numerous variants in the family, some of which are detailed below.Members of the HLLO family are rarely seen in the wild, but the chance of a false alarm is bigger than with viruses written in assembly language - this is because it is more difficult to find a distinct search string for these viruses.
HLLO.Novademo is a non-resident overwriting virus written with a high-level language, probably with Turbo Pascal 4.0. It has been packed with PKLITE 1.15, and it spreads in packed form.This virus was originally found in Finland in March 1994, and it seems to be of Finnish origin. It was initially spreaded via BBS systems, in a file called NOVADEMO.ZIP. This archive was described with the following FILE_ID.DIZ file:
Nova Demo New group presents new demo called NOVA now with GUS, SB Pro, SB, PAS and Aria support! This most parts of this demo are in SVGA mode! And effects are as fast as usually! This is state of art programming!
HLLO.Dangorous_Messanger infects files in the current directory and in directory \DOS, if such exists. It does some preliminary checking before infecting a file, and will not infect files which are smaller than approximately 12000 bytes.When an infected program is executed, the virus starts to search for suitable EXE-files in the \DOS directory of current drive. If no suitable files are found, the virus will search for victims in the current directory.Once the virus has found an appropriate file for infection, it will overwrite the first 12288 bytes of the victim file with the virus code. The actual code part of the virus takes up 8192 bytes, the rest 4096 bytes are just random filler bytes. Virus infects up to three files during one execution. The virus does not change the date and time stamps of the files it infects. Files are irreparably damaged by this infection process, and they need to be replaced with clean copies.After infection the virus will overwrite the program file it was launched from with a text string "Dangerous Messanger was here" and delete it. After this it will exit - on random times it will also display the text "Bad command or file name" before exiting.The virus contains a separate activation routine, which is executed on seemingly random basis. At this time, it will overwrite all files in the current directory with several kilobytes of the same "Dangerous Messanger" string and delete them. Finally the virus clears the screen and hangs the machine.In addition to the strings shown above, the virus also contains the following text strings: "This is Dangerous Messanger, and here is my message to the world" "Computer protected, no action." "Can't initalize hardware... Try on another computer..." The second string above might indicate that the virus will not spread if the machine is protected with some sort of marker. The last string is displayed only when the initial dropper of this virus, NOVADEMO.EXE, is executed.The virus also contains a x-rated JPEG picture, which is appended to its code. The virus also contains an encrypted text in Finnish. Roughly translated the message reads: "You should check what you put in your machine. Death to night-BBS's".Even though this virus infects files only in DOS-directory and in the current directory, it is capable of spreading across the directory tree. This happens, for example, when a user changes to another directory and runs an infected program via path. Running CHKDSK in C:\WINDOWS-directory would cause three of the EXE-programs in Windows-directory to be infected.As this virus destroys the files it infects, it is not supposed to become a serious threat. However, multiple reports of this virus being in the wild in Scandinavia, Belgium and USA have been received.
This variant is basically the same as Novademo.A, except that it contains a version number "1.1". The virus will not spread, if the environment variable DM_P= [Alt 1] has been defined. Also a C variant of this virus has been found.
This German virus is one of the biggest viruses known. There are two variants, 53248 and 48784 in size. It spreads by searching for batch files and including a line to execute 'dosinfo.exe'. It the copies itself to dosinfo.exe in the same directory as the batch. HLLO.Honi was in the wild in Germany during 1995 and 1996.
HLLO.Lowlevel is a very primitive overwriting virus written in Borland C. When executed the virus overwrites all EXE files on the current drive with its code. Files which are smaler then the virus code are not affected. The virus code is packed with PKLITE 1.15.When the infection process is done the virus displays the following message:
low-level warfare v6.14.97.coded by Five Style Fist FiveStyleFist@Hotmail.Com
Lowlevel was reported to be in the wild in August 1997.
The original CVirus was a HLLO virus that is practically extinct today. However, some versions of Intel Landesk antivirus and PC-Cillin have had false alarms of 'CVirus' in several files.
Variant:HLLO.40932 and HLLO.41478
These are two related non-resident overwriting viruses, written in compiled Basic. They use BAT files to copy their own code over existing EXE files with the "COPY /Y" command. Only EXE files larger than 40kB are overwritten. Because of the "/y" works only in DOS 6.0 and higher, this virus won't spread under older machines.The 40932 variant activates on 15th of March. The 41478 variant activates on 27th of May. When activating, both of these viruses delete the C:\IO.SYS file, making the machine unbootable.
Description Created: 2010-08-20 12:02:42.0
Description Last Modified: 2010-08-20 07:17:20.0
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<urn:uuid:2d9c83c5-360e-4e7f-868f-51b2c11ee306>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/virus_w32_hllo.shtml
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en
| 0.940877 | 1,361 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Red-nosed Reindeer: The Story of the Reindeer Snot Bot
Maybe it wasn’t light at all, but something far darker, that turned Rudolph’s nose red.
During the peak of summer in the far north of Scandinavia, reindeer have forsaken the snow and lichen of winter and are busy foraging on the soft new plant growth like sedge and cotton grass, fireweed and goldenrod and the leaves of birch and willow trees. With abundant food the reindeer gorge themselves, putting on weight before the return of winter, while the new calves, who were born in the spring, grow alongside their mothers. It is a carefree time of plenty — or it should be, but reindeer aren’t the only animals in the north enjoying the season of abundance.
During a warm sunny day, hovering in front of a reindeer’s face is what looks like a fuzzy, yellow and black bee, but this reindeer is experienced and when it hears the insect’s buzzing, it sneezes and buries its head in the cotton grass, waiting for the ominous buzzing to leave.
The insect tries another target, and this time the reindeer doesn’t react. The female fly, for it is a bot fly, not a bee, hovers in front of the reindeer’s face and without warning, suddenly squirts a spray at the deer’s nose from her abdomen. Unbeknownst to the reindeer, tiny fly larvae have just landed in its nose and are already moving deeper in. These larvae had hatched from eggs inside the female bot fly before she sprayed them out, from a distance of up to 20 cm. This spray contained between two and eight larvae suspended in about 20 droplets. But it’s a risky time for these larvae and not all will make it to their new home because as the liquid evaporates, the larvae quickly desiccate and die. Those lucky larvae are the ones whose mother has scored a direct hit, squirting them directly into the reindeer’s nose or mouth, where they can crawl into the nasal cavity and safety.
These bot flies, affectionately called ‘snot bots’ by dipterists, are Cephenemyia trompe, a species that targets reindeer as well as moose and deer. Other animals like sheep or elephants have their own species of snot bots, all of which are endoparasites. Once the larvae have landed, they use their body spines and large mouth hooks to move deep into the nasal passage where they burrow in with their mouths and live throughout the winter, feeding off the reindeer until the spring. Some reindeer can have up to 100 larvae attached inside them. These parasites cause the reindeer no shortage of problems including breathing trouble, inflammation, haemorrhage and can interfere with feeding. That’s not to mention the time adults lose feeding while trying to avoid these flies.
Come spring, the fly larvae are ready to leave their unwilling hosts. The reindeer sneeze or cough the larvae out onto the ground where they pupate for a surprisingly short period of time before emerging as adults in the summer. Once they complete the transformation from pupae to adult, the snot bots emerge only to find the reindeer herds have vanished from their wintering grounds and have already migrated, some already as far as 300 kilometers away.
With the snot bots’ hosts nowhere nearby, how do they find them? These flies appear to track the reindeer herds with their olfactory receptor abilities. The snot bots detect the reindeer’s urine and pheromone glands located on their feet, and fly along the routes, tracking the reindeer by flying up to 45 km in just a couple of days.
Along they way the snot bots look for mates and males, like some other insects, aggregate on top of hills, wherever the highest point in the area is. These flies are particular about the weather and are most active during warm, sunny days. The female flies find the males on these high points, the fly version of a bird lek, mate and proceed to track down the reindeer to begin the process again.
Snot bots are far from the only insect pest of reindeer, and not even the only bot fly. Warble flies burrow into the skin of reindeer while deer flies and midges alike drink the blood of the deer. The only relief during the year for the reindeer is when it rains. Perhaps they would prefer an alternative version of Let it Snow — Let it Rain, Let it Rain, Let it Rain.
You can learn more about flies in my upcoming book Nature Obscura, available April 1, 2020 from Mountaineers Books.
Kelly holds a bachelors degree in landscape architecture from the University of Oregon and a certificate in non-fiction writing from the University of Washington.
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The following is a brief overview of Electrical Preventive Maintenance for small businesses. This is to be used as an introduction to the topic and a starting place for additional research. Specific questions about this article should be directed to your HSB representative.
Inadequately maintained electrical systems are a leading cause of business interruption, poor energy efficiency, and premature equipment breakdown. A well planned and executed electrical preventive maintenance (EPM) program will reduce equipment failures, unplanned down time and unbudgeted expenditures. Unfortunately, many small businesses do not have the technical personnel experienced with EPM programs. This guide serves as an overview describing the basic components of an effective EPM program.
An EPM program involves working with energized and rotating equipment, a lockout/tagout program and a variety of electrical test equipment. Only personnel properly trained and qualified in electrical work and electrical safety should perform these tasks. All work associated with electrical power systems and equipment should be performed in accordance with appropriate manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines and accepted industry practices. The required safety equipment or specialty tools should be determined and should always be readily available.
An EPM Program
An EPM program is simply the scheduled inspection, testing and maintenance of critical electrical components and their support systems. The intent of an EPM program is to identify and address any issues before a failure occurs. For an EPM program to achieve long term success, it must be within available resources, well defined, well understood and properly implemented and documented. To make this happen there are three basic steps required: assess, implement and sustain.
Assess – What is the amount of lost time and product that can be attributed to failures? What in-house technical resources are available? Are one-line drawings of the power system available? Are the critical production components and their support circuits known? What is the age and overall condition of the equipment? These questions should be answered during the assessment stage.
Implement – This step involves both planning and accomplishing the work. The required maintenance activities and frequencies as well as the procedures and schedules to accomplish the work should be documented. An individual should be assigned to oversee the program. Once these steps are completed, the work should be accomplished according to plan and the results documented.
Sustain – The ongoing performance of the program is critical. The program results should be reviewed and be utilized as an input to continuously improve the program.
Technical Components of an EPM Program
EPM programs involve maintenance and testing activities to keep electrical apparatus clean, cool, dry and tight. These activities should be scheduled based on the condition of the equipment, historical information concerning the equipment and the manufacturer’s recommendations. If no guidance is available, HSB recommends that electrical preventive maintenance be performed at three year intervals. More frequent maintenance should occur if conditions warrant.
Keep it Clean and Dry
Electrical equipment rooms should:
Electrical equipment should be:
Keep it Cool
Minimize heat buildup in electrical apparatus and in equipment rooms by:
Keep it Tight
Electrical connections should be:
The above suggestions are basic checks and inspections to minimize the most common and frequent problems. However, these checks and inspections do not constitute a comprehensive EPM program. Additional testing and maintenance activities based on a facility’s components and sensitivity to down time are required for a complete EPM program. HSB Recommended Practice for Electrical Preventive Maintenance should be reviewed for additional information concerning this subject. Experienced electrical contractors and electrical testing companies are also good sources of information.
It is important to fully understand and appreciate the importance of an EPM program. An effective EPM program will reduce equipment failures as well as unplanned down time. The time and effort to establish, implement and maintain an effective program has proven to be well worth the effort.
|Tips courtesy of The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company (©1996-2009)|
Click here to view a printable PDF version.
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Compression is a tool which compresses (reduces) the dynamic range of a signal. It developed as a tool in studios but quickly found its way onto our pedal boards. Unfortunately, amongst guitarists, the compressor has a reputation for having limited uses – usually used as a sustainer or to get a ‘country’ squashed attack. By looking at compressors from a recording engineers point-of-view we see that they are far more versatile than we might have first thought.
But first, some simple background info for those new to compression…
What Compression Does
Dynamic range compression is essentially an automatic volume control, where loud sounds (above a given threshold) are automatically reduced in level. This means that the dynamic range of the output signal is less than the input signal – hence the name compressor.
Its important to understand that compressors only pull down loud sounds – they are not designed to raise quiet sounds. As such the overall output of a compressor circuit will be lower in level than the input. To counter this loss of level, compressors are typically fitted with an output gain knob – commonly labeled ‘makeup’ gain since – to bring the overall signal back up to a desired level. Thus, the net effect of the compressor is that the low-level sounds are increased in volume. Bear in mind that noise is a low-level sound, so compressors will also raise the noise floor.
How Compression Is Used
Typical guitar pedal compressors are very limited in features compared to rack-mount studio compressors, so only some of the following knobs are likely to be found on any one guitar pedal:
- Output Level/Make-Up Gain
Of course, true ‘studio’ rack compressors have far more functions than those listed here, but these are the basic controls which you are most likely to encounter.
Only when the input level exceeds the threshold will the compressor begin to attenuate the level – signals below this threshold are normally not effected by the compressor circuit. So a lower threshold means the signal is being effected more often, whereas a very high threshold will only be affecting the very loudest parts of the signal.
Unfortunately, on all but the best guitar pedal compressors, the threshold is usually set at the factory, and there is no way for the end user to adjust it. The only pedals I’m aware of with a threshold control are the Carl Martin Compressor/Limiter,and the BYOC 5 Knob Compressor. The Joe Meek FloorQ uses a ‘Input Gain’ knob which serves essentially the same function as a threshold control.
The ratio controls the output level relative to the input level. For example, 3:1 would mean that an input signal 3dB above the threshold, would result in an output level only 1dB above the threshold. Again, for all but the best guitar compressors, the ratio is usually set at the factory. Both the Carl Martin and the BYOC have a ratio knob as does the Joe Meek though this pedal has the ratio control marked as ‘slope’.
Also EHX’s Black Finger and White Finger both have a switch marked as squash/norm which is similar to switching between a high ratio (squash) and a lower ratio (norm). Of course, since this is a binary switch not a knob, its either one or the other – you can’t have all variations in between.
Attack and Release
The attack setting is the time that it takes for the compressor to begin acting on the signal once it has passed the threshold. For instance setting a very short attack time will cause the attack of the note (the ‘picked’ part of the note) to be compressed. This is common for chicken pickin’ and funk guitar sounds. Conversely, for a more natural compression which preserves the natural attack of the guitar, a sufficiently long attack time will ensure that the attack passes through un-compressed and that the compressor only acts on the sustain of the note envelope.
The release is exactly the opposite to the attack control, meaning that it is the time taken for the compressor to reach zero gain reduction, once the input signal drops below the threshold. The release time should generally be set as short as possible provided that ‘pumping’ is not audible. ‘Pumping’ is where you can hear the compressor turning the level back up to zero gain reduction.
Most guitar compressors have the attack and release controls combined into a single knob, which is the case for the Carl Martin, Boss, Behringer, DOD, and Digitech products. Both the EHX Black Finger and White Finger have a switch for Lamp/LED which essentially switches between two different preset attack times. Vox’s “Snake Charmer”, the BYOC 5-knob and the Joe Meek “Floor Q” are the only guitar pedals that I’m aware of with independent attack and release controls at the time of writing.
The ‘Sustain’ Knob
Many stomp box compressors have a ‘sustain’ knob. In reality there is no standard function for a sustain knob because the sustain due to compression is actually a combination of the ratio, threshold, attack and release settings. As far as I’m aware, most of the pedals with a sustain knob (such as the BOSS, Behringer and Digitech) are designed so that full counter-clockwise is a limiting function, while full clockwise provides maximum sustain.
For the limiting function the ‘sustain’ knob would shorten the attack as much as possible, and raise both the ratio and threshold. But at full counter-clockwise both the ratio and threshold would be quite low and the attack time would be lengthened. Since these pedals also have a dedicated attack control, I can only assume that the attack control sets a range of possible attack times, from which the final attack time is determined from the setting of the ‘sustain’ control.
Chances are that the release times are automatic – i.e. program dependent – which is a sensible choice for a guitar stomp box compressor.
Where Should the Compression Go?
The typical answer is compression belongs at the start of the effects chain (or maybe after filter effects), but such a simplistic view can limit your tonal options. Compression is used to control and modify dynamics. And wherever dynamics need to be controlled – compression may be suitable.
In recording studios it can go right at the front of a recording chain – to ensure hot levels, without distortion – or it can be the final processing on a complete mix prior to CD replication. Compression has a use at every point along the signal chain.
Think back to Lead Guitar Tone Part 2 where I talked about the balancing act of complexity and interest, versus focus and clarity. Compression increases apparent loudness (focus) at the expense of expressive dynamics (interest). So what you may gain in thickness of tone, you could lose in expression and ‘feel’. Its always a balancing act, so use your ears to make the final judgment.
So, where should compression go? Anywhere dynamic range needs evening out.
Evening-out Distortion – Compressing at the Front of the Chain
Many pre-amps and OD/Dist pedals are designed to be dynamically responsive, where picking hard increases overdrive, but playing gently cleans up the tone. But depending on the song or player, this can be an unwanted feature.
Putting a compressor at the front of the effects chain controls the dynamics before the signal gets to the pre-amp/overdrive/distortion. This gives the player a solid and predictable amount of crunch. This is an easy way of cleaning up poor picking technique, and is a way of driving the pre-amp harder for longer, but without overly clipping the attacks of the note. In this case the compressor is used to produce a even predictable overdrive. This creates a more focused driven tone which is particularly useful in denser arrangements, or when the guitar part is not the center of attention, such as crunchy chordal backing (but really I can’t think of anytime that the guitar shouldn’t be the center of attention, right up front in the mix 🙂 ).
Evening-out Overall Dynamics – Compressing at the End of the Chain
In some contexts, particularly live band playing, dynamic players may have an unpredictable base level. This makes life hard for fellow band mates and for the front-of-house sound engineer. In these cases, compression is an effective way of decreasing your dynamic range from, say, 40dB to 15dB or even less. This way picking softly still seems like your playing softer, but in actuality your level doesn’t drop out of the mix. Conversely, picking hard will create the impression of playing harder/aggressively, without swamping out your band-mates.
Certainly, putting the compressor up front will even out the levels too, but for players who prefer a dynamically responsive, expressive distortion, it makes no sense to put a compressor before the overdrive. From a practical point of view, compression at the end of the chain can help you sit better in the mix, and ensures that no matter what amount of drive (high gain, crunch, or clean) you can always have a predictable output level.
Bear in mind though, if you go this route, you may want to have a boost pedal after your compression so that you can kick in a little extra level for solos – otherwise, without the boost, your lead tones and rhythm tones would have about the same level.
Make up your own mind about where to put compression. You shouldn’t necessarily put compression at the front of the chain just because everyone else does.
Although the attack control essentially exists to allow the attack to pass through unaffected, it is common for guitarists to use it for exactly the opposite. By setting the attack time to zero (or as close as possible), and the ratio and threshold fairly low, you can almost completely remove the attack from the note. This creates a percussive ‘thud’ rather than a ‘twang’ (highly technical terms 🙂 ) at the beginning of the note. This effect is common in funk music or country.
Unfortunately ‘thud’ and ‘twang’ probably aren’t helpful descriptive terms for someone who has never heard a squashed attack, so heres an audio clip which should make more sense:
mp3 coming soon.
The attack of single notes are different to the attacks of strummed chords. Similarly a guitar pick has a different attack to finger-picking. And lets not forget that different guitars, pickups and string gauges all have differing attack characteristics. But if you like to keep your attack fairly ‘transparent’ and uncompressed, it will be virtually impossible to find a single good attack setting to suit all of these different scenarios.
As I said at the beginning of this article most all compressors work by reducing the level of the louder sounds, which may include the attack of the note if the ‘attack’ knob is not set properly. Then, by boosting the entire signal we end up with the net affect of boosting low-level sounds. But if we want to have a nice, transparent attack, where one setting works equally well over a variety of input signals we need a compressor which works the other way around – a compressor that boosts quiet sounds without first reducing louder sounds such as the attack.
So, in this instance, an ideal compressor would be one which left the attack of the note alone completely and only worked on the sustain and tail portion of the note… enter parallel compression.
Parallel compression is where the original (uncompressed) signal is mixed back in with the compressed signal. This restores our attacks and transients to their original state, and by increasing or decreasing the mix level of the compressed signal we effectively have a single knob controlling how much ‘tail’ or low-level signal we want dialed in.
This means that if you need to have just one compressor set up for a variety of situations or guitars, and want only to thicken the tails while allowing the attacks to pass through virtually untouched, parallel compression may just be the ticket.
Unfortunately there are very few guitar compressors with a dedicated blend control for mixing in the uncompressed signal. The only two that I’m aware of are the BYOC 5 Knob Compressor and the Barber Tone Press. Alternatively you might like to use a regular guitar compressor and then add a blender so that you can mix in the uncompressed signal. Good blenders include the Xotic X-Blender and the Morely FX Blender
And that pretty much concludes everything about basic lead guitar tone, since we have already covered EQ, overdrive, and distortion voicing in previous posts. In the later installments I’ll look at time based effects such as delay and reverb, and also some of the more ‘genre specific’ effects such as filter effects, including wah and phaser.
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by Denis Waitley
An Indian guide who displayed uncanny skills
in navigating the rugged regions of the
Southwest was asked how he did it. "What is your
secret of being an expert tracker and
trail-blazer?" a visitor asked him.
The guide answered: "There is no secret. One
must only possess the far vision and the near
look. The first step is to determine where you
want to go. Then you must be sure that each step
you take is a step in that direction."
A dream is what you would like for life to be. A
Goal is what you intend to make happen. A goal
is the near look; what, specifically, you intend
to do on a daily basis to get there.
No matter what their current ages, try to
determine the sensory learning style of each of
your children: visual, auditory, or kinesthetic.
Visual learners understand and remember best
what they see. Auditory learners prefer to hear
and verbalize in order to comprehend.
Kinesthetic learners need to involve touch and
movement into the processing of new concepts,
and to learn by doing. All of these styles have
some overlap because we all use hearing, seeing
and doing. But keep these styles in mind when
you stimulate your children’s creative and
To build a pattern of positive expectations for
your children, they need a way to keep score.
Children know they are doing well when the task
or project is well defined and the goals are
clearly stated. How can a child experience the
thrill of hitting the bull's eye, when he or she
doesn't know what the target is? Kids need to
see the end before they begin a task or they
will lose interest. When you are giving your
child a task, such as cleaning her room, be
specific in telling her what you want her to do
and when you want it done and stick to it. By
providing a clear and specific ending, your
child can look forward to enjoying time with her
friends when the task is completed.
Goals are the target of success! Who you see is
who you'll be. What you set is what you get.
Help your kids get the far vision, the dream.
Help them get the near look, the steps and
action plans that pave the road to their dreams.
Participate in your children's games,
problem-solving exercises, field trips and
creative projects. Instead of telling them how
things work, help them learn to discover the "hows"
- Help your children dream about their
future. Set the example by jotting down and
cutting pictures out to describe family
dreams. Assist them in defining their own
goals and writing them down on index cards.
Post the cards in their bedroom or on a
board where they can see and review their
- Help your kids prioritize their goals.
Have them consider their goals in the order
of their importance. Place beside each
written goal, a proposed target date for the
attainment of that goal.
- Help your child make plans.
Unfortunately, many kids view problems as
insurmountable mountains. Your role as
parents is to help them view problems as
opportunities. Teach them to go over,
around, under or to bore a hole right
through their roadblocks.
- Show children how to prepare a daily "to
do" list. In the evening, help prepare a
list of a few important things to do the
following day. At the end of the day, help
them review their progress. By using index
cards, you can use a file box to store daily
activity cards. Monthly, quarterly and
yearly, let them go through the cards in the
box, to see all they have accomplished
through step-by-step actions.
- Help your kids to visualize, in advance,
what the accomplishment of their goals looks
and feels like. Bedtime is an ideal setting,
where you can see in their imaginations
where they want to be, what they want to do,
and things they will have to work and save
for to get.
- Build goals and evaluations around the
school year. When you go over your child's
report card, discuss the goals that he set
for himself and how he is doing toward
achieving those goals. Share with your child
any comments teachers might have regarding
- Kids need rewards and behavior that gets
rewarded gets repeated, especially if they
understand that the reward is coming when
the goal is accomplished. Rewards do not
have to be strictly financial, but can be
going out for an ice cream or whatever your
child enjoys doing. By rewarding goal
directed behavior, you are providing
additional incentive to achieve almost any
Dr. Denis Waitley is one of the most
respected authors and keynote lecturers in the
world. His audio program The Psychology of
Winning is the all-time, best-selling program on
personal success. He has studied and counseled
leaders in every field from top executives to
astronauts, from Olympic champions to youth
groups. He is the author of 16 non-fiction books
including NY Times' best-sellers Seeds of
Greatness and Being the Best. A founding member
of the National Council on Self-Esteem and the
President's Council on Vocational Education, he
recently received the "Youth Flame Award" by the
National Council on Youth Leadership for his
contribution to teen development. As the former
chairman of psychology on the US Olympic Sports
Medicine Council, Denis is responsible for
performance enhancement of all Olympic athletes.
He is the father of six children and eleven
This article was excerpted from Dr. Denis
Waitley and Dr. Maryann Rosenthal's newest
release, The Seeds of Greatness - The
Value-based, Family Enrichment System for the
21st Century to learn more go to
http://parenting.jimrohn.com or call
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| 0.946495 | 1,292 | 3.53125 | 4 |
If a person has lost their teeth, dentures in DC are the least expensive treatment to restore their smile and confidence. Dentures are a removable prosthesis for missing teeth and their surrounding tissues. Made of plastic or acrylic, teeth and gums are mimicked to recover a natural smile. Complete dentures are made to replace all the teeth, while partials close the spaces created by tooth loss and prevent partial movement of the remaining teeth. What else should one know when it comes to dentures? Here are some frequently asked questions about dentures that many patients often ask their dental clinic.
How does one know if they need dentures? If a person has lost some or all of their teeth, he or she is likely to get dentures. Replacing missing teeth is important for maintaining bone structure, preventing other teeth from shifting and being able to eat or speak normally. On the other hand, it helps them recover their smile to avoid the emotional and social impact that comes with tooth loss.
How long does the process take? Normally, placing dentures requires about five visits (about a month) to complete the process. After an initial evaluation, a mold of the mouth will be taken so the lab can make the prosthesis; once made it is placed, and the color, shape and fixation are determined. It will be a few weeks before the patient can get used to wearing their dentures.
What should a patient do to take care of their dentures properly?
1. Take them off before going to bed.
3. Clean them every day properly.
5. When a patient is not wearing them, he or she should immerse them in water or a special solution.
7. Do not ever place them in boiling water.
9. To improve stability, use the adhesives as directed
Are there alternatives to dentures? Dentures in DC are the traditional option to recover lost teeth, but if you’re not convinced, ask a dentist about dental implants. Implants are small titanium cylinders that are placed in the jaw and act as an artificial root for permanent dentures. People can read full info here to learn more.
Be the first to like.
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| 0.953062 | 447 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Source: Harvard Educational Review, v. 77 no. 2 (Summer 2007) p. 204-27.
Early in her life, Nancy King discovered that stories are rich sources of wisdom, imagination, creativity, and comfort. In this essay, King describes her personal experiences developing and using the collaborative storymaking process with young people and adults in various school settings.
The author states that collaborative storymaking establishes opportunities for students to create stories from stories, using imagemaking and abstract prompts. She maintains that the iterative process expands and improves students’ oral and written expression.
King invites other educators to include collaborative storymaking in their instructional repertoire to stimulate their own and their students’ reading, writing, and speaking skills, and to foster a supportive learning community.
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| 0.943805 | 156 | 3.34375 | 3 |
[Haskell-beginners] Re: map question
byorgey at seas.upenn.edu
Sat Oct 17 14:43:36 EDT 2009
On Sat, Oct 17, 2009 at 06:29:39PM +0000, Will Ness wrote:
> Brent Yorgey <byorgey <at> seas.upenn.edu> writes:
> > By the way, the reason
> > map (+1) [1,2,3,4]
> > works but
> > map (-1) [1,2,3,4]
> > doesn't is because of an ugly corner of Haskell syntax: -1 here is
> > parsed as negative one, rather than an operator section with
> > subtraction. The 'subtract' function is provided exactly for this
> > purpose, so that you can write
> > map (subtract 1) [1,2,3,4]
> Then why wouldn't (`-`1) parse at at all? And not even (`(-)`1) ?
> I know this doesn't parse, my question is, why wouldn't it be made valid
> syntax? It seems consistent. (`mod`2) parses, why not (`-`2) ?
`backticks` are only for making (prefix) functions into (infix)
operators. - is already an infix operator, so putting it in backticks
would be redundant. As for `(-)`, arbitrary expressions cannot go
inside backticks, and for good reason: what would `(2 `mod`)` parse
However, certainly different choices might have been possible.
More information about the Beginners
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| 0.905258 | 370 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||TREND OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN POPULATION, EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN VIETNAM LOOKED FROM RESULTS OF POPULATION CENSUS 1989, 1999, 2009|
|Other Titles:||TIẾN TRIỂN VỀ BÌNH ĐẲNG GIỚI Ở VIỆT NAM SAU 20 NĂM ĐỔI MỚI (MỘT PHÂN TÍCH TỪ CÁC SỐ LIỆU TỔNG ĐIỀU TRA DÂN SỐ 1989, 1999, 2009)|
|Authors:||Lưu, Bích Ngọc|
|Abstract:||Gender equality is considered as a priority target in the development of contemporary society. It is one of 10 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which international community, including Vietnam has commitmented to reach. In Vietnam, gender equality is set out right from the socialist regime was established (1946 Constitution). After 25 years of Doi Moi policy, Vietnam’s economy, society has made many positive changes. Gender equality has also achieved much progress. Women increasingly have the opportunities to develop the capability themselves, participate in the decision making process in the family and in society. Overall, the gender differences in economic and social areas trends are narrowing, particularly in the fields of education and employment. The results came from the Population Census in Vietnam during the past 20 years shows that girls' educational opportunities have been similar to boys. Women are more and more equal to men in higher education. That women increasingly active, involved in the process of migration and in the social labor force is similar to men. Life expectancy of women is increasingly dominant than that of men. However, in the context of implementation on Family Planning policy to go along with strong economic development, tend to unbalance in sex ratio at birth of the child reappeared in Vietnam's population. This could be considered a "negative" result coming from positive policies which have been actively implemented in recent years. This paper aims to clarify the trend of gender differences in the field of population, education and employment in Vietnam after 25 years of Doi Moi by analysing data obtained from the Population Census in 1989, 1999, 2009.|
|Appears in Collections:||Kỷ yếu Hội nghị - Hội thảo (LIC)|
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The tragic magnitude of the chronic kidney failure epidemic afflicting Chichigalpa, Nicaragua, is nearly impossible to overstate - in the last 10 years, roughly half of all male deaths there were caused by the mysterious illness.
It's so bad that the tiny village of La Isla, a community of Chichigalpa sugar cane field workers, is now more commonly called La Isla de Viudas - The Island of Widows.
And the epidemic isn't limited to Nicaragua, or even Central America. It's been afflicting agricultural workers in rural pockets of El Salvador, Costa Rica, India and Sri Lanka for roughly 20 years.
Now, a World Health Organization study has discovered a culprit - glyphosate, an herbicide sold by Monsanto under the trade name "Roundup."
In first world countries, the most common causes of kidney failure are obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure. But the rural workers who have been dying from "Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology" (CKDu) for decades, do not generally have those risk factors, which has always led scientists to suspect an external toxin as a possible cause.
The WHO's search for that toxin in Sri Lanka revealed that the compounds created by glyphosate and metal deposits found in "hard" ground water - a geographic feature of all affected regions - were the likely cause of CKDu.
A strong association between the consumption of hard water and the occurrence of this special kidney disease has been observed, but the relationship has not been explained consistently... Although glyphosate alone does not cause an epidemic of chronic kidney disease, it seems to have acquired the ability to destroy the renal tissues of thousands of farmers when it forms complexes with a localized geo environmental factor (hardness) and nephrotoxic metals.
Meanwhile in the US, the EPA recently amended their standards to allow much higher trace levels of glyphosate in food crops - from 200 parts per million to 6,000 ppm.
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://politix.topix.com/story/10753-monsanto-herbicide-linked-to-kidney-failure-epidemic-in-sri-lanka-india-central-america
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en
| 0.954061 | 398 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Depression and suicidal behavior (Lissak, G. 2018).
Depression represents a growing public health concern and is a prevalent disease among adolescents. Findings have linked overall screen time to depression and suicidal behavior among adolescents (Wood & Scott, 2016; Maras et al., 2015). Liu, Wu, and Yao (2015) found a nonlinear dose-response relation between depressive symptoms and overall screen time among children in the age range of 5-18 who were using digital media for over two hours per day.
Symptoms of sleep disturbances are known to precede the development of depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior (Dombrovski et al., 2007). Therefore, inadequate sleep was suggested as a mediating factor linking nighttime screen use to depressive symptoms and suicidal feelings among junior high students (Oshima et al., 2012; Lemola, Perkinson-Gloor, Brand, Dewald-Kaufmann & Grob, 2015). Oshima et al. stressed the relationship between sleep disturbances and completed suicide. The authors also pointed out that negative mood, suicidal tendencies, and self-injury are likely to be related to mobile phones dependency, frequent message sending and prolonged worry about not receiving messages, especially before bedtime.
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As a piece of cutlery or kitchenware, a fork is a tool consisting of a handle with several narrow tines (usually two, three or four) on one end. The fork, as an eating utensil, was a feature primarily of the West, whereas in East Asia chopsticks were more prevalent. Today, however, forks are increasingly available throughout East Asia as well.
The utensil (usually metal) is used to lift food to the mouth or to hold food in place while cooking or cutting it. Food can be lifted either by spearing it on the tines, or by collecting it on top of the tines, and holding it atop the tines horizontally. To allow for this spoon-like use, the tines are often curved slightly upward.
The word fork is derived from the Latin furca, meaning "pitchfork". Although the Greeks used the fork as an apparent serving utensil, and it is also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, in the Book of I Samuel 2:13 ("The custom of the priests with the people was that when any man offered sacrifice, the priest’s servant came, while the flesh was boiling, with a fork of three teeth in his hand..."), it was not commonly used in Western Europe until the 10th century.
Before the fork was introduced, Westerners were reliant on the spoon and knife as the only eating utensils. Thus, people would largely eat food with their hands, calling for a common spoon when required. Members of the aristocracy would sometimes be accustomed to manners considered more proper and hold two knives at meals and use them both to cut and transfer food to the mouth, using the spoon for soups and broth.
The earliest forks usually had only two tines, but those with numerous tines caught on quickly. The tines on these implements were straight, meaning the fork could only be used for spearing food and not for scooping it. The fork allowed meat to be easily held in place while being cut. The fork also allowed one to spike a piece of meat and shake off any undesired excess of sauce or liquid before consuming it. First introduced to Western Europe in the 10th century by Theophanu, Byzantine wife of Emperor Otto II, the table fork had, by the 11th century, made its way to Italy. In Italy, it became quite popular by the 14th century, being commonly used for eating by merchant and upper classes by 1600. It was proper for a guest to arrive with his own fork and spoon enclosed in a box called a cadena; this usage was introduced to the French court with Catherine de' Medici's entourage. Long after the personal table fork had become commonplace in France, at the supper celebrating the marriage of the duc de Chartres to Louis XIV's natural daughter in 1692, the seating was described in the court memoirs of Saint-Simon:"King James having his Queen on his right hand and the King on his left, and each with their cadenas." In Perrault's contemporaneous fairy tale of La Belle au bois dormant (1697), each of the fairies invited for the christening is presented with a splendid "Fork Holder"
The fork's arrival in northern Europe was more difficult. Its use was first described in English by Thomas Coryat in a volume of writings on his Italian travels (1611), but for many years it was viewed as an unmanly Italian affectation. Some writers of the Roman Catholic Church expressly disapproved of its use, seeing it as "excessive delicacy": "God in his wisdom has provided man with natural forks — his fingers. Therefore it is an insult to Him to substitute artificial metallic forks for them when eating. It was not until the 18th century that the fork became commonly used in Great Britain. It was around this time that the curved fork used today was developed in Germany. The standard four-tine design became current in the early nineteenth century.
The 20th century also saw the emergence of the "spork", a utensil that is half fork and half spoon. With this new "fork-spoon", only one piece of cutlery is needed when eating (so long as no knife is required). The back of the spork is shaped like a spoon and can scoop food while the front has shortened tines like a fork, allowing spearing of food, making it convenient and easy to use. It has found popularity in fast food and military settings.
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| 0.982535 | 920 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The number of those with vision impairment and blindness has increased even though these diseases are treatable, the report states.
Julia A. Haller, ophthalmologist-in-chief at Wills Eye Institute in Philadelphia, said many patients weren't taking advantage of available care, due to, among other factors, a lack of education.
"There are people in this country, in this city, with arguably the densest concentration of health care in the world . . . going blind from preventable disease, and it's a shame."
"The reasons why people don't come in [for eye exams] are multiple," said Paul P. Lee, director of the University of Michigan's Kellogg Eye Center.
Many may not have insurance or the financial means, or they feel they wouldn't benefit from care, he said. Some may not trust the doctors, or simply may need help with transportation.
Diabetic retinopathy - damage to the retina's blood vessels - is the leading cause of blindness in American adults, and affects more than a quarter of all diabetics. While the U.S. population age 40 and older grew 19.5 percent between 2000 and 2010, the number of people with diabetic retinopathy rose more than 89 percent.
Thomas W. Gardner, a Kellogg ophthalmologist, says the Type 2 diabetes "explosion" explains the vast increase in retinopathy cases. The government, he said, needs to attack obesity with the same vigor as it opposes smoking.
Other eye disorders rose in prevalence, as well. The number of macular degeneration cases increased 25.3 percent in those age 50-plus.
Cataracts - where the eye's lens gets cloudy - rose 19.2 percent in those 40-plus. And glaucoma - where fluid pressure damages the optic nerve - went up 22 percent for the same group.
"I think it's alarming that the prevalence rates are rising, because these are devastating diseases," said Richard S. Kaiser, a retina surgeon at Wills. "It is heartbreaking to have to diagnose them with these conditions."
Those older than 50 and anybody diagnosed with diabetes should have an eye exam every year, Kaiser says.
At his worst, Kornberg could see only peripherally through his left eye. His central vision - the field of vision straight ahead, used when reading and interpreting fine detail - was declining quickly. "If I covered my right eye," he said, "I could see your silhouette, your hair, your body. But your face would be a blur."
Renee Elliott, a patient of Kaiser's with diabetic retinopathy, described the daily burden of her disease before treatment: "I have to work. I don't have a choice. So I would come to work, and my face would be right up to my computer screen. . . . I drove with one eye covered."
Even as cases are on the rise, recent advances in treatment have shown dramatic results. In particular, drugs for those with the most serious form of macular degeneration, called wet macular degeneration, have allowed even those diagnosed as legally blind to resume daily life.
"Fifteen years ago," Kaiser said, "if you were diagnosed with wet macular degeneration, you were going to lose your vision - it was just a matter of how quickly. [Now], if we catch people early, we are 95 percent effective in stopping progression of the disease, and can improve vision in 40 to 50 percent of patients."
Said Brian L. Vanderbeek, a retina specialist at Penn Medicine's Scheie Eye Institute: "People don't really think about their eyes till they're a problem."
He affirmed the importance of "educating the public about the necessity of a regular eye exam."
But Vanderbeek noted how funding for eye health by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention dropped from $3.2 million last year to $511,000. "It's going to be harder for broad messages to be sent out."
Meeri Kim can be reached at email@example.com.
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| 0.963819 | 848 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Operator-defined Open and Intelligent Radio Access Networks, abbreviated as OpenRAN/ORAN, is the movement in mobile networks and telecommunications to improve the efficiency of RAN deployments and operations. According to Nokia, OpenRAN has been touted as the ‘next big thing in wireless’, after Massive MIMO, beamforming, 5GNR (New Radio), Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS), and the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in RAN.
According to the O-RAN Alliance, the OpenRAN architecture, empowered by intelligence and openness principles, is the foundation for building the virtualized RAN on open hardware and cloud, with embedded AI-powered radio control. The architecture is based on standards defined by O-RAN Alliance, which completely support and are complementary to standards promoted by 3GPP and other industry standards organizations.
OpenRAN introduces many advantages to the enterprise telecom market, including infrastructure reconfigurability & flexibility, scalability, frequent and early deployments, higher network sustainability, and CAPEX/OPEX efficiency.
According to a report by ABI Research, the capital expenditure on OpenRAN radio units is expected to reach $47.4 billion by 2026. ABI Research expects greenfield installations and private enterprise networks, and public consumer networks in rural/uncovered areas to drive OpenRAN deployment throughout the entire forecast period.
In a 5G cloud RAN architecture, the Baseband unit (BBU) is split into two functional units, namely:
The OpenRAN concept utilizes vendor-agnostic COTS-based servers for DU and CU software to Radio Unit (RU). Let us understand the components of OpenRAN architecture:
OpenRAN promises horizontal openness – with open interfaces enabling functions of the RAN to connect with other functions: Radio unit (RU), Baseband (DU-CU), CU & the NMS/orchestrator.
5G is more than RF, RAN, and Core. Machine Learning (ML) & Artificial intelligence (AI), Virtualization, Software-defined networks (SDN), Edge Computing, Management & Orchestration, etc., all contribute as the critical components in 5G.
Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence powers the policies & rules, making them more adaptive than ever. Virtualization & SDN powers the flexibility of using COTS hardware. Edge computing gives the flexibility of deploying RAN components & network functions close to last-mile connectivity. With the introduction of microservices-based architecture and network functions distributed over different cloud/private infrastructures, the management & orchestration of the 5G networks is quite different than its previous generations.
OpenRAN is about openness and intelligence. It is about opening RAN from a closed vendor environment to a standardized multi-vendor, AI-powered hierarchical controller structure giving third-party vendor access to what used to be closed RAN data.
Traditionally ISPs were dependent on a single vendor to provide the complete RAN system. OpenRAN is bringing in the flexibility for operators to choose different components of RAN from different vendors. For example, a combination of O-CU from Vendor A, O-DU from Vendor B & O-RU from Vendor C would work seamlessly in OpenRAN architecture.
OpenRAN is revolutionizing & paving the way for transforming 5G deployment. While there will be no significant change with regards to core protocol or standard, OpenRAN would help in the adoption of innovative use cases with the architecture and openness that it provides.
OpenRAN brings in a lot of horizontal and vertical flexibility within the network, which is advantageous for the ISPs and telecom vendors. Some of the benefits of OpenRAN are:
OpenRAN is about bringing openness and intelligence into the system. It is about lowering CAPEX/OPEX for vendors, bringing in greater innovation through competition, and allowing MNOs to avoid restricted vendors. Enthusiasm around OpenRAN has been mixed as the industry is skeptical about its broader adoption, challenges with system integration, and benefits provided by OpenRAN architecture. With new players entering the telecom market and MNOs looking to develop homegrown sub-systems, there are discussions around possible use cases that can be implemented with technological evolution within 5G. OpenRAN is expected to pave the path for greater innovation and early deployment of 5G.
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| 0.927923 | 908 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Background of MPG: Organisation and Rationale
In many respects, living standards are improving. But the mental health problems of society are intensifying and can be seen in areas such as family break down, problems of sexual abuse, domestic violence, poor educational standards, and child neglect.
Many voluntary and charitable groups work to influence Government on social policy in relation to these issues. Some are successful, but there are drawbacks. They tend to be too comfortable and there is reliance on Government financial handouts. Such groups often do not have a vision of the ‘bigger picture’ and operate in comfortable, narrow grooves.
They perform financially and socially necessary roles. But a much more dynamic and radical approach is need to tackle society’s problems.
MPG aims to fill that gap, whilst complementing and building on the good work already done.
The core drive is that the biopsychosocial problems plaguing society can be dealt with by concentrating effort on improving the key ‘relationships’ that govern emotions and therefore behaviour between Government, society and the population, and on a more fundamental basis – perhaps the most important aspect - between families, parents and their children.
MPG will function at several levels, essentially forming synergies with knowledge organisations and conduits for the dissemination of the research and expertise that can fundamentally change the level of understanding of how a child develops and how society can be healthier and more stable. The principals and associates are experts from a wide variety of fields, reflecting the ambitious goals that MPG is working on. The intention is to make this expertise available as widely as possible.
MPG guides and shapes policy and media attitudes according to need and is not dictated to by political ideology.
MPG will work with the professionals working on the frontline in the key policy areas – such as social and children’s homes workers, those working in the family courts – thus harnessing and tapping into the key expertise that can help and change those most in need of help.
MPG has a robust and substantial knowledge evidence-base that creates the potential to prevent the extreme levels of misery, unhappiness and their consequences that afflict society.
With the enormous leaps forward in evidence based research, growing awareness of the biological, psychological and societal contributors to psychological welfare and disease, outcome studies and empirically based research in the psychological and social sciences, MPG will seek to generate interventions and policies that will turn lives round and build a much stronger sense of community.
MPG is the process of organising media partners and in becoming an agent to complement information dissemination activities so that it can reach as wide and populist an audience as possible, through best-selling books, the internet, popular television, chat show hosts and guests, radio, etc.
The goal is to drive home the huge wealth of scientific information from world experts as well as experienced clinicians working in hands-on capacities with the most vulnerable, disadvantaged and marginalised of families.
In outline the goals are:
- To disseminate and raise awareness of the enormous body of evidence-based research on human emotional well being, psychological awareness and insight, and interpersonal relational health to as wide an audience as possible
- To influence attitudes and policies at personal, local, regional and national levels in an attempt to stop history repeating itself
- To make available to commissioners, providers and service custodians, politicians and public alike, a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge base of how people and societies can be enabled to thrive
- To provide for discussion and debate, as well as for inspirational cutting edge dialogues between professionals, organisations, policy makers, the general public and government. By this means we hope that creative linking and mutual learning will stimulate the formulation and elaboration of ways of moving forward towards far more creative and emotionally healthy ways of living than ever before
- To seek out media and policy opportunities through the conduits we have already set up.
- The overarching aim of MPG is to promote biopsychosocial expertise to a wide audience (public, government, media), so that this knowledge and understanding can be used to bring about positive change in our society. Essentially MPG aims to be a conduit between those with the expertise and those who can apply it to good effect.
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4) Understand and Manage Risk
Asset allocation and diversification are strategies to help manage risk as you continue to build financial freedom.
Individual risk tolerance, or how we feel about taking risks and losing or gaining money, affects the way we invest. Understanding how you view risk can help you select appropriate investments. If you can't sleep at night because of your heavy reliance on technology stocks, you may want to review and change your investment portfolio.
Be sure to understand risk versus reward. More risky investments, such as stocks, can make a lot of money, but they can also lose a lot of money. Bonds are generally less risky than stocks, and cash equivalents are the least risky while generally providing the lowest returns.
Because of these risks, your goals and time horizon for investing are key to selecting appropriate investment vehicles. If you want to put a down payment on a house next year, is putting all of your money in stocks a good choice? No. For a short-term goal like this, stocks are too volatile and risky to reasonably achieve this goal.
Remember that you could lose money. Your stock could go down in price. A bond issuer could fail to pay you interest or return your principal. If interest rates go up, your bond value may go down because you're locked into the lower interest rate. Currency values and political instability can hurt international stocks. And don't forget inflation, which can erode any gains that you make, especially if your money is in cash, such as a money market account making little interest.
5) Diversify: Don’t Put Your Eggs in One Basket
Investing in different types of assets reduces risk. If one type of investment goes down, another may go up, so spread your money around.
- Different assets — stocks, bonds and cash
- Different industries — health, energy, metals, etc.
- Different-sized companies — small, medium, large
Don't invest your money in one stock (e.g., Enron).
With a pool of many stocks and/or bonds, mutual funds are a way you can get diversification. Each fund has to tell you what kind of company (small, medium or large, the industry or industries, location, etc.) it invests in.
Keep in mind that having three mutual funds does not diversify your portfolio if the funds all have similar objectives, such as U.S. large- cap or global energy.
How you allocate your money in different asset classes to reduce risk and meet your investment goals accounts for 90 percent of all investment success. Diversify across asset classes. Set a mix of cash, bonds and stocks to meet your goals.
When saving for retirement, typically your investments will be more aggressive when you are young and more conservative as you approach retirement.
6) Remember to Rebalance the Allocation of Your Investments.
Rebalancing helps you stick to your investment plan. For example, let's say your investment strategy is 60 percent stocks and 40 percent bonds. One year later, stocks are down and bonds are up. Now your portfolio is 55 percent stocks and 45 percent bonds, so it's out of balance with your strategy. Rebalance by selling some bonds and buying some stock. A good time to rebalance is annually when you get your Social Security statement or if you experience a major financial event.
It’s never too late to start planning for a better future — and that future can begin right now. The economy and the markets may do what they will, but if you take advantage of the many resources available to you, you will be better equipped to make the right choices at the right time.
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Health Impact News Editor Comments:
In a new report just published, researchers at the Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation in Marshfield Wisconsin looked at hospitalizations during the flu season, covering an eight year time frame. The study looked at patients over the age of 20 with laboratory confirmed influenza.
The result of their 8-year study? “Vaccination was not associated with a reduced risk of hospital admission among all participants with influenza.”
Study finds no decrease in flu hospitalization in vaccinees
The influenza vaccine did not reduce the risk of hospitalization for flu after vaccine failure, according to an analysis of 8 years of data published yesterday in Vaccine.
Over eight flu seasons starting in 2004, scientists from the Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation in Marshfield, Wis., enrolled all adults who presented with an acute respiratory infection. They recorded hospital admissions within 14 days after illness onset for all those with lab-confirmed influenza.
Of 4,996 enrolled patients, 1,393 (28%) had lab-confirmed flu. Of 1,020 patients with influenza A, 62 (6%) were hospitalized, as were 17 (5%) of 369 influenza B patients.
The investigators found that patients who had received the trivalent flu vaccine had no significant reduction in risk of hospitalization for any type of influenza or for the influenza A or B subgroups. Adjusted odds ratios were 1.08 for any influenza, 1.35 for influenza A, and 0.67 for influenza B.
The authors conclude, “These findings do not support the hypothesis that vaccination mitigates influenza illness severity.”
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Healthy joints are encapsulated
in the synovial membrane, and are filled with water
and synovial fluid. Cartilage rests on the end of the
bones and acts as a shock absorber for the bones. When
you run, the cartilage distributes the pressure to
your entire leg and reduces the shock to your bones.
Take a look at the below diseased joint to see what
can happen to a healthy joint when it has osteoarthitis.
a result of injury, glucosamine deficiency, age, or
arthritis, joints can break down and look similar to
this. First, the cartilage breaks down and begins to
float in the synovial fluid. Bone spurs develop. The
once smooth cartilage is now jagged and rough, if not
missing. That is where all of the discomfort and stiffness
comes from. Joints begin to "seize up" and
flexibility decreases. There is no cure for arthritis,
but fortunately, the glucosamine in Flexicose can help
promote healthy cartilage while improving the flexibility
in your joints. Don't wait and let your joints turn
into the bottom scenario by continuing to take NSAIDS
that only make your joints worse and worse. Try
Flexicose today. We offer a full 90 day money back
guarantee and free shipping on every U.S. order. What
are you waiting for?
One should not take Flexicose if you are allergic to shellfish, pregnant or nursing.
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| 0.892824 | 322 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Zadig: Or, The Book of Fate, Voltaire’s first published philosophical tale, was written at a time when the author was finally receiving official recognition for his many literary accomplishments. In 1745, Monsieur Arouet de Voltaire received a court appointment from the king of France, Louis XV. As royal historiographer and later ordinary gentleman of the king’s bedchamber, Voltaire moved easily through the long galleries of the royal palace of Versailles. A close look at courtly pettiness, intrigues, and plotting served only to reinforce Voltaire’s already low estimation of palace royalty and bootlicking government officials. This time was also the period when Voltaire’s long love affair with Mme de Châtelet was ending. She had chosen a younger man over him, and for a time Voltaire was in a jealous rage.
Zadig, a tale set in eighteenth century Persia, reflects both the personal circumstances of Voltaire and the more profound philosophical questions concerning the nature of free will and happiness. Voltaire asks the same question on almost every page of the story: Can an honest and wise person lead a happy life in a world filled with liars, scoundrels, and cheats? In a story with a very thin plot, the reader follows the intelligent and kind Zadig through his travels among dishonest, deceitful, and cruel people who attempt to do him harm at every turn. First married to one of the most noble, desirable, and beautiful women of all Babylon, Zadig, to his great dismay, learns that his wife is unfaithful. Having been disappointed by an aristocratic woman, a woman from the court, he next turns to a woman chosen among the people. Again he has no luck: She also proves to be lacking in true love for Zadig.
Though a person of bourgeois origin, Zadig so distinguishes himself for his intelligence among the citizens of Babylon that he comes to the notice of the king and queen. Zadig’s name is mentioned as one of the persons deserving of a prize that King Moabdar intends to give to his subject who has performed the most generous action during the year. With no attempt at disguising his ironic allusion to life in the French royal court of the eighteenth century, Voltaire has King Moabdar grant the most wonderful prize in all Asia (a golden goblet studded with precious stones) to Zadig, because he is the only one who has not spoken ill of a disgraced government minister who had incurred the king’s wrath.
Zadig, in complete favor with King Moabdar and Queen Astarte, assumes the heavy responsibilities of prime minister. His every act at court demonstrates the subtlety of his genius and the goodness of his soul. Ogled by women and praised by all in the kingdom for his fairness in settling long-standing disputes, Zadig appears to enjoy all the good fortune that fate could possibly bestow on him. He even succeeds in arranging a truce between two religious sects that have quarreled for fifteen hundred years over which foot—left or right—one should first use to enter the holy temples.
In spite of all the rewards and praise Zadig receives as prime minister, he continues to reflect upon the precariousness of his own good fortune and the tricks that life has played on him in the past. As prime minister, Zadig believes the laws of Persia must be applied evenly to protect the innocent. Still, these laws are not able to quell the fanaticism and ridiculous quarrels that seem to presage the fall of Babylon. As if to underscore the validity of Zadig’s...
(The entire section is 1432 words.)
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Bending is the fundamental start of all dance – perhaps of all movement. In ballet, we bend or plié to jump, to turn, to move. It is this action of the legs to recoil like a spring before a jump, or soften the landing out of one, that also prepares our bodies for every other more advanced movement in the entire ballet canon. Pliés are often the first excercise done at the barre.
One could say bending or accepting is a fundamental principle of life, an ability that isn’t always easy. In life, the challenges we face force us to confront the inflexibility of the mind (our minds, others minds). As difficult as the physical can be to change, our bodies are often far easier to lengthen, soften, and mold than the rigidity of the beliefs to which we (or others) stubbornly cling. Sometimes it is even the mind that keeps the body from bending! The body, however, can influence the mind; and by bending and opening the body, the mind will often follow. Staying open will help you in life as well as in ballet.
A plié is not just a bend, it is an opening too – the opening of your hips as your knees bend over your toes. Suitably then, it is done at the opening of class.
Demi Plié (Half or small bend)
Put your feet in first position. Keep your head and shoulders aligned vertically over your hips and heels. Gently lift your belly in and up towards your spine as you bend your knees open over your toes, making a diamond shape in between your legs. Keep your heels on the floor.
You will have reached the bottom or deepest part of your plié at the point where your heels can no longer remain on the floor. Push down into your feet to straighten your knees fully and you will have done one demi plié.
Hint 1: Open your knees over your toes in your plié. If you can’t keep your upper body straight up and down and open your knees wide enough to align over your toes, you may need to bring your toes in a little bit for now. This just means you have more flexibility in your ankles than in your hips. Don’t try to do a 180 degrees first position with your feet at first. Turnout and openness in your hips will come. Having correct alignment is key.
Hint 2: Keep your spine straight and don’t stick out your butt to get more turn out or a deeper demi plié. As your calves and achilles lengthen over time, your demi plié will naturally deepen.
Port de bras: Teachers differ of course, but it is often customary to do a combination with two demi pliés in a row. Your arm starts in second, lifting slightly as you demi, eyes looking out over your fingertips, lowering to preparation or low fifth as you straighten. On the second demi plié, bring your arm up to first position as your head tilts away from your hand, inclined to look into your palm. As you straighten your arm floats back to second position. Alternatively, some teachers will have your arm start in preparation, float out to low second as you bend into plié, and return to preparation as you straighten.
Grand plié (big bend)
To do a grand plié (pictured above) in first or fifth (or fourth), start with a demi plié, then descend towards the floor allowing your heels to lift, until your hips and knees are level. (Your heels will naturally come off the floor, do not lift them more off the floor.) Continue to lift your lower belly in and push your heels down into the ground to recover back through demi plié and then fully straighten your legs.
Grand plié in first and fifth positions are similar. Except in fifth position your feet should remain touching in a grand plié, with the heel of the back foot moving forward, gently encouraging the heel of the front foot to turn out.
Timing: A typical grand plié will take four counts. Keep moving continuously though the movement and avoid sitting at the bottom of your grand plié.
Second position is a little different because in second, your feet are wide enough on the floor that you will not lift your heels at all. In second position descend only until your hips and knees are on the same level (see below).
Hint: In second as in the other positions, descend as if you have a wall behind you so that you cannot stick your butt out.
Grand plié in fourth position is controversial – some believe it is bad for your hips. I did grand pliés in fourth for years with no seeming adverse reactions but recent tightness in the front of my hip flexors is exacerbated by grand pliés in fourth and I’ve decided there may be some truth to that belief after all. I’m only doing demi pliés in fourth right now, but you do you. If you are doing a grand plié in fourth, be sure to keep your weight even on both feet.
Port de bras: First port de bras with one arm: Your arm starts in second position. As you lower to demi plié, your arm lifts slightly, then lowers to preparation at the lowest point of your grand plié. As you rise out of your grand plié, your arm lifts to first position in the demi, and then opens to second as you straighten your legs. Sometimes teachers will have you reverse the port de bras. In this case, you will demi plié and your arm will lift to fifth position as you lower into your grand plié, then as you return to demi plié, your arm will lower through first position to preparation and as you straighten your legs, your arm will float back up to second position.
I hope this helps your exploration of pliés. It’s a strange thing to try to describe in words a physical movement that is so engrained, so if you have questions, please ask. Stay open and keep dancing. Encourage others to dance too, that may we all learn to accept each other, accept ourselves, and to bend a little more.
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2002 - West Nile virus in the United States - Update 3
17 September 2002
Disease Outbreak Reported
As of 16 September 2002, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Arthropod Borne Viruses - Western Hemisphere, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported 1 460 human cases of the West Nile virus, with 66 deaths occurring in 30 states and the District of Columbia. During 2002, West Nile virus activity (evidence of infections in birds, humans, mosquitoes, and other animals - primarily horses) has been documented in 42 states and the District of Columbia (see previous report).
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Earlier April 2018 Scott & Sue Tindale under took a pilot study to develop an inshore fish tagging program that all New Zealanders could be involved in and would promote ethical angling, environmental education, conservation and research . After reviewing many sucessful overseas programs we took on board the lessons learned from the decades of experiences these programs had encountered. Trialing the best of these ideas in the field gave us the oppotunity to develop a system that suited the New Zealand conditions, the anglers involved and the species we needed to study. The project started with the development of a comprehensive tagging kit. We wanted to include everything in one pack to ensure simplicity for the user. Our first mission on the water involved capturing and releasing many of our popular inshore species. Each fish was accurately measured, fitted with a serial numbered ID tag, photographed and then released. It was important for our results to be productive and that the fish we tagged were handled and tagged in a way that does not harm or alter their natural behaviour. The details collected included: date, species, tag number, release location, longitude, latitude, water depth, fish fork length, sea surface temperature and angler details. Species included in the pilot study were:
Snapper ( Chrysopphrys auratus), Trevally (Pseodocaranax georgianus), Kahawai (Arripis trutta),
Gurnard (Chelidonichthys kumu), Kingfish (Seriola lalandi), Tope (Galeorhinus galeus), and
Tarakihi (Nemadactylus macropterus).
A year later there are now over 35 marine fish species in the program from all corners of the country.
Tagging has long been a simple tool to track seasonal movements preferred habitat & growth of marine species and has been used in over 100 countries worldwide. Up until now NZ recreational anglers have only had the option to tag pelagic species like Marlin and Tuna through the co-op tagging programme setup by the NZ government. This left a huge information gap on the species that reside in our coastal waters year round.
Our first recapture from this pilot study was a snapper caught during a commercial trawl miles off the Taranaki coast. The fish measured a fork length of 38cm.
This fish was originally tagged by Sue Tindale on the 2nd of April 2018 while fishing the Omokoiti flats, Kaipara harbour. It was released at a depth of 2.8m and measured a fork length (tip of nose to v of tail) of 36cm.
In the 41 days at large the snapper travelled a shortest distance of in excess of 165 nautical miles (305km).
50 more tagged fish recaptures were made in the first year since the launch of the inshore tagging program in late 2018.
As with all research projects it is imperative to collect accurate information. We ask that you all keep an eye out for tagged fish while out fishing. If you find one Please record and forward the following capture details;
Date…… tag number….. species…… recapture location…….
latitude and longitude…….. fork length………
and your details……
This can be reported via the details on the tag, Phone or email, or via the fish tag recovery form on our website
We would also like any comments you would like to add and a photo or two if possible for promotional use. Fish Tag Recovery forms can also be download on line at https:/tindaleresearch.org.nz/tagging-program/fish-tag-recovery-form/
As recreational anglers we always have the option of re-releasing fish. Before releasing a tagged fish please record the same details above with a note that the fish was released live and leave the original tag in place.
How to tag and release a fish
TMRCT inshore Tagging kit
The running of citizen science programs and assisting in many research projects is a major undertaking. There was a lot of interest from anglers, marine biology students, research institutions and the public following our initial pilot study, Many have since partnered or joined in the tagging project therefore this program was expanded to include all inshore species.
- Tagging kits and additional tags are available to anyone interested in participating in the program. These are sold at cost and can be purchased off our website, Trademe, at events, or by emailing email@example.com .
Projects like this would not be possible without the support of a wide range of organisations, sponsors and volunteers so we welcome any additional contributions
Regular updates will be posted on the Tindale Marine Research Charitable Trust Facebook page and on our website newsletter section.
If you would like to know more check out the drop down tabs at the top of this page.
Email us if you would like to organise an event or a club talk on the trusts marine research projects.
Join the cause and Donate today
As we are a Charitable Trust, your donations are 100% tax deductable.
A donation receipt will be provided for tax purposes
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The Credible Source for Latino Literature
U.S. Census Definition of "Hispanic Origin"
Definition: Hispanics or Latinos are those people who classified themselves in one of the specific Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 questionnaire -"Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano," "Puerto Rican," or "Cuban"-as well as those who indicate that they are "other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino." Persons who indicated that they are "other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino" include those whose origins are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, the Dominican Republic or people identifying themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish-American, Hispanic, Hispano, Latino, and so on.
Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States.
People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino
may be of any race. Thus, the percent Hispanic should not be added
to percentages for racial categories. NonHispanic White persons
are those who responded "No, not Spanish/Hispanic/Latino" and who
reported "White" as their only entry in the race question.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, County
Population Estimates by Demographic Characteristics - Age, Sex,
Race, and Hispanic Origin; updated annually for states and counties.
Copyright 2006 LatinoStories.com design and content by John S. Christie and Jose
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Grades 4 - 7
Grade level Equivalent: 4
Lexile Measure®: 670L
Guided Reading: S
- Historical Fiction
- European History
- Human Rights
About This Book
Sasha Zaichik has known the laws of the Soviet Young Pioneers since the age of six:
The Young Pioneer is devoted to Comrade Stalin, the Communist Party, and Communism.
A Young Pioneer is a reliable comrade and always acts according to conscience.
A Young Pioneer has a right to criticize shortcomings.
But now that it is finally time to join the Young Pioneers, the day Sasha has awaited for so long, everything seems to go awry. He breaks a classmate's glasses with a snowball. He accidentally damages a bust of Stalin in the school hallway. And worst of all, his father, the best Communist he knows, was arrested just last night.
This moving story of a ten-year-old boy's world shattering is masterful in its simplicity, powerful in its message, and heartbreaking in its plausibility.
2012 Newbery Honor Book
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BACKGROUND IMAGE: iSTOCK/GETTY IMAGES
Xcode, Apple's integrated developer environment (IDE), gives developers and development teams the tools they need to build apps for Apple's OS X, Apple Watch, Web and iOS operating systems. The current release of Xcode is 7, and is available for download. Xcode will run only on OS X-powered Apple machines, such as iMac, Macbook and Mac Mini, and is free to use. A $99, annual developer's license is required to publish apps to iTunes or Mac OS X App Store.
Xcode is a mature development environment that allows small and global development teams to work together effectively and deliver services rapidly. The Xcode IDE leverages a model-view-controller approach to segment each layer of an app. This makes code maintenance much easier and forces an object-oriented program approach. For instance, the UI layer is separated with tools, such as the new Interface Builder, which allows users to drag and drop visual controls onto a screen; Auto Layout, which allows users to dynamically control the presentation of objects for different screen sizes; Storyboard, which provides the ability to visually layout the screens for your app; and Preview mode, which quickly shows you what your app looks like. None of these UI tools touch the code you are creating.
Historically, code development in Xcode has been written using Objective-C, a mature C-based language that dates back to 1986. In June 2014, Apple released Swift, a new language to build products. The development of Swift is based on modern development languages and has become the fastest adopted language in history. Apple has spent years developing Swift, and the result is a language that is easier to learn than Objective-C, familiar to many Internet developers and safe to use. Swift and Objective-C can be mixed in the same projects. Xcode 7 introduces Swift 2.
Xcode is a tool that individual developers work with. Code is checked into a Git repository, and can be shared among small and large groups. There has been support for continuous integration in Xcode for many releases and the current version maintains strong support for testing tools. Xcode now includes tools such as Test Assistants, which ensures the code and tests are aligned correctly; Test Navigator, to step through your tests; and results and support for Xcode Server bots that run when code is checked in for unit, performance, asynchronous and UI tests.
The only public app store that Apple supports is the iTunes App Store. To publish an app created in the Xcode IDE to the iTunes App Store, you will need a developer's license. Your developer license will give you access to iTunes Connect, the tool used to publish apps. Enterprise apps do not need to use iTunes Connect, but you will need to leverage an enterprise certificate to register each app before you publish to your internal app store.
Support for Xcode can be found online through Apple's Developer forums. Technical support is available over the phone. Finally, Apple offers an enterprise code review service to ascertain how well-structured your teams' projects and code are. There is a charge for code review that can be gained by contacting Apple Enterprise Services.
Xcode is specifically for iOS, OS X and Watch OS development and can be used by companies of any size. The current release of Xcode is 6.4, with 7.0 in beta and expected to ship with the final release of iOS 9.
There are pros and cons to iOS development. Is iOS the right fit for your company?
How can you tell all these mobile OSes apart? Matthew David will explain how.
Apple collaborates with Cisco to ensure footing in enterprise market.
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Microdose #002: Make Forest Bathing a Regular Practice
This Japanese tradition reduces stress and improves immunity.
BLUF (Bottom Line Up Front):
Modern life is stressful. Elevated levels of cortisol, the human stress hormone, depress our immune systems and lead to fatigue, weight gain, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. This is compounded by the fact that we spend more time indoors than ever before in history. The traditional Japanese practice of Shinrin-Yoku, or forest bathing, reduces cortisol, improves immunity, and may help prevent cancer.
See The Plan below for easy ways to incorporate elements of this practice into your daily life, regardless of where you live.
While some level of stress is unavoidable in life, excess stress can have a serious impact on our health. It’s been estimated that some 75-90% of all doctor’s office visits are for stress-related ailments and complaints.
The stress hormone cortisol depresses NK -- or natural killer -- cells, which are an essential part of our immune system. These cells aren’t just helpful in fighting off viruses and common illnesses, but are an essential tool in our body's defence against cancer.
A simple, common-sense practice that can significantly decrease cortisol and increase NK cell activity in a lasting way merits inclusion into our daily routines.
Forest bathing seems to accomplish a trifecta of positive actions on one’s body and state of mind: it incorporates exercise (walking through the woods), the calming effects of being in nature, and the inhalation of phytoncides -- the aromatic compounds produced by trees.
- “The increased NK activity lasted for more than 30 days after the trip, suggesting that a forest bathing trip once a month would enable individuals to maintain a higher level of NK activity. In contrast, a visit to the city as a tourist did not increase NK activity…”
- “...findings suggest that visiting forest parks may have a preventive effect on cancer generation and progression.”
- Similar positive results are observed when people inhale phytoncides (wood aromas) outside a forest environment
Determine what greenspace is accessible to you.
You’re probably closer to a park, forest, or wooded area than you might think. In the US, the average distance to the nearest forest is about 2.6 miles. Even if you live in a dense city, greenspace may be more accessible than you realize.
Look for places that:
- Allow you to feel surrounded by trees and greenery
- Have areas to sit, or paths to walk around
- Smell like trees (this is particularly important)
Check out Park Finder, a joint project between the National Parks Service and L.L. Bean, to find nearby spots: https://findyourpark.com/park-finder
Incorporate nature into your daily routines
While you may not be able to fully immerse yourself in the forest every day, communing with nature regularly can have a marked impact on your sense of wellbeing.
Here are some potential options:
- Alter your walking commute route to cut through some greenspace
- Take your daily coffee on a park bench
- Become a member of a local botanical garden or conservatory
- Fill your house with low maintenance plants (we like members of the ficus family)
- Take up gardening as a hobby
Immerse yourself monthly
Thankfully, a deep immersion in the forest has a long lasting impact on your NK cell activity, with results persisting for 30 days in clinical studies. Plan monthly hiking trips that take you into a heavily wooded area. We highly recommend visiting a national park, if feasible.
Depending on your ability and desire, you can aim for an exhilarating trek over rough terrain, or a leisurely stroll on a paved path. In either case, take some time to breathe deep, observe and appreciate your surroundings (did you know that looking at the fractal patterns that occur in nature has a positive impact on stress levels), and think about your unique place in this beautiful world.
Doing this monthly will keep your cancer-killing NK cells at an elevated level all year round.
Bring the benefits of the forest into your home
When Japanese researchers wanted to isolate the source of forest bathing’s impact on health, they experimented with placing test subjects in hotel rooms in Tokyo, and exposing them to the forest aromas (containing the phytoncides mentioned earlier) via an essential oil diffuser… and remarkably, they saw similar positive results.
So, why not just skip the forest altogether and get yourself a diffuser? While you’ll likely see good results, we believe that spending time in nature lends an array of compounding and complementary benefits to both our physical and mental health, and that making this time for yourself can have intangible rewards outside of what is observed in clinical trials. For this reason, while we suggest sourcing an all natural tree-derived essential oil to use in your home (hinoki is the type of tree most studied for this purpose, due to its prevalence in the forests of Japan), we still highly recommend sniffing these powerful aromas straight from the source as often as you can.
Alex - Before moving to the Pacific Northwest, the great outdoors and I had only a passing acquaintance. I hadn't visited any national parks and having grown up in a small beach town in New England, usually most of the time I spent in nature was at the shore. During the pandemic my husband and I relocated to a small coastal town from Seattle, Washington, and because of the restrictions around indoor activities, we took up hiking. This ended up being the best decision we made during the pandemic (the second best was buying a Le Creuset grill pan). The effects that hiking (and being in the woods in general) has had on our physical and emotional health goes almost beyond words. We find that when we haven’t been outdoors in a while, we can feel our emotional health slipping, something that we were never able to gauge before. Needless to say, this is a habit that we are glad to continue for life.
Frank - While not exactly forest bathing, I’ve made it a daily habit to sit by the water (in my case, the Strait of Juan de Fuca in Port Townsend, WA) while I drink my morning coffee. The ritual calms me, and helps to put my problems in perspective, as I look at the beautiful and unrelenting waves crashing against the pier.
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Traveling through history
The railroad was one of the bedrocks that led to Ottumwa ’ s expansion when it was founded , so it ’ s no surprise the the Historic Railroad District is part of the National Register of Historic Places .
Ottumwa ’ s reputation as a wholesale center made it an ideal stocking point during the Civil War years . Goods were able to be shipped by rail before being loaded onto wagon to continue the trip west .
By 1890 , there were five railroads “ reaching to or passing through ” Ottumwa , according to the district ’ s nomination papers , with around 1,000 locals employed by the railroads in 1914 . Lines led in almost every direction with access to Chicago , the Twin Cities , St . Louis , Kansas City , Omaha and Denver .
From 1920 to 1940 , Ottumwa became the main position of handling for the Burlington rail line as the other two offices in the state , as well as St . Joseph , Missouri , were consolidated to Ottumwa . In 1942 , a rail spur was added to the Naval Air Station to transport troops .
After World War II , railroads began to lose freight business to trucks , water transport and pipelines as passenger travel was lost to buses , airplanes and automobiles , according to the documents . Railroad companies began to merge , and Amtrak began service in Ottumwa in 1971 .
“ As of January 2011 , there are approximately 30 freight trains and two passenger trains passing through Ottumwa on a daily basis . The number of freight trains varies from season to season ,” the nomination reads .
The district includes four properties related to the Chicago , Burlington & Quincy Railroad ( CB & Q ), according to
18 We Are Ottumwa
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Archimedes: Quadrature of the parabola
We quote below the Preface to Archimedes' Quadrature of the parabola:-
Archimedes to Dositheus greeting.
When I heard that Conon, who was my friend in his lifetime, was dead, but that you were acquainted with Conon and withal versed in geometry, while I grieved for the loss not only of a friend but of an admirable mathematician, I set myself the task of communicating with you, as I had intended to send to Conon, a certain geometrical theorem which had not been investigated before but has now been investigated by me, and which I first discovered by means of mechanics [as he describes in The Method] and then exhibited by means of geometry.
Now some of the earlier geometers tried to prove it possible to find a rectilinear area equal to a given circle and a given segment of a circle [i.e. they tried to square the circle], and after that they endeavoured to square the area bounded by the section of the whole cone and a straight line, assuming lemmas not easily conceded, so that it was recognised by most people that the problem was not solved [here Archimedes is referring to attempts to square an ellipse - such attempts have not survived]. But I am not aware that any one of my predecessors has attempted to square the segment bounded by a straight line and a section of a right-angled cone [a parabola], of which problem I have now discovered the solution.
For it is here shown that every segment bounded by a straight line and a section of a right-angled cone [a parabola] is four-thirds of the triangle which has the same base and equal height with the segment, and for the demonstration of this property the following lemma is assumed: that the excess by which the greater of (two) unequal areas exceeds the less can, by being added to itself, be made to exceed any given finite area [often known as the Axiom of Archimedes, this is almost certainly due to Eudoxus]. The earlier geometers have also used this lemma; for it is by the use of this same lemma that they have shown that circles are to one another in the duplicate ratio of their diameters, and that spheres are to one another in the triplicate ratio of their diameters, and further that every pyramid is one third part of the prism which has the same base with the pyramid and equal height; also, that every cone is one third part of the cylinder having the same base as the cone and equal height they proved by assuming a certain lemma similar to the aforesaid.
And, in the result, each of the aforesaid theorems has been accepted no less than those proved without the lemma. As therefore my work now published has satisfied the same test as the propositions referred to, I have written out the proof and sent it to you, first as investigated by means of mechanics, and afterwards too as demonstrated by geometry. Prefixed are, also, the elementary propositions in conics that are of service in the proof.
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Marine experts have urged people to help protect sea creatures by avoiding littering as lockdown restrictions are eased in the coming months.
After the lifting of national restrictions last summer led to a “staggering increase” in rubbish swamping Britain’s beaches and waterways, the Sea Life Trust has launched the Don’t Make Easter Rubbish campaign to prevent the same happening again.
The Sea Life Trust, the official charity for Sea Life aquariums across the UK, said 15 aquariums will also be using their social media pages to provide tips and beach cleaning activities for people who want to help on March 29.
It is estimated eight million tons of plastic waste enter the world’s oceans each year and that by 2050 the oceans could have more plastic than fish, according to the trust.
Jonny Rudd, curator at the National Sea Life Centre, Birmingham, said it is “devastating” to see the impact of littering on sea creatures which become poisoned or entangled by discarded waste.
He said: “It’s really sad – a lot of people don’t realise they can have a direct impact on wildlife, with such a simple action as, just don’t litter, just take it home with you.
“During the actual lockdown when people were restricted to their homes and really local areas, we saw a real decrease in the amount of litter and pollution in general on beaches and waterways.
“After the restrictions were lifted the first time round, there was a staggering increase in the amount of litter – we’ve seen it all over the media.
“We’re really concerned, us and the Sealife Trust, about this happening again, which is why we’ve launched this campaign, just to try to get people to think more about it and to take their litter home.”
Andy Bool, head of the Sea Life Trust, added: “We are appealing to everyone to consider marine life before they leave every public space – please take your rubbish with you or put it in a bin.
“In doing so, you could be saving the lives of precious marine creatures and ecosystems, and preserving them for future generations to come.”
Sea Life teams regularly clean beaches and waterways, and said the most common items found are plastic bottles, straws, food wrappers, cigarette butts – and, increasingly, disposable face coverings.
The Marine Conservation Society said they found coronavirus masks on 30% of the beaches they cleaned last year.
Experts have warned the masks can take up to 450 years to decompose and plastic bottles can take up to 1,000 years.
Litter poses a huge risk to hundreds of wildlife species, including seals, seabirds, turtles and whales who mistake it for food – resulting in starvation, poisoning and fatal stomach blockages.
Microplastics – tiny fragments created when plastics breakdown – are small enough to enter not only waterways, but soils and tissues of plants and animals, which could affect humans too.
The Sea Life trust has said there are 5.25 trillion plastic particles in the ocean – nearly 700 pieces per person on the planet.
The charity will also be leading the Global Beach Clean campaign this summer, encouraging UK supporters to hold beach or river cleans near their homes.
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Humans have poor night vision compared to many animals in part because the human eye lacks a tepetum lucidum. Moreover, only 10% of the light that enters the human eye falls on photosensitive parts of the retina. Large size of the eye, and large size of the pupil relative to the eye, also contributes to night vision.
Night vision is the ability to see in a dark environment. It is made possible by a combination of two approaches: sufficient spectral range, and sufficient intensity range. A night vision device is a device comprising an IR image intensifier tube in a rigid causing. It is commonly used by military forces. Lately, night vision technology has become more widely available for civilian use. Some car manufacturers install portable vision cameras on their vehicles.
The thermal imaging are excellent tools for night vision. Contrary to other technologies, they do not need any light at all to produce a clear image. They make small temperature differences visible. They are widely used to compliment new or existing security networks.
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Decolonial Key Concepts
This is a work-in-progress list of key concepts that are often unknown or misunderstood among some of our interlocutors. Versión en español.
Concepts developed by the coordination of the Decoloniality Europe network.
Colonial Europe: Refers to contemporary problems that emerged with the Europe that was invented with colonialism since the 16th century, and that was erected as the centre of the world and as the beginning and end of history. This colonial Europe was built upon the negation of the ‘other’ inside and outside of Europe. This means that the colonial universalized Europe is not the same as the geographic Europe. Neither does it represent the totality of its population, but it does extend beyond the geographical European space, and is to be found in the minds and actions of people and groups worldwide. In this sense, when speaking about a colonial Europe, we refer to an epistemic, political, existential and (non-)ethical place, which is based upon the negation of the non-European ‘other’, and the violence, racism, epistemicide and genocide against him and her. Colonial Europe is constituted as the originary site of the white political field, and is thus dependent upon maintaining the racial hierarchies. (see “white political field”, “white” and “social races” as elaborated by the party of the Indigenous of the Republic below).
Coloniality refers to colonialism’s intense impact on epistemic, social and political relations worldwide. The ramifications of coloniality were so profound, that they persist today, and include racism, patriarchy, exploitation of labor and the accumulation of capital, Eurocentrism, knowledge appropriation and the patenting of life.
Decolonizing Europe: To decolonize Europe implies opening colonial Europe’s geopolitical, social, racial, and epistemic frontiers, and dismantling the incorporated and institutionalized forms of coloniality that it foments and defends. The decolonization of Europe also passes through the support and solidarity with rebel dignities throughout the world, within and beyond Europe. The actions of these rebel dignities destabilize and negate the Europe that sustains itself upon violence and the nullification of other ways of being and acting in the world. Dismantling the diverse colonial frontiers of Europe allows for the strengthening of its rebel dignities and the diversity of projects and positions. It also proves that another Europe, and another civilization are possible.
Key concepts developed by the Party of the Indigenous of the Republic (PIR), French political organisation led by activists who are descendents of France’s colonial history, and who live principally in the disadvantaged neighbourhoods in France.
Social races: These represent, in and indisociable way, the social relation of oppression and resistance to oppression produced by the processes of racialization linked to capitalist coloniality and the hierarchised social groups. The hierarchisation is produced in function of statuses defined according to the phenotypically, culturally or religiously racialised criteria. The social races are embodied as such only through the social conflict that defines their boundaries and power, and they can only be expressed in the plural: per definition, the social races only exist in their mutual relationship.
White political field: Refers to the space, the temporalities and the political logics that work at the heart of the imperialist states or the global interstate system structured through their institutional incarnations. These institutional incarnations are constituted, on the one hand, by the past and present conflicts within the established White group and, on the other hand, by devices of monopolization of the political developed by the same group.
Whites: Category that refers to the established group that benefits from the racialising social hierarchy produced by the ongoing coloniality of the power relationships in their political, economic, cultural and symbolic dimensions. The established frontiers of this dominant group transgress class and gender boundaries, and they have been constituted through a historical process of racialisation, associating the phenotypical characteristics (White epiderme) with a European and Christian origin.
Indigenous of the Republic: Population living in France, originating from the former French colonies as well as, from the country’s current possessions overseas. Forged by activists who are themselves descendants of the colonial immigration in France, this formulation refers to the category of indigenous used by the French Republic in the XIXth and XXth centuries to refer to its colonial subjects. The aims of this category is to visibilise the continuity, which persists in spite of its metamorphoses, between the status of the former colonial subjects and the contemporary status to which the populations who originate in the colonies are confined. It also underlines the obvious paradox between the Republic’s egalitarian ideals and its reality.
Key concepts developed by the Dutch Black Movement, which has a long trajectory working in relation to Dutch slavery and its legacies, centring especially in contemporary debates about education and research (decolonization of knowledge), reparations and Dutch public policies.
Old Term: Slave.
New term: Enslaved person.
Argument: Slave is used as an attribute of a person, but no person is born as a slave but as a free human being. They are forced into slavery by a social and political system. Enslavement is an act, not an attribute.
Old term: Planter, master.
New term: Driver of enslaved persons
Argument: The term planter for the white man who enslaved blacks is factually incorrect. The blacks were doing the planting for the driver of enslaved persons. The term master is incorrect because it suggests an acceptance by the enslaved person of the relationship of being enslaved and of the enslaver. The term driver of enslaved persons is preferred above that of “enslaver” because it is better suited to cover the content of the relationship during slavery.
Old term: Plantation.
New term: Labour camp
Argument: During World War II the nazi’s had set up labour camps where Europeans were forced to work without pay. This term accurately describes the nature of the social relation during slavery. It was based on forced labour. The term plantation has no connotation with oppression and exploitation. The term labour camp does.
Old term: Discovery of America.
New term: Invasion of America.
Argument: Discovery does not have the connotation of violently taking over land from other people, invasion does.
New term: Scientific colonialism
Argument: This is a new term used to describe a current in Eurocentric science that uses pseudo-scientific arguments to paint a positive image of colonialism and blurred it as a system of oppression and exploitation.
Key concepts developed by the Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC), whose work revolves around the construction of an anti-racist and decolonial legal system, and the decolonisation of human rights.
Social being: A term to replace the use of ‘man’, ‘human’ and challenge epistemic control of the nature of being that allows subalternisation. Social being is a translation of ‘an-naas’, a Quranic concept usually mistranslated as ‘man’, ‘human’ in modern translation sthat internalise gendered, otherising discourses within European discourses. ‘Social being’ comes from the roots of án-naas’ and undermines the idea that otherisation of fellow social beings is possible. All are socially interconnected by their state of being – no ‘man’or ‘human’ can deny another’s ‘humanity’ or worth within a universal understanding of being.
Jihad: A struggle for emancipation of the soul and all the oppressed, that requires faith that the nature of the struggle and the end goal is are emancipatory when they are both just.
Translations: Blanca Castro Lorenzo and Julia Suárez-Krabbe
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ithin the next 20 years, it is estimated that as a planet, we will reach our peak capacity for oil consumption. As global production of all oil decreases, demand continues to increase, and this is no different when it comes to the construction industry.
The construction sector and industries throughout the western world depend upon cheap crude oil for use within their manufacturing processes and the machines they use to implement these processes. What is striking is that within the UK, construction accounts for 50% of all carbon emissions produced by machinery and production.
However, the industry as a whole is starting to change and recognise the problems of pollution and the long-term threats it poses to our planet. The UK Government is beginning to pass legislation that stipulates construction firms should use green practices within their production process, for example, whilst the buildings they produce should incorporate energy-efficient technologies. Furthermore, in the US last year, eco-friendly construction firms saw estimated revenues reach $245b.
Eco-friendly construction techniques
When building a proposed structure, three things are considered if the design and implementation of that design is to be ecologically beneficial. Firstly, are the materials locally sourced and are they renewed, or have the opportunity to be recycled?
Second, is the energy being used to build the structure being wasted? For example, machines can be overused during the construction process and this leads to expendable energy being wasted. Nifty Lift cherry pickers are designed with hybrid motor technologies that ensure no expendable energy is wasted on a construction site. When the electric engine is engaged, 0% emissions are produced if the ‘electric-only’ option is on, and it can also run alongside the diesel engine so that the diesel engine is never overworked.
Finally, once the structure is constructed, is energy being wasted that is generated within it?
During the construction of roofing, recycled paper can be used as insulation. This will function as a cheaper and practical alternative to the production of insulation materials that are being used specifically for the creation of that roof. As well as this, any timber that is used can be sourced locally from sustainably managed forests – or reclaimed wood can be used instead of chopping down a tree that will be used within construction.
Examples of ecological structures and design
Here are some of the many ways the construction industry is incorporating energy-efficient and eco-friendly technologies into their structures:
•Solar energy panels
These panels can be used either for generating electricity within the building, or can be used domestically to power boilers and generate hot water within a property.
•Drainage systems and water filtration
These systems can be designed so that water within a building is re-used, and biological waste is treated with safely which can then be recycled. Furthermore, drains can be manufactured so that they lead to gardens. This is in order to collect rainwater for plants, rather than wastefully using water from a tap.
Typically, low-energy lighting can account for a 100% energy saving, as they last twice as long as regular bulbs.
The benefits of eco-friendly construction and buildings
Operation and maintenance costs can account for 80% of a building’s total running costs over its lifetime. By using green energy initiatives, the operating costs of a building can be diminished by a third when it comes to water and energy. When the building is constructed, daylight can be considered within its design in order to minimise artificial lighting costs. In addition to this, vitamin D from sunlight can improve the ‘indoor environment quality’ of a building, benefitting the health of all of the occupants within the structure.
During the construction process, green building manufacturers can also benefit the environment by using recyclable and long-lasting materials; overall, this means that fewer materials need to be used within the structure, which results in a cost saving and less energy being used (in the form of crude oils) to produce the building from machinery.
Ultimately, these processes help slow down the pace of climate change, which is always the end goal of any construction process that aims to become greener, more economically efficient and ergonomically conceptualised. By using less of processes that pollute the environment, and more processes that work in tandem with the environment, environmentally-friendly construction helps to keep the environment clean.
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Research aims to understand how plants will respond to warming temperatures
By Summit Voice
FRISCO — As global warming throws the timing of plants and animals out of kilter, scientists are struggling to understand how that may affect critical human activities like agriculture.
As climate change brings warmer-than-usual winters to the U.S., plants may be more vulnerable to imprecise timing, and the tools traditionally used by farmers and horticulturists to predict seasons may be inadequate.
“How do we do a better job of seeing the climate the way the plants see it?” said James Clark, the Blomquist Professor of environment and biology at Duke University. With colleagues from the Marine Biological Lab at Woods Hole and the University of Georgia, Clark is working on building a statistical model of how trees make this decision.
The first takeaway from that work, now appearing online in the journal Global Change Biology, is that “there is a certain time of the year when warming has the most impact,” Clark said. And that time would appear to be from mid-February to mid-March, a few weeks before the buds would be expected to open.
Unseasonal warming during that late-winter/early-spring period has more effect on the plant’s timing than at any other time of the year, Clark said.
In many regions of the U.S. springtime warming has been pronounced — more so than during other times of the year, which means farmers and horticulturists may not be able to rely on the traditional concept of degree days to decide when it is safe to plant crops and ornamentals. Degree days are a measure of how many degrees above or below a mean the temperature has been over a period of time.
“The degree-day model makes most sense when the climate isn’t changing,” Clark said.
Data for the study comes from an experiment the researchers are running in the Duke Forest in North Carolina and in the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Mass. A mix of native trees are living in open-topped, temperature-controlled chambers in natural forests. Some plots are unheated, others are heated to 3 degrees Celsius or 5 degrees Celsius higher than the ambient temperature.
In the case of the Duke plot, that meant that the plus five degree Celsius chamber experienced no below-freezing temperatures in the unusually mild winter of 2012, Clark said.
It was thought that the trees were “programmed to experience a certain amount of chilling and then warming,” Clark said. But in this case, they wouldn’t have met their usual requirement for chilling before experiencing the warming that signals it’s time for spring. Yet they still budded very early.
“The dormant season is more complex than we thought,” Clark said.
Some species are more sensitive to an unusually warm winter than others, Clark said. Some will advance their budding to match the earlier season, while others cannot.
“As the climate changes, can we see differences in how species track change through time?” Clark asks. “Averages don’t work anymore because the plants aren’t seeing the average.”
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LC-MS of lipids
Abstract Lipids are important molecules for us for a number of reasons. These compounds are essential for living organisms as they are the major building blocks of cells, signal and energy storage molecules. Lipid metabolism and cellular signaling regulate cell growth, proliferation, and survival. They are one of the major constituents of foods, but over-consumption of certain lipid components can be detrimental to our health. Lipids are of great economic importance as agricultural products and they are major items of international commerce. Methods for the analysis of lipids are thus fundamental for research, clinical and quality control applications.This chapter shows some basic strategies for analyzing lipids using HPLC/MS, a powerful method that provides reliable qualitative and quantitative data.
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Weaver Wednesday - Discovery : Yellow-backed Weaver2014-10-01 (576)
Weaver Wednesday (species text)
Yellow-backed Weaver Ploceus melanocephalus
IntroductionLinnaeus based this species description on the publication of Eleazar Albin. Albin based his illustration and text of this species on birds in the aviary of Grace the Duke of Chandos, James Brydges.
Albin, an English naturalist and water-colour illustrator, included a short text and copper plate engraving illustrations in his book "A natural history of birds", and Vol 3 contained the Yellow-backed Weaver. Albin called the bird Gamboa Groasbeak.
Linnaeus listed the type locality as Gvinea, based on Albin's locality of Gamboa on the coast of Guinea. There is a Gamboa in Angola, but Albin's locality probably refers to Gambia rather than Guinea.
Scientific citationLoxia melanocephala Linnaeus 1758 Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.175 Guinea
Meaning of namesmelanocephala (Greek) Melas, black; -kephalos, headed
Alternate namesBlack-headed Weaver, Yellow-collared Weaver
CollectorUnknown, sent to the Duke of Chandos in England.
Date collectedBefore 1735, when Albin painted the bird (date on painting: 9 Sept 1735).
Locality collectedProbably Gambia.
Type specimensNo type specimens known to survive, but the painting of Albin serves as a type.
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22-year study finds adults aren't active enoughMay 12th, 2009 in Medicine & Health / Health
A new study has sounded the alarm that the majority of Canadian adults are inactive over their lifespan and don't exercise enough during their leisure time. Published in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, the study is unique in that it collected information over two decades from the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey, the 1988 Campbell's Survey of Well-Being and from the 2002/4 Physical Activity Longitudinal Study of the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute.
The research team studied a healthy subgroup of Canadians and found almost 56 percent were consistently inactive and only 12 percent of participants remained active with each subsequent survey. The investigation was a partnership between the Université de Montréal, the Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute and the Pennington Biomedical Research Center.
"Women and older participants, compared to men or their younger peers, were less likely to follow a consistently active lifestyle. And participants with less education and lower household income were also less likely to be active," says lead author Tracie A. Barnett, a professor at the Université de Montréal's Department of Social and Preventive Medicine and a researcher at the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center.
The research team followed 884 adults, initially aged 18 to 60 years old, who lived in large cities, suburban, and rural areas. Among participants active at the beginning of the study, those disadvantaged in education and income were more likely to decrease their levels of physical activity over time, compared to participants who were university educated and with a higher family income.
However, there was some good news. The researchers found that 25 percent of Canadians increased their levels of physical activity over time - an improvement that was observed in all socio-economic sub-groups.
The research group recommends continued efforts to increase physical activity among the overall population, as well as targeted programs that can encourage more vulnerable groups to keep moving. What's more, the scientists stressed that health promotion programs must ensure that health inequalities experienced by socially disadvantaged groups do not worsen.
"There is a need for continued and targeted health promotion efforts, ideally during childhood and adolescence but also in adulthood, to ensure that Canadians remain physically active across the lifespan," says Dr. Lise Gauvin of the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and the Centre de Recherche Léa-Roback sur les Inégalités Sociales de Santé de Montréal. "Because so few adults reverse behaviours acquired in early adulthood and because many active youths become sedentary adults, programs must target the entire population."
More information: "Distinct trajectories of leisure time physical activity and predictors of trajectory class membership: a 22 year cohort study," published in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity was authored by Tracie A. Barnett of the Université de Montréal and the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Lise Gauvin of the Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and the Centre de Recherche Léa-Roback sur les Inégalités Sociales de Santé de Montréal, Cora L. Craig of the Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Research Institute and Peter T. Katzmarzyk of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
"22-year study finds adults aren't active enough." May 12th, 2009. http://phys.org/news161349169.html
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Fresh berries are one of the real joys of summer. Berry pies, berry crumble, berry jam, berry ice cream, berries with yogurt or cereals - there are many delicious ways to eat berries. But have you ever tried blueberry honey?
It turns out that bees can make honey out of almost anything these days. That’s right - Blackberry honey exists. Though it may not be as common on the shelves as the Wildflower or Orange Blossom varieties, it is definitely worth keeping an eye out for.
Blackberry honey is usually labeled as blackberry blossom or bramble honey. Since the nectar for blackberry honey is harvested from blackberry blossoms, these products are precisely the same. And "Bramble” means that the nectar and honey come from wild blackberry bushes rather than cultivated ones.
And if you’re considering even a small jar of Blackberry honey on your next trip to the supermarket, you might want to know a few things about this rich but rare product:
Wild blackberry bushes grow in temperate and northern states like Oregon or Washington State, and some parts of Europe, especially in France, where they are largely produced.
There’s a reason why we mentioned that Blackberry honey is rare on the market. Most plants only flower throughout particular seasons and the bramble bush is no exception to the rule. The flowers of the Blackberry tree usually blossom in the first few months of spring - more specifically, between April and May.
This leaves the honeybees with very little time to gather up nectar to take back to the hive. Once they are done suckling on the flowers, the buzzers return to their colony, where they then hand over producing honey to the worker bees.
This is stored in the honeycomb but is continuously used by the hive members as a source of energy. What does that mean?
By the time the beekeeper comes to extract the honey from the comb, a percentage has already been used up by the insects. And before much of the natural by-product can be packaged and shipped off, the spring is over.
So don’t be surprised if you notice Bramble Honey or Blackberry Honey in the aisle today and nowhere to be found tomorrow.
Although the blackberry has a natural deep-red to purplish color, its honey is in no way close to sharing this hue. In reality, Blackberry honey is pretty smooth and light in color, yellowish-orange or medium amber and has a very thick consistency.
Blackberry honey tastes much like orange blossom honey, but with a unique, light berry taste, almost like you bite a juicy, ripe blackberry.
Not all aspects of this honey are unpredictable. Blackberry honey tastes quite like its fruity counterpart and has a distinct floral aroma that many find hard to forget.
If you are short on the berries this springtime, it wouldn’t be such a bad idea to substitute it with some good, old-fashion honey straight from the bramble bush.
It has a relatively high fructose content, which slowers crystallization, especially if stored in a dry place at room temperature. If you notice crystallization/granulation, place the jar in a bowl of warm water for twenty minutes to re-liquefy.
Blackberry honey is best served for breakfast and it goes well with pancakes, waffles, muffins, tea and can be used instead of sugar in baked goods and cooking.
You can also blend it with lemon juice, add water, and sweet blackberry lemonade is ready!
If you are looking for a new, unique honey taste to spice up your dishes and bring you many health benefits, go for blackberry honey and include it in your diet.
Blackberry honey is an excellent option to include in your diet for multiple reasons, and the most obvious is its naturally low sugar content.
This honey's viscosity and smooth texture make it great for topping pancakes and replacing cane sugars in your green teas.
As a bonus, you get to enjoy the added freshness and herbal flavor to your beverages, owing to its floral origin.
Because this honey is raw or unprocessed, it contains high quantities of organic compounds like pollen rich in fiber, proteins, and other essential nutrients. As a result, blackberry honey can be used to:
The vitamin C and other antioxidants in this honey help boost overall immunity and combat existing respiratory ailments.
Also attributed to its high antioxidant content, Blackberry honey uses flavonoids and phytochemicals to deter free radical formation within cells.
Blackberry honey is known to have anti-aging properties due to the enzymes and other organic compounds present in its composition. These help to protect the cells from various processes that contribute to the reduction of their life spans.
Try this variety in your skincare routine and watch it work magic for your wrinkles.
Most honeys serve as antiseptics because of their ability to draw moisture out of broken skin and wounded areas. This can come in handy instead of using harsh chemicals to maintain the hygiene of your cuts and burns.
Blackberry honey can solve everyday issues like colds, sore throats, laryngitis, high blood pressure, stress, anemia and gastrointestinal problems like diarrhea.
Keep in mind that none of these treatments have been scientifically proven, but it is well known that many different varieties of honey help with a wide range of medical issues.
Though it may be a relatively uncommon commodity, bramble berries make a mean batch of honey.
We often get the most benefit from the things that we least expect, and Blackberry honey is the perfect example. Who would have thought that something so tiny could have such a significant impact on our health?
So the next time spring comes around, look out for those jars of Bramble honey and try some for yourself. You might end up loving it.
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Although beef is a good source of protein and micronutrients, including iron and vitamin B-12, eating beef does have some potential drawbacks when it comes to your health. The more beef you eat, the more you'll raise your risk for certain health conditions and, if you don't take proper precautions, you may also put yourself at risk for foodborne illnesses. This doesn't necessarily mean you have to give up beef, but you may want to consider eating it less often.
Beef Nutrition Drawbacks
Beef can be high in fat, saturated fat and cholesterol, so it can increase your risk of heart disease and other health problems. Eat just one 3-ounce serving of roasted, large end rib roast, which is about the size of a deck of cards, and you'll consume 300 calories, 37 percent of the daily value for total fat, 48 percent of the DV for saturated fat and 24 percent of the DV for cholesterol. Other cuts to avoid include braised chuck blade roast, braised whole brisket and braised chuck end pot roast. Choose a serving of roasted eye round steak instead because it only has 170 calories, 12 percent of the DV for fat, 15 percent of the DV for saturated fat and 23 percent of the DV for cholesterol.
Potential Health Risks
Both processed and unprocessed red meat can increase your risk of Type 2 diabetes, according to a study published in "Current Atherosclerosis Reports" in December 2012. Another study, published in "Archives of Internal Medicine" in April 2012, examined more than 37,000 people who were tracked for 22 years. They found that those in this group who ate higher amounts of red meat were more likely to develop cancer or heart disease. The authors noted that if participants had cut back on red meat, eating no more than about 1.5 ounces each day, it might have reduced deaths by more than 9 percent for men and 7 percent for women.
Beef Safety Issues
Beef can be contaminated with organisms that cause foodborne illnesses, including salmonella, Escherichia coli, Listeria and Staphylococcus aureus. Handling your beef properly and cooking it thoroughly can minimize this risk. Thaw frozen beef in the refrigerator or by using the microwave on a low setting; don't leave it out on the counter. Steaks and roasts should be cooked to a final temperature of at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit, and ground beef or organ meats should be cooked to at least 160 degrees. Refrigerate leftovers within two hours of cooking to keep them safe until you reheat them.
Minimizing the Risks of Eating Beef
Eat other forms of protein more often, perhaps having only one 3-ounce serving of beef every other day. When you do have beef, choose one of the leaner cuts, which include flank steak and cuts including "loin" or "round" in the name, recommends the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Even better, consider purchasing grass-fed beef. An article published in "Mother Earth News" in December 2013 notes that this type of beef has less total fat and more of the B vitamins, vitamin E, lutein, beta-carotene and omega-3 fats than conventionally fed beef.
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Intel is contributing to global warming, the company admitted Thursday. Not the bad kind, though. Two employees at Intel Russia have erected what may be the world's most northerly Wi-Fi hotspot 130 kilometers from the North Pole.
The hotspot was built in the Arctic Region at the Barneo ice camp, a tent complex used by scientists, researchers and rescue crews during the month of April, when ice conditions are safe.
Still, the camp environment is never ideal for computer devices, as the air temperature rarely rise above -30 Celsius, according to Intel.
Such extreme temperatures are bad for computer equipment since humidity inside the living tents, caused by the differences in indoor and outdoor temperatures, causes condensation to form on components. What's more, batteries lose power rapidly in low temperatures.
Despite the challenges, the employees installed a 802.11b/g access point at the camp's headquarters and then established a WLAN (wireless LAN) using four laptops with Intel's Centrino mobile technology, the company said. Another computer was placed outdoors and connected to a satellite phone to provide the network with Internet. The hotspot could be accessed by anyone at the camp who had a mobile or pocket PC, Intel said.
The equipment survived the cold and worked reliably, according to Intel Russia's Vsevolod Sementsov. The main problems were battery life and "backseat drivers," Sementsov said.
The hotspot has already been taken down, but one Centrino-based laptop was left for polar researchers at the "North Pole 33" ice-drifting station, which is expected to deploy its own WLAN soon, Sementsov said.
Intel pointed to the experiment as an example of how mobile technology allows users to work anywhere. Where better to test new equipment than the North Pole, it said.
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Fresh results from the OPERA collaboration once more confirm the faster than light neutrinos indicated by MINOS. The new findings, available here, also further strengthen a particular scenario: The neutrinos do not travel with superluminal velocity all the way. They only ‘jump’ a small initial distance shorter than 20 meters, after which they settle back and travel as usual with speeds below that of the speed of light. This initial jump would occur at speeds that are more than ten times the speed of light, perhaps even millions of times the speed of light.
The new results make it worthwhile to explain the Ultra Superluminal Small Initial Jump (USSIJ) clearly again, firstly taking into account the new 25 nanosecond “jitter” that affects the new data, but also in order to remove widespread misconceptions. One of the most misleading misconceptions is that the “jump” is a “shortcut” through higher dimensions, perhaps involving SciFi wormholes. Nothing of this sort: It is very much the opposite of a shortcut, in fact, it is a detour (!) in case extra dimensions are involved.
In the following, let us shortly dispel the two worst misconceptions, then introduce the new data, and then argue clearly how they point toward the USSIJ “jump” scenario.
No Extra Dimensions Necessary, No Wormholes!It happens to be the case that the most intuitive model involves higher dimensional spaces, however:
1) The jump scenario is not dependent on being necessarily a detour through higher dimensions.
2) Even if it is visualized via models with more than three space dimensions, it is not to be confused with nonsense about traveling through wormholes!
Let us first dispose of the second misconception, since the first was discussed at length in previous posts: The so often mentioned “well some say faster then light neutrinos are due to shortcuts through higher dimensions” is very misleading. A shortcut implies some sort of wormhole. Wormholes are odd solutions of the mathematics of general relativity. They are neither supposed to be occurring in our stretched-flat universe, nor are they even expected to be physical in any universe. Classical and quantum considerations both disfavor them. Apart from this shaky basis, they are a completely nonsensical idea if we try to explain the OPERA neutrinos:
Why would there be a wormhole leading somewhere from CERN to Gran Sasso? The neutrinos create those wormholes? And then they travel through them? That would take so long that they come late, not early. There would have to be preexisting shortcuts, but why right here at CERN? So, they would have to be everywhere and all the time. But wormholes connect almost arbitrarily different space-time events and have arbitrary velocities, too. Why would they stay around earth traveling along with it? Why would neutrinos enter exactly those worm holes that happen to not only go toward Gran Sasso, but also at a very specific time in Gran Sasso? Once and for all: Higher dimensional models in connection with the faster than light neutrinos have nothing whatsoever to do with wormholes!
New OPERA Results Update previous OPERA Results:
The following graph shows the arrival times of the 20 neutrinos that OPERA detected recently over a few weeks; they are plotted relative to the arrival time expected from light, so what we actually see is the time that the neutrinos arrived earlier than light would have:
20 neutrinos is very little, but it anyway is just to confirm the previous OPERA results, which are based on 15233 neutrino interactions collected over three years. The arrival times are on average 60 nanoseconds (ns) earlier than that of light. However, there is a "jitter": The individual neutrinos seem to arrive up to 25 ns earlier or later around the average 60 ns of early arrival.
The point of taking the new data is that previously it was unclear whether the early arrival was an artifact brought on by the long duration of CERN’s proton bunches and their perhaps varying focus. The proton bunches have now been made much briefer:
"The modified beam consisted of a single extraction including four bunches about 3 ns long (FWHM) separated by524 ns." Source: Conclusions of recent OPERA preprint.
You see that the proton bunch peaks are only three nanoseconds long, which means that OPERA can now measure the early arrival time of each detected neutrino separately rather than infer an average time from the combined measurement.
If you take the spread of the protons into account, the result for the statistical error on the 60 ns early arrival can be inferred. The article goes on:
"With an integrated beam intensity of 4×1016 protons on target a total of 20 events were retained, leading to a value of δt measured from the average of the distribution of (62.1 ± 3.7)ns, in agreement with the value of (57.8 ± 7.8) ns obtained with the main analysis."
In other words: the statistical error on the 60 ns is smaller than 10 ns. However, there is clearly the "jitter"of 25 ns in the first graph, and it is larger than 10 ns. So, this must be discussed, too.
What do all the Neutrino Data Indicate?
We know already why the neutrinos could go faster and what new experiments this suggests, why it does not imply time travel or violates causality, and why it is somewhat expected for neutrinos. With all this out of the way, let us once more look at the neutrino data and what they actually indicate.
A few years back in Chicago in 2007, MINOS observed evidence for neutrinos moving faster than light (FTL). Under the assumption that the neutrinos travel at a constant velocity [Constant Velocity Assumption (CVA)], the velocity indicated would be just a little faster than the speed of light c, namely at 1.000051 (+/- 0.000029) c. The data from Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud 168 thousand light-years away also allows an interpretation with FTL neutrinos. Under the CVA, they indicate at most a tiny increase over the speed of light. 23 neutrinos were seen over 13 seconds, and they arrived 3 hours earlier than the light. This time delay is mostly due to the fact that during a typeII supernova, neutrinos carry most of the nova’s energy through the outer layers of the star while the visible light comes only out after the shock wave from the stellar core collapse reaches the surface of the star. The recent experiments at OPERA report a velocity of only one part in 100000 above the speed of light, however, again under the CVA!
Looking at all these experiments, the increase over the speed of light is going down along with the increase in total distance D over which the neutrinos have traveled. This is the first indication of that the CVA is wrong. The average velocity is the total travel time t divided by the large total distance D. The CVA assumes that the average velocity equals the superluminal velocity V. Of course, under this assumption, the velocity will become smaller with the increase of the distance D.
So lets take the data seriously and allow for that the superluminal part of the journey is a small “jump” distance x: The particles just travel a short distance x superluminally, after which they travel further with a speed just under the speed of light. The longer they travel afterward, the less the initial short distance x of superluminal propagation at the start is noticeable as an increase of the average velocity.
This assumption will now be further strengthened by considering that the data not only reveal an early average arrival time of about 60 ns, but also a small variation around this average result. I will with some very simple mathematics explain why this small variation also indicates the high velocities V that are much larger than the speed of light c. These very high velocities are expected from all natural scenarios that allow superluminal particles in the first place! The latter was explained in the first article on “millions of times the speed of light”, so I will not bother yet again.
Let me just quip that the many “refutations” of the OPERA results lately, for example that by Cohen and Glashow (http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.6562), not only consider merely the average velocity, but they also assume the CVA. Their argument is basically: Assume the CVA that is actually not indicated by the data and then add that the FTL neutrinos behave completely normal except for that they are obviously FLT and thus not normal at all. Then “derive” from these two faulty assumptions something that is not normal, which is obviously easy to do, and conclude that neutrinos are not FTL because, hey, something not normal showed up. This is obviously not how one can argue.
So now to the meat: The OPERA data are the most reliable. The total distance traveled is D, which happens to be about 730 kilometers. The average velocity is close to the speed of light c = 299792458 m/s. Therefore, the total travel time is t ~ D/c = 2.43 ms. (The “~” will henceforth mean “is roughly equal to”).
The duration of the jump is (x/V) with x the jump distance and V the superluminal speed V > c.
The total travel time t is the sum of the time of the jump plus the time it took to travel the rest of the total distance, namely (D – x)/c (we use c here, because neutrinos are so light that they travel usually with almost c). Hence, t = (x/V) + (D – x)/c.
T = 60 ns is the early arrival time T = (D/c) – t. Put in t from above and get:
T = x [ (1/c) – (1/V) ].
Del T ~ 10 ns is the variation around the average T. (I use bold font Del T here because the greek letters don't go through the editor today). This variation may be due to variations in x and variations in V. The simplest formula for these “errors” is:
Del T ~ Del x [ (1/c) – (1/V) ] + Del V (x/V2)
This is almost all we need to consider.
Usual CVA Assumption:
The usual assumption is that the superluminal “jump” x is constant over the whole journey, that means x = D, which in turn implies Del x = 0 and V ~ c. What does that mean for Del T though? Well, obviously only the second term survives:
Del T = Del V (x/V2) = (Del V /V) (D/V) = (Del V /c) t
This implies Del V ~ c Del T / t ~ 3*108m/s 10*10-9s / 3*10-3m/s ~ 1000 m/s.
The total variation on V cannot be bigger than a kilometer per second, which is extremely small compared to the velocity of light. This is unreasonable. If you are close to the speed of light already and bound by the speed of light, then a large increase in energy may in fact only add a single kilometer per second. However, we are already assuming FTL speeds, and all natural scenarios that would allow such make an extremely small variation of only parts in a million hard to imagine: Why should the neutrinos from the very fast mesons decaying bump into exactly such a superluminal velocity? Not impossible, there are always ad hoc assumptions, but lets get back to assuming natural scenarios.
Ultra Superluminal Small Initial Jumps (USSIJ)
The data already hinted at x < D. We should assume such novel physics to be rather contained to the vicinity of the violent origin of the neutrinos*, that is x << D, which implies V >> c. What does that mean for Del T ~ Del x [ (1/c) – (1/V) ] + Del V (x/V2) ?
Because Del V (x/V2) = (Del V /V) (x/V), the variation Del V can all of a sudden be as large as V itself (as would be natural for a “splashing of ether” toy model for example).
If Del V ~ V, the (Del V /V) (x/V) becomes ~ 1 (x/V), and this contribution vanishes below the observed 10 ns error if V is just ten times c. Look: V ~ 10 c implies x ~ 20 m, hence
(x/V) = 20 m / 10 c = 20 m / 30*108m/s ~ 10 ns
Any even higher V than this, the only variation left in Del T is Del x [ (1/c) – (1/V) ] ~ Del x /c. Now comes the 25 ns “jitter”, which is larger than the statistical variation in the results and blamed on the "tagging of the external GPS signal by the OPERA master clock". Even if this were due to variation around x, we would get
Del x ~ c Del T = 3*108 m/s 25*10-9s = 7.5 m
Now this result, given that at high V >> c the average x is about 18 m, is very reasonable and for example natural in the emergent relativity models discussed previously.
Energy dependence is what should be looked at more carefully next. OPERA's previous results show T to be 54 ns and 68 ns for 14 GeV and 41 GeV neutrinos, respectively, however, those measurements cannot relate to individual neutrinos, so it might be due to more or less neutrinos jumping at all. If the energy just has to get to a certain threshold above which jumps occur, then energy increasing the velocity from 10 c to 10000 c would not change the arrival time. The energy would have to directly change the short initial "jump" distance x in order to show up as energy dependence in the arrival time. If x does not depend much on energy [say it is related to the size of a compactified dimension or the distance between two parallel membranes in a string theoretical higher dimensional bulk space (see universe on a membrane proposals)], less energy may get less neutrinos "jumping", but it would not give energy dependence to the arrival time for those that do "jump".
*A short initial FTL jump allows the possibility that not the neutrinos but the mesons (pions, kaons) that derive from the protons contribute the FTL effects. The muon neutrinos come from the decay of the mesons, but the time of flight is including the whole stretch, including a kilometer of meson shenanigans:
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As you might know from reading some of my previous blog posts, I’ve been working with Python and Django pretty extensively over the last year, mainly for rapid prototyping and developing relatively simple web applications (including a Facebook App). During Cool Stuff Week I decided to try using Ruby on Rails (RoR) as the base framework, as a learning experience more than for any other reason. So what’s the difference between these two popular dynamically typed frameworks?
Note: I am first and foremost a backend developer and have bias as such.
Both Rails and Django are both open source web application frameworks intended for rapid development that follow some form of the model-view-controller architectural pattern. RoR, developed by David Heinermeier Hansson from his work on Basecamp, a project management tool by 37signals, is the defacto standard web programming framework for Ruby. Django, developed by The World Company to manage several news-oriented sites, is one of the most popular web programming frameworks for Python.
Both Rails and Django use HTML templates extensively. The key difference lies in the fact that Rails templates use inline Ruby code fragments whereas Django uses a specific templating tag language. Rails allows for more complex functionality if need be, but Django is simple enough that web designers with minimal programming knowledge can build templates. Although Django makes it easy to develop custom tags that can be used in the same way as native tags. I’ll have to pick Django on this front.
Both Rails and Django use object relational mapping to link the application to the underlying database, but Rails and Django have very different ways in which model objects are defined. In Rails, model attributes are not declared in the class definition. Instead, Rails can retrieve all of this information from the database based on the class name (by convention, database tables corresponding to model classes have the same name, but there is a way for the developer to write extra code to deviate from this convention). In Django, the developer is required to explicitly specify each attribute of every class. From there, there are standard tools for creating a database schema from the model definitions. I haven’t tried to change the database schema for my Rails project, but I’ve read that it has a migrations mechanism for easily doing changing the database schema while preserving and appropriately modifying the existing data. I did have to do this in the past for Django projects and it is rather painful. I’ll have to pick Rails on this front.
Along the same theme of managing the underlying database, Rails and Django have different ideologies for admin pages. Django has a built in system for automatically generating admin pages for model objects with ways to customize the presentation. Rails does not come shipped with an automated way to generate admin pages, but there are plenty of 3rd party plug-ins out there to do the same thing. As I haven’t actually tried out any of the plug-ins for Rails, I can’t really judge how well they work, but the convenience of having a built in system that works quite well makes me choose Django as the winner on this front.
Both Rails and Django allow for the use of regular expressions to customize the mapping of URLs to controller actions. Both are flexible enough to allow you to create pretty much any mapping scheme you wish. By default, Rails also does automatic URL mapping based on the class and function names within controllers. This is further evidence of their Convention over Customization philosophy. I’ll have to pick Rails on this front.
From reading up on both frameworks, there is a subtle, but noticeable, difference between their philosophies. Rails focuses on having the framework do stuff in the background for the developer, making it all seem simple and easy. The Django framework does just as much heavy lifting for you, but emphasizes on the fact that it is saving you from having to do these things yourself. These two ideas seem to be the same, but the Rails point of view has more of a “magic” visage whereas Django has more of a convenience one. I personally prefer Django’s approach to this, but I’m sure there are plenty of people out there who would disagree.
At the end of the day, both frameworks are great. There really isn’t a clear winner and there really isn’t much incentive to migrate in either direction if you’ve already gotten entrenched with either camp. But if you’re currently out shopping for a framework to use for a new project, the biggest factor in determining which to use is your preference of Python vs Ruby. I’m already in the Django camp and don’t see any reason to switch over, but you can’t really make a bad decision with either of these frameworks. I’m sure there are plenty of people out there with strong views in either direction, tell me how you feel about these two. I’m going to try to spend a little more time with Rails to give it a better analysis; anyone with more experience with Rails than me (not really all that hard) want to comment?
* Please be aware that all comments are moderated.
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TEEE is a paragraph writing strategy that stands for "Topic Sentence, Evidence, Elaboration, Ending". This TEEE format is found in the 5th Grade ELA Cultures in Conflict Module from Achieve the Core. I created this rubric as a way to better assess my students' TEEE paragraph writing. I am currently teaching in a co-taught classroom, so this rubric ensures fair grading from both myself and my co-teacher. This rubric is for a paragraph that contains 2 different pieces of evidence and 2 elaborations, or explanations of that evidence.
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Lately there has been a lot debate about spending vs. investing. Some argue that we need to spend our way out of the financial crisis, while others counter that is what got us into this economic mess and that consumers need to invest.
Continue Reading Below
But when it comes down to it, how a person spends money is far more important than how it is invested. It’s much easier to reach financial goals by deciding how to live rather than how to invest. Deciding how to spend the money we earn responsibly is what brings peace of mind, not how much we make or how much we have.
An Expensive Car Now or a Million Dollars Later?
Perhaps you think the difference between a full-sized car, a fully-equipped vehicle and a compact car is only about $10,000. Actually, it is more like a million dollars. Consider this: Borrowing $25,000 for a new car over four years will cost about $634 a month, while borrowing just $15,000 will cost only $381 a month.
If you saved the difference of $253 each month for 35 years, and if we assume that the money is earning an 8% average rate of return, (which is slightly less than the equity appreciation rate over the last 35 years), then your dollars would swell to $580,352.
While this sounds fantastic, there is actually even more potential for growing this savings when you consider the earnings associated with withdrawing the funds during retirement. If you invested in a fixed indexed annuity, for example, between ages 65 and 90 you would get monthly payments of $4,479 from that sum, which adds up to a whopping $1.3 million.
Continue Reading Below
This is the magic of compound interest. However, it is not retroactive, one must save now to enjoy the benefits of compound interest in the future.
If the difference in the example above were a time period of only 25 years instead of 35, then the $253 would grow to just $240,000. Paid out at $1,857 a month, the total would be $557,000. It is amazing that the difference in saving for an additional 10 years is about a half million dollars. This huge difference shows how today’s lifestyle decisions can be worth $1 million in retirement years.
It’s never too soon to begin saving money. If 10 years could mean a difference of $2,622 in retirement income each month, can you imagine what 15 or 20 additional years of savings would mean when you reach age 65?
The Snow Ball Effect of a Little Postponement For most, it would be much easier to save if they had bigger incomes. But there will always be a “good” excuse not to save.
People 17 to 23 years old may think: “Me save? Are you kidding? I am just getting my education and besides I want to have a good time. When I get out of college and start my career, I’ll start saving.”
People 24 to 30 may be tempted to think: “You don’t expect me to save now? I have only been working a few years. Right now, it is important to dress well. I’ll save later.”
From 31 to 42, the reasoning may go something like this: “How can I save now? I am married with small children. Perhaps when they are older I can think about saving.”
Those 43 to 55 wish they could save now. However, many don’t placing the blame on college-bound children and education loans to pay.
From 56 to 65 most recognize the urgency and try to turn up the heat on saving, but it’s tough to break years of over-spending habits.
At age 65 and older, it is too late to begin saving money. You cannot save when there is no income. Many older people live with their children and are dependent on Social Security, which is inadequate, since Social Security was only designed to be supplemental in retirement.
If the choice between cars can impact retirement income, imagine the possibilities when applied to lifestyle choices such as a home, vacations, dining out, entertainment, wardrobes, furnishings, and more.
Try to develop the art of money accumulation now. Begin by saving every day, starting today.
Family Finance Expert, Princess Clark-Wendel, holds an MBA from the University of Chicago and is the author “A Pocketbook of Hope in Tough Economic Times.” Ms. Clark-Wendel is an international business consultant and financial advisor who has held management roles in two Fortune 100 companies. Visit Princess at www.livelifeworryfree.com
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The Nipah virus has tragically claimed the lives of two people in Kerala, a state in southern India, in an upsetting turn of events. Health authorities have started urgent containment measures because of the deadly virus’s reappearance, which has once again shocked the area. Follow the most recent updates on the Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala.
Understanding the Nipah Virus Resurgence:-
The Nipah virus, a zoonotic pathogen capable of transmission from animals to humans, first gained notoriety in Kerala in 2018 when it claimed several lives. Now, its resurgence has raised concerns and heightened vigilance among health officials and the public. Learn more about the origins and characteristics of this lethal virus.
Tragedy Strikes: Two Lives Lost to Nipah:-
The two individuals who tragically succumbed to the virus were from the same family. They exhibited symptoms such as fever, altered mental state, and respiratory distress. Health workers promptly isolated and treated them, but, regrettably, their efforts proved insufficient to save lives. Dive deeper into the personal stories of the victims and the challenges faced by healthcare professionals.
Government Response and Containment Measures:-
The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and the Kerala Health Department are working together to aggressively monitor the situation. Learn about the thorough precautions being taken, such as contact tracing, isolation guidelines, and initiatives to stop additional virus transmission.
Nipah Virus Prevention:-
Nipah virus is particularly concerning due to its high mortality rate and the absence of a specific antiviral treatment. Prevention remains the primary strategy. Gain insights into the critical prevention guidelines issued by health authorities. Find out how to defend yourself and your family against this dangerous infection.
Lessons Learned and Future Preparedness:-
This recent outbreak serves as a stark reminder of the ongoing challenges in managing emerging infectious diseases. Explore the lessons learned from previous Nipah outbreaks and understand the importance of rapid response, community education, and global collaboration in containing such outbreaks.
As Kerala grapples with the reemergence of the Nipah virus, the thoughts and condolences of the nation are with the affected families. Gain insight into the collective support and sympathy extended to those affected by this tragic event.
The situation surrounding the Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala is evolving. By routinely checking for updates on the epidemic and the steps being taken to contain it, you can keep informed and be safe.
Knowledge is power in times of trouble. Maintain awareness and vigilance while medical professionals and authorities fight relentlessly to stop the Nipah virus’s spread and stop more fatalities.
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Synchrotron Light and the Lyncean Compact Light Source
Conventional synchrotron light sources store multi-GeV electron beams in large rings of magnets to generate intense, bright 1 Å wavelength radiation. In a third generation synchrotron, the radiation is produced as the electron beam passes through a special magnet called an undulator magnet. An undulator magnet with a 2 cm-period requires an electron beam with an energy of about 5 GeV and a storage ring that is about 300 m in diameter.
The Compact Light Source uses a “laser undulator” to accomplish the same result. A laser beam colliding with an opposing electron beam has the same effect as an electron beam passing through an undulator magnet. The electric and magnetic fields of the laser beam cause the electron to wiggle and induce a radiation spectrum similar to that from a long undulator magnet. This radiation is often referred to as Inverse Compton Scattering. If a laser beam with a wavelength of one micron is used, the electron beam energy necessary for 1 Å radiation is only about 25 MeV. This reduces the scale of the device by a factor of about 200 and results in a storage ring with a footprint comparable to that of a large office desk.
A model of the Lyncean CLS is shown in Figure 1. An electron pulse is generated using an RF photocathode. This electron pulse gains energy by passing through accelerator sections, similar in size to the accelerators used in medical linacs. Once a chosen energy is reached, the pulse is injected into the storage ring. The storage ring is designed to allow a bunch to circulate for about one million turns. Periodically, a new pulse is injected to refresh the stored beam in order to maintain a steady, high quality X-ray output beam.
On one side of the storage ring, the electron beam is transversely focused to a small spot. This side of the ring also serves as one path of an optical cavity for a laser pulse. A laser resonantly drives the optical cavity to build-up a high-power laser pulse. By using an enhancement cavity, for example, a 10W laser can build up about 100kW of circulating power. The cavity length is adjusted so that round-trip travel time of the photon pulse in the optical cavity is equal to the revolution time of the electron bunch in the storage ring. The electron bunch and the laser pulse collide in the interaction region producing a burst of X-rays which are directed in a narrow cone in the same direction as the electron beam.
The native X-ray spectrum of the laser pulse/electron bunch collision is equivalent to that of a 20,000 period undulator magnet. The X-rays can be focused using conventional X-ray optics down to a size of about 45 microns. Fine-tuning of the X-ray energy (for scans near absorption edges) is achieved with a monochromator adjustment just as with a synchrotron beamline. A large change in X-ray energy, necessary for targeting different elements, is achieved by tuning the electron beam energy. The configuration described above operates with a similar photon flux up to X-ray energies of many tens of kilovolts. The naturally narrow bandwidth of the X-ray spectrum means the total produced X-ray power is already within the energy bandwidth useful for most X-ray applications. And since this power is only a fraction of a Watt, the relatively low power minimizes unwanted background scatter and simplifies X-ray optic design.
The Lyncean CLS X-ray beam has properties that are well suited to many conventional X-ray applications as well as some new ones. Although the initial incentive for this technology development was macromolecular crystallography, the Lyncean CLS provides a tunable, monochromatic, spatially coherent beam that may either be focused for general diffraction experiments such as powder diffraction and small angle scattering, or unfocused for imaging large samples. The large area beam can take direct advantage of the high quality native Lyncean CLS beam to provide high resolution tomographic imaging of biological specimens. The spatial coherence of the source enables new methods of contrast beyond conventional radiography, opening new avenues of X-ray science for medical applications.
Perhaps the most exciting new applications for the Lyncean CLS are in health care. New biological imaging techniques that provide exquisitely detailed images of soft tissue are being developed at the synchrotron facilities. The Lyncean CLS matches key aspects of the X-ray quality of these beamlines, but at a cost and scale that makes clinical applications of these powerful techniques practical. We believe that the Lyncean CLS will ultimately improve our nation’s health and impact millions of individual lives through better understanding of disease, more effective drug development, and by enabling clinical applications of emerging new techniques for biological imaging.
The Lyncean CLS has screened and collected data sets on several proteins at X-ray energies ranging from 12 keV to 18 keV. Details of the CLS’s first diffraction dataset on a novel protein are in the published paper with the ATCG3D collaboration. The protein structure was solved and published to the RCSB Protein Data Bank (3IFT).
Lysozyme example (March 2012)
As a benchmark test, a data set collected on Lysozyme was taken and solved using standard software. Diffraction data were measured on a Rayonix SX165 detector from a single frozen tetragonal lysozyme crystal, in frames of 1° rotation. Each frame was exposed for two 5 sec images and averaged. The energy was 15.2 keV (0.8157 Å), with a crystal-to-detector distance of 127.5 mm. A total of 120° were recorded. The data were integrated with both XDS and MOSFLM, and scaled with SCALA in the CCP4 package. The data reported below were integrated with XDS, but the statistics from the MOSFLM-integrated data were not significantly different. Also, several other data sets were recorded from other lysozyme crystals, with comparable results.
Table 1. Lysozyme data reduction statistics
|Dmin (Å)||Rsym||Rmeas||Rpim||Mean I/σ(I)||Nmeas||Nref||Multi-plicity||% complete|
These data were used for molecular replacement phasing using lysozyme structure PDB ID 3A8Z. Water, glycerol, Na+ and Cl- were removed from the model, and PHASER was run using data in the range 20–2.5 Å. The Z scores for the rotation and translation functions were 15.3 and 34.1. Data between 20 and 1.7 Å were used for initial rigid-body refinement, which gave an R value of 33.7%. A portion of the 2Fo-Fc (blue, 1.2 s) and Fo-Fc (green, +3.0 s) electron density maps made from the rigid-body refined model is shown below.
Phase Contrast Imaging
The requirements for differential phase contrast imaging (DPCI) are extremely well matched to the characteristics of the X-ray beam from the CLS because DPCI can use the full bandwidth (few percent), native CLS beam without any X-ray optics. The phase contrast mechanism leverages the high degree of spatial coherence from the small source spot, which translates to high contrast (i.e. deep fringes) and is comparable to the best synchrotron beamlines.
In 2007 the CLS performed its first 2D DPCI experiments which led to a publication in the January 2009 issue of The Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. Images from the experiment (below) were featured on the journal’s cover.
In 2010 the CLS performed an imaging experiment to create a 3-D tomographic image of the head of a mouse (below). Additional experiments have studied an array of soft tissue samples for medical research, ranging from characterizing eardrum structure to tumor detection.
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When it comes to producing a tsunami, does it matter if an earthquake is moving the seafloor up, down or side to side?
Curiosity about what sorts of seaquakes would set off a tsunami alert inspired one of the questions in this edition of "Ask AP," a weekly Q&A column where AP journalists respond to readers' questions about the news.
If you have your own news-related question that you'd like to see answered by an AP reporter or editor, send it to email@example.com, with "Ask AP" in the subject line. And please include your full name and hometown so they can be published with your question.
When was the last time the federal budget was balanced at $0.00, and under what president?
Richard A. Stanley
The budget has never been balanced at exactly zero, though Woodrow Wilson came close in 1913 and 1914, when the deficit was less than $1 million.
Given the size of the economy, the deficit fluctuates a lot and it's impossible to predict what it will be with any certainty, mostly because tax collections depend a lot on the economy and how the stock market is doing.
For four years from 1998 to 2001, under presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, the U.S. government ran surpluses ranging from $69 billion to $236 billion. Those surpluses went away with the recession of 2001, the popping of the stock market bubble and a wave of spending in the wake of 9/11. Tax cuts also contributed to the returning deficit.
In 2001, Bush supposedly inherited surpluses projected at $5.6 trillion over 10 years. But those guesses were way off as they were based on revenue models that turned out to be very flawed.
Associated Press Writer covering the federal budget
Recent news reports of earthquakes at sea have been a mixed bag in terms of whether a tsunami alert was sounded.
As I understand it, tsunamis only result from earthquakes that cause the sea floor to drop, not from quakes involving lateral plate movement. Is there something in seismic readings that indicates an earthquake's origin, and thus whether a tsunami alert is needed?
Bowling Green, Ohio
Seismologist Paul Richard of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University says the main reasons for issuing an alert are the size and location of an earthquake. The question is whether the quake is located in an area that has been associated with tsunamis in the past, and whether it is powerful enough to cause another one.
A tsunami can be caused by movement of the seafloor up or down, and it is also possible for a lateral quake to generate one if it results in an underwater landslide. Thus a calculation that seismic movement was lateral would not be sufficient to deny a warning, he said.
"Just the size of the earthquake is usually enough to set the ball rolling," Richard said.
Randolph E. Schmid
AP Science Writer
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Growing a tree aloe isn’t difficult if you live in a warm climate. The tree can tolerate temperatures as chilly as 22 F. (-6 C.) for short periods of time, although the cold may discolor the foliage. Are you interested in growing this impressive carefree plant? Read on for more tree aloe information.
Tree Aloe Info
What is a tree aloe? Native to South Africa, tree aloe (Aloe bainesii) is a large tree-like succulent and aloe plant relative with mottled gray stems and rosettes of greenish-gray leaves. Butterflies and hummingbirds are attracted to the clusters of spiky, tube-shaped blooms that show up in winter.
Tree aloe is a moderately fast-growing tree, gaining about 12 inches (30 cm.) per year. Allow plenty of space when growing tree aloe, as this lovely evergreen reaches mature heights of 20 to 30 feet (7-10 m.) and widths of 10 to 20 feet (3-7 m.).
Young tree aloes do well in pots, but be sure the container is sturdy and wide enough to accommodate the tree’s thick base.
Tree Aloe Care
Tree aloes require well-drained soil. Like most succulents, tree aloe is likely to rot in mud. Fungal diseases are also common for trees grown in excessively wet conditions. Plant tree aloe where the plant is exposed to full or partial sunlight.
Once established, tree aloes are drought tolerant and should be irrigated only occasionally, primarily during hot, dry periods. Water deeply, then allow the soil to dry before watering again. Rainfall usually provides enough moisture for tree aloe during the winter months. If the winter is dry, water very sparingly.
Tree aloes generally require no fertilizer. If you think it necessary, provide a light application of a balanced, general purpose fertilizer in spring.
Wear gloves when handling tree aloe, as the sap may be irritating to the skin.
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YES praying mantis can fly but probably not in a way other flying insects do. They have a clumsy flight and they can’t fly longer distances. Mantises are more of a jumping insect rather than flying. In fact, many mantises just can’t fly. In flying mantises, only males know how to fly. Females do possess wings but they just can’t take the flight. Perhaps you might like to know as to how do praying mantis fly.
Can Praying Mantis Fly in the Wild? – How Do Praying Mantis Fly?
Unlike adults, young mantises do not know how to fly for they don’t have wings; they just leap from point A to point B. However, the leaping ability of an immature praying mantis is far more powerful than any other insect. They will leap so quickly that if you blink your eye you’d probably find the same mantis at a different point.
Praying mantis twists its body while landing and their landing is so accurate that they just can’t get off the target.
Praying mantis twists its body while landing and their landing is so accurate that they just can’t get off the target. “This is akin to asking an ice skater who is rotating at the same speed as these mantises to stop suddenly and accurately face a specific direction,” Malcolm Burrows, an entomologist at the University of Cambridge.
Head-Movement of a Mantis During Flight
According to a Smithsonian magazine, the team of British colleagues attempted to take a closer look at a remarkable gymnastic feat of a mantis by making videos. What they saw was even more remarkable. The videos showed that the young praying mantis moves their head back and forth during flight—perhaps an adaptation to measure the distance as well as to land on a specific target. When they land successfully they shake their bodies just like a wet dogs does.
The team also observed that the praying mantis could rotate around 2.5 times (in mid-air) in one second. They don’t actually rotate their bodies. Praying mantis spins its abdomen and front legs so the body stays still. When the mantis is about to grab its prey it stops rotating its abdomen possibly in one-tenth of a second. Moreover, mantises hit the target with their headfirst.
Researchers also believe that many other flying or jumping insects seem to stumble upon the plant as they land. They just can’t land in a proper fashion. Praying mantis does it all too well.
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350 Phyllonorycter insignitella
(Zeller, 1846)Wingspan c. 7-8mm.
A rather rare and local species in Britain, having been found in a handful of scattered localities, including Northern Scotland, Western Ireland, Yorkshire/Durham and Kent.
The larvae feed on clover (Trifolium) and restharrow (Ononis), forming a blister mine on the underside of a leaf, causing it to pucker strongly.
Adult moths are on the wing in two generations: May and August.
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Years of underground nuclear weapons experiments at the Nevada Test Site… (Department of Energy )
The Nevada Legislature has taken the first step in demanding that the federal government make amends for massive radioactive contamination left by decades of nuclear weapons testing on a swath of desert the size of Rhode Island.
In a joint resolution, the state's Senate and House are asking the federal government to contain and mitigate about 300 million curies of contamination left in the soil and water of the former Nevada Test Site, about 75 miles northwest of Las Vegas.
The Energy Department detonated 921 nuclear warheads underground before testing ended in 1992. An estimated 1.6 trillion gallons of water in aquifers under the site are radioactively contaminated with the byproducts of the bomb tests.
The resolution will open the way for Nevada to demand compensation for the loss of its water resources, said Assemblyman Ed Goedhart, the resolution's lead sponsor. He said the resolution stemmed from a detailed examination of the radioactive legacy of testing that was published by The Times in November 2009.
"It is one of the largest contamination zones in the U.S., if not the world," Goedhart said. "If we are prevented from using our water resources, it is a taking and we should be compensated."
The Energy Department has said the contaminated water is moving very slowly downhill toward Death Valley National Park, but it could take thousands of years to reach any affected community.
Until then, it would be technically and economically impossible to purify the water, some of which is 5,000 feet below the land surface, Energy Department scientists have asserted.
"The test site has been declared a sacrifice zone," said , Joseph Strolin, acting director of Nevada's Agency for Nuclear Projects. "The federal officials are basically taking the approach that this can never be cleaned up and will be monitored in perpetuity."
Darwin Morgan, spokesman for the federal facility, now known as the Nevada National Security Site, said the federal government had broadly involved state and local officials in its efforts under a consent order to monitor the contaminated water.
"We have a process where we work very closely with the state," Morgan said. "We are monitoring where that water is going, which includes involvement by the state of Nevada."
Morgan added that the state engineer of Nevada, not the Energy Department, had rejected applications to pump water from the site.
There is little dispute that the water held under the test site could be valuable in parched southern Nevada. A local hydrologist estimated in 2009 that the 1.6 trillion gallons of water would be worth $48 billion, based on water rights sales in Nye County, where the test site is located.
The resolution will do little more than ask the federal government to discuss the matter with state officials, Strolin said. Nevada has looked at filing a formal legal demand for compensation over the last year, but such legal action would be difficult to press, he added.
The resolution was passed unanimously late last week and sent to the secretary of state for enrollment, which is pending, Goedhart said.
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Gravitational waves are produced when black holes, stars or planets orbit each other (among other things). As these masses move around each other, they create gravitational disturbances that radiate outward. While we’ve only recently detected gravitational waves directly, we’ve known the exist for decades because of a secondary effect known as inspiraling. As gravitational waves radiate away from two orbiting masses, they carry a bit of energy with them. As a result the two masses lose a bit of energy and move closer to each other. Over time they will spiral ever closer until they collide.
The direct detection of gravitational waves showed how two black holes entered such a death spiral, merging to become a single black hole. We’ve also observed the inspiraling of a pulsar orbiting a companion star. The two haven’t collided yet, but will eventually collide in about 300 million years. So what about smaller masses? As the Earth orbits the Sun, does it produce gravitational waves? Does the Moon? Yes, but the effect is extremely tiny, so we can’t observe it directly.
Take the Earth, for example. The amount of gravitational energy lost by two masses in a circular orbit is pretty easy to calculate, and for the Earth and Sun it comes out to be about 200 watts. That tiny loss of energy means that the Earth moves closer to the Sun by about the width of a proton each day due to gravitational waves. Of course gravitational waves aren’t the only thing that affects Earth’s orbit. Because the Sun is radiating away about 5 million tons of mass every second, the gravitational attraction of the Sun is decreasing, the Earth actually moves away from the Sun by about 1.6 centimeters per year. Even that tiny effect is far more significant that the inspiraling effect of gravitational waves.
Technically all orbiting masses generate gravitational waves, so everything is inspiraling over time. But unless the masses are really large, such as stars and black holes, the effect is negligible. As far as planets are concerned, we can effectively ignore it.
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The Jesuit Relations are the most important documents attesting to the encounter between Europeans and native North Americans or Amerindians in the seventeenth century. These annual reports of French missionaries from the Society of Jesus document the conversions—or attempted conversions—of the various indigenous peoples in what is today the St. Lawrence River basin and the Great Lakes region. When they arrived on the banks of the St. Lawrence in 1625, French Jesuits were entering a continent still very much under control of First Nations peoples, who were divided by their own ethnic and linguistic differences. Even the catchall terms “Huron” and “Iroquois” masked their nature as confederacies, composed of several distinct nations, who had joined together prior to the arrival of Europeans.
When the Jesuits made headway with one group, they usually lost initiative with the group’s rivals—and sometimes found themselves in the midst of a conflict that they could barely understand or appreciate. This section of the Relations concerns the torture and murder of Jean Brébeuf, who had lived among the Hurons at various points from the 1620s through the 1640s, observing their culture and systematically attempting to convert them to Catholicism. However, when an Iroquois raiding party invaded his settlement, the depth of the Hurons’ Christian commitment—and his own—would be tested.
The sixteenth day of March in the present year, 1649, marked the beginning of our misfortunes—if an event, which no doubt has been the salvation of many of God’s elect, can be called a misfortune.
The Iroquois, enemies of the Hurons, arrived by night at the frontier of this country. They numbered about a thousand men, well furnished with weapons, most of them carrying firearms obtained from their allies, the Dutch. We had no knowledge of their approach, although they had started from their country in the autumn, hunting in the forests throughout the winter, and had made a difficult journey of nearly two hundred leagues over the snow in order to take us by surprise. By night, they reconnoitered the condition of the first place upon which they had designs. It was surrounded by a pine stockade fifteen or sixteen feet in height, and a deep ditch with which nature had strongly fortified this place on three sides. There remained only a small space that was weaker than the others.
It was at this weak point that the enemy made a breach at daybreak, but so secretly and promptly that he was master of the place before anyone could mount a defense. All were then sleeping deeply, and they had no time to recognize the danger. Thus this village was taken, almost without striking a blow and with only ten Iroquois killed. Part of the Hurons—men, women, and children—were massacred then and there, while the others were made captives and were reserved for cruelties more terrible than death.
. . .
The enemy did not stop there, but followed up his victory, and before sunrise he appeared in arms to attack the town of St. Louis, which was fortified with a fairly good stockade. Most of the women and the children had just gone from it upon hearing the news which had arrived regarding the approach of the Iroquois. The people of greatest courage, about eighty persons, being resolved to defend themselves well, courageously repulsed the first and the second assaults, killing about thirty of the enemy’s boldest men, in addition to many wounded. But finally, the larger number prevailed, as the Iroquois used their hatchets to undermine the palisade of stakes and opened a passage for themselves through some considerable breaches.
About nine o’clock in the morning, we perceived from our house at St. Marie the fire which was consuming the cabins of that town, where the enemy, after entering victoriously, had reduced everything to desolation. They cast into the flames the old, the sick, the children who had not been able to escape, and all those who, being too severely wounded, could not have followed them into captivity. At the sight of those flames, and by the color of the smoke which issued from them, we understood sufficiently what was happening, for this town of St. Louis was no more than a league distant from us. Two Christians who escaped the fire arrived about this time and confirmed this.
In this town of St. Louis were at that time two of our fathers, Father Jean de Brébeuf and Father Gabriel Lalemant, who had charge of a cluster of five towns. These formed but one of the eleven missions of which we have spoken above, and we call it the mission of St. Ignace.
Some Christians had begged the fathers to preserve their lives for the glory of God, which would have been as easy for them as for the more than five hundred persons who went away at the first alarm, for there was more than enough time to reach a place of safety. But their zeal could not permit such a thing, and the salvation of their flock was dearer to them than the love of their own lives. They employed the moments left to them as the most previous which they had ever had in the world, and through the heat of the battle their hearts were on fire for the salvation of souls. One was at the breach, baptizing the catechumens, and the other was giving absolution to the neophytes. Both of them urged the Christians to die in the sentiments of piety with which they consoled them in their miseries. Never was their faith more alive, nor their love for their good fathers and pastors more keenly felt.
An infidel, seeing the desperate situation, spoke of taking flight, but a Christian named Etienne Annaotaha, the most esteemed in the country for his courage and his exploits against the enemy, would never allow it. “What!” he said. “Could we ever abandon these two good fathers, who have exposed their lives for us? Their love for our salvation will be the cause of their death, for there is no longer time for them to flee across the snows. Let us then die with them, and we shall go together to heaven.” This man had made a general confession a few days previously, having had a presentiment of the danger awaiting him and saying that he wished that death should find him disposed for Heaven. And indeed he, as well as many other Christians, had abandoned themselves to fervor in a manner so extraordinary that we shall never be sufficiently able to bless the guidance of God over so many predestinated souls. His divine providence continues lovingly to guide them in death as in life.
Source: Paul Ragueneau, “Relation of 1648–49,” in Allan Greer, ed., The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth-Century North America (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), 112–115.
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Kids with self-confidence become teens without hang-ups. Short of locking your kids in the house until their 18th birthday, what can parents do to help their healthy children grow up to become healthy adults?
According to adolescent psychologists, kids learn by example; as adults, we can send clear messages about body image through our own words and deeds. It’s best to start when your kids are young.
Here’s how you can do your part as a parent.
Keep your mouth closed about your own weight issues. That means no discussions about points, pounds, carbs, or unapproved foods. And never say diet. Food is food. In moderation, there’s no harm in eating.
Teach your kids to discover the functional versus the decorative aspects of their bodies. Get them to participate in a sport. Sign them up for a dance class. Or yoga. Find an activity that piques their interest and teaches them to appreciate their body’s physical power.
Discuss the smoke and mirrors. Let your kids know that the models in fashion magazines and the actors in movies are not “real.” Their flaws are artificially removed using makeup and special photographic and film technology.
Encourage your child to think about character over appearance. That means pointing out the positives in people, like kindness, compassion, helpfulness, and humor. If you don’t dwell on looks, your kids won’t either.
Compliment them on their achievements. Whether they received an A on their math paper or spent a minute on the soccer field give your children praise—and give it often. Building self-confidence in your children will enable them to overcome negative peer pressure.
Get them to talk. When things aren’t going right, you can usually tell by the look on your child’s face. If kids learn from an early age that it’s safe to open up, they’ll talk to you for a lifetime. Kids need to know that what they’re feeling is valid. Encouraging them to express themselves keeps little problems from escalating into big ones.
Become an active family. If you feel as though your child is becoming overweight, don’t tell him he’s going on a diet, try getting healthy—as a family. Stock the pantry and refrigerator with nutritious food items, and go for after-dinner walks or bike rides as a family. Call it stealth. You’ll be helping your child become more fit—mind and body—without even knowing it.
Need a Primary Care Provider?
The team at Bingham Memorial Family Medicine is here for you. We have providers in Blackfoot, Idaho Falls, Shelley, and Pocatello. To find a provider closest to you, please call (208) 785-4100. Same-day appointments are always available.
Our content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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