text
stringlengths 199
648k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 14
419
| file_path
stringlengths 139
140
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 50
235k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In Mother Teresa's handwriting
we have a fine example of her excellent communication skills.
Mother Teresa had a strong
personality and she was able to persuade the most difficult of
politicians to see things her way. She could speak to anyone from
politicians, dignitaries and world leaders to the poorest beggars in the
From her biographical details we
know this to be perfectly true.
But let us also see if we can
find evidence of these communication skills in the following extract
from one of Mother Theresa's letters:
Review No 15 we listed 10 points that indicated special
Here are some of the signs in
Mother Teresa's handwriting. that point to those communication skills:
The handwriting slants gently
towards the right.
There is no cramping of
letters. Middle zone letters are generous.
Many wide circular letters
e.g. o's and e's, d's and g's though they are mostly closed at the
top. (There is also evidence of some interference within the circles
which is a communication negative).
Spacing between lines rather
narrow in relation to the size of the handwriting
The signature is positioned
towards the right
Mother Teresa's handwriting
shows a lot more about her character and personality. But it also bears
testimony to the fact that she was an excellent communicator and had
superb communication skills!
|
<urn:uuid:bbc569a1-d4ab-45bd-967d-0d8d62aa4e7b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.graphicinsight.co.za/motherteresa.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945498 | 291 | 2.90625 | 3 |
October 3, 2008
The National Science Foundation has highlighted the Spiral Project on the "Discoveries" section of its website. Only a few NSF funded projects are chosen from across all disciplines to be featured in Discoveries.
Spiral, a tool developed in ECE under the lead of Professors Markus Püschel and José Moura, can replace the human programmer in the very difficult task of writing highest performance code for important numerical functions and often achieves even better performance than human programmers.
The technology underlying Spiral's success was developed by ECE Research Scientist Franz Franchetti and Püschel's recent Ph.D. graduate Yevgen Voronenko. Voronenko won an ECE best dissertation award this year at Commencement for his thesis titled "Library Generation for Linear Transforms."
For more information on Spiral's capabilities, see "Computer Generation of Conmercial Libraries Becomes a Reality" from July 2008.
|
<urn:uuid:eceb94d6-9bb3-4faf-af28-4792b12f4760>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://www.ece.cmu.edu/news/story/2008/10/spiral_among_nsf.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919704 | 195 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Racial bias found in death penalty cases. Many studies reveal widespread prejudice against blacks
Washington — The United States Supreme Court in 1972 struck down the death penalty on constitutional grounds in part because of concerns that blacks were more likely than whites to receive capital sentences. The death penalty was reinstated in 1976 after guidelines were implemented to guard against racial bias in cases that could lead to execution.
Given the current mood of the court, it seems unlikely that capital punishment will again be struck down altogether. Rather the relevant question is: If capital punishment is to continue, how can the government make sure that murder defendants aren't discriminated against because of their race.
This is a requirement of the US Constitution.
Prof. David C. Baldus of the University of Iowa law school, suggests that death sentences should be sharply limited to only the most heinous crimes (mass killing, torture, etc.).
He says that in his study of discrimination against black murderers in Georgia, racial discrimination appeared to be greatest in the less heinous cases or so-called middle-level murder cases. But in the most heinous cases, he says, race appears to play almost no role in who receives the death penalty.
``One way to eliminate discrimination in the system is to limit death sentences only to cases where everyone gets them,'' says Mr. Baldus.
``Over half the death sentences imposed in Georgia were imposed in cases where the death sentencing rate is very high -- pretty horrendous cases,'' he says, adding, ``I don't think there is any discrimination of any kind going on among those cases.''
Baldus suggests that state courts could devise a means of identifying what they deemed to be the most serious murder cases. Only cases fitting strict criteria could be tried with the potential penalty of death. Such a system would actively limit the amount of discretion currently open to prosecutors and juries, and curtail the influence of extraneous factors such as race.
It might mean that such cases as the murder of a taxi cab driver during a hold up or the killing of a grocer in a robbery would no longer be considered capital offenses.
The end result would be a more uniform application of the death penalty among all offenders, Baldus says. It would not eliminate race as a factor entirely -- discrimination will always play a role, experts say -- but it would significantly reduce that role.
Stanford law Prof. Samuel Gross agrees that sharply restricting capital punishment to the most heinous cases would reduce the influence of discrimination in the criminal justice system. But he cautions that determining which murders are more heinous and which are less heinous is not an easy task.
Nonetheless, by establishing narrow, well-defined categories for certain crimes, the imposition of the death penalty could be made more uniform, he says.
``The more vague the standards applied, the more discrimination,'' Mr. Gross says.
Gross authored an eight-state study confirming Baldus's findings that the race of a murder victim plays a determinative role in who gets the death penalty when the defendant is black and the victim white.
The Stanford professor says part of the problem of discrimination in death sentences originates with the jury system. He says individual jurors have no way of knowing whether they are applying the death penalty in an evenhanded manner.
Prof. Richard Berk of the University of California, Santa Barbara, is not optimistic about the prospect of trying to fine tune the capital sentencing system. ``The problem is that human institutions, just like human individuals, make mistakes. There is no way in the world that those mistakes can be prevented,'' he says.
Mr. Berk recently completed a study of death sentences in Mississippi. His findings support those of both Baldus and Gross.
Many opponents of capital punishment maintain that there is no way to reliably divorce racial prejudice from decisions about who should be sentenced to death.
``The system is still as discriminatory as it was in 1972,'' says Richard Brody of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. ``You can't have a death penalty without racism. The only way to eliminate racism in the death penalty is to eliminate the death penalty itself.''
Prof. Arnold Barnett of the Massachuetts Institute of Technology found in his study of the Georgia capital sentencing system that ``for a large range of cases -- about four-fifths of them -- there is no real evidence of racial bias in the sentences.''
For the other one-fifth, however, Mr. Barnett says race does appear to have played a role in who received the death penalty in Georgia.
The MIT professor concentrated on the Baldus study, and like Baldus, has found that racial discrimination appears to play its most important role in middle-range capital cases. Barnett calls them ``borderline killings.'' US execution violates UN standards
The United States is one of the few countries that openly executes those convicted of committing capital crimes when they were minors.
Yesterday, Charles Rumbaugh was executed in Huntsville, Texas, for killing a jewelry story owner during an armed robbery when he was 17. It was the first such execution in the US since 1964.
Amnesty International, a group that monitors human rights worldwide, claims that, among 70 United Nations members who were willing to provide information on executions, only Barbados is known to have executed anyone who committed a crime as a minor within the last 12 years. (Other nations may have done so, but no reliable information is available.)
Amnesty International notes that death sentences for minors violate the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and guidelines established by the United Nations. The US participated in the formulation of these guidelines but has never formally ratified or accepted any of them.
What concerns opponents of capital punishment is that Rumbaugh's death may be the prelude to a flood of similar actions involving young defendants. According to a New York Times survey, 32 people are on death rows across the US for crimes committed as minors.
State laws govern sentencing in the US for all except federal offenses and the states vary widely on the death-penalty issue. Thirty states either permit or do not exclude execution of minors depending on the severity of the crime.
It should be noted that all the minors currently on death row in the US have been convicted of murder. Their crimes generally involve extraordinary brutality against the very young or very old.
|
<urn:uuid:ed097af0-04be-4abe-9eaf-1a310d186f3c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0912/apen1a.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960801 | 1,280 | 3.125 | 3 |
Brain-Computer Interfaces: Applying our Minds to Human-Computer Interaction
Tan, Desney S. and Nijholt, Anton , eds. (2010) Brain-Computer Interfaces: Applying our Minds to Human-Computer Interaction. Human-Computer Interaction Series . Springer Verlag, London. ISBN 9781849962711
Restricted to UT campus only
|Abstract:||For generations, humans have fantasized about the ability to create devices that can see into a person’s mind and thoughts, or to communicate and interact with machines through thought alone. Such ideas have long captured the imagination of humankind in the form of ancient myths and modern science fiction stories. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and brain imaging technologies have started to turn these myths into a reality, and are providing us with the ability to interface directly with the human brain. This ability is made possible through the use of sensors that monitor physical processes within the brain which correspond with certain forms of thought.
Brain-Computer Interfaces: Applying our Minds to Human-Computer Interaction broadly surveys research in the Brain-Computer Interface domain. More specifically, each chapter articulates some of the challenges and opportunities for using brain sensing in Human-Computer Interaction work, as well as applying Human-Computer Interaction solutions to brain sensing work.
For researchers with little or no expertise in neuroscience or brain sensing, the book provides background information to equip them to not only appreciate the state-of-the-art, but also ideally to engage in novel research. For expert Brain-Computer Interface researchers, the book introduces ideas that can help in the quest to interpret intentional brain control and develop the ultimate input device. It challenges researchers to further explore passive brain sensing to evaluate interfaces and feed into adaptive computing systems. Most importantly, the book will connect multiple communities allowing research to leverage their work and expertise and blaze into the future.
|Copyright:||© 2010 Springer|
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS)
|Link to this item:||http://purl.utwente.nl/publications/72105|
|Export this item as:||BibTeX|
Daily downloads in the past month
Monthly downloads in the past 12 months
Repository Staff Only: item control page
|
<urn:uuid:7d57456f-d7c0-4ca3-9737-f54cf78123b3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://doc.utwente.nl/72105/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.824504 | 474 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Unwin, Nicholas (2012) The Language of Colour:Neurology and the Ineffable. Biolinguistics, 6 (3-4). pp. 475-490. ISSN 1450-3417
|PDF - Published Version |
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution.
Download (5Mb) | Preview
It is often claimed, following Joseph Levine, that there is an ‘explanatory gap’ between ordinary physical facts and the way we perceive things, so that it is impossible to explain, among other things, why colours actually look the way they do. C.L. Hardin, by contrast, argues that there are sufficient asymmetries between colours to traverse this gap. This paper argues that the terms we use to characterize colours, such as ‘warm’ and ‘cool’, are not well understood, and that we need to understand the neurological basis for such associations if we are even to understand what is fully meant by saying, for example, that red is a warm colour. This paper also speculates on how Hardin’s strategy can be generalized. A PowerPoint presentation that depicts inverted colour qualia is attached as an appendix.
|Journal or Publication Title:||Biolinguistics|
|Additional Information:||This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||C.L. Hardin ; colour ; colour vocabulary ; explanatory gap ; per-ception ; qualia|
|Subjects:||B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > B Philosophy (General)|
|Departments:||Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences > Politics & International Relations (Merged into PPR 2010-08-01)|
|Deposited On:||30 Aug 2012 10:05|
|Last Modified:||23 Feb 2016 01:20|
Actions (login required)
|
<urn:uuid:c1f517e4-6601-4be0-8fc6-0b1c237c5ba1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/57972/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.815833 | 393 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Impacts of Climate Change in New York
Already happening, but it's not too late
New York's ClimAID study (see link on right) includes both observations of impacts already occurring and projections of impacts expected later this century.
Recent climate assessments have identified some key impacts of climate change that already have begun in New York and the northeastern U.S.:
- Annual average temperatures have been rising in New York for a century. The fastest increase has occurred since 1970, with state average temperatures rising by approximately 2.4º F and winter warming exceeding 4º F.
- Winter snow cover is decreasing and spring comes (on average) a week or so earlier than it did a few decades ago; in many areas of New York, blooming dates have advanced by as much as 8 days.
- The ranges of birds that traditionally breed in New York have moved northward by as much as 40 miles in the past two decades.
- Average nighttime temperatures have risen faster than daytime temperatures and are measurably higher than they were in 1970.
- Summer heat waves are more intense, with heat-related illness and death projected to increase.
- Intense precipitation events (heavy downpours) are occurring more often.
- Sea levels along New York's ocean coast are approximately a foot higher than in 1900.
- Vector-borne infections and diseases spread by mosquitoes and ticks, such as West Nile virus and Lyme disease, are becoming more widespread throughout New York. Current changes in temperature and precipitation favor the survival of insects and other disease vectors.
Carbon dioxide and other important GHGs remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries, guaranteeing continued climate change even after emissions start to decline. With no global reduction of GHG emissions yet in sight, scientists project that the earth will retain increasing amounts of heat and climate change will persist and intensify.
- By mid-century, New York's winter temperatures are projected to rise by another 2.5º F to 4º F, and summer temperatures by 1.5º F to 3.5º F, setting us up for heat waves and other extreme weather that is beyond previous experience.
- Current global emissions of GHGs could result in sea levels along New York's ocean coast rising by up to 31 inches by the 2050s due to expansion of warming seawater and melting of land ice. Sea level would rise less if greenhouse gas emissions begin to decline soon, but will continue to rise for some time even if GHG emissions cease.
- More frequent and intense flooding from extreme rains and storm surges will threaten public safety and damage developed areas, roadways and other infrastructure, as well as natural systems and protective barriers.
- Following a pattern already becoming evident, short-term droughts are expected to increase in frequency, with weeks of dry conditions punctuated by rains too intense for parched soils to absorb.
- Winter snow cover will likely be reduced enough to affect the recreation industry.
- Soil erosion will increase and replenishment of drinking water sources will become less reliable as snowpack dwindles and more rainwater is lost to runoff.
- Some cool-weather plants and animals that have traditionally lived in New York (such as sugar maples and some marine species) may move northward to a cooler climate.
- Mosquitoes and other pests may become more abundant. It is not difficult to imagine the disruption and economic costs if even one of these projected climate change impacts comes to pass. Increased warming, however, would likely set off impacts throughout New York's environment, economy and society.
Both extreme events and everyday risks raise our vulnerability
Not only extreme events, but also any change from the predictable and moderate conditions of the past can interfere with accustomed activities and create new risks. The changes discussed below have been observed in New York and are projected to continue.
Rising sea levels: Mid-range projections (25 to 75 percent likelihood) of sea-level rise along New York's coast are 18 to 50 inches in this century. Such high levels would greatly intensify the danger and damage from storm-related flooding.
Warmer temperatures: Long, intense heat waves raise health risks for human and animal populations. Warm winters and hot summers will likely lower the productivity of temperature-sensitive agricultural products like maple syrup, apples and dairy. Warmer weather also favors disease carriers and pests.
New precipitation patterns: Heavy precipitation is expected to fall more frequently, and there may be a trend toward longer-lasting events that compound the damage. Similarly, persistent shortages of precipitation can be expected more often. Such shortages can lower field crop yields and reduce the amount of water available for drinking, irrigation and hydropower.
Weather variability: Unusual weather not only inconveniences people, but also disrupts natural cycles. For instance, warm spells in late winter can make plants bud and bloom early. Young leaves and flowers are vulnerable to severe damage if temperatures later swing back below freezing; early blooms may be gone before the arrival of birds or insects that pollinate and feed on them.
Our Climate Future
Some of the GHGs emitted today will remain in the atmosphere for centuries. So today's GHG emissions are shaping the climate that next-century New Yorkers will experience - just as emissions up until now are affecting our friends, neighbors, and children today. These emissions have already locked in some impacts and the costs for adapting to new conditions.
If we reduce emissions in the near future, future risk from climate change will be lower. Failure to reduce emissions now will compound future change, making impacts even more disruptive and costly.
More about Impacts of Climate Change in New York:
- Sea Level Rise - Assessed impacts to the state's coastlines from rising seas and developed recommendations for protective and adaptive measures. The Task Force delivered its final report to the Legislature on December 31, 2010.
- Climate Change and Health - This page provides offsite links to other state and federal agencies that address the effect of climate change on public health.
|
<urn:uuid:34d67409-3f54-4a83-8007-ba53a62b7cf6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/94702.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945205 | 1,221 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Seneca Nation Implements Native Plant Policy
The Seneca Nation of Indians are spearheading a movement to reintroduce more indigenous flora to public landscapes on tribal lands in Upstate New York.
The tribal council unanimously approved a policy that mandates all new landscaping in public spaces on Seneca lands exclusively be comprised of local indigenous species. The new policy also encourages private Seneca landholders to choose local North American flora.
The continued planting of non-native species poses a significant threat to ecosystems and causes harm to the environment, states a Seneca press release. The current Seneca Nation Council is committed to restoring, preserving and maintaining local indigenous plants that are significant to the culture of the Seneca people and that help to maintain the balance of nature.
The new planting policy puts an official stamp on the Seneca Nation’s ongoing efforts to reintroduce Native species to Seneca territories. To date, over 445 native trees and shrubs have been planted and 25 different species re-introduced into the public landscape, including edible and medicinal culturally significant plants.
Although the new policy applies exclusively to plants in public spaces, owners of private property at the Seneca Nation are highly encouraged to reintroduce Native species and to remove invasive and introduced Eurasian plants.
This policy is applauded by Dr. Jeremy Pinto, Research Plant Physiologist and Tribal Nursery Specialist with the Forest Service of the US Department of Agriculture: “While it should be well-ingrained in us to preserve and promote the plants that are significant to our respective cultures, a policy like this brings the issues of cultural preservation, invasive species, sustainability, and adaptability to the forefront of everyday management practices in a good way.”
With this new planting policy, the Seneca Nation has taken a substantial step forward in preserving Seneca culture and protecting and maintaining the Community’s ecological footprint. To learn more about the Seneca Nation of Indians Native Plant Policy or for a list of appropriate native plants visit FoodIsOurMedicine.org.
You need to be logged in in order to post comments
Please use the log in option at the bottom of this page
|
<urn:uuid:44345911-bd31-40b4-ac70-ec821987a43b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/04/22/seneca-nation-implements-native-plant-policy-154556
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.89514 | 435 | 3 | 3 |
Beijing's 'Airpocalypse' Spurs Pollution Controls, Public Pressure
In China's capital, they're calling it the "airpocalypse," with air pollution that's literally off the charts. The air has been classified as hazardous to human health for a fifth consecutive day, at its worst hitting pollution levels 25 times that considered safe in the U.S. The entire city is blanketed in a thick grey smog that smells of coal and stings the eyes, leading to official warnings to stay inside.
Environmentalists say it's the worst pollution since monitoring began last year, while many others believe the levels are unprecedented in Beijing's history. The smog has affected more than 30 cities in China, leading even the official mouthpiece, the People's Daily, to ask plaintively: "How can we get out of this suffocating siege of pollution?"
The conditions are expected to linger for two more days.
China is choking on its own breakneck development, with thousands of new cars taking to the road every day. This year, the pollution has been exacerbated by weather patterns, combined with an unusually cold spell.
"In the winter, we have to burn more coal to get heating," says Zhou Rong of Greenpeace. She says around 50 percent of Beijing's air pollution is historically due to coal-fired power stations. "Another reason is the weather pattern makes the whole atmosphere very, very stable, and so all the air pollution accumulates down to the ground, so we are getting higher and higher air pollution."
Unusually, the pollution is getting headline treatment on local news bulletins and in the domestic media. This is in stark contrast to the situation in previous years, when pollution was rarely acknowledged, let alone reported. Since the beginning of the year, the government has been releasing hourly pollution readings for 74 Chinese cities, almost half of which are now showing severe pollution.
"There's been clarity as to the severity of the problem, there's more frequent disclosure of information, but what remains to be seen is whether more aggressive action will be taken to solve the problem," says Alex Wang, an expert of Chinese environmental law at the University of California, Berkeley, law school.
This follows intense public pressure on the issue, driven by the fact that the U.S. Embassy in Beijing operates its own pollution monitor, releasing hourly figures by Twitter. In the past two years, citizens noticed large discrepancies between the official Chinese figures and the U.S. ones, and began to question whether the Chinese statistics had been fudged or falsified.
"In theory, with the greater transparency, that's harder to do — the falsification or cheating the data," says Alex Wang. "What will be interesting to see going forward is that now that they've become more transparent — releasing hourly data and so forth — does it actually force the regulators to take regulatory action?"
Beijing is taking emergency action: shutting down some building sites and polluting factories temporarily and taking almost a third of official cars off the road. It's also vowing to cut air pollution by 15 percent over the next three years.
But the surrounding provinces are actually stepping up coal consumption, dooming such pledges, according to Greenpeace's Zhou Rong.
"It's not going to work if Beijing city does the mitigation work alone," she says. "If the surrounding areas don't do the same work, Beijing will never get better air quality."
A study by Greenpeace and Beijing University focusing on four Chinese cities estimates the number of people dying prematurely from air pollution is close to three times that killed by traffic accidents.
Monday morning, Beijing's main children's hospital was packed to overflowing, with rows of infants hooked up to drips in the corridors outside the emergency clinic, and queues of patients waiting to see doctors. According to official media, recently this hospital has seen 9,000 patients per day, a third of them with respiratory diseases.
"Of course it's connected to the pollution," says Louise Huang, who's here with her 18-month-old son. He started getting sick the first day of the smog, even though she hasn't dared open the windows or go outside. "This must get better," she tells me. "I can't imagine how we'd live if it got worse."
"There are too many cars on the streets, too many factories," says Wang Ying, whose baby is suffering respiratory problems. When asked whether she worries about the world her child will inherit, she replies, "Of course I'm scared."
In the Chinese media, there's been some soul-searching about why the problem has been so intense. The China Daily took the country's rapid urbanization process to task, commenting in an editorial, "The air quality in big cities could have been better had more attention been paid to the density of high rises, had more trees been planted in proportion to the number of residential areas, and had the number of cars been strictly controlled."
Meanwhile, the Global Times has been pointing out China's role as the global factory and the "biggest construction site in the world."
"Seventy percent of global iron and steel, and about half of the world's cement is produced in China," it says in an editorial. "Against this backdrop, it is impossible for China to be as clean as the West."
Among local people, there are fears for the future. One song circulating online includes the lyrics, "I live in this smog, I don't want to die in this smog." This environmental crisis risks dragging down economic growth, and given growing public dissatisfaction, it could yet become a political problem for China's new leaders.
STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:
We would also like to forecast the future of China, but just now it's hard to see where that country is heading. In fact, in Beijing, it's hard to see very far at all. NPR's Louisa Lim reports on catastrophic air pollution.
LOUISA LIM, BYLINE: Here in Beijing, they're calling it the airpocalypse. These past few days, the entire city has been blanketed in thick gray smog. It smells of coal, it makes your eyes sting and your throat feel scratchy. And at the very worst, sometimes you can hardly see to the other side of the road. If my voice sounds muffled, it's because I'm wearing a Darth Vader-style facemask to filter the air - an extreme measure because this is an extreme public health emergency.
ZHOU RONG: In the last three days, the air pollution is beyond index. It's the worst since we've had readings, starting from last year.
LIM: That's Zhou Rong from the environmental group Greenpeace. At its worst, Beijing's recent pollution has been 25 times higher than the level considered safe in the U.S. She explains why it's so bad.
ZHOU: In the winter we have to burn more coal to get heating. And another reason is it's because the weather pattern make the whole atmosphere very, very stable and all air pollution are going down and accumulate down to the ground. So we are getting higher and higher air pollution.
(SOUNDBITE OF NEWS BROADCAST)
UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN: (Foreign language spoken)
LIM: For once, domestic bulletins are headlining the smog. And since the beginning of this year, hourly pollution readings are being released for more than 70 cities. One factor driving this is the U.S. embassy's own pollution monitor here, which in the past showed discrepancies between Chinese and U.S. pollution figures. That's led to more transparency, a significant development according to Alex Wang, an expert on Chinese environmental law at UC-Berkeley.
ALEX WANG: In theory with the greater transparency that's harder to do, sort of the falsification or cheating the data. What'll be really interesting to see going forward is now that they've become more transparent - they're releasing hourly data and so forth - does it actually force the regulators to actually sort of take regulatory action?
LIM: Beijing is taking emergency action, shutting some building sites and factories and taking almost a third of official cars off the road. It's also vowing to cut air pollution by 15 percent over the next three years. But the surrounding provinces are actually stepping up coal consumption, dooming such pledges, according to Greenpeace's Zhou.
ZHOU: It's not going to work if only Beijing City do the mitigation work alone. If the surrounding area don't do the same work, Beijing will never get better air quality.
LIM: I'm now in Beijing's main children's hospital and it's packed to overflowing. Here the emergency room is lined with children hooked up to drips, and upstairs the corridors are filled with patients waiting to see doctors. In the last few days this hospital has seen 9,000 patients per day - almost a third of them with respiratory diseases. The parents here are sure the pollution is to blame.
LOUISE HUANG: (Foreign language spoken)
LIM: Of course it's connected to the pollution, says Louise Huang. She's here with her 18-month-old son. He started getting sick the first day of the smog, even though she hasn't dared open the windows or go outside. This must get better, she tells me. I can't imagine how we'd live if it got worse.
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG)
LIM: And there are fears for the future. As this song puts it, I live in this smog. I don't want to die in this smog. China's quite literally choking on its own development. But this environmental crisis could drag down economic growth. And given growing public dissatisfaction, it could yet become a political problem for China's new leaders. Louisa Lim, NPR News, Beijing. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
|
<urn:uuid:5b4bcb63-0a0f-4d3f-9df3-4d82820ea256>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://kuow.org/post/beijings-air-quality-reaches-hazardous-levels
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966145 | 2,046 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Upcoming Rocket Launch Could Surprise East Coast Residents
by Joe Rao on
Should a rocket blast off on schedule early Tuesday evening, May 5, 2009, from NASA's Wallops Island Flight Facility in Virginia, a potentially spectacular sight might be visible across a wide swath of the U.S. Eastern Seaboard.
It would be only the fourth attempt at launching an orbital rocket from this coastal Virginia range—located just south of Assateague Island—in the last 13 and a half years. The first time NASA attempted an orbital launch from Wallops, in October 1995, the liftoff of a 50-foot-tall Conestoga rocket ignited normally, but the vehicle exploded over the Atlantic just 46-seconds later. A problem with the rocket’s guidance system was blamed.
Then in December 2006, a 69-foot, 5-foot wide, 35-ton, four-stage Minotaur I rocket successfully launched the TacSat-2 satellite, carrying a semisecret payload from the Pentagon's Missile Defense Agency. In April 2007, a Minotaur rocket sent the NFIRE satellite into orbit.
Now another Minotaur I rocket awaits liftoff from the Wallops Flight Facility next Tuesday evening, no earlier than 8:00 p.m. EDT. The chief goal of this flight is to place the 880-pound TacSat-3 satellite with its trio of payloads that will offer real-time imagery (within 10-minutes of collection), sea-based information transmitted from ocean buoys and plug-and-play avionics to assist warfighters in keeping one step ahead of their adversaries. In addition, threecubesats will be launched as secondary payloads on the TacSat-3 mission.
A launch window from May 5 to 9, from 8:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. EDT each day, has been established to take into account bad weather or equipment glitches (see Final Points below). A launch after 8:00 p.m. EDT would occur just after sunset along the entire Atlantic Coastline.
What to expect
Over the years, similar rocket firings have routinely taken place from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base. Rocket launches that have occurred around the time of sunrise or sunset have left long, glowing contrails in their wake that have been seen for a few hundred miles across the Desert Southwest; often becoming contorted by high level winds into strange and exotic patterns and sometimes, prismatic colors.
While many Westerners are fairly familiar with such sightings, they are all but unknown here in the East and as such may end up surprising millions of people should the Minotaur I lift off on schedule at 8:00 p.m. EDT or shortly thereafter on Tuesday evening.
Based on a very similar launch from Wallops Island in December 2006 and similar dusk and dawn launches from Vandenberg as a guide, I've determined that it should be possible that Tuesday's post-sunset launch may be visible as far north as southern Maine; as far south as northeastern Florida and as far west as eastern Kentucky. The rocket will be launched on a southeast trajectory. Approximately six minutes after launch it will be passing north of Bermuda. Three minutes later it will reach orbital altitude over the middle of the North Atlantic.
Observers who are situated within about 800 statute miles of the Wallops Island Flight Facility appear to have a reasonable chance of catching a view of the Minotaur I contrail within the first few minutes after launch.
The key to making a sighting is to have a clear, unobstructed view of the horizon in the direction of Wallops Island. For example, a viewer in Raleigh, North Carolina should look toward the northeast; in Boston, Massachusetts look southwest; in Wheeling, West Virginia it will be due east.
Areas farther to the northeast (toward southern New England) have an advantage since skies will be darker—sunset will come somewhat earlier than it will along the Mid-Atlantic Coast. At Wallops, it's at 7:57 p.m., but from Boston it's at 7:49 p.m.
Farther to the west, in the Ohio Valley, the Sun will still be above the horizon so the launch may only be barely visible, if at all against the blue daytime sky. But should the launch be delayed by just 30-minutes, sunset will arrive, sufficiently darkening local skies.
The Minotaur I is a launch vehicle sometimes called half man and half beast because it combines features of the Minuteman missiles and Pegasus rockets. It also merges space technologies designed for both military and commercial ventures.
Another factor in this launch is the upcoming May 11 launch of the Space Shuttle Atlantis at Cape Canaveral, Florida. According to Wallops Public Affairs officer Keith Koehler, the Wallops tracking systems are needed to support a shuttle Launch. We have to stand down because of the Space Shuttle launch on May 11. We have assets that support the launch. Then I believe there is another launch at the Cape that will be using assets that we use.
Wallops is NASA's cynosure for tracking orbital payloads and receiving meteorological information relating to North America. And although it has never been used for this purpose, Wallops can also boast that its 8,750-foot runway, usually reserved for winged-aircraft safety tests, is an approved shuttle emergency-landing site.
|
<urn:uuid:10c065ef-ca40-41f7-9fdb-5b08d1638815>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.amnh.org/our-research/hayden-planetarium/blog/upcoming-rocket-launch-could-surprise-east-coast-residents
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948945 | 1,101 | 2.8125 | 3 |
YorickAn interpreted programming language used for scientific applications such as simulations, calculations, post-processing, interactive scientific graphics, or translating large files of numbers. Yorick is written in ANSI C and runs on most operating systems. It has a compact syntax, similar to C, but with array operators. It's easily expandable through dynamic linking of C libraries.
Stay up to date on the latest developments in Internet terminology with a free weekly newsletter from Webopedia. Join to subscribe now.
Webopedia's student apps roundup will help you to better organize your class schedule and stay on top of assignments and homework. Read More »List of Free Shorten URL Services
A URL shortener is a way to make a long Web address shorter. Try this list of free services. Read More »Top 10 Tech Terms of 2015
The most popular Webopedia definitions of 2015. Read More »
Java is a high-level programming language. This guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of syntax, variables, data types and... Read More »Java Basics, Part 2
This second Study Guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of operators, modifiers and control Structures. Read More »The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Use this handy guide to compare... Read More »
|
<urn:uuid:5fd74f64-d8c4-4e11-b688-1d33a925cd3b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/Y/Yorick.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.805927 | 288 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The 120 Days of Sodom
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
The 120 Days of Sodom or the School of Freedoms (Les 120 journées de Sodome ou l'école du libertinage) is a book written by the French writer Marquis de Sade in 1784. It relates the story of four wealthy men who enslaved 24 mostly teenaged victims and sexually tortured them while listening to stories told by old prostitutes.
Written in 1785, while at the Bastille, the book was not published until 1905. Due to its extreme sexual and violent nature, it remained banned in many countries for a long time. Salò, the film adaptation by Pasolini underwent a similar fate.
Sade wrote The 120 Days of Sodom in the space of thirty-seven days in 1784 while he was imprisoned in the Bastille. Being short of writing materials and fearing confiscation, he wrote it in tiny writing on a continuous, twelve-metre long roll of paper. When the Bastille was stormed and looted on July 14, 1789 during the height of the French Revolution, Sade believed the work, written on a 12-meter scroll, was lost forever and later wrote that he "wept tears of blood" over its loss.
However, the long roll of paper on which it was written was later found hidden in his cell, having escaped the attentions of the looters. It was first published in 1904 by the Berlin psychiatrist Iwan Bloch in Neue Forschungen über den Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit. It was not until the latter half of the 20th century that it became more widely available in countries such as Britain, the USA and France.
The first publisher of the work, Dr. Bloch, regarded its thorough categorization of all manner of sexual fetishes as having "scientific importance...to doctors, jurists, and anthropologists." He equated it with Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis. Feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir wrote an essay titled Must We Burn Sade?, defending the 120 Days of Sodom when, in 1955, French authorities planned on destroying it and three other major works by Sade.
On the other hand, another feminist writer, Andrea Dworkin, condemned it as "vile pornography" and its author as the embodiment of misogyny, especially as the rape, tortures and murders are inflicted by male characters on victims who are mostly (but not exclusively) female.
Noted Sade scholar Alice Laborde has charged Dworkin with "intentionally misreading the satirico-novelistic elements of the text." Instead, Laborde advocates a view of '120 Days of Sodom' that stresses the signifying, as opposed to the symbolizing, function of Sadian language and person. The "misogynistic" elements of the text thus become, for Laborde, a method of both social critique and the re-invention of the French literary corpus. Sade's fiction thus instantiates a ritual by which history is transcended and "authenticité" regained. (Laborde, A.M. Sade romancier. 1974).
Camille Paglia considers Sade's work a "satirical response to Jean-Jacques Rousseau" in particular, and the Enlightenment concept of man's innate goodness in general. Much of the sexual violence in the book draws from the notorious historical cases of Gilles de Rais and Elizabeth Báthory.
The 120 Days Of Sodom has been described as a Gothic novel. It is set in a remote medieval castle, high in the mountains and surrounded by forests, detached from the rest of the world and not set at any specific point in time (although it is implied at the start that the events in the story take place either during or shortly after the Thirty Years' War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648).
The novel takes place over five months, November to March. Four wealthy perverts lock themselves in a castle, the Château de Silling, along with a number of victims and accomplices. They intend on listening to various tales of depravity from four veteran prostitutes, which will inspire them to engage in similar activities with their victims.
It is not a complete novel. Only the first section is written in detail. After that, the remaining three parts are written as a draft, in note form, with Sade's footnotes to himself still present in most translations. Either at the outset, or during the writing of the work, Sade had evidently decided he would not be able to complete it in full and elected to write out the remaining three-quarters in brief and finish it later (he obviously did not get a chance).
The story does portray some black humor, and Sade seems almost lighthearted in his introduction, referring to the reader as "friend reader." In this introduction he contradicts himself, at one point insisting that one should not be horrified by the 600 passions outlined in the story because everybody has their own tastes, but at the same time going out of his way to warn the reader of the horrors that lay ahead, suggesting that the reader should have doubts about continuing. Consequently he glorifies as well as vilifies the four main protagonists, alternatingly declaring them freethinking heroes and debased villains, often in the same breath.
The four principal characters are incredibly wealthy men, who are libertine, incredibly ruthless, and "...lawless and without religion, whom crime amused, and whose only interest lay in his passions...and had nothing to obey but the imperious decrees of his perfidious lusts." It is no coincidence that they are authority figures in terms of their occupations. Sade despised religion and authority and in many of his works he enjoyed mocking them by portraying priests, bishops, judges and the like as sexual perverts and criminals. They are:
- The Duc de Blangis - aged fifty, an aristocrat who acquired his wealth by poisoning his mother for the purposes of inheritance, prescribing the same fate to his sister when she found out about his plot. Blangis is described as being tall, strongly built and highly sexually potent, although it is emphasised that he is a complete coward, and proud of it too.
- The Bishop - Blangis' brother. He is forty-five, a scrawny and weak man, "with a nasty mouth." He is passionate about anal sex and, even when having sex with women and girls, he refuses to have vaginal intercourse with them.
- The Président de Curval - aged sixty, a tall and lank man, "frightfully dirty about his body and attaching voluptuousness thereto." He is a judge and used to enjoy handing out death sentences to defendants he knew to be innocent.
- Durcet - aged 53, a banker described as short, pale and effeminate.
Their accomplices are:
- Four prostitutes, middle-aged women who will relate anecdotes of their depraved careers to inspire the four principal characters into similar acts of depravity.
- Eight studs (or 'fuckers') who are chosen solely on the basis of how big their penises are.
The victims are:
- The daughters of the four principal characters, whom they have been sexually abusing for years. All die with the exception of the Duc's daughter Julie, who is spared for becoming something of a libertine herself.
- Eight boys and eight girls aged from twelve to fifteen. All have been kidnapped and chosen because of their beauty. They are also all virgins, and the four libertines plan on deflowering them over the course of events.
- Four elderly women, chosen for their ugliness to stand in contrast to the children.
- Four of the eight aforementioned studs.
There are also several cooks and female servants, those in the latter category later being dragged into the proceedings.
As mentioned above, the novel is set out to a strict timetable. For each of the first four months, November to February, the prostitutes takes turns to tell five stories each day, relating to the fetishes of their most interesting clients, and thus totalling 150 stories for each month (in theory at least; Sade made a few mistakes as he was apparently unable to go back and review his work as he went along). These passions are separated into four categories - simple, complex, criminal and murderous - escalating in complexity and savagery.
- November; the simple passions - these anecdotes are the only ones written in detail. They are only considered 'simple' in terms of them not including actual sexual penetration. However, most people would not regard them as simple because the clients mentioned in the anecdotes indulge in activities many would find bizarre or disgusting, such as men who like to masturbate in the faces of seven-year-old girls, who drink urine or eat excrement. As they do throughout the story-telling sections, the four libertines - Blangis, the Bishop, Curval and Durcet - indulge in activities similar to those they've heard with the kidnapped children and their daughters.
- December; the complex passions - these anecdotes involve more extravagant perversions, such as men who vaginally rape female children, indulge in incest and flagellation. Tales of men who indulge in sacrilegious activities are also recounted, such as a man who enjoyed having sex with nuns whilst watching Mass being performed. (Like all his major characters, Sade was an atheist, and he himself indulged in an act of sacrilege when he paid a prostitute to trample on a crucifix, which led to one of his many arrests.) Sade was, however, well aware of the contradiction created by that of an atheist insulting a God he/she does not believe in, and this point is raised and discussed by the characters in a number of his works, although not this one. The female children are deflowered vaginally during the evening orgies with other elements of that month's stories - such as whipping - occasionally thrown in.
- January; the criminal passions - tales are told of perverts who indulge in criminal activities, albeit stopping short of murder. They include men who sodomize girls as young as three, men who prostitute their own daughters to other perverts and watch the proceedings, and others who mutilate women by tearing off fingers or burning them with red-hot pokers. During the month, the four libertines begin having anal sex with the sixteen male and female children, and these children, and the other victims, are treated more brutally as time goes on, with regular beatings and whippings.
- February; the murderous passions - the final 150 anecdotes are those involving murder. They include perverts who skin children alive, disembowel pregnant women, burn alive entire families and kill newborn babies in front of their mothers. The final tale is the only one since the simple passions of November written in detail. It features the 'Hell Libertine' who masturbates whilst watching fifteen teenage girls being simultaneously tortured to death. During this month, the libertines brutally kill three of the four daughters they have between them, along with four of the female children and two of the male ones. The murder of one of the girls, 15-year-old Augustine, is described in great detail, with the tortures she is subjected to including having flesh stripped from her limbs, her vagina being mutilated and her intestines being pulled out of her sliced-open belly and burned before her eyes.
- March - this is the shortest of the segments, Sade summarizing things even more by this final point in the novel. He lists the days on which the surviving children and many of the other characters are disposed of, although he does not give any details. Instead he leaves a footnote to himself pointing out his intention on detailing things more in a future revision.
It is perhaps significant that Sade was interested in the manner in which sexual fetishes are developed, as are his primary characters, who urge the storytellers to remind them, in later stages, as to what the client in that particular anecdote enjoyed doing in their younger years. There are therefore a number of men who appear a number of times, such as a man who, in the early tales, enjoys pricking women's breasts with pins and, at his reappearance in the tales in the 'murderous passions' category, delights in killing women by raping them atop a bed of nails. It was this evident fascination with the manner in which the various off-shoots of sexual desire can manifest themselves in fetishes, which can be taken to the extreme, that lead to this work being equated with Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis.
At the end of the novel, Sade draws up a list of the characters with a note of those who were killed and when, and also those who survived.
In 1975, Pier Paolo Pasolini turned the book into a movie, Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma (Salo, or The 120 Days of Sodom). The movie is transposed from 18th century France to the last days of Mussolini's regime in the Republic of Salo. It is considered by many to be one of the most disturbing and disgusting films ever made. However, despite the horrors that it shows (simulated) rape, coprophilia, and ritual mutilation, it can barely touch the perversities listed in the book. The film is banned in many countries around the world.
- Philosophy in the Bedroom, L'Histoire de Juliette, and The Misfortunes of Virtue, other works by Sade
- Marquis de Sade
|
<urn:uuid:50a5d929-adbc-49af-8af5-495cb6521b73>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.artandpopularculture.com/Les_Cent-Vingt_Journ%C3%A9es_de_Sodome
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968591 | 2,846 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A person you would call to build your fireplace is an example of a mason.
- a person whose work is building with stone, brick, concrete, etc.
Origin of masonOld French maçon ; from Medieval Latin macio ; from Frankish an unverified form makjo- ; from an unverified form makon, akin to Old English macian, to make
- One who builds or works with stone or brick.
- Mason A Freemason.
transitive verbma·soned, ma·son·ing, ma·sons
Origin of masonMiddle English, from Old French maçon, masson, of Germanic origin; see mag- in Indo-European roots.
- One whose occupation is to build with stone or brick; also, one who prepares stone for building purposes.
- A member of the fraternity of Freemasons. See Freemason.
(third-person singular simple present masons, present participle masoning, simple past and past participle masoned)
- To build stonework or brickwork about, under, in, over, etc.; to construct by masons; -- with a prepositional suffix; as, to mason up a well or terrace; to mason in a kettle or boiler.
From Middle English masoun, machun, from Anglo-Norman machun, masson, from Old Low Frankish *mattio, from Proto-Germanic *maitô (compare German obsolete Metz, Steinmetz), from *maitanÄ… (“to cut, hew") (compare Old High German meizan, East Frisian matje, Old Norse meita), from Proto-Indo-European *mai-d- (“to alter") (compare Old Lithuanian apmaitinti (“to wound"), Latvian mà itât (“to spoil, destroy")), enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *mei- (“to change, exchange"). More at mean, mutate.
- A Freemason.
|
<urn:uuid:bc6017fe-17a8-47e7-9bc3-400aa07834d0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://websters.yourdictionary.com/mason
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.795879 | 451 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Berkeley Climate Action – Join Us!
Berkeley residents recognize the magnitude of the climate change threat and are ready to get to work. In November 2006, 81% of Berkeley voters endorsed Measure G, which sets the goal of reducing our community’s greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. In Berkeley, transportation – mostly cars – are the largest source of emissions. After transportation, our emissions come from natural gas, electricity consumption, and landfill waste.
We can reduce our emissions, starting with these five things:
- Commute by foot, bike, bus, or BART train at least once a week (click here for maps);
- Schedule a free home energy audit and get free energy- and water-saving devices 981-7400;
- Cut your laundry’s energy use in half by using cold water;
- Put yard trimmings and food waste in your green bin instead of your garbage can: call 981-7270 for more information;
- Stay comfy and save money and energy with attic insulation.
To calculate your carbon footprint, take the Climate Action Pledge, or read the draft Climate Action Plan, visit www.BerkeleyClimateAction.org.
Green Programs for Residents
The City has a variety of programs available to residents and businesses that want to get a little greener, and we can refer you to many other services available to residents.
Call the Office of Energy and Sustainable Development for more details: 981-7400.
A Smaller City Footprint
Here are a few ways the City of Berkeley is reducing its own carbon footprint:
- Offering employees a free bus pass to encourage greener commuting;
- Retiring our auto fleet and replacing it with CityCarShare hybrids;
- Installing a wind turbine on one building and solar installations on three others;
- Regularly auditing energy & water use in City buildings;
- New City buildings must achieve LEED silver certification;
- To conserve water, the City is reducing the number of watering days at each park and increasing the efficiency of the irrigation systems.
|
<urn:uuid:2886a219-0d1d-43c8-836f-d8caa0c50604>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ContentPrint.aspx?id=25318
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907085 | 431 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What is targeted cancer therapy?
Researchers have learned about some of the differences in cancer cells (or other cells near them) that help them grow and thrive. This has led to the development of drugs that “target” these differences. Treatment with these drugs is called targeted therapy.
Targeted therapy drugs, like other drugs used to treat cancer, technically are considered chemotherapy. But targeted therapy drugs don’t work the same way as standard chemotherapy (chemo) drugs. For example, many targeted drugs go after the cancer cells’ inner workings – the programming that makes them different from normal, healthy cells, while leaving most healthy cells alone. These drugs tend to have side effects different from standard chemo drugs.
Targeted therapy is a special type of chemotherapy that takes advantage of differences between normal cells and cancer cells. It’s sometimes used alone, but most often other cancer treatments are used with targeted therapy.
How does targeted cancer therapy work?
Most standard chemo drugs work by killing cells in the body that grow and divide quickly. Cancer cells divide quickly, which is why these drugs often work against them. But chemo drugs can also affect other cells in the body that divide quickly, which can sometimes lead to serious side effects.
Targeted therapy drugs don’t work like chemo drugs. These drugs target certain parts of cancer cells that make them different from other cells. (Or they may target other cells that help cancer cells grow.)
Cancer cells typically have many changes in their genes (DNA) that make them different from normal cells. For instance, these gene changes might allow the cell to stop working the way it should and/or grow and divide very quickly. These types of changes are what make it a cancer cell.
But there are many different types of cancer, and not all cancer cells are the same. For example, colon cancer and breast cancer cells often have different gene changes that help them grow and/or spread. Even among people with colon cancer, the cancer cells can have different gene changes.
Targeted drugs zero in on some of the changes that make cancer cells different. They target specific areas of the cancer cell that allow the cell to grow faster and abnormally. There are many different targets on cancer cells and many drugs that have been developed to attack them.
In general targeted drugs work to:
- Block or turn off chemical signals that tell the cancer cell to grow and divide
- Change proteins within the cancer cells so the cells die
- Stop making new blood vessels to feed the cancer cells
- Trigger your immune system to kill the cancer cells
- Carry a toxin to the cancer cell to kill it, but not normal cells
Some targeted drugs are more “targeted” than others. Some might target only a single change in cancer cells, while others can affect several different changes. Others boost the way your body fights the cancer cells. This can affect where these drugs work and what side effects they cause.
American Society of Clinical Oncology. Understanding Targeted Therapy. 10/2015. Accessed at www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/personalized-and-targeted-therapies/understanding-targeted-therapy on May 10, 2016.
National Cancer Institute. Targeted Cancer Therapies. 2014. Accessed at www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/targeted on May 4, 2016.
Last Medical Review: 05/04/2016
Last Revised: 06/03/2016
|
<urn:uuid:b4418c3e-7c47-4207-9e26-828aa9101b40>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/treatmenttypes/targetedtherapy/targeted-therapy-what-is
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953183 | 735 | 3.625 | 4 |
Saharan Dust heading to Texas? Believe it or not, it's possible! Matter of fact, it has already happened a couple of times this summer. Two days ago NASA's MODIS satellite photographed a massive dust storm pushing east off of the northwest coast of Africa with origins in the western Sahara Desert. Strong winds in that region this time of year frequently pick up large amounts of fine dust particles and strong easterly trade winds frequently carry that large cloud of dust and dry air across the Atlantic and into North America. This layer of dry, dusty air suppresses tropical storms and hurricanes from developing. Therefore, expect a quiet couple of weeks ahead in terms of tropical activity in the Atlantic. This massive cloud of dust and dry desert air is known as the SAL (Saharan Air Layer).
Massive Dust Storm moving off the coast of Africa (Image taken: July 30, 2013...MODIS)
Incredible animation of the dusty dry air moving across the Atlantic. The yellows, reds, and pinks indicate that dry dusty air. It is amazing to see just how much dust is crossing the Atlantic and at how fast it is traveling.
Information below was taken from Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog
How dust affects hurricanes
Saharan dust can affect hurricane activity in several ways:
Dust acts as a shield which keeps sunlight from reaching the surface.
Thus, large amounts of dust can keep the sea surface temperatures up to
1°C cooler than average in the hurricane Main Development Region (MDR)
from the coast of Africa to the Caribbean, providing hurricanes with
less energy to form and grow. Ocean temperatures in the MDR are currently 0.7°F above average, and this anomaly should cool this week as the dust blocks sunlight.
2) The Saharan Air Layer
(SAL) is a layer of dry, dusty Saharan air that rides up over the
low-level moist air over the tropical Atlantic. At the boundary between
the SAL and low-level moist air where the trade winds blow is the trade
wind inversion--a region of the atmosphere where the temperature
increases with height. Since atmospheric temperature normally decreases
with height, this "inversion" acts to but the brakes on any
thunderstorms that try to punch through it. This happens because the air
in a thunderstorm's updraft suddenly encounters a region where the
updraft air is cooler and less buoyant than the surrounding air, and
thus will not be able to keep moving upward. The dust in the SAL absorbs
solar radiation, which heats the air in the trade wind inversion. This
makes the inversion stronger, which inhibits the thunderstorms that
power a hurricane.
3) Dust may also act to produce more clouds,
but this effect needs much more study. If the dust particles are of the
right size to serve as "condensation nuclei"--centers around which
raindrops can form and grow--the dust can act to make more clouds. Thus,
dust could potentially aid in the formation and intensification of
hurricanes. However, if the dust acts to make more low-level clouds over
the tropical Atlantic, this will reduce the amount of sunlight reaching
the ocean, cooling the sea surface temperatures and discouraging
hurricane formation (Kaufman et al., 2005.)
Incredible forecast model showing where the dust layer should be over the coming days provided by NOAA's Visualization Laboratory using the NOAA NGAC Aerosol Model. Some of that dust is likely to make it to Texas sometime next week! When that happens our skies turn a milky, hazy color instead of blue and sunsets take on a characteristic red glow. Of course, the dust in the air will put air quality levels in the moderate category. Therefore, those that are sensitive to dust and allergens will need to limit time spent outdoors or just avoid outdoor activity altogether.
As for our weather here in central Texas over the next 7-10 days, expect more of the same. With high pressure directly overhead air is forced to sink. When air sinks it compresses and heats up. That sinking air combined with our dry ground is the perfect combination to give us day after day after day of triple digit heat. You can think of high pressure as a big shield over Texas keeping rain out.
New drought report just put out today shows that 97% of the state of Texas is in drought. Unfortunately new forecasts out today also show our drought persisting into the fall.
Don't get excited yet, because it is August and it is a long way's out, however, long range forecast models are showing a cool front pushing into Texas late next week or next weekend that may help to push highs back into the lower to middle 90s for a couple of days. However, because of that front we may see extremely HOT temps in the 104-108°F range by the time we get into the middle to end of next week ahead of the front.
|
<urn:uuid:f91795e4-27bc-4f76-b844-d3beda3bdd94>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://michaelsweatherblog.blogspot.com/2013/08/saharan-dust.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923107 | 1,022 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The role of a protein called XIAP in the regulation of cell death has been identified by Walter and Eliza Hall Institute researchers and has led them to recommend caution when drugs called IAP inhibitors are used to treat cancer patients with underlying liver conditions.
A team led by Professor Andreas Strasser from the institute's Molecular Genetics of Cancer division has found that XIAP (X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) is the critical factor that determines which of two pathways will be followed to culminate in a cell's death.
Programmed cell death (also called apoptosis) removes unwanted and dangerous cells from our bodies, protecting us against cancer development and diseases where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, such as in insulin-dependent diabetes.
This cell death process is activated by proteins on the surface of cells. The most prominent of these cell surface proteins is FAS, but curiously it does not always activate apoptosis the same way, Professor Strasser said. "One of the things that's very curious about FAS is that, depending on the cell type, the way the killing of the cell happens is substantially different," he said.
"In so-called type I cells, such as lymphocytes (white blood cells involved in the immune response), the killing is very direct. When FAS is activated a protein-destroying enzyme called caspase-8 is recruited and activated, leading to activation of other enzymes (effector caspases) and rapid cell demolition," Professor Strasser said.
"But in so-called type II cells, which include hepatocytes (liver cells) and pancreatic β-cells (the cells that produce insulin), that direct pathway is not sufficient to kill the cells; amplification of the apoptosis signalling pathway is required."
Professor Strasser, with Drs Philipp Jost and Thomas Kaufmann (a former post-doctoral researcher from the institute who is now running his own lab in Bern, Switzerland) as well as with colleagues from St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, LaTrobe University and the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research in Germany, has found that the protein XIAP is the discriminating factor between type I and type II FAS-induced cell death signaling.
The research has been published today in the international journal Nature.
For death to occur in type II cells, caspase-8 must activate the death-promoting protein called BID. Without this activation of BID the cells don't die.
But the experiments of Professor Strasser's team revealed that when the gene that produces XIAP is turned off or if the XIAP protein is pharmacologically blocked, hepatocytes or pancreatic β-cells (both type II cells) will die in a type I manner; that is: independent of the presence of BID.
Professor Strasser said that the finding had implications for cancer patients with underlying liver conditions who were being treated with IAP inhibitors. These inhibitors would block the production of XIAP, thereby interfering with the normal cell death pathway for liver cells and increasing the likelihood of healthy liver cells being killed, he said.
The research would also be of interest to gastroenterologists as in several chronic liver diseases activation of FAS is thought to contribute to cell destruction, he said.
|Contact: Penny Fannin|
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute
|
<urn:uuid:0209e897-7929-4209-8790-442a4a9f847a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Critical-link-in-cell-death-pathway-revealed-52451-1/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958788 | 686 | 2.921875 | 3 |
It is extremely important that students understand how to manage finances, whether they are work earnings, government benefits such as Social Security, Veterans Benefits, student financial aid resources or other income sources. Students must be aware of their rights and their responsibilities as students and consumers. Financial literacy can include budgeting, balancing a checkbook, the pros and cons of obtaining and using credit cards and saving for the future.
The following links can be very useful to students and parents. UTB does not endorse any specific site and students are free to browse the Internet for more information regarding financial literacy. As we find more sites, we will update this web page.
- MyMoney.gov is The U. S. government's website which has enhanced interactive features and utility to provide more resources to Americans seeking information that can inform their personal financial decisions. President Obama recently proclaimed April to be National Financial Literacy Month, and this enhanced online offering is one of the steps the Administration is taking to expand financial education and access for the future. It is presented by Sallie Mae and includes a free, interactive tool on paying for college, understand funding options and estimating repayment costs for students who use student loans to finance their education.
- SallieMae.com/plan is presented by Sallie Mae and includes a free, interactive tool on paying for college, understand funding options and estimating repayment costs for students who use student loans to finance their education.
- SallieMae.com/Repayment Calculator This calculator will help students and alumni make informed choices about their student loan repayment options. This new calculator shows student loan customers what their monthly payments would be under different repayment plans, including the new Income-Based Repayment Plan (IBR) available beginning July 1. It also enables student loan customers to compare their alternatives, simulate IBR results under different incomes, estimate the likely time to pay in full, and evaluate the total cost of each option.
- ControlYourCredit.gov is a great interactive resource called the Bad Credit Hotel that guides students through the basics of maintaining good credit. The website is sponsored by the U. S. Department of the Treasury.
- YouCanDealWithIt.com is presented by American Education Services. It is “a comprehensive public service campaign designed to help recent and soon-to-be graduates understand the importance of financial literacy as they begin their life after college. The program includes a website, interactive CD-Rom and numerous on-campus student outreach components. The campaign also provides several resources to help college students and recent graduates understand personal finance and debt management issues.”
- TGSLC.org/students/index.cfm is a resource on the Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation website. Information includes “Managing Credit and Debt.”
|
<urn:uuid:67ec0303-4b3e-480a-b7ac-b2720b12af0e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.utb.edu/em/fa/Pages/FinancialLiteracy.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951526 | 570 | 3.015625 | 3 |
|Boiling Point No. 29 - December 1992 (ITDG, 1992, 40 p.)|
|Household Energy Developments in Southern and Africa|
|Cookstoves in East & Central Africa|
|Charcoal & Woodfuel Health Hazards|
|From Clay & Wood to Cast Iron & Coal in South Africa|
|Household Energy Activities in Uganda|
|Burundi Institutional Peat Stove Programmes|
|Wood, Charcoal or Coal for Cooking in Southern Africa|
|Energy & Environment in Zimbabwe|
|A New Environmentally Sound Energy Strategy for the Development of Sub-Saharan Africa|
|Kang-Lianzao Bed Stove|
|Field Trials of Electrical Heat Storage Cookers in Nepal|
|R & D NEWS|
by Grant Ballard-Tremeer, University of the Witwatersrand, School of Mechanical Engineering, Johannesburg, P O Wits, 2050 South Africa
The University of the Witwatersrand has been involved in the development of appropriate stoves for a number of years. The present project on low-cost woodburning cookstoves was started in 1990. The focus of the work has been on designing a stove for the predominantly Tsonga-speaking people who live in this area. In South Africa it has been found that 79% of household energy requirements in rural areas are met with fuelwood.
In 1990, H Kennedy carried out a survey into energy usage in the village of Cottondale. A sample of 50 out of an estimated 600 households was interviewed. Kennedy found that 74% of the total household energy consumption came from the burning of wood. Meals usually consisted of a large serving of maize meal porridge with aside serving of meat or vegetables. Monthly income was predominantly (62%) below R400 per household per month (1 US$ = R2.83). The average number of people per household was 7.2. Only 2% of people interviewed possessed a wood or coal stove, but most desired one (86%). Kennedy designed a two pot stove made predominantly from clay and laboratory tested two scale prototypes.
Refining the Design
A number of requirements of the wood-burning stove were identified by two students, G Ballard-Tremeer and S Trickett in 1991. Of particular importance were the need for low cost (around R50), high durability and ease of manufacture by rural artisans.
To meet these requirements the design focused on a stove similar to the one designed by Kennedy - a two-pot stove, built mainly from clay, without a chimney, and similar to the Teri Improved Chimneyless Woodfuel Cookstove from India. The general shape can be seen in figure I
A local rural potter was approached. Samples of prepared wet clay were analysed for grain size distribution and plastic behaviour and fired specimens were tested for compressive strength. Three variations were considered: normal clay; clay with an organic additive (wheat husks); and samples with the largest particles removed (using a 2mm sieve). This removal of large stones resulted in an increase of 10% in the fired strength. The addition of wheat husks (50% by volume) was found to decrease the strength by 34%, but to increase the resistance to thermal shock. In the final design the firebox was made from clay with sawdust added. The outside wall of the stove was made from the strongest and toughest material - sieved clay. To ensure correct dimensions a set of 20 templates was used by the potter to manufacture the stove.
There is no fuel door - the pot is lifted for refuelling. The fire is observed through the secondary air hole. From the field trials it was found that the smaller families (5 or 6 people) could cook their whole meal without refuelling. Larger families said that having to remove the pot was a problem.
In the laboratory, Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) tests predicted a wood saving of around 50% compared with an open fire. The Percentage Heat Utilized (PHU) in the clay stove for 5 tests, calculated according to the formulae given by Stewart et al in "Wood, Waste and Charcoal Burning Stoves.." are as follows:
· Boiling Phase: 19.3%
· Simmering Phase: 24.4%
· Overall: 21%
The consumption rate is 53%.
The stove was tested in the field to determine the response of the community to the design. Detailed measurements of wood, paraffin and dung usage in 8 families in a nearby village were made over 24 days. The stove was found to decrease wood consumption by 10% as well as virtually eliminating the use of paraffin. However, since cooking frequency had increased, the energy saving per cooking task was higher than this figure (though not quantitatively determined).
In subsequent visits to the families (two months later and again after six months) problems with long-term acceptance were apparent. In one household the stove was only used when cooking food to sell. One stove had been replaced by a cast-iron coal stove and one had broken when a child dropped it - the owner intended to have it repaired.
The Latest Developments
This year (1992), E Harvey and S Sithole examined long term acceptance and manufacturing techniques Preliminary work into the design of a rural 'factory' for the ceramic stove was carried out. In order to address the problems of long term acceptance, interviews with the families involved in the earlier field study, stove demonstrations and a workshop with community women were held. This led to a re-evaluation of some of the design requirements - the need for a stove to heat 2 or 3 large pots and to be at waist height. The short-term enthusiasm for clay stoves had diminished - clay being seen as a primitive material. This is possibly a result of migrant labourers' exposure to electric stoves in urban areas. A low-cost metal stove, as opposed to the clay ones previously designed, was proposed. Again suitability for ease of manufacture was considered a priority.
The new design has not yet been manufactured. The estimated cost is about R200 - the people interviewed were prepared to pay considerably more for a metal stove than for a clay one. Cast iron stoves currently on the market cost many times this amount. They have poor efficiencies and usually only operate effectively with coal.
The author is carrying out a research project in the field of emission testing. Current measurement techniques the carbon balance method; the artificial flue method; and the chamber method (the flue and the chamber methods were reported in BP No. 28) - all require specialized and costly equipment. Simpler and less expensive methods are being developed for both laboratory and field situations and suggestions for standard test procedures similar to those proposed for efficiency tests will be considered.
Many people have been involved in these projects. Mr D Banks and Dr H Jawurek are the driving force behind the research. The communities involved in the studies deserve great thanks. The potter Sarah and the interpreter Edith Ngobeni helped enthusiastically and the staff of the Wits Rural Facility have always been ready to help with advice and direction.
Ed Note: If the proposal for a rural factory to produce clay or metal stoves at an approximate cost of R200 is to be implemented, then ITDG's stoves work in Sri Lanka etc. suggests that the possible socio-economic effects should be carefully investigated. Such a study should consider the effects of the scheme on local potters and metal workers and on the poorest village people who may not be able to pay R200 for a stove.
|
<urn:uuid:cb75bcef-48df-4683-b23f-b9d57c7a184c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2.2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL3.28&d=HASH4652f2c05c06376812d594.6&gc=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962875 | 1,564 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Identity TheftWhat is identity theft?
Identity theft occurs when someone uses your personally identifying information, like your name, Social Security number, or credit card number, without your permission, to commit fraud or other crimes.
How do thieves steal an identity?
Identity theft starts with the misuse of your personally identifying
information such as your name and Social Security number, credit card
numbers, or other financial account information. For identity thieves.
Skilled identity thieves may use a variety of methods to get hold of your information, including:
- Dumpster Diving. They rummage through trash looking for bills or other paper with your personal information on it.
- Skimming. They steal credit/debit card numbers by using a special storage device when processing your card.
- Phishing. They pretend to be financial institutions or companies and send spam or pop-up messages to get you to reveal your personal information.
- Changing Your Address. They divert your billing statements to another location by completing a change of address form.
- Old-Fashioned Stealing. They steal wallets and purses; mail, including bank and credit card statements; pre-approved credit offers; and new checks or tax information. They steal personnel records, or bribe employees who have access.
- Pretexting. They use false pretenses to obtain your personal information from financial institutions, telephone companies, and other sources.
What should you do if your identity is stolen?
Filing a police report, checking your credit reports, notifying creditors, and disputing any unauthorized transactions are some of the steps you must take immediately to restore your good name. To learn more about these steps and more, visit the Federal Trade Commission website: DEFEND: Recover from Identity Theft.
What can you do to help fight identity theft?
Awareness is an effective weapon against many forms identity theft. Be aware of how information is stolen and what you can do to protect yours, monitor your personal information to uncover any problems quickly, and know what to do when you suspect your identity has been stolen.Armed with the knowledge of how to protect yourself and take action, you can make identity thieves' jobs much more difficult. You can also help fight identity theft by educating your friends, family, and members of your community.
References: Federal Trade Commission (www.ftc.gov)
|
<urn:uuid:8f688281-b752-4ab9-9a80-0a70da71cd24>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.weber.edu/iso/ID_Theft.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912621 | 488 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Chronic boozing sends male flies chasing after any and every potential mate.
... heavy boozing has been shown to send male fruitflies, like their human counterparts, into a lusty fog.
In the flies, hypersexuality caused by chronic alcohol exposure has the effect of making the males chase anything with wings — other males included. Although sexual preference in humans is obviously a complex phenomenon not replicated by the fly work, the findings could be used to further establish a fly model system for the study of alcoholism, observers say.
Although it may seem a bit of a stretch to study alcoholism in fruitflies, intoxicated insects bear many similarities to intoxicated humans, says Ulrike Heberlein, who studies alcohol and cocaine responses in fruitflies at the University of California, San Francisco.
As the concentration of ethanol in the body rises, flies begin to become uncoordinated and oblivious to their surroundings: they get tipsy. “They bump into each other. They bump into the walls,” says Heberlein.
Add more alcohol and the flies become sedated. Add still more and the soused flies die. Remarkably, even the concentrations of ethanol that induce these behaviours are nearly the same in flies and humans, says Heberlein. Flies also develop a tolerance to alcohol, and can develop withdrawal-like symptoms.
Combine these features with the genetic information and tools available for flies, and you can begin to address questions that can’t be answered by studying humans, says Robert Anholt, a geneticist at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. “In human genetic association studies, the only thing you can reliably detect is genes that have relatively large effects,” says Anholt. “In flies you have far better resolution because you can grow many flies cheaply and quickly.”
With this in mind, Kyung-An Han, a neurobiologist at Pennsylvania State University in University Park, and her colleagues tested the effects of chronic alcohol exposure on sexual behaviour in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. The researchers noted that male flies repeatedly exposed to ethanol vapour became less discriminate in their mate selection. The buzzed flies often courted fellow males, pursuing them around the cage while serenading with a traditional fruitfly courtship song played on vibrating wings1.
Eventually, the lusty flies devolve into a courting frenzy. “You get a chain of males chasing each other,” says Heberlein, who was not associated with the study but has observed similar behaviour in her own unpublished work. In contrast, alcohol had little effect on mating in female fruitflies, which normally do not court their mates.
The findings suggest that the flies do not fundamentally change their sexual orientation, but rather get over-sexed. “Multiple alcohol exposures makes them essentially hypersexual,” says Heberlein. The mind-dulling effects of alcohol might also make it more of a challenge for male fruitflies to distinguish the gender of other flies in the crowd.
Although the drunken dipterans were more amorous, their rates of successful copulation declined after getting tipsy, the researchers found — a trend that has long been observed in humans. Anholt notes that William Shakespeare even described the phenomenon in his play Macbeth when he wrote that alcohol “provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance".
Preliminary work suggests that the link between sex and alcohol may be the neurotransmitter dopamine. Han and her colleagues found that lowering dopamine concentrations in drunken flies reduced male-to-male courtship. But dopamine is associated with general activity levels, and it is unclear whether the reduced dopamine levels may have simply caused the flies to become a bit sluggish.
The results are interesting and could prove useful for understanding how other animals respond to ethanol, says Nigel Atkinson, a geneticist at the University of Texas in Austin. The next step is to work out whether alcohol specifically affects sexual behaviour, or generally hits levels of alertness.
One way to test this would be to find out whether boozed animals have a more reactive startle reflex. If they jump more readily in response to passing shadows, the effects may not be specific to courtship, he says.
Heberlein agrees, but notes that a link between sex and alcohol would be intuitive. “Drugs and sex act on the same circuitry in the mammalian brain,” says Heberlein. “The so-called reward centre did not evolve for abusing drugs — it evolved for natural rewards such as food and sex.”
|
<urn:uuid:2d531b8d-80d0-4522-af4e-3c2a9ee875f9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://newsbiscuit.com/forum/topic.php?id=1468
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9542 | 943 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Darwin Archive
|Darwin's experiment book in which he kept notes of botanical experiments conducted in his garden and greenhouse from 1855 to 1868. CUL DAR 157a|
The Darwin Archive in Cambridge University Library, with its hundreds of manuscripts and thousands of letters, is the documentary record of Darwin’s entire working life. It has had adventures of its own. Parcelled up and kept in trunks and cardboard boxes, dispersed, mislaid, rediscovered, and narrowly avoiding incineration, this collection provides a unique and remarkably comprehensive window into Darwin’s life and mind. Members of the Darwin family donated the core of the collection to the University Library in 1948. A missing ‘Black Box’, as it came to be called, containing a miscellaneous collection of papers and letters, as well as sheaves of Darwin’s working notes and all his pocket diaries, arrived in Cambridge in 1962. Another fifteen parcels containing more than 4,000 letters to Darwin were added to the Archive in 1975. Further gifts and acquisitions have brought the total manuscript collection to more than 80,000 individual items.
The Correspondence Project
The Darwin Correspondence Project, with its main base at Cambridge University Library, is a unique undertaking to research and publish all of Charles Darwin's 15,000 surviving letters, reuniting those in the CUL collection with others from collections all around the world. For Darwin, letters were a vital form of communicating with his scientific colleagues, discussing ideas, and gathering data.
Originally aimed chiefly at the scholarly community, the Darwin Correspondence Project team increasingly builds on its world-class expertise to make the letters accessible to a global audience from schoolchildren, through college students, to the general public. The letters, which cover every subject that Darwin researched, and were exchanged with nearly 2,000 correspondents from all walks of life all over the world, are not only an invaluable insight into Darwin's mind, but also offer the modern reader an engaging and accessible route into his published writings. The Correspondence Project's website satisfies the needs of academic researchers by providing complete transcripts of letters (around 5500 to date) produced to the highest scholarly standards, and supported by carefully researched explanatory notes. By presenting carefully selected letters on particular aspects of Darwin's life and science together with specially written contextual material, the Project aims to support education at all levels.
|
<urn:uuid:a00aefb5-3227-4918-99fc-9460005a2181>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/exhibitions/Darwin/archive.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947682 | 485 | 2.875 | 3 |
Written to implement "split horizon" DNS, to allow easy use of firewalls which do IP forwarding. Essentially, you need a "politician's" DNS server, which gives different answers depending on who's asking. Particularly, for external domains to work within such a firewall, you need to have a DNS server which will special-case the externally hosted sites and point them at the internal machines which implement the services.
It could doubtless be used for other things, too.
I am not in an expert on DNS, and may have got many important things wrong. I have not tried putting this on the public internet, and wouldn't suggest you do either.
This code is made available under the GPL.
It's in my standard library; download and install that to get it.
Start it like this:
(require (lib "dns.ss" "jk")) (make-dns-proxy-server 'port 53 'forwardee '("126.96.36.199" 53) ; DNS server goes here 'answers '(("[a-zA-Z0-9.]*mydomain\\.org" ((a in) "10.1.1.1")) ("[a-zA-Z0-9.]*otherdomain\\.com" ((a in) "10.1.1.1")) ) )
NEW: it also has just about enough functionality to do zeroconf (a.k.a. Apple's Rendezvous). This is linux (probably unix, actually, but not tested on other *n*ces) specific as it uses a C extension to set up multicast sockets. Run it like this:
(require (lib "dns.ss" "jk")) (make-dns-server 'port 5353 'multicast #t 'answers '(("_http._tcp.local" ((ptr in) "bbiki._http._tcp.local")) ("wiki._http._tcp.local" ((srv in) (0 0 8380 "bert.local")) ((txt in) ("style=loose" "manner=brusque")) ) ("bert.local" ((a in) "10.1.1.2")) ) )which "publishes" a wiki at
It requires PLT scheme. I used version 205; other versions may work. I run it under debian GNU/linux.
|
<urn:uuid:e12fb490-a0f1-4be7-99c6-66add40faf7f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://xylema.org/dns.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.84716 | 511 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This self-contained kit will enable you and your students to quickly assess soil pH and the relative amount of three key elements-nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (potash). Tests are as simple as dropping the contents of a capsule into the sample and comparing the resulting color to a set of standards. The remarkably extensive instructions detail how to conduct the tests, when to conduct the tests, preferred pH ranges for hundreds of plants, and how to select and apply the proper fertilizers.
Each test can be conducted 10 times. A refill kit containing an additional 10 capsules for each of the four tests is offered separately.
Additional ResourcesNo Additional Resources at the time.
Flinn Catalog/Reference Manual Page 1039
Flinn Middle School Catalog/Reference Manual Page 689
You May Also Like
- Exploring the World of Soil Protozoa - Student Laboratory Kit
- Soil- A Natural Filter Environmental Science Demonstration Kit
- Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil Environmental Science Lab Kit
- Permeability, Porosity, and Soil Moisture
- pH of Soil - Super Value Laboratory Kit
- Porosity and Permeability - Plastic Column Kit with Bead Set
Porosity and Drainage Rate of Soil -
Student Laboratory Kit
- Soil Analysis Kit
- Biology and Chemistry of Soil - Student Laboratory Kit
- Soil Contamination - Forensics Laboratory Kit
|
<urn:uuid:21bfbcb8-13ac-4ac6-9dff-32e4755b3dbe>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.flinnsci.com/store/Scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=18432
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.807859 | 292 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The Roanoke Colony
As long as there have been English people in America, there have been vampires. (Who knows, maybe the Vikings brought them over. Though we think they're more likely to bring werebears.)
Here's the story that Henry tells Abe about how he came to America to start a new life, and was made into a vampire (which is certainly a type of new life):
There were 117 people who came over to America to found an English colony in 1587, and there will be a quiz on all of them. No, that's not true, because only a few of these people get mentioned in this story and 1587 is a long time ago.
John White is one of the most important members of the colony, since he's the leader of the expedition and its only survivor. After they start the colony, John White heads back to England to get some reinforcements. But he can't make it back for three years and by the time he does, the Roanoke colony has all disappeared. We're assuming this haunts White for a while. It would haunt us, because when he gets back, this is what he finds:
Gone. His colony had simply vanished into thin air. The buildings remained exactly as they had been (though weather-beaten and overgrown). Tools and supplies were exactly where they belonged. Surrounded by rich soil and abundant wildlife, how could they have starved? If there was some kind of pestilence, where were the mass graves? If there was a battle, where were signs? It didn't make any sense. (3.129)
This is a total mystery for us, but not for Henry, since Henry knows all about Dr. Crowley, vampire. Crowley is a beloved member of the crew, but he's also been killing a few of them in order to feed. On the trip from England, Crowley killed one sailor and made it look like an accident; and killed a young girl and made it look like she jumped overboard. And then when he's in America, Crowley kills another guy and makes it look like the natives did it. Crowley would probably continue to kill a little and disguise it, but someone catches him and so he has to kill everyone except for a baby and Henry.
That baby is Virginia Dare, the first English baby born in America. She's famous, but in this book, she's vamp chow. That is, Crowley doesn't want to kill Virginia at first:
Crowley had hesitated to kill Virginia Dare. A baby that he had personally delivered? The first English soul born in the New World? These things had sentimental value. Besides, she would have no memory of what had happened here, and a young female companion might prove useful in the lonely years to come. (3.143)
Ick. In any case, once Crowley finds that Henry is alive, he just decides to eat Virginia now. We suppose that the idea of dealing with a screaming baby is too much for even a vampire. They may be horrible, but no one likes dealing with dirty diapers, not even monsters.
|
<urn:uuid:35d0921e-1a9f-4b9f-b382-90f6e9466b77>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.shmoop.com/abraham-lincoln-vampire-hunter-book/roanoke-colony.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.987508 | 638 | 2.703125 | 3 |
*) The Project
Georgia used to be the vegetable, tea, and fruit garden for the Soviet Union. And even today, 20 years after its declaration of independence, the country in the Caucasus is dependent on its agriculture. But the population’s livelihood is threatened by massive environmental problems. In the Mashavera valley soil scientist Peter Felix-Henningsen from the Justus-Liebig University in Gießen and his Georgian colleagues find soils highly contaminated with heavy metals. The often highly toxic substances originate from slag from opencast gold and copper mines. They pollute the rivers and contaminate the soils via irrigation of agricultural fields with river water, which then leads to contamination of farmed vegetables and hence human foods. Can the soils still be saved? The scientists begin their work.
Professor Dr. Peter Felix-Henningsen was practically born with an interest in agriculture and soil science. He grew up on a farm, where his drive for research was subject to ideal conditions from a very early age. Today the professor for soil sciences and soil conservation at the Justus-Liebig University in Gießen is mainly concerned with the development of strategies for soil conservation in developing and emerging countries. For sciencemovies, he documents his examination of the polluted soil in the Mashavera valley in Georgia.
|
<urn:uuid:d061fd72-3a0c-4704-aaa6-b29e81d96fe2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.sciencemovies.de/en/01_dig_for_gold_reap_poison?c=9&q=all&q=all&q=all&q=all
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947142 | 268 | 3.296875 | 3 |
QUESTION: Didn't the King James Bible when first printed contain the Apocrypha?
EXPLANATION: Many critics of the perfect Bible like to point out that the original King James had the Apocrypha in it as though that fact compromises its integrity. But several things must be examined to get the factual picture.
First, in the days in which our Bible was translated, the Apocrypha was accepted reading based on its historical value, though not accepted as Scripture by anyone outside of the Catholic church. The King James translators therefore placed it between the Old and New Testaments for its historical benefit to its readers. They did not integrate it into the Old Testament text as do the corrupt Alexandrian manuscripts.
That they rejected the Apocrypha as divine is very obvious by the seven reasons which they gave for not incorporating it into the text. They are as follows:
1. Not one of them is in the Hebrew language, which was alone used by the inspired historians and poets of the Old Testament.
2. Not one of the writers lays any claim to inspiration.
3. These books were never acknowledged as sacred Scriptures by the Jewish Church, and therefore were never sanctioned by our Lord.
4. They were not allowed a place among the sacred books, during the first four centuries of the Christian Church.
5. They contain fabulous statements, and statements which contradict not only the canonical Scriptures, but themselves; as when, in the two Books of Maccabees, Antiochus Epiphanes is made to die three different deaths in as many different places.
6. It inculcates doctrines at variance with the Bible, such as prayers for the dead and sinless perfection.
7. It teaches immoral practices, such as lying, suicide, assassination and magical incantation.
If having the Apocrypha between the Testaments disqualifies it as authoritative, then the corrupt Vaticanus and Sinaiticus manuscripts from Alexandria, Egypt must be totally worthless since their authors obviously didn't have the conviction of the King James translators and incorporated its books into the text of the Old Testament thus giving it authority with Scripture.
|
<urn:uuid:1fcf13a2-6f24-4366-86c3-45c89a388982>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.chick.com/reading/books/158/158_34.asp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975273 | 437 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Last I checked they were still calling this the information age and while it is true that information is more readily available than it ever has been before this is somehow also an age of wide spread ignorance and intentional misinformation. Still, I believe that most people truly desire to be informed citizens capable of tackling complex issues. With that in mind I wanted to offer a handful of tips and suggestions that may help in separating the facts from the noise.
1. Don’t watch television news.
It is the sad state of affairs that modern television news is not actually news so much as a running commentary on the news. As such facts and opinions are diced and mixed together until they are nearly indistinguishable from each other. With the possible exception of Public Television TV news should generally be avoided or at very least not be your primary source of information. Instead find a reputable newspaper and a sampling of on-line independent news sources that you can trust.
2. Be a student of history.
The old adage is true, “those who are ignorant of history are bound to repeat it.” Take, for example, this trend recognized throughout history: in times of economic hardship widespread xenophobia is often one of the results. Now take a look at some of the big headline topics during this current economic recession: Protests to the building of mosques, immigration crackdowns, the ongoing debate over LGBT rights, etc. Through a thorough knowledge of history people can better identify true cause and effect relationships and debunk false ones.
3. Be a student of civics
Most of us, way back in middle school or high school, probably took a civics or government class or two. It seems, though, that many of us have forgotten the basics as we’ve grown up. This needs to be rectified because without a firm understanding of how government truly works (i.e. what government offices can and can’t do, what their purposes are, and how they interact with each other) a person can easily be coerced into a false understanding of these bodies.
4. Learn to differentiate between fact and opinion
This may sound simple at first but things as simple as tone and word choice can often make the inactive listener mis-categorized statements. As such a citizen should learn to listen intently and critically and, of course, always…
5. Fact check / Never assume you know something
Individual worlds turn upon what we think we know and often times a close look reveals that what we know is often wrong. While this may not drastically hurt people in their daily lives it can lead to great wrongs when introduced onto the political stage. So always check your sources and make sure you have all the facts.
6. Work all the angles / Never take just one point-of-view
I don’t know about other places but we Americans tend to be rather stubborn folks. This isn’t necessarily a bad thing. After all, a mind without convictions is no better than sand in a sift. When these convictions, in an effort of self-preservation, block out all other points of view we not only become intolerant but completely intolerable as well. No one says you have to agree with everyone but making no effort to truly understand others leads only to strife for all parties involved.
7. Think globally
It’s a big world out there filled with many different societies of differing influence. An awareness of the wants and needs of these societies as well as an awareness of our own societies positive and negative influences is crucial to being a citizen of the world.
8. Listen to your detractors
No one likes being wrong but chances are that you’re going to be once or twice in your life. It is in those times that it is vitally important to listen intently to your detractors and if you’re wrong admit it and use their criticism to correct and improve yourself.
9. Don’t try to fix everything
There are a lot of problems in this world and the more socially conscience a person becomes the more they want to fix them all. This, obviously, is impossible and often times when one problem is fix two more will pop up. In order to preserve one’s sanity this has to be accepted. It’s tempting to want to be the Saviour of the world or give up trying but the only real effective way to change the world is by narrowing your focus and choosing your battles carefully. Then, once you’ve decided what you’re going to work on, go work you butt off.
10. Be optimistic
One of the effects of becoming an informed citizen is often discovering that there is a heck of a lot to worry about. Do not despair, though. Instead take a page from Charlie Brown and keep plugging along. The world changes a bit everyday. Just make sure you are doing your bit to change it for the better instead of for the worse and never ever give up hope. That is the most important point of them all.
|
<urn:uuid:1168d276-ece0-4108-aa9c-20cd93671ca1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://restlessones.wordpress.com/2010/08/27/on-being-an-informed-citizen/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962008 | 1,027 | 2.515625 | 3 |
November 8, 2010 – Vol.15 No.34
SEVEN DAYS OF SOLAR 10-31-10. Large solar projects in the U.S. for the week of October 31, 2010.
by Bruce Mulliken, Green Energy News
Solar energy technologies installed today may be quite different than technologies installed 10 or 20 years from now. Next up in solar evolution may be new photovoltaic materials now only in the laboratory.
Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory have announced that they’ve fabricated transparent thin films capable of absorbing light and generating electric charge over a relatively large area. The material, described in the journal Chemistry of Materials, could be used to develop transparent solar panels or even windows that absorb solar energy to generate electricity.
According to a press release, “The material consists of a semiconducting polymer doped with carbon-rich fullerenes. Under carefully controlled conditions, the material self-assembles to form a reproducible pattern of micron-size hexagon-shaped cells over a relatively large area (up to several millimeters).”
Moreover the scientists say the process to make the material in the lab can be scaled-up to mass production. Read more about the material here.
This week this publication received announcements for more than 708 megawatts of large scale solar capacity as being completed, under construction, or in the development pipeline in the U.S.
A note on the above numbers: New capacity listed under “Completed” are obviously delivering new clean power. Those listed as “Under construction” are likely to eventually be delivering new clean power, but anything can happen and a project can be halted at any time. Those listed as “In the development pipeline” can be iffy. Developers would like to see them built, of course, but again anything can happen to stop the project.
--- BP Solar and BP Alternative Energy donated almost 300, 215-watt solar modules to Stanford University that were installed on two new buildings anchoring the university’s Science and Engineering Quad in Stanford, California.
The Jen-Hsun Huang Engineering Center and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering are the latest additions to Stanford’s state of the art facilities. The rooftop solar installations with a rated capacity of 60.2 kW together will provide more than 2 million kilowatt-hours of electricity over their lives.
DRI Energy, of Irvine, California, installed the panels.
DRI Energy http://www.dricompanies.com
--- Choate Construction Company has recently commissioned a Solyndra 74-kilowatt photovoltaic (PV) energy system for their Headquarters building located at Northridge Plaza. The Solyndra system is now the largest in the Southeast and was designed and installed by Empower Energy Technology.
Solyndra designs and manufactures proprietary cylindrical modules incorporating copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) thin-film technology. Their panels employ cylindrical modules which capture sunlight across a 360-degree photovoltaic surface capable of converting direct, diffuse and reflected sunlight into electricity.
The solar energy system can be visited on the web in real time at Choate Solar.
Choate Solar http://www.choatesolar.com
Empower Energy Technology http://www.empoweret.com
--- Cogenra Solar has unveiled a solar cogeneration project at the Sonoma Wine Company in Graton, California. The 272-kW installation is now supplying renewable heat and electricity to support the company’s winery operations. The historic commissioning represents the first commercial-scale installation of its kind, combining proven photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies in one solar array in an important move toward more affordable and efficient utilization of solar energy.
The solar cogeneration installation employs 15 individual Cogenra SunBase (tm) modules to displace approximately 64,000 kilowatt-hours and 12,500 therms of natural gas annually. The solar thermal element will heat water to 165°F to sustainably fuel Sonoma Wine Company’s wine tank wash and wine barrel washing system.
Cogenra Solar http://www.cogenra.com
--- Green Mountain Power (GMp) has completed three new major solar systems bringing its total to five. The new installations include a 150 kW system at Shelburne Farms, a 138 kW system at the GMP Montpelier Service Center's rooftop and a 200 kW solar array installation at the company's Berlin facility, currently the largest in the state.
The utility company’s two other arrays equal 62 kW. With the new installations GMP has exceeded its goal of installing and helping its customers install 10,000 solar panels in 1,000 days.
Green Mountain Power http://www.greenmountainpower.com
--- Solar Service, of Niles, Illinois has announced the completion of the largest privately owned commercial photovoltaic solar panel installation in that state. The company has designed, installed and provided the grant writing for the 153kW project at United Displaycraft headquarters in Des Plaines .
United Displaycraft expects the solar system to pay for itself in four to five years. With a grant from the state of illinois and federal tax incentives the project will deliver over 25 years of electricity at an amortized cost of less than seven cents per kilowatt hour.
Solar Service http://www.solarserviceinc.com
--- Colorado Springs Utilities (Springs Utilities) and SunPower Corporation are building a 6-MW solar photovoltaic power system at the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Ground has been broken on the 30-acre site, and the plant is expected to be operational by summer 2011.
The project is funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), as a result of government requirements for federal facilities to use increasing amounts of renewable energy. SunPower and Springs Utilities will each own 50 percent of the renewable energy credits (RECs) and environmental benefits associated with the system.
SunPower Corporation http://www.sunpowercorp.com
--- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare has begun installing solar panels on its northeast regional distribution center. Once completed, the 3-MW array will represent the largest rooftop system in North America.
The project with 11,000 solar panels will cover an area the size of approximately seven football fields. The solar panels will generate enough electricity to meet the annual energy needs of the nearly 500,000-square-foot building, which is equivalent to the amount of power 400 average-sized homes use in a year.
GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare http://www.gsk.com/products/consumer-healthcare/index.htm
In the development pipeline.
--- Ameresco has been awarded a contract by the the Department of Veterans Affairs to design and build solar photovoltaic system for the Salt Lake City Veterans Administration Medical Center.
The project scope includes a mixture of roof top and ground mounted arrays of solar photovoltaic panels. The roof top systems will be installed on seven campus facilities with systems ranging from 35 to 100 kW. The ground mounted system is envisioned to be approximately 550 kW once the design is completed and approved.
--- The California Energy Commission has approved the 663.5 MW Calico Solar Project in San Bernardino County. The primary equipment for the 4,613-acre generating facility would be solar dish Stirling systems, or "SunCatchers." Each SunCatcher consists of a solar receiver heat exchanger and a closed-cycle, high-efficiency engine designed to convert solar power to rotary power, then driving an electrical generator to produce electricity.
During the construction of the Calico Solar Project, a peak workforce of 700 will be required, with another 180 jobs when the plant is in operation. The Calico Solar Project is being developed by Calico Solar, LLC, a subsidiary of Tessera Solar.
Tessera Solar http://www.tesserasolar.com
--- SunPower Corporation has announced an agreement with Iberdrola Renewables to design and build a 30-megawatt photovoltaic (PV) solar power plant, the San Luis Valley Solar Ranch, on 216 acres of private, former agricultural land in Colorado's Alamosa County. Expected to be fully operational by the end of 2011, construction will begin this year and create approximately 100 jobs.
Iberdrola Renewables is developing the solar ranch, and will own and operate it. The company will sell the electricity under a long term contract to Xcel Energy, for distribution on the region's utility grid.
SunPower Corporation http://www.sunpowercorp.com
Iberdrola Renewables http://www.iberdrolarenewables.us
--- Dominion Virginia Power, with the approval of a $5 million grant from the Virginia Tobacco Commission, is moving forward with plans to build a $35-million integrated solar and advanced energy storage facility in Halifax County, Virginia.
Dominion will issue a request for proposals for the engineering, procurement and construction of the 4-MW solar facility,The 50-acre project would make it the largest solar generating station in the state. The company estimates that it will take about 100 construction jobs to build the solar facility.
Dominion Virginia Power http://www.dom.com
Copyright 1996 - 2010 Green Energy News Inc.
|
<urn:uuid:bad03b2b-1d6a-4227-bcb3-4050a39b1758>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.green-energy-news.com/arch/nrgs2010/20100072.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900467 | 1,984 | 2.859375 | 3 |
This resolution was passed by the First Constituent Assembly in March 1949 under leader ship of Liaquat Ali Khan. It contained those objectives on which the future constitution was to be based as stated by the founder of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam in February 1948, said:
"The constitution of Pakistan will be democratic and based on the fundamental laws of Islam....Islam and its ideology has thought us the lesson of democracy."
The Objectives Resolution was a resolution adopted on 12 March 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The resolution, proposed by the Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, proclaimed that the future constitution of Pakistan would not be modeled entirely on a European pattern, but on the ideology and democratic faith of Islam.
Importance of Objective Resolution in Constitutional History:
The Objectives Resolution, which combines features of both Western and Islamic democracy, is one of the most important documents in the constitutional history of Pakistan. At the time it was passed, Liaquat Ali Khan called it "the most important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance only to the achievement of independence".
The Objectives Resolution was the first constitutional document that proved to be the ‘foundation’ of the constitutional developments in Pakistan. It provided parameters and sublime principles to the legislators. It made the constitution-making process easy task setting some particular objectives before them that would be acceptable to the people of Pakistan who had suffered a lot under the Hindu-dominated majority.
The Objectives Resolution is a basic and primary document of the constitutional history of Pakistan. It is a framework that provides mechanism to achieve goals for a better life of the people of Pakistan. It's important that it embraces centrality of Islam to polity sustaining their links with the pre-independence period. The AIML leaders were modernist Muslims not in favor of an orthodox religious state. Therefore, they selected the middle way abiding by the Islamic laws and the international democratic values. The Resolution remained 'Preamble of all the constitutions due to its importance.
This resolution is of fundamental importance in the history of constitutions making in Pakistan because from the first constitution of 1956 till the constitution of 1973 (present constitution) whatever constitution was framed it was based on this objective resolution. It contains those steps and principles which were to be taken for the fulfillment of the basic aim of the freedom struggle that is the establishment of an Islamic society in Pakistan. Hence, it is a significant document in the constitutional history of Pakistan.
When Liaquat Ali Khan visited America, in the course of his speech at New Orleans, he said,
"We believe in God and his Supreme sovereignty because we believe that civic life must have an ethical content and a higher purpose. But democracy, social justice, equality of opportunity and equality before the law of all citizens irrespective of their race and creed are also aspects of faith with us."
|
<urn:uuid:357cfe41-ff10-4924-bf20-1c89740d4a99>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ehelp.com/questions/10435907/what-is-the-objectives-resolution-1949-briefly-describe-its-importance-in-the-c
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956073 | 587 | 3.484375 | 3 |
What is the exact difference between these words? If I were to translate, for instance, “I am near the bank”, which one of the following would be the best way to go and why:
Estoy cerca del banco.
Estoy acerca del banco.
Estoy cercano al banco.
I just read this line on some website discussing cerca vs. cercano:
Tenemos una casa cercana al aeropuerto.
Why would one be advised to use cercana a instead of cerca de in this construct?
|
<urn:uuid:4c63a712-e945-4ac4-b8da-7038f238abf2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://spanish.stackexchange.com/questions/4341/cerca-vs-acerca-vs-cercano/4355
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.84617 | 131 | 2.765625 | 3 |
HOTSPOT: New Zealand
New Zealand is a special case in terms of faunal evolution, devoid of terrestrial mammals due to a turn of fate in continental drift.
Instead of elk or deer, New Zealand had moa as large grazers. Instead of wolves or tigers, New Zealand had the great eagle as their top-tier predators. Instead of rabbits and rats, New Zealand had the kiwi and the kakapo as ground foragers.
The famous, unified landmass of Gondwana existed as of about 200 million years ago. What became New Zealand was mostly inundated by the sea, wedged between what later became Australia and Antarctica. Over Gondwana’s lifetime, the mineral basement of New Zealand was formed, and plants and animals pioneered this new turf. 50-80million years ago, the Tasman Sea formed, isolating what was to become New Zealand as an independent land.
This early division from the other continents was key in making New Zealand the unique and diverse land it is today. Mammals were but a twinkle in the eye of reptilian ancestors when New Zealand set sail as an independent, isolated land. This little ‘ship’ carried reptiles, amphibians, and primitive birds. Only later would bats fly across to New Zealand. In a similar way, more evolved families of birds later rejoined the more primitive bird families already established in New Zealand.
Despite the later introduction of many nonnative species, today one still gets a sense of New Zealand’s unique faunal composition. New Zealand has 90 endemic birds. To humans so familiar with a mammal-inhabited world, many of these bird species seem to make no evolutionary sense: “Did they evolve just to be food?—like some kinds of fleshy fruit that succeed biologically by being consumed and dispersed in faeces…?” Of course not, but poor New Zealand birds didn’t have exposure to so many of the predators found elsewhere and had other priority evolutionary pressures.
Relative to other countries, New Zealand seems to have better understood the importance of their biodiversity to the nation’s future. This awareness is fairly logical. Tourism is an incredibly powerful force in New Zealand, worth some 20 billion dollars annually. These tourists largely arrive in New Zealand with the expectation of getting to see some pristine panoramas and possibly some kiwis. Agriculture is worth a further 12 billion dollars per year. New Zealand’s herds and crops depend on water and soil quality, pollinator health, carbon storage, etc.
New Zealand’s Department of Conservation, with which I interned from 15 December through 15 January, is a very active force across the entire country. I got to see a wide range of DOC’s work, both during my internship and during the travel break I took afterwards [see linked blogs]. My initial impression was entirely impressed: NZ foments ecotourism, facilitates science and restoration work through their seemingly omnipresent reserves, and both literature and DOC staff consistently have a conservation focus.
With further experience, my perspective of NZ conservation of course became more nuanced. Of the 5819 plant and animal species found in New Zealand, over half of them are still considered vulnerable. New Zealand has already lost over 40 bird, 3 frog, 1 bat, 3 lizard, and as-yet uncounted insect species to extinction. I learned that the political party in power is known for their poor environmental record. Many people argue that, whilst “outdoorsy”, New Zealand tourism as currently managed is more environmentally-destructive than helpful. There exists much controversy around Maori involvement in land management; and the government is making some efforts to include Maori iwi in these processes as part of larger reparation-like activities. Also, though I still admire all the incredible work performed by DOC, there of course is much complaint [as perennial against government institutions] that DOC is prohibitively bureaucratic!
I have some already-published pages on New Zealand conservation issues, here attached. I will continue to publish a back-log of blog ideas. The comments section is now enabled, so please let me know any questions, comments, critiques, etc. you might have.
|
<urn:uuid:f96d3452-3161-479a-876d-4f34bbe6695f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.vanderbilt.edu/travelfellowship/blogs/steigerwald/1102-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971381 | 870 | 3.75 | 4 |
|Home||About MobileMAN||Scenarios||YOUR Scenario||Community letter||Resources||Glossary||Contact|
Here you can find a collection of the terms and expressions used in this context and their explanation. If you have any other question, please use the address provided in the contact page to contact us.
Ad hoc network: a kind of network where stations or devices communicate directly and not via an access point. It is interesting for establishing a network where wireless infrastructure does not exist or where services are not required.
Ambient Intelligence: a vision of the future where we are surrounded by electronic environments, sensitive and responsive to people.
Client: a computer program that requests a service of another system (a "server").
Community (virtual community): a community made of people who have no contact in the real world, but only over a technological system, by engaging on discussions or by communicating or by having the same interests they share in the virtual world.
Device: a portable computer, personal digital assistant or a multi functional cellular phone, that can be part of the ad hoc network and that can run the applications.
Framework Programme 5: the group of research activities of the European community planned for the years 1998-2002.
Information Society: a type of society in which information and information access plays a central role, economically, socially and individually. Governments are making efforts to bring countries into this era.
Information Society Technologies (IST): one of the seven priority thematic areas of the European Research that deals with the new and emerging technologies related to the concept of Information Society.
Location awareness: the capability to detect the exact or relative location of a device, particularly a wireless device such as a cell phone.
Manet (or mobile ad hoc network): it identifies a particular kind of ad hoc network, that is, a mobile network, where stations can move around and change the network topology.
Mobile computing: being able to use a computing device even when being mobile and therefore changing location. Portability is one aspect of mobile computing.
MobileMAN: Mobile Metropolitan Ad hoc Network. A new paradigm of wireless communication among devices that exploits the ad hoc architecture and therefore that is solely made of users' devices. MobileMAN refers also to the project within which this technology is currently being developed.
Multi functions cellular phone: mobile phones that have also functions typical of a personal digital assistant or a palm computer. These phones have typically a larger display than simple cell phones.
Peer to peer (also p2p): the sharing of files by computers that are connected to a network. Hierarchically, the sharer and the requester are on the same level.
Router: a special-purpose computer or software that handles the connection betweeen 2 or more networks. Routers spend all their time looking at the destination addresses of the packets passing thorugh them and deciding which route to send them on.
Routing protocol: set of rules defining the way router machines find the way that packets containing information have to follow to reach intended destination.
Scenario: a context of use that is placed in the future and that is designed to stimulate imagination.
Self-organised network: a network that does not have central machines that provide services, but is solely made of users devices.
Server: a special computer connected to a network that provides data. A web server transmits web pages over the internet when it receives a web browse'rs request for a page. A server can also be called a host or node.
Service provider: a company that provides access to the communication network (e.g. the cellular phone network) and the related services under payment.
Ubiquitous computing: computers everywhere. Making many computers available throughout the physical envirnment, while making them effectively invisible to the user.
User-oriented product: a product that has been developed taking into special account the views and needs, opinions of the users, by involving them into the development process.
Virtual community: see community.
WIKI: online collaboration model and tool that allows any user to edit some content of webpages through a simple browser.
WIKI page: a web page that is part of a WIKI system. Such page has the characteristic of being editable by any browser and its content can therefore be changed by the web users.
Wireless: wireless refers to a communications, monitoring, or control system in which a signal is carried through atmospheric space rather than along a wire.
|
<urn:uuid:09266bdb-2607-48c2-b1c9-b93fbe9a7c79>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://mobileman.projects.supsi.ch/glossary.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913758 | 922 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Google Web Toolkit (GWT) is a development toolkit for building and optimizing complex browser-based applications. GWT is used by many products at Google, including Google AdWords and Orkut.
GWT is open source, completely free, and used by thousands of developers around the world. It is licensed under the Apache License version 2.0.
This tutorial will give you great understanding on GWT concepts needed to get a web application up and running.
This tutorial is designed for Software Professionals who are willing to learn GWT Programming in simple and easy steps. This tutorial will give you great understanding on GWT Programming concepts and after completing this tutorial you will be at intermediate level of experties from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic understanding of Java programming language, text editor and execution of programs etc. Because we are going to develop web based applications usin GWT, so it will be good if you have understanding on other web technologies like, HTML, CSS, AJAX etc.
|
<urn:uuid:80ddd587-2d5f-49a4-85af-c1f54ac64db7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gwt/index.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909602 | 219 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This is an exciting discovery for chemists, biologists and microbiologists alike. It's a great read.
John D. Sutherland, a chemist at the University of Manchester, has solved a problem that for 20 years has thwarted researchers trying to understand the origin of life — how the building blocks of RNA, called nucleotides, could have spontaneously assembled themselves in the conditions of the primitive earth. The discovery, if correct, should set researchers on the right track to solving many other mysteries about the origin of life. It will also mean that for the first time a plausible explanation exists for how an information-carrying biological molecule could have emerged through natural processes from chemicals on the primitive earth.
|
<urn:uuid:43f61be8-5f3c-4a5b-86b4-3e64103429bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.microbeworld.org/component/jlibrary/?view=article&id=471
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96143 | 138 | 3.03125 | 3 |
|This article needs additional citations for verification.|
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)
P. metallica is a species of tarantula. It reflects brilliant metallic blue color. This whole genus of arboreal tarantulas exhibits an intricate fractal-like pattern on the abdomen. The spider's natural habitat is primarily Southeastern India and Sri Lanka. P. metallica was first discovered in a town in central southern India called Gooty. Hence, its common name is Gooty Sapphire Ornamental Tree Spider, or simply Gooty Sapphire.
P. metallica's behavior parallels that of many arboreal spiders. In the wild the P. metallica live in holes of tall trees where they make asymmetric funnel webs. Their primary prey consists of various flying insects, which they catch manually (not in a web) and paralyze. It is not unknown for the spiders of this genus to live communally when territory, i.e. number of holes per tree, is limited.
This species is desired by many tarantula enthusiasts, with adults sometimes pricing above $500 in the USA. Demand for 2-week old unsexed spiderlings at US$200 is high, and there are examples of them being sold for much more. Prices can vary in other locations, particularly Europe. Like many spiders, the gender can influence price; females live for about 12 years, 3-4 times longer than males, making them more expensive. Also females are considered to be more useful for breeding, making demand higher. They are hardy, relatively fast growing spiders that are generally fed crickets, but can take on anything from a common fruit fly to a new-born (pinky) mouse or anole. They measure between 6-8" in legspan when fully grown. In captivity, humid environments with temperatures between 65° to 75°F with a humidity level of 75 to 85% are preferred.
P. metallica is considered Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List.
Although there has never been a recorded death from any tarantula bite, this species is considered to have a medically significant bite, with venom that may cause intense pain, judging from the experience of keepers bitten by other spiders from this genus. They can move rapidly and may attack when cornered, although they generally prefer flight to fight.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Life
- ^ Gabriel,, R. (2002). "Notes and Observations Regarding the Bite of Poecilotheria pederseni". British Tarantula Society Journal 17 (2): 61–64. http://www.thebts.co.uk/Bite_ppederseni.htm.
- ^ Poecilotheria metallica - Arachnoboards
- ^ Phong's Tarantulas! - Tarantula bites
- ^ Schmidt, G. (1988): Wie gefährlich sind Vogelspinnenbisse ? Deutsches Ärzteblatt 85 Heft 28/29(2): 1424-1425. (u. a. Infos about Poecilotheria fasciata)
|
<urn:uuid:e21466a8-6b53-4917-9148-61973662bbd7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://eol.org/data_objects/6723248
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.876796 | 673 | 3 | 3 |
DIOCESE OF (WAYNE CASTRENSIS).
The Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana, U.S.A. established in 1834, comprised the whole State of Indiana till the Holy See, on 22 September, 1857, created the Diocese of Fort Wayne, assigning to it that part of Indiana north of the southern boundary of Warren, Fountain, Montgomery, Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Delaware, and Randolph Counties, a territory of 17,431 square miles, numbering 20,000 Catholics with 14 priests, 20 churches, and two religious institutions, with educational establishments of the Fathers, Brothers, and Sisters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross. The Right Rev John Henry Luers was nominated first Bishop of Fort Wayne and consecrated in Cincinnati, Ohio, 10 January, 1858. He was born 29 September, 1819, in Germany, and emigrated to America in 1831. He was ordained priest in Cincinnati, 11 November, 1846. Entering upon the administration of the new diocese, he devoted himself zealously to the founding of new parishes and missions, provided a home for the orphans, and built a cathedral. In June, 1871, during a vacancy of the See of Cleveland, Ohio, he was called to that city to confer ordination on a number of seminarians. After the function, on his way to the train, he suffered an apoplectic stroke and fell dead (29 June, 1871). At the time of Bishop Luer's death there were in the Diocese of Fort Wayne 69 priests, 75 churches, 10 chapels, 1 hospital, 1 orphan asylum, 1 college, 11 academies for girls, 40 parochial schools, and a catholic population estimated at 50,000.
The Rev. Joseph Dwenger was then appointed to the see. He was born near Minster, Ohio, in 1837. Orphaned at an early age, he was educated by the Fathers of the Precious Blood, entered their community, and was ordained priest 4 September, 1859. Appointed professor in the seminary of his community, he filled that position until 1862, and was then assigned to parochial work. From 1867 to 1872 he was occupied in preaching missions. He was consecrated 14 April, 1872. In 1874 Bishop Dwenger was the head of the first American pilgrimage to Rome. In 1875 he erected an Orphan asylum and manual labour school for boys at Lafayette. He was a zealous promoter of the parochial school system. In 1884 he attended the Third Plenary Council at Baltimore, and in the following March was deputed, with Bishops Moore and Gilmour, to present the decrees of the council to the Holy Father. In 1886 he erected an asylum for orphan girls at Fort Wayne. In 1888 and in 1891 he again went to Rome, the last time in the interest of the North American College. Soon after his return he was attacked by a lingering illness, to which he succumbed 22 January, 1893.
The Right Rev. Joseph Rademacher, Bishop of Nashville, Tennessee, was transferred to Fort Wayne, 13 July, 1893. He was born 3 December, 1840, in Westphalia, Michigan, and ordained priest 2 August, 1863, by Bishop Luers, to whose diocese he had been affiliated. In April, 1883, he was appointed Bishop of Nashville, Tennessee, and was consecrated 24 June. At Fort Wayne Bishop Rademacher applied himself assiduously to increase the number of churches, schools, and missions. In 1896 he remodelled the cathedral at an expense of $75,000. In 1898 his health gave way. Symptoms of mental collapse appeared and he had to relinquish the government of the diocese. He expired peacefully 12 January, 1900. During his illness, and until the appointment of a successor, Very Rev. J. H. Guendling, vicar-general and pastor of the cathedral, was administrator of the diocese.
The Rev. H. J. Alerding, pastor of St. Joseph's Church, Indianapolis, was appointed successor of Bishop Rademacher 30 Aug., 1900. He was born 13 April, 1845, in Germany. During his infancy his parents emigrated to the United States and settled in Newport, Kentucky. He was ordained priest by Bishop Maurice de St. Palais of Vincennes 22 September, 1868, and appointed assistant at St. Joseph's church, Terre Haute, where he remained till 1871, attending, besides, a number of missions. From October,1871, to August, 1874, he was pastor of Cambridge City, whence he was transferred to Indianapolis and entrusted with the organization of St. Joseph's parish, where he built the church, the school, and a parochial residence. In 1885 he published "A History of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Vincennes", a work of deep historical research and accuracy. Bishop Alerding was consecrated in the cathedral of Fort Wayne 30 November, 1900. Since then he has founded new parishes, aided struggling ones, reorganised the parochial school system, provided for the orphans and promoted all good works. He held a diocesan synod in the cathedral 11 November 1903. The statute's enacted were promulgated 19 March, 1904. Among other salutary regulations the establishment of six deaneries was decreed -- Fort Wayne, South Bend, Hammond, Logansport, Lafayette, and Muncie. In 1907, for the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the diocese, Bishop Alerding, published "A History of the Diocese of Fort Wayne, an elaborate historical work, covering the period from 1669 to 1907.
Diocesan statistics for 1908 give priests, secular, 128; religious, 71; churches with resident priest, 110; missions with churches, 43; stations, 6; chapels, 49; parochial schools, 82, with 14,252 pupils; orphan asylums, 2; orphans, 239; hospitals, 13; old people's homes, 2; Catholic population, 93,844. Educational Institutions: the University of Notre Dame, in charge of the Fathers of the Holy Cross; St. Joseph's College (Collegeville), conducted by the Fathers of the Precious Blood. For girls: academies, 11. The number of pupils in colleges and academies is 1262. Religious Communities. -- Men: Fathers and Brothers of the Holy Cross: Franciscans ; Fathers and Brothers of the Precious Blood. Women : Sisters of the Holy Cross ; Poor Handmaids of Christ; Franciscan Sisters (various branches); Dominican Sisters; Sisters of the Precious Blood ; of Notre Dame; of St. Joseph; Of xxyyyk.htm">Providence; of the Holy Family; of St. Agnes. The following communities have novitiates in the diocese ; The Fathers and Brothers of the Holy Cross at Notre Dame; the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration, at Lafayette; the Sisters of the Holy Cross, at Notre Dame; the Poor Handmaids of Christ, at Fort Wayne; the Sisters of St. Joseph , at Tipton.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online
|
<urn:uuid:d830fca9-160d-43ea-9a0b-e13a758823b6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4795
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963469 | 1,869 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Understanding Hospitalization for Mental Health
If you have severe symptoms of an illness like depression or bipolar disorder, a brief stay in the hospital can help you stabilize. This page is intended to help you through your hospitalization. Some ideas may be useful to you; some may not. Everyone’s experience in the hospital is different. Use only the suggestions that make sense to you and help you.
When do I need to go to the hospital?
You might need to go to the hospital if you:
How can hospitalization help?
What do I need to know about the hospital?
Your Time in the Hospital
You might want to ask a loved one to help you go through hospital check-in procedures and fill out forms. Ask your loved one to help you communicate with hospital staff if needed.
You or a loved one may also want to call the hospital in advance to find out about check-in procedures and items you can bring. Ask if you can bring music, soap, lotion, pillows, stuffed animals, books, or other things that comfort you. Find out about visiting hours and telephone access. Be sure your family and friends are aware of hospital procedures. Tell them what they can do to help you.
If you sign yourself into the hospital, you can also sign yourself out, unless the staff believes you are a danger to yourself or others. If you are not a danger, the hospital must release you within two to seven days, depending on your state’s laws. If you have problems getting the hospital to release you, contact your state’s protection and advocacy agency.
You have the right to have your treatment explained to you. You have the right to be informed of the benefits and risks of your treatment and to refuse treatment you feel is unsafe. You also have the right to be informed about any tests or exams you are given and to refuse any procedures you feel are unnecessary, such as a gynecological exam or other invasive procedures. In addition, you have the right to refuse to be part of experimental treatments or training sessions that involve students or observers. Make sure the people treating you know your needs and preferences.
It may take time to get used to the routine in the hospital. If your symptoms are severe, some things may not make sense to you. Try to get what you can out of the activities. Concentrate on your own mental health. Listen to what others have to say in groups. Keep a journal of your own thoughts and feelings.
You will meet other people who are working to overcome their own problems. Treat them with courtesy and respect, regardless of what they may say or do. If someone is making you feel uncomfortable or unsafe, tell a staff member. Make the most of your time with your doctor. Make a list of questions you have. Ask your family or other hospital staff to help you with the list. Let your doctor and staff know about any other illnesses you have or medications you take. Be sure you receive your medications for other illnesses along with the medications for your depression or bipolar disorder.
Wellness after Hospitalization
Know your treatment. Before you leave the hospital, make sure you have a written list of what medications to take, what dosage, and when to take them. Find out if there are any foods, medications (prescription, over-the-counter, or herbal), or activities you need to avoid while taking your medication, and write these things down. Track your medications and moods.
Learn all you can about your illness. Talk to your doctor about new treatments you might want to try. Find out what to expect from treatments and how you know if your treatment is working. If you think you could be doing better, ask another doctor for a second opinion.
Take one step at a time. You might not feel better immediately. Allow yourself to slowly, gradually get back to your routine. Give yourself credit for doing small things like getting out of bed, dressing, or having a meal.
Prioritize the things you need to do. Concentrate on one thing at a time. Write things down or ask friends and family to help you to keep from becoming overwhelmed.
Set limits. Take time to relax. If you feel stressed or exhausted, you can say no or cancel plans. Schedule time to care for yourself and relax, meditate, take a long bath, listen to music, or do something else that is just for you.
Have faith in yourself. Know that you can get well. If you were manic, you may not feel as productive as you felt before. But you will have a more stable and safe mood, which will help you be more productive over the long term.
Stick with your treatment. Go to your health care appointments, therapy, and support groups. Be patient as you wait for medication to take effect. You may have some side effects at first. If they continue for more than two weeks, talk to your doctor about changing your medication, your dosage, or the time you take your medication. Never change or stop your medication without first talking with your doctor.
Recognize your symptoms and triggers. Feeling very discouraged, hopeless, or irritable can be a symptom of your illness. If you feel very angry, your mind starts to race, or you start to think about hurting yourself, stop, think, and call someone who can help. Keep a list of your triggers and warning signs, along with a list of people you can call for help.
Give relationships time to heal. Your family and friends may be unsure of how to act around you at first. There may also be hurt feelings or apologies that need to be made because of things you may have done while in mania or depression. Show that you want to get well by sticking with your treatment. Encourage your loved ones to get support from a DBSA support group if they need it.
Help your loved ones help you. Ask for what you need. Tell them specific things they can do to help you. If you need help such as housework, rides, or wake-up calls, ask.
Take it easy at work. Explain to your supervisor and co-workers that you have been ill and you need to take things slowly. You don’t have to talk about your depression or bipolar disorder. If someone asks questions, politely but firmly tell them you don’t want to talk about it. Do your best at work. Try not to take on too much. On breaks, call a friend or family member to check in.
Get support from people who have had similar experiences and are feeling better. Connect with a hospital aftercare group or DBSA group.
How can I find people who understand?
DBSA support groups are groups of people with mood disorders, their families, and their friends, who meet to share experience, discuss coping skills and offer hope to one another in a safe and confidential environment.
People who go to DBSA groups say the groups:
People who had been attending DBSA groups for more than a year were less likely to have been hospitalized for their illness during that year, according to a DBSA survey.
How can I be prepared for a crisis in the future?
Make a crisis planning list. Briefly describe the kind of help you would like to receive if you have severe symptoms again.
How can an advance directive or a medical power of attorney help me?
An advance directive and a medical power of attorney are written documents in which you give another person authority to make treatment decisions for you if you are too ill to make your own. It is best to consult a qualified attorney to help you put together an advance directive or medical power of attorney. These documents work differently in different states.
The following organizations may provide additional help. DBSA assumes no responsibility for the content or accuracy of the material they provide.
Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
National Association of Protection and Advocacy
Treatment Advocacy Center
Treatment and Physical Tracking - Weekly Chart
info, training, events
- Bipolar Disorder
- Screening Center
- Co-occurring Illnesses/Disorders
- Related Concerns
- Brochures (printable)
- Living Successfully Course
- Ask the Doc
- Outside Resources
- Peer Specialist Core Training
- DBSA Veteran Peer Specialist Training
- Peer Specialist Continuing Education
- DBSA Training, Consultation, & Speaker Services
- Mental Health First Aid
- Support Group Facilitator Training
- Wellness Options
treatment, tools, research
- Peer Support
peer groups, inspiration
- Help Others
family, friends, peers
How to Help in a Crisis
Help with Symptoms & Treatment
Help with Relationships
Support for Helpers
Balanced Mind Parent Network
- For Clinicians
Working in Partnership with Your Patient
Materials for/by Clinicians
Training & Events for Clinicians
How DBSA Support Groups Can Help
Agitation Kit for Medical Staff
Publications for Your Office
|
<urn:uuid:442635ed-82ff-4de5-94b7-df5791894f8a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.dbsalliance.org/site/PageServer?pagename=urgent_help_for_patients
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95442 | 1,846 | 2.78125 | 3 |
To re-engage students with literacy, teachers need an entry point that recognizes and honors students' out-of-school identities. This book looks at how artifacts (everyday objects) access the daily, sensory world in which students live. Exploring how artifacts can generate literacy learning, the book shows teachers how to use a family photo, heirloom, or recipe to tell intergenerational tales; how to collaborate with local museums and cultural centers; how to create new material artifacts; and much more. Featuring vignettes, lesson examples, and photographs, the text includes chapters on community connections, critical literacy, adolescent writing, and digital storytelling. This book features a theoretical framework for teaching literacy that unites the domains of home and school and brings students' passions to the forefront; a fresh, integrated synthesis of the fields of New Literacy Studies, multimodality, material cultural studies, and literacy education; new field-tested ideas for creating lessons that improve literacy standards.
Back to top
Rent Artifactual Literacies 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Kate Pahl. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.
|
<urn:uuid:d85373d8-8641-46b7-bb74-294bc403c0bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/artifactual-literacies-1st-edition-9780807751329-0807751324
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905478 | 279 | 3.25 | 3 |
Fall wouldn’t be complete without pumpkins. Whether they’re used as jack-o’-lanterns, autumn decorations, or pumpkin pie, these are one versatile vegetable.
Harvesting at the right time is critical. Normally, pumpkins are picked after a couple of light frosts. If left on the vine too long, they can get bleached and sunscald. Clip the stems close to the vine in order to avoid damaging the fruit.
The days to maturity can vary from one species to another. However, it is typically about 3 to 3 ½ months from the time the seeds are planted.
Pumpkins need full sun. Choose a spot with rich, well drained soil. Add lots of compost to the planting site. Plant the seeds after the danger of frost is past.
In warm climates, direct sow the seeds where they’re to grow. Those with short growing seasons will want to buy transplants or start seeds early indoors.
Keep the area weed-free until the pumpkin vines begin to spread nicely. To protect the fruits from rotting on the bottom, slide a piece of plastic under them.
The giant pumpkins are actually a different species than the all purpose jack-o’-lantern type. One way to tell the difference is the color. Though there are exceptions, the giants generally tend to be very pale colored. They resemble winter squash more than pumpkins.
With attention to detail, giant pumpkins commonly reach 50 to 100 pounds. These have been known to reach 1400+ pounds when special growing techniques are used.
To reach their optimal size, giant pumpkins require ideal growing conditions. Gardeners lavish lots of attention on the plants. They use special fertilizers and remove all but one fruit from each vine.
Giant pumpkin plants also need a lot of water. But, too much isn’t desirable once the fruits begin to develop. In fact, the fruits can absorb so much water they actually burst apart. This can happen when autumn rains are excessive.
Giant pumpkin growers are a special breed. They’re totally dedicated to their hobby. But, the rewards can be many. This story is beautifully told in a groundbreaking book from Bloomsbury. “Backyard Giants” by Susan Warren is well-written, entertaining, and informative. Anyone with a competitive streak is going to love this book.
This engaging book tells it like it is—the thrills and glory as well as the disappointment. These folks face many pitfalls before they become winners. The author presents the accounts of a dedicated group of these folks. Some have spent decades in their craft.
|
<urn:uuid:c0d4734f-a3b9-4414-9419-d4e6784b2bfb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art60003.asp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940146 | 546 | 3.265625 | 3 |
|MadSci Network: Chemistry|
Dear user, The reaction in question has been actually proposed and utilized as one of the methods of producing metallic sodium. The reaction runs rather simply NaOH ----> Na+ + OH(-) 4Na+ +4e- ----> 4Na(0) 4OH(-) - 4e- ----> O2 + 2H2O H2O ---> H2 + O2 in a usual manner. The latter is one of the reasons of why the process was discarded - hydrogen was produced as well as sodium, and one does not want hydrogen around oxygen at the temp. of molten NaOH. HiH. P.S. a standard disclaimer - do not try this. Molten NaOH is bad enough to eat through flesh and sodium at that temperature is liquid and ignites on contact with air, which would certainly do no good.
Return to the MadSci Network
|
<urn:uuid:958dc0ae-9228-4e05-8cce-3c3af75be087>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1997-03/859213306.Ch.r.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953464 | 189 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Historian Barbara Krauthamer is being recognized as a UMass Amherst Spotlight Scholar for her unique view of the history of slavery and emancipation in the Americas. Her groundbreaking research and award-winning books give voice to those who are underrepresented in the historical record, presenting a more inclusive view of the past.
Her recent book, “Envisioning Emancipation: Black Americans and the End of Slavery,” co-authored with photographic historian Deborah Willis of New York University, won the 45th Annual NAACP Image Award in non-fiction and has been honored by the Black Caucus of the American Library Association. Since the book’s release, it has garnered national attention through major media outlets such as the New York Times and CBS.
Krauthamer has quickly moved into the national spotlight as one of few historians researching the underrepresented areas of slavery and emancipation in the Americas. Her more recent book, “Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South,” is the first study of slavery in the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations.
|
<urn:uuid:915a8085-cabe-48a0-a680-545c2866a92f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/krauthamer-named-spotlight-scholar
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953391 | 233 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Clinical Reference Guide:
What We Diagnose, How We Diagnose and Treatment Options
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults
Disorder (ADHD) in Children
Autism and Pervasive Developmental
Digital EEG and Evoked Potentials
for High Achievers
and Language Disorders
(ADHD) in Adults
What is ADHD?
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that
begins in early childhood and may continue into adulthood. Being restless
and very easily distracted are the most common features of the adult
disorder. It is often called by an older name, attention deficit disorder
(ADD). Between 3% and 7% of all school age children have ADHD. Some
children with ADHD will carry symptoms into their adult years.
How does it occur?
The cause of this disorder is unknown. Both genetics and factors in
the environment may play a role. Research suggests that it may have
a biological cause. People with ADHD have several small differences
in their brain structure. These differences are in the front part of
the brain (an area involved in self-control) and in some parts in the
center of the brain.
ADHD runs in families, especially through the males in the family line.
Research continues in an effort to find out why it occurs in those without
a family history.
What are the symptoms?
There are 3 main symptoms of ADHD:
- Trouble focusing and short attention
span. If you have ADHD, you are very
easily distracted by things you see or hear around you. You will often
begin a task but then become distracted before the task is completed.
Distractibility is the main problem for many adults with ADHD.
- Poor impulse control,
or impulsiveness (having a hard time with patience and waiting). With
this symptom, you often react to things quickly and without thinking
of the outcome. You may tend to interrupt others in conversations,
begin tasks without enough planning, and be impatient. Impulse buying,
impatience in driving, starting too many projects, and being very
quick to anger are common. You may have social problems caused by
being aggressive, loud, or impatient in groups and conversations.
- Hyperactivity (excessive movement).
If you are hyperactive, you are always on the go and constantly restless.
You seldom sit still, and even when sitting, usually fidget or play
with things. You may dislike activities such as watching movies or
playing a quiet game of cards. You also tend to become bored very
quickly. You may have difficulty slowing down at night to get to sleep.
Symptoms may change from childhood to adulthood.
The most common changes occur during adolescence and are a reduction
in hyperactivity and better self-control. Difficulties with attention
change the least between childhood and the adult years.
For many people, childhood ADHD leads to other difficulties during adolescence
and adulthood. Children who are hyperactive and have poor impulse control
may be more likely to develop other mental health problems than those
whose only symptom is being easily distracted. The most common problem
for adults with ADHD is depression. Other problems include:
- Anxiety disorders
- Substance abuse
- Learning disorders
- Manic-depression (bipolar disorder)
- Personality disorders (such as borderline
personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder)
- Impulse control disorders (such as gambling
- Explosive anger
About half of children with ADHD also have serious behavioral problems
such as defiance or aggression. Many adults who have ADHD continue to
have behavior problems.
About one-third of children with ADHD have trouble learning to read
or do math. Some adults with ADHD continue to have problems with reading,
writing, or math.
|
<urn:uuid:f03f7a7a-bb2a-47d5-99de-0513a97ca401>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://brightmindsinstitute.com/clinical.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937859 | 799 | 3.640625 | 4 |
French is a beautiful language and a good one to know. Learning a language can be difficult, however, but with this article will give you a quick overview that should have you conversing in French in no time!
1Know your learning style. Are you a visual, auditory or kinesthetic learner? This means do you learn best through looking at the words yourself, through hearing them spoken to you, or through listening and seeing and associating actions or feelings with them.
- If you've learned languages before, go back over how you learned them and see what worked for you and what didn't.
- In most classroom settings you will do a lot of writing, but less speaking. Speaking the language and immersing yourself in it is extremely important and a way to become more efficient at the language more quickly.
2Memorize 30 words and phrases each day. In 90 days, you'll have learned about 80% of the language. The most common words make up the greatest percent of interactions, so start by memorizing the most common words.
- Make sure that you keep practicing the words you've used previously, so you don't forget them as you memorize new words.
- The top ten most common French words are: être (to be, being), avoir (to have), je (I), de (of, from, by, than, in, with), ne (not), pas (not; step, pace), le (the; him, it (referring to a masculine singular noun)), la (the; her, it (referring to a feminine singular noun)), tu (you), vous (you, yourself).
- Label everything in your house with the French word and make sure you say the words out loud whenever you read them.
- Make yourself flash cards and use them when you're on the bus, during commercials while you're watching t.v. or whenever you have a bit of downtime.
3Learn the structure of the language. Learn how the verbs work with nouns and with each other. Things that you learn in the beginning of French make more sense as you become more proficient in the language. Look at things like how the pronunciation works.
- Grammar is incredibly important to learning a language. To speak it properly, you'll need to understand how verbs work, how present, past, and future tenses work, and how genders work with nouns. We say things forward in English e.x. The bathroom, whereas the french (and the rest of the world) say things backward, taking longer to say it e.x. the room of bath.
- Learn pronunciation. This is especially important with French, where to English speakers, the written words look nothing like the spoken language. For instance, French has vowels like "eau" which is pronounced "o" or "oi" which is pronounced "wa." You will need to know how these pronunciations work.
Immersing Yourself in French
1Read and write in French. To familiarize yourself with the language, you'll need to read and write in it. This will help you use the words you've been memorizing and keep them in your head.
- Children's books are a great place to start when learning to read any language. Since they help children learn their native language they are a great way for someone learning the language can get a handle on reading it.
- Another idea is to find your favorite books in French. This will help keep your interest and will help you decipher the text since you already know the plot. It's good to start simple, since a too-challenging book at the start of your learning will only frustrate you.
- Keep a French journal. Even if you only write a few sentences in it every day, it will help show you how much you've improved and will give you a chance to practice the language.
2Listen to things in French. Put on some French music, or your favorite movie dubbed in French. Seek out French cinema, and French television shows and radio stations. Practice imitating what you're hearing.
- Many polyglots (folks who know more than one language) swear by the "shadowing" technique for learning a language quickly. Go outside and put your headphones on. While you play the language, walk briskly. As you're walking repeat out loud and clearly what you're hearing. Repeat, march, repeat. This will help you connect movement with the language and to retrain your focus so that you aren't obsessing about memorization.
- Listening to natural French speakers will help you get a handle on how quickly French is spoken and how the intonation works. The more you listen, the better you will get.
- In the beginning, while you're watching a movie, have the French subtitles on so you can better follow along with the dialogue and can start to see how the words you've been reading act when spoken.
3Speak in French. This is one of the most important components to learning French. You have to speak the language, even if you feel embarrassed by how little you know. Everyone starts off not speaking well, but with practice you'll improve.
- Find a penpal, or skype buddy who speaks French as their native language. There are lots of programs over the internet or through colleges and local language schools that can set people up with people who speak French.
- Don't be upset by critique of your pronunciation. Instead, thank the critic and work on improving
- Talk out loud to yourself in French. Narrate what you're doing. If you're doing the dishes, or driving a car, talk about that. Pay attention to your intonation and pronunciation.
4Practice frequently. Without practicing what you learn, you're not going to get very far. Even learning a language quickly takes a certain amount of commitment and time. As long as you work hard and practice what you're learning, there's no reason for you not to learn French well!
- Think in French. Set aside time during the day to practice thinking in French.Go to the grocery store and think about the items in the store and the conversations you have with people. Practice reworking those interactions into French.
- Turn your Facebook (or other social media) settings to French. You still know where everything is, but it makes you have to practice what you're learning in a practical manner.
- Don't give up! Sometimes it can seem like you're never going to get it, but you will. As long as you practice and vary your learning methods, there's no reason for you to not learn French.
Learning Useful Phrases
1Learn greetings and goodbyes. These are useful phrases and words to start with, since most people begin their interaction, and end their interaction in similar ways. The "zh" in the following pronunciation guides sounds like "j" and "sh" mixed together.
- "Bonjour" which means "Hello" is pronounced "bohn-zhoor."
- "Je m'appelle..." means "My name is..." and is pronounced "zhuh mah-pehl."
- "Au revoir" means "goodbye" and is pronounced "oh-reh-vwar."
2Learn how to ask for help. This is important particularly if you need the other speaker to speak more slowly or to repeat themselves. Make sure to look up the individual words while you're practicing, as the English translation and the French meaning can be different.
- "Parlez lentement" means "Please speak slowly" and is pronounced "par-lay lehn-ta-mohn."
- "Je ne comprends pas" means "I don't understand" and is pronounced "zhuh nuh kohn-prahn pah."
3Remember to thank the people who help you. Say "merci" or "merci beaucoup" which mean "thank you" or "thank you very much."
- Some people are naturally good language learners and some aren't. Don't use this as an excuse.
- Once you have quite a wide vocabulary, you can start translating things you see every day in your native language. You might listen to a song and as you are doing this, start thinking about the words and tenses you would need to translate this into French. The same can be said for road signs, menus or even conversations. Although this might sound tedious, sometimes you'll think of a word in your native language and realize you don't know the French equivalent. This is a good way to keep your skills up and to make sure you don't forget things.
- Use your French or you will lose it.
- If you get a word wrong, pardon yourself and try again calmly.
Sources and Citations
- ↑ http://expatriateconnection.com/learning-a-new-language-8-tips-that-really-work/
- ↑ http://french.languagedaily.com/wordsandphrases/most-common-words
- ↑ http://www.omniglot.com/writing/french.htm
- ↑ http://www.oxfordlearning.com/2013/03/08/10-tips-for-improving-french-skills-at-home/
- ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-secret-to-learning-languages-1.1229806
- ↑ http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/learningfrench.htm
Show more... (3)
In other languages:
Español: aprender rápido a hablar francés, Русский: быстро выучить французский язык, Français: apprendre le français rapidement, Português: Aprender Francês de Forma Bem Rápida, 中文: 快速学习法语, Italiano: Imparare Velocemente il Francese, Deutsch: Rasch Französisch lernen, Bahasa Indonesia: Belajar Bahasa Perancis Dengan Cepat, Nederlands: Snel Frans leren
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 134,596 times.
|
<urn:uuid:c2f2d42a-0888-4448-9cb1-831de6a9c8c1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.wikihow.com/Learn-French-Fast
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939591 | 2,214 | 3.125 | 3 |
Manufacturers agree that improving energy efficiency is the best way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But for such a hugely energy intensive sector, boosting efficiency could also create very beneficial consequences for the company bottom line. Muriel Axford reports.
With significant energy savings in mind, the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) contends that policies should focus on major (rather than marginal) efficiency improvement opportunities, support research and development and provide incentives for consumer and industry adoption of new energy and resource efficiency measures.
But with energy costs rising, the case for cutting emissions is not only an environmental but an economic issue as well. So while discussions continue about how best to implement policies that serve the push toward greater energy efficiency, industry also has it sights set on reducing costs. Fundamental to this drive is the use of energy efficient machinery and equipment.
Reducing energy consumption
As an energy intensive sector, the chemical industry has made great strides in reducing its energy consumption. According the UK chemical industry body the Chemical Industries Association the UK chemical industry's energy efficiency has improved by 35% in the past 20 years and GHG emissions have been reduced by 70% over the same period.
The areas where savings have been made are many and it has long been recognised that the equipment used within a production plant, compressors, pumps and refrigeration systems etc can play a significant role in improving energy efficiency.
During 2010 Eastman Chemical Company was recognised through an American Chemistry Council energy efficiency award for its strategy to increase the hydroquinone yield and energy efficiency of its plant located in Kingsport Tennessee, US. The company managed to run the plant ay maximum production rates, building inventory, then taking extended shut downs to control inventory to acceptable levels and lower overall energy use. The result was a saving of almost 106,000 MMBtus for a 16% annual energy saving compared with 2008.
Eastman also replaced sieve trays in three large distillation columns with high-efficiency distillation trays that improved the hydraulic profile and separation efficiency. Additionally, distillation modelling identified a more efficient way to operate and control the columns once the high-efficiency trays were installed.
The result was lower reflux rates, improved control, significantly improved energy efficiency and a reduction in green house gas emissions of 23,000t. Further savings were realised with the installation of a new type of orifice trap in the base heater of a distillation column. The new trap does not allow steam to escape. This change resulted in a 10% reduction in steam used. Eastman says that its various energy efficiency projects combined saved enough energy to power 14,000 homes and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions from more than 8,000 cars.
Ray Ratheal, director energy and climate change policy at Eastman Chemical Company said "Due to the economic climate of 2009, Eastman's efficiency efforts shifted to reducing energy costs without capital investments. The winning projects are innovative examples of achieving energy efficiency through creative redesign, exploration and trials with new types of equipment and operational changes."
The pace of sustainable innovation
During April 2010 Ingersoll Rand announced that it had established a Centre for Energy Efficiency and Sustainability (CEES). Ingersoll Rand is a US-based global diversified industrial manufacturer producing equipment including compressors, air dryers and filters for heavy industrial applications.
The company said that the aim of the CEES was to "increase the pace of environmentally sustainable innovation, and create a roadmap for businesses and organisations worldwide to incorporate energy efficiency and environmentally focussed processes into their daily operations." Such is the need to push innovation in the area that the final quarter of 2010 saw Ingersoll Rand create a 12 member advisory council on sustainability which operates through the CEES.
John Conover, president of the Security Technologies sector of Ingersoll Rand and Chair the advisory council said "Ingersoll Rand is committed to incorporating sustainable business practices and developing the next generation of systems and services to help our customers meet their energy efficiency and sustainability goals. The advisory council will be instrumental in helping us shine a light on our own operations and provide expertise and strategic direction in our innovation pipeline."
Manufacturers are recognising the importance of informing and working with customers to help improve the performance of their operations.
During April 2010 Wilo UK, part of the Germany-based manufacturer of pumps and pumping systems, encouraged the largest users of electricity in the UK to look carefully at the energy savings that could be made by switching the large number of pumps in their buildings and premises to Wilo's high efficiency variable speed pumps, which use up to 90% less energy.
Wilo was responding to the UK government's Carbon Reduction Commitment Scheme which required the country's largest 5,000 users of electricity to sign up to the cap and trade scheme, which aims to reduce the UK's carbon emissions by one third by 2050.
As well as saving energy, Wilo also has a focus on water management amidst the increasing demand for water treatment systems. The company says that with fresh and pure water dwindling, the extraction and planning for water provision is increasingly important. To this end Wilo says that pumps and components are necessary that are capable of a combination of optimum extraction, efficiency and long-term reliability.
As well as providing a range of pumps to aid water management from municipal through to industrial, the company maintains a strong focus on innovation and technological development of its products.
As the tension between increasing industrialisation and environmental protection grows, it is clear that equipment manufacturers will have an increasingly important role to play in helping companies balance their growth along with conserving dwindling resources.
|
<urn:uuid:a38b7453-2e73-4973-bf5d-d6b5d9fe971e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.chemicals-technology.com/features/feature110150/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00099-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950291 | 1,134 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It might surprise many Americans to learn that, until just a couple of weeks ago, there were no federal standards requiring operators of the nation's roughly 600 coal- and oil-fired power plants to limit the amount of mercury, arsenic other toxic pollutants that they discharge into the air.
This despite the fact that the direct and indirect pollution arising from power plants that burn fossil fuels is well known to be deadly. This despite the fact that the technology needed to eliminate the vast majority of these pollutants has been available for years. This despite the fact that these plants, which account for as much as half of all mercury emissions, 75 percent of acid gas emissions, and between 20 and 60 percent of airborne toxic metal pollution, according to data from the Environmental Protection Agency, also deliver noxious payloads of bronchitis, heart disease, asthma and other ailments to hundreds of thousands Americans annually.
Mercury alone is a potent neurotoxin, and it has been linked to learning disabilities in children. And a disproportionate share of all these pollutants -- and the negative health effects they promise -- fall on minority and low-income Americans.
So it was that representatives of the American Lung Association, the American Public Health Association, the American Heart Association, the Children's Environmental Health Network, and other organizations celebrated, just before the Christmas holiday, new rules issued by the EPA -- some 20 years in the making -- that will force power plants to clean up these pollutants.
The so-called Mercury and Air Toxics Standards are among several new groups of air pollution standards that were put in place by the Obama administration, and which are now under heated attack by industry opponents and their supporters in Congress.
Senator James Inhofe, the Oklahoma Republican and ranking member of the Environment and Public Works Committee, has called on EPA's inspector general to investigate the agency's use of science and peer review in determining the need for the mercury and air toxics rules. A separate EPA measure, which imposes caps on sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions that cross state lines -- key components in the formation of everything from acid rain to ground level ozone and soot in the eastern part of the U.S. -- was temporarily stayed by a federal appeals court just before New Year's.
That rule has been targeted in dozens of lawsuits, most of them brought by utilities in big-coal states who argue that the standard, like other EPA clean air actions under the Obama administration, will strangle a fragile economy, threaten jobs, cause electricity rates to increase, and hobble power generators who must invest millions installing new pollution controls, or buy credits to comply.
"When it comes to something as simple as keeping the lights on and keeping electricity rates affordable, we shouldn't need a federal court to step in and tell a government agency to stop threatening our power supplies and jobs, said Rep. Fred Upton, the Michigan Republican and chair of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, in a statement praising the court-ordered hold. "Unfortunately, that's what it came to in this case. The EPA's unprecedented rash of regulations will cost our economy tens of billions of dollars and put at risk tens of thousands of jobs, but it doesn't have to be that way."
Some of the most strident claims, including the notion that these and other regulations will destabilize the electricity grid, appear to have little foundation. The Department of Energy, for example, conducted an extensive analysis of the potential impact of both the mercury and air toxics rule and the cross-state pollution rule on the reliability of the nation's electricity systems. In results published early last month, the agency concluded that the measures would "not create resource adequacy issues."
As for job losses and the threat of economic damages, these, too, have proven to be somewhat overstated. One prominent study, conducted by the progressive, non-partisan Economic Policy Institute suggested that while some jobs will almost certainly be lost as a result of higher energy prices, those losses will be slightly offset by jobs the regulation actually helps create -- including between 80,000 and 100,000 jobs in the "pollution abatement and control" industry.
There is no question that the various EPA rules will cost utilities billions of dollars, and force many older coal-burning plants -- categorically the worst polluters -- to shutter. But analyses from DOE, EPI and other organizations have routinely shown that this will have no measurable impact on their ability to deliver electricity to customers. Indeed, a number of utilities -- chiefly those who anticipated stricter federal pollution standards and took steps to install controls years ago -- have come out in support of new EPA rules.
Others have pointed out that coal interests in the United States are threatened at least as much -- and probably more -- by cheap and plentiful natural gas reserves as they are by tough pollution standards.
And of course, all of this can seem can seem a rather cynical departure from the metric that really matters: human life and health.
Here, EPA has estimated that the mercury and air toxics rule alone could prevent 11,000 premature deaths annually and avoid as much as $90 billion in health care costs. The cross-state rule, according to the agency's analysis, will result in somewhere between $120 and $280 billion in health and environmental benefits annually and avoid between 13,000 and 34,000 premature deaths.
An independent analysis of these and four other new EPA air quality regulations by researchers at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, found that the while the cost of implementing the new regulations would be nearly $200 billion over the next 20 years, the benefits, in terms of avoided health costs and other advantages, could easily top $1 trillion.
Not everyone is convinced. In an editorial late last month, for example, the Wall Street Journal joined other critics in pointing out that most of the benefits that EPA attributes to the mercury and air toxic rules arise not from reduced mercury or acid gas emissions, but from ancillary reductions in the formation of microscopic particles that contribute to the formation of soot -- a documented killer.
Emissions of particulate matter are already regulated under other rules, the newspaper argues, and counting their reduction as a side-effect of the mercury rule amounts to an "an abuse of the cost-benefit process."
To be sure, EPA's analysis of the rule does not clearly quantify the direct benefits of mercury and air toxic reductions, and the majority of the enumerated benefits arise from these so-called "co-benefits." But Betsaida Alcantara, an EPA spokeswoman, said that if anything, the benefits of the new rules have been underestimated. "There are many other health effects associated with toxic air pollution like chromium, nickel and arsenic that we are unable to put a dollar figure on - serious effects such as cancer, and respiratory effects in children will be avoided as a result of these safeguards," she said in an email. "What the health science tells us is that the American people will benefit greatly from reductions in pollution."
Janice E. Nolen, who directs national policy and advocacy initiatives for the American Lung Association, put it another way: "We don't currently have models to estimate the benefits of children not having neurological processes disrupted by mercury," she said. "The data just isn't available the way that it is for particulate matter -- which means what's really going on is that we're only looking at a fraction of the benefits."
|
<urn:uuid:1bb3181b-d54c-465c-8ebc-b4e707a20809>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-zeller-jr/epa-air-pollution-rules_b_1195108.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959077 | 1,506 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Design Thinking – EmpathyKyle Maxey
posted on November 16, 2012 |
| 5919 views
When it comes to integrating Design Thinking into Product Concept Design, Empathy is the crux of the matter. The goal of Design Thinking is framing Product Concept Development in terms of a ‘human-centered’ approach, and Empathy is how you relate the needs of people to your designs.
How to Build Empathy into your Next Product
While building Empathy into a product might seem like a complicated task it really only requires two key components, both of which are natural extensions of the way we do most things in life. They are:
1. Observation – Watch how users act within relevant, real-life situations. Travel to places where the problem you are trying to solve exists and watch how organic solutions are created. Don’t try to simulate circumstances; they’ll never be genuine and they might lead your designs astray by providing you with false conclusions.
2. Engagement – Have conversations with the users that you observe. Come to the conversation with specific questions based on your observations, but don’t constrain your conversation to your own ideas. Let your product solve problems more completely by asking “Why” questions.
Once you’ve met with your audience, heard their opinions and seen how they view a problem it’s time to start drawing conclusions. Over the course of your observation and engagement period you’ll likely have gathered a wide range of opinions. To crystallize your observations into a foundation for your designs, look for patterns that emerged from your conversations with users.
Was there a single problem that all users expressed about previous product solutions? Were the problems multiple? Is a complete rethinking of the product necessary?
Your users will be the best bellwethers for the direction that your design solution will go. Make a framework from their opinions, draw upon them to make conclusions and prepare those conclusions for the next phase of the Design Thinking method, Collaboration.
In the video below Vince Penman and Allison Toepperwein give and overview of how Empathy and Collaboration are used in Design Thinking.
|
<urn:uuid:c44e2c94-1feb-4bdd-9c6b-03cf66068f06>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.engineering.com/DesignerEdge/DesignerEdgeArticles/ArticleID/4988/Design-Thinking-Empathy.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923494 | 447 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Mouthwashes 'can raise risk of heart attack and strokes': Antiseptic gargles kill good bacteria that help keep blood pressure down
- Mouthwash brand Corsodyl has been found to increase blood pressure
- Study found blood pressure rose between 2 and 3.5 units for daily users
Sharp edge: Mouthwash Corsodyl can lower blood pressure
Using mouthwash is a ‘disaster’ for health, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes, scientists are warning.
Swilling kills off ‘good’ bacteria that help blood vessels relax – so increasing blood pressure.
When healthy volunteers used Corsodyl, a brand containing a powerful antiseptic, their blood pressure rose within hours.
Professor Amrita Ahluwalia, who led the study, last night condemned the widespread use of antiseptic mouthwash.
She said: ‘Killing off all these bugs each day is a disaster, when small rises in blood pressure have significant impact on morbidity and mortality from heart disease and stroke.’
More than half of British adults regularly use mouthwash, creating a market worth £180 million a year.
The study compared blood pressure levels in 19 healthy volunteers who started using Corsodyl twice daily. Their blood pressure rose by between 2 and 3.5 units (mmgh).
This effect ‘appeared within one day’ of using the mouthwash, researchers wrote in the journal Free Radical Biology And Medicine.
For each two-point rise in blood pressure, the risk of dying from heart disease rises by seven per cent, according to separate research. Such a rise also increases the risk of dying from stroke by ten per cent.
Heart disease and stroke are the biggest killer in Britain.
Prof Ahluwalia, from Queen Mary University of London, said: ‘We are not telling people to stop using antiseptic mouthwashes if they have a gum or tooth infection – but we would ask why anyone else would want to.’
Dangerous rinse: The study by Queen Mary University in London found that blood pressure in daily Corsodyl users rose by between 2 and 3.5 units
Corsodyl contains 0.2 per cent by volume of the antiseptic chlorhexidine. Other antiseptic mouthwashes made by Boots and Superdrug contain the chemical in the same concentration. It kills microbes needed to help create nitrite, essential for blood vessels to dilate properly. But the mouthwash caused nitrite production in the mouth to fall by over 90 per cent, and blood nitrite to fall by 25 per cent.
Not all mouthwashes contain chlorhexidine: Listerine, for example, does not. However, Prof Ahluwalia said: ‘Other mouthwashes could still disrupt the healthy bacteria.’
Dentist Richard Guyver said he would be ‘very cautious about drawing conclusions’ from such a small study.
Corsodyl makers GlaxoSmithKline said their product was for short-term use to stop plaque and prevent gum disease and it also makes another product, Corsodyl Daily, which contains 0.06 per cent chlorhexidine for everyday use.
The spokesman said their own research had ‘not highlighted any concerns regarding the use of Corsodyl 0.2 per cent mouthwash as directed and increases in blood pressure’.
|
<urn:uuid:f5076a88-9f36-4297-b2ff-9fac34655e4b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2546092/Mouthwashes-raise-risk-heart-attack-strokes-Antiseptic-gargles-kill-good-bacteria-help-blood-pressure-down.html?ITO=1490
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918591 | 702 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Sought After Items
Before the men left their village for the designated trading place, they already knew what they needed to bring back. The priorities were, most often, food and hides to feed and clothe the members of the village. After trading for these essential items, if they had brought surplus goods, they could obtain rarer items or materials, such as native copper.
Usually, what they needed to bring back to the village were things that the group did not produce. The Algonquians did not cultivate plants, so they had to trade with the Iroquoians if they wanted corn or dried beans. For their part, the Iroquoians hunted less than the Algonquians, but still needed to clothe the people of their villages. Therefore they traded to obtain hides. Each group traded their surplus items in exchange for what they did not have.
Among the priority items traded were corn, hides, furs, and smoked meat and fish. They also traded for flint, which was used to make tools.
Rarer objects, which could be compared to today's luxury items, were also traded. Of course, what was considered a luxury then is not necessarily seen as such today. A good example would be wampum beads. They were made in what is now New England and used by most of the First Nations to seal alliances and treaties. With the tools available at the time, a craftworker could make about forty beads a day. A complete wampum belt might have over 1,000 beads! This meant many days of work to produce all the beads for a single belt.
How rare an item was also varied from one nation to another. A birch bark canoe could be worth a great deal to those who had no birch trees on their territory. It was the same for certain furs. It is said that the nations living along the Great Lakes valued the fur of the black squirrel highly. For them, having a coat made of black squirrel fur was a symbol of prosperity.
Can you think of something that is very expensive here because we do not make it in our country?
|
<urn:uuid:7e6e8b62-97a4-4041-aa1e-ed963afda8ca>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.letrocdesidees.ca/en/materials-sought.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.989596 | 434 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Date: April 1989 (Revised April 1995)
Source: NDSU Extension Service Horticulturists
When you use artificial light as the only light source for indoor plants, fluorescent tubes or commercial grow lights are probably the best. Place these lamps near the plants; they give a fairly high light intensity with a minimum amount of heat.
For small plants, place fluorescent fixtures about 12 inches above the pot rims. The effectively lighted area then extends about two inches beyond a line directly under the edge of a fluorescent lamp reflector. Replace tubes or grow lights every year because they lose intensity with age.
Light duration is important when you grow flowering plants under artificial lights. The influence of lights on flowering plants is classified into three groups:
short day plants - initiate flowers with short days and long nights
long day Plants - initiate flowers with long days and short nights
day-neutral plants - bloom under either short or long-day conditions
In general, most short day plants should have about 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness.
Typical short day plants are aster, salvia (SALvee-ah), poinsettia, and kalanchoe (KAL-an-KO-ee).
Most long day plants should have about 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness each day. Common long day plants are hibiscus, larkspur and delphinium (del-FIN-ee-um).
Flowering plants like light geranium, pansy and snapdragon are day-neutral and only slightly affected by day length.
When growing foliage plants under lights, or when starting bedding plants for future transplanting outside, use light periods of 12 to 14 hours during each 24 hour period.
If you have further questions, please contact your county office of the NDSU Extension Service.
Back to Indoor Pests Menu
Go to Ask Extension Index Page
For More Information Contact your North Dakota County Extension Office of the NDSU Extension Service for additional information or see our main NDSU Web Page for publications and articles on Agriculture, Horticulture, Youth and Family, Business and Community and Food and Nutrition at http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/
|
<urn:uuid:7465d822-86f6-4d0e-ac38-2f72963d15d0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://ndsuext.nodak.edu/extnews/askext/indoor/2112.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.864021 | 462 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Michael Porter’s Five Forces model explains the importance of how market dynamics can affect competitive rivalry. This model includes three forces from the ‘horizontal’ competition: threat of new entrants, threat of substitution products, and the degree of rivalry among existing competitors; and two forces from the ‘vertical’ competition: bargaining power of customers and the bargaining power of suppliers. These five factors make up the Porter Five forces.
These five factors represent what power a company has as a buyer verses the power it has as a supplier. This model also looks into how easily a product or service can be imitated by alternate companies; and additionally, how other companies could threaten the current stance of the existing firm. All aspects of this model influence how much a company will pay or receive for their certain products or services, represents the strength of your existing firm and to what degree you would have control over your current market competitors, and how viable it is to enter into the selected market.
Virgin Australia airlines have concerns with the rivalry with other airlines in their existing market or possible future markets. Rivalry is exacerbated by the microenvironments that the airline industry is based in, where competition is primarily based on price. This is due to basically all airlines offering the same service to their customers with little ability to differentiate. Additionally, with the added use of the Internet, customers have the possibility to compare prices prior to purchasing tickets. All these factors amount to why airline tickets are being driven down, and why they can hinder airline profitability.
Table 1 - Impacts on an airline service provider based on Porters Five Forces Model.
Threat of New Entrant| -Airline industry is completely saturated with airline providers and there is little room for...
|
<urn:uuid:130efbb1-e343-4157-9847-1472c67a9602>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.studymode.com/essays/Porter%E2%80%99s-Five-Forces-Of-Industry-Attractiveness-1086618.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961665 | 352 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Experiment name: Study on material passage and general description of speed frame/ Flyer frame/ Roving frame/ Simplex m/c.
M/c description: Draw frame slivers are fed to the roving frame in large cans. The slivers are passed through separators and then over the guide rollers and tension rollers. Now the slivers are passed through the drafting rollers. There is dead weight over these drafting rollers. Here generally 6-15 draft is given. The delivered slivers are too thin to hold themselves together and so twist is needed. The drafted strands of fibres are then passed through flyers. These flyers create twist in the fibre strands by rotating and twist is usually 30-65 per meters. There are spindles in the flyers on which the twisted fibres i.e. roving are wound.
- To draft the sliver to reduce weight per unit length.
- To insert small amount of twist to strengthen the roving to prevent breakage during next processing.
- To make conical or tapper shape of the bobbin.
- To wind twisted strand on the bobbin.
- The United Kingdom.
- Guide rollers
- Drafting rollers
- Dead weight
|Fig: Passage diagram of Simplex|
- Pitch of spindle = 7.5 inches
- No. of flyers = 40
- Bobbinn length = 11.5 inches
- Lift of bobbin = 10.3 inches
- Outer diameter of bobbin = 1.75 inches
- Inner diameter of bobbin = 1.3 inches
|
<urn:uuid:5fa23473-a315-4f34-8397-762c0ddf8fce>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/01/simplex-machine-speed-frame-flyer-frame.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.82358 | 330 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Ever since a 7.2 temblor shook Haiti’s capital, reducing much of the city to ruins, the ongoing challenges for survivors has included finding clean drinking water. With much of the city still lying in ruins and hundreds of thousands of Haitians living in makeshift housing, safe water remains elusive for some.
Water Treatment Systems
In November 2010, we shared with WordJourney readers the work of a Christian ministry, Water Missions International, whose purpose is supply clean drinking water to Haitians (and others worldwide) through water treatment systems they set up throughout the Port-au-Prince area. Each treatment system supplies enough water to help 5,000 Haitians daily at a cost of less than a penny per person per day (see Water Treatment Ministry Rushes Relief To Haiti).
Water Missions International is making progress in Haiti and now has 156 treatment systems deployed in the Caribbean nation, purifying more than 1.5 million gallons of water each day. Each system is environmentally-friendly and should work for a generation.
“Our engineers create smart, but simple, water systems that can be operated by local citizens and will serve communities for the next 20 years or more at a cost of less than a penny per person per day,” said Elsa Paula who, with her husband Julio, co-directs efforts in Haiti for Water Missions International. “The educational and economic impact of these systems on Haitian communities is almost immeasurable and will last for generations.”
The overall impact on providing Haiti with clean water can be hard to grasp, but with cholera an ever present threat, tens of thousands of lives have likely been saved as a result of water treatment systems being put in place. Indeed, CNN reported on Nov. 22, 2010, that 1,344 Haitians had died from a recent cholera outbreak.
Locally, the work has benefitted many people including a group of 400 hearing-impaired Haitians and their children who live in a camp in central Port-au-Prince, surrounded by other tent cities. Also, Pastor Christmas Adorilas of Ministere Travailleur pour Christ Church has seen how liquid water and living water can make a difference, as he is able to serve his entire community of 2,500 people with a Water Missions International system located in his church yard. These are just a few examples of how providing fresh water has transformed lives of many Haitians physically as well as spiritually.
Nonprofit Water Missions International is based in Charleston, South Carolina, and is made up of engineers, staff and volunteers who help bring clean drinking water solutions to people in 42 developing countries. A U.N. Study confirms that a lack of clean water and adequate sanitation are the top reasons why people become ill following a natural disaster with unclean water killing more people than does war.
Note: Photos and mission information provided by Water Missions International, all rights reserved.
Powered by Facebook Comments
|
<urn:uuid:a4aa0d20-3a16-4471-ab48-76c6d93df6da>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.wordjourney.com/news/general-news/access-to-clean-water-propels-haitian-quake-recovery-efforts/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96014 | 604 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Related Media: Knee Arthroscopy: Arthroscopic Meniscectomy
Meniscus is cartilage in the knee joint. It helps to stabilize and cushion the knee. A meniscectomy is the removal of all or part of the cartilage.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
A meniscectomy is done when the cartilage is damaged and is causing pain or problems with knee motion.
Complications are rare, but no procedure is completely free of risk. If you are planning to have a meniscectomy, your doctor will review a list of possible complications, which may include:
Some factors that may increase the risk of complications include:
Your doctor may do the following:
Talk to your doctor about your medicines. You may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like:
Do not eat or drink anything for 8-12 hours before surgery, unless your doctor tells you otherwise.
Local, spinal, or
will be used depending on the procedure.
With local anesthesia, the area around the surgery will be numbed. With spinal anesthesia, your lower body will be numbed from an injection into the back. With general anesthesia, you will be asleep.
There are two methods for meniscectomy:
Small incisions are made around the knee. Special tools are inserted into the knee joint. A tiny camera will provide a view of the inside of the knee. The damaged meniscus is either repaired or removed. The doctor will remove as little cartilage as possible. A drain may be inserted to drain away fluid. The incisions are closed with stitches. The stitches are usually removed in the doctor's office one week later.
A larger incision is made over the knee joint. The meniscus is then either repaired or removed. The incision is closed with stitches. It usually results in a longer recovery period. This process is usually done when there are problems with the knee that make the arthroscopic procedure difficult.
The procedure usually takes less than one hour.
Anesthesia prevents pain during the procedure. Medicine will help you manage pain during recovery.
If the meniscus was removed, it generally takes 3-6 weeks to return to full activities.
If the cartilage was repaired, it can take up to four months for full recovery. The goal of the first week is to reduce pain and swelling. After this, the goals are to increase range of motion and weight-bearing. Physical therapy is often done several times a week for four weeks or more. At 6-8 weeks, low impact activities can often be added. This will help to prepare you to return to sports or activities. Running, cutting, and rotation are avoided for at least 16 weeks.
After arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs:
In case of an emergency, call for medical help right away.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeonshttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/
National Library of Medicinehttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/
Canada Health Networkhttp://www.canadian-health-network.ca/
Physical Therapy Canadahttp://www.physicaltherapy.ca/
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at:
Lento P, Akuthota V. Frontera:
Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1st ed. Philadelphia; Hanley and Belfus; 2002.
|
<urn:uuid:692e4a75-0d90-4a37-a26b-bb6db2c9f122>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.lifescript.com/health/centers/arthritis/therapies-procedures/meniscectomy.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925297 | 730 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Satanism was founded in 1966 by Anton LaVey. Satanists are first and foremost atheists and the teachings behind it is based on individualism, carnality and Epicureanism . Satanism is a Left-Hand Path (LHP) religion which rejects traditional Right-Hand Path (RHP) religions such as Christianity and Islam. Satanists perceive RHP religious beliefs in the denial of life and the emphasis on abstinence and unnecessary guilt as undesirable. Satanism does not involve the literal worship of any being other than the self. Satan is a symbol of carnality and earthly values, which are part of man's inherent nature. Anton LaVey established Satanism as a religion in 1966, and codified Satanic beliefs and practices in The Satanic Bible in 1969. The Church of Satan acknowledges that there are many Satanists around the world, including both members and non-members. It often rejects the legitimacy of any other organizations of Satanists, dubbing them reverse-Christians, pseudo-Satanists or Devil worshippers.
On Walpurgisnacht of 1966, Anton LaVey began the Church of Satan. Beforehand, he had given lectures from his home, the infamous Black House, charging two dollars for admittance. He formed a "Magic Circle" with his closest associates. It was soon suggested to LaVey that he had enough material to start an organized religion.
The Church of Satan attracted a great deal of publicity. Its use of nude women as altars, and performances of a Satanic wedding and funeral service, brought it much attention. Anton LaVey shaved his head and wore a white clerical collar, sometimes even wearing horns to complete the image of the Devil incarnate. His flamboyant personality attracted many followers and admirers.
In 1969, LaVey published The Satanic Bible, which, even to this day, remains the most authoritative literature on the subject of Satanism, outlining the basic concepts, philosophy and rituals of the religion. A companion book, The Satanic Rituals, published in 1972, presents an array of rituals associated with Satanism throughout the ages, but not necessarily central to the Church's belief system. LaVey also released other literature to further expand on the ideology, namely The Satanic Witch (previously published as The Compleat Witch), and 2 essay anthologies: The Devil's Notebook and Satan Speaks! Today, the Church of Satan promotes itself as the only true representation of Satanism, and it routinely publishes materials underscoring this contention.
In The Satanic Bible, Anton LaVey describes Satan as a motivating and balancing dark force in nature. Satan is also described as being the "Black Flame", representing a person's own inner personality and desires. Satan is seen as synonymous with nature. In his most important essay, "Satanism: The Feared Religion", the Church of Satan's current leader Peter H. Gilmore states:
"Satanists do not believe in the supernatural, in neither God nor the Devil. To the Satanist, he is his own God. Satan is a symbol of Man living as his prideful, carnal nature dictates. The reality behind Satan is simply the dark evolutionary force of entropy that permeates all of nature and provides the drive for survival and propagation inherent in all living things. Satan is not a conscious entity to be worshipped, rather a reservoir of power inside each human to be tapped at will. Thus any concept of sacrifice is rejected as a Christian aberration in Satanism there is no deity to which one can sacrifice". -Peter H. Gilmore
Satan in mythology and literature around the world is a trickster and a rebel. He is a the classic figure seeking to free man from slavery. He does not require worship because he is a symbol similar to the way flags embody and idea and a philosophy. Figures such as the Greek Prometheus are said to perfectly exemplify the qualities of Satan, as the prideful rebel. Satan is seen as the powerful individual who acts in terms of rational self interests regardless of what others might say. The word Satan is derived from Hebrew and it means "adversary" or "accuser" this is not a literal being it's symbol for everything good in man and woman.
Satanists are atheists, they shuns the idea of belief in all other deities as well. Belief in any such externalized deities is generally considered grounds for excluding someone as a Satanist. Devil worship in particular is considered nothing more than a misguided inversion of Christianity, the practitioners of which being regarded as being on par with Christians or other practitioners of the 'Right-Hand Path'.
The following is intended as humor and sarcasm. It should not be taken seriously. Most of you know by now that I have a rather dark sense of humor and when I saw "THE 101 RULES OF TRUE SATANISM" posted on numerous websites I had to post it on mine as well. Unlike the other websites I've seen this on I felt it only fair to post a link to The Official Church of Satan's website so that there is no confusion in regards to what real Satanism is and is not. Be sure to click on the many links below for more information about the truth behind the worlds most notorious religion.
Educate Yourself: Your Dark Guru Merlin
2. Quote Nietzsche obsessively, but own none of his books.
3. Come up with long, evil sounding nick names like the grand high exalted daemon magister templi rex of the third degree
4. Whenever greeting other Satanists, the only acceptable greeting is Ave.
5. When feeling especially Satanic say Ave Satanas.
6. Pretend Ave Satanas is appropriate Latin.
7. Use Latin as much as possible. It is the Dark Lord's chosen language.
8. Come up with evil sounding screen names for message boards, like goatlord666, infernalbelial9, and Crucifier.
9. End all screen names with 666.
10. If you can't come up with an evil enough sounding screen name placing Lord in front of your own name is acceptable.
11. Own all of Crowley's books and read exactly none of them.
12. Form an online Satanic org with you and your friends and declare yourself the high priest.
13. Give your org a hellish sounding name like The Temple of Unholy Sacrilege, The Evil Church of Satanic Divinity, or, if the name you want is taken, The FIRST Evil Church of Satanic Divinity.
14. Offer members of your org an evil looking certificate or card.
15. Update your org's site once a year- no exceptions!
16. Turn all crosses you see up side down.
17. Make inverted crosses out of random objects.
18. Draw inverted pentagrams on your spiral notebook in math class.
19. Wear all black, all the time!
20. Paint your fingernails black, and don't repaint them until it has all worn off.
21. If your parents let you, paint your room black.
22. Make a Satanic alter using your dresser.
23. Carry your Satanic Bible everywhere you go.
24. Stand up for originality and individualism, but look like every other Satanist.
25. Wear outrageous looking clothes, and then complain when other students make fun of you.
26. Wear Halloween cloaks and capes as your ritual attire.
27. Listen to heavy metal.
28. Make the sign of the horns and bang your head while listening to heavy metal.
29. Make the sign of the horns while looking in the mirror to remind yourself of just how evil you are.
30. Never smile for pictures, and make the sign of the horns.
31. Complain about real world actions with Satanism but spend all day on message boards.
32. Leave your Halloween decorations up year round.
33. Celebrate all Satanic holidays even if you don't know what they are for.
34. Get excited every time your sales receipt comes out to $6.66.
35. Instead of saying oh my god, say oh my Satan.
36. Repeat the Lord's Prayer backwards six times every night before bed.
37. Make long boring posts on message boards that don't go anywhere.
38. Your signature should contain at least six lines not including Hail Satan.
39. Join every online org you come across.
40. Join every e-group and message board you can, post at each one approximately twice.
41. Create your own message board, and only allow your friends access.
42. Make your own Satanic website by ripping off everyone else's.
43. Declare yourself a Modern Satanist, wait a week, declare yourself a traditional Satanist, then revert back to Modern Satanism.
44. When anyone asks you what the difference between traditional and modern Satanism is, simply say: We are all sons of the Dark Lord.
45. Tell all your friends that you follow the Left Hand Path. When asked what that means just stare at them blankly.
46. If it's a dark sounding religion or path, it must be linked to Satanism. Examples include: Vampyrism, Demonolatry, and Chaos Magic.
47. Always spell vampire with a "Y".
48. Name your pets after the Infernal Names.
49. Hang out in cemeteries after dark.
50. Stir up trouble in Christian chat rooms.
51. Always spell Christian as Xtian.
52. I know what your altar is missing, a fake skull.
53. Cover your car's bumper with Satanic bumper stickers. Act surprised when they get ripped off.
54. Own Satanic clothing and jewelry; only wear them indoors when your parents are not home.
55. Start fights with other Satanic orgs because they are not true enough.
56. Claim to have secret knowledge of ancient occult mysteries.
57. Offer viewing of these ancient secrets for a small, nonrefundable fee.
58. Claim that you come from a long line of devil worshippers and that LaVeyans are not true.
59. Get ordained at the Universal Life Church (ULC)
60. Attempt to gain tax exemption.
61. When passing Jehovah's Witnesses on the road, yell "God is dead" out the window while giving the sign of the horns.
62. Post on message boards with more than one screen name. Use one alias to back up the other's arguments.
63. Blame all your troubles on God. When something good happens yell Hail Satan.
64. Pretend online curses are intimidating.
65. Dye your hair black.
666. Try to obtain a pet goat.
66. Rewrite the Nine Satanic Statements, Eleven Satanic Rules of the Earth, and Nine Satanic sins.
67. Claim to be writing the next Satanic Bible.
68. Tell everyone you are the new "Black Pope".
69. Remember, Satanists are easy to make money off of. Sell Satanic paraphernalia at ridiculous prices.
70. Cheap Halloween accessories are an inexpensive source of ritual tools.
71. Bash Wiccans but own at least one Wiccan/Pagan book.
72. Read Harry Potter books.
73. When you have a strange dream, it must be significant, tell others immediately.
74. Use white out to draw inverted pentagrams on your backpack straps.
75. Cast curses on the bullies at school.
76. When someone asks you what's the significance of the Baphomet, tell them that it's a dark secret and cannot be revealed to outsiders.
77. Re-read The Satanic Bible, this time make sure to get past the second page.
78. Master the Enochian language.
79. Read Might is Right and wonder why it seems so familiar.
80. End all emails with Shemhamphorash.
81. If asked what Shemhamphorash means, stare blankly.
82. Don't spell Satan as S8N.
83. Start yet another Satanic group in Canada.
84. Claim ruler ship over the city your group resides in.
85. "Misplace" bibles from motel rooms.
86. Hang an up-side-down cross from your rearview mirror.
87. Call your phone company and request a phone number beginning with 666.
88. Own a pet snake.
89. Black cats also make acceptable pets.
90. Create a website using lots of graphics from Hellishgraphics.com
91. Play role-playing games obsessively.
92. Make it your life's quest to uncover the secret occult meaning behind "Yankee Rose".
93. Pretend the line between Thelema and Satanism does not exist.
94. Shave your head and grow a goatee.
95. Refer to your small collection of occult books as a library.
96. The only acceptable colors for your altar candles are black, white, and if feeling especially grim - red.
97. All true Satanists collect fantasy weapons off of ebay.
98. Make plans to build an actual Satanic church.
99. If that does not work out make plans to open an occult book/coffee shop.
100. Hang out in the occult/new age section of the bookstore waiting for other dark brethren to arrive.
101. You mean to tell me you read this whole thing when you could have been jerking off in a cemetery while worshiping Satan somewhere?! For shame!!!
One man risked his life for what you will see, traveling to a distant, snow-covered land where strangers took him in a car, deep into the icy wilderness. There his journey began, through secret passages, into unholy rituals, to capture what has never been documented before. Few would dare to venture within the Church of Satan. And he will take you with him on this quest for truth, through a dark, controversial realm. Joshua P. Warren is the first outsider in over 40 years granted this level of access, and the first person EVER to document the Satanic Rite of Ragnarok. This Satanic ritual is included in its entirety, based on High Priest Peter H. Gilmore's The Satanic Scriptures.
Here's a clip from the TV show Californication were Becca says grace. This clip is a perfect example of how people judge alternative religions before they do any research in to why they are opposed to them. �Every religion in the world that has destroyed people is based on love� -Anton LaVey
This is a great documentary about the world, legacy, music, loves, rituals, careers and philosophies of Anton Szandor LaVey.
Linked below is and excellent Lecture on Satanism by Reverend Kevin I. Slaughter. This lecture was filmed and edited by Kevin I. Slaughter for Underworld Amusements. (http://www.underworldamusements.net/)
|
<urn:uuid:649b7167-7632-42cd-8a8c-87292ca64f4f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://merlinravensong2.tripod.com/true-satanism.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926964 | 3,101 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hand-foot-mouth disease is a relatively common infection viral infection that usually begins in the throat.
A similar infection is herpangina.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is most commonly caused by coxsackievirus A16, a member of the enterovirus family.
The disease is not spread from pets, but it can be spread by person to person. You may catch it if you come into direct contact with nose and throat discharges, saliva, fluid from blisters, or the stools of an infected person. You are most contagious the first week you have the disease.
The time between infection and the development of symptoms is about 3 - 7 days.
The most important risk factor is age. The infection occurs most often in children under age 10, but can be seen in adolescents and occasionally adults. The outbreaks occur most often in the summer and early fall.
A history of recent illness and a physical examination, demonstrating the characteristic vesicles on the hands and feet, are usually sufficient to diagnose the disease.
There is no specific treatment for the infection other than relief of symptoms.
Treatment with antibiotics does not work and is not recommended. Over-the-counter medicines, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen can be used to treat fever. Aspirin should not be used in viral illnesses in children under age 12 years.
Salt water mouth rinses (1/2 teaspoon of salt to 1 glass of warm water) may be soothing if the child is able to rinse without swallowing. Make sure your child gets plenty of fluids. Extra fluid is needed when a fever is present. The best fluids are cold milk products. Many children refuse juices and sodas because their acid content causes burning pain in the ulcers.
Generally, complete recovery occurs in 5 to 7 days.
Call your health care provider if there are signs of complications, such as pain in neck or arms and legs. Emergency symptoms include convulsions.
You should also call if:
Avoid contact with people with known illness. Always wash your hands well and often, especially if you are in contact with people who are sick.
Abzug MJ. Nonpolio enteroviruses. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 242.
Habif TP. Exanthems and drug eruptions. In: Habif TP, ed. Clinical Dermatology. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 14.
|
<urn:uuid:af14036c-cedd-4332-b516-2b3c3d90179d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.northside.com/HealthLibrary/?Path=HIE+Multimedia%5C1%5C000965.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926107 | 562 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Statistics of Animal Use in Research and Teaching in Australia
Humane Research Australia (HRA) works to ensure that animal experiments are continually under scrutiny in Australia. Part of our work in this area involves working each year to collate national statistics on animals used in research and teaching in Australia.
The latest available statistics show that approximately 6.99 million animals were used in research and teaching in Australia in 2014.
The chart above shows an upward trend in the total number of animals used in research and teaching in Australia over the past eleven years of available statistics (2004 - 2014).
View comprehensive details of the latest statistics of animal use in research and teaching in Australia here, or view our archive of statistics from the past ten years below:
The Problem With Statistics
Australia maintains no national collection or collation of animal use statistics, unlike many other countries. Even at state/territory level, there are 5-year delays in reporting, extremely inconsistent collection and reporting methods between jurisdictions and institutions, and some states and territories don't even collect statistics at all.
Due to the difficulty in obtaining statistics, and discrepancies in data provided, it is difficult to create a comprehensive picture of the national use of animals in research and teaching. Hence, HRA’s figures usually represent very conservative numbers of total animal use.
Read more about the inadequacy of the current statistics reporting system here, and send an email to the Federal Minister for Agriculture urging him to implement a framework for the national collection and collation of statistics of animals used in research and teaching by clicking below:
The Faces Behind the Statistics
Although often hidden behind figures, missing due to discrepancies, or lost within inconsistent reporting requirements, Humane Research Australia's latest bulletin provides a rare opportunity to meet some of the 'faces behind the statistics' - individuals who were surrendered by or rescued from laboratories. Read about their stories here and download our 'Faces Behind the Statistics' bulletin below.
|
<urn:uuid:35b7a1c7-b368-46da-ae2a-486b501a4b2a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.humaneresearch.org.au/statistics/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924945 | 392 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Dr. William J. Netzer, Senior Research Associate at the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research at The Rockefeller University
Dr. Netzer’s research focuses on the discovery of molecules and systems within brain cells that can be targeted by drugs to treat Alzheimer’s disease. He recently discovered that Gleevec, a successful anti-cancer drug, lowers beta-amyloid production, suggesting that compounds similar to Gleevec might be useful in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Gleevec itself does not penetrate the brain, and therefore cannot be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Dr. Netzer, however, has discovered a new compound that works like Gleevec to lower beta-amyloid but is also able to enter the brain. Dr. Netzer and Fisher scientists are currently evaluating this compound in pre-clinical studies.
|
<urn:uuid:106a3368-db7e-4f72-a2c0-e1f66b564065>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.alzinfo.org/about/bios/dr-william-j-netzer/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92855 | 174 | 2.671875 | 3 |
"I am nature", declared Jackson Pollock.
And well he shoud have. In an article published by the journal, LEONARDO in 2000, authors Richard Taylor, Adam Micolich and David Jonas announced:
"it was not until 1999 that we, the current authors, identified the defining visual character of his [POLLOCK'S] patterns as fractal--- bearing the 'fingerprint' of Nature's patterns".
What is a fractal???
According to the website, KOSMOI:
"Fractals are a class of complex geometric shapes that commonly exhibit the property of self-similarity, such that a small portion of it can be viewed as a reduced scale replica of the whole. . . . Fractals are distinct from the simple figures of classical, or Euclidean geometry. They are capable of describing the many irregularly shaped objects or spatially nonuniform phenomena in nature that cannot be accomodated by Euclidean geometry."
A non-technical review of the mathematicians' Pollock fractal discovery can be found HERE
A good complete beginner's introduction to fractals is at the web address
Geologist, Robert Oldershaw believes that the whole universe is a fractal. He is not the only one, as this idea seems to be gaining some ground with certain thinkers. Check out his website HERE
All this throws a whole new light on Pollock and his importance. I never new any of this while discovering my own approach to painting. Only now can I say that what I do seems to come from a Pollock-like sense of things. I see other painters, as well, on a similar, very distinct path involving FLUID FLOW. We seem to be relatives of Pollock, without even knowing it. We too are nature--- a collective voice of the cosmos.
______________click on picture for images
|
<urn:uuid:b4e49860-a7c7-47a9-894b-83c5a320d36b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://dart.fine-art.com/aqd-asp-im_81817-buy-m.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950135 | 388 | 2.546875 | 3 |
FS 131 Fire Service Instructor • 3 Cr.
Emphasizes the study, application, and evaluation of teaching methodology and techniques that can prepare an individual as a fire service instructor. Course meets NFPA 1041 standards.
After completing this class, students should be able to:
- Identify the basic traits of adult learner.
- Describe the basic elements that motivate people to learn.
- Given a demonstration, identify four components of communication.
- List five characteristics of effective instruction.
- Identify and describe the following components of a lesson plan:
- Identify and discuss instructor attitudes and language that contribute to student success.
- Describe the learning environment and how it impacts student retention.
- Demonstrate effective use of media equipment and various teaching aids.
- Repoduce a 20 minute lesson plan using two tyes of instructional media.
- Recall the importance of the use of questioning as a learning tool.
- Demonstrate the ability to speak in a clear, modulated voice, free of distracting mannerisms, and language errors.
- Demonstrate the ability to evaluate student performance during the 20-minute presentation.
- Demonstrate appropriate evaluation of a written test, an oral examination and a performance test.
- State the benefits and purpose of training records and report forms including progressand achievement reports.
- Describe equal opportunity and affirmative action programs in relationship to fire service instruction.
- Identify NFPA standards that regulate safety practices.
|
<urn:uuid:8c7b5442-476c-49a3-bb0f-e7fa431bf52b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bellevuecollege.edu/classes/All/FS/131
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.848256 | 303 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Cherie Moit Abbanat, Lecture, Department of Urban Studies and Planning and the Department of Architecture, MIT; Michel DeGraff, Associate Professor of Linguistics, MIT; Erica James, Associate Professor of Anthropology at MIT; Dale Joachim, Visiting Scientist, MIT Media Lab
Description: In the aftermath of the January 2010 earthquake, four panelists with strong personal and professional ties to Haiti share their insights about the different paths to rebuilding and reconstructing the country.
Erica James begins with a view of Haiti's history of "ins_curit_", a term used to describe "cycles of political violence, crime, and economic deterioration that have accompanied periods of political and economic upheaval, foreign occupation, dictatorship, and continued environment decline." She believes the transition from emergency to reconstruction must deal with the challenges of repeated cycles of psychosocial trauma.
Her concern is that international organizations, in attempting to alleviate the suffering of earthquake survivors, will give rise to practices that undermine the effectiveness of their interventions and create even more victims and victimization-unintended, and unwanted, consequences of their help. For James, the issues of population management-the regulation and distribution of resources, identity, and accountability-are important considerations in reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts.
Cheri Miot Abbanat taps into her American and Haitian networks to find out what survivors need and want immediately to help rebuild their lives and their country. While governments and NGOs bring in traditional support-technology, medicine, food, housing-Abbanat suggests first "seeing it with Haitian eyes." She asks that aid organizations respect what is already in place in Haiti: homegrown knowledge, the language, what already works. Although fragile, existing support systems could be bolstered by international aid organizations instead of being replaced by them.
Dale Joachim recognizes that "technology doesn't solve everything, but it solves a lot of things." His vision for rebuilding Haiti focuses on energy, the environment, and communications. By addressing Haiti's serious energy imbalance and by "bootstrapping" the public health, education, and rural enterprise systems with a robust communication infrastructure, the path to reversing the breakdown of the environment-in particular, Haiti's massive deforestation-will lead to far greater long"term recovery for the country overall.
Using a series of overheads comparing several different countries of similar sizes and densities, he shows how the imbalance in Haiti's energy input/output has a pervasive impact on the Haitian infrastructure. Resolving the energy problem will help resolve issues of education, deforestation, and public health concurrently.
Michel DeGraff uses language and linguistics "as a lens on [Haiti's] history." Without recognizing and resolving the complicated socio political stratifications created by language and economics, Haiti will be "rebuilt for the 5% who have always been well off," leaving the other 90%-those who speak Creole-no better off than they were before.
DeGraff asserts that Haiti still suffers under brutal class and race inequities brought about, in part, by the power held by those who speak French over those who speak Creole. He believes that by changing the school system, which has been used to maintain these inequities, and by using Creole as the language of all Haitians, the system of language apartheid would be minimized and allow more Haitians access to economic power.
A Q&A session follows.
Host(s): School of Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences, Center for International Studies
It looks like no one has posted a comment yet. You can be the first!
You need to log in, in order to post comments.
More from MIT World — special events and lectures
Added over 4 years ago | 00:58:23 | 9199 views
Added over 4 years ago | 01:25:00 | 3976 views
Added over 4 years ago | 01:29:00 | 5355 views
Added over 4 years ago | 01:52:00 | 3836 views
Added over 4 years ago | 01:10:00 | 7912 views
Added over 4 years ago | 00:53:46 | 8141 views
|
<urn:uuid:7dc4d63c-a41e-4ad8-82eb-ee99c9d0922b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/16643-rebuilding-haiti
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944008 | 852 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In the largest genetic analysis of Alzheimer's ever completed, scientists have discovered 11 new genes that may be tied to the late-onset form of the dementia disease.
Scientists scanned the brains of 74,076 older volunteers with Alzheimer's and others who did not have the disease in 15 countries to come up with their findings. The study was published in Nature Genetics on Oct. 27.
Prior to this study, only 11 gene variants had been linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease, including one called Apolipoprotein E-e4 (APOE-e4) which appeared to have the strongest impact on risk.
Now, with the latest research, scientists have doubled the known gene variants linked to the disease.
These genes may play a role in how cells function, including how microglial cells (cells that form the support structure of the central nervous system) react to areas of inflammation. Other gene variants were shown to affect brain cell function and synaptic function in the hippocampus, which is the area of the brain responsible for memory and learning.
In particular, researchers say the link to one newly-discovered gene variant known as HLA-DRB5/DRB1 is a landmark finding. It plays a large role in the major histocompatibility complex region of the brain, which is an area of cell surface molecules that control how white blood cells -- which are involved in the immune system -- interact. This area of the brain has also been connected with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. It could mean that the immune system has something to do with Alzheimer's.
"We've doubled the number of genes discovered and a very strong pattern is emerging," Julie Williams, a professor at the Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute at Cardiff University who lead part of the international study, told the BBC. "There is something in the immune response which is causing Alzheimer's disease and we need to look at that."
Scientists also identified 13 other genetic variants that may have potential links to Alzheimer's, but more research needs to be done on these.
The new study was funded by the National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health and the International Genomic Alzheimer's Project (IGAP).
"Interestingly, we found that several of these newly identified genes are implicated in a number of pathways," Gerard Schellenberg, professor of pathology and laboratory medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia and a director of one of the major IGAP consortia, said in a press release. "Alzheimer's is a complex disorder, and more study is needed to determine the relative role each of these genetic factors may play."
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disease that affects memory and thinking skills, eventually rendering patients incapable of performing basic activities. It is the most common form of dementia among older people, although about 5 percent of patients will get an early-onset version of the disease before they are 65.
According to the Alzheimer's Association, the disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S., and more than 5 million Americans are currently living with the Alzheimer's.
Not much is known about how the disease starts, but patients with the disease normally have abnormal clumps in their brain known as amyloid plaques and tangled bundles of fibers called neurofibrillary tangles. Some of the gene variants found in the new study have been shown to affect how amyloid protein builds up in the brain, while others played a role in lipid transport and endocytosis, or how proteins are sorted within cells.
Recent studies have also associatedand people who eat foods high in .
"This exciting discovery of genes linked with Alzheimer's disease opens up new avenues to explore in the search for treatments for the condition," Dr. James Pickett, head of research for Alzheimer's Society, said in a statement. "This truly global effort has doubled the number of genes linked to Alzheimer's and shows what can be achieved when researchers collaborate. We now need continued global investment into dementia research to understand exactly how these genes affect the disease process."
|
<urn:uuid:6ea3e30e-5d35-4286-9aaf-c4702feea1a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/11-new-gene-variants-linked-to-alzheimers-disease/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958275 | 832 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Make Your Own Costumes from Eleven Time Periods with One Dress!
By Amy Puetz
Foreword by Jennie Chancey
72 full color pages
View the table of contents and sample pages
Also available as a printed book
Printed patterns from the book
It is Easy to Make Historical Costumes with Only One Dress!
Are you ready to make history come alive? This easy sewing book has patterns and step-by-step instructions for making accessories for eleven different time periods. Brave the wilderness in an authentic looking pioneer bonnet, attend a tea party in a Victorian collar, and help America win the Revolution dressed in a vest. These are just a few of the time periods covered in this innovative book.
Costumes with Character highlights eleven different eras in American history.
The chapters are:
- Colonial (Pilgrim & Puritan 1620-1700)
- Quaker (1681-1860)
- American Revolution (1775-1783)
- Young Republic (1800-1820)
- Romantic Era (1820-1848)
- Pioneer (1800s)
- Civil War (1861-1865)
- Sailor (1865-1905)
- Victorian 1880s
- Victorian 1890s
- Turn of the Century (1900-1910)
- Tea Party
Each chapter has color instructions to make cuffs, aprons, bonnets, hats, collars, vests, etc. There are also lots of extra goodies like quotes, quizzes, and beautiful pictures. You will learn more about the history of the eras from reliable old sources.
A fun book for girls and ladies of all ages. The patterns are designed for young adults but a handy adjustment formula is included to help you use the patterns for younger girls.
Pictures from the book!
What others are saying about Costumes with Character:
"It is possible to create wonderful costumes to portray historical events without emptying your pocketbook or losing your mind over complicated directions. If you are looking for a fun way to introduce daughters to sewing, this book is also a super jumping-off point."
Homeschooling mom & owner of Sense & Sensibility Patterns
"As a homeschool mom for nearly 15 years, a staple to learning history was our dress-up box. Dramatizing is crucial to cementing lessons learned, and igniting a desire to know more! Amy Puetz has made it easier for families everywhere to accomplish that very goal by providing practical patterns, transforming a basic dress to fit decades of history. Her clear illustrations and easy to follow instructions allow even the novice seamstress to create beautiful accessories, altering the dress to fit the eras. Easy on the pocketbook, yet rich in elegance and design, so many choices of costume will provide your child years of imagination and play!"
Home School in the Woods, www.homeschoolinthewoods.com
"This book is every girl's dream come true! What little girl wouldn't want an entire historical wardrobe representing many different time periods! But do not be alarmed as this isn't a mother's nightmare, but a very practical helper. All of the historical outfits are based on just one basic dress. What could be more practical for a busy mom? Sew one dress and create multiple outfits for your daughter's dress up play and imagination. Ideal for historical reenactments and feasts, which is something THIS homeschooling family loves to do."
Knowledge Quest, Inc. www.KnowledgeQuestMaps.com
1 FREE Bonus ebook
Costumes with Character ePatterns
Some of the patterns from the book in a PDF file! The patterns are available in Costumes with Character too, they are just on a grid and need to be enlarged before using. This ebook has some of the patterns already the right size. All you have to do is print them up on legal size paper.
The larger patterns are available in a printed format here.
This product was added to our catalog on Tuesday 10 February, 2009.
|
<urn:uuid:88fefe8a-b2de-4571-a6bf-7e70126550ce>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://amypuetz.com/store/costumes-with-character-ebook-p-10.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921935 | 833 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Why are rubrics a good idea? Lots of reasons.
Rubrics are a great tool for teaching and learning. Why?
- support authentic assessment
- communicate expectations
- improve performance
- provide informative feedback
- promote thinking and learning
- inspire fairness
Rubrics support authentic assessment.
While traditional tests measure how well students recall content, rubrics measure how well students can apply knowledge to authentic contexts or real-world tasks.
Rubrics clearly communicate expectations.
Because rubrics define student "quality" in terms of objective criteria and standards, they clearly communicate how instructors will evaluate student performance.
|
<urn:uuid:93b08925-f832-4435-b3f4-3e549c19147f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ucdenver.edu/faculty_staff/faculty/center-for-faculty-development/Documents/Tutorials/Rubrics/1_what_is/why_1.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.869755 | 124 | 3.671875 | 4 |
That’s a funny word, isn’t it? “Scrum.” Scrum is a project management strategy for software development teams. The name comes from rugby (I guess) where it refers to the start of a new play. In the programming world, it’s a technique of coordinating a team’s work without a clear plan, working towards attainable short-term goals, and then repeating the process towards another set of goals – which I suppose is kind of like playing towards a goal in rugby. Except, you know – fewer broken bones. Hopefully.
I’m not part of a software development team. I’m not even a programmer. But when I came across an article on Scrum recently, it struck me that, while intended for big, collaborative projects, there were a lot of elements of Scrum that could be adapted pretty well to individual productivity. Although Scrum can be implemented at any stage of a project, it really excels as a way of dealing with projects that have stalled out for some reason – projects that have gotten stuck for lack of resources, lack of direction, even lack of teamwork – and that’s something that happens to all of us at one time or another. Maybe, just maybe, the principles that get teams of programmers back on track can apply to the projects every one of us has gotten stuck on.
Although there are whole textbooks devoted to managing teams and their projects using Scrum, the basic principles are very simple:
- Do what you can with what you have. Projects stall because some resource – whether it’s material, knowledge, or manpower – is missing. Usually, though, there are plenty of things that can be done even without those resources – other parts of the system to build, creative workarounds, standards to devise, and so on. During the planning of each stage, and in daily “check-in” meetings along the way, these shortfalls are taken into account and work designed around them so that a lack of resources doesn’t have to create a lack of progress.
- Constant feedback. As I just mentioned, Scrum encourages daily contact between its team-members, so that a) nobody stalls and holds up the whole project, and b) the collective knowledge of the whole team can be brought to bear on new problems in creative ways. Meetings are short, as short as 15 minutes, and center around three questions:
- What have you accomplished so far?
- What will you accomplish today?
- What’s preventing you from making progress right now?
These simple questions are meant to identify any “logjams” and break them up before they hold up the entire project.
- Work towards clearly-defined short-term goals. Scrum projects are, generally-speaking, point-releases of the software under development – that is, they are significant but relatively simple evolutionary improvements of the state of the project at the beginning of the project. For example, a set of new functions could be implemented, an interface designed, a database structure mapped out, and so on. “Write browser” is too big of a project, it’s realization too far off, to make for a meaningful Scrum project; “correct bug in line 1178” too small. Ideally, as each project is completed, the software under development should be in a usable state – Scrum was developed to deal with the contingencies of the software world, where projects often need to be rushed into market to combat a competing project, or just to bring in an income.
- Sprint. The basic working unit of Scrum is the Sprint – a focused dash towards the completion of the immediate project goals. At the beginning of the Sprint, the team determines exactly what resources are available to them, what they intend to achieve given those resources, and how long they’ll work on it. Then, they work on those objectives, and those objectives only. The Sprint is sacrosanct – its members work on the project they’ve put together and nothing else until the Sprint is completed. It might be a week, it might be 30 days, or anywhere in between – whatever time they’ve agreed on is dedicated solely to the Sprint. When it’s done, team members might rotate out of or into the team, or be assigned to other projects, but until then – they Sprint.
Seems to me that, with a little modification, those are pretty good principles for anyone with some big projects on their plate – especially if you, like me, have a tendency to get side-railed. Of course, most of our projects aren’t collaborative, and they’re rarely as compartmentalized as computer programs, either. The idea of developing a project by evolutionary steps, with each step creating a potentially usable end-product, simply doesn’t apply to the kind of long-term projects most of us have as individuals – things like writing a book, learning a foreign language, or earning a promotion.
But the idea of Scrum is, I think, very applicable to our personal lives. The whole point is, through a process of constant self-awareness, to identify what’s holding us back, how we can work around it, and where the next few days or weeks should take us. Consider, then, “Scrum for One”:
- Do what you can with what you have. There are bound to be hang-ups in any project worth doing, and it’s all too easy to look at a project and despair because you don’t have whatever you need to finish it. Well, you may not have what you need to finish, but chances are you have what you need to start, to do at least some of the steps needed to get yourself somewhere close to the finish line. And you can take heart from this peculiarity of Scrum: often, when working under less than ideal circumstances without all the necessities to finish a project, Scrum teams find that either a new solution emerges that’s much more within their grasp or, just as often, that the missing element isn’t really needed in the first place. At the worst, you’ll give yourself the time you need to come up with the missing piece – and meanwhile you’ll be moving inexorably closer to your goal.
- Constant self-reflection. If you’re a fan of Allen, Covey, or Drucker, you’ve probably already accepted the importance of a weekly review. Scrum for One suggests that more frequent reflection might be helpful – nothing at the scale of a full weekly review, but a few moments of honesty each morning to define the work in front of you and any problems that might be standing in the way. Brainstorm a few minutes to see if you can solve the issue, and if not, put it in your to-do list for later action. A lot of time, just asking “What’s standing in my way?”is enough to trigger a solution – more often than not, the problem lies more in ourselves than in our situation.
- Work towards clearly-defined, short-term goals. Give yourself a time limit and set a reasonable goal – reasonable, but meaningful – to reach by the end of that period. Projects that stretch out in front of you for months or years are discouraging (which is why so few people write books) while projects that are too small often aren’t very satisfying to complete.
- Sprint. Sprinting the way Scrum teams do it won’t really work for individuals – you probably have a lot of different roles to play on a day-to-day basis, which means focusing on a single project to the exclusion of everything else is going to be difficult, if its even possible. What you can do, though, is block out a number of hours every day and use them to focus strictly on one project – no distractions, no knocking off early, no nothing until you reach your goal.
Obviously this isn’t anything like a complete productivity system, but it’s interesting nonetheless. Scrum is a very effective way of managing projects, and is used by software giants like Microsoft as well as tiny start-ups and everything in between. If nothing else, next time you’re stuck, ask yourself the simple question, “What’s standing in my way right now?” and see if that doesn’t lead to “OK, what am I going to do about it?”Read full content
Love this article? Share it with your friends on Facebook
|
<urn:uuid:17a73ad2-e058-47ff-a391-e3fcdddb5852>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.lifehack.org/articles/productivity/scrum-for-one.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95441 | 1,803 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Given the accepted tetranucleotide hypothesis, most workers assumed that deviations from equimolar base ratios were due to experimental error. Erwin Chargaff (1905 - 2002) showed experimentally that base compositions actually varied among species, however in all species the molar ratios [ A ] = [ T ] and [ C ] = [ G ], and that the ratio [C+G] / [ A+T ] was typically less than unity, with [C+G] is less abundant. These ratios are referred to as "Chargaff's Rules".
equivalences of A vs
T and C vs
G intuitively suggest some sort of pairing relationship.
Chargaff himself refused to speculate on the implications of his
empirical observations in the absence of further experimental
evidence, and regarded Watson & Crick's model building as a
scientifically unsound approach. Chargaff subsequently
denigrated molecular biology in general, and became embittered
over what he regarded as failure to acknowledge the importance
of his data.
HOMEWORK: Several generations of genetics students have said to themselves, "Two strands or three, bases inside or outside, and you have Chargaff's Rules - how long can it take?" Is this an accurate statement of the state of things at Cambridge in 1952.
|
<urn:uuid:ed110f2e-f2ec-4d71-bfb7-04fa4be297a4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Chargaffs_Rules.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956122 | 268 | 3.71875 | 4 |
LANSING, MI, April 04, 2014 /24-7PressRelease/
-- As a child, losing a tooth was an exciting event. However, as an adult losing a tooth is a whole different story-no one wants gaps in their smile. To help patients understand how to protect their smiles, Lansing dentist, Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler, offers helpful dental tips to help patients avoid missing teeth. And if missing teeth are unavoidable, Dr. Scott-Hetchler has solutions.
"As adults, the thought of losing a tooth or multiple teeth might make you cringe, which is completely different from what we once knew as children. Children are excited to lose a tooth because their adult teeth grow in, but as adults we don't have any more teeth to grow in, which is why tooth loss is so detrimental to our self-esteem. While prevention is key, sometimes tooth loss might still occur, but we offer solutions to replace those teeth without complications," said Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler, a dentist in Lansing.
People age, and missing teeth, dentures and implants seem to be commonplace. However, this isn't because teeth are not built to last a lifetime, it is because many people do not properly care for their teeth. Through disease and trauma, teeth can be lost as adults. To help patients understand disease and trauma, Lansing, MI dentist, Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler offers some further information.
The term trauma can cover a wide spectrum when it comes to a person's teeth. Trauma can describe anything from a person hitting their teeth on the ground during a fall to biting into something that isn't meant for teeth, such as a water bottle cap. While teeth might seem like perfect tools, Dr. Scott-Hetchler reassures her patients that teeth should never be used for much more than chewing. Patients should also avoid using their teeth for:
- Removing caps from food or products
- Cracking kernels, shells or nutshells
- Chewing on pens or office supplies
- Holding hangers
- Tearing thread or twine
- Loosening knots
To expand on tooth loss because of disease, Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler explains that plaque, which is the bacterial buildup that lingers in the food particles left on the teeth, causes decay and will lead to periodontal disease if left untreated. Periodontal disease causes flare-ups in the gums and harms supporting tissues, which leads to lost teeth.
"Taking poor care of your teeth on a daily basis and missing your regular dental cleanings are large contributors to tooth loss. Other factors that play a large role in the development of periodontal disease or decay are smoking, poor eating habits, diabetes, arthritis and hypertension. Taking charge of your oral health is vital for protecting yourself from tooth loss," said Dr. Scott-Hetchler.
By keeping regular dental appointments with Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler, a dentist in Lansing, MI, patients can further protect their teeth from disease. Patients can also invest in mouthguards to protect their teeth while participating in various activities. For more information, patients can visit the website for this Lansing dentist at http://www.hollydds.com/
, or by calling (517) 487-6333. Dr. Scott-Hetchler is available to help patients take the next step toward optimal oral health.
About Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler, DDS: Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler has been a solo practitioner since 2002, providing cosmetic and family dental health care. Dr. Scott-Hetchler attended the University of Detroit Mercy, School of Dentistry where she earned her Doctor of Dental Surgery degree in 2002. She provides patients with quality dental care including treatments such as dentures, veneers and teeth whitening, among others. Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler is a member of the American Dental Association, Michigan Dental Association, and Central District Dental Society. She currently holds a seat on the Central District Dental Society Standard of Care Board on Peer Review. She has also completed several continuing education seminars, including the prestigious Dawson Academy and Spear Education Institute, and has received certification in the areas of cosmetic improvement of smile, TMJ disorders, pediatric dentistry, and many more.
Dr. Holly Scott-Hetchler
919 Chester Rd.
Lansing, MI 48912
As seen on: http://www.epressdistribution.com/news.asp?id=3580
|
<urn:uuid:05cc57b5-0fd4-40a2-a82c-11477270f733>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release-rss/lansing-dentist-helps-patients-avoid-missing-teeth-382133.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946106 | 937 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Leonard Steinbach , The Cleveland Museum of Art, USA
Session: Technology: Digital Video/ Broadband
The museum technologist’s challenge for the first decade of the millennium has little to do with technology. There will be plenty of tools and toys. We just don’t know how to use these effectively, to make the visitor's relationship with art more satisfying, life enhancing, behavior changing and enduring. This is particularly distressing at a time when interpretation and relationship-building are becoming paramount museum issues. It is not that the clues, theories and experiments are not out there… we are just not looking at the right place. That place is the brain.
This paper and presentation discusses current thought and activities in the fields of the cognitive sciences, learning theory, vision and art and what museum technologists can learn and apply from these disciplines. It also describes some of the ways in which museums have become involved in these efforts. Questions will be raised. When we look at art, what do we really see? Why understand how motion, color, and time the art experience? How do our personal histories and emotional associations render art “meaningful”? More pertinent, how can technologists benefit from knowing how people intrinsically respond to art in order construct better interfaces, effortless navigation, and engaging experiences. The paper also presents a case for increased cooperation and collaboration between academic scientific institutions and museum technologists and educators so they can more rapidly explore the nexus of their fields. It may take a neuroscientist to explain Mona Lisa’s beguile, but it still takes a museum to share it.
|
<urn:uuid:bb7b5a5b-5ee2-408b-b077-1d325967eaab>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.archimuse.com/ichim2001/abstracts/prg_95000503.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934217 | 330 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Recently, I wrote a piece for The Atlantic on how racism is bad for the body. For the bulk of the essay, I discuss how racism harms a single person’s health directly – and I link public health research with the NYPD’s stop and frisk policy. But at the end of the piece, I write:
… no person discriminated against is an island. When conditions of social injustice affect this many people, and prompt poor health outcomes, risk passes down generations. And this damage isn’t going away any time soon. Even in the absence of discrimination, Nancy Krieger argues that populations “would continue to exhibit persistent disparities reflecting prior inequities.”
How does this work exactly? We’re probably aware of genetic traits and social habits – desirable and undesirable – that we’ve inherited from our parents. And we probably agree that racism is often taught by parents and learned by children. But how does health risk from racism pass down generations?
In 2009, Howard University College of Medicine researchers proposed a conceptual model of how discrimination harms a child’s health. First, they divided the types of racial discrimination into microsystem (individual) and macrosystem (structural) exposures. Second, they argued that both types click on psychological and biological responses. These responses cause mental distress and changes in allostatic load (which means, for example, a person’s immune response decreases and blood pressure increases). Ultimately, these changes result in poor health and create health disparities.
But what’s especially striking is how the impact of discrimination flows from the parent to the child. In the Howard model, with the exception of racist bullying, both the microsystem and macrosystem exposures focus on parental experience. On the micro level, parents may suffer from harassment. On the macro level, they may also suffer from discrimination in housing, employment, and healthcare. These sources are not always neatly split. Personal and institutional discrimination can be two dimensions of the same event – consider a leasing agent who discriminates against an apartment applicant. No matter the source, the health outcome may be the same.
To see the effects of discrimination, sometimes we need to follow its path downstream. We can imagine many scenarios. For example, we know minorities are disproportionately stopped, searched, and arrested for non-violent drug offenses. This can eliminate their ability to gain student loans and access to education, which can limit their employment opportunities. When this person becomes a parent, this can frustrate their ability to provide quality education, housing, and healthcare. As they attempt to provide in a system that delivers anything but opportunity, discrimination may also drain their emotional resources for parenting and shape their involvement with social systems that hurt them before.
This tells us that the effects of racism are often not instant. Racism is not an on/off switch for health. Perhaps what we need is a model that accounts for how events unfold over time and link lives together.
In a 2012 paper in the American Journal of Public Health, Gilbert Gee and colleagues proposed a life course perspective to think about racism and health inequities. How racism impacts health depends on a person’s age. Among other things, a life course model accounts for sensitive periods, when social stressors exert the most impact on a person’s future. One of the most sensitive periods, as one might expect, is early childhood.
But the reason may be less obvious. As we age, we enter (and exit) social systems. Gee and colleagues point out that these social systems – for example, education, criminal justice, and labor – drive health inequities. But the lives of parents and children are linked. So, when a parent is discriminated against in one social system, such as labor, it can affect a child during a critical development stage. In fact, research shows that early childhood poverty has long term effects on that child’s achievements, health, and income as an adult. The life course perspective shows how the effects of discrimination proliferate, are latent, and link lives together.
Discrimination creates fault lines across generations. Usually, when we think of inheritance, we think about genes, or social habits, or wealth. And these, no doubt, are important factors for health. But there’s more. Discrimination works to constrain life chances. Sometimes the actual event occurs before the child is born. Even if we eliminate the micro and macro level sources of discrimination today, we are still behind – and we’ve got a lot of catching up to do.
|
<urn:uuid:a6785275-d706-48f3-9dda-727801ee5482>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2013/03/19/how-discrimination-links-lives-together/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941832 | 929 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The mode is the value that occurs most often. The numbers you were given include two 6's, two 11'a, and two 12's. So to make 6 the most common element of this set there must be at least three of them. So that's one of the unknowns.
The median is the middle value when you put them all in order. There are 11 numbers in this set, so the median is the 6th number listed in order. Hence 7 must be the 6th number.
|
<urn:uuid:05fcdaaa-cfe0-426f-bebb-9ba9fbf6af07>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/210118-how-find-mean-median.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976304 | 103 | 3.046875 | 3 |
When Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield installed a new “disaster cam” in the Destiny module window on the International Space Station (ISS) in January 2013, little did he know that one of the first disasters photographed would come from his homeland. The camera known as ISERV—the ISS SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System—snapped digital images of downtown Calgary as it was inundated by floodwaters in June 2013.
The top photo was acquired on June 22, near the height of the flooding around the Saddledome and the venue for the Calgary Stampede. The lower image from June 24 shows sediment and debris deposited around the city as the waters receded. (Turn on the image comparison tool to see the difference.) Note that the June 24 image is slightly blurry because the ISS was passing slightly to the east, and the city was not centered below the fixed, downward pointing camera. Larger, downloadable images (linked beneath each image above) show the floodwaters from both the Bow and Elbow Rivers inundating the wider Calgary metropolitan area.
Flooding in southern Alberta killed at least four people, forced the evacuation of more than 100,000 citizens, and caused billions of dollars in damage. “Floods are an unbridled misery,” Hadfield wrote. “My heart goes out to my fellow Canadians affected by the disaster.”
ISERV is a “testbed” instrument, an engineering exercise toward developing an imager that can help nations monitor natural disasters and environmental concerns. Nearly 95 percent of the Earth’s populated area is visible from the space station’s orbit.
ISERV captured 24 images of the Alberta flooding from June 22–24. The research team sent those images to Ken Korporal, agri-geomatics manager for Environment Canada, who distributed them to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Emergency Geomatics, and other government agencies. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police noted that they have found the photos useful for managing the flood aftermath.
ISERV was developed to support a joint NASA/U.S. Agency for International Development project known as SERVIR, as well as the broader applied sciences community. The project provides satellite data and tools to environmental decision-makers in developing countries and operates via regional centers in Nairobi, Kenya; Kathmandu, Nepal; and Panama City, Panama. These centers can task ISERV to photograph areas of concern for environmental issues and natural disasters. SERVIR is coordinated from NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center.
“We're glad to be able to provide images to the Canadian government to help with response to this disaster and with assessing the damage,” said Burgess Howell, ISERV Principal Investigator. “We're also pleased that ISERV’s Pathfinder system, even in its shakedown phase, is fulfilling our expectations of usefulness in the aftermath of disasters.”
“I am proud that we are using the unique view from the space station to help make response efforts more effective,” Hadfield added. “The space station has a global reach in its ability to help those in need and make lives better here on Earth.”
- NASA Earth Observatory (2013, March 3) New ISS Eyes See Rio San Pablo.
- NASA SERVIR-Global. Accessed June 28, 2013.
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Accessed June 28, 2013.
NASA images by Burgess Howell, SERVIR Global program. Caption by Dauna Coulter, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, and Mike Carlowicz, NASA Earth Observatory.
- ISS - ISERV Pathfinder
|
<urn:uuid:0954af99-ae0c-4b68-83ae-9f2af1b201d0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=81490
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945726 | 757 | 3.125 | 3 |
1(Of meat or fish) not cured by exposure to smoke: smoked and unsmoked bacon
More example sentences
- The Cowries also run a fish filleting factory, and family contacts in Scrabster mean they sell a large range of fresh, unsmoked fish - from haddock and halibut to monkfish, mackerel and plaice.
- The principal ingredient is always minced meat, usually beef, cooked with chicken livers, unsmoked bacon, onion, celery, tomato purée, and wine.
- I started this post to comment on the fact that I had just had pork sausages and unsmoked bacon for breakfast, whereas a week ago in Australia I had beef sausages and smoked bacon.
2(Of tobacco or a cigarette) not having been smoked.
- Actually she ran, as best she could with a fifteen-pound bookbag, tossing her unsmoked cigarette on the ground as she went.
- A subsequent search of the vehicle uncovered an unsmoked marijuana cigarette, the spokesman said, adding that Garfunkel, 63, had been ordered to appear in court on Sept. 22.
- Ramsey figured she'd leave about 30 cigarettes unsmoked between midnight and midnight, which was what she had committed herself to.
Words that rhyme with unsmokedunprovoked
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of unsmoked in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
|
<urn:uuid:82abbe80-e644-461b-8109-7250ddfe4139>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/unsmoked
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957127 | 327 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Objective: In this paper you will
consider a work of popular fiction and explain what benefit it can be to
contemporary audiences, particularly in helping them understand the
relationship between science, religion, and magic.
This assignment will help you
develop your skill of discussing, explaining, and
analyzing a piece of writing, and it will also help you
develop your skills of evaluating a piece of writing and
of reacting to another's writing. Additionally, it will
demonstrate that you can identify themes within and
components of literature.
Harry Dresden, Chris McGrath
Your first step on this assignment is
to pick a Dresden Files novel or episode. After choosing a piece, re-read or
re-watch it several times to make sure you
remember and understand its finer details. In this paper you will explain
and how it means, particularly in relation to
science, religion, and magic.
You should discuss how at least one of the elements the
author or director uses is essential to the
communication of the piece's theme (for example, a
Sharon Olds's "Sex without Love" might be that the sarcastic tone helps convey that
people can have different attitudes toward sex) or you might concentrate on how specific symbols or words are used to
communicate the piece's theme (a thesis might explore how several of the
characters in Ivan Reitman's Evolution
illustrate that people who have trouble getting along
with others often impede their own success).
Remember that the theme, for these purposes, can be understood
as the moral or lesson that readers learn about their own lives from the poem--and
it will have something to do with science, religion, and/or magic.
Remember to state your thesis clearly
in your opening paragraph. You must then pull (and quote) evidence from the piece, or
from research on the piece, to support that thesis and organize it in a logical manner.
||The main difficulties you are likely to
experience while working on this paper (after deciding what to use) are creating
your thesis, narrowing it effectively and then making sure that the rest of your paper
supports that thesis and does not stray to other interesting but irrelevant points
not repeat the same supporting points. You should steer clear of including biographical
information about the writer or director, as that can often sidetrack you from the theme or lead you to
make the error of believing the story's
narrator is its author. Writers often adopt
different imaginative personalities to communicate their themes.
Format: This paper should be
double-spaced, carefully edited and proofread, and prepared using MLA
format; it should have a heading listing your name,
my name, the course title and section number, and the date on it. You should have
the paper number and the title of your essay on a separate centered line before you begin
your paper. Additionally, your last name and the page number should appear at the
top right of each page. The essay should be two to three
pages in length with one-inch margins, not including your required Work(s) Cited.
|
<urn:uuid:9523826e-56de-48b0-9119-7e10f1e2a7ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www2.ivcc.edu/radek/English_1002/Literary_Analysis.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93168 | 657 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Melting glaciers race for Antarctic shores
Speedy ice flow
They are not noted for their speed; quite the reverse. But over the last decade the glaciers in Antarctica, clearly upset by their reputations as laggards, have been accelerating.
The boffins at the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) say that on average the white continent's glaciers were heading for the sea 12 per cent faster four years ago than they were in 1993.
The researchers tracked the acceleration of more than 300 previously unstudied glaciers using the European ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites. They attribute the speed gains to the melting of the lower glaciers, those that flow straight into the sea: as they thin, the remaining ice is more buoyant, meaning it can move over the rock more quickly.
Earlier this year, Australian researchers warned that glacial melting was approaching a so-called tipping point, after which it would be irreversible, leading to substantial rises in sea levels.
The BAS notes that the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) said without more data it was impossible to put an upper figure on the rate of sea level rise that could be caused by glacial melt in Antarctica. This new data should help clarify the situation, the researchers say, leading to more informed policy decisions.
The paper, Widespread acceleration of tidewater glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula, by Hamish Pritchard and David Vaughan, is published this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research. ®
|
<urn:uuid:dd33fc15-d51f-41f6-bdfa-3a105f026d39>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/05/fast_glaciers_sea/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951367 | 303 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Having written lots of stuff about the oil industry over the years, I was shocked when an alert from World Oil Magazine showed up in my e-mail box entitled Haiti could have larger oil reserves than Venezuela.
Amidst the utter devastation left in the wake of the earthquake that rocked Haiti on January 12th, new findings indicate the existence of 3 million barrels of oil in a shallow formation offshore the island.
The Greater Antilles, which includes Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and their offshore waters, probably hold at least 142 million barrels of oil and 159 billion cubic feet of gas, according to a 2000 report by the US Geological Survey. Undiscovered amounts may be as high as 941 million barrels of oil and 1.2 trillion cubic feet of gas, according to the report.
Apparently a French scientist, one Daniel Mathurin, thinks that even the fantasy resource numbers of the USGS—undiscovered amounts may be as high as 941 million barrels—are far too low:
“The Central Plateau, including the region of Thomond, the plain of the cul-de-sac and the bay of Port-au-Prince are filled with oil”. [Mathurin] added that “Haiti's oil reserves are larger than those of Venezuela . An Olympic pool compared to a glass of water that is the comparison to show the importance of oil Haitian compared to those of Venezuela.”
Whoa! Mathurin appears to be innumerate in so far as he has mixed up millions (106) with billions (109), but maybe he knows something the rest of us don't? I will spare you a deep analysis of why Venezuela's proved reserves, measured in billions of barrels, keep going up even as their actual oil production keeps going down.
Moving on, the always reliable USGS has now decided that there are "an estimated 513 billion barrels of technically recoverable heavy oil are in Venezuela’s Orinoco Oil Belt." Well, OK, that's the mean fantasy estimate of technically (not economically) recoverable "extra heavy" Orinoco crude. (I'm using the term "crude" loosely here.) The stated range was 380 billion barrels (the "F95") up to 652 billion (the "F5"). The "F" in F95 (for example) has a specific statistical meaning for the USGS based on their Monte Carlo roll of the dice combined with their take on the unexamined geology. It does not stand for Fantasy as you might reasonably conclude.
If that sounds like a whole lot of oil, you're right, it is. The recovery rate (or factor) is the important variable regarding these Orinoco "extra heavy" hydrocarbons. Trust me on this one, these huge numbers make little difference regarding our ultimate Petroleum Fate. The BBC weighed in with Venezuela oil 'may double Saudi Arabia'—
Scientists working for the US Geological Survey say Venezuela's Orinoco belt region holds twice as much petroleum as previously thought. The geologists estimate the area could yield more than 500bn barrels of crude oil.
This assessment is far more optimistic than even the best case scenario put forward by President Hugo Chavez.
The USGS team gave a mean estimate of 513bn barrels of "technically recoverable" oil in the Orinoco belt. Chris Schenk of the USGS said the estimate was based on oil recovery rates of 40% to 45%.
Petroleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA), Venezuela's state oil company, has not commented on the news. However, Venezuelan oil geologist and former PDVSA board member Gustavo Coronel was sceptical. "I doubt the recovery factor could go much higher than 25% and much of that oil would not be economic to produce", he told Associated Press news agency.
Not even the Venezuelans believe the USGS! Let's put it all together.
- Haiti has more oil than Venezuela
- Venezuela has more oil than Saudi Arabia
- Haiti has more oil than Saudi Arabia
|
<urn:uuid:bc4b5997-8b3f-4bb4-89cd-1c30b3d4103e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.declineoftheempire.com/2010/01/haiti-has-more-oil-than-saudi-arabia.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961046 | 835 | 2.625 | 3 |
Venom vs Poison
There is a difference between venom and poison. Wait, what? Venom and poison! Are not they supposed to be one and the same thing? As far as the common perception is concerned, venom and poison are synonyms but the reality is that they are different from one another despite having many similarities. This article will explain these differences by highlighting the features of venom and poison so as to remove any doubts in the minds of the readers. As words, venom is only used as a noun while poison is used a noun as well as a verb. Interestingly, both venom and poison have their origins in Middle English.
What does Venom mean?
On the other hand, venom is non-toxic if swallowed but becomes toxic when injected under the skin by venomous creatures like snakes and spiders. This venom then goes inside the tissues of the body that are normally protected by the skin and this is why a snake bite is considered to be harmful.
The dichotomy of poisonous and venomous is helpful in understanding the difference between venom and poison. There are organisms that are venomous and there are organisms that are poisonous. Why this dichotomy? The answer lies in the effect of their toxins on human beings. It is animals that are called venomous as they only can inject or administer the toxin in human bodies that is harmful. Venom is produced and is contained in special organs used by the organism for this very purpose.
What does Poison mean?
Poison is a substance that is a toxin and causes harm when eaten, inhaled, or swallowed. Since there are a number of poisonous and venomous organisms let us see what is meant by poisonous organisms. It is the plants and animals that, when consumed and are harmful to us, are referred to as poisonous. Poison is a toxin that is produced in a large part of the body of the organism that contains it.
Other than this basic meaning as a word in English language the word poison has other meanings as well. In the informal context, when someone asks “what’s you poison?” it simply means what do you like to drink.
What is the difference between Venom and Poison?
• Venom and poison are similar meaning words, but both are different from each other.
• Poison is a toxin that can harm us when swallowed or inhaled while a venom turns into a toxic substance only when it is injected or administered into our bodies by animals like snakes and spiders.
• Poison is a toxin that is produced in a large part of the body of the organism that contains it while venom is produced and is contained in special organs used by the organism for this very purpose.
• Venom, because it is injected into the bloodstream directly through a bite or a sting has a much faster action than a poison that has to be eaten or swallowed and thus slowly reaches the bloodstream.
|
<urn:uuid:ed17257e-24fc-4582-ae67-2522f35931fb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-venom-and-vs-poison/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972226 | 580 | 2.890625 | 3 |
... once (sequential) information has passed into protein it cannot get out again (F.H.C. Crick, 1958)
Fig. 1. Information flow and the sequence hypothesis. These diagrams of potential information flow were used by Crick (1958) to illustrate all possible transfers of information (left) and those that are permitted (right). The sequence hypothesis refers to the idea that information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein.I think we should retain the original definition.
A biology teacher has been discussing this issue with me and he points out that the term "Central Dogma" is defined by consensus. If the vast majority of scientists define it incorrectly, then that becomes the new definition. I agree, but I'm not yet prepared to concede defeat.
My correspondent made an interesting observation. He noted that the Nobel Prize committee has awarded three Nobel Prizes for, in part, overthrowing the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. This is very interesting. What's the value of continuing to refer the the "Central Dogma" if it has, indeed, been refuted?
Here are the three examples. The first is from a 1975 press release announcing the Nobel Prizes to Howard Temin, David Baltimore, and Renato Dulbecco [The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975].
Howard Temin was since the end of the 1950ies concerned with studies of tumour viruses which contain the alternative type of genetic material, i.e. RNA. He noticed that certain characteristics of tumour cells arising after infection with this type of virus suggested a possible persistence of virus genetic material in them. It was very difficult however to understand how the genetic information of viruses containing RNA could form a part of the hereditary material of the tumour cells. In order to explain this Temin postulated that the genetic information of an RNA virus capable of giving transformation could be copied into DNA, and that this DNA in a manner similar to that described for a DNA tumour virus could become integrated into the genetic material of cells. This proposal by the overall majority of scientists was considered as heresy since it was in conflict with the central dogma accepted in the field of molecular biology in those days. This dogma implied that information transfer in nature occurred only from DNA to RNA and not in the other direction.Note that Crick's original paper (see above) allowed for information flow from RNA back to DNA so Temin's work did not overthrow the original concept of theoretical information flow. It did conflict with the incorrect version of the Central Dogma that had been promoted by Jim Watson. It was Temin's work, and the subsequent hype about the Central Dogma, that prompted Crick to publish his 1970 paper.
The second example comes from the press release for 1989 Nobel Prizes to Sydney Altman and Thomas Cech in 1989 [Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - a biomolecule of many functions].
The genetic information in the DNA strand is arranged as a long sentence of three-letter words (e.g. CAG ACT GCC), each corresponding to one of the twenty amino acids which build the proteins. This means that there is a flow of genetic information from the DNA to the proteins, which in turn provide the structural framework of living cells and give them their different functions in the organism. However, this flow of genetic information cannot occur unless the DNA code is transcribed to another code in another type of nucleic acid - RNA (ribonucleic acid). This connection between the nucleic acids (the molecules of heredity) and the proteins (the molecules of structure and function) is what has been called the central dogma of the biosciences.The third example comes from the press release of the 2006 Nobel Prize to Andrew Fire and Craig Mello for thier work on intrefering RNA [The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006]. In this case, the press release does not claim that Fire and Mello overthrew the Central Dogma but it does give an incorrect version of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. This is ironic since, according to the Noble Prize committee, the Central Dogma had been called into question in 1975 and 1989.
The genetic information in the DNA molecules determines the composition and function of the proteins. Altman and Cech have now modified this by showing that the RNA molecules not only transmit the genetic information but can also function as biocatalyst.
The genetic code in DNA determines how proteins are built. The instructions contained in the DNA are copied to mRNA and subsequently used to synthesize proteins (Fig 1). This flow of genetic information from DNA via mRNA to protein has been termed the central dogma of molecular biology by the British Nobel Laureate Francis Crick. Proteins are involved in all processes of life, for instance as enzymes digesting our food, receptors receiving signals in the brain, and as antibodies defending us against bacteria.It is not true that Francis Crick referred to this process of information flow as the Central Dogma.
Is any of this important? Yes, I think it is. I think there is too much sloppiness in science these days. There are too many instances where sloppy thinking is acceptable. On this particular issue you can't have it both ways. Either the Watson definition of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology was correct, in which case it has been discredited to such an extent that it's no longer useful. Or, the original Crick version is correct, in which case the work of Temin, Altman, Cech, Fire, and Mello have nothing to do with the Central Dogma.
If a scientist is going to write about the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology then they better be damned sure that they understand it. If they are going to quote the original papers (Crick 1958, 1970) then it might be a very good idea to read them.
Crick, F.H.C. (1958) On protein synthesis. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. XII:138-163
Crick, F. (1970) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. Nature 227, 561-563. [PDF file]
|
<urn:uuid:e3e956a0-5919-4ea0-8679-0aac04465693>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2008/04/overthrowing-central-dogma.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954445 | 1,266 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The Torascan pyramid of Tzin Tzun Tzan has five circular platforms, one
for each of their important gods. Four of these are earth, fire, water,
and wind. The most important was reserved for the center position in the
array of platforms. This was the god of movement.
Monarchs in Motion
We were overwhelmed with movement of butterflies. They filled the town
of Angangueo. They mobbed the flower patches of Eupatorium and Senecio
on the way to the colonies. Approaching Pelon they were especially active.
Rivers of them fly along the Xoconusco Road and then swing back toward
the mountain on the Macheros Road. Millions cascade from clusters at Rosario
and especially Pelon. Everywhere monarch butterflies were in motion--why?
Most of the year their movement is more limited. They do not venture so
far from the colony. Most of the year dew--and sometimes rain and fog--water--is
available to them in the colony or close-by llanos. This is the time of
the year when the habitat is dry as a bone. When one visits open water
sources below the mountains they are mobbed with thirsty butterflies.
But if thirst drives this behavior, why not fly down to the water, drink,
and then return? Why the large rivers of circulating butterflies that
so dazzle us humans? Why is this behavior so prevalent at this time, late
in the season?
It may be
a simple answer: They are warming their engines. They are practicing flying.
They are developing--improving--their flight muscles. It is only an unproven
speculation, but they may be exercising.
|
<urn:uuid:bea8be6d-315e-4bb5-94cb-8c1ca202a6bf>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/monarch/Calvert031006.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936867 | 360 | 2.796875 | 3 |
| The native people of the area were the Serrano, and the Kukamonga Indians. They were a sub-culture of the Gabrielino Indians. To locate more information about the Native Americans of this area please click on the following links:
Spaniards have been living in this area of California since the mid-1500s. In the late 1700s, the King of Spain owned the land where Fontana City Hall now stands. To begin your search for more information about the Spanish rule please click on the following links:
The Mexican Revolution occurred in the early 1800s. What influence did this historical event have in the development of this community?
Don Antonio Maria Lugo and his family were landowners who began the development of this area in the early 1800s. To find out how Lugo and a group of Mormon settlers are connected follow the links.
A. B. Miller can be called the founding father of Fontana. His business sense and foresight took an isolated piece of land and turned it into a place of community and business opportunities. On a rainy night Miller decided Fontana would be the perfect place to live. To locate the importance of water and the influence of A. B. Miller on Fontana look into the links below:
Walnut trees, citrus orchards, and vineyards became a way of life for the people of this area. What evidence do you see today of the agriculture in Fontana?
Rabbits, hogs, chickens, and garbage! How do these help the community of Fontana in the 1900s? The facts are quite interesting!
As more people came to the area the need for more efficient roads became apparent. Route 66 is a historic road that begins at the Pacific Ocean and passes through Fontana on its way across California.
Henry Kaiser brought the steel industry to Fontana. With his business jobs were created and revenue generated for the city. Kaiser steel was important during World War II. Why? The site where the steel plant once flourished is now home to the California Speedway.
|
<urn:uuid:5cc4d3e2-6446-4690-929d-1c0e7ff36b19>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/activity/quilt/timeline.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910312 | 417 | 3.15625 | 3 |
For parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the diagnostic process can be a long and stressful journey. Behavioural signs of ASD can appear around the child’s first birthday when he fails to respond to his own name or to use a pointing gesture. Language and learning are also often delayed.
But new research shows autism could be identified in infants as young as six months, using a marker of brain activity in response to shifts in others' gaze. This raises the possibility of earlier diagnosis and better management of the condition in the child’s early years.
Our research team followed 104 infants aged six- to ten-months until their third birthday. Around half had an older sibling with ASD and were therefore at high genetic risk of also developing ASD. The other infants were a low-risk comparison group. At the three-year visit, we found around a third of the high-risk infants had developed ASD.
When aged between six and ten months, we showed the infants video clips of an actor whose eyes moved back and forth between gazing directly at the infant, to gazing away. We measured the infants' patterns of brain activity (known as event-related potentials) while they watched the clips, using sensors positioned on their scalp.
Many of the infants whom we later diagnosed with ASD showed a different brain response to these gaze-shift clips than the infants without ASD. The infants with ASD seemed to process the two parts of the gaze shift – looking toward versus looking away – in a similar way. By contrast, the brains of infants developing more typically processed these aspects in quite different ways.
Human brains show a particular response when processing others’ faces and eye-contact – this is very important for normal social interaction.
We have long known that children diagnosed with ASD show unusual use of eye contact and their brains also respond differently to others' gaze. But this is the first time researchers have observed atypical brain responses in infants with ASD, well before any clear behavioural symptoms have emerged.
The more we know about early signs of ASD, whether behavioural or in the brain, the closer we get to earlier diagnosis and earlier intervention. Recent research shows early intervention can lead to better outcomes for children with ASD. By improving their early skills for social interaction and learning, we can set children up to achieve their best in later life.
Limitations and next steps
Given the small size of our study sample (17 infants who developed ASD), this result will need to be shown again with other groups of infants and in larger numbers.
It’s important to note that the unusual brain response shown in the study did not perfectly predict later ASD; some infants with this response were not later diagnosed, and vice versa.
A brain-based method such as this will need substantial improvement before it can be used as a clinical tool for early detection. And rather than a stand-alone tool for ASD diagnosis, it would likely be used alongside other measures including behaviour observation and standardised developmental tests.
ASD affects around 1% of the population and occurs along a spectrum, from severely impairing and more easily-diagnosed symptoms, to much milder presentation, which may go undetected for years. Future brain-based studies of autism might also help us to better understand the variability of ASD symptoms and developmental pathways right across the spectrum.
|
<urn:uuid:1811527f-0d9f-4a3b-b42f-b963a0ccdb9e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://theconversation.com/looking-for-early-signs-of-autism-in-the-infant-brain-5072
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965931 | 679 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The fundamental objective for fisheries development in Latin America and the Caribbean is to obtain the maximum sustainable yield from the regional fisheries resources in order to:
The development of fisheries in Latin America offers the perspective of significant improvement in both areas considering the low-cost accessibility of these valuable natural resources, as well as the availability of needed human and technological resources.
The Bank's action in the field of fisheries should be directed toward the financing of basic infrastructure works with a broad catalytic effect, such as fishing ports, marketing terminals, modern fleets and support services, aquaculture, and even the promotion of certain industries or operations aimed at new techniques for processing fishery products or for artificial breeding. In many countries priority emphasis should be placed on projects for artisanal fishing cooperatives, designed for purposes of increasing productivity, preliminary processing and marketing of fish and shellfish. Priority should also be assigned to personnel training projects, especially when they are regional in scope and serve the needs of extensive areas in one or more countries. With regard to science and technology, the Bank should support centers of this type either by promoting their formation or by correcting the shortcomings of existing centers. Every production project should be related to, or connected with, research programs, if the project itself does not include a provision of such programs. Industrial promotion projects should be given preference when they form part of overall fishery development programs.
The determination of priorities for specific projects depends on the type of projects concerned in terms of the prospects and needs of the respective country. Generally speaking, priority projects can be classified as those entailing investments with a broad multiplier effect which, because of their nature or total cost, have no real possibility of attracting private capital initially or projects which require better financing terms than those usually available.
Fishery activities include catching or extraction operations, as well as the preservation, processing and marketing of animal or vegetal life whose natural or usual habitat is water. All of these stages are influenced by the special characteristics of the basic natural elements - variability and perishability - and, taken together, they are technically dependent on catching operations.
The fields of activity are classified in this policy as follows:
1. PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT , including such items as port infrastructure, fishing fleets, industrial plants, artisanal fishermen, aquaculture, etc;
2. MARKETING INFRASTRUCTURE, such as fishing terminals and cold-storage plants, transportation and distribution units, organization of fishing cooperatives and technical assistance for programs designed to promote the consumption of fishery products;
3. TRAINING, covering the training of seagoing personnel (master fishermen, engineers, fishermen, net menders), processing experts and scientific personnel;
4. PREINVESTMENT, including scientific, technological studies and technical assistance, which can, in turn, be used in the preparation of sectorial plans or preparation and execution of specific projects and feasibility studies; and
5. RESEARCH PROGRAMS, aimed at improving the identification and exploitation of fish resources and technology for catching and processing operations.
Since specific fishery projects could refer to one or more of the above indicated fields of activity, application of this policy should be flexible and contingent upon the particular fishery conditions in each area or country
.For optimum attainment of the overall objectives outlined above, fishery projects presented for the Bank's consideration should meet, insofar as possible, the following general conditions:
The Bank has special guidelines for the preparation of applications for fishery projects by the member countries. In addition to these guidelines, there exists specific technical orientations for the appraisal of different types of fishery projects in accordance with the country and resources available. The technical orientations are covered in the Technical Standards Manual.
The Bank's strategy is determined by the natural conditions in each country or group of countries with similar characteristics. It cannot be established on uniform basis for the region as a whole. The status of fishery development is by no means uniform, as demonstrated by production statistics and factors, such as institutional structure, local markets and even climate, all of which requires diversified use of the various means of action open to the Bank. For the identification of guidelines five principal fishing zones can be defined: South Pacific, South Atlantic, North Pacific, North Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.
Obviously, the Bank cannot assume responsibility of all of the many aspects inherent in the development of a fishery promotion policy in Latin America. Accordingly, the Bank will coordinate with various agencies and institutions, including the FAO, UNDP, and other international financing agencies.
Depending on the nature of the project and the country involved, projects in the fisheries sector can be financed from either the Fund for Special Operations or the Ordinary Capital of the Bank in accordance with the current guidelines of the use of these funds.
Prevailing Reference Document: GN-568-1, November 1969.
* The operational policies of the Inter-American Development Bank are intended to provide operational guidance to staff in assisting the Bank's borrowing member countries. Over the course of the Bank's more than 40 years of operations, the approach to developing operational policies has taken various forms, ranging from the preparation of detailed guidelines to broad statements of principle and intent. Many policies have not been updated since they were originally issued, and a few reflect emphases and approaches of earlier years which have been superseded by specific mandates of the Bank's Governors, the most recent being the Eighth Replenishment mandates of 1994.
In accordance with the Bank's information disclosure policy, the Bank is making all of its operational policies available to the public through the Public Information Center. Users please note that the Bank's operational policies are under a process of continuous review. This review process includes preparation of best practice papers summarizing experience at the Bank and other similar institutions, and sector strategy papers.
Show inline popup 1
Show inline popup 2
Show inline popup 3
Show inline popup 4
|
<urn:uuid:c03b2f9c-b8dc-4e83-8ba4-f03cd4a4d3a7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.iadb.org/en/about-us/fisheries-development,6214.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927459 | 1,200 | 2.734375 | 3 |
9. Stratospheric ozone depletion
9. Stratospheric ozone depletion
|average ozone column in March||any improvements already?||state|
|total potential chlorine and bromine concentrations in the troposphere||any improvements already?||state|
|increase in UV radiation||public interest indicator: how serious is the problem?||state|
|radiative forcing of ozone-depleting substances||what is the remaining effect of ozone-depleting substances on climate change?||driving force|
|production of ozone-depleting substances||are ozone-depleting substances phased out according to the schedule? is discouraging the use of HCFCs successful?||driving force|
|contribution to multilateral fund to assist developing countries to implement the Montreal Protocol||can we ensure that developing countries meet their targets?||response|
The thickness of the ozone layer above Europe has decreased significantly since the beginning of the 1980s and is declining at a rate of up to 8 % per decade. The gradual fall in chlorine concentrations in the troposphere (on their way to the stratosphere) shows that international policies to control ozone-depleting substances are having success. Production and sales of ozone-depleting substances in EEA member countries have fallen significantly since 1989. However, the long life of these substances in the atmosphere means that recovery of the ozone layer may not be complete until after 2050. The remaining policy challenges for European countries are to tighten control measures, to reduce the production and use of HCFCs and methyl bromide, to manage banks of existing ozone-depleting substances, and to support developing countries in their efforts to reduce their use and subsequent emissions of ozone-depleting substances.
Stratospheric ozone protects the earth’s surface from damaging short-wave ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone is produced in the upper stratosphere by short-wave sunlight, which together with chemical reactions dissociates the ozone again to create a dynamic balance between production and loss. Anthropogenic emissions of inert compounds containing chlorine and bromine affect this balance. A single chlorine or bromine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules before being removed from the atmosphere.
Compounds causing significant ozone depletion include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) and methylbromide. They are used as solvents, refrigerants, foam blowing agents, degreasing agents and aerosol propellants, fire extinguishers (halons) and as agricultural pesticides (methyl bromide). The extent to which an ozone-depleting substance affects the ozone layer (i.e. its ozone-depleting potential) depends on the compound’s chemical characteristics. Other factors that affect the ozone layer include natural emissions, large volcanic eruptions, climate change and the greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide.
The dramatic depletion of stratospheric ozone in polar regions is caused by a combination of anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting substances, stable circulation patterns, extremely low temperatures and solar radiation. Reactions on the surface of polar stratospheric cloud particles, which form at low temperatures, start a series of chemical reactions that destroy large numbers of ozone molecules in the polar spring, i.e. March/April in the Arctic and September/October in Antarctica.
The total amount of ozone over Europe is the main indicator of the state of the ozone layer above EEA member countries. The ozone column (a measure of the thickness of the ozone layer) has decreased significantly since the beginning of the 1980s (Figure 9.1); the observed trend in March is approximately -8 % per decade. The global trend in the whole winter/spring period at northern mid-latitudes is -5.4 % per decade (WMO, 1999).
Average ozone column over Europe in March
Notes: The ozone column is the amount of ozone in a column that reaches from the ground to the top of the atmosphere. Monthly average ozone data derived from satellite instruments (Nimbus 7 TOMS, Meteor3 TOMS and GOME) averaged from 35ºN to 70ºN and from 11.2ºW to 21.2ºE. Different instruments used in different years. 1 Dobson unit = 0.01 mm ozone column thickness at standard earth surface temperature and pressure.
The thickness of the ozone layer over Europe (March averages) has decreased significantly since the beginning of the 1980s by up to 8 % per decade.
The first international agreement aimed at protecting the ozone layer was the 1985 Vienna Convention. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 (and subsequent Amendments and Adjustments) aims to eliminate the production and use of ozone-depleting substances worldwide. EU measures and policies to protect the ozone layer include Council Regulation 3093/94/EC, which is in the process of being revised and strengthened (European Commission, 1999a). Current challenges in the EU include:
- ensuring full compliance with the Protocol by developing countries, as well as in Russia and other countries with economies in transition;
- reducing remaining production of ozone-depleting compounds for essential uses and to supply developing countries;
- stopping the ‘dumping’ of second-hand equipment CFC-using in developing countries;
- taking action against CFC and halon smuggling;
- reducing emissions of halons and CFCs from existing equipment, especially in developed countries;
- discouraging the use of HCFCs as replacements for CFCs
- preventing the increased use of methyl bromide in developing countries;
- preventing the production and marketing of new ozone-depleting substances.
9.1. Total potential chlorine and bromine concentrations in the troposphere
The effect of the measures taken is noticed first in the lower part of the earth’s atmosphere: the troposphere. The relevant indicator showing this effect is expressed in terms of ‘potential chlorine or bromine concentration’ and is derived from the concentrations of individual substances (taking into account the number of halogen atoms in each compound) in the troposphere. This gives a direct indication of the potential impact of these compounds on the ozone layer.
As a result of international policies, the total potential chlorine concentration in the troposphere has fallen since 1994 (Figure 9.2). The main reason for this decline is a large decrease in the concentration of methyl chloroform. The concentration of some CFCs is decreasing, while the increase in concentration of other CFCs is levelling off. However, concentrations of HCFCs (used as an alternative to CFCs) are increasing.
The concentration of potential chlorine in the stratosphere is expected to reach its maximum level by about 2000. Contrary to earlier expectations, the total potential bromine concentration is still rising due to increased concentrations of halons.
Total potential chlorine and bromine concentrations in the
Source: RIVM; ALE/GAGE/AGAGE network; NOAAA/CMDL network
Notes: Total potential chlorine/bromine is defined as the sum of the concentrations of all chlorine/bromine species in the troposphere, multiplied by the number of chlorine/bromine atoms per molecule. The sum of the bromine compounds is multiplied by the bromine efficiency factor of 60 for total potential bromine to account for the different ozone-depleting efficiency of bromine.
Although total potential chlorine concentrations in the troposphere reached their maximum around 1994, total potential bromine concentrations in the troposphere are still increasing.
Because ozone-depleting substances have a very long lifetime in the stratosphere, detectable recovery of the ozone layer due to the Montreal Protocol is not expected before 2020. Complete recovery is not expected to occur until after 2050 (WMO, 1999). Over the polar regions, extensive ozone depletion will continue to be observed in spring in the coming decades.
Ground-based measuring stations have recorded increases in the amount of UV radiation in recent years. Modelled estimates (Figure 9.3) show the percentage increase in UV radiation at wavelengths that cause human skin to turn red. These satellite-derived UV data and ground measurements generally agree.
Increased levels of UV radiation will continue until ozone recovery is complete, but the damaging effects of UV on human health and ecosystems are likely to persist even longer. Skin cancers, for example, only appear many years after exposure to UV. However, the general increase in cases of skin cancer in Europe over the past 50 years is most likely due to changes in lifestyle leading to more exposure to the sun. The anticipated effect of an increase in UV radiation will be superimposed on this effect. Public health campaigns encouraging people to reduce their exposure to the sun may offset the adverse effects of ozone depletion (United Kingdom Stratospheric Ozone Review Group, 1999).
Increase in UV radiation in Europe, 1980-1997
Source: EEA, 1999; RIVM
Note: The map shows the increase in the yearly dose of UV radiation during the 17 year period, calculated using observed total ozone values from TOMS satellite instruments and assuming clear sky conditions.
Observations suggest that UV radiation has increased above Europe.
9.2. The interaction between climate change and ozone depletion
Some ozone-depleting substances, e.g. CFCs and HCFCs, are also potent greenhouse gases. Stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change (see Chapter 8) therefore have common sources. Ozone is also a greenhouse gas, but most of the warming effect comes from troposheric ozone.
CFCs, HCFCs and related compounds contribute about 13 % to the total radiative forcing (the net extra radiation giving rise to global warming) from all greenhouse gases (Figure 9.4).However, their emissions are not regulated under the Kyoto Protocol (see Sections 8.2 and 8.3) because they are already controlled under the Montreal Protocol. HFCs, which are increasingly used as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances, are also potent greenhouse gases. HFCs are covered by the Kyoto Protocol rather than the earlier Montreal Protocol.
The radiative forcing of ozone-depleting substances is still increasing, but less than in the 1980s. There are a number of reasons for this. The phasing-out of methyl chloroform under the Montreal Protocol is largely responsible for the decrease in total potential chlorine. However, methyl chloroform contributes less to radiative forcing than CFCs and HCFCs. In addition, the contribution from CFCs is levelling off as a direct result of the Montreal Protocol and the radiative forcing of HCFCs is increasing as their concentration in the troposphere increases.
Radiative forcing of ozone-depleting substances at a global
Note: Radiative forcing is based on global average tropospheric concentrations (Figure 9.2) and WMO radiative forcing parameters.
The radiative forcing of ozone-depleting substances is still increasing. This is because the radiative forcing of HCFCs is increasing, while that of CFCs is levelling off.
9.3 European production of ozone-depleting substances
The production of CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform and halons in Europe fell substantially between 1989 and 1997, while production of HCFCs increased (Figures 9.5 and 9.6). The sale of ozone-depleting substances shows a similar pattern. This overall decline in the production and sale of ozone-depleting substances in EEA member countries is a direct result of the Montreal Protocol and EU regulations. Halon production in the EU has been banned since 1994 and production of CFCs, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform since 1995. Limited production and use of certain compounds (mainly CFCs) is still allowed for designated essential uses (e.g. metered dose inhalers for medical purposes) and for use to meet the basic needs of developing countries. Production for sale to developing countries accounts for the increase in 1997. HCFCs and methyl bromide may still be produced and sold in the EU subject to mandatory limits.
The production of ozone-depleting substances in EEA member countries was about 32 % of global production in 1989 and about 25 % in 1996. In all member countries, use of ozone-depleting substances has fallen faster than required under the Montreal Protocol.
Global production and emissions of ozone-depleting substances have also decreased significantly. However, existing equipment and products still contain large amounts of CFC and halons –generating emissions when these are released. Emissions of ozone-depleting substances can occur within a few months of production (e.g. during the manufacture of open cell foams) or after several years (e.g. from refrigerators, closed-cell foams and fire extinguishers).
Smuggling and illegal production of ozone-depleting substances is estimated at 10 % of 1995 global production. These illegal activities will delay the recovery of the ozone layer by several years.
Production of ozone-depleting substances in EEA member
Source: European Commission 1999b; UNEP, 1998
Notes: Production is defined as actual manufacture in the EU for dispersive uses, but excluding: imports; production for use as a raw material for the production of other chemicals; and used material recovered, recycled or reclaimed. Production data is weighted according to ozone-depleting potential (ODP).
Production of HCFCs in EEA member countries
Source: European Commission, 1999b; UNEP, 1998
Production of ozone-depleting substances in EEA member countries has decreased by almost 90 %. However, production of HCFCs — with low ozone-depleting potential but high global warming potential — is increasing.
9.4 Technology transfer to developing countries
Europe’s successes and the recovery of the ozone layer will be jeopardised unless developing countries also meet their commitments under the Montreal Protocol. These came into effect in 1999.
In 1990, a multilateral fund was established by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol to help developing countries implement the Protocol. Developed countries contribute to this fund, while developing countries can apply for financial assistance for particular projects.
EEA member countries contributed US $371.6 million to the multilateral fund between 1991 and 1998. This amount is about 45 % of total global payments to the fund (Figure 9.7). The total amount spent so far by the fund (US $936 million) is expected to result in the phasing out of the use of 122 million ODP kg (more than twice the 1997 production in EEA member countries) and the phasing-out of the production of about 42 million ODP kg of ozone-depleting substances.
Relative contribution of EEA member countries to multilateral fund
to assist developing countries implement the Montreal Protocol,
Source: UNEP, 1999
EEA member countries have together contributed around 45 % of the total multilateral fund to help developing countries reduce their emissions of ozone-depleting substances.
|Methyl bromide: supporting developing countries|
Twelve years after being signed, the Montreal Protocol is viewed as a success. Methyl bromide, which has an ozone-depleting potential of 0.6 compared to CFCs, was added to the list of controlled substances in 1992. The Copenhagen Amendment requires the phasing out of methyl bromide in developed countries by 2005 and in developing countries by 2015.
Methyl bromide is still used throughout the developing world as a fumigant to control pests in soils, structures and commodities. However, alternatives for 90 % of methyl bromide applications have been found . often as part of integrated pest management, but few have yet been implemented.
GTZ, the German Agency for Technical
Co-operation, is advising developing countries on possible
substitutes for methyl bromide. GTZ emphasises non-chemical
alternatives such as crop rotation and biocontrol. GTZ is also
helping with the disposal of old stocks of methyl bromide; for
example, it recently helped the Sudanese government dispose of over
eight tonnes of methyl bromide.
9.5 Indicator improvement
Harmonisation of data reportingon current production and sale of ozone-depleting substances to both the European Commission and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) would remove some inconsistencies from the indicators.Data on individual EU Member States is not available.
For the future, improved breakdowns for contributions by European countries to the multi-lateral fund to help developing countries implement the Montreal Protocol would be desirable.Analysis of the effectiveness of this policy instrument in helping to reduce the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances in developing countries would also be useful.
For the future, improved indicators and analysis of the interactions between climate change and ozone depletion should be developed. Radiative forcing, which is presented here, is just one example of such an indicator. Another interesting interaction is the temperature fall in the stratosphere due to greenhouse gas emissions and its effect on the ozone layer at mid-latitudes and polar regions. However, this interaction is more difficult to assess.
9.6. References and further reading
EEA (1999). Environment in the European Union at the turn of the century. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.
European Commission, DG Research (1997). European research in the stratosphere. EUR 169986 EN. European Commission, Brussels.
European Commission (1999a). ‘A Common Position for a revised Council Regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer 5748/99.’ Official Journal C123/03.
European Commission (1999b). Statistical factsheet — ozone-depleting substances. European Commission, Brussels.
WMO (1999). Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1998. World Meteorological Organisation Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project — Report 44. World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva.
UNEP (1998). Production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances 1986-1996. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
UNEP (1999), UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/27/48 (Annex I, Page 5). United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya (http://www.unmfs.org).
United Kingdom Stratospheric Ozone Review Group (1999). Stratospheric ozone 1999. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London, UK.
For references, please go to www.eea.europa.eu/soer or scan the QR code.
This briefing is part of the EEA's report The European Environment - State and Outlook 2015. The EEA is an official agency of the EU, tasked with providing information on Europe's environment.
PDF generated on 30 Jun 2016, 06:02 AM
|
<urn:uuid:1c9db2c0-3fa2-4639-83c2-8b1a1d9867b7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/signals-2000/page010.html/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909402 | 3,951 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Entry from British & World English dictionary
Of or containing platinum, especially in its tetravalent state.
- For the crystal tests, platinic chloride was used.
- As platinic metals have a high tendency to form complexes, the complex-forming sorbents are particularly useful.
Mid 19th century: from platinum, on the pattern of words such as ferric.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: pla|tin¦ic
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
|
<urn:uuid:c93b8a7f-03ba-4bf5-bff9-86df38d66d5a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/platinic
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.89141 | 128 | 2.625 | 3 |
UNESCO Community Radio Programme in Rattanakiri Province
The purpose of community media is not to do something for the community but to provide the community with an opportunity to do something for itself. Through producing and broadcasting community media, a community can promote its own identity and character, raise voice about their concerns and also contribute to the local culture.
UNESCO Office in Phnom Penh has organized and provided trainings on implementing community media projects and indigenous language radio programmes since 2007. With the energy and passion of young indigenous producers and UNESCO’s donation of essential radio equipment, an indigenous language radio programme was born. The programme now broadcasts on a daily basis for 1 hour/day in four indigenous languages—Kreung, Tompon, Jarai and Brao.
The BHN Association, a UNESCO Japanese partner, seeing the positive changes being brought about by the programme, donated over 100 solar battery-powered radio receivers to the indigenous communities in May 2010. The radio receivers were donated to the Kreung, Brao, Tompoun and Jarai villages which have between 200 and 400 families.
Through these radio receivers, the indigenous communities are now able to listen to the community radio programme and other national radio channels without purchasing batteries. The radio receivers cost nothing to run, but are profoundly affecting the people’s daily lives through information dissemination regarding health, culture, weather, education, environment, agriculture, forestry and more.
|
<urn:uuid:04738689-f8b0-4577-b45b-9bbfe75430b2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/phnompenh/communication-and-information/community-media/unesco-community-radio-programme-in-rattanakiri-province/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942246 | 292 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Harnessing the dark side the cloud: how to prevent the three biggest cloud dangers
Short of time?
The cloud gives an enterprise power, flexibility, scale and control. It’s an enormous set of computing power created by an interconnected, global information technology infrastructure.
It surrounds businesses and individuals and empowers them. It binds the global economy together, making it possible to perform tremendous feats and amplify abilities.
The cloud offers a myriad of benefits but needs to be secured to ensure its power is harnessed for good. What are the security certifications and protocols of these clouds? Where is corporate data held? How is it protected? Who has access to it? How long does the cloud provider maintain copies of data?
Attackers obfuscate malware communications when a worm, virus or botnet 'phones home' to send stolen data to a master computer
Malware families also use encryption to hide network information, including passwords or sensitive data, such as stolen bank account information, they are sending out to cloud-based servers. In fact, according to CGI Security, it’s actually easier to attack an organisation through applications that use encryption than those that don’t.
For example, an initial phish would go undetected because the Intrusion Prevention system did not include SSL visibility capability to look inside and identify the malware, and the enterprise’s firewalls were not sounding any alarms to block the packets.
Also, malware families such as Zeus are notorious for using encryption and other tricks to hide their command and control (C&C) communications from security-monitoring devices.
What to do about it: Ensure the organisation has visibility into SSL-encrypted cloud traffic. That means using SSL visibility tools that work with secure network gateways and other advanced edge security to inspect the traffic once it’s decrypted.
Attackers look for weaknesses on the perimeters of the cloud such as insecure interfaces and APIs
IT admins rely on interfaces for cloud provisioning, management, orchestration, and monitoring. APIs are integral to security and availability of general cloud services. Cloud Security Alliance reports highlight that as organisations and third parties build on these interfaces to build add-on services, complexity increases since organisations may be required to relinquish their credentials to third parties in order to enable their use of cloud systems.
This complexity can introduce avenues for credentials to be hijacked. Theses credentials can then be used to access data in cloud systems.
What to do about it: Encrypt or tokenise the data before it goes into cloud-based systems, so if the dark side does access the cloud, they will find that they only get access to meaningless replacement values.
The dark side can sometimes cause cloud users to forget about corporate guidelines for sensitive data
Such sensitive data includes healthcare data or payment card details, which cannot be stored in public cloud environments, or that certain end users in specific locations cannot access clouds that have risky profiles.
What to do about it: Control Shadow IT. Determine which clouds are being used, the relative risk of these clouds, and what types of data are being sent to these clouds. Armed with this knowledge, use technologies like cloud access security brokers (CASB) to monitor user behaviour for anomalous activity, and take proactive steps such as encrypting sensitive data so cloud use is secure. Specific steps include:
Restrict employee access to the myriad of new cloud applications that have sprung up in the past 5 years. Take advantage of cloud intelligence data feeds that can help your organisation understand the relative risks of using certain cloud applications.
Set policies to block specified data types from leaving the organisation via Data Loss Prevention (DLP) solutions that continually scan for things like patient data, credit card information and social security numbers.
Inspect content coming from cloud applications to the enterprise, doing deep content analysis to prevent malware and other advanced threats from penetrating organisations.
Enterprises can and should have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the threats - both internal and external - to their cloud infrastructure and data, and use the abovementioned tips as a guide to address them with the most effective IT security approaches and technologies.
Harnessing the power of the cloud for good, carries massive business and technology benefits if the risks are proactively and wisely managed.
Sourced from Robert Arandjelovic, Director of Security Strategy, Blue Coat
|
<urn:uuid:2610e98e-9035-420b-a261-3c1fedd4a373>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.information-age.com/technology/cloud-and-virtualisation/123460968/harnessing-dark-side-cloud-how-prevent-three-biggest-cloud-dangers
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91572 | 889 | 2.859375 | 3 |
I. The author opens up his poem with a
prologue, in which he clearly states his intentions of writing My Hamlet.
There was a great controversy at the moment when this poem was first published.
Critics attacked the author for trying to re-write Shakespeare's play.
The truth is that was never his intention. The sole purpose of the poem
was to "make anew all the forgotten." The author tried
to preserve the classical play and at the same time to make it appeal to
the new generation, to "awake the sleeping age," as he
expressed it himself.
It is also interesting to highlight line seven of this stanza. The
image of a fading star is reinstated often in this poem (see note to stanza
The author uses alliteration in the first stanza to make it stand out
from the rest.
II. The meaning behind lines three and
four could be interpreted in two different ways. First and foremost, by
the contextual clues, we get the notion that the author is talking about
Hamlet's goals and beliefs. Prince Hamlet knew that he was an heir to the
king and thought that it was certain for the throne to be his. This idea
is further reinstated later on in the stanza, where Hamlet is portrayed
as a young adult who craves control and attention. Although the more obvious
understanding of these lines deals with Hamlet's desire to become king,
an element of foreshadowing is applied in the word "vision" (see
note to stanza IX).
Line 13 is believed to be inspired by Vladimir Vysotsky, who in his
poem about Hamlet wrote, "The destiny has branded me at birth."
However, in this poem great emphasis is placed on the word "fate,"
which has multiple meanings.
First, let's examine it as it was most likely intended, as a synonym
of "destiny." One of the definitions of fate is "the principle
or determining cause or will by which things in general are believed to
come to be as they are or events to happen as they do." What the author
was trying to imply here is that Hamlet was born into a role and he had
to perform. He was destined to become the ruler. He was expected to be
tough and in control and thus he was. Not until the apparition of the Ghost
did Hamlet give up his own will and focus on the will of his father (again
see note to stanza IX).
Another meaning of the word "fate" could suggest a totally
contradicting idea. If "fate" is read as a synonym of "doom,"
the reader can get the notion that Hamlet's downfall, rather than prosperity,
was certain. It is evident that the author was trying to make the reader
consider both possibilities or else using "destined" and "fate"
in the same sentence would be a tautology.
III. In the first line, the author paraphrased
Shakespeare's quote from Macbeth, "To beguile the time look like the
time," meaning that Hamlet acted just like everyone that was around
The sole purpose of stanza III is to show the young Hamlet. Hamlet
always desired to rule, but ironically was mostly a follower. He went with
the flow of the times ("mimicked time upon his face")
and did everything that was expected of him. He never thought about what
he was doing, nor ever cared for it. He wanted to show the people that
he would be a good ruler when time came. While trying to satisfy others,
Hamlet never examined his own conscience. Later on in the poem, we see
Hamlet maturing (see note to XI).
IV. Hamlet was certainly in love with Ophelia.
His love was so genuine that many people viewed it as his madness. In the
play, Polonius constantly tried to convince King Claudius that love was
the origin of Hamlet's insanity. Being obedient to her father, Ophelia
did not know what to believe, but deep inside she felt Hamlet's love and
knew that he loved her purely.
Examining one's conscience is one of the most important themes of Hamlet.
What is fascinating about this part is that in the play, Hamlet was believed
to be "crazy" only after he realized the truth about his father's
murder, while in this poem, the author implies this idea before the death
of King Hamlet, making the readers consider whether Hamlet was truly mad
or simply in love.
V. In stanza V, we, as the readers, can
see just how much Hamlet loved his father. He continues to grieve about
him long after his death. At the same time, Hamlet is growing up. The sudden
tragedy of losing a loved one makes him realize what is really important
to him. Then, slowly, everything begins to fall back to normal.
VI. This stanza is particularly interesting
because here the author uses external environment to compare to the internal
environment of the character. He allows us to take a look inside Hamlet
who is always effected by what surrounds him (see note to stanza III).
He needs everything around him to be perfect in order to feel good inside.
However, in the next stanza, we see him maturing and defending his personal
beliefs even though the others might not agree with him. Stanza VI serves
as a transitional medium in Hamlet's rites of passage.
Lines 9-12 are symbolic to what will happen to Hamlet next. The word
"spirit" foreshadows the apparition of his father's ghost. The
spirit guided Hamlet and helped him to deal with the reality of life.
Also, note, how in line 13, the author foreshadows the ghost of Hamlet
coming back to life.
VII. The author very clearly depicts Hamlet's
feeling toward the marriage. Hamlet is very upset with his mother and blames
her for the sin of marrying another man shortly after the death of her
husband. In the play, no one other than Hamlet, sees anything wrong with
the Queen's actions. Hamlet feels abandoned by everything that he used
to cherish. Hamlet matures instantly after this realization. The stanza
ends with Hamlet left all alone in deep thought, pondering about his life.
While the author shows Hamlet's attitude, he never plainly states whether
the Queen is guilty or not. He leaves this decision for the readers. Such
style of writing makes the poem three-dimensional and allows the readers'
conscience to interact with the plot of the story (this technique is also
evident in stanza XII).
In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Denmark is portrayed as a prison, where
everyone is closely watched. Throughout the play, there are numerous times
when different characters spy on each other. King Claudius states at one
point in the play, "madness in great ones must not unwatched go."
Hamlet's every action is closely observed by everybody around him, including
his old friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who are sent by the king
to spy on Hamlet. This theme is also stressed in My Hamlet. In the
first two lines of stanza VIII, the author establishes this topic.
Hamlet is left alone to examine everything that has happened. He cannot
see how something that he has believed in so much could be so disgraceful.
He used to live in a dream world where everything was perfect, now he's
beginning to awake from his sleep. Earlier in the poem, the author tried
to persuade the readers to do the same (see line 14 of Stanza I).
The author also brings up a good topic, which should not be neglected,
"was it possible for Hamlet to keep on living under those circumstances
and not see anything? Was it his strong will power that made him realize
the truth or did he simply have no choice?" Once more, the reader
is left pondering for himself.
IX. Boris Pasternak once wrote about Hamlet,
"From the moment of the ghost's appearance, Hamlet gives up his
will in order to do the will of him that sent him." Let's examine
what he meant. From the beginning of the play, Hamlet is portrayed as a
man with great natural ability to rule over the people. It is safe to assume
that Hamlet would have been a great king if it weren't for his sacrifice
to carry out the will of his father. The author follows through with this
idea in his poem.
The line, "the sun would rise and melt the vision in his eyes..."
could again be interpreted in two ways. In a literal sense, the "vision"
may represent the apparition of the ghost as it disappeared when the sun
began to rise. In a more symbolic sense, this line can represent Hamlet's
awakening from the sweet dream (vision) of his childhood. The sun could
represent a kind of a revelation that awakes the hero. Thus, we are left
with a question, "was there ever a ghost or perhaps it was simply
Hamlet's morality that awoke him?"
In lines ten and eleven of this stanza, the author uses the element
of foreshadowing. The phrase "the sky before the storm" suggests
that something major is about to happen, perhaps internally in the character
of Hamlet (see note to stanza XI).
Further reminiscence of Pasternak is seen in the last two lines of
the stanza. The description of the "crossing fates" was a frequent
image in Pasternak's poetry. In perhaps his most famous poem, Winter
Night, Pasternak wrote, "On the illumined ceiling, shadows
swayed-- a cross of arms, a cross of legs, a cross of fate."
The last line is also believed to be influenced by Pasternak. In his
poem, Hamlet, Boris Pasternak established a religious theme when
he quoted Jesus from the bible praying to his father to make the analogy
between Jesus and Hamlet. Both knew that a tragedy was inevasible and the
guides for both were their fathers. Jesus prayed to God, while Hamlet looked
to the ghost of his father for advice. This idea is clearly established
in the last line of the stanza.
X. While the author shows Hamlet's desire
to avenge the death of his father, he never reveals who the killer is.
The author expects the reader to know the plot of the story. The purpose
behind this poem is not to simply summarize Shakespeare's Hamlet,
but to raise certain questions in the readers' minds that are worth to
be examined. The style of the whole poem depends on the readers' knowledge
of the story.
A great issue that has been examined by many, but never solved, is
the nature of the ghost. Prince Hamlet himself, is not sure whether to
trust the ghost or not. At first sight of the apparition, Hamlet is stunned
and doesn't know what to believe. Is the apparition evil or has it come
to help Hamlet? Hamlet is skeptical of the ghost. He states, "the
spirit that I have seen may be the Devil, and the Devil hath power to assume
a pleasing shape." Hamlet senses a "foul play."
At the same time, Hamlet wants to believe what he's hearing. He desires
to gain the wisdom from the ghost to confirm his emotions. To make sure
that the ghost was telling the truth, Hamlet comes up with a plan to test
the possible murderer of his father (see note to stanza XIII).
XI. Hamlet, as he is portrayed in this
poem, is not bothered by the question "to be or not to be?"
He knows that he only has one choice and that is "to be."
He knows that he has to live, there's no other way. The problem for him
is facing the reality. Should Hamlet simply neglect everything that he
doesn't approve of or should he do something about it and by doing so,
sacrifice his destiny of becoming a king? That's the question that stands
before Hamlet! He is faced with a dilemma "whether 'tis nobler
in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to
take arms against the sea of troubles..."
Line eight of this stanza further establishes the religious theme in
the poem (see note to stanza IX).
XII. Here, the author talks about the moral
sense of each human being. He brings up a fascinating concept that a person
cannot live without his conscience. If an individual's goes against what
he truly believes, then even love is powerless in helping that person.
The author expresses his outlook on life. "Live life to the fullest!"
is the basic moral behind those lines. To end the stanza, in line twelve,
the author paraphrases a quote from Shakespeare, "This above all:
to self be true!" The stanza ends with an invitation to the "play
within a play" which Hamlet stages to catch the killer. The style
of the stanza makes it seem as if the author is having a conversation with
Stanza XII is addressed strictly to the readers, which again, helps
to make the poem "three-dimensional." Although he describes the
basic theme of Shakespeare's Hamlet, the author urges the readers
to consider the topic for themselves and not to simply judge the actions
of a character.
XIII. As in the previous stanza, again,
the author paraphrases a quote from the play. He begins the stanza, calling
Hamlet the "ultimate observer." In the play, Ophelia called
Hamlet "the observer of all observers." Everybody was
focussing on Hamlet's madness and the way he was acting (see stanza VIII).
Yet, at the same time, Hamlet remained the "ultimate observer"
seeing everything that goes on in Denmark. He knew all of the affairs and
the secrets that others could not see.
This stanza describes the "play within a play" that was staged
by Hamlet as a "mousetrap" to catch his father's killer. The
Players perform The Murder of Conzago, a drama that reenacts the
murder of the king twice, -- once in a silent version and once in a dialogue
of a play. Hamlet watches his uncle's reaction when the king is killed
by his brother. Claudius unable to take it, gets up from his seat and leaves.
Hamlet is now sure of his previous assumptions. The "play within a
play" has two purposes; one-- it exposes both, Hamlet and Claudius,
and two-- it proves that the ghost was telling the truth.
The quotes from the play make the story more realistic and at the same
time add suspense to the plot. The repetition is used in the thirteenth
line of the stanza to stress the importance of what has just occurred.
"Hands apt..." is repeated to reinstate that Claudius
believed that he was going to be able to get away with murder, but Hamlet
was able to catch him. Also, the word "duplicates" in
line 13 is a reference to Hamlet's duplicating of what really happened
in the play. The "mousetrap" works and proves that Claudius was
XIV. In this stanza, the author sums up
the effects of the "mousetrap." Now that Hamlet knows that Claudius
is the murderer and Claudius is sure that Hamlet knows his secret, the
true drama begins! This stanza build up even more suspense leading the
readers to what will happen next.
Once again, Pasternak's imagery is reminiscent in the poem. Pasternak
used the image of Hamlet standing on the stage and wondering about his
future in his poem, Hamlet. Although Hamlet is all alone on the
stage, he is able to grasp from the silence what will occur in the near
future (see Boris Pasternak's poem Hamlet).
Again, the word "fate" is used to imply two different meanings
(see note to stanza II).
XV. Hamlet walks into the room, while Claudius
is praying for forgiveness. Claudius has realized his sin and he is now
scared of what might happen to him. Hamlet stands behind him and doesn't
do anything. It is important to know that when the ghost of his father
appeared to Hamlet, the ghost described living in hell. Hamlet is conscious
of that and knows that if he kills Claudius now, Claudius will be free
of sin and will surely go to heaven. Hamlet shows the strength of his character
by simply walking away. He is so sure that the day of revenge will come,
he doesn't feel bad for letting go of this opportunity. Revenge remains
the only thing on his mind and he carries it with him wherever he goes.
He carries the burden of memory and the weight of the desire to get vengeance
for his father's murder.
XVI. In line four of the stanza, the author
once again quotes a phrase from the play. Hamlet is sure that revenge will
come one day if he is patient. Being able to walk away, Hamlet shows his
strong and wise character. He walks into Gertrude's room, where enraged,
he kills Polonius who was eavesdropping on their conversation.
The author goes on to question the action of Hamlet, whether he was
acting out of fury or from his madness. Hamlet did not know whom he was
stabbing, and only after the incident he realized that it was Polonius.
He was so fed up with the disgraceful actions of everyone around him that
he didn't care who it was. So, we have to question ourselves, "was
Hamlet simply caught up in the moment or did he intend to kill?" The
author leaves it up to the readers to decide for themselves.
XVII. The innocence of the Queen is shown
in this stanza. While many might blame the Queen for her actions, the author
calls her the "victim of the plot." It is possible that
there's sarcasm in that phrase. He goes on to describe how all of her life
she slept in slumber, closing her eyes on everything that she did not want
to see. This is very similar to the description of young Hamlet who believed
only what he desired to believe (see note to stanza III). Now, Hamlet opens
her sight to what has happened and she begins to feel guilty for her actions.
Hamlet was warned by the ghost not to attack the Queen for she is innocent
of everything that has occurred. The ghost blames everything on Claudius.
Yet, Hamlet still decides to confront his mother and express to her how
he feels. This shows that Hamlet is not controlled by the ghost but simply
guided. Therefore, Hamlet's actions cannot be blamed on the ghost. Hamlet
takes full responsibility for what he does.
XVIII. The author rephrases a quote from
the play. He changes "something is rotten in the state of Denmark"
to "something was rotting in the state..." It was impossible
for Hamlet to remain in Denmark any longer after the murder of Polonius.
Thus, Hamlet is convinced by the King to flee to England and let things
However, on his voyage, Hamlet is bothered by a notion that he has
been deceived. Hamlet believes that "death is lying on his course,"
which foreshadows the death of our hero (also see note to stanza II). He
finds a commission from the King, in which Claudius orders to his men to
kill Hamlet upon arrival to England.
XIX. Hamlet was able to escape his wicked
fortune, which fell on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who were sent by the
King to watch Hamlet. As always, Hamlet is kept under surveillance by the
king (see note to stanza VIII). After escaping a near death experience,
Hamlet is filled with new feelings of hatred and rage. He is anxious to
get back to Denmark.
XX. Line five of this stanza should be
examined more closely. It has both, a literal and a symbolic meaning. As
it is read literally, Hamlet finds the grave of his jester, Yorick. It
is evident that Yorick meant a lot to Hamlet. The author states that Yorick
was a teacher and describes the way Hamlet recalls all of his traits and
expressions. Symbolically, that line could represent Hamlet burying the
dreams of his childhood (see note to stanza III). Hamlet realizes then
that the only way to live is by following his conscience.
Again the author depicts the burden of memory (see the note to stanza
XV and also the note to stanza XXI).
XXI. Right away, the author repeats the
theme of the previous stanza. Hamlet buried his past and it decays in his
head. Like a splinter in his mind, it will not let him rest for a second.
His dreams begin to "fade" as if stars that have lost their warmth
(this image is also repeated in the next stanza).
Hamlet sees a funeral procession and soon realizes that Ophelia, his
love, is being buried. Hamlet is hurt by his sight. She was the only person
who he has ever truly loved (see stanza IV) and her death puts him in a
state of shock.
Lines twelve and thirteen show the impact that power can have on another
man. Even Laetres, a noble young man, is easily manipulated by Claudius.
Hamlet was the only person who was able to stand up to the crown and challenge
XXII. Words can often lead one to one's
death. This idea has been proven twice in the play. Both, Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern, were killed because Hamlet changed the words in the commission
written by the king. Laetres and Hamlet will also die as a result of a
heated argument. Their only will was to defend their honor, neither one
truly felt hate toward the opponent. Even though, Laetres challenged Hamlet
to the match, he was driven by the king, not necessarily by his emotions.
The "magic spell" is the poison that Laetres had on
the end of his sword. As the fighters exchanged their swords in the match,
both were cut and poisoned and thus both died.
The image of two fading stars is used to symbolize the deaths of Laetres
and Hamlet (see also stanzas XXIV and I). There is also, a word play with
the words "fate" and fade," (see note to stanza II)
XXIII. Gertrude drinks the wine, which
Claudius prepared to poison Hamlet in case he won the match. She dies.
Line five of the stanza suggests that perhaps King Hamlet was also murdered
by poisoning. Hamlet, out of his last strength rises and kills Claudus
and falls again. Thus the story resolves. Hamlet who stood against killing
and injustice found no other way to get his revenge and was forced to go
against his beliefs to serve the will of his father (see note to stanza
The author uses the quote from stanza eight to finish off the story
with a moral. He asks the ultimate question that bothered Hamlet, "to
be... but how?" (see stanza XI). There will always be those who
will choose to live righteously and there will always be those who "must
sleep" (see last line of stanza I).
Also, note the internal rhyme at the end of the stanza with the words
"dismay, day, play and pray." This technique helps the stanza
to be read more smoothly.
XXIV. Thus, the story ends. The author
goes on to talk about Hamlet's achievements.
The image of a fading star is once again used in this poem (see note
to stanzas XXII and I). This gives the poem a circular structure, where
the story ends with the same image as it began. The stars represent not
only Hamlet, but also other heroes that inspire us to do the right thing.
This stanza draws an image of a young boy, who, with sparkling eyes watches
his favorite action hero fight against the villains of the society.
Lines three through five of this stanza are repeated from stanza XIV,
but this time there's an implication that the first play never ends. The
author suggests that the story of Hamlet still continues on today, we live
by his example and carry his weight on our shoulders.
In lines thirteen and fourteen, however, the author suggests that perhaps
it's better to simply ignore all that you cannot solve. This gives the
story an ironic twist. But what did he exactly mean by "better"?
The word "easier" would be more appropriate in its place. The
author realizes that Hamlet's role is not for everyone. The ultimate decision
is left for the readers, "whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against the
sea of troubles..."
|
<urn:uuid:72a13a53-ae3c-467e-b5e1-22a4ec7ac8a5>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://vladivostok.com/Speaking_In_Tongues/kneller1comment.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971831 | 5,503 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The bank of issue is the Central Bank of Belize. Two foreign banks, Barclay's Bank and the Bank of Nova Scotia, and two local banks, the Atlantic Bank and Belize Bank, conduct commercial banking. The Banking Ordinance was amended in 1996 to authorize offshore banking; in March 2000 over 14,000 offshore financial institutions were operating in Belize. Anti-laundering legislation was put into effect in 1998, and a small farmers' and business bank was created with bilateral aid from Taiwan.
In the fourth quarter of 1996, the Central Bank of Belize was obliged to defend the exchange rate by selling foreign exchange to commercial banks. The quantities involved were not announced, but international reserves fell from US $71 million at the end of September 1996, to US $65 million at the end of December 1996. However, year-end reserves were still significantly higher than the end-of-June figure of US $39 million. Contributing to this rise was the receipt in August of a Taiwanese government loan of US $26 million, as well as the proceeds of a bond issue for the new Central Bank building and increased sugar export receipts.
In 1998, the new government led by Said Musa lowered the liquidity and cash reserve requirements of commercial banks, and increased government spending on capital projects, in order to increase funds. Foreign assets had declined even further, from US $65 million in 1997 to US $51 million in 1998. A US $50 million loan from the Taiwanese government was granted for infrastructure development in 1998. The International Monetary Fund reports that in 2001, currency and demand deposits—an aggregate commonly known as M1—were equal to US $189.8 million. In that same year, M2—an aggregate equal to M1 plus savings deposits, small-time deposits, and money market mutual funds—was US $505.5 million. The discount rate, the interest rate at which the central bank lends to financial institutions in the short term, was 12%.
There is no securities exchange in Belize.
|
<urn:uuid:49fe7b6c-f2a5-4c4e-9511-7d1328d48293>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Belize-BANKING-AND-SECURITIES.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977622 | 411 | 2.59375 | 3 |
123 Learn The Numbers
iOS Universal Games
Looking for the best way to make your kids learn the numbers, develop their memory and having fun doing it?
This app is for you!
Tap to flip cards, discover the number (a female voice will read it) and make the cards with the same number disappear!
Clear and neat graphics will help the children focus on the number and the voice.
Three levels to learn different group of numbers:
- 1 TO 6
- 1 TO 10
- 1 TO 15
Your kids will learn by seeing the number, listening its pronunciation and matching the cards with the same number!
And all with a lots of fun! Challenge your friends with GAMECENTER!
- bug fix
|
<urn:uuid:8d1515f9-c132-4be9-8f93-0093e1d8563b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://appshopper.com/games/123-learn-the-numbers
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.898371 | 151 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Nearly sixty-five years ago Israel declared its independence and won the war that secured a Jewish state. But its narrow and permeable postwar armistice lines permitted incessant cross-border terrorist raids. For Egypt, Syria and Jordan, the mere existence of a Jewish state remained an unbearable intrusion into the Arab Middle East. As Egyptian President Nasser declared, “The danger of Israel lies in the very existence of Israel.”
So it was, in the spring of 1967,that the noose tightened around the Jewish state. In April Syria bombarded Galilee kibbutzim from the Golan Heights. In May Egypt ordered the removal of UN forces from Sinai and advanced its army to the border with Israel. Arab radio promised “the extermination of Zionist existence.” Syrian Defense Minister Hafez Assad announced: “The time has come to enter into a battle of annihilation.”
Then Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, halting the flow of oil from Iran and severing its supply route to Asia. In early June Iraq joined the coalition to destroy Israel. By then nearly 500,000 enemy soldiers surrounded the Jewish state; thousands of fighter planes were poised to attack.
Apprehension of imminent annihilation – another Holocaust – swept through Israel. The army was mobilized. Bomb shelters were hastily built. Mass graves were dug. The hesitant Israeli prime minister, Levi Eshkol, delivered a stumbling radio address that sent waves of panic through the nation. Under intense pressure to act from military advisers, he reluctantly authorized a preemptive strike.
One month earlier, on Independence Day, Rabbi Tzvi Yehuda Kook had met with a gathering of his former students at the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva in Jerusalem. Like his father, the revered chief rabbi of Mandatory Palestine, he embraced Zionism, a commitment that marginalized the yeshiva among haredi Jews while its Orthodoxy isolated it from the secular Zionist majority.
Rabbi Tzvi Yehuda recalled his anguish in 1948 when the boundaries of war had severed the fledgling state of Israel from the biblical homeland of the Jewish people. Conquering Jordanians drove Jews from their Old City homes; their revered Hurva synagogue was destroyed; they were denied access to the Western Wall; the ancient cemetery on the Mount of Olives was desecrated; and Jerusalem was divided.
As his voice rose to bewail the partition of Eretz Yisrael Rabbi Kook suddenly cried out: “They have divided my land. Where is our Hebron? Have we forgotten it? And where is our Shechem? And our Jericho?” No one in Israel, a student realized, spoke that way. Ever since 1948 Israelis believed that “the Land of Israel ended where the state of Israel ended.”
But for the unrelenting Arab determination to annihilate the Jewish state, those temporary armistice lines might have remained permanent borders.
* * * * *
Early in the morning of June 5, Israel launched the attack that instantly turned the tide of battle by decimating the Egyptian air force. But the transformative – and, for many, miraculous – moment came two days later. After desperate fighting in northern Jerusalem on Ammunition Hill, which claimed the lives of thirty-six Israeli soldiers, the way to the Old City was clear.
Tanks blasted open the Lion’s Gate and Israeli paratroopers poured through, sweeping across the site of the ancient Temples. Commander Mordechai Gur radioed: “Har HaBayit beyadenu” – the Temple Mount is in our hands.” An intelligence officer recalled: “Though I’m not religious, I don’t think there was a man who wasn’t overwhelmed with emotion.”
After exultant Israeli soldiers descended through the Mughrabi Gate to the Western Wall, IDF Chief Rabbi Shlomo Goren arrived with a Torah scroll. He recited the mourner’s Kaddish for fallen soldiers, followed by the Shehechiyanu prayer of thanksgiving. Then he joyously blew his shofar. Euphoric troops, suddenly experiencing the convergence of their Israeli and Jewish identities, spontaneously burst into song, prayer – and tears.
A soldier approached the Wall: “The touch of my lips opened the gates of my emotions and the tears burst forth. A Jewish soldier in the State of Israel is kissing history with his lips.”An Orthodox paratrooper wrote: “I believe that the hand of God was in my participation in the battle for the liberation and reunion of Jerusalem…. I felt as if I had been granted the great privilege of acting as an agent of God, of Jewish history.” Even a kibbutznik from the left-wing Hashomer Hatzair movement expressed his feelings in biblical verse: “Let us go into the house of the Lord, Our feet shall stand within Thy Gates, O Jerusalem” (Psalm 122:1-2).
Defense Minister Moshe Dayan arrived to place a note between the stones, as had been Jewish custom for centuries. He proclaimed: “We have reunited the city, the capital of Israel, never to part with it again.” IDF Commander Yitzhak Rabin praised the soldiers whose sacrifices “have brought about redemption.” It was a triumphant moment of national unity and ecstasy that Israelis have not known since.
No less astonishing than the military victory was the religious resonance of the Six-Day War – named by the staunchly secular Rabin to echo the biblical days of creation. A true sabra, an unsentimental soldier who rarely showed emotion in public, Rabin could not conceal the spiritual meaning of the war for the soldiers who fought and survived to savor their victory.
Their “sense of standing at the very heart of Jewish history,” he acknowledged upon receiving an honorary degree at the newly restored Hebrew University on Mt. Scopus, had released “springs of feeling and spiritual discovery.” The paratroopers who conquered the Western Wall, he recalled, “leaned on its stones and wept.” Their sudden surge of emotion, “powerful enough to break through their habits of reticence, revealed as though by a flash of lightning truths that were deeply hidden.”
Rabin did not identify those truths, but many thousands of jubilant Israelis experienced them in the weeks following the war. Suddenly Jerusalem and the entire biblical homeland of the Jewish people in Judea and Samaria were accessible. As Dayan proclaimed: “We have returned to the [Temple] Mount, to the cradle of our nation’s history, to the land of our forefathers, to the land of the Judges, to the fortress of David’s dynasty.”
Israelis flocked to the Kotel and to Me’arat HaMachpelah, the Cave of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs in Hebron, where Muslims had forbidden Jews from entering for seven centuries. They visited Rachel’s Tomb, outside Bethlehem, and Joseph’s Tomb in Nablus (biblical Shechem). Jericho was a popular destination. As one Israeli wrote disbelievingly to a friend: “All the things you read about in the Bible and in history become real right before your eyes.”
* * * * *
The Six-Day War, the forty-fifth anniversary of which falls next week, remains the transformative event in the history of the state of Israel since independence. But it was not only a stunning military victory. No one captured its deep spiritual meaning better than Harold Fisch, professor of English at Bar-Ilan University. It was, he wrote in The Zionist Revolution, “a truly religious moment, the experience of miracle, of sudden illumination…. We were suddenly living in the fullness of our own covenant history.” Israelis “who had never known they were Jews suddenly awoke to their inheritance.”
In a fascinating collection of postwar conversations with soldiers from kibbutzim (published in English as The Seventh Day), the meaning of return – even to deeply secular Israelis – was revealed. “When we heard of the conquest of Jerusalem,” a kibbutznik recounted, “there wasn’t a single one who didn’t weep, including me. Then, for the first time, I felt not the ‘Israelness’ but the Jewishness of the nation.” Another soldier was deeply moved when he suddenly realized that “the whole of the Promised Land is ours.” “Even though I’m not religious,” a kibbutznik recalled, “the Wall meant an awful lot to me…. It symbolizes everything.”
But not every Israeli was exhilarated. One of the interviewers, an aspiring young writer from Kibbutz Hulda named Amos Oz, would subsequently lament the triumph of “yeshiva students” over kibbutzniks. The “values, ideals, conscience, world view” he identified with secular Zionism were challenged by “victory and miracles, Redemption and the coming of the Messiah.” Oz evoked “the elusive cunning of the biblical charm” of Judea and Samaria, but he rejected the biblical homeland of the Jewish people as “Arab, through and through.”
So it was that the most wondrous moment in the history of Israel since 1948 would become – and remain – the deepest source of division within the Jewish state. Once Rabbi Kook’s students returned to rebuild Gush Etzion south of Jerusalem, a cluster of kibbutzim that had been destroyed in 1948, and to Hebron, where no Jews had lived since the devastating pogrom in 1929, the religious Zionist challenge to secular Zionist hegemony began to transform Israel.
After the war, for security purposes, the ruling Labor government scattered small agricultural settlements and military outposts on the Golan Heights and in the Jordan Valley. Deputy Prime Minister Yigal Allon proposed additional settlements to preserve Me’arat HaMachpelah and Rachel’s Tomb “within the boundaries of the state of Israel.” But the future of Judea and Samaria remained unresolved. That summer the Arab states declared at Khartoum: “No peace with Israel, no negotiations with Israel, no recognition of Israel.”
It took the devastating shock of the Yom Kippur War in 1973 and the election of Menachem Begin as prime minister four years later to galvanize the settlement movement. After thirty years in the political wilderness, Begin faced exultant supporters on election night wearing a yarmulke and reciting psalms. Asked to form a new government he went to pray at the Western Wall. For the first time Israel had a prime minister who framed his politics within the language and symbols of Judaism.
But Begin’s decision to dismantle Sinai settlements as part of the peace treaty with Egypt, and his assurance of autonomy for West Bank Palestinians, galvanized religious Zionist settlers who sensed that their opportunity might be slipping away. “No government,” declared Rabbi Moshe Levinger, the founding father of the restored Hebron community, “has the authority or right to say that a Jew cannot live in all of the parts of the Land of Israel.”
Led by Gush Emunim, the “bloc of the faithful,” and supported by Minister of Agriculture Ariel Sharon, settlements began to sprout in Judea and Samaria. A generation of religious Zionists, inspired by the opportunity presented by the Six-Day War to return to the ancient homeland, became the impassioned – and widely despised – settlers who would transform the geography and politics of Israel.
* * * * *
Within a decade the surge of religious enthusiasm following the Six-Day War led to the emergence of a new Israel in which right-wing politicians and national religious groups ascended to political power and, for the first time, achieved a measure of Zionist legitimacy. The “bourgeois and hedonistic metropolis” of Tel Aviv, lamented literary scholar Dan Miron, had yielded to “the stronghold of nationalism and ultra-Orthodoxy” in Jerusalem.
To Israelis on the political left, an enlightened secular nation had been overwhelmed by religious zealotry, Khomeinism, and irrationality. From the rule of law under Supreme Court justices and Labor politicians Israel became a nation ruled by the “Messianic religious fanaticism” of rabbis and settlers who gave the Jewish state a bad name in Western cultural and political precincts. By 1984 (an appropriate literary year for such dire conclusions), there were warnings on the left of Israel being overtaken by “Dark Medieval Fascism.”
By now more than 300,000 Israelis live in Judea and Samaria. Most, however, are not the fierce religious Zionists who are endlessly castigated for illegally occupying “Palestinian” land. Many residents simply wanted new homes at affordable prices within an easy commute to Tel Aviv. The two largest settlements, abutting Jerusalem, are haredi enclaves whose residents sought escape for their families from inner-city congestion. But they are all linked together as the despised “Jewish settlers” whom the world, joined by Israeli media, academic and literary luminaries, love to hate – for nothing more than their determination to build homes in the biblical Land of Israel.
Little attention is paid, in Israel or elsewhere, to the settlement rights guaranteed to Jews by international agreements spreading across forty-five years. The League of Nations Mandate of 1922 guaranteed to Jews “close settlement” west of the Jordan River. This was affirmed in Article 80 of the United Nations Charter, drafted in 1945 by Jewish representatives (and known as the “Palestine clause”). It protected the rights of “any peoples” and “the terms of existing international instruments” – an implicit reference to the Mandate guarantees.
UN Resolution 242, enacted after the Six-Day War, called only for the return of “territories,” not “the territories” or “all the territories” that Israel gained from Arab aggression – and then only upon “the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East.”
Testifying before the British Peel Commission in 1937, David Ben-Gurion had been asked to identify the source of the Jewish claim to Palestine. He responded succinctly: “The Bible is our mandate.” Thirty years later, following the Six-Day War, he declared: “There is no redemption without extensive Jewish settlement.” But the words of the Founding Father have been ignored by Israeli prime ministers, on the left and right, who realize that weakening the settlement movement would permanently eliminate the religious Zionist challenge to their shared vision of a secular, post-Zionist Israel.
* * * * *
Ironically, the miraculous victory of 1967 that momentarily bridged the secular-religious chasm reaches its forty-fifth anniversary with Israelis more deeply polarized than ever. Whether the state of Israel will ultimately include the Land of Israel is the question that frames the wrenching struggle over Israel’s Jewish identity that remains the unresolved legacy of the Six-Day War. Did the stunning military victory in an unwanted defensive war culminate in the “occupation” of someone else’s land – or the liberation of the ancient Jewish homeland?
The euphoric national cohesion prompted by a miraculous victory forty-five years ago has dissipated. Sadly, the legacy of the Six-Day War is persistent acrimonious conflict over the meaning of Zionism and the Jewish identity of the state of Israel.
|
<urn:uuid:81054f33-9372-4a40-bc4a-c90ff4222d16>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://israeljewsjudaism.blogspot.com/2012/06/six-day-wars-unresolved-legacy.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397428.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957669 | 3,291 | 3.03125 | 3 |
History: Developed in the 17th century by Okinawans after the Japanese gained occupation of their land, the nunchaku (flail) was one of many harmless looking weapons implemented at the time. The two equal sections were originally held together by horsehair and could be used against armed or unarmed assailants.
Traditional use: The nunchaku was originally an agricultural tool used for threshing grain. As a weapon, it was used in conjunction with various stances and techniques. The sticks could be used for spearing or striking, and the chain could choke, block, or trap.
Current use:The nunchaku is a popular weapon for demonstrations. It is also used as a weapon of self-defense by karate stylists and some law enforcement agencies.
|
<urn:uuid:ca65b197-b928-4947-a863-0dff4225c3ea>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bushidoknights.com/nunchuku.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97641 | 157 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The Second Edition of Agnew's popular text is thoroughly updated. The coverage of delinquency theories is expanded, more examples are provided, and a Teaching Aids section appears at the end of each chapter.
The four sections of this text examine:
1. The nature and extent of delinquency. Includes chapters on the nature and origins of the juvenile justice system; the extent of and trends in delinquency, including reasons for the recent decline in delinquency; and the characteristics of delinquents. 2. The major theories of delinquency. Discusses strain, social learning, control, and labeling theories; as well as efforts to use these theories to explain patterns of offending over the life course, why delinquency is more likely in some situations than others, and why some groups and communities have higher rates of delinquency than others (e.g., why males have higher rates of delinquency than females). 3. The major research on the causes of delinquency. Includes research on the relationship between delinquency and biological factors, individual traits, family factors, school experiences, delinquent peer groups and gangs, the mass media, religion, work, drugs, and guns. 4. The efforts of the police, juvenile court, and juvenile correctional agencies to control delinquency. Examines the effectiveness of these agencies, ways to increase their effectiveness, and the extent to which they discriminate against certain groups. Also, examines four general strategies for controlling delinquency--the "get tough" strategies of deterrence and incapacitation, and the strategies of rehabilitation and prevention.
Back to top
Rent Juvenile Delinquency 2nd edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Robert Agnew. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Oxford University Press.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our Criminology tutors now.
|
<urn:uuid:23b68d72-2050-4356-b061-89d6c2ee83fb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/juvenile-delinquency-2nd-edition-9780195330366-0195330366
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927845 | 389 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Infection Control Guidelines
The guidelines set forth below are intended simply as informal guidelines. Osteopathic physicians and surgeons must comply with all applicable standards for professional practice. These informal guidelines are not to be considered a substitute for the formal recommendations, guidelines and standards contained in the 11 publications referenced below.
Guidelines: Universal Precautions
Universal precautions are an approach to infection control. According to the concept of Universal Precautions, all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and other blood-borne pathogens. Universal precautions must be used in the care of all patients.
The Osteopathic Medical Board of California and Cal-OSHA have the authority to adopt and enforce regulations with respect to minimizing the transmission of blood-borne pathogens in health-care settings.
I. Protective Attire
- Medical gloves shall be worn when touching blood and body fluids, mucous membranes and non-intact skin of all patients. Gloves shall also be worn when handling items or surfaces soiled with blood and body fluids and when performing venipuncture and other vascular access procedures
- Gloves shall be changed after contact with each patient or moving from a contaminated to clean body area
- Sterile Gloves should be used for surgical procedures3
- Non-sterile gloves may be used for examinations and other non-surgical procedures
- Rubber utility gloves are used for housekeeping chores that involve potential contact with blood, instrument cleaning and decontamination procedures
- Do not use any chemical such as petroleum-based hand lotion that may affect the integrity of the gloves7
- Medical, sterile, and non-sterile gloves may not be washed or disinfected for reuse2
B. Protective Gowns, Laboratory Coats or Uniforms
- Protective gowns or aprons made of materials that provide an effective barrier should be worn during invasive procedures that are likely to result in the splashing of blood or other body fluids
- Protective clothing shall be changed at least daily or when visibly soiled
- Personal protective equipment/clothing shall be removed prior to leaving the work area and placed in an appropriately designated area or container for storage, washing, decontamination or disposal3
C. Surgical Masks, Protective Eyewear or Face Shields
- Protective eyewear or face shields should be worn for procedures that commonly result in the generation of droplets, splashing of blood or other body fluids or the generation of bone chips3
- Surgical masks must be worn for invasive procedures and changed between each patient or during treatment if the mask becomes moist or wet
- Face shields or protective eyewear must be washed and disinfected between each patient or when visibly soiled
II. Barrier Precautions
Protective barriers reduce the risk of exposure of the health-care worker's skin or mucous membranes to potentially infective materials. Universal precautions are those intended to prevent parenteral exposure of health worker's mucous membranes and non-intact skin to blood-borne pathogens.6
Examples of protective barriers include gloves, gowns, masks, and protective eyewear, as indicated above.
Universal precautions apply to blood and other body fluids containing visible blood. These precautions also apply to semen and vaginal secretions. Other substances that are applicable are cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid and amniotic fluid. The risk of transmission of HIV and HBV from these fluids is unknown.5
Universal precautions do not apply to feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine and vomitus unless they contain visible blood. The risk of transmission of HIV and HBV from these fluids and materials is extremely low or nonexistent.2 ,5, 7
The type of protective barrier should be appropriate for the procedure being performed and the type of exposure anticipated.
III. Hand Washing and Care of Hands
Hands must be washed before and after treating each patient and after bare-handed touching of inanimate objects likely to be contaminated with body fluids.
At a minimum, soap and water should be used between patients. Alcohol-based hand rubs may be used for decontamination if the hands are not visibly soiled. Antimicrobial surgical handscrub must be used for surgical procedures.7
Hands should be washed:
- Before and after treating each patient
- Before glove placement and after glove removal
- After barehanded touching of inanimate object likely to be contaminated with blood or body fluid
Health- care workers who have exudative lesions or weeping dermatitis should refrain from all direct patient care and from handling patient-care equipment until condition resolves.3
IV. Use and Care of Sharp Instruments and Needles
Compliance with the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act is required by all health care personnel as set forth by OSHA. Employers must maintain a log of occupational injuries and illness under existing recordkeeping rules. At minimum, the log must contain the following:11
- The brand and type of device involved in the incident
- The location of the incident
- The description of the incident
An Exposure Control Plan needs to be implemented to include the following:
- Annual consideration and implementation of appropriate engineering controls
- Solicitation of non-managerial healthcare workers in evaluating and choosing devices
Plan must be reviewed and updated annually.
Used needles should never be recapped or manipulated using both hands or by any other technique that involves directing the point of the needle towards any part of the body.
After they are used, disposable syringes and needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp items should be placed in puncture-resistant containers for disposal. These containers should be located as close as is practical to the use area.2
For procedures involving multiple injections with a single needle, the unsheathed needle should be placed in a location where it will not become contaminated or contribute to unintentional needle sticks between injections.
V. Sterilization and Disinfection of Instruments
Before sterilization or high-level disinfection, instruments should be cleaned thoroughly by scrubbing with soap and water or detergent solution or with a mechanical devise ultrasonic cleaner. The use of covered ultrasonic cleaners is recommended to increase efficiency of cleaning and to reduce the handling of sharp instruments. Utility gloves should be worn when handling contaminated instruments.
Single-use disposable instruments must be used for only one patient and discarded appropriately. Single disposable instruments are neither designed nor intended to be cleaned, disinfected or sterilized for reuse.
VI. Housekeeping and Laundry
Environmental surfaces that have become contaminated with patient material shall be cleaned and disinfected after treatment of each patient and the completion of daily work activities.
Countertops and other surfaces should be cleaned with disposable toweling and appropriate cleaning agent. After cleaning, surfaces should be disinfected with a suitable chemical germicide that is approved for use as a hospital disinfectant.
Environmental surfaces such as walls and floors should be cleaned daily or when visibly soiled.
Soiled linen should be handled as little as possible and with minimum agitation to prevent leakage.3
Visible material should be removed and the area decontaminated with a suitable chemical germicide that is approved as a hospital disinfectant and is tuberculoid when used at the recommended dilution. Gloves should be worn during the clean-up procedures.2
VII. Infected Waste Universal Precautions
Policies for collecting, storing, decontaminating and disposing of infected waste are generally determined by institutions in accordance with state and local regulations. Infected waste should be disposed of according to the regulations.2
VIII. Immunization and Infection Control
Mandatory immunizations should be made available to all health-care personnel. OSHA bloodborne pathogen standards mandate that vaccines for Hepatitis B be made available to all health-care personnel at the employer's expense. OSHA standards and guidelines for post-exposure evaluation and follow-up should be followed.6
Current infection control guidelines include:
- Personnel health and safety education
- Maintain records on job-related illnesses and exposures
- Immunization of health-care personnel
- Prophylaxis and follow-up after exposure
- Personnel restriction due to infectious illness and special conditions
All health-care workers must adhere to the 1998 CDC infection control guidelines and to the 1991 OSHA standards, including HBV vaccination and the use of universal precautions in all health-care settings.6 Adherence to proper infection control procedures, including vaccinations as indicated, is a minimum standard of care.4
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus to Patients During Exposure-Prone Invasive Procedures". MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-8).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Update: Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus and Other Blood-borne Pathogens in Health-Care Settings". MMWR 1988;37(No. 24):377-382, 387-388.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Recommendations for Prevention of HIV Transmission in Health-Care Settings". MMWR 1987;36(2S).
- "Guidelines for preventing the Transmission of Bloodborne Pathogens in Health Care Settings". California Department of Health Services, May 1993.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis". MMWR 2001;50(No. RR-11):1-54.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Guideline for Infection Control in Health Personnel". CDC Personnel Health Guideline, 1998: 289-354.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings: Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force". MMWR 2002;51(No. RR-16):1-44.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Perspectives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Update: Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Other Bloodborne Pathogens in Health Care Settings". MMWR 1998;37(24):377-388.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Exposure to Blood: What Health-Care Workers Need to Know". Department of Health and Human Services.
- Part I - "Communicable Disease Control Measures." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, November 2000.
- "Revision to OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard: Technical Background and Summary". OSHA, April 2001.
Federal Law and The Patient Protection Act of 1991 requires all states to develop guidelines equivalent to the Center for Disease Control and Guidelines for preventing the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus, (HBV).
Licensees must follow the above recommendations and precautions in order to minimize the transmission of blood-borne pathogens in health-care settings.
|
<urn:uuid:b7a7d643-36cb-4695-8635-f45c946da153>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ombc.ca.gov/licensees/infection_guide.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.881239 | 2,349 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The "Mayan Calendar" (above) is in fact an Aztec artifact. The real Mayan Calendar (seen below) does not prophesize a cataclysm on Dec. 21 2012, but just the end of a 5100-year cycle.
by Martha Lopez
Why is it that whenever someone warns about the Mayan Calendar and the end of the world, he is pointing at the Aztec "Stone of the Sun"?
Yes, that picture of the "Mayan Calendar" is not Mayan, and is not even a calendar. The "Stone of the Sun" is a graphical representation of the Aztec cosmology.
The "Piedra del Sol" ("Stone of the Sun") simply shows Aztec pictographs that form a calendar.
If they can't get the Calendar straight, how can we take the prophesy of doom seriously?
Both, Aztecs and Mayans, had not just one calendar, they had many.
They both shared cyclical calendars of different durations: 365, 260, and 18, 980 days.
Imagine having a circle with the names of centuries written in the center, years, months and days around them concentrically. Not really a calendar. Close, but you wouldn't be able to tell which day today is.
The 2012 end of the world date comes from the Mayan "long count" calendar.
The Aztecs did have the concept of eras (which are represented in the center of the stone), which each ended in cataclysms. I know you may be thinking "AHA! Cataclysm.
That's "end-of-the-world-like!" but if you consider that the last era ended when all people were turned into monkeys and dispersed into the jungles and forests, you may want to reconsider who you are trusting with your end of the world prophesies. (To read of all the crazy s&#t the Aztecs believed, see Alfonso Caso's "People of the Sun". Fascinating, scary, beautiful, brutal and poetic, all in one.)
The "Stone of the Sun" was discovered on December 1790, in the heart of Mexico City (central Mexico), under the ruins of what had been the Aztec empire's capital. (Map of the Aztec empire.)
The Mayan empire was based out of southern Mexico (Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Chiapas, etc.) and Central America (about 1000km away.)
The Mayans flourished around between 250 and 900 AD, while the Aztecs were in full bloom when the Spanish arrived (500 years later.)
Both civilizations had similarities, but were by no means the same. Equating them is like calling Canadians Americans, Norwegians Swedish, Greeks Romans, or you by your grandpa's name. Not the same.
I've been there, and admired it many times in all its glory. It's breathtaking and massive (it's almost 4m in diameter, and it weighs about 24 tons), and very, very Aztec.
IT'S THE END OF A CYCLE, NOT THE END OF THE WORLD!
This is the actual Mayan stone that talks about the end of the current, 13th, Baktun ("long count") cycle, but all it really says is the date of the end of the cycle, and the name of the god (or group of gods) that would be in charge of the 14th Baktun, Bolon Yookte K'uh. Does that mean we'll all be eaten by Jaguars?
I don't think so (unless you live in a Jaguar infested neighborhood) Remember, those cataclysms at the end of eras are Aztec, not Mayan (I searched, and couldn't find evidence of world ending events at the ends of Baktuns).
One cycle ends, another begins. After December 31st comes January 1st. Lets party, like it's 4 Ahau 3 Kankin!
|
<urn:uuid:c9330dfb-7234-4192-bbe1-e2c51a86007f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.henrymakow.com/the-mayan-calendar-isnt.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957083 | 824 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Breast Cancer Screening
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women, with 36.000 new cases and 11.0000 deaths a year in Italy. Even if in Sicily the incidence is lower, it represents the first cause of death among women (17% of cancer deaths).
The test employed for breast cancer screening is mammography, that is a radiography in which each breast is rested one at a time on a flat surface and radiographed, both horizontally and vertically, with a slight compression. The exam is not painful and there are no health risks, since very low doses of radiations are emitted.
Mammography is the most effective test to diagnose breast tumors at an early stage, because it allows to detect very small (non palpable and asymptomatic) lesions which, if necessary, can be removed with minimally invasive surgical treatment, thus trying to preserve the esthetic aspect while improving the quality of life.
Breast cancer screening, in operation in Palermo since 2004, has made it possible to diagnose more than 500 tumors.
Palermo ASP offers the opportunity to have a bilateral mammography every two years to each woman aged between 50 and 69, free of charge.
Women in the target age group receive a letter which invites them to go to one of the ‘ASP’ Screening Centres. By calling Numero Verde, it is possible to reschedule the appointment or have additional information.
Following a strict protocol, the mammogram is evaluated with a ‘double-blind’ reading, by two experienced radiology doctors independently of each other.
In case of doubts or disagreement between the two radiology doctors in the interpretation of the images, the woman is called to do further tests.
In most cases, this does not necessarily mean the presence of a tumor, but it is an indication to do in-depth exams (ecography, breast visit, cytologic test, biopsy, etc) in order to exclude it.
All the exams are free of charge and do not require medical prescriptions.
The exam images remain the property of the ASP. For clinical reasons, however, it is possible to ask for copies (upon medical motivated request).
For further information see the site Gruppo Italiano Screening Mammella: gisma
|
<urn:uuid:4db18b2a-74b4-4381-888a-13fade103a0f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://screening.asppalermo.org/Mammografia/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937913 | 471 | 2.546875 | 3 |
An image map is an image with URLs "mapped" onto it. You can dress up your website or personal start page with an image map with your favorite sites that you like to visit. There is a lot of software that you can do it, but this article will use Gimp.
1Put together an initial graphic that you will be mapping. You can use pictures, images, whatever works for you. Here, we will use wikiHow, wikiHow forum, and iGoogle.
2After creating the image, (or opening it), go to Filters >> Web >> ImageMap.
- The Gimp ImageMap dialog screen.
3Click on the rectangle at the right of the screen, then select one of the images that you want to use. In this screenshot, wikiHow is selected. Fill in the necessary information in the dialog screen that comes up.
- Click on rectangle and you can see the exact location of the graphic.
4Continue this process for the rest of your map.
5Once you have finished defining all the link areas, save your image map. GIMP will automatically offer to save this as a file with a .map extension. If you wish, you can save it as that. But this file contains the HTML code (no images) that we need to edit and copy over into our own web page, so it is recommended you save it as [filename].html and skip directly to step 7.
6IF you haven't saved it as an HTML file, find your saved file and rename the extension to .html. You may receive a warning about changing file extensions. Click yes to continue.
7Use a text editor to open this HTML file. You will notice this file simply contains a list of coordinates and URLS. This is the code that tells a browser which URLs to assign to which part of your image.
8Ensure the file path defined in <img src> links to the image you want the URLs mapped onto. Failure to correctly point it to the image may lead to no image being displayed at all.
9OPTIONAL: Use a browser to open your HTML file; if everything works, you should see the image with all the URLs mapped onto it according to the areas you defined.
10Add your image map into your web page HTML. You will need to copy ALL the lines of code you see, including the <img> tag (which defines the path to your source image) and everything between the <map> tags. That's it! You're done.
- Image maps may cause some accessibility problems if improperly or unnecessarily implemented. Avoid utilizing them for styling purposes that may be accomplished more efficiently using CSS.
Things You'll Need
- A text editor
- A web browser for testing (optional)
|
<urn:uuid:008bfebf-e680-4ab8-bbe5-e9ca30f84eec>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.wikihow.com/Create-an-Image-Map-Using-Gimp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.896804 | 571 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Puzzle Directions: Click on a puzzle piece and drag it where you want it. When you connect two pieces correctly, they will join together. This is an extra hard double-sided puzzle. The same map is printed on both sides the pieces. Some of the pieces are turned over to the wrong side. To flip a piece over, hold down the "T" key and click on the puzzle piece. Mix up the pieces again. View finished map in pop-up window.
Description: Digitization provided by the USF Libraries Digitization Center. Rare Maps. This is a detail of Mosquito County from a hand colored map of Florida, circa 1834. Mosquito County is shown encompassing present day Brevard and Indian River counties and some of Orange, Osceola and St. Lucie counties. This map shows cities and towns, inland waters and county borders. There are inland waters such as the Indian River and the St. Lucie River. Scale [ca. 1:1,774,080]. Source: Henry Schenck Tanner, North America XIV, Florida (London, : Baldwin & Cradock, 1834) Map Credit: Courtesy of the Special Collections Department, University of South Florida.
|
<urn:uuid:5c42ce97-f3c8-4c48-8ec1-3d2f09b6c76e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://fcit.usf.edu/florida/maps/pages/3600/f3671/f3671p3.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912649 | 252 | 2.515625 | 3 |
“Be Prepared” is the Boy Scout motto. Edgar Cunningham, Sr. was, of course, just that.
He stood proudly before his fellow Troop 12 Boy Scouts on June 6, 1926, and recited the Boy Scout Oath. Becoming the first African American Boy Scout to earn Scouting’s highest rank, he likely reflected on the principles that Eagle Scouts seek to live by: honesty, trustworthiness, bravery and kindness, to name a few.
There are records of an informally recognized African American Boy Scout troop dating back to 1911, five years before the organization established the first official African American troop in Louisville, Kentucky. The Ku Klux Klan and others complained and threatened the Boy Scouts of America with violence and financial starvation. But within ten years, there were nearly 5,000 black scouts, with all Southern communities but one accepting black troops.
Standing against the politically and financially powerful Klan and their cohorts was no small feat. But Scouting had made a commitment to prepare boys for manhood. And nowhere in the Scout Law or Oath had that commitment been limited based on race. In fact, Scout leaders knew that in order to face the violent racism of the day, black boys would need the preparation that only scouting could provide. Scouting could insure that black boys would in fact, be prepared.
Since then, the tradition of African American scouting has grown stronger. I was the first Eagle Scout for Troop 185 in New Orleans back in the early nineties. Over two decades, my Scoutmaster Garry Winchester has ushered hundreds of mostly African American boys through the ranks of scouting. He will graduate four new Eagle Scouts in a few short months. As flood water rose during Hurricane Katrina, Ashton Pruitt, an African American Scout in New Orleans Troop 35, used scouting survival skills to save the lives of his family members when he created makeshift life preservers and swam his entire family to safety, traversing nine feet of flood water.
Substitute race with sexual orientation and it turns out, today is not much different from the trying times that tested scouting nearly a century ago. Over the past several years the Boy Scouts of America have wrestled with the question of whether to allow gay members and leaders. …
Read the rest at the MHP Show blog.
|
<urn:uuid:14a4c8ca-53ca-497d-9fde-e49e99b69aa8>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://thegrio.com/2013/05/26/boy-scouts-should-be-better-prepared-for-change/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960663 | 463 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Ancient Biblical Manuscripts Center.
Preserving the Dead Sea scrolls.
The Ancient Biblical Manuscripts Center in Claremont, California, is dedicated to preserving the record that the Dead Sea scrolls have afforded us since their discovery in 1947. A shepherd boy discovered the scrolls in a system of caves near the Dead Sea in Israel. They are invaluable for our knowledge of the religious climate in Palestine from a century or two before Christ to about 70, the date of the fall of Jerusalem.
(Refer to the Dead Sea scrolls factsheet for more information.)
The Dead Sea scrolls have been called the most important archaeological discovery of the twentieth century. There is a problem, however. They are decaying. For nearly two millennia the desert sand and hot, dry climate protected them, but now that they have been exposed to other elements they are beginning to fade.
Enter the Ancient Biblical Manuscripts Center. Bruce Zuckerman has made it his life goal to photograph in painstaking detail every last Dead Sea scroll before the slow decay makes further papyrological research impossible. I happened to attend a lecture in 1993 given by Zuckerman, at which he offered a selection of high-resolution photographs of selected scrolls and papyri for a donation. I donated, and still have the photos. I have uploaded images of four of them. (The images do not compare to the originals!)
|
<urn:uuid:37d08c49-3e65-4315-862f-81eb3d4dd080>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.textexcavation.com/dssabmc.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948508 | 280 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A simple example (this is not recommended as a real way of generating HTML!):
from contextlib import contextmanager @contextmanager def tag(name): print("<%s>" % name) yield print("</%s>" % name) >>> with tag("h1"): ... print("foo") ... <h1> foo </h1>
At the point where the generator yields, the block nested in the with statement is executed. The generator is then resumed after the block is exited. If an unhandled exception occurs in the block, it is reraised inside the generator at the point where the yield occurred. Thus, you can use a try...except...finally statement to trap the error (if any), or ensure that some cleanup takes place. If an exception is trapped merely in order to log it or to perform some action (rather than to suppress it entirely), the generator must reraise that exception. Otherwise the generator context manager will indicate to the with statement that the exception has been handled, and execution will resume with the statement immediately following the with statement.
Combine multiple context managers into a single nested context manager.
This function has been deprecated in favour of the multiple manager form of the with statement.
The one advantage of this function over the multiple manager form of the with statement is that argument unpacking allows it to be used with a variable number of context managers as follows:
from contextlib import nested with nested(*managers): do_something()
Note that if the __exit__() method of one of the nested context managers indicates an exception should be suppressed, no exception information will be passed to any remaining outer context managers. Similarly, if the __exit__() method of one of the nested managers raises an exception, any previous exception state will be lost; the new exception will be passed to the __exit__() methods of any remaining outer context managers. In general, __exit__() methods should avoid raising exceptions, and in particular they should not re-raise a passed-in exception.
This function has two major quirks that have led to it being deprecated. Firstly, as the context managers are all constructed before the function is invoked, the __new__() and __init__() methods of the inner context managers are not actually covered by the scope of the outer context managers. That means, for example, that using nested() to open two files is a programming error as the first file will not be closed promptly if an exception is thrown when opening the second file.
Secondly, if the __enter__() method of one of the inner context managers raises an exception that is caught and suppressed by the __exit__() method of one of the outer context managers, this construct will raise RuntimeError rather than skipping the body of the with statement.
Developers that need to support nesting of a variable number of context managers can either use the warnings module to suppress the DeprecationWarning raised by this function or else use this function as a model for an application specific implementation.
Deprecated since version 3.1: The with-statement now supports this functionality directly (without the confusing error prone quirks).
Return a context manager that closes thing upon completion of the block. This is basically equivalent to:
from contextlib import contextmanager @contextmanager def closing(thing): try: yield thing finally: thing.close()
And lets you write code like this:
from contextlib import closing from urllib.request import urlopen with closing(urlopen('http://www.python.org')) as page: for line in page: print(line)
without needing to explicitly close page. Even if an error occurs, page.close() will be called when the with block is exited.
|
<urn:uuid:7c874686-48df-42d0-b69e-6cf639d2786c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.wingware.com/psupport/python-manual/3.1/library/contextlib.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.862349 | 765 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In the Amhara area of northern Ethiopia half of adolescent girls are married by the age fifteen. Sesuagno Mola, for example, a young woman growing up in the region, was married at the age of five and was only fourteen when she had her first child.
In the United States most adolescent girls lead very different lives than girls in Ethiopia or elsewhere in the developing world. Most are not married and raising families. And most— unlike the 600 million girls growing up in developing countries all around the world— have access to education, basic health care, clean drinking water, and proper nutrition. In order to help connect these two very different groups of young girls, the United Nations Foundation (UNF) recently started the Girl Up campaign.
Since 1998, UNF has raised funds to support United Nations (UN) run programs and causes around the world. Through Girl Up, girls in the United States can find information about, and provide monetary donations to, projects that help girls in developing countries gain access to education, healthcare, clean water, food, and more. This additional funding for development programs targeted towards young girls is especially important because, according to Girl Up, the majority of current global development funding does not reach girls. (See Panelists Call for Women’s Important Role in Alleviating Global Hunger to be Reflected in Agriculture Funding and Women Farmers: An Untapped Solution to Global Hunger )
“One of the things I think is important for girls in the US to know is that not every girl living in every country has the same opportunities that [they] do,” says Girl Up Campaign Director Kim Perry in a promotional video on the organization’s website. Girl Up also provides tool kits that include photos and video so that girls can inform their family, friends, and peers about the importance of supporting international development programs that focus on empowering girls.
Thanks to funding from the Girl Up campaign—Sesuagno, along with other girls in the Amhara region, is receiving education and support from the Berhane Hewan project. Berhane Hewan is working to delay marriage and support adolescent girls in the area by promoting education. The project offers basic literacy classes, information about family planning, agricultural training, instructions on how to improve daily household chores, and money saving tips. Berhane Hewan also provides incentives to families—such as a sheep —to encourage them to send their daughters to school. In addition, the organization offers similar opportunities for girls who are already married.
Berhane Hewan training, for example, provided Sesuagno with the skills to build a more efficient cooking stove for her kitchen. The stove burns longer and with less fuel, and emits smoke out the back instead of the front— reducing the time Sesuagno spends collecting firewood and the risk of diseases caused by smoke inhalation. (See Building a Methane-Fueled Fire and Got Biogas? )
For more on innovations that are engaging people in the United States to alleviate global hunger and poverty, and on the importance of supporting women farmers, see Creating a Roadmap for Environmentally Sustainable Meat Production, Dishing Up New Ideas in Davos: What a Greenmarket Chef has to do with Hunger, Feeding Communities by Focusing on Women, Farming on the Urban Fringe, Building a Methane Fueled Fire, Women Entrepreneurs: Adding Value, Women Farmers Are Key to Halving Global Hunger by 2015, For Many Women, Improved Access to Water is About More than Having Something to Drink, and Reducing the Things They Carry.
|
<urn:uuid:7239bd21-a727-44aa-aa70-866d4acb314c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/tag/united-nations-foundation/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94202 | 735 | 3.3125 | 3 |
October 19 , 2007
CRISM Has Key Role in Selecting Next Mars Rover Landing Site
Scientists scouting potential landing sites for NASA's next Mars rover mission are using new data from a powerful mineral-mapping camera to narrow the site selection.
When NASA Mars Program officials and members of the Mars science community gather in California next week to pare down the list of candidate landing sites for the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), they can refer to 125 new images from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). The images and accompanying analysis products are available on the CRISM Web site at http://crism.jhuapl.edu/msl_landing_sites/.
Built and operated by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), CRISM is one of six science instruments on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, currently circling the planet.
"Since MSL will assess whether Mars ever had an environment capable of supporting life, it will have to land in an area with a mineral record indicative of past water," says Dr. S. Murchie, CRISM principal investigator from APL. "CRISM is critical to the selection process because it is the only instrument on MRO with the spectral power to 'see' the chemical makeup of the rocks."
One of CRISM’s main mission objectives is to find and investigate areas that were wet long enough to leave a mineral signature. Offering greater capability to map spectral variations than any similar instrument sent to another planet, CRISM can read 544 "colors" of reflected sunlight to detect minerals in the surface.
The imaging spectrometer is among MRO's cadre of advanced sensors studying Mars in unprecedented detail and contributing to the MSL landing site selection effort. This includes correlating CRISM's spectral data with high-resolution pictures of boulders, craters, sediment layers and other surface features acquired by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Context Camera (CTX). "CRISM images provide the scientific criteria that will allow the MSL team to narrow its choices," Murchie says. "By combining data from the MRO instruments, we can create a complete picture of the Martian surface."
Above are a few examples of the "browse" products the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument obtained of areas on Mars near proposed landing sites for the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory. They include enhanced color images of West Candor chasm (A) and Nili Fossae trough (B); false color images indicating the presence of hydrated (water-containing) minerals in West Candor (C); and clay-like (phyllosilicate) minerals in Nili Fossae (D).
CRISM is one of six science instruments on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, currently circling the red planet.
Click on the image for a larger version.
The CRISM data release consists of user-friendly, color-coded, thematic images. Different versions of each image show clays, sulfates, and unaltered minerals that help tell the story of past water and volcanic processes on Mars. The set also includes infrared images of surface brightness and enhanced visible-color composites. Each image covers a square area roughly 6 miles (10 kilometers) on a side, with a spatial resolution of approximately 66 feet (20 meters) per pixel.
"The data products that we have generated for all the proposed MSL landing sites are scaled in a similar manner. This should make it easy for scientists and the public alike to distinguish between landing sites that possess a wide range of rock types, from ones that do not," says APL's Dr. O. Barnouin-Jha, who with Dr. F. Seelos (also of APL) assembled the products in this release. "Going to a location with greater rock diversity will ensure that MSL significantly enhances our understanding of the geological history of Mars, including the history of water."
CRISM has mapped more than half the planet in its low-resolution mode since MRO’s two-year science mission began in November 2006, in addition to making more than 2,500 high-resolution observations of the surface and nearly 3,000 atmospheric observations.
APL, which has built more than 150 spacecraft instruments over the past four decades, led the effort to develop, integrate, and test CRISM. The CRISM team includes experts from universities, government agencies and small businesses in the United States and abroad; visit http://crism.jhuapl.edu for more information. Information about the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Science Laboratory missions is available online at http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, manages the MRO mission for the NASA Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, is the prime contractor and built the MRO spacecraft.
|
<urn:uuid:48c429fc-7999-4279-b670-dfdc84326877>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://crism.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/articles/101907.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.896547 | 1,023 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.