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19775349
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formerum
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Formerum
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Formerum () is a village on Terschelling in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 211 in January 2017.
The Oka 18 sank near this village. Until recently her funnel could be seen rising out from the sea. The village boasts a smock mill, the Koffiemolen.
Sources
Municipality guide Terschelling 2005-2006
References
Populated places in Friesland
Terschelling
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39923625
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenopedina%20depressa
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Caenopedina depressa
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Caenopedina depressa is a species of sea urchins of the Family Pedinidae. Their armour is covered with spines. Caenopedina depressa was first scientifically described in 1927 by Koehler.
References
Animals described in 1929
Pedinoida
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40288981
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20to%20Nuke%20%27Em%20High%20Volume%201
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Return to Nuke 'Em High Volume 1
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Return to Nuke 'Em High Volume 1 is a 2013 American science-fiction horror comedy film directed by Lloyd Kaufman. The film, produced by the cult classic B-movie production group Troma Entertainment, is the fourth in the Nuke 'Em High film series.
Premise
In Tromaville High School the glee club has mutated into a vicious gang called The Cretins. Chrissy and Lauren, two innocent bloggers, must fight not only the Cretins, mutants and monsters but also the evil Tromorganic Foodstuffs Conglomerate.
Cast
Asta Paredes as Chrissy
Catherine Corcoran as Lauren
Vito Trigo as Leonardo
Clay von Carlowitz as Eugene
Zac Amico as Zac
Mike Baez as Donatello
Tara E. Miller as Rachel Ruysch
Lemmy as the President
Lloyd Kaufman as Lee Harvey Herzkauf
Babette Bombshell as Principal Westly
Brenda Rickert as Aunt Bee
Dan Snow as Cigar Face
Debbie Rochon as Coach Kotter
The World Champion as the World Champion
Mark Kaufman as Kabukicar passenger
Sam Qualiana as Bully
Andrew Elias as Tromaville citizen (uncredited)
Stan Lee credited as Peter Parker as the Narrator
Production
Development
A fourth Nuke 'Em High film entitled Battle of the Bikini Subhumanoids was initially announced in 1996. Troma ran a script-writing contest that invited fans to contribute two pages with a weekly winner announced and added to the collective screenplay. Despite a script being finished in 2000, this project never got past the pre-production stage.
Troma again announced production of the sequel in October 2011. Initially, it was stated the film would be made in Spain by Mushnik's Entertainment in collaboration with Chaparra Entertainment. The directors were to be Marc Gras and Dani Moreno. The plot centered around a new group of Cretins who are forced into the role of the protagonists. However, this version also never came to fruition.
After Anchor Bay had shown interest in remaking some of the films from Troma's library, Troma started talking to them about doing a co-production. Anchor Bay ended up remaking Troma's Mother's Day while serving as co-producers on a Class of Nuke 'Em High reboot, which became the fourth installment of the Nuke 'Em High series during pre-production.
Filming
Kaufman began production anew in 2012, directing the film himself in New York and New Jersey. Casting took place throughout June 2012. For the first time, Troma relied on Kickstarter to raise a small amount of funds to support "animal actor" Kevin the Duck. Principal photography began in August 2012 and finished in September.
Release
Initially slated to be a single installment, Kaufman split the film into two volumes, much like The Toxic Avengers 2 and 3, after director Quentin Tarantino’s suggestion, à la Kill Bill.
Return to Nuke 'Em High Volume 1 began a limited North American theatrical release in the fall of 2013, beginning with a screening at the Museum of Modern Art. It expanded in January 2014.
Critical reception
Reviews were generally mixed. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 57% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Variety deemed it "a hearty blast of Troma-branded schlock" while The New York Times said Kaufman fans "will be delighted to learn that time has eroded neither his love of nudity nor his disdain for political correctness." The New York Post praised the film for its "hilarious series of parodies: Carrie, Soylent Green, Glee, Cat Ballou, you name it." Horror magazine Fangoria gave the film 3.5 out of 4 skulls, calling it "undeniably funny, brave and so unlike anything put out today that it practically demands respect."
Sequel
Kaufman shot Return to Return to Nuke 'Em High AKA Volume 2 with Paredes, Corcoran, and Amico reprising their leading roles. A Kickstarter campaign was set up to raise $50,000 for post-production costs. The campaign ended on June 24, 2015, successfully raising $63,615. The sequel premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2017, with an Los Angeles premiere on March 8, 2018 at the Ahrya Fine Arts Theater in Beverly Hills, California. The movie will be released on Blu-ray on November 12, 2019.
References
External links
Official Return to Nuke 'Em High: Volume 2 Kickstarter page
2013 films
American films
2010s English-language films
2010s comedy horror films
2013 LGBT-related films
2010s science fiction films
American comedy horror films
American science fiction comedy films
American independent films
American LGBT-related films
American satirical films
American science fiction horror films
Bisexuality-related films
Films directed by Lloyd Kaufman
Films set in New Jersey
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York (state)
Lesbian-related films
Punk films
American sequel films
Troma Entertainment films
2013 comedy films
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35798
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798
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1798
|
Events
January–June
January – Eli Whitney contracts with the U.S. federal government for 10,000 muskets, which he produces with interchangeable parts.
January 4 – Constantine Hangerli enters Bucharest, as Prince of Wallachia.
January 22 – A coup d'état is staged in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Unitarian Democrat Pieter Vreede ends the power of the parliament (with a conservative-moderate majority).
February 10 – The Pope is taken captive, and the Papacy is removed from power, by French General Louis-Alexandre Berthier.
February 15 – U.S. Representative Roger Griswold (Fed-CT) beats Congressman Matthew Lyon (Dem-Rep-VT) with a cane after the House declines to censure Lyon earlier spitting in Griswold's face; the House declines to discipline either man.
March – the Irish Rebellion of 1798 begins when the Irish Militia arrest the leadership of the Society of United Irishmen, a group unique amongst Irish republican and nationalist movements in that it unifies Catholics and Protestants (Anglican, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist and others) around republican ideals. This month, Lord Castlereagh is appointed Acting Chief Secretary for Ireland and on March 30 martial law is proclaimed here. The first battles in the rebellion are fought on May 24 and it continues through September, but the rebels receive much less than the expected support from France, which sends only 1,100 men.
March 5 – French troops enter Bern.
March 7 – French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic.
April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized by the United States, from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina; later it is twice expanded, to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain (which acquired territory in trade with Great Britain).
April 12 – The Helvetic Republic, a French client republic, is proclaimed following the collapse of the Old Swiss Confederacy after the French invasion; Aarau becomes the republic's temporary capital.
April 26 – France annexes Geneva.
April 30 – The United States Department of the Navy is established as a cabinet-level department. Benjamin Stoddert, a civilian businessman, is appointed as the first Navy Secretary by President Adams.
May 9 – Napoleon sets off for Toulon, sailing aboard Vice-Admiral Brueys's flagship L'Orient; his squadron is part of a larger fleet of over 300 vessels, carrying almost 37,000 troops.
June 12
The French take Malta.
A moderate coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic) deposes Pieter Vreede.
June 13 – Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is founded in California.
June 18 – The first of the four Alien and Sedition Acts, the Naturalization Act of 1798, is signed into law by U.S. President Adams, requiring immigrants to wait 14 years rather than five years to become naturalized citizens of the United States. On June 25, another law is signed authorizing the imprisonment and deportation of any non-citizens deemed to be dangerous.
July–December
July 1 – Egyptian Campaign: Napoleon disembarks his French army in Marabout Bay.
July 7
Quasi-War: The United States Congress rescinds treaties with France, sparking the war.
In the action of USS Delaware vs La Croyable, the newly-formed United States Navy makes its first capture.
July 11 – The United States Marine Corps is re-established under its present name.
July 12 – Battle of Shubra Khit: French troops defeat the Mamelukes, during Napoleon's march from Alexandria to take Cairo.
July 14 – The fourth of the Alien and Sedition Acts, the Sedition Act of 1798 is signed into law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government.
July 16 – The Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen Act is signed into law, creating the Marine Hospital Service, the forerunner to the current United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.
July 21 – Battle of the Pyramids: Napoleon defeats Ottoman forces near the Pyramids.
July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo.
July 31 – A second round of elections are held in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic); no general elections this time.
August 1 – Battle of the Nile (near Abu Qir): Lord Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys. 11 of the 13 French battleships are captured or destroyed, including the flagship Orient whose magazine explodes; Nelson himself is wounded in the head.
August 22 – French troops land at Kilcummin in County Mayo to assist the Irish Rebellion.
September – Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first significant American novel, the Gothic fiction Wieland: or, The Transformation; an American Tale.
September 5 – Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan Law.
September 10
The Piedmontese Republic is declared in the territory of Piedmont.
Battle of St. George's Caye: Off the coast of British Honduras (modern-day Belize), a group of European settlers and Africans defeat a Spanish force sent from Mexico to drive them out.
September 18 – Lyrical Ballads is published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, inaugurating the English Romantic movement in literature.
September 23 – Battle of Killala: in the last land battle of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, British troops defeat the remaining rebel Irish and French forces at Killala.
October 2 – The Cherokee nation signs a treaty with the United States allowing free passage through Cherokee lands in Tennessee through the Cumberland Gap through the Appalachian Mountains from Virginia into Kentucky.
October 7 – U.S. Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont becomes the first member of Congress to be put on trial for violating the new Sedition Act of 1798.
October 12
Battle of Tory Island: A British Royal Navy squadron, under Sir John Borlase Warren, prevents French Republican ships, commanded by Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart, from landing reinforcements for the Society of United Irishmen on the Donegal coast; Irish leader Wolfe Tone is captured and later dies of his wounds. This ends the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
Peasants War against the French occupiers of the Southern Netherlands begins in Overmere.
October 22 – Capitulation of the French garrison at Hyderabad to East India Company troops under James Kirkpatrick, British Resident.
November 4 – The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu begins.
November 8 – British whaler John Fearn becomes the first European to land on Nauru.
November 28 – Trade between the United States and modern-day Uruguay begins when John Leamy's frigate John arrives in Montevideo.
December 5 – Peasants War in the Southern Netherlands: The revolt is crushed in Hasselt; during the uprising it is estimated that 5,000 to 10,000 people have been killed.
December 6 – General Joubert of the Piedmontese Republic occupies the Sardinian capital of Turin.
Date unknown
Edward Jenner publishes An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ, describing the smallpox vaccine, in London.
Thomas Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population (anonymously) in London.
Nathan Mayer Rothschild moves from Frankfurt in the Holy Roman Empire to England, settling up in business as a textile trader and financier in Manchester.
Alois Senefelder invents lithography.
The first census in Brazil counts 2 million blacks in a total population of 3.25 million.
The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Army Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, formed by The Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire in 1794, is adopted onto the British Army List.
The platypus is first discovered by Europeans.
Births
January 14 – Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Dutch politician (d. 1872)
January 19 – Auguste Comte, French sociologist (d. 1857)
January 20 – Anson Jones, 5th and last President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1858)
March 9 – Mathilda Berwald, Finnish and Swedish concert singer (d. 1877)
March 23 – Christiane Bøcher, Norwegian actress (d. 1874)
March 25 – Christoph Gudermann, German mathematician (d. 1852)
March 25 – Corvo Attano, fictional character, Royal Protector, assassin (d. unknown)
March 13 – Abigail Fillmore, First Lady of the United States (d. 1853)
April 2 – August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German writer (d. 1874)
April 3 – Charles Wilkes, American naval officer, explorer (d. 1877)
April 12 – Baron du Potet, French writer (d. 1881)
April 26 – Eugène Delacroix, French painter (d. 1863)
April 28 – Duncan Forbes, British linguist (d. 1868)
May 10 – Christodoulos Hatzipetros, Greek military leader (d. 1869)
June 12 – William Abbot, English actor (d. 1843)
June 14 – František Palacký, Czech historian, politician (d. 1876)
June 29 – Giacomo Leopardi, Italian writer (d. 1837)
July 14 – Alessandro Antonelli, Italian architect (d. 1888)
July 15 – Alexander Gorchakov, Russian politician (d. 1883)
August 17 – Thomas Hodgkin, British physician, pathologist (d. 1866)
August 20 – Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, French general, Marshal of France, Minister of War (d. 1854)
September 4 – Raynold Kaufgetz, Swiss academic (d. 1869)
September 11 – Franz Ernst Neumann, German mineralogist, physicist and mathematician (d. 1895)
October 2 – King Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849)
October 12 – Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil (also Pedro IV, King of Portugal) (d. 1834)
December 2 – António Luís de Seabra, 1st Viscount of Seabra, Portuguese magistrate and politician (d. 1895)
December 4 – Jules Armand Dufaure, 3-time Prime Minister of France (d. 1881)
December 24 – Adam Mickiewicz, Polish writer (d. 1855)
Date unknown:
Mary Faber, West African slave trader and local potentate (d. after 1857)
Eduard von Feuchtersleben, Polish-born mining engineer and writer (d. 1857)
Deaths
January 22 – Lewis Morris, American landowner and developer, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (b. 1726)
February 12 – Stanisław August Poniatowski, deposed last King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (b. 1732)
February 25 – Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini, French diplomat, writer (b. 1716)
March 22 – Justin Morgan, American horse breeder and composer (b. 1747)
March 25 – General Michel Joachim Marie Raymond, French leader of the army of the Nizam of Hyderabad (poisoned) (b. 1755)
April – Gideon Morris, trans-Appalachian pioneer (b. 1756)
April 11 – Karl Wilhelm Ramler, German poet (b. 1725)
April 12 – Madeleine de Puisieux, French writer, active feminist (b. 1720)
April 14 – Henry Mowat, Scottish-born British Royal Navy officer (b. 1734)
April 29 – Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, German entomologist (b. 1723)
May 10 – George Vancouver, British Royal Navy officer, explorer (Vancouver, Canada is named after him) (b. 1757)
May 19 – William Byron, 5th Baron Byron, English dueler (b. 1722)
June – Betsy Gray, Irish rebel heroine
June 4 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian adventurer, writer (b. 1725)
June 21 – John Kelly of Killanne, Irish republican
June 25 – Thomas Sandby, English cartographer, architect (b. 1721)
June 29 – Catharina Mulder, Dutch organist (d. 1723)
July 17 – Henry Joy McCracken, Irish republican
July 21 – François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (b. 1733)
August 1 – François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, French admiral (killed in battle) (b. 1753)
August 11 – Joshua Clayton, American politician (b. 1744)
August 18 – John Lewis Gervais, American revolutionary and politician (b. 1741)
August 21 – James Wilson, American politician (b. 1742)
August 24 – Thomas Alcock, English clergyman (b. 1709)
August 25 – Mikiel'Ang Grima, Maltese surgeon (b. 1731)
September 21 – George Read, American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1733)
November 5 – John Zephaniah Holwell, British surgeon (b. 1711)
November 15 – Angelo Maria Amorevoli, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1716)
November 19 – Wolfe Tone, Irish republican (b. 1737)
November 21 – Gabriel Lenkiewicz, Belarusian Temporary Vicar General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1722)
December 4 – Luigi Galvani, Italian physicist (b. 1737)
December 16 – Thomas Pennant, Welsh naturalist (b. 1726)
References
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40109141
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnemucca%20Mountain
|
Winnemucca Mountain
|
Winnemucca Mountain is a mountain near the small city of Winnemucca in Humboldt County, Nevada, United States. It is considered to be the southernmost named summit of the Santa Rosa Range. A paved road ascends to radio facilities on the summit.
References
External links
Mountains of Nevada
Landforms of Humboldt County, Nevada
Mountain
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62709217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Public%20Reading%20of%20an%20Unproduced%20Screenplay%20About%20the%20Death%20of%20Walt%20Disney
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A Public Reading of an Unproduced Screenplay About the Death of Walt Disney
|
A Public Reading of an Unproduced Screenplay About the Death of Walt Disney is a 2013 play by Lucas Hnath.
Synopsis
The show is in the form of a screenplay written and performed by Walt Disney about himself and his death. It's about his last days on earth and a city he's going to build that's going to change the world.
Production History
The play premiered at the Soho Rep in 2013. It was directed by Sarah Benson.
The Wilbury Theatre Group produced the New England premiere of the play in November 2014. The production was directed by Brien Lang.
The play was produced by MKA Theatre in Australia in 2018. The production was directed by Tobias Manderson-Galvin and starred a real life family.
References
2013 plays
American plays
Works about Walt Disney
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37830786
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dig
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The Dig
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The Dig may refer to:
The Dig (band), American rock band
The Dig (2018 film), a 2018 film
The Dig (2021 film), a 2021 film
"The Dig" (House), a 2011 episode of House
The Dig (novel), a 2007 novel by John Preston
The Dig (video game), a 1995 video game by LucasArts
See also
Dig (disambiguation)
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22621382
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Dowe
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Julian Dowe
|
Julian Whytus Lennox Dowe (born 9 September 1975) is an English retired professional footballer and founder of football4football. He played as a forward for clubs in England, Scotland, Sweden, Spain and Latvia.
Career
Having broke numerous goal scoring records in the Salford Junior League and for Trafford Schoolboys as a teenager, he was coveted by both of his local teams, Manchester United and Manchester City, as well as Leeds United. After a brief spell at Manchester United, he signed as a schoolboy for Everton after its youth team manager personally made the trip to his mother's house. He later decided to join Manchester City, who took the unprecedented step to virtually guarantee Dowe a professional contract, even though he was still at school and recovering from a fractured spine at the time, after being injured in an Everton reserve game. After 8 months he resumed training and playing with the first team squad that included Garry Flitcroft, Steve Lomas and Clive Allen at Maine Road when only 15 years old. After some misguided advice, he left Maine Road for Wigan, something that Dowe cited as "A big regret, it had great fans but wasn't the professionally run club you see now." The then Wigan manager Brian Hamilton famously substituted Dowe minutes after bringing him on at half time of a trial game, to immediately offer him a professional contract aged 16.
He played his first team debut for Wigan against a Manchester United team that with Paul Ince, David Beckham, Paul Scholes, Lee Sharpe and Gary Neville. He became the youngest British player to sign a professional contract in Spain at age 18 when he was taken to CA Marbella by the manager Dragoslav Šekularac, with the fellow English player Andy Gray who signed from Tottenham Hotspur and described Dowe as "one of the most talented teenagers he'd seen".
At Marbella, his first team chances were limited due to the foreigner rule that applied before the Bosman ruling. Players such as Vladan Lukić and Predrag Spasić were teammates. Dowe played mainly in cup games and pre-season tournaments against teams like Real Zaragoza and Barcelona. Dowe went on to play in the Scottish 1st division for Ayr United, under the former Queens Park Rangers and Aston Villa player Simon Stainrod. In 1995, he memorably scored a goal with a 35-yard volley in the Ayrshire Cup Final during a win over local rivals Kilmarnock F.C. After the season ended, he went to play in the Swedish league for Tidaholm GoIF.
Returning to England he went into non-league football playing for Hyde United which saw him play in their most successful run in the FA Vase competition. A persistent knee injury stopped him playing for the best part of two years. On his return, he played in the north-west counties with Colne F.C. before returning to league football with Rochdale. Again, glimpses of his ability occasionally surfaced, particularly in an FA Cup game against Burton Albion, when he scored with a 30-yard kick to seal a 3–0 win. On leaving Rochdale he joined Morecambe, playing his first game for the club on 23 September 2000. He later joined the Latvian team FK Ventspils which signed him after a trial game against the Latvian national team after which he continued playing in non-league football around Greater Manchester before the accumulation of seven knee operations totally ended his playing career.
Dowe created the football resource football4football.
References
External links
football4football
1975 births
Living people
English footballers
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Hyde United F.C. players
Colne F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
Morecambe F.C. players
FK Ventspils players
Bacup Borough F.C. players
New Mills A.F.C. players
CA Marbella footballers
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Association football forwards
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16089516
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar%20Thulin
|
Einar Thulin
|
Einar Thulin (April 21, 1896 – October 20, 1963) was a Swedish track and field athlete who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he finished seventh in the high jump competition.
References
External links
profile
1896 births
1963 deaths
Swedish male high jumpers
Olympic athletes of Sweden
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
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14423377
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20cyclic%20group
|
Binary cyclic group
|
In mathematics, the binary cyclic group of the n-gon is the cyclic group of order 2n, , thought of as an extension of the cyclic group by a cyclic group of order 2. Coxeter writes the binary cyclic group with angle-brackets, ⟨n⟩, and the index 2 subgroup as (n) or [n]+.
It is the binary polyhedral group corresponding to the cyclic group.
In terms of binary polyhedral groups, the binary cyclic group is the preimage of the cyclic group of rotations () under the 2:1 covering homomorphism
of the special orthogonal group by the spin group.
As a subgroup of the spin group, the binary cyclic group can be described concretely as a discrete subgroup of the unit quaternions, under the isomorphism where Sp(1) is the multiplicative group of unit quaternions. (For a description of this homomorphism see the article on quaternions and spatial rotations.)
Presentation
The binary cyclic group can be defined as:
See also
binary dihedral group, ⟨2,2,n⟩, order 4n
binary tetrahedral group, ⟨2,3,3⟩, order 24
binary octahedral group, ⟨2,3,4⟩, order 48
binary icosahedral group, ⟨2,3,5⟩, order 120
References
Cyclic
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15417499
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTP15
|
UTP15
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U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 15 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP15 gene.
See also
Fibrillarin
Small nucleolar RNA U3
RCL1
RRP9
UTP6
UTP11L
UTP14A
References
Further reading
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50700307
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequendama
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Tequendama
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Tequendama is a preceramic and ceramic archaeological site located southeast of Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colombia, a couple of kilometers east of Tequendama Falls. It consists of multiple evidences of late Pleistocene to middle Holocene population of the Bogotá savanna, the high plateau in the Colombian Andes. Tequendama was inhabited from around 11,000 years BP, and continuing into the prehistorical, Herrera and Muisca periods, making it the oldest site of Colombia, together with El Abra, located north of Zipaquirá. Younger evidences also from the Herrera Period have been found close to the site of Tequendama in Soacha, at the construction site of a new electrical plant. They are dated at around 900 BCE to 900 AD.
The most important researchers who since 1969 contributed on the knowledge about Tequendama were Dutch geologist and palynologist Thomas van der Hammen and archaeologist and anthropologist Gonzalo Correal Urrego.
Etymology
The name Tequendama means in the Muysccubun: "he who precipitates downward".
Background
During the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) were populated first by prehistorical indigenous groups, then by people from the Herrera Period, and finally by the Muisca.
Various sites of ancient population have been uncovered during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century, such as Tibitó, Aguazuque, Checua, El Abra and Tequendama.
Description
The site of Tequendama consists of four cave and overhang locations at close distance to each other, called Tequendama I (~11,000-10,000 years BP), II (9500-8300 BP), III (7000-6000 BP) and IV (2500-450 BP). The cave sites have been inhabited probably because of the access to fresh water; the Bogotá River currently flows very close to the site and also the Funza River was nearby.
During the last phase, Tequendama IV, inside the caves and under the overhanging rocks, living constructions were built. At this time it was already ceramic; evidence of the use of pottery was found. The rock art of Tequendama dates to this last phase. In an area, dated at around 2000 years BP, signs of domestication of guinea pigs have been found.
The sites of Tequendama were probably inhabited by semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes of maximum 15 individuals. Fruits and land snails were among the food of the people, together with deer and rodents. Areas with fire pits have been found, together with hunting tools, as well as evidence of food preparation and consumption. The most dominant knives, used as scraper tools, found in Tequendama II, III and IV, were also the predominant tools of Checua. More to the outside of the overhangs evidence of animal skin processing has been discovered. The waste was collected in a ditch outside of the overhangs.
Tequendama I
Tequendama I is situated at an altitude of and radiocarbon dating has provided oldest ages between 12,500 and 10,100 years BP. Occupation of Tequendama I continued until approximately 5000 years BP. The first inhabitants have been analysed with the help of the tools of Quaternary geology, as well as using pollen analysis; the dates of 12,500 to 11,000 years BP have been produced. At that time, the paleoclimate was less cold and more humid than today. Lake Fúquene was overflowing rapidly on the Bogotá savanna during this Guantivá interstadial.
During the next phase, of El Abra, dated at 11,000 to 9500 years BP, the climate was colder again and the previously retreating glaciers in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes were advancing. The people who inhabited the high plateau were hunter-gatherers and mainly consumed white-tailed deer and brocket deer (40% of the remains found), and to a lesser extent cotton rats, guinea pigs, cottontail rabbits and other animals such as the nine-banded armadillo, tayra and kinkajous. The bones found were in most cases fragmented which suggests the people were eating the bone marrow and used them as tools and decoration. Different from the Colombian site of Tibitó, in Tequendama no remains of Pleistocene megafauna have been found.
Following the colder phase, as of 10,000 or 9500 years BP, the Andean forests returned and more evidences of rodents and less of deer have been found at Tequendama.
The tools, mainly made of chert, found at Tequendama I are the result of careful elaboration, more so than at El Abra. More than half of the tools found were primitive knives.
From the 6th millennium BCE (8000 years BP) onwards, the rock shelter areas were less populated; the population seems to have shifted to the plains of the Bogotá savanna.
Twenty bone samples analysed at Tequendama were predominantly males (60%). Children (20%) and women (15%) formed a minor fraction of the remains found. More than 95% of the bones were intact. Evidence of funeral practices have been found at Tequendama. The traditional way of burying the bodies was with their heads towards the east.
Named after Tequendama
Tequendama appears in various present-day names. The public parking company, Parqueaderos Tequendama Ltda., founded in 1985, is named after Tequendama.
Tequendama Falls (Salto del Tequendama) - high waterfall to the west of the Bogotá savanna in the Bogotá River
Tequendama Falls Museum - museum and former hotel overlooking the waterfall
Tequendama Province - the province around the falls
San Antonio del Tequendama - municipality and capital of the Tequendama Province
Hotel Tequendama - famous hotel in the centre of Bogotá
See also
List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites
Tibitó, Aguazuque, Checua
El Abra, Piedras del Tunjo, Herrera Period
References
Bibliography
External links
Tequendama and other archaeological sites on Rupestreweb
Pleistocene Colombia
Pleistocene paleontological sites of South America
Andean preceramic
Pre-Columbian archaeological sites
Archaeological sites in Colombia
Former populated places in Colombia
Muisca and pre-Muisca sites
Rock art in South America
Muysccubun
Tourist attractions in Cundinamarca Department
Soacha
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15406102
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenal%2C%20Louisiana
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Chenal, Louisiana
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Chenal (pronounced Sh Nahl) is an unincorporated community located in southeastern Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. The word "chenal" is the French word for "channel". The community's name is derived from a body of water located just south of it. This body of water, known as "the Chenal" or "le chenal", is a remnant of the Old Mississippi River channel that once flowed through the area. This channel as well as nearby False River were once parts of the main channel of the Mississippi.
History
The first church to be known in this area as Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception was established in the area as a mission in 1853. The church later burned down and was relocated to its current site in Lakeland, Louisiana. The site of the original church, in the area still known as Chenal, is the current location of the Chenal Cemetery.
A post office was established in Chenal in 1892. This post office closed down in 1951 when a new post office was set up in Rougon, to service both communities.
Geography
Chenal is situated west of the Mississippi River, along Louisiana Highway 414. It is nearly due north of the nearby community of Rougon.
References
Unincorporated communities in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
Baton Rouge metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
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11143728
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia%20B.35
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Avia B.35
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The Avia B.35 (RLM designation Av-35) was a fighter aircraft built in Czechoslovakia shortly before World War II.
Design and development
The B.35 was designed to meet a 1935 requirement by the Czechoslovakian Air Force for a replacement for their B-534 fighter biplanes. The B.35 was an elegant, low-wing monoplane with an elliptical wing. The fuselage was constructed from welded steel tube, covered in metal ahead of and including the cockpit and fabric aft of the cockpit, while the wing was of entirely wooden construction. Rather anachronistically, the Air Force specified a fixed tailwheel undercarriage for the aircraft, in the hope that this would speed development, as the mechanism for retracting the undercarriage was not yet available.
The first prototype, the B-35/1, displayed excellent flying characteristics and high speed and was originally powered by a Hispano-Suiza 12Ydrs piston engine. The powerplant was later changed to a 12Ycrs with an identical power output, but with provision for an autocannon to be fitted between the cylinder banks to fire through the propeller hub. Testing continued until 22 November 1938, when the aircraft was destroyed in a crash that killed the Military Technical and Aeronautical Institute test pilot Arnošt Kavalec. Nevertheless, a second prototype, B-35/2, was already reaching completion, and was fitted with redesigned ailerons and flaps. It first flew on 30 December with testing beginning in earnest in February 1939. A preproduction series of ten aircraft was ordered, but before these could be built, Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in March 1939.
Development however was resumed under German control, with the substantially revised B.35/3 flying in August 1939. The elliptical leading edges of the wings had been replaced with straight ones, and an outward-retracting main undercarriage was fitted. This prototype was the first to actually carry its intended armament. With German markings and the registration D-IBPP, it was displayed at the Salon de l'Aéronautique in Brussels, where enough interest was generated to spur development of an improved version of the aircraft as the B.135.
Variants
B-35/1: First prototype.
B-35/2: Second prototype.
B-35/3: Third prototype.
Specifications (B.35/1)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
.
Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Fighters, Volume One. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1960 (10th impression 1972). .
Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989.
World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. (pages=File 889 Sheet 85)
External links
Article from Flying Review International, April 1968
History (in Russian) and photographs of the B.35
Text and photographs of accident of B.35/1
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s Czechoslovakian fighter aircraft
B.035
Aircraft first flown in 1938
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37372021
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneet%20Ahuja
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Maneet Ahuja
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Maneet Ahuja (born 1984) is an American author, journalist, television news producer, and hedge fund specialist. She is a producer of CNBC's morning business news program, Squawk Box. Her 2012 book, The Alpha Masters: Unlocking the Genius of the World's Top Hedge Funds, was published by John Wiley & Sons and nominated for an FT / Goldman Sachs Book of the Year Award. Forbes named her to their "30 Under 30" list of media figures for 2012. Ahuja has also produced a number of business events including CNBC's Delivering Alpha conference, a hedge fund summit that she created and co-developed. Ahuja serves on the Council of Advocates for Mt. Sinai Hospital and is on the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. Her next book is The Techtonics.
Career
Finance and journalism
Ahuja began her finance career at the age of 17 when she interned at Citigroup in 2002 as a credit risk analyst. After ten months, Ahuja became a full-time employee. She remained at Citigroup for nearly four years before moving to Merrill Lynch as a global economics and equity research intern. She later became one of The Wall Street Journal'''s youngest reporters, working on their Money & Investing team.
Ahuja joined CNBC in 2008, and the following year she was awarded the network's Enterprise Award for her coverage of the hedge fund industry. Ahuja's work on CNBC's Squawk Box includes the first on-air appearance made by Ray Dalio, Founder and CIO of the world's largest hedge fund Bridgewater Associates and David Tepper—hedge fund manager and the founder of Appaloosa Management, coverage of David Einhorn's warning call before the collapse of Lehman Brothers, and John Paulson's communication to investors following an SEC investigation into the Goldman Sachs "Abacus" deals. She has also covered the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. In December 2012, Ahuja and CNBC colleague, Kate Kelly, made the first report that Bill Ackman, manager of Pershing Square Capital Management, had a short position on Herbalife, a multi-level marketing company that sells health care products, and considered their business model to be a pyramid scheme.
Events
Ahuja co-founded and created CNBC's Delivering Alpha conference, a hedge fund summit launched in conjunction with Institutional Investor. She produces events for Harvard Business School's U.S. Competitiveness Project and quarterly shows at the United States Department of Labor with Alan Greenspan, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve. Ahuja served as the master of ceremonies at the Wharton Economic Summit held at Lincoln Center in New York City March 2013.
Ahuja also co-founded CNBC's popular "Disruptors" series initiative focusing on tech startups in the Valley and beyond. She interviewed tech legend Marc Andreessen for Andreessen Horowitz's inaugural Capital Summit at Cavallo Point September 2015.
Awards
In October 2012 the South Asian Journalists Association awarded Ahuja and Devin Banerjee of Bloomberg News grants to attend seminars for business journalists at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
The Alpha Masters
Ahuja's book, The Alpha Masters: Unlocking the Genius of the World's Top Hedge Funds'' was published by John Wiley & Sons in May 2012. The nine-chapter book features profiles of 11 executives in the hedge fund industry: Ray Dalio of Bridgewater Associates, Pierre Lagrange and Tim Wong of Man Group, John Paulson of Paulson & Co., Marc Lasry and Sonia Gardner of Avenue Capital Group, David Tepper of Appaloosa Management, Bill Ackman of Pershing Square Capital Management, Daniel S. Loeb of Third Point LLC, James Chanos of Kynikos Associates LP, and Boaz Weinstein of Saba Capital Management. The book's foreword was written by Mohamed A. El-Erian, CEO of PIMCO, and its afterword by economist Myron Scholes, 1997 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
American business and financial journalists
Television producers from New York City
Citigroup employees
Merrill (company) people
The Wall Street Journal people
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62460806
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Johnson%20%28disambiguation%29
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Margaret Johnson (disambiguation)
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Margaret Johnson was a musician.
Margaret Johnson may also refer to:
Margaret Johnson (advertiser), executive creative director and partner at Goodby, Silverstein & Partners
Margaret Johnson (pianist) (1919–1939), American jazz pianist
Margaret Johnson Erwin Dudley (née Johnson, 1821–1863), Southern belle, planter and letter writer
Margaret Johnson (artist) (1898–1967), Sri-Lankan born Australian portrait artist
Margaret Johnson (athlete) (1937–2015), Australian athlete
Margaret Johnson (politician), Canadian politician in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Maggie Pogue Johnson (1883–1956), Black American composer and poet
Maggie Johnson, character in Central Intelligence
Maggie Johnson, wife of Clint Eastwood
See also
Peggy Johnson (disambiguation)
Margaret Johnston (1914–2002), Australian actress
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54608781
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20line%20%28Kaohsiung%20Metro%29
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Yellow line (Kaohsiung Metro)
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Yellow line, also called Kaohsiung Metropolitan line, is a planned medium capacity, rapid transit line on the Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit, currently done planning and under project review process. It's projected to begin commencement building work in 2020.
History
The initial plan of the yellow line was first seen in 2002 when the whole MRT construction plan for Kaohsiung was being re-sketched.
By the spring of 2015, the director Wu Yi-Long (吳義隆) of MRT Construction Bureau of Kaohsiung City Government addressed to the local parliament that the yellow line of light rail transit was undergoing feasibility assessment whose route was likely a combination of old-drafted yellow line and Brown Line, which was hoped to be the second circular public transportation line across Kaohsiung City preceded by the first circular line in Kaohsiung and the whole nation.
On 14 February 2017, four members of parliament of Democratic Progressive Party from Kaohsiung, namely Liu Shih-Fung (:zh:劉世芳), Lee Kun-Zher (:zh:李昆澤)、Lai Rei-Long (:zh:賴瑞隆)、 and Hsu Jih-Jeih (:zh:許智傑) had held a joint press conference unveiling the new draft of the route for the yellow line and asked the executive yuan to comprise this plan into The Forward-looking project, whose bid was later agreed and approved by the yuan to be included in on March 23.
。
On March 27, few days after the approval of the yuan, local MRT bureau submitted the feasibility study of the yellow line to the authorities concerned of the central government.
In the study, the line was planned to be an underground system whose route basically combines planned Brown Line, Fongshan Line, and Wujia section of the Green Line.
Stations
The following graph is the route map for the drafted yellow line only, except other intersecting lines like Green Line and Silver Line.
According to the plan, the yellow line has two start points from Cruise Terminal and MRT Cianjhen Senior High School Station respectively and an end point at Dipu township, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung City. The part begins from Y1 to Y13 is also called Jiangong-Minzu (建工民族) Line while the section between Y1 and Y21 is called Chenching-Wujia (澄清五甲) Line.
Please note that the Station names and locations are tentatively planned.
See also
Rapid transit in Taiwan
Taipei Metro
Kaohsiung Rapid Transit
Taoyuan Metro
Taichung Metro
References
External links
Transportation bureau, Kaohsiung City Government,
Kaohsiung Metro
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33140679
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangesvara%20Siva%20Temple
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Gangesvara Siva Temple
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Gangesvara Siva Temple (lat. 20° 14’27" N., long. 85° 50’ 12"E., elev. 73 ft) is situated within a precinct on the left side of the Ganges–Yamuna road (leading from Talabazar Chowk to the Ganges-Yamuna temple) Old Town, Bhubaneswar,Orissa,India. It is located at a distance of 200 metres north-east of Lingaraj temple, 50 metres north of Lakhesvara temple across the road, 200 metres south of
Subarnesvara and 100 metres east of Gourisankar temple. The temple is facing towards east. The presiding deity is a Siva lingam within a circular yonipitha. It is a living temple and maintained by the Ganga Yamuna Sangathana.
Legend
There is a common belief among the local people that Goddess Parvati killed the demons Kirti and Basa in the Ekamra Kshetra. After this heroic incident, the deity felt thirsty. In order to quench the thirst, Lord Shiva struck his trident into the earth. A spring came out and to consecrate the spring river goddess Ganga and Yamuna were invited. To commemorate the incident twin temples of Gangesvara and Yamunesvara were constructed during the Ganga rule in Orissa. However, the present monument is a later renovation over the original shrine as evident from the use of earlier building materials used in a non-schematic manner and depiction of sculptures of later period in the jangha.
Significance
i) Historic significance : Local people attribute the temple to the imperial Gangas.
ii) Cultural significance : Festivals like Shivaratri, Chandana Yatra, Kartika Purnima and Jalabhiseka are performed.
iii) Social significance : Thread ceremony, Marriage ceremony, Engagements and other
social functions are also performed.
iv) Associational significance :Ganga-Yamuna Sangathana
Physical description
i) Surrounding:
The temple is surrounded by Yamunesvaar temple in the south and the Ganges-Yamuna tank in north-east direction within the temple precinct. The eastern, western and northern sides are surrounded by paddy fields across the temple compound wall. The Ganges–Yamuna road passes through in the south beyond temple compound wall.
ii) Orientation:
The temple is facing towards east.
iii) Architectural features (Plan & Elevation):
On plan, the temple is pancharatha with square vimana and a frontal porch extending towards east. The vimana measures 3.35 square metres with the frontal porch measuring 0.25 metres. On elevation, the temple is in rekha order having usual bada, gandi and mastaka measuring 8.00 metres in height from khura to kalasa. The bada measuring 2.60 metres in height has fivefold vertical divisions namely plain pabhaga with five mouldings (0.66 metres), tala jangha (0.72 metres), bandhana two mouldings (0.40 metres), upara jangha (0.60 metres) and the baranda has a single moulding of 0.22 metres in height. The gandi above the baranda measuring 3.15 metres in height is distinguished by a central raha and a pair of anuratha and kanika pagas on either side of the raha which is a curvilinear spire devoid of ornamentation. The mastaka as usual in Orissan temples has components like beki, amlaka, khapuri and kalasa that measures 2.25 metres in height.
iv) Raha niche & Parsvadevata:
The parsvadevata niche on three sides uniformly measures 0.63 metres in height and 0.33 metres in width. The western niche houses a four armed Vishnu image standing in tribhanga pose on a full blown lotus pedestal along with his mount Garuda. The deity is holding mace in his upper left arm and conch in lower left arm. While his upper right arm is in varada mudra and the lower right arm is holding a wheel. The image wears a kirita mukuta and a Makara Torana in relief behind the head. The northern niche accommodates a four armed Parvati image of recent make. The southern niche is empty. The niches are plain.
v) Decorative features:
The temple is carved with secular images on both the janghas. In the western wall, tala jangha portion there is a female figure holding a child in her both hands. The female wears a manibandha, beaded necklace and armlet with bulbing hair. The upara jangha, bears a nayika in standing pose pushing something into her genital organ in her left hand while her right hand is resting on the ground. In the kanika paga, the tala jangha has a darpana image and the upara jangha sculpture has a male figure holding a rectangular flat shaped object on his left hand and the right hand resting over the right knee. In the right side of the raha paga, the lower jangha is carved with a male warrior who holds a sword in his right hand and a shield in left hand. In the upara jangha, there is a woman in yonibhiseka pose standing over a fire pot with splayed out legs, the figure either urinating or taking the warmth of the fire. Her right arm is in abhaya mudra and the left arm resting over her left knee.
In the kanika paga, the lower jangha bears an amorous couple in which the male figure touches the left breast of the female figure while the right hand touches the chin of the woman. In the southern wall, the left side raha (anuratha paga) in lower jangha bears a female figure holding a pot in her left hand while in her right hand she is feeding a monkey. In the upara jangha, the male figure is holding a kamandalu in his left hand while his right hand holds the arm of the female in an amorous pose. In the upara jangha there is an abduction scene in which a male with moustache is carried by a female. The carvings in the northern wall are chopped off. On the right side the jangha is carved with a secular image of a female figure in which she is pushing something in to the genital organ in her left hand.
Doorjamb -The doorjambs measuring 1.52 metres x 1.07 metres is decorated with two plain vertical bands. At the base of the doorjambs there are two dvarapala niches measuring 0.32 metres x 0.14 metres. The dvarapalas are standing in flex position and holding a trident in their left hand. In the inner dvarasakha at the base near the pidhamundi of the niche has a snake canopy with the bust of a female on the left and a male on the right. There are gajasimha motifs carved beneath the dvarapala niches. At the lalatabimba there is a gajalaxmi seated in lalitasana on double petalled lotus flanked by two elephants which represents the jalabhiseka ceremony.
vi) Building material:
Grey sandstone
vii)Construction techniques:
Dry masonry
viii) Style:
'Kalingan'.
ix) Special features, if any:
Carved with secular images in both the janghas
See also
List of temples in Bhubaneswar
References
Sourcers
Data
Info
Lesser Known Monuments of Bhubaneswar by Dr. Sadasiba Pradhan ()
Shiva temples in Odisha
Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar
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38552724
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307%20film%20awards%20season
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2006–07 film awards season
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The 2006–07 film awards season began in November 2006 and ended in February 2007.
Ballots were sent out begging from November.
Awards ceremonies
See also
Film awards seasons
Footnotes
2006 film awards
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32996832
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradi%C5%A1%C4%8De%2C%20%C5%A0martno%20pri%20Litiji
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Gradišče, Šmartno pri Litiji
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Gradišče (; ), officially Gradišče - K. o. Grad. in Polj. (Gradišče in the Cadastral Districts of Gradišče and Poljane), is a small settlement in the Municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Kremenjek and Primskova Gora ().
Church
The local church is known as the Primskovo parish church; it is built on top of a hill west of the settlement, is dedicated to the Nativity of Mary, and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. It dates to the 16th century.
References
External links
Gradišče at Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji
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57816215
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite%20phonology
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Hittite phonology
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Hittite phonology is the description of the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of the Hittite language. Because Hittite as a spoken language is extinct, thus leaving no living daughter languages, and no contemporary descriptions of the pronunciation are known, little can be said with certainty about the phonetics and the phonology of the language. Some conclusions can be made, however, by noting its relationship to the other Indo-European languages, by studying its orthography and by comparing loanwords from nearby languages.
Consonants
Plosives
Hittite had two series of consonants, which may be described as fortis and lenis; one was written always geminate in the original script, and the other was always written simple. In cuneiform, all consonants sounds except for glides could be geminate. It has long been noticed that the geminate series of plosives is the one descending from Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops, and the simple plosives come from both voiced and voiced aspirate stops. This is often referred as Sturtevant's law. Because of typological implications of Sturtevant's law, the distinction between the two series is commonly regarded as one of voice. However, there is still disagreement over the subject among scholars, some of whom view both series as if they were differentiated by length, which a literal interpretation of the cuneiform orthography would suggest.
Supporters of a length distinction usually point to the fact that Akkadian, the language from which the Hittites borrowed the cuneiform script, had voicing. Hittite scribes nevertheless used voiced and voiceless signs interchangeably. Kloekhorst has also argued that the absence of assimilatory voicing is also evidence for a length distinction and points out that the word "e-ku-ud-du - [ɛ́gʷtu]" does not show any voice assimilation. However, if the distinction were one of voice, agreement between the stops should be expected since the velar and the alveolar plosives are known to be adjacent since the "u" in that word does not stand for a vowel but instead represents labialization.
Resonants
All resonants in Hittite coincide with their respective etymological pronunciations in Proto-Indo-European, which makes it unlikely that they were pronounced differently. Just like in the parent language, in Hittite resonants were syllabic interconsonantally. They were written in Hittite with cuneiform sign containing the vowel "a" (wa-a-tar - [wáːdr̩], la-a-ma-an - [láːmn̩]). However, it is not well known if Hittite inherited the bilabial syllabic nasal. In final position, Hittite added an epenthetic vowel /ɔ/ (Hittite e-šu-un - [ɛ́ːsɔn] < Proto-Indo-European *h₁és-m̥). Some cognates may point that Proto-Indo-European *m̥ merged with Hittite /a/ in medial and initial position.
Resonants in Hittite could be geminate or simple, but that distinction was not inherited from Proto-Indo-European but is instead often believed to have been caused by assimilation.
Affricate
The affricate is written in Hittite with signs containing a "z" and is known to have as a main phonological source the affrication of a "*t". In the prehistory of Hittite, a "*t" could be affricated if it was followed by "*s" or by "*i̯". That is known since "t"-stem nouns have a nominative ending in "z" and some verbal desinences descended from a prehistorical sequence "*ti". Therefore, the following development is usually assumed [tːj] > [tːʲ] > [] > [] > []. However, nothing excludes the possibility of it being pronounced as a post-alveolar or palatal affricate. A secondary source of the sign "z" is an early Indo-European dissimilation that occurred between two adjacent dentals, which consisted in the insertion of "*s" between them (e-ez-du - [ɛ́ːt͡stu] < "*h₁éd-tu").
Some advocates of a voice/voiceless series propose a voiced counterpart, which is rather controversial, and claim that whenever "z" was geminate, it represented [t͡s] and that when it was simple, it was pronounced [d͡z].
Fricatives
Hittite is believed to have had a sibilant, a uvular fricative and a labialized uvular fricative. They were written in the original script with signs containing "š" and "ḫ". In Akkadian cuneiform, they originally stood for a voiceless alveolar fricative and a voiceless velar fricative, respectively.
It can be said with confidence that "š" stood for a single phoneme. Although the exact place of articulation of the Hittite phoneme written with signs having an "š" cannot be determined with absolute certainty, there are various arguments for assuming it to have been an alveolar sibilant. Typologically, if a language has fricatives, it almost certainly has //, and languages that lack both phonemes are rare. Morover, // is known to descent from Proto-Indo-European *s, which is uncontroversially reconstructed as a voiceless alveolar sibilant.
Furthermore, the signs that the Hittite scribes adopted for "š" stood in Akkadian for [s] as well. It has been noted also that "š" appears in Ugaritic loanwords as ṯ, such as the Hittite royal name "Šuppiluliuma", which is written in Ugaritic as ṯpllm". Given that Semitic *ṯ merged with *š in Ugaritic, also suggesting a pronunciation of []. It has also been noted that Hittite royal names containing an "š" are written in Egyptian Hieroglyphs with the sign that is conventionally transcribed as "ś". Finally, it is believed among scholars that Indo-European diphthongs *oi and *ou changed to Hittite "ē" and "ū", respectively, unless an alveolar consonant followed them, one of which is /š/, which reinforces the idea that it was alveolar in Hittite.
It can be held with certainty that /ḫ/ was a form of fricative, but its place of articulation is not so well understood. There is some evidence that may point towards a uvular/velar place of articulation. In Akkadian, the signs for "ḫ" had a velar place of articulation, and the sound was always voiceless. Furthermore, Ugaritic borrowings from Hittite commonly transcribe "ḫ" as "ġ", which stands for a voiced velar fricative (e.g., dġṯ < duḫḫuiš, tdġl < mTudḫaliya, trġnds< URUTarḫuntašša). However, it has also occasionally been transcribed as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative ("ḥtṯ < ḫattuš"). Some scholars have interpreted it as a velar fricative. Nonetheless, neither language could distinguish velar from uvular fricatives. Other scholars have suggested that the Ugaritic evidence may show that "ḫ" represented more than one phoneme.
Known to descend from Proto-Indo-European "*h₂", "ḫ" is believed to descend from "*h₃" as well according to the laryngeal theory. In Proto-Indo-European, "*h₂" is known for coloring *e to *a. It has also been shown that "ḫ" colors neighboring /u/ to /ɔ/. Its coloring qualities in Hittite and Proto-Indo-European suggest a uvular place of articulation since uvular consonants are usually incompatible with advanced tongue root since they cause retraction of adjacent vowels. Moreover, a velar place of articulation could be dismissed since they do not typically color vowels but are instead more commonly influenced by vowels. Similarly, that evidence precludes the possibility of "ḫ" being a pharyngeal fricative, which usually triggers the fronting, rather than retraction, of vowels (e.g., Proto-Semitic *ḥarāṯum > Akkadian erēšum).
The natural outcome of "*h₂" is a geminate "ḫḫ", indicating a voiceless manner of articulation. Nevertheless, the scholars who support the fortis/lenis framework usually interpret it as a fortis consonant. Notably, it is also subject to Eichner's voicing rules. In other words, if a voiceless "ḫ" occurred intervocalic position between two unaccented syllables or after a long accented syllable, it would be regularly voiced. Therefore, a phonemic distinction between "ḫḫ" and "ḫ" can be observed in the Hittite lexicon, just like in the stop system. Eichner's voicing law has also been observed in other Anatolian languages like Lycian (compare the verbal decinence Hittite -ḫḫaḫari and Lycian -χagã).
Labialization
Hittite had four labialized obstruents: two velar plosives and two uvular fricatives.
Labialized velars are known to have developed from the Proto-Indo-European labiovelars. A classic example is the Proto-Indo-European root verb "*h₁égʷʰti ~ *h₁gʷʰénti" > "ekuzi ~ akuanzi". The idea that Hittite preserved Indo-European labiovelars as labialized velars instead of a velar + w, like in other centum languages, is supported by various anomalies in verbal roots containing labialized obstruents. For example, the first-person singular aorist of ekuzi "to drink" is "e-ku-un - [ɛ́gʷɔn]". However, if the "u" is vocalic, the expected *e-ku-nu-un occurs, as in Hittite vocalic stemmed verbs. That view is also strengthened by the first-person plural present form "a-ku-e-ni - [agwɛ́ni]", instead of the expected *a-ku-me-ni, as in Hittite true verbal u-stems.
It has also been noted that it can be written as "e-uk-zi - [ɛ́gʷt͡si]", which has been pointed out as an argument for assuming labialization as well, in which case the rounding happened with at the same time as the plosive instead of following it as a semivowel. The phenomena have also been attested in other verbs such as tarukzi/tarkuzi "he/she dances".
Similar observations can be made about the verb taruḫḫu- [tr̩χʷ-] "to overpower". Like the verb "eku-", "taruḫḫu-" also has an irregular first-person aorist for an u-stem noun (ta-ru-uḫ-ḫu-un instead of *ta-ru-uḫ-ḫu-un-un) and an irregular first person-plural aorist (tar-ḫu-u-en instead of *tar-uḫ-me-en). That would suggest that the Proto-Indo-European sequence "h₂u̯" became Hittite ḫu-u [χʷ]. Evidence of laryngeal labialization has been found outside Hittite: Lycian has Trqqñt- "Stormgod" < tr̥h₂u̯ént- "powerful", the "q" most likely representing a labialized velar plosive descending from the Proto-Indo-European segmental sequence "h₂u̯". Therefore, some scholars have regarded it to be an Anatolian feature, not exclusive to Hittite.
Vowels
It was debated by scholars whether Hittite had a vowel phoneme /ɔ(ː)/, distinct from the vowel /u(ː)/. The idea that the sign "u" stood for /ɔ(ː)/ and "ú" for /u(ː)/ was first proposed by Weidner since such a practice was paralleled in Hurrian and Akkadian. It had mainstream support only when Kloekhorst published in 2008 a detailed analysis of the distribution of both signs and showed that they appeared partially in a partial complementary distribution.
Plene spelling
Plene spelling is the practice of writing a vowel redundantly. Its use was never consistent at any stage of Hittite, but it was generally more common in earlier texts. It certainly must have represented some phonemic features, most obviously vowel length, as in ne-e-pí-iš, which should be analyzed phonologically as [nɛ́ːbis]. It has been argued that it could represent stress as well.
See also
Hittite language
Hittite cuneiform
Hittite grammar
Hittitology
Anatolian languages
Bedřich Hrozný
Harry Hoffner
Craig Melchert
Alwin Kloekhorst
Laryngeal theory
Notes
References
Huehnergard, J. (2011). A grammar of Akkadian (3rd ed.). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
Tropper, Josef. (2000). Ugaritische Grammatik. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 273. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
</ref>
Yoshida, Kazuhiko (2001). Hittite nu-za and Related Spellings, Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie. Würzburg, 4.-8. Oktober 1999 (ed. G. Wilhelm) (= ''Studien zu den Boǧazsköy-Texten 45), Wiesbaden, 721-729
Hittite language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20P.%20Moore%20Jr.
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James P. Moore Jr.
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James Patrick Moore Jr. (born 1953 in Illinois) is an author, professor, television commentator, lecturer, corporate executive, nonprofit CEO, and former senior government official. Today, he serves as the founder, President and CEO of the Washington Institute for Business, Government, and Society headquartered in Washington, D.C. Just prior to launching the Washington Institute, he taught international business, corporate ethics, and leadership and management at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University while sitting on a number of corporate and nonprofit boards both in the United States and overseas. He also served as Executive Director of the Business and Public Policy Initiative at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University.
Early life and education
Moore was born in Joliet, Illinois while his father, Dr. James P. Moore, was in medical residency. His mother, Dorothy Robinette Woodring Moore, was the head of the World War II Canteen at Joseph Horne Department Store in Pittsburgh and served as an assistant to the legendary Gwilym Price, President and CEO of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, in the years after the war.
The Moore family settled in Ford City, Pennsylvania in 1954 where Moore’s father set up his medical practice. Moore graduated from Kiskiminetas Springs School, better known as The Kiski School in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania in 1971 where he headed up several student organizations and founded what became the School's largest organization, the St. Andrew Society which helped serve the poor by donating groceries, books, toys, and educational supplies throughout the region. He then was graduated from Rutgers College of Rutgers University in 1975 with highest distinction in political science. It was there that he headed for two years the acclaimed Rutgers Glee Club, now known as the Rutgers University Glee Club. He then went on to receive a Masters in Public and International Affairs at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh in 1976.
Government career
From graduate school Moore was hired as a legislative assistant to Congressman William Ketchum, a Republican from Bakersfield, California who sat on the House Ways and Means Committee. After the Congressman’s death in 1978, he was named legislative director for the newly elected Congressman Charles Pashayan of Fresno, California. During his tenure on Capitol Hill he helped to draft several pieces of major legislation enacted into law related to business, government spending, and foreign policy.
In 1980 he decided to return to his legal residence in Western Pennsylvania to run for the U.S. House of Representatives. The political realities of reapportionment that year, however, prevented him from doing so. Consequently, he absorbed himself in the duties of the Board of the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, to which he had been appointed by President Ronald Reagan. He became heavily involved in the selection of a new executive director for the museum and was a major proponent and force in having the private sector underwrite a greater share of museum activities.
Three years later Commerce Secretary Malcolm Baldrige Jr. appointed Moore as his Deputy Assistant Secretary for Trade Information and Analysis as well as the Head of the U.S. delegation to the Industry Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris, France. As a result of a major reorganization within the Department, he soon was made responsible for monitoring, analyzing, promoting, and working with U.S. industry at home and abroad on behalf of the U.S. Government. He also worked with the Director-General of the U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service, now known as the United States Commercial Service in overseeing the commercial operations in U.S. embassies around the world. In addition he held the investment portfolio for the U.S. government in attracting foreign investment into the United States. During this period he traveled extensively throughout the United States and around the globe to represent and speak on behalf of the interests of U.S. industry, delivering numerous speeches, some of which were in French and German.
Moore also led a five-member U.S. delegation to Lisbon, Portugal in the aftermath of Portugal's accession to the European Union to advise the government and private sector regarding its views on how to work towards a greater free market economy after years of socialism. He also held the rank of ambassador while representing the United States before the Bureau of International Expositions in Paris, France.
The Secretary then asked him to serve as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Economic Policy. It was in this position that he worked with country desk officers to help execute and maintain bilateral and multilateral trade and economic relationships. He headed negotiations on behalf of the U.S. Government with such countries as China, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia. He helped to initiate talks with Canada that led to the creation of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement which later was absorbed into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). He also was one of the senior negotiators in launching the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations which led to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
In 1988 he was named the chief negotiator for the United States and worked with a team of forty U.S. officials across different departments and agencies in concluding what would become the last trade and economic agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. He worked closely with Secretary of Commerce C. William Verity, the former CEO of Armco (known today as AK Steel Holding), Chairman of the Board of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and Chairman of the U.S.-Soviet Business Council. Verity had been a long time business and political authority on the Soviet Union. With his support and that of President Reagan, Moore advanced creating a series of business joint ventures between U.S. and Soviet business leaders in response to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's opening up of the Soviet market, better known as perestroika. The rationale for doing so was to allow Soviet businesses to understand how the free market worked in the West and to find ways to see how U.S. and Soviet businesses could work together into the future. Moore also addressed the sensitive issue of the Soviet Jewish community which faced immigration quotas at the time. He met privately with Jewish leaders both inside and outside the Soviet Union to explain the government's approach and to ensure that the position of the U.S. Government in moving forward with an agreement would be help advance the objectives of Soviet Jewry.
It was during this period that President Ronald Reagan nominated Moore to serve as Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Trade Development. Confirmed unanimously by the U.S. Senate, he worked with nine deputy assistant secretaries covering such U.S. industrial sectors as aerospace, textiles, services, consumer goods, basic industries, and high technology. He also was confirmed unanimously to be a member of the Board of the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) and sat on the board of the Export-Import Bank of the United States (ex officio) where he was involved in helping to provide some of the first financing of projects in the former Communist countries of Eastern and Central Europe. He also was a member of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), which reviewed sensitive foreign investments in the United States pertaining to national security. In addition, he served simultaneously as U.S. Ambassador to the Bureau of International Expositions in Paris, France.
Immediate post-government career
At the conclusion of the Reagan Administration, Moore was named a distinguished fellow at the business school of the University of Colorado, Denver. During that time, he helped trigger the launch of the Global Forum in Aspen, Colorado which brought together global leaders from business, government, and academia to discuss critical issues of the day. Serving as its chairman, with the university serving as the secretariat, he helped organize its first conference on the post-Communist transition of the Soviet Union. The four-day meeting, covered gavel to gavel by C-SPAN, consisted of top business and political leaders from the United States and the Soviet Union. Several of the Soviet participants would later be appointed ministers by Soviet President Boris Yeltsin and Russian President Vladimir Putin.
During this period Moore founded ATI, an investment banking firm, with offices in Washington, London, Doha, and Moscow. He also accepted the Vice Chairmanship of the International Press Center and Club in Moscow, whose mission was to work with journalists from the former Soviet Union to provide understanding and technical know how on the workings of a free press. The multimillion-dollar complex hosted President Yeltsin and world leaders who delivered speeches on a wide range of subjects, much like the National Press Club in Washington.
American Prayer Project
Beginning in October 1997, Moore became engaged in writing the first of three books on the subject of prayer in the context of American history. He quickly found through the Library of Congress that nothing had been written on the topic. That discovery led him to begin to research and ultimately write One Nation Under God: The History of Prayer in America and its publication on November 1, 2005 by Doubleday.
The book was adapted into an audio production by Random House Audio. Joining Moore in reading the book were 20 prominent Americans who gave voices to the characters in his book. Some of those narrators were Senator John McCain (Stonewall Jackson, George Patton), actor Roscoe Lee Browne (Benjamin Franklin, Frederick Douglass), journalist Hugh Sidey (Abraham Lincoln, Walt Disney), Broadway star Ben Vereen (spirituals of the slaves), and historic novelist Gail Buckley (Harriet Tubman, Eleanor Roosevelt). U.S. Senate Chaplain Lloyd John Ogilvie, actor David Conrad (Woodrow Wilson, Douglas MacArthur, J.C.Penney) and U.S. House Chaplain Daniel Coughlin recreated the prayers they delivered to their respective chambers the day after September 11, 2001, and former astronaut Frank Borman recited the prayer he transmitted on Apollo 8 from space to earth on Christmas in 1968.
The book also led to the creation of a series of music CDs by PBA Music Publishing, the first entitled The Many Voices of One Nation Under God. This part of the American Prayer Project was launched to show how American genre music is rooted in prayer from African American Spirituals (i.e., jazz, rhythm and blues, gospel) to the hymns of Appalachia (i.e., folk, country). The eclectic mix of composers and performers such as Leonard Bernstein, Loretta Lynn, Tupac Shakur, and Dave Brubeck show how prayer has become the inspiration to even contemporary music. Moore wrote the liner notes.
In turn, the book was brought to the television screen in a public television miniseries entitled Prayer in America. The Emmy award-winning Duncan Group produced the film with Moore acting as the consulting producer. The project, including its outreach across the United States through Outreach Extensions, was funded by a grant from the Templeton Foundation.
The film also generated a five-part program that will be video streamed into public, private, and parochial middle schools and high schools across the United States. The multimedia firm Questar distributed the program in the fall of 2008.
The American Prayer Project produced The Treasury of American Prayer, also published by Doubleday, and The Crossings Treasury of American Prayer, published by Crossings Publishers in the fall of 2008. Both books are a compilation of prayers written by Americans over the years and provide descriptions of those prayers to put them and their authors into their proper and historical context.
The American Prayer Project was launched on November 8, 2005 at Washington National Cathedral. In conjunction with the Interfaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington, Moore served as the host for the evening with performers from a dozen faith traditions.
One Nation Under God: The History of Prayer in America was also published in a "Patriot's Edition", the proceeds of which were contributed to the soldiers wounded in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.
Academia, lectures and commentary
Moore has taught international business, ethics, and management and leadership at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University since 1999. In 2009 he headed an academic and business executive team to China to discuss the global economic crisis and to help educate young Chinese and Indian entrepreneurs on the realities of the global marketplace. He has received several awards by the faculty and students for outstanding teaching.
He has lectured at universities and colleges around the United States including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania, and all of the United States service academies. He also has lectured at universities in Europe, the Middle East, Japan, and China. In addition he has addressed a wide range of audiences outside of academia from the medical staff of the Mayo Clinic to senior corporate executives at such companies as 3M, Merck, Ciba-Geigy, and the New York Stock Exchange. In 2011 and 2012 he addressed the senior executives of British corporations during the annual meeting of the Confederation of British Industry.
For more than a dozen years, Moore has been a guest commentator on CNBC, CNN, the Fox News Channel and other news programs, discussing issues from political and economic hotspots around the world to domestic politics in the United States and their impact on the domestic and global economy. His articles and speeches have been translated into dozens of languages. He was the first Westerner to be interviewed on Al Jazeera television when it was launched in 1966.
He also has written op-ed articles on a variety of subjects for the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post, Boston Globe, and Los Angeles Times.
Moore also has written th prefaces to the books Dream World, Midnight Musings, and Surviving Hard Times by Magda Herzberger, a survivor of the Holocaust and the Nazi camps of Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, and Bremen. He also has written the preface to her latest book Midnight Musings.
Awards
Texas Legislature Resolution of Commendation (H.R. 13), Austin, Texas
Inductee, Ford City Hall of Fame, Ford City, Pennsylvania
Distinguished Alumnus Award, the Kiski School (Kiskiminetas Springs School), Saltsburg, Pennsylvania
Beta Gamma Sigma Professorial Honoree, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
[Padre Pio] Award, Capuchin Franciscan Friars, Province of St. Augustine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Senate Resolution of Commendation, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Distinguished Teaching Award, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
The CSFN Award, Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth and Holy Family College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Cap and Skull Society (Honorary), Rutgers College of Rutgers University
Distinguished Fellow, University of Colorado Denver Business School, Denver, Colorado
Selected board and council memberships
The Kiski School
Harvey Nash (Global)
Harvey Nash (USA)
APCO
Center for Natural Lands Management
References
External links
American Prayer Project
""'One Nation Under God: The History of Prayer in America""' – The Book (Doubleday)
""'One Nation Under God: The History of Prayer in America""' - The Audio (Random House)
""'Prayer in America""' - The Film (Duncan Group)
""'Prayer in America""' - The School Program (Questar)
""'The Many Voices of One Nation Under God""' - The Music CD
""'The Treasury of American Prayer""'
""'The Crossings Treasury of American Prayer""'
""'Houston Chronicle""'
Miscellaneous
(Georgetown University)
Television Commentary (CNBC)
Lecture and Media Agent (Greater Talent Network)
Selected opinion/editorial articles
Five Myths About Our Sputtering Economy [New York Times]
Outsourcing and the 21st Century Economy (with Craig Barrett, former CEO, Intel) - [Wall Street Journal]
American Prayers, on D-Day and Today [Washington Post] More Than Just a Man of Firsts'' [Washington Post]
1953 births
Living people
People from Joliet, Illinois
American television personalities
Rutgers University alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
People from Ford City, Pennsylvania
The Kiski School alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC%20Columbus
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ABC Columbus
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ABC Columbus can refer to:
WSYX, the ABC television affiliate in Columbus, Ohio.
WTVM, the ABC television affiliate in Columbus, Georgia.
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788071
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handy
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Handy
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Handy may refer to:
Handy, the term for mobile phone in German-speaking countries
Handy (company), an American cleaning and home services firm
Handy, an emulator for the Atari Lynx, also a development name of Lynx itself
Places
United States
Handy, Georgia
Handy, Benton County, Indiana
Handy, Monroe County, Indiana
Handy, Missouri
Handy Township, Michigan
Handy, North Carolina
Elsewhere
Handy Cross, Buckinghamshire, England
People
Handy (surname)
Jack Handey, American comedian
Entertainment
Handy Awards, named after W. C. Handy, which were renamed the Blues Music Awards in 2006.
Handy Smurf, a character from The Smurfs
Handy (Happy Tree Friends), character from Happy Tree Friends
Handy (magazine), owned by North American Membership Group
"Handy" (song), recorded by "Weird Al" Yankovic in 2014
See also
Handy Andy (disambiguation)
Handy Board
Handy Man (disambiguation)
Handy Writers' Colony
Handy class destroyer
Handycam
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54298858
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcille
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Marcille
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Marcille is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Eudoxe Marcille (1814–1890), French painter, museum director, art school director, and art collector
Eva Marcille (born 1984), American actress, model, and television personality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20of%20Coins
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Six of Coins
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The Six of Coins, or Six of Pentacles, is a card used in Latin suited playing cards which include tarot decks. It is part of what tarot card readers call the "Minor Arcana"
Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play Tarot card games.
In English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, Tarot cards came to be utilized primarily for divinatory purposes.
Divination usage
A merchant weighs money in a pair of scales and distributes it to the needy and distressed, signifying the redistribution of wealth and gratification. This card also questions the motives of charity, and the inherent power dynamics, for example the societal expectations on recipients to be "grateful" and behave accordingly. It also raises the question of who benefits from charity, is it the recipient or the giver?
The scales are symbolic of a balance or imbalance, in the distribution of wealth, resources and power, which can also be interpreted as pointing to the balances or imbalances in personal relationships.
Reversed, the card represents desire, cupidity, envy, jealousy and illusion.
References
Suit of Coins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor
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Victor
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Victor or Viktor may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Film
Victor (1951 film), a French drama film
Victor (1993 film), a French short film
Victor (2008 film), a 2008 TV film about Canadian swimmer Victor Davis
Victor (2009 film), a French comedy
Victor, a 2017 film about Victor Torres by Brandon Dickerson
Viktor (film), a 2014 Franco/Russian film
Music
Victor (album), a 1996 album by Alex Lifeson
"Victor", a song from the 1979 album Eat to the Beat by Blondie
Businesses
Victor Talking Machine Company, early 20th century American recording company, forerunner of RCA Victor
Victor Company of Japan, usually known as JVC, a Japanese electronics corporation
Victor Entertainment, or JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment, a Japanese record label
Victor Interactive Software, a Japanese video game software publisher and developer
Victor Technology, known earlier as Victor Adding Machine Co. and Victor Comptometer, an American calculator company
Victor (sports company), a Taiwanese manufacturer of sporting equipment
Military
Victor-class submarine, NATO designation of a class of Soviet submarines
Handley Page Victor, a Cold War era British strategic bomber aircraft
Victor, the letter "V" in the NATO phonetic alphabet
People and fictional characters
Victor (name), including a list of people with the given name, mononym, or surname
Places in the United States
Victor, Arkansas
Victor, California
Victor, Colorado
Victor, Idaho
Victor, Indiana
Victor, Iowa
Victor, Kansas
Victor, Montana
Victor, New York
Victor (village), New York
Victor, South Dakota
Victor, Utah
Victor, Fayette County, West Virginia
Victor, Kanawha County, West Virginia
Victor Township (disambiguation)
Other uses
Victor (champion), the winner in a challenge, contest or competition
Victor (symbol), an emblem in some Spanish and Latin American universities
Victor, formerly Empire Ben, a ship
Victor, Wanswerd, a Dutch windmill
Tropical Storm Victor. various storms named Victor
TVS Victor, a motorcycle by TVS Motor Company
Victor 3900, an old computor
See also
Saint-Victor (disambiguation), various places in France
The Victor (disambiguation)
Victoria (disambiguation)
Viktoria (disambiguation)
Viktorija (disambiguation)
Victorinus (disambiguation)
Victory (disambiguation)
Vicky
Viktors
Victor Harbor (disambiguation)
Wiktor (name)
Pobednik ('The Victor'), a monument in Belgrade
Victa, Victa mowers
Vektor SS-77, a type of gun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckerman%2C%20Arkansas
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Tuckerman, Arkansas
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Tuckerman is a city in Jackson County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 1,862 at the 2010 census.
Each year on the second weekend of May, Tuckerman hosts Hometown Days, for the town and fundraiser for the Tuckerman Volunteer Ambulance Service.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which , or 0.22%, is water.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,707 people, 857 households, and 537 families residing in the city.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,757 people, 769 households, and 519 families residing in the city. The population density was 830.0 people per square mile (320.0/km). There were 834 housing units at an average density of 394.0 per square mile (151.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 89.70% White, 8.71% Black or African American, 0.80% Native American, and 0.80% from two or more races. 0.91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 769 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,000, and the median income for a family was $33,512. Males had a median income of $27,750 versus $19,621 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,803. About 10.8% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Tuckerman is the home of the Jackson County School District and Tuckerman High School. The school district formed on July 1, 1993 due to the merger of the Tuckerman School District and the Grubbs School District.
Infrastructure
Notable people
Bob Barner, Author/Illustrator of many books for children. Born in Tuckerman, childhood in Eastlake, Ohio.
Jim Barnes, basketball player, Olympic gold medalist, top pick of 1964 NBA draft.
Bobby Winkles, baseball coach at Arizona State University and in Major League Baseball.
References
Cities in Jackson County, Arkansas
Cities in Arkansas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tielman%20Susato
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Tielman Susato
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Tielman (or Tylman) Susato (c. 1510/15 – after 1570) was a Renaissance composer, instrumentalist and publisher of music in Antwerp.
Biography
While Susato's exact place of birth is unknown, some scholars believe that because of his name—Susato meaning de Soest, of the town of Soest — he may be from the town of that name in Westphalia, or the town of Soest in The Netherlands.
Not much is known about his early life, but he begins appearing in various Antwerp archives of around 1530 working as a calligrapher as well as an instrumentalist: trumpet, flute and tenor pipe are listed as instruments that he owned.
In 1543, he founded the first music publishing house using movable music type in the Low Countries. He could be found in Antwerp, "At the Sign of the Crumhorn." Until Susato set up his press in Antwerp, music printing had been done mainly in Italy, France and Germany. Soon afterwards, Susato was joined by Petrus Phalesius the Elder in Leuven and Christopher Plantin, also in Antwerp, and the Low Countries became a regional center of music publishing. It is possible that Susato also ran a musical instrument business, and he attempted several times to form partnerships with other publishers but none was successful. In 1561 his son Jacob Susato, who died in 1564, took over his publishing business. Tielman Susato first moved to Alkmaar, North Holland, and later to Sweden. The last known record of him dates from 1570.
Susato was also an accomplished composer. He wrote (and published) several books of masses and motets which are in the typical imitative polyphonic style of the time. He also wrote two books of chansons which were specifically designed to be sung by young, inexperienced singers: they are for only two or three voices. Most important of his publications in terms of distribution and influence were the Souterliedekens of Clemens non Papa, which were metrical psalm settings in Dutch, using the tunes of popular songs. They were hugely popular in the Netherlands in the 16th century.
Susato also was a prolific composer of instrumental music, and much of it is still recorded and performed today. He produced one book of dance music in 1551, Het derde musyck boexken ... alderhande danserye, composed of pieces in simple but artistic arrangement. Most of these pieces are dance forms (allemandes, galliards, and so forth).
Often Susato dedicated his publications to prominent citizens of the town. Sometimes he devoted an entire volume to the works of one composer (for example Manchicourt and Crecquillon). Not surprisingly, he seems to have favored other Flemish composers as subjects for publication. He was also one of the first to publish music of the acclaimed late Renaissance composer Orlande de Lassus.
Works
Sources
Keith Polk (ed.), Tielman Susato and the Music of His Time. Print Culture, Compositional Technique and Instrumental Music in the Renaissance. Hillsdale/N.Y., Pendragon Press 2005, (partly online)
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ()
Articles "Printing and publishing of music," "Tielman Susato," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ()
Dansereye 1551, performed by the New London Consort, Philip Pickett, conducting. Decca Record Company, London, 1993.
Kristine K. Forney, "New Documents on the Life of Tielman Susato, Sixteenth-Century Music Printer and Musician," Revue belge de Musicologie/Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap, Vol. 36/38, (1982 - 1984), pp. 18–52. Published by: Societe Belge de Musicologie.
External links
Score of Le premier Livre des chansons à deux ou à troix parties by Tielman Susato, Anvers 1544
Videos
Tielman Susato: Rondo 1: pour quoy played by Classical Jam
Tielman Susato: Bergerette played by Classical Jam
1510s births
1570s deaths
Renaissance composers
Renaissance music printers
Sheet music publishers (people)
People from Antwerp
Male classical composers
16th-century Dutch businesspeople
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlowerChecker
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FlowerChecker
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FlowerChecker is a European plant identification company headquartered in Brno, Czech Republic. Besides plants, FlowerChecker also aims at the identification of mosses, lichens, and fungi. It was established in 2014 by Ondřej Veselý, Jiří Řihák, and Ondřej Vild, Ph.D. students at that time.
Features & Tools
FlowerChecker offers two different solutions - FlowerChecker mobile app and Plant.id API.
FlowerChecker app was launched in April 2014 on Android and later in the same year on iOS. It requires users to send photographs of the object they want to identify. Thereafter, the photographs are sent to an international team of botany and horticulture experts for examination.
Plant.id is a machine learning-based plant identification API launched in 2018. Plant.id API is suitable for incorporation into other software and can be used for other applications. It can be also used for non-profit objectives, such as for environmental research or for students. High identification accuracy can be achieved by combining several images of different plant organs.
Recognition
In 2019, FlowerChecker was awarded the Idea of the Year at the AI Awards organized by the Confederation of Industry of the Czech Republic. In 2020, an academic study comparing ten free automated image recognition apps showed that Plant.id’s performance excelled in most studied parameters.
References
Applied machine learning
Czech companies established in 2014
Software companies of the Czech Republic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot%20Earley%20Jnr
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Dermot Earley Jnr
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Dermot Earley Junior (born 7 July 1978) is a Gaelic football player, who played inter-county football for Kildare and club football with Sarsfields Newbridge. He is the son of former Roscommon footballer and former Kildare manager the late Dermot Earley, brother of Kildare footballer David Earley and nephew of Roscommon footballer Paul Earley.
Earley was a regular player for Kildare at midfield position for more than 15 years and his performances won him All Star Awards in 1998 and 2009. He reached the 1998 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final with Kildare, and won Leinster medals in 1998 and again in 2000 after the replay against neighbours Dublin.
He retired from inter-county football in 2013.
In January 2017, Earley was named as the new chief executive of the Gaelic Players Association, replacing Dessie Farrell who stepped down in December 2016.
Honours
Club
Kildare Senior Football Championship (4): 1999, 2001, 2005, 2012
Kildare Senior Football League Division 1 (2): 2007, 2012
Kildare Minor Football Championship (1): 1996
'Intercounty
Leinster Senior Football Championship (2): 1998, 2000
All Star (2): 1998, 2009
References
1978 births
Living people
Kildare inter-county Gaelic footballers
Sarsfields (Kildare) Gaelic footballers
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12559331
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond%20Devlin
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Desmond Devlin
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Desmond Devlin is an American comedy writer. His work has appeared in Mad since 1984, and with more than 450 bylined articles, he ranks as one of the magazine's three most frequent non-illustrating writers.
Devlin's recurring features have included "Melvin and Jenkins' Guide to ," "Badly-Needed Warning Labels for Rock Albums," "Chilling Thoughts," "Stuff My Friend Moish Says," "Pop-Off Videos," "Mad Deconstructs Talk Shows" and "Graphic Novel Review." He has also written over fifty TV and movie parodies for the magazine, including all eight of the Harry Potter films and all six installments of the Lord of the Rings/Hobbit film series.
He was nominated for a 2001 Harvey Award for Best Writer for his work at Mad. He was also nominated for a CableACE award in 1994 for the game show Rumor Has It.
In September 2020, with Mad having been reduced to a primarily reprint format, Devlin and Mad artist Tom Richmond announced that they were crowdfunding a book of newly-created movie parodies called Claptrap. They launched their Indiegogo campaign with the completed two-page opening spread for "Star Worse: Plagiarizing Skywalker", a spoof of the ninth film in the Star Wars saga. The book will also include takeoffs of older popular or iconic films that Mad had for various reasons opted not to parody at the time of their releases. The other eleven films are The Big Lebowski, Blade Runner, The Blues Brothers, Citizen Kane, Die Hard, Goodfellas, The Princess Bride, Psycho, The Shawshank Redemption, Toy Story 4 and Unforgiven.
References
External links
Complete list of Devlin's MAD articles
Mad (magazine) people
American comedy writers
American comics writers
American satirists
Parodists
Living people
Hunter College High School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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25024296
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranz
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Kranz
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Kranz may refer to:
Kranz (surname)
Kranz Maduke, fictional character in Black Cat comic series
See also
Frankfurter Kranz, cake
Krantz, a surname
Cranz (disambiguation)
Crantz (1722–1799), European botanist & physician Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz
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19832462
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3ra%2C%20Legionowo%20County
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Góra, Legionowo County
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Góra is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wieliszew, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Wieliszew, west of Legionowo, and north-west of Warsaw.
The village has a population of 740.
References
Villages in Legionowo County
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13317254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Battle%20Force
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Air Battle Force
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Air Battle Force is a 2003 thriller novel written by Dale Brown.
Critical reception
Jeremy Magadevan of the New Straits Times described the novel as "sleep-inducing" and said that readers should "mail it to a terrorist and wait for him to die of boredom".
References
External links
Christian Sauvé, book review, April 2006
2003 American novels
Novels by Dale Brown
American thriller novels
Aviation novels
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20793584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimieras%20Uoka
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Kazimieras Uoka
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Kazimieras Uoka (4 March 1951 – 16 July 2016) was a Lithuanian politician and signatory of the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
Born in Kaunas, Uoka received a degree in history from Vilnius University in 1976. He was a leader of the labor movement in the early years of the independence movement.
References
1951 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from Kaunas
Vilnius University alumni
Members of the Seimas
21st-century Lithuanian politicians
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45324283
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslao%20Salgado
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Wenceslao Salgado
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Wenceslao Salgado (28 April 1900 – 29 July 1980) was a Peruvian sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m pistol event at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Salgado won a bronze medal in the 1951 Pan American Games 50 metres pistol team competition.
References
1900 births
1980 deaths
Peruvian male sport shooters
Olympic shooters of Peru
Shooters at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Lima
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Peru
Pan American Games medalists in shooting
Shooters at the 1951 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games
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57499194
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20Avenue
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Cathedral Avenue
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Cathedral Avenue is a short lane situated in Perth between St Georges Terrace and Hay Street east of Barrack Street within the Cathedral Square precinct.
Sometimes it was shown as St. George's Avenue. Cathedral Avenue operates as an access route to both the Treasury Buildings and to St George's Cathedral for formal functions.
History
Changes in the buildings along the course of the lane have revealed a range of significant buildings in the city centre.
References
Streets in Perth central business district, Western Australia
Cathedral Square, Perth
Odonyms referring to a building
Odonyms referring to religion
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70200988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20CNBC%20Prime%27s%20The%20Profit%20200
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2013 CNBC Prime's The Profit 200
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The 2013 CNBC Prime's The Profit 200 was the 17th stock car race of the 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series and the 24th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, July 13, 2013, in Loudon, New Hampshire, at New Hampshire Motor Speedway a 1.058 miles (1.703 km) permanent, oval-shaped, low-banked racetrack. The race was extended from its scheduled 200 laps to 2013 due to multiple green–white–checker finishes. At race's end, Kyle Busch, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would defend the field on a drama-filled final restart to complete a dominant run in the race. The win was Busch's 58th career NASCAR Nationwide Series win and his seventh win of the season. To fill out the podium, Brian Vickers of Joe Gibbs Racing and Austin Dillon of Richard Childress Racing would finish second and third, respectively.
Background
New Hampshire Motor Speedway is a 1.058-mile (1.703 km) oval speedway located in Loudon, New Hampshire, which has hosted NASCAR racing annually since the early 1990s, as well as the longest-running motorcycle race in North America, the Loudon Classic. Nicknamed "The Magic Mile", the speedway is often converted into a 1.6-mile (2.6 km) road course, which includes much of the oval.
The track was originally the site of Bryar Motorsports Park before being purchased and redeveloped by Bob Bahre. The track is currently one of eight major NASCAR tracks owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports.
Entry list
(R) denotes rookie driver.
(i) denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.
*Withdrew to qualify for Dexter Stacey.
Practice
First practice
The first practice session was held on Friday, July 12, at 11:00 AM EST, and would last for 50 minutes. Regan Smith of JR Motorsports would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 29.720 and an average speed of .
Second and final practice
The second and final practice session, sometimes referred to as Happy Hour, was held on Friday, July 12, at 1:40 PM EST, and would last for one hour and 20 minutes. Regan Smith of JR Motorsports would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 29.330 and an average speed of .
Qualifying
Qualifying was held on Saturday, July 13, at 10:05 AM EST. Each driver would have two laps to set a fastest time; the fastest of the two would count as their official qualifying lap.
Kyle Busch of Joe Gibbs Racing would win the pole, setting a time of 28.873 and an average speed of .
Two drivers would fail to qualify: Morgan Shepherd and Mike Harmon.
Full qualifying results
Race results
References
2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series
NASCAR races at New Hampshire Motor Speedway
July 2013 sports events in the United States
2013 in sports in New Hampshire
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5666700
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20Ray%20Smith
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Michelle Ray Smith
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Michelle Ray Smith (born September 24, 1974) is an American soap opera actress and underwear model.
Career
Smith has been featured in the Victoria’s Secret catalogue, and has been seen nationally in television commercials for Listerine, Noxzema, Oil of Olay, Dannon, and a well-known and recognized spot for Dentyne Ice. She currently resides in Brooklyn, New York.
In August 2005, Smith was introduced as a contract player on the daytime soap opera Guiding Light. She played Ava Peralta, a newcomer to the fictional town of Springfield. She left the role in July 2008 after the birth of her son, Jake. In 2009, she had a supporting role on Law & Order: SVU in the episode "Snatched" where she played Liz Rinaldi. In 2010, she had a supporting role in the film Salt, starring Angelina Jolie, and played the female lead role alongside Robert Englund in the independent film Inkubus.
Personal life
Smith became a mother to a son named Jake on July 8, 2008.
References
1974 births
Living people
American female models
American soap opera actresses
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
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1811323
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Helens%20South%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29
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St Helens South (UK Parliament constituency)
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St Helens South was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
Boundaries
The Borough of St Helens wards of Eccleston, Grange Park, Marshalls Cross, Parr and Hardshaw, Queen's Park, Rainhill, Sutton and Bold, Thatto Heath, and West Sutton.
The constituency was one of two covering the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, the other being St Helens North. It contained the southern part of the borough including the town centre of St Helens, the south of the town, Clock Face and Rainhill.
Following recommendations made by the Boundary Commission for England, St Helens South was replaced with a new St Helens South and Whiston constituency, which includes three wards from Knowsley borough.
History
The forerunner seat had been represented by members of the Labour Party since 1935.
The constituency was formed in 1983, and was represented by Labour's Gerry Bermingham from then until he stood down in 2001. He was replaced by Shaun Woodward, who had defected from the Conservatives to Labour in December 1999. Woodward was deemed unlikely to retain his Witney constituency in Oxfordshire as a Labour candidate (it was subsequently won by David Cameron, former Leader of the Conservatives and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom), and was instead selected for this safe seat. Woodward had won all three elections however he lost his position in the cabinet because of the Labour party defeat to the Liberal Democrat-Conservative coalition government in the 2010 general election.
Members of Parliament
Elections
Elections in the 1980s
Elections in the 1990s
Elections in the 2000s
See also
List of Parliamentary constituencies on Merseyside
Notes and references
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1983
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 2010
Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens
Parliamentary constituencies in North West England (historic)
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22581672
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melieria%20clara
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Melieria clara
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Melieria clara is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Melieria of the family Ulidiidae.
References
Melieria
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68630762
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niang%20pao
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Niang pao
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Niang pao () is a derogatory Chinese term for men perceived to be effeminate.
Overview
Niang pao literally translates to "girlie guns / girlie cannons" but is more commonly translated as "sissy". It is generally used as an insult for effeminate men. Because of this it is considered to be a gender based slur.
History
The Chinese Communist Party used the term in a 2018 Xinhua item intended to show its preference for the portrayal of virile Chinese men on the Internet.
In 2018, the official WeChat account of People’s Daily published a commentary denouncing “such derogatory phrases including ‘niangpao,’” and called for respect and tolerance of diversified aesthetics.
In 2019 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences endorsed the theory that the United States Central Intelligence Agency initiated the phenomenon with a deliberate "campaign to 'brainwash' Asian men" starting in 1962 in Japan with the Johnny & Associates talent agency.
The National Radio and Television Administration used the term in a 2021 edict condemning the television portrayal of effeminate men, as part of Xi Jinping's broader crackdown on gender differences and non-conforming social identities. The Guardian noted Chinese television programs Youth With You and Produce 101 as examples that were targeted.
See also
Little fresh meat
References
Further reading
Chinese slang
Effeminacy
Gay effeminacy
Pejorative terms for men
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56993558
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Central%20Arkansas%20Bears%20in%20the%20NFL%20Draft
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List of Central Arkansas Bears in the NFL Draft
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This is a list of Central Arkansas Bears football players in the NFL Draft.
Key
Selections
References
Central Arkansas
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49555881
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2014%20Q1%20%28PanSTARRS%29
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C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
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C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) is a non-periodic/long period comet discovered in August 2014 by The Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS)
Orbital Properties Info
Comet PanSTARRS (C/2014 Q1)
Discovery Date: August 2014
Last Perihelion: July 6, 2015 & 12:15:01 UTC
Next Perihelion: Unknown
Orbital Period: 40,343.2700 years
Semi Major Axis: 175,968,123,726 km
Eccentricity: 0.99973254
Inclination: 43.10640632
Argument of Perihelion: 120.046973107°
Longitude of the ascending node: 8.76268729392°
Non-periodic comets
Discoveries by Pan-STARRS
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15399562
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Leslie
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Arthur Leslie
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Arthur Leslie Scottorn Broughton (8 December 1899 – 30 June 1970), better known as Arthur Leslie, was a British actor and playwright, best known for original character of public house landlord Jack Walker in television soap Coronation Street.
Early life
Leslie was born in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, but moved to Lancashire at an early age. During World War I, he served on board various convoys in the north of the Atlantic Ocean.
Career
His first job was in 1916 at the Old Queen's Theatre in Farnworth, and he also had a spell as actor-director at the Hippodrome theatre in Wigan.
Leslie's best known role is as Jack Walker, genial landlord of the Rovers Return Inn in television soap Coronation Street. Jack ran the pub alongside his wife Annie (played by Doris Speed). The Walkers were extremely popular characters, and both Leslie and Speed were much liked and respected by fellow cast members. Jack appeared in the show from the second episode on 14 December 1960 until his last appearance on 24 June 1970.
In addition to acting, Leslie was also a playwright, and wrote under the name "Arthur S. Broughton". One such play, Welcome Little Stranger, enjoyed success in repertory theatre.
Death
On 30 June 1970, six days after his last appearance on Coronation Street, Leslie died suddenly of a heart attack whilst on holiday in Wales. His character, Jack Walker, was the first character to be written out of the soap following the death of the actor who played them, by means that he suffered the same fate. Out of respect for Leslie's family, Jack's funeral took place off-screen, and his death (unlike those of future characters who were written out for the same reason) was presented as a known fact to the main characters from the beginning of the episode broadcast on 8 July 1970, and did not dominate the storyline. Doris Speed considered leaving the programme as well, but was persuaded to stay, which she did until 1983. Leslie is buried in the churchyard of St Stephen on-the-Cliffs in Blackpool. He was survived by his wife of 45 years, Betty Powell, and their son, actor Tony Broughton, who would go on to appear in several episodes of Coronation Street.
References
External links
English male stage actors
1899 births
1970 deaths
English male soap opera actors
Royal Navy personnel of World War I
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25432578
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Ford%20%28ice%20hockey%29
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Mike Ford (ice hockey)
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Mike Ford (born July 26, 1952, in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 233 games in the World Hockey Association for the Winnipeg Jets and Calgary Cowboys.
External links
1952 births
Living people
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Calgary Cowboys players
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Düsseldorfer EG players
EHC Freiburg players
Füchse Duisburg players
Frölunda HC players
Sportspeople from Ottawa
Kölner Haie players
Port Huron Wings players
Winnipeg Jets (WHA) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
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3317230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20and%20the%20Sprites
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Johnny and the Sprites
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Johnny and the Sprites is an American children's musical television show that aired every weekend on the "Playhouse Disney" block on Disney Channel. The show was created by, produced by, and starred John Tartaglia (most famous for his work on Avenue Q). The show's theme song was written by Stephen Schwartz. Each episode of the show features a musical number, many of which are written by various notable Broadway composers such as Gary Adler, Bobby Lopez, Laurence O'Keefe, Michael Patrick Walker, and others. The Sprites and all of the other creatures that inhabit Johnny's world were designed by Michael Schupbach. The set was designed by Laura Brock.
The series premiered on October 9, 2005 with five 5-minute-long shorts, which continually played on Disney Channel's programming. However, due to extremely positive audience reaction, the show was renewed for half-hour shows in 2007. The current episodes can also be viewed on the Disney Channel's official website. The show was then renewed for a second season of half-hour episodes, which were filmed in fall 2007 at Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, New York City. The second season premiered on January 19, 2008.
The show follows Johnny T (Tartaglia), a songwriter who moves into a house given to him by his great-uncle. There, he discovers little magical creatures called "sprites," who introduce him to their fantasy world. In return, Johnny shows the sprites, named Ginger (Leslie Carrara-Rudolph), Basil (Tim Lagasse), Lily (Carmen Osbahr) and Root (Heather Asch) what it is to be human, teaching them lessons through song, dance, and entertainment.
In October 2007, Disney-MGM Studios presented a live version of the show as part of the Playhouse Disney in Concert shows.
In the Spanish dubbed version of the program, Johnny's voice is dubbed by the host of Playhouse Disney Latin America, Diego Topa.
Beginning on March 23, 2012, the show reran on the Disney Junior channel and was removed on September 3, 2013.
Full series
Johnny and the Sprites premiered as a full 25-minute series on January 13, 2007 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The series features more elaborate sets, such as a reflecting pond and the Sprites' home in Grotto's Grove. Three new Sprites were added: Lily, a water Sprite played by Carmen Osbahr; Root, "a budding earth Sprite" played by Heather Asch; and Sage, the wisest of the Sprites, also played by Tartaglia. Natalie Venetia Belcon (who, along with fellow cast member John Tartaglia also had a role in (Avenue Q) plays Gwen, a recurring character who, as a running gag, holds a different occupation in each episode. She always explains that, "You never know what you can do, until you try something new." Johnny's sister Tina (Sutton Foster) has also appeared.
Each show consists of two 10-minute mini-episodes. Each episode also features the song "Heads Up!" by Gary Adler and Phoebe Kreutz, performed by Johnny, Lily, Root, Ginger, and Basil in between the two 10-minute episodes.
Characters
Johnny is a young composer who comes to live in his great uncle's old house to work on his music. He is the star of the show.
Gwen is Johnny's neighbor and friend. She is always "trying something new" and often has a different job every time she visits. In Season 2, Gwen meets the Sprites.
Basil is a light green and green Earth Sprite with glasses. He's very smart and knows a great deal about Sprite history and gardening.
Ginger is a pink and purple Air Sprite with a spunky, sporty attitude.
Lily is a blue and purple Water Sprite who is able to speak Spanish. She's very in touch with nature and loves to paint.
Root is the youngest, shyest, and smallest of the Sprites. Root is a baby yellow and orange Earth Sprite who can already get plants to grow just by talking to them.
Sage is the he oldest and wisest Sprite of them all. When the younger Sprites need advice or lack knowledge on a subject, they often confer with Sage.
Seymour is not a Sprite, but a Schmole (a purple, talking mole). He lives in (or rather 'under') Johnny's backyard and has quite the appetite.
Fuzzies are small, colorful creatures that live with the Sprites and enjoy hanging out with Johnny - they often do work for the Sprites.
Episodes
Shorts (2005)
1. Who's on First? - Ginger wants Johnny to play basketball with her, but Basil wants him to read his favorite book, "Famous Shrubs from Then to Now." They debate whether what he wants to do with them until Johnny explains the importance of taking turns. "One Good Turn", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker. (Originally aired October 9, 2005)
2. Laugh, Basil, Laugh - When Basil comes down with a cold, Johnny and Ginger discover that the best way to make a sick Sprite feel better is to make them laugh. Johnny sings a song about all the things to make someone laugh, but it doesn't work, but Basil laughs when Johnny does silly yoga poses. "Make Someone Laugh", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler. (Originally aired October 9, 2005)
3. Leave a Little Lettuce - When Seymour the Schmole takes all of the lettuce in Johnny's garden, Ginger demonstrates the advantages of sharing. "Leave A Little Lettuce", Music and Lyrics by Marcy Heisler and Zina Goldrich. (Originally aired October 9, 2005)
4. Yes You Can! - Basil has lost another flying contest to Ginger for the zillionth time, but Johnny helps him remember all the great things he can do. "The Things You Can Do", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler. (Originally aired October 9, 2005)
5. Waiting for the Stars - Ginger and Basil are about to see the stars for the very first time, but they just can't wait. It takes all of Johnny's patience to convince them that sometimes, wonderful things are worth the wait. "Waiting For The Stars", Music and Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz. (Originally aired October 9, 2005)
Season 1 (2007)
1. Turbo-Car Johnny/Ginger's Antenna Dilemma- Johnny gets a new video game called "Ultimate Turbo Car Racer" and starts playing it for hours, ignoring the Sprites. After realizing how long he was playing it when he wakes up from a nightmare, he decides to go back outside and makes it up to them by playing outside. Then, after seeing her Antennae in a picture, Ginger thinks they're too curly and becomes self-conscious. (Originally aired January 13, 2007)
Music:
"I Just Can't Get Enough", Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul.
"Muddle in the Puddle", Music and Lyrics by Mark Hollmann
"There's Nobody Quite Like You", Music and Lyrics by Mark Hollmann
2. Root's Dadoots/The Rare Nospotalotacus-While Johnny struggles on a new song, Root gets the dadoots (the Sprite hiccups). The Sprites do their best to help them, but Johnny, however, finds a way to bring his song together by integrating Root's dadoots. Then, after Johnny and Root hear the call of the endangered nospotalotacus, the sprites realize they need to get it out of Johnny's garden and to Grotto's Grove right away. They discover that teamwork is the best solution. (Originally aired January 14, 2007)
Music:
"What a Surprise!", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler
"Nospotalotacus", Music and Lyrics by Mark Hollmann
3. Johnny's Sister Tina/Spritesgiving!-Johnny's sister Tina (Sutton Foster) visits and he explains to the Sprites what a sister is. Later on, it's Spritesgiving and Basil is put in charge of the feast but when all the plants get the Forgetful Fungus, will they have to put the feast on hold? (Originally aired January 20, 2007)
Music:
"It All Adds Up to My Sister", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler
"A Fungus Among Us", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
4. The Sprites and the What?!/Doctor Basil-Johnny is cooking dinner for Gwen, but then he loses his colander. Seymour finds it and the Sprites come up with many creative uses for it. However, dinner is delayed because Gwen is sick and it's raining. So Johnny invites the Sprites to dinner. Then, when Johnny gets a bad cold, Basil decides to take care of him. He tries out various remedies without success, but finally discovers something very important that he forgot to do. (Originally aired January 27, 2007)
Music:
"How it Works", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler and Phoebe Kreutz
"All You Have to Do is Ask", Music and Lyrics by Billy Lopez and Bobby Lopez
5. Ginger Listens/Aloha Johnny-When Ginger temporarily loses her ability to speak because she has run out of words for the day, she begins to realize the importance of listening. Then, when Johnny gets a letter from his older sister Lina inviting him to spend a week in Hawaii, he makes immediate plans to visit, which causes the Sprites to think he's leaving forever. (Originally aired February 3, 2007)
Music:
"Stop and Listen", Music and Lyrics by Ryan Cunningham and Joshua Salzman
"Aloha", Music and Lyrics by Zina Goldrich and Marcy Heisler
6. Seymour's Guest/Root of Passage -Russel, a 'Schwombat' from Australia and Seymour's cousin, visits, but his nocturnal nature keeps Johnny and the Sprites up at night. They have to learn to get along despite their differences. Then, Root is old enough to walk through the portal all by himself. He chooses Johnny to be his friend at the end - will Root make it or be too scared? (Originally aired February 10, 2007)
Music:
"Git Along Little Sprites" Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
"Through the Portal" Music and Lyrics by David Kirshenbaum
7. The Sprites Sleep Over/Seymour the Sleuth The Sprites have a sleepover at Johnny's house, but they can't sleep because things are so different back in The Grove where they normally sleep. Then, watermelons go missing from Johnny's garden and Seymour unravels the mystery with the help of Johnny and the Sprites. (Originally Aired February 17, 2007)
Music:
"Feelin' 'Grove'-y", music and lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
"Seymour the Sleuth", Music and Lyrics by Laurence O'Keefe
8. Spring Tuning/Where's the Water, Lily? When the Sprites find out that the "Spring Tuners" can't come to the grove to "wake up the earth", they ask Johnny to substitute. Then When Johnny gets a new water fountain, water begins to disappear from the grove. Lily learns that there is a reason for everything. (Originally Aired March 17, 2007)
Music:
"Time To Wake Up", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler
"Reason and Rhyme", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
9. Ginger and the Shell/Fuzzies' Day Off Ginger finds Lily's missing shell but struggles with whether to keep it for herself or give it back to her friend. Then when the Fuzzies through a giant beach party for their 15th Millennial Day Off, Johnny and the Sprites struggle to take care of Grotto's Grove without the Fuzzies' help. (Originally Aired April 20, 2007)
Music:
"The Hardest Thing To Do", Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
"Fuzzies' Frug", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler and Michael Patrick Walker
10. Basil's Band/The Sprites' Rules Basil discovers something about making promises - and keeping them - when he joins a band and forgets about all of his friends. Features a vocal cameo appearance by the cast of the Off-Broadway hit Altar Boyz. The Sprites decide to make rules to keep the Grove running smoothly. (Originally Aired May 19, 2007)
Music:
"That's What Friends Do", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler and Michael Patrick Walker
"Rules are Made for a Reason", Music and lyrics by Zina Goldrich and Marcy Heisler
11. Ginger's Grounded/Baby Johnny When Ginger injures her wing, the Sprites have to find a way to spread Spoffle (sprite plant food) over all of the plants in Grotto's Grove. And when Johnny accidentally wishes he could be a baby for just one day, the Sprites learn about taking care of others. (Originally Aired July 21, 2007)
Music:
"No Spoffle", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler
"Sleepytime Lullaby", Music and lyrics by Zina Goldrich and Marcy Heisler
12. Laugh Sprites, Laugh/Hola, Lily Basil and Root find a patch of laughing lilacs which make them, Ginger, and eventually Johnny, laugh uncontrollably. The Sprites hurry to find a cure in time for Johnny to attend a formal dance with his friend Gwen. Then, Lily returns from a trip around the world having met many new friends, all of whom say hello in a different way. (Originally Aired September 15, 2007)
Music:
"It's A Funny Thing", Music and lyrics by David Kirshenbaum
"So Many Ways To Say 'Hello'", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler and Phoebe Kreutz
13. A Very Spritely Holiday/A Sprites Snow Day The Sprites watch with curiosity as Johnny and Gwen decorate for the holidays and exchange gifts. With Sage's permission, the Sprites give Johnny a gift and learn the true meaning of the holiday season. Then, a big snowstorm blocks the entrance to the Grove forcing the Sprites to stay at Johnny's and try to keep themselves secret from Gwen. (Originally Aired December 1, 2007)
Music:
"Brightly Shining", Music and Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz
"Til You Try Out Something New", Music and Lyrics by Ryan Cunningham and Joshua Salzman
Season 2 (2008)
1. Gwen Meets the Sprites/A Biddow for Root When a spell goes wrong, Gwen begins to turn into a bunny. She meets the Sprites later, after the spell is broken. Lily tries to clean Root's favorite pillow (or, his "biddow", as he calls it), but mistakenly ruins it. (Originally Aired January 19, 2008)
Music:
"A New Friend", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
"Not My Biddow", Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
2. The Bridge Troll/This Is Your Life, Johnny On their way to a picnic, Johnny, the Sprites and Gwen encounter a Bridge Troll (Christian Borle). Ginger gets stage fright during a play in honor of Johnny's birthday. (Originally Aired January 26, 2008)
Music:
"A Good Song!", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
"Give It A Try", Music and Lyrics by Zina Goldrich and Marcy Heisler
3. Johnny the Mud Troll/Helpful Basil Ginger mistakenly turns Johnny into a Mud Troll. Basil loses the key to his helpful hints book. (Originally Aired February 2, 2008)
Music:
"Bad Day To Be A Mud Troll", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler and Phoebe Kreutz
"I Believe In You, Basil", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
4. Johnny and the Love Bug/The Twenty-Foot Root Lily makes a love bug for Valentine's Day. Tired of being too small, Root makes himself grow. (Originally Aired February 9, 2008)
Music:
"You Make My Heart Go 'Hop'", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler and Phoebe Kreutz
"The Right Size", Music and Lyrics by Gary Adler and Phoebe Kreutz
5. The Sprites Plan a Party/Basil and the Magic WatermelonThe Sprites plan a surprise party for Johnny. Basil and Root search for the magic watermelon of great weight so that the Fuzzies will stop floating away. (Originally Aired February 16, 2008)
Music:
"It's Party Time", Music and Lyrics by Ryan Cunningham and Joshua Salzman
"Never Give Up!", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
6. Root and the Tickle Troll/Ginger Goes for the Glory While waiting for Johnny to come home, the Sprites think a Tickle Troll is outside Johnny's house. When Ginger tries to break the flying record she gets help from an unexpected source. (Originally Aired February 23, 2008)
Music:
"The Tickle Troll", Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
"I Can Do It!", Music and Lyrics by Ryan Cunningham and Joshua Salzman
7. Lily's Hair/Ginger and the Cloud Lily asks Root to make her hair grow longer. While flying, Ginger makes friends with a playful cloud. (Originally Aired March 1, 2008)
Music:
"A Brand New 'Do", Music and Lyrics by Carmel Dean and Mariana Elder
"Playing in the Air!", Music and Lyrics by Mark Hollmann
8. A Johnny for Everyone/Lily and the Frog Princess When Basil, Lily and Ginger each want to do something different with Johnny, they cast a spell to turn one Johnny into three. Lily turns her pet frog, Francesca, into a princess (Ann Sanders). (Originally Aired March 8, 2008)
Music:
"Play With Me", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
"I Wanna Be Me", Music and Lyrics by Michael Kosarin and Jim Luigs
9. Johnny's Not Invited/Basil and the Beanstalk The Queen of all Magical Beings (Chita Rivera) visits the Grove, but only invites magical beings to her party. Basil climbs a giant beanstalk and picks the giant vegetables he finds growing there, but they belong to a hungry giant (Paul Vogt). (Originally Aired March 15, 2008)
Music:
"Welcome to Grotto's Grove", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
"My Lucky Day", Music and Lyrics by Stephen Sislen and Alisa Klein
10. The Sprites Save Grotto's Grove/Seymour's New Home When a pushy real estate developer (Ann Harada) wants to build a hotel in Johnny's back yard, the Sprites and Johnny must stop her. When a log blocks the entrance to Seymour's burrow, Johnny helps him find a new home. (Originally Aired March 22, 2008)
Music:
"Everything Must Go", Music and Lyrics by Laurence O'Keefe
"Home Sweet Home Sweet Home", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
11. Johnny and the Sprites Shrink/Johnny's Gotta Dance An "uh-oh" berry makes Johnny and the Sprites shrink. Lily tries to make Johnny a better dancer by casting a spell on his shoes. (Originally Aired March 29, 2008)
Music:
"A Giant World", Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
"Dancin' Feet", Music and Lyrics by Zina Goldrich and Marcy Heisler
12. Johnny's Troll Trouble/Basil the Dogsitter Things are all set for Root's birthday party until a "Make-A-Mess" Troll (Christopher Sieber) shows up. Basil can't find the little dog he said he would watch. (Originally Aired April 4, 2008)
Music:
"Follow Me!", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
"I Will Find You", Music and Lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
13. Johnny Helps Mother Nature/The Sprites Grow a Rainbow The Sprites must play host to a visiting Mother Nature (Angie Radosh). Color worms remove the color from the Grove. (Originally Aired April 19, 2008)
Music:
"Clean and Green!", Music and Lyrics by Michael Patrick Walker
"All Because of You and Me", Music and Lyrics by David Kirshenbaum
References
External links
Leslie Carrara-Rudolph tv page
Second season of 'Sprites' takes flight
Children's TV taps Broadway talent
Pittsburgh-based director adds producer duties for 'Sprites' Changes for 2nd season
2000s American children's television series
2000s American music television series
2000s preschool education television series
2005 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
American children's fantasy television series
American children's musical television series
American preschool education television series
Disney Channel original programming
Disney Junior original programming
English-language television shows
Television about fairies and sprites
American television shows featuring puppetry
Television series by Disney
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43265830
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percha%20Formation
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Percha Formation
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The Percha Formation is a geologic formation in southern New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Famennian Age of the late Devonian period.
Description
The formation consists mostly of black to gray shale and minor limestone. It rests on a regional unconformity, so that the underlying formation may be the Fusselman Formation, the Sly Gap Formation, or the Onate Formation. It underlies the Lake Valley Limestone, Caballero Formation, Escabrosa Limestone, or other Mississippian formations. Total thickness is about .
The formation is divided into two members. The Ready Pay Member (formerly lower Percha) is mostly black fissile shale nearly devoid of fossils and with a total thickness of about . The Box Member (formerly upper Percha), which is much less limited in areal extent, is about of gray to green calcareous shale with limestone nodules and beds. It is highly fossiliferous.
Fossils
The base of the formation contains fossils of arthrodiran fish, shark teeth, late Fammenian conodonts, brachiopods, and corals. The Box Member contains fossils of brachiopods, crinoids, bryozoans, sponges, corals, and late Fammenian conodonts.
History of investigation
The formation was first named as the Percha Shale by C.H. Gordon in 1907 for exposures at Percha Creek. However, a type section was not designated until 1945, by F.V. Stevenson. Stevenson also divided the formation into the lower Ready Pay Member and the upper Box Member. D. Schumacher and coinvestigators mapped the formation into southeastern Arizona and renamed it the Percha Formation in 1976.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New Mexico
Paleontology in New Mexico
Footnotes
References
Devonian formations of New Mexico
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6886944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme%20Brick
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Acme Brick
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Acme Brick Company is an American manufacturer and distributor of brick and masonry-related construction products and materials. Founder George E. Bennett (October 6, 1852 – July 3, 1907), chartered the company as the Acme Pressed Brick Company on April 17, 1891, in Alton, Illinois, although the company's physical location has always been in Texas. The company grew to become the largest American-owned brick manufacturer by the mid-20th century and was the first of its type to offer a 100-year limited guarantee to its customers. Acme Brick Company was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway on August 1, 2000.
History
In 1890, Acme Pressed Brick Company was established fifteen miles (24 km) southwest of Weatherford, Texas near present-day Farm Road 113, in southwestern Parker County, Texas. The company town that evolved from the establishment of the manufacturing plant was called 'Bennett'. The community included Acme Brick homes (for 100 employees and their families), a church, a public school, and a general store.
In 1916, Acme Pressed Brick stockholders elected new officers, applied for a Texas charter, began doing business as Acme Brick Company, and dissolved the company chartered in Illinois. Walter R. Bennett (George E. Bennett's son) was elected the first president of the newly renamed Acme Brick Company.
In 1968, a merger of the Acme Brick Company and the Justin Boot Company resulted in the formation of the First Worth Corporation.
In 1972, First Worth Corp. changed its name to Justin Industries, Inc., a 'parent' corporation who would grow to acquire many 'children' companies.
In 1976, Featherlite (then known as Kingstip-Featherlite) was acquired. Featherlite began as a Texas-based, privately held company in 1949. Featherlite began acquiring concrete block companies in 1953 and continued its expansion over the years - now operating 7 block producing facilities and 2 cement bagging facilities in Texas and 3 other locations.
In 1981, as housing starts hit a 35-year low, Acme built inventory: 400 million brick were manufactured by the year's end.
In 1984, record housing starts propelled Acme to record sales years in 1983 and 1984.
In 1987, Acme began stamping its logo on one end of select residential brick. This tradition in brand recognition continues today.
In 1993, Troy Aikman, Hall of Fame quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys football team, became an Acme Brick spokesperson - initially in radio and print advertising, and later on television.
In 1994, American Tile Supply, a tile distributor and retailer in Texas, was acquired.
In 1997, Fort Worth-based Innovative Building Products, developer and manufacturer of a mortarless installation system for glass block windows, skylights, shower enclosures, and floors, was acquired.
In 2000, the Justin Industries Board of Directors approved the sale of the publicly traded company to Warren Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway. The boot companies and the building companies were split to form Justin Brands and Acme Building Brands as separate entities. At the time of the acquisition, Acme Building Brands was 'parent' to the following four 'child' companies:
Acme Brick Company, the leading domestically owned United States manufacturer of face brick.
Featherlite Building Products Corporation, the leading Southwest producer of concrete masonry products.
American Tile Supply Company, a major Texas distributor of ceramic and marble floor and wall tile.
Justin Brands - Justin Boot Company, Nocona Boot Company, Tony Lama Company, and Chippewa Shoe Company.
In 2001, Acme Brick set a new company record for shipments - exceeding 1 billion company-manufactured bricks shipped.
In 2003, Acme Brick's residential products started carrying the Good Housekeeping Seal.
On October 6, 2006 (October 6 was also the birthday of Acme's founder, George Bennett), Acme Brick broke ground for the company's new headquarters building to be located in southwest Fort Worth. The , three-story building was completed in 2007.
On January 24, 2011, Acme Brick agreed to purchase Jenkins Brick headquartered in Alabama with stores in four southeastern states.
Manufacturing plants
Acme Brick manufactures brick (primarily for U.S. customers) at plants located in seven states:
Clarksville, Arkansas (known as Acme's Eureka Brick Plant) (permanently closed)
Fort Smith, Arkansas (permanently closed)
Jonesboro, Arkansas (known as Acme's Wheeler Plant)
Malvern, Arkansas (Acme has 3 plants in Perla; Perla Westgate, Perla Eastgate, and Acme's Ouachita Plant)
Castle Rock, Colorado (known as Acme's Denver Brick Plant) (permanently closed)
Kanopolis, Kansas (permanently closed)
Holly Springs, Mississippi (permanently closed)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Tulsa, Oklahoma (Acme also operates a brick engraving facility at this location)
Bridgeport, Texas (permanently closed)
Denton, Texas
Elgin, Texas (Acme has 2 plants in Elgin)
Garrison, Texas (permanently closed)
Malakoff, Texas (known as Acme's Texas Clay Plant - Acme has 2 plants in Malakoff)
McQueeney, Texas (permanently closed)
Millsap, Texas (Acme's first plant - also known as the 'Bennett Plant)
Sealy, Texas
Springfield, Minnesota (known as the 'Acme Ochs Plant' or "Great Lakes Plant") (permanently closed)
Sales offices
Acme Brick sells manufactured and purchased products from sales offices located in ten states:
Arkansas (Fort Smith, Jonesboro, North Little Rock, Russellville, and Springdale)
Colorado (Castle Rock)
Kansas (Olathe and Wichita)
Louisiana (Alexandria, Baton Rouge, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Monroe, New Orleans, and Shreveport)
Mississippi (Holly Springs)
Missouri (Joplin, Maryland Heights, and Springfield)
New Mexico (Las Cruces)
Oklahoma (Oklahoma City and Tulsa)
Tennessee (Jackson and Memphis)
Texas (Abilene, Amarillo, Austin (Round Rock), Bryan, Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Denton, El Paso, Euless, Houston, Lubbock, Longview, Midland, San Antonio, San Angelo, Temple, Texarkana, Tyler, Waco, and Wichita Falls)
Acme Brick Technical Center
Acme Brick's Exploration Department, Quality Management, and Laboratory are based in Denton, Texas at the Acme Brick Technical Center.
Subsidiaries
Jenkins Brick
Texas Quarries
IBP (Innovative Building Products)
American Tile and Stone
Featherlite Building Corporation
References
Handbook of Texas Online. "BENNETT, TEXAS (Parker County)". Retrieved 3 October 2006.
External links
Acme Brick Company Official Website
Manufacturing companies established in 1891
Brick manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Fort Worth, Texas
Berkshire Hathaway
Building materials companies of the United States
1891 establishments in Texas
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44708069
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Northern
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Blue Northern
|
Blue Northern was a country rock band active between 1977 and 1982. They released four Top 40 singles in Canada; in their final year they were nominated for a Canadian Country Music Award.
History
Blue Northern was formed in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1977. Its initial composition was Gary Comeau (lead guitar and violin), Lee Stephens (bass), Brady Gustafson (drums), and Jimmy Wilson (formerly of Cement City Cowboys) on rhythm guitar, Dobro, pedal steel guitar and accordion. They were joined by guitarist Ray O'Toole and vocalist, guitarist and percussionist Billy Cowsill. O'Toole had been a professional musician and songwriter since 1967, co-founding The Northwest Company in that year and remaining with the band for various periods between 1967 and 1974. Cowsill had been a professional musician for all of his life, and achieved international success with his family, The Cowsills, in the 1960s.
Blue Northern's first release, Blue, was a four-song EP released in 1979 on Quintessence Records. Two of the songs were written by O'Toole and two by Cowsill. The record was produced by Cowsill.
Polydor Records signed the band in 1980 and released "Can't Make No Sense", from Blue, as a single. Written by O'Toole, it did well on radio nationally, spending 9 weeks on the Vancouver charts, peaking at No 10. This was followed by the release of an eponymous first album in 1981, from which four further singles were released, three of which also were Top 40 singles. All were written by O'Toole. The album was co-produced by Cowsill, O'Toole and Wilson.
In 1982, Blue Northern was nominated for a Canadian Country Music Award. That year, the band recorded the 1983 album Restless Heart by the Winnipeg country singer Patti Mayo, which Cowsill produced. Gustafson left the band and was replaced by Larry McGillivray. But by then, Cowsill's substance abuse had become an issue and the band broke up. Their last performance was as part of a Christmas concert at Vancouver's Commodore Ballroom on December 23, 1982.
O'Toole then joined the bands Alibi and Shakedown. Gustafson joined The Rhythm & Blues Allstars. Comeau became a session musician. Wilson returned to his native Oklahoma, joined Robbie Robertson & The Red Road Ensemble and worked on the Grammy-winning album Music for The Native Americans (and its accompanying Emmy-winning PBS documentary Making A Noise: A Native American Journey). Cowsill co-founded the The Blue Shadows and The Co-Dependents; he passed away in 2006.
Discography
Album and EP
Blue (1979, EP), Quintessence
Blue Northern (1981), Polydor
Singles
"Can't Make No Sense" / "Live...Dance" (1980), Polydor
"Too Late To Turn Back" / "Half As Much" (1980), Polydor
"Can't Stop" / "Be My Girl" (1981), Polydor
"100%" / "Vagabond" (1981), Polydor
"You're Not The Same Girl" / "You Got Me Where You Want Me" (1981), Polydor
References
Canadian country rock groups
Musical groups from Vancouver
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63121140
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana%20aba%20Duncan
|
Nana aba Duncan
|
Nana aba Duncan is a Ghanaian Canadian writer, broadcaster, and academic. In 2021, she was appointed Carty Chair in Journalism, Diversity and Inclusion Studies at Carleton University’s School of Journalism.
From 2016 until 2020 she was host of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Ontario weekend morning show Fresh Air. She also hosts and produces the podcast Media Girlfriends. She went on leave from Fresh Air in the fall of 2020 in order to accept a position as a William Southam Journalism Fellow at Toronto’s Massey College.
Biography
Duncan was born in Accra, Ghana and raised in Newmarket, Ontario. She studied psychology at the University of Toronto before completing a Masters in journalism at the University of Western Ontario. Prior to becoming the host of Fresh Air in 2017, Duncan appeared on and wrote for other CBC shows including Go and Radio 2 Top 20. She also contributed to local Black-owned media publications in the GTA, including The Ghanaian News.
In 2016 Duncan participated in a Women in Media panel at Cawthra Park Secondary School as part of a Black History Month event alongside Nneka Elliott, Arisa Cox, Karlyn Percil-Mercieca, and Jully Black. During the event Duncan discussed the challenges of working in news environments with predominantly white directors and producers. She has also spoken publicly about the gender pay gap. In a 2019 interview Duncan shared that as a new professional she "didn’t realize negotiating was something I could even consider," and has since shifted to discussing salary and negotiating with women colleagues. The experiences of women in media, including their careers and personal lives, is a central theme of her podcast Media Girlfriends. It launched in 2016 and has evolved to include in-person discussion panels, mentoring, and the funding of scholarships for women and non-binary journalism students.
Duncan was selected as one of 30 women to participate in the first cohort of Poynter's 2020 Leadership Academy for Women in Media. The same year she was also featured in Our Mosaic Lives, a Black History Month exhibit at the Lakeshore location of the Innisfil Public Library, celebrating the accomplishments of Black women and girls. In addition to her radio broadcast work, Duncan regularly hosts and moderates media events. From 2009 to 2010 she toured schools across the country alongside performers Eternia and Masai One as part of Because I am A Girl, aimed at fostering female empowerment and community involvement.
See also
CBC Podcast Showcase
References
Living people
Black Canadian broadcasters
Canadian talk radio hosts
CBC Radio hosts
University of Western Ontario alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Massey College, Toronto
Carleton University faculty
Canadian women radio hosts
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57163242
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biegler
|
Biegler
|
Biegler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Franz Biegler (1894–?), Austrian footballer
George W. Biegler (1869–1929), United States Army captain
Michael Biegler (born 1961), German handball coach
Steven Biegler (born 1959), American priest
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49641683
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene%20%28Charlene%20album%29
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Charlene (Charlene album)
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Charlene is the 1977 debut album by Charlene. It gave her her first chart success with the second single "I've Never Been to Me", when the single reached #97 on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1977, though the single did not really impact until re-released again in 1982, when the re-issued single reached #3 in the US, and #1 in the UK.
Track list
It Ain't Easy Comin' Down 3:38
I've Never Been to Me 4:05
Rings 3:02
Somewhere In My Life 4:30
I Want To Come Back As A Song 2:26
Hey Mama 4:00
I Love Every Little Thing About You 3:00
It's Really Nice To Be In Love Again 3:56
Shake A Hand 2:58
On My Way To You 3:56
References
1977 debut albums
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51218967
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20S.%20Olsen
|
David S. Olsen
|
David S. Olsen (born September 13, 1988) was Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 2016 to 2019.
Republican incumbent Ron Sandack resigned from the Illinois House of Representatives effective July 25, 2016. Local Republican leaders met and appointed Olsen to the seat. Olsen was sworn into office July 30, 2016.
In 2018, Olsen narrowly lost reelection to Democratic candidate Anne Stava-Murray. In 2019, Olsen ran for mayor of Downers Grove, but lost. He was also the Vice Chair of the College of DuPage Board of Trustees, a position to which he was appointed in 2016 by Illinois Community College Board Chairman Lazaro Lopez.
References
External links
Profile at Illinois General Assembly
Living people
People from Downers Grove, Illinois
Illinois Republicans
Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
1988 births
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25880124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteromius%20wellmani
|
Enteromius wellmani
|
Enteromius wellmani is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Enteromius which is only found in the upper reaches of the Cuvo River system in Angola.
References
Endemic fauna of Angola
Enteromius
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
Fish described in 1911
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17535122
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troublemaker%20%28Weezer%20song%29
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Troublemaker (Weezer song)
|
"Troublemaker" is a song that was originally released as an iTunes single from alternative rock band Weezer's sixth album and third self-titled album, Weezer (also referred to by fans and the band as The Red Album). It was released in digital form on May 20, 2008, as the second single from the album. It debuted the week of July 26, 2008, at No. 39 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks charts and peaked at No. 2.
This song was originally planned to be the first single for the album, but "Pork and Beans" was chosen instead.
Rivers Cuomo has stated the song, along with others from The Red Album, were heavily influenced by rapper Eminem and his "fun way of using rhymes."
Weezer played an acoustic version of "Troublemaker" on the May 30, 2008, episode of Alternative Nation on Sirius Radio.
The song was released as a downloadable track for the games Rock Band (along with "Dreamin'" and "The Greatest Man That Ever Lived") and Tap Tap Revenge.
The song was also used for TV commercials for CBS'''s crime drama show The Mentalist, which premiered in September 2008. It is also used in the trailer for Fired Up. "Troublemaker", along with "The Greatest Man That Ever Lived", appeared in the documentary Warren Miller's Children of Winter.
Official remixes
These remixes were released on a promo EP:
Troublemaker (Azzido Da Bass Remix)
Troublemaker (Azzido Da Bass Dub Remix) (5:27)
Troublemaker (Tiny Evil Remix) (6:52)
Troublemaker (Richard Vission Remix) (4:05)
Troublemaker (Richard Vission Dub Remix) (5:37)
Troublemaker (Funky Monk Remix) (6:02)
Troublemaker (Baby Disaster Remix) (3:17)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Music video
Weezer fans were invited to take part in the music video for "Troublemaker." The music video (directed by The Malloys) took place outside of The Forum in Inglewood, California. It consists of the band performing the song, with shots of the band members and fans breaking Guinness World Records, such as "Largest Air Guitar Ensemble", "Most People on a Skateboard", "Longest Session of Guitar Hero World Tour''", "Largest Game of Dodgeball", and "Most People in a Custard Pie Fight". The music video was released on October 6, 2008.
Personnel
Rivers Cuomo – lead guitar, lead vocals
Patrick Wilson – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Brian Bell – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Scott Shriner – bass guitar, backing vocals
References
External links
2008 singles
2008 songs
Weezer songs
Songs written by Rivers Cuomo
Song recordings produced by Jacknife Lee
Music videos directed by The Malloys
Geffen Records singles
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18234683
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rape%20of%20the%20A%2AP%2AE%2A
|
The Rape of the A*P*E*
|
The Rape of the A*P*E* is a book by Allan Sherman, published in July 1973 by Playboy Press, regarding sex and its historical repression and resurgence in the United States. The "A.P.E." on the title is a play on the words "ape" and the "American Puritan Ethic".
The book was the subject of much publicity, when it appeared, due to both its subject and author. Despite his ill health at the time, Sherman went on a two-week media tour to promote The Rape and appeared on many radio shows. He died on November 20, 1973, just four months after the book was published.
References
Bibliography
The Rape of the A.P.E (American Puritan Ethic : The Official History of the Sex Revolution, 1945-1973 : The Obscening of America, an R.S. V.P.), Allan Sherman, Playboy Press, 1973, (OCLC )
Ethics books
Sexuality in the United States
1973 non-fiction books
Playboy Press books
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50973960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nura%20Woodson%20Ulreich
|
Nura Woodson Ulreich
|
Nora Woodson Ulreich (1899 – October 26, 1950), known professionally as Nura, was an American artist, muralist, children's book author and illustrator.
Early life and education
Ulreich was born in Kansas City, Missouri. Her father was a Confederate veteran who had settled in Kansas City. She grew up there, ultimately attending the Kansas City Art Institute.
Career
A multidisciplinary artist, Ulreich was also an author, painter, muralist, textile artist and illustrator. She collaborated frequently with her husband Edward Buk Ulreich.
Ulreich's work is included in the permanent collections of the San Diego Museum of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Walker Art Center and the David Winton Bell Gallery at Brown University.
Personal life
Ulreich was married to Hungarian-born artist Edward Buk Ulreich.
Books
Stories (1932)
The Buttermilk Tree (1934)
Nura's Garden of Betty & Booth (1935)
The Silver Bridge (1937)
Nura's Children Go Visiting (1943)
All Aboard, We Are Off (1944)
The Mitty Children Fix Things (1946)
The Kitten Who Listened (1950)
References
External links
images of Ulreich's art on ArtNet
1899 births
1950 deaths
Kansas City Art Institute alumni
American children's book illustrators
American women illustrators
20th-century American women artists
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40636270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314%20Oman%20Professional%20League
|
2013–14 Oman Professional League
|
The 2013–14 Oman Professional League (known as the Omantel Professional League for sponsorship reasons) is the 38th edition of the top football league in Oman. The Oman Football League got the seal of approval of a professional league on 1 September 2013 and will henceforth be called the Omantel Professional League (OPL). The season began on 13 September 2013, and concluded on 16 May 2014. Al-Suwaiq Club were the defending champions, having won their third title in the previous 2012–13 Elite League season. On Sunday, 28 April 2014, Al-Nahda Club were crowned the champions of the inaugural Oman Professional League with one game remaining after Al-Suwaiq Club edged out ten-man Fanja SC 5-3. Fanja SC needed a draw or a win on Sunday to prolong the fight for the OPL title, after Al-Nahda Club defeated Saham SC 4-3 to take their tally to 51 points, but its defeat dashed any hopes for the eight-time winners to match the record of nine titles, held by Dhofar S.C.S.C. in the 37-year-old history of Oman's top flight competition.
Teams
This season the league had 14 teams. Oman Club and Salalah SC were relegated to the First Division League after finishing in the relegation zone in the 2012–13 season. Al-Tali'aa SC were also relegated after losing the relegation/promotion playoff against Sohar SC. The three relegated teams were replaced by First Division League winners Al-Ittihad Club, runner-up Majees SC and second runner-up Sohar SC (Won the Relegation/Promotion playoff against Al-Tali'aa SC).
The winner and the runner-up will qualify for the 2015 AFC Cup
Stadia and locations
Managerial changes
Managerial changes during the 2013–14 campaign.
Foreign players
Restricting the number of foreign players strictly to four per team, including a slot for a player from AFC countries. A team could use four foreign players on the field during each game including at least one player from the AFC country.
League table
Results
Clubs season-progress
Promotion/Relegation Play-off
1st Leg
2nd Leg
''Al-Nasr secured promotion after winning 3-0 on aggregate
Season statistics
Top scorers
Top Omani Scorers
Hat-tricks
* Player scored 4 goals
OFA Awards
Oman Football Association awarded the following awards for the 2013–14 Oman Professional League season.
Top Scorer: Juma Saeed (Al-Nahda)
Best Player: Juma Saeed (Al-Nahda)
Best Goalkeeper: Faiz Al-Rushaidi (Al-Suwaiq)
Best Coach: Hamad Al-Azani (Al-Nahda)
Media coverage
Controversies
The league was the subject of controversies like the wearing of similar-coloured jerseys, unusual hairstyles and excessive goal celebrations.
On 20 September 2013, the match between Sur SC and Majees SC was called off by referee Fahad Al-Subahi on the premise that the teams were wearing similar-coloured jerseys'. But just three days later, the Oman Professional League's Disciplinary Committee decided to replay the match and ruled that Subahi had erred in his judgement. The match was replayed on 12 November 2013 which Sur SC won 2-1.
The Oman Football Association came out with a new code of conduct for players after a controversy in the aftermath of a football match between Fanja SC and Al-Nahda Club. According to the new regulations, OFA prohibits players from extreme celebrations on the field after scoring a goal and the governing body also bans players sporting unusual hairstyles or even colouring their hair. As a result, excessive goal celebrations and unusual hairstyles have been shown the red card by the OFA as it moves to protect the 'ethics' of the game. The decision came after Al-Nahda Club's Ivorian player Juma Saeed was seen 'inappropriately' celebrating on the field after scoring a goal against Fanja SC on 29 March 2014 that raised heated debates among the football aficionados in the country. However, the Ivory Coast player was reprimanded with a warning. OFA also decided to make the OPL's Disciplinary Committee an autonomous body with additional powers. Headed by the OFA board member Hamad Al-Hadrami, the Disciplinary Committee can now take action against players violating the new code of conduct. OFA also gave powers to the match referees who will now inspect the dressing room before any domestic games to ensure the players adhere to the code of conduct.
See also
2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup
2013–14 Oman Professional League Cup
2013–14 Oman Super Cup
2013–14 Oman First Division League
2013–14 Oman Second Division League
References
Top level Omani football league seasons
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Oman
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Gregory
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Vincent Gregory
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Vincent "Vince" Gregory (born July 20, 1948) is a politician from the state of Michigan. From 2011 to 2019, he represented the 11th Senate district in the Michigan Senate. The district, which is located in southern Oakland County, includes Southfield, Farmington Hills, Farmington, Ferndale and Oak Park.
Biography
Gregory, who is African American, was born on July 20, 1948, in Detroit, Michigan, to Laurence and Dorothy Gregory. He was the second eldest of five children, and had three brothers, Laurence, Timothy, and Delbert, and a sister, Patricia. He attended Dundee High School in Dundee, Michigan, in Monroe County. After graduating from high school in 1966, he began attending Madonna University, a Catholic college in Livonia, Michigan.
However, his schooling was interrupted in April 1968 when he was drafted into the United States Marine Corps. He was shipped to Vietnam in November 1968, where he would serve until November 1969. In 1970, Gregory was honorably discharged.
In 1973, Gregory joined the Wayne County Sheriff's Department, where he attained the rank of Corporal and then Detective. In 1983, he was elected Vice President of the Local 502 SEIU, AFL-CIO Union. He ran for President of the Union in 1993, won, and served as President until 2000. In 2003, he retired from the Wayne County Sheriff's Department.
In 2005, Gregory returned to Madonna University to complete his schooling that was interrupted by his service in Vietnam. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Criminal Justice in May 2006. Gregory married his wife, Yvonne, in 1978. They live in Southfield and have six adult children, Lawrence, Troi, Vanessa, Vincent II (deceased), Cortney, and Kristen. They have five grandchildren, one of them being Eric Gregory.
Political career
In 1998, Gregory ran for a seat on the Oakland County Commission. He won and served as Commissioner for the 21st district, which included northeast Southfield, Lathrup Village, and Berkley.
In 2008, Gregory announced his candidacy for the 35th State House district, vacated by fellow Democrat Paul Condino, who was term limited. The district includes Southfield, Lathrup Village, Royal Oak Township and part of Oak Park. Gregory won the Democratic Primary with about 60% of the vote and went on to easily defeat Republican Katie Koppin in the 2008 General Election. He received 41,017 votes, more than any other candidate for the State House of Representatives in Michigan. The 35th district is majority African American and overwhelmingly Democratic.
After one term in the state house, Gregory was elected to the State Senate, succeeding term-limited Democrat Gilda Jacobs. In 2013, Gregory announced his candidacy for U.S Congress from Michigan's 14th congressional district, but withdrew from the race in April, 2014.
In 2018, there was speculation that he would be the running mate of then candidate for Governor, Gretchen Whitmer, but Garlin Gilchrist was chosen instead.
Gregory is currently a candidate for Oakland County Sheriff in the 2020 general election.
Electoral history
2008 election for State House
Vincent Gregory (D), 88%
Katie Koppin (R), 11%
2008 Democratic Primary election for State House
Vincent Gregory (D), 60%
Faith Shepherd (D), 34%
References
External links
Official website
1948 births
Living people
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Michigan Democrats
Madonna University alumni
African-American state legislators in Michigan
Politicians from Detroit
Michigan state senators
21st-century American politicians
People from Southfield, Michigan
People from Dundee, Michigan
Christians from Michigan
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people
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36035462
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahal%20%28palace%29
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Mahal (palace)
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Mahal (), meaning "a mansion or a palace", though it may also refer to "living quarters for a set of people". It is an Indian word which derives from the Persian word mahal, deriving from the Arabic word mahall which in turn is derived from ḥall ‘stopping place, abode’. A place of destination would therefore be referred to as "mahal anuzul". A place of recreation would be referred to as "mahal anunzul". The term máhal to refer to a place was also adopted in Hindi for example Panch Mahals and Jungle Mahals. The word developed its meaning for palace as in opposition to that of a jhopri or a "dilapidated house" as a neologism.
Both Muslim and Hindu rulers built many Mahals in India.
Notable mahals
Aina Mahal
Hawa Mahal
Hindola Mahal
Jahangir Mahal
Jahangiri Mahal named after Emperor Jahangir
Jahaz Mahal
Jal Mahal
Lal Mahal
Lalitha Mahal
Noor Mahal
Panch Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri
Pari Mahal
Prag Mahal
Shah Jahani Mahal a part of the Agra Fort named after Emperor Shah Jahan
Sheesh Mahal a palace used by the Imperial Mughal Family
Taj Mahal, Agra
Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal
Zafar Mahal
References
Mughal architecture
Architecture of Iran
Islamic architecture
Urdu-language words and phrases
Rajput architecture
Royal residences
Bengali words and phrases
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15289621
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneapogon
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Enneapogon
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Enneapogon is a cosmopolitan genus of plants in the grass family.
They are also called bottle washers or pappus grass. These perennial grass species are found in tropical and warm temperate areas. They have small, narrow inflorescences.
Species
Enneapogon asperatus - Queensland
Enneapogon avenaceus - bottle-washers - Australia
Enneapogon caerulescens - Australia
Enneapogon cenchroides - Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent
Enneapogon cylindricus - jointed nineawn - Australia
Enneapogon decipiens - Australia
Enneapogon desvauxii - nineawn pappusgrass - Africa, temperate Asia, southwestern United States, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Argentina
Enneapogon elegans - Burma, India
Enneapogon eremophilus - Northern Territory, Queensland
Enneapogon foxii - Israel
Enneapogon gracilis - slender bottle-washers - Queensland, New South Wales
Enneapogon intermedius - Australia
Enneapogon lindleyanus - conetop nineawn - Australia
Enneapogon nigricans - blackheads, niggerheads - Australia
Enneapogon pallidus - Australia, New Guinea, Lesser Sunda Islands
Enneapogon persicus - Xinjiang, Afghanistan, Jammu-Kashmir, Pakistan, Central Asia, Spain, Egypt, Algeria, tropical Africa, Middle East
Enneapogon polyphyllus - leafy nineawn - Australia
Enneapogon pretoriensis - Botswana to Free State, Limpopo, Mpumalanga
Enneapogon purpurascens - Western Australia, Northern Territory
Enneapogon robustissimus - Australia
Enneapogon scaber - Saudi Arabia, drier parts of Africa
Enneapogon scoparius - Yemen, Africa
Enneapogon spathaceus - Limpopo
Enneapogon truncatus - Queensland, New South Wales
Enneapogon virens - Queensland, New South Wales
References
External links
Poaceae genera
Taxa named by Palisot de Beauvois
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2041062
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def%20Jam%3A%20Fight%20for%20NY
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Def Jam: Fight for NY
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Def Jam: Fight for NY is a hip hop-influenced action video game published by EA Games (unlike the original, which was published under the EA Sports BIG brand). It was released on September 21, 2004 for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube. It is a sequel to Def Jam Vendetta and is followed by Def Jam: Icon. The game features several rappers, including Lil' Kim, Snoop Dogg, Method Man, Redman, Fat Joe, Mobb Deep, Ice-T, Xzibit, N.O.R.E, Ludacris, Crazy Legs and Busta Rhymes, Flavor Flav, Sean Paul as well as the voices and likeness of other celebrities, such as Henry Rollins, Christopher Judge, Bubba Sparxxx and Kimora Lee Simmons. The only artists from the original game that did not appear in the sequel were DMX, Keith Murray, Christina Milian and Funkmaster Flex. The game was spun off into a 2006 PlayStation Portable game called Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover.
Gameplay
The gameplay is expanded from the original game, which was primarily a wrestling game. Fighters can choose one, two, or three of five fighting styles. The fighting styles are Streetfighting, Kickboxing, Martial Arts, Wrestling and Submissions.
Additionally, Def Jam Fight for NY emphasizes the use of the game's various environments and the surrounding crowd to cause damage. Tossing the opponent against barriers gives fighters an opportunity to inflict massive damage to their opponent by slamming them into the wall headfirst, ramming a door or gate in their face, or using other features of the environment. The crowd will shove a fighter back into combat if he is thrown into them or gets too close, sometimes holding a fighter and leaving them open to attack. Some spectators carry weapons, and will offer them to the fighters, or even attack a fighter if they are held by a nearby onlooker.
Momentum is gained by successfully performing moves, countering, and taunting the opponent. The rate at which momentum is gained is effected by the fighter's Charisma stat, which like other stats varies between fighters. Created fighters can set their own charisma with a combination of clothes, tattoos, and jewelry; the more expensive, the better. A fighter with a good set of clothes, extensive tattoos, or laden with jewellery can often fill their momentum meter in just a few moves.
When the momentum meter is full, a fighter can activate it, which results in a Blazin' Taunt. In this state, the fighter is said to be "Blazin", and can pull off a Blazin' Move, a powerful and brutal attack personalized for each character. A created character can learn every single Blazin' Move in the game, but can only have up to four usable at any one time.
Though the game focuses on mixed fighting styles, the only way to win a fight is through Knock Out or Submission. A character can be made to submit by putting them into submission holds until the health bar of a single body part is depleted.
Knock Out is achieved through a unique health bar used in the game. Health is composed of two bars, the first bar representing a fighter's consciousness and ability to fight (Displayed as an opaque light green), while underneath it is the fighter's physical wellness bar (Displayed as a semi transparent dark green). With every hit, a fighter's consciousness will fall quicker than his/her physical wellness. However, whenever a fighter is not losing health, their consciousness meter will recover up to the maximum current physical wellness. When a fighter's consciousness is lowered to a very low point, the entire health bar will turn red. This indicates that the fighter is in danger of being knocked out. Knocking out an opponent in danger requires the use of strong hits, Blazin' Moves, and environmental moves such as slamming an opponent into the wall, or achieving a double team move with a crowd member, or using a weapon (like a pipe, a bottle, a wooden bat, a shovel, etc.). It is possible to knock out an opponent by beating down their health while their physical wellness remains very high. As a fight wears on, physical wellness will eventually fall low enough that when a fighter's consciousness recovers to the physical limit, it is still too low to turn green. This is sometimes known as permanent danger, meaning a fighter is permanently in danger of being knocked out.
Additionally, each fighting style has a unique way to knock out opponents in danger: streetfighters can attack with a strong punch; wrestlers can perform a strong grapple; kickboxers can complete a kick-combo; submission experts can force the enemy to submit with grapples; and martial artists can perform flying attacks.
Story Mode
The game's story mode follows the narrative of an unknown, player-created fighter, who is fighting his way through the New York Underground. Winning matches rewards the player with cash, which can be used in shops to buy clothes which include famous clothes lines such as Reebok, Phat Farm, Air Jordan, Sean John and many other clothing lines. As well as clothes, the fighter can get haircuts, tattoos, and jewelry from Jacob "The Jeweler" Arabo, as well as Development points, which can be used at the local gym, run by Henry Rollins, to increase the character's skills, or to purchase and set up new Blazin' Moves and up to two additional fighting styles.
Winning matches also unlocks clubs and the fighters defeated, as well as their Blazin' Move, and often the jewelry they may wear. Created characters can have the jewelry of Sean Paul, Crack (Fat Joe), Xzibit, Crazy Legs, Lil' Flip, Def Jam Recordings, Roc-A-Fella Records, State Property, and many others (except for some particular signature pieces such as the medallions worn by Flavor Flav or modify it like Ghostface Killah's Sun God Plate Gold and Diamond piece), the fighters may be used in Battle Mode, while their moves and jewelry may be purchased and used by the player.
Characters
The game features 67 playable characters, including real-life hip hop artists signed to Def Jam at the time, as well as original characters.
Story
The game takes place immediately after Def Jam Vendetta. D-Mob (Chris Judge) is arrested by NYPD cops Starks and Jervis and placed in the back of their cop car when an SUV hits it, causing it to flip over on its back. D-Mob crawls out of the wreckage and boards the SUV as Starks catches a glimpse of the suspect before passing out. He later describes his appearance to Lauren. The suspect becomes the game's protagonist, named The Hero.
At his house, Blaze (Method Man) and Sticky Fingaz are playing video games. Praising The Hero for rescuing him, D-Mob tells Blaze and Sticky that he's in but the duo wants to see him fight. After defeating House, Blaze becomes impressed but Sticky is unimpressed. D-Mob then gives the Hero money to start fresh and begins scheduling fights for him. Wanted by the cops, Blaze gives The Hero a safehouse to stay in hiding. The Hero then begins to defeat numerous fighters, gaining notoriety after defeating O.E. (Omar Epps). O.E.'s defeat impresses D-Mob's fighter Ludacris. After The Hero defeats a fighter from The Limit, Blaze tells him that four female fighters are interested in him (Cindy J, Kimora Lee, Lil' Kim and Shawnna). When The Hero approaches one of them, their boyfriend Nyne attacks him. Depending on who wins, the Hero can take his girlfriend or Shaniqua becomes his girlfriend. After winning a match against Ice-T, The Hero and D-Mob are greeted by Crow (Snoop Dogg), and his henchmen: Magic, Crack, and Trejo. Warning D-Mob that Club 357 will be under his control, Crow announces he's accepting fighters in return for more cash. The announcement causes D-Mob to lose some of his clubs and several of his fighters siding with Crow, like WC.
Returning to The Limit and Babylon to defeat Crow's fighters, Carmen Electra takes notice of The Hero. When the one approaches the other, the girlfriend becomes jealous and engages Electra to a fight. The winner becomes The Hero's girlfriend with mixed results. At a meeting with D-Mob, Blaze, Ludacris, N.O.R.E., The Hero, and Sticky, they agree to fight Crow's fighters to win back their clubs. D-Mob then arranges a match for Blaze to go up against Crack, but Blaze loses. Defeating many of Crow's fighters, The Hero then defeats WC at The Red Room. Celebrating their victory, Crow proposes a winner-take-all match between Crack and D-Mob's "best man". D-Mob accepts and picks The Hero. Infuriated he wasn't chosen, Sticky storms off and later joins Crow. The Hero defeats Crack at Club Murder, Crow, along with Crack, WC and Prodigy, leaves the arena angrily as The Hero, Blaze, and D-Mob celebrate in his limousine. As D-Mob gives The Hero a pendant and welcomes him into the family, Crow's gang attempt a drive-by shooting, causing the cars to crash, and make their escape into the 125th Street Subway Station. As D-Mob and Blaze remain in the wreckage, The Hero chases down the trio as Magic and Sticky, boards a subway which leaves the station. Trejo is out of bullets and gets in a fight with The Hero; with Trejo potentially being thrown in front of a train. Returning to the limo, The Hero tries to get D-Mob out of the wreckage but D-Mob tells him and Blaze to leave as he is too injured and the cops arrive at the scene.
Blaze takes D-Mob's place and tells The Hero to continue fighting Crow's fighters to win more clubs as Doc, waking up, joins in. Along with Ludacris, the trio takes control of the Terror Dome, the Syn Energy Power Plant, 7th Heaven, Hunt's Point Scrap Yard, and the Foundation. Arriving at the Chopshop, a team tournament sponsored by The Source is being held where the winning team wins a large amount of money and a customized Cadillac Escalade. After Magic approaches The Hero's girlfriend, he enters the tournament and picks either Ice-T or O.E. as his partner. Reaching the final round, the team faces Magic and the partner The Hero didn't choose as his partner and defeats them. The Hero continues to rack up wins and chips away at Crow's empire. Throughout the story, Crow threatens The Hero to leave his clubs alone while also trying to both get The Hero to join his side and/or threatens him, but fails; at one point sending Magic to threaten The Hero in a parking lot after a cage fight at the Gauntlet. Crow, with some help from Sticky and Magic, resorts to kidnapping The Hero's girlfriend and forcing him to retake all the clubs he has earned for D-Mob's side, an apparent betrayal that angers D-Mob's crew. Crow warns The Hero that if he tells anyone the real reason for his change of sides, his girlfriend will die.
With the last club won in a fight against Doc, before which a distraught Blaze angrily takes D-Mob's pendant from The Hero, Crow claims to have one final task for the player. The scene is moved to an empty scrapyard, where the player finds Blaze brutally beaten by Magic, the final task being to finish him off. The Hero refuses, and knocks out WC. He and Blaze then beat up Crack and Magic. Interrogating them, the Hero finds out where his girlfriend is being held, and that Crow never planned on letting her live. He and Blaze rush over to an abandoned factory, where Sticky is about to set the entire building on fire. The Hero fights Sticky and leaves him to die in the burning building. After he wins the fight, he can be seen taking his girlfriend out of the building before it collapses. She remains unconscious as The Hero tries to shake her awake, and enrages The Hero enough to confront Crow.
The Hero and Blaze confront Crow at his headquarters, backed up by Crack and WC, whose respect they earned, and the remainder of D-Mob's crew, whom Blaze had cleared The Hero's good name with. As a rumble breaks out with the crews, The Hero rushes to Crow's penthouse in a final confrontation. After a brief stand off involving a gun, given to The Hero by a repentant Magic, he decides that Crow is not worth killing. However, an enraged Crow attacks him with a knife hidden in his cane, the ensuing fight results in The Hero throwing Crow out a window, plummeting to his death. Having cleared his reputation and overthrown Crow, The Hero then takes a minute to reflect as Blaze gives him back his pendant.
GameCube version
There are features exclusive to PS2 and Xbox that are missing from the GameCube version. The player is restricted to having one voice for the main character - as opposed to the six found in other versions. Eight of the 28 available music tracks are missing. The GameCube's hardware lacks the light blur effect that permeates on the characters and arenas. Furthermore, certain 3 or 4 player arenas have reduced crowds due to the minidisc space limitations.
Development
Josh Holmes, the producer from EA Canada wanted to improve on the already well received Def Jam Vendetta. The research they've done shows that veteran gamers were familiar with the game control system yet new players were intimidated by the complexity that's been used since WCW vs. nWo: World Tour that first appeared on the N64. The team decided to simplify the controls and make them more intuitive: "We found that straight one-on-one fighting tended to get stale over time, no matter how polished the fighting engine was". The team added secondary elements like crowds, weapons and interactive environments for the player to use as a weapon. Lastly, Holmes went on to say that individual players prefer to use their own tactics, so different classes has been implemented in unique ways to achieve a KO: "The overall focus of the fighting system is fun, over-the-top action rather than a simulation of technical fighting".
Also the create-a-fighter mode, a feature lacking in Def Jam Vendetta, has been incorporated into the sequel as a part of the Story Mode. Holmes explains that with other successful fighting games, the convention of a sequel is to add complexity to the control system, multiplayer focus to the exclusion of all else, shallow single player, limited character customization and having a gameplay that's skewed towards the hardcore gamer: "Probably the most common that's typical in fighting games like the first game is that it's empty and devoid of people. Inevitably, there's nothing going on except it's just you and your opponent. So they turned the concept on its head by filling the gap to make the fighting game more interactive and less predictable in order to keep it fresh and accessible for beginners and veterans alike".
Reception
The game received largely positive reviews. GameSpot and IGN gave it a score of 8.7 out of 10 and GameSpy and X-Play gave it a score of 4 out of 5. GameSpots Alex Navarro praised the game for improving nearly every aspect from its predecessor, including the new fighting styles, character creation, and interaction with weapons and environments. Criticism generally befell on the game's camera view and frame rate issues that are found in all console versions. Additionally reviewers mentioned that the game is laden with a lot of profanity, though it works within the context of the game. Aside from the frame rate, reviewers praised the game's graphics, with both IGN and GameSpot calling them "impressive". GameSpot later named it the best GameCube game of September 2004. It received runner-up positions in GameSpot's 2004 "Best Fighting Game" and "Best Licensed Music" award categories across all platforms.
Maxim gave it a score of eight out of ten and said: "Should the lyrically challenged feel left out, you can create your own brawler outfitted in ice courtesy of celebrity bling supplier Jacob the Jeweler. Better to look good than to—ow—feel good". The Sydney Morning Herald also gave the game four stars out of five and said that "the fact that it's got the deepest story ever seen in a fighter simply adds to the realistic feel of the brutal combat within".
References
External links
Official website
2004 video games
Cancelled Game Boy Advance games
Def Jam video games
GameCube games
Musician video games
Organized crime video games
PlayStation 2 games
Syn Sophia games
Fighting games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games developed in Japan
Video game sequels
Video games set in New York City
Xbox games
Professional wrestling games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
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9608876
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEuli
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Džuli
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"Džuli" (; English version: "Julie") was the entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1983, performed in Serbo-Croatian by Montenegrin singer Daniel. It was performed 12th on the night, following the ' Bernadette with "Sing Me a Song" and preceding ' Stavros & Constantina with "I Agapi Akoma Zi". At the close of voting, it received 125 points, and came 4th in a field of 20.
Daniel Popović also recorded song in English (as "Julie") and Hebrew (as "Julia", under the pseudonym Daniel Popenthal).
It became a hit in Europe, being covered by artists such as Swedish dansband Wizex on the 1983 album Julie (as "Julie") with Swedish lyrics by .
It was succeeded as Yugoslav representative at the 1984 contest by Vlado & Isolda with "Ciao, amore".
English version
"Julie", an english version of the song also recorded by Daniel, became a Top 10 hit in 1983 at the European singles charts in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland.
Weekly charts
Julie (English version)
Credits and personnel
Daniel – music, guitar, vocals
Mario Mihaljević – lyrics (original and English)
Rajko Simunović – lyrics (English)
Mato Došen – arranger, producer (Jugoton Records)
Giorgio Osana – producer (Ariola Records)
References
Ariola Records singles
Eurovision songs of 1983
Eurovision songs of Yugoslavia
1982 songs
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38982408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf%20at%20the%202010%20Asian%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20individual
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Golf at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's individual
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The women's individual competition at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou was held from 17 November to 20 November at the Dragon Lake Golf Club.
Schedule
All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)
Results
References
Official Website
Results
Golf at the 2010 Asian Games
2010 in women's golf
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29373010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirehonnihalli
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Hirehonnihalli
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Hirehonnihalli is a village in Dharwad district of Karnataka, India.
Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India there were 1,137 households in Hirehonnihalli and a total population of 5,345 consisting of 2,789 males and 2,556 females. There were 712 children ages 0-6.
References
Villages in Dharwad district
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5178499
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodrington%20Sands%20railway%20station
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Goodrington Sands railway station
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Goodrington Sands railway station is on the Dartmouth Steam Railway, a heritage railway in Devon, England. It is close to Goodrington Sands beach and the Splashdown Quaywest water park in Paignton.
History
When the Dartmouth and Torbay Railway opened on 14 March 1861, it passed over a level crossing on Tanners Lane, which led to the sea at Goodrington. Building the line across the marsh at Goodrington proved difficult but was achieved by laying redundant pipes from the failed atmospheric railway between Exeter and Newton in the ground for drainage.
It was not until 9 July 1928 that a small station, initially known simply as "Goodrington", was opened on the side of the level crossing. A second platform was added as the double line, which had reached Tanners Lane in 1928, was extended into the station on 4 July 1930. The area between and Goodrington Sands was then redeveloped with carriage sidings and a new goods depot to allow the restricted site at Paignton to concentrate on the increasing holiday passenger traffic.
The local council opened a public park and boating lake between the station and the beach in 1936. Work started on a bridge to replace the level crossing in 1939, but this was not completed until 1956 due to World War II. At the same time a new footbridge with a ticket office was opened, from which steps lead down to the platforms. More carriage sidings were laid behind the platform and a turntable and locomotive facilities provided, mainly to handle the heavy traffic on summer Saturdays.
The signal box was closed on 1 November 1972, and the line was sold on 30 December 1972 to the Dart Valley Light Railway plc which operated another nearby heritage line at . Services were only run on the Down line (the one nearest the beach) as British Rail continued to use the Up line for access to the carriage sidings.
In 2006 the track through the second platform was reinstated and the carriage sidings behind the platform were connected to the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway. The carriage sidings between Goodrington Sands and Paignton remain in use by Network Rail for main line trains, especially on summer Saturdays, and the section from here to Paignton is worked as two separate single lines with trains running in either direction on each track.
In August 2018, efforts have been made to renovate the station. The corrugated iron roof which formerly covered the 1956 booking office and entrance to platform 2 was replaced. The roof has been cut back to cover only the booking office, and is now of wood and felt construction. Work has also been carried out on platform 1 in order to widen the platform space. As well as this, new flower beds have been erected and extra benches have been provided for additional seating.
Description
Access to the station is from the footbridge alongside Tanners Lane, down the steps on the left of the ticket office. Standing on the platform looking towards the track, the 1957 carriage sidings can be seen behind the Up platform. To the left the line climbs up towards Churston railway station, while to the right, beyond Tanners Lane bridge, can be seen the Network Rail carriage sidings for Paignton, and on the sea side of the track, a siding used by the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway to store engineers equipment.
A large car park is situated on the far side of the line by the main road from Paignton to Brixham. This is mainly intended for visitors to Quay West, the blue water chute of which is behind the Down platform on the site of the former station car park.
Services
A seasonal service of steam hauled trains operates between and , with frequent services running between February half term and the end of October.
References
Further reading
Former Great Western Railway stations
Heritage railway stations in Devon
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1928
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Pickering%20%28Memphis%2C%20Tennessee%29
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Fort Pickering (Memphis, Tennessee)
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Fort Pickering was built in Memphis Tennessee, by the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. It was taken over by the Union Army to provide control of the Mississippi River south of the city.
History
This area had earthwork mounds built by ancient indigenous peoples and used by the historic Chickasaw people, a band led by Chief Chisca. The former fort site is located within what is now the Chickasaw Heritage Park.
In 1739, French colonists and militia built Fort Assumption here.
During the American Civil War, the Confederate States Army built Fort Pickering on the site. The Confederates dug out the top of the mound and placed artillery there. An ammunition bunker was dug into the side of the mound.
Union forces captured Memphis in June 1862. The Union army enlarged and expanded several areas of the fort. "The newly constructed fort stretched nearly two miles along the south Memphis bluffs from where DeSoto Park (Chickasaw Heritage Park) is located, all the way to Beale Street. It was outfitted with 55 guns and included structures needed to serve the large number of troops living in Memphis and those passing through. The Indian mounds were hollowed out and artillery was placed there, along with an ammunition bunker which was dug into the side of the mound. Buildings included a hospital, rail depot, water works, and a saw mill."
However, Fort Pickering's defenses were never put to the test and Union forces held Memphis throughout the war. The fort served as a major Union staging area during the Vicksburg Campaign.
Status
After Fort Pickering was demolished in 1866, all traces of the fort were removed and Memphis forgot about it - until 2007, when there was interest about the possibility of finding Civil War remnants still around. Trenches were excavated and archaeologists were able to identify two cisterns, brick foundation piers, and particularly, evidence of the defensive parapet and ditch. Further excavations found very few actual Civil War items. They had been thorough in the demolition of 1866. The items that were found were mostly evidence of an earlier residential area of a young Memphis.
References
External links
Archaeological Survey Weaver & Associates, 2007.
Pickering
Buildings and structures in Memphis, Tennessee
Military installations closed in 1866
Pickering
Demolished buildings and structures in Tennessee
1739 establishments in the French colonial empire
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2199131
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory%20military%20training%20in%20New%20Zealand
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Compulsory military training in New Zealand
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Compulsory military training (CMT), a form of conscription, was practised for males in New Zealand between 1909 and 1972. Prior to and after this period military training in New Zealand has been voluntary.
Origins of military training in New Zealand
Colonial era
Calls for the military training of settlers began in the colony's earliest days. The concern was that settlers were not used to firearms and this could result in their being unable to defend themselves should the need arise. Debate about this continued until in 1843 a militia was formed in Wellington, without the Governor's authorisation, which prompted the Governor to send troops to Wellington to disperse the militia.
There was further debate, and in March 1845 the Militia Ordinance 1845 was passed by the legislature, enabling the Governor to form a militia if and when required; training would be implemented only when the militia was needed. The ordinance required:
Every man except as hereinafter excepted, between the ages of (18) years and (60) years, being a British subject, and not an aboriginal native, who shall reside within the colony, shall be liable to serve in such militia. ... Those exempted under clause 7 were "Judges of the Supreme Court, all members of the Legislative Council, all clergymen, priests, ministers of religion, and catechists." In addition under Clause 9 the Police Magistrate shall have power, after hearing such objections, to strike out of the said list the names of all persons who shall not be liable to serve as militiamen, and also of such as are afflicted by lunacy or unsoundness of mind, or deafness, blindness, lameness, or by any other disorder that may render them unfit for active service in any such militia ....
The first significant use of this legislation was at New Plymouth in 1858, when 400 residents were called up. On 28 May 1858, the Militia Act 1858 replaced the ordinance, but retained the same provisions as the above clauses. Monetary penalties were introduced for not complying with the call-up.
As a result of the land wars commencing in the early 1860s, the Act was replaced in 1865 by the Militia Act 1865. This new Act changed the requirement to register by reducing the maximum age from 60 to 55 and including all males who had resided in New Zealand for more than three months. The list of exempted professions was expanded, and Militia were classified into three levels of priority, ranging from unmarried men and widowers without children, between eighteen and forty years of age; widowers with children, and married men, between eighteen and forty years of age, unmarried men who could prove that female relatives were dependent upon them for their support; and men between forty and fifty five years of age. Penalties for failing to comply with the Act became considerably tougher, with reference to penalties under Imperial legislation.
The 1865 Act was repealed and replaced by the Militia Act 1870. The exempted professions were slightly amended, the starting age was lowered from 18 to 17; and the classifications for levels of priority changed to solely age groups – 17 to 30 years old, 30 to 40 years old, and 40 to 55 years old. Penalties in the Act remained mainly fines.
The Russian scare and before World War I
With the Russian scare of the 1880s the Militia Act was repealed and the Defence Act 1886 set up a permanent military force. The changes relating to the militia expanded those liable for service to include Maori, slightly revised the exempted professions, and revised the priority classifications by making those married and aged 17 to 30 or 30 to 40 one step lower priority than those who were single.
In the late 1880s people such as Lord Wolseley in England and reported in New Zealand, began to make calls for universal compulsory military training of young men. Switzerland was held up as an example of the success of such a system. Debate quietened down until the Second Boer War, when again the issue began to be raised in the press. In 1903/1904, a Royal Commission considered New Zealand's defence needs and concluded that all able-bodied males should be trained in the use of arms.
In 1905 the Australasian National Defence League was formed in Australia, with the intent to introduce universal compulsory military training for youths and men on the Swiss system; the proposal differed from the earlier militia in that training was to be organised permanently rather than just when required. This Australian move was widely reported in New Zealand at the time. In 1906 the National Defence of New Zealand organisation was set up with similar objectives. The organisation advocated compulsory training of all boys and youths up to the age of 21. By 1907 Australia had begun to move towards compulsory military training, although not without opposition from trade unions, socialist parties, and others. Legislation was introduced into the Australian Parliament in September 1908. During the New Zealand election campaigns, the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, stated that he was against forcing compulsory military training on the populace.
Introduction of universal compulsory military training
Defence Act 1909
Ward appears to have changed his mind, because in April 1909 he announced that the government intended to introduce compulsory military training for youths up to 21 years old. There was some opposition to the idea, but it was sporadic and very definitely a minority view. In Wellington there was quite pronounced opposition from socialists. The Society of Friends raised the issue of conscientious objectors with Ward.
The Defence Act 1909 Section 35 brought in a general training requirement for males 12 to 14 years old (Junior Cadets), 14 to 18 (Senior Cadets), 18 to 21 (General Training Section), and 21 to 30 (the Reserve). There was exemption for religious conscientious objectors, under Section 92 of the Act, but only subject to performing non-combatant duties within the military. Failure to comply with the Act could result in fines, and potentially imprisonment for those who did not pay them. The Act also introduced a range of new offences, a number of which were aimed at the behaviour of those being trained. The Defence Amendment Act 1912 repealed Section 35 (a) and thereby removed the requirement for those aged up to 14 years old to be trained.
There continued to be mixed opposition to the Act, such as Methodists seeking a broader conscientious objection clause and the Tinsmiths and Sheetmetal Workers Union seeking removal of the compulsory requirements. Anti-militarists, such as Reginald Williams of the Passive Resisters Union, and the National Peace Council also spoke out against compulsory training. These were all very much in the minority of public opinion, conscientious objectors being generally perceived as shirkers. Political opposition to the measures came from the socialists and Federation of Labour.
World War I
Public opinion had tended to harden against conscientious objectors as World War I approached, as the derisive term "conchies" emerged. Alternative service suggested by the government was generally rejected by the public in favour of punishment and imprisonment.
In 1915 Britain began to move towards conscription, while New Zealand thought the need unlikely. By early 1916 Britain had introduced conscription, and debate in New Zealand papers was generally overwhelmingly in favour of following suit. Those opposing it were considered unpatriotic and shirkers by the general public. However, it is hard to tell what public opinion truly was, as sedition charges were laid against those who expressed a contrary view and deserters and their employers were pursued and given harsh punishments. This attitude was reflected with the introduction of conscription in 1916 in the Military Service Act 1916, which from 16 September 1916 imposed a liability on all men from the 20th birthday up to the day before the 46th birthday to be entered in a ballot for military call-up.
The only grounds for conscientious objection were:
That he was on the fourth day of August, nineteen hundred and fourteen, and has since continuously been a member of a religious body the tenets and doctrines of which religious body declare the bearing of arms and the performance of any combatant service to be contrary to Divine revelation, and also that according to his own conscientious religious belief the bearing of arms and the performance of any combatant service is unlawful by reason of being contrary to Divine revelation.
This was a considerable contraction of the exemption under the Defence Amendment Act 1912 which had allowed under Section 65(2)
On the application of any person a Magistrate may grant to the applicant a certificate of exemption from military training and service if the Magistrate is satisfied that the applicant objects in good faith to such training and service on the ground that it is contrary to his religious belief.
Only Christadelphians, Seventh-day Adventists, and Quakers were recognised as conscientious objectors under the 1916 legislation. The combined number of males within these religions was only about 1,200. Of these only 20 to 30 were exempted military service.
The only political opposition to conscription in Parliament came from five members of parliament and trade unions. Five Labour Party members: Fraser, Semple, Armstrong, O'Brien, and Webb were imprisoned for their opposition to conscription.
Of the 124,211 New Zealand men who served during World War I, 91,941 were volunteers and 32,270 were conscripts.
Number of compulsory military trainees from inception till the end of the war
Prosecutions
The numbers of prosecutions for breaches relating to compulsory military training and military service were 28 in 1911, 3,187 in 1912, 7,030 in 1913, 6,321 in 1914, 3,136 in 1915, 2,478 in 1916, 2,342 in 1917, and 1,501 in 1918. In addition to prosecutions under the Act, some local authorities implemented by-laws to prohibit the distribution of anti-compulsory military training leaflets.
Abolition
The compulsory military training provisions of the Defence Act were placed in abeyance in 1930 because of the depression. From July 1931 voluntary training was inaugurated. In this period, high school students were subjected to a few periods each week of military training.
In May 1939 a voluntary military reserve was established in response to the looming crises in Europe.
World War II
In World War II difficulties in filling the Second and Third Echelons for overseas service in 1939 and 1940 and the Allied disasters of May 1940 led the government reluctantly to reintroduce conscription in June 1940 by the National Service Emergency Regulations of 18 June 1940, made under the Defence Act and the Emergency Regulations Amendment Act of 31 May. Men aged between 18 and 46 again became liable to be called up by ballot. Volunteering for Army service ceased from 22 July 1940, although entry to the Navy and Air Force remained voluntary. From January 1942 workers could be manpowered or directed to essential industries.
Four members of the cabinet, including Prime Minister Peter Fraser, had been imprisoned for anti-conscription activities in World War I, the Labour Party was traditionally opposed to it, and some members still demanded conscription of wealth before men.
Conscientious objection was allowed under the legislation provided the applicant could prove to the satisfaction of the Appeal Board that he had objected on conscientious grounds before the outbreak of war. Only 200 cases were approved, with 800 being imprisoned for failing to comply with the regulations. A total of 194,000 men served in the armed forces during the war.
Post-war
1949 referendum
On 25 May 1949 Prime Minister Peter Fraser announced that a referendum would be held on the future of CMT. The results on 3 August 1949 strongly approved reintroduction of CMT, with 77.9% in favour and a turnout of 63.5%.
Post-referendum
Under the Military Training Act 1949, which went into effect in 1950, all males became liable for military service upon reaching 18 years of age. They were required to register with the Department of Labour and Employment, and, apart from those exempted for medical, compassionate or conscientious objection reasons, had to undergo 14 weeks of intensive full-time training, three years of part-time service and six years in the Reserve; all had the option of serving with the Royal New Zealand Navy, the New Zealand Army or Royal New Zealand Air Force. A total of 63,033 men were trained before the Military Training Act was replaced by the Labour Government's National Service Registration Act 1958 in early 1958.
In March 1961 a National Party government, under Keith Holyoake, stopped the registration of 18-year-olds for national service. A new act, the National Military Service Act 1961, was introduced requiring all males to register on their 20th birthdays with the Department of Labour. Ballots based on dates of birth were conducted to decide who would undertake compulsory service. Those selected were required to complete three months initial full-time training, followed by an annual commitment of three weeks part-time training for three years.
Although New Zealand sent troops to the Vietnam war, all who served there were full-time professional volunteer soldiers. Conscripts were not sent, unlike Australians or Americans.
In 1972 a Labour government under Norman Kirk ended National Service, partly as a result of a campaign of civil disobedience and lobbying by the Organisation to Halt Military Service (OHMS, a pun on both resistance and "On Her Majesty's Service").
Since 1972
Since 1972 there has been no conscription. There have been sporadic calls for its re-introduction, especially as a measure to reduce youth crime, but no major political party has made it part of their manifesto.
See also
Conscription in Australia
WWI
Conscription Crisis of 1917 in Canada
Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War
World War I conscription in Australia
Notes
References
"Conscription" in the Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History pp 117–120 (2000) edited by Ian McGibbon ISBN
Conscription in New Zealand
Military of New Zealand
Military sociology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Rieber
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Frank Rieber
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Frank Rieber (March 12, 1891-June 30, 1948) was a pioneering geophysicist, entrepreneur, inventor, and innovator, and made advances in a variety of fields. He is particularly remembered for his groundbreaking research in automated seismic data processing,
decades before the industry performed similar research. His patents related to reproduceable seismograms would lead to the ability to better locate petroleum, and gain widespread use and recognition by improving the fidelity of seismographs in accurately depicting underground rock strata and oil structures, particularly in areas with complex geological formations.
Early Years and education
Frank Rieber was born in Placerville, California, on March 12, 1891, the son of Dr. Charles Henry Rieber, esteemed long-time Dean of the College of Letters and Science at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Winifred Smith Rieber, a skilled professional artist, well known for her portraits of famous philosophers, educators, and scientists. Rieber graduated from Berkeley High School and, in 1915, received his B.S. degree from the University of California.
Professional career
After a year with the Western Precipitation Company, Rieber started his own business in San Francisco developing X-ray equipment, including mobile X-ray machines that could be administered in a truck. By 1922, his inventions with X-Ray technology allowed operators to more precisely control the amount of radiation administered. One benefit of his invention was allowing oncologists to more effectively and relatively more safely treat cancerous growths with radiation. After this period, he operated his own companies.
During World War I, Rieber was a secretary of the California War Inventions Committee and a member of the Submarine Defense Commission. It was during his war work with sonic submarine detection and depth sounding that he became interested in the application of related techniques to the location of oil structures.
Refraction seismographic work
In 1924, he began research and operations with the refraction seismograph in California where he developed and introduced methods and instrumentation for determining velocities of, and depths to strata of low velocity contrast in the sedimentary series. Out of this period came a number of determinations of velocity still listed as standards in the literature, and maps of many of the shallow trends in California which have since been confirmed by drilling and subsequent reflection seismograph exploration.
Rieber was more scientist than businessman and his companies were more than once among those which did not survive cut-backs in exploration by the oil industry. During such periods he employed his talents in some other phase of electronics with a weather-eye on ideas he could bring back to geophysics when the exploration pendulum swung high again. One such hiatus in his geophysical activities occurred between 1929 and 1932 during which time, together with some associates, Rieber developed a method of recording sound on film which was not covered by the RCA and Western Electric patents. From this venture he brought the idea of reproducible recording back to seismic geophysics when he returned to this field in 1932, though he by no means limited his research and development to this idea.
In 1932 the reflection seismograph was still in its infancy but was well established and accepted in areas of good reflections. The majority of Rieber's early experiments with the reflection seismograph were located in areas of California known to this day as "trouble-spots".
After investigating the nature of reflections in some of the seismically complex areas of California, Rieber became convinced that interference of waves reaching the geophones was the principal cause of poor seismic results in such areas. He set about finding the cause of, and cure for these interferences, turning his back on the lucrative commercial field to be exploited by others using conventional equipment in areas where reflections could be more easily obtained. Around 1931, his wife Mary sought a divorce and sought alimony and custody of their two children.
Invention of "Sonograph"
During the period from 1932 to 1935, Rieber investigated, and in some cases patented, methods of reducing surface disturbances at the shot and at the receiving point, methods of shortening wave transients, and methods of separating waves arriving from different directions. The method combining most of the results of his research he called the "Sonograph," which involved recording the seismogram traces as reproducible sound tracks and subsequently reproducing them in variably phased combinations and through various filters to reduce the various types of interference, particularly that due to waves arriving from different directions.
Professional affiliations
In 1934, Rieber joined the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and in 1936 the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, and the next few years marked the height of his impact on the science of geophysics. He and his staff gave a series of papers on the Sonograph and on the complex geological conditions it was designed to evaluate. An effective speaker and a master of repartee, Rieber became a drawing card at any convention where he presented a paper, since his papers were always sufficiently controversial to elicit critical discussion. He introduced many novel features in his papers which added to their interest and effectiveness. Some of these were: spark photographs of reflection and diffraction of sound waves in the air to simulate the action of seismic waves in the earth, animated drawings of wave travel in the earth; and, as late as 1947, stereoscopic X-ray slides, with polarized glasses for the audience, to demonstrate a parallelism between the seismic art and the X-ray art.
Discovery of "Geovision"
Rieber made an impact on the exploration industry during these years, but his new tool was not needed desperately enough for wide acceptance of his reproducible record method. In the last few years before his death in 1943, Rieber made one last effort to open the eyes of the exploration brotherhood to the value of his method. He conceived the idea of processing the reproducible seismograms very rapidly by electronic means and displaying a completely corrected cross-section on a cathode-ray screen, coining the name "Geovision" for the process.
Though Rieber did not live to see the complete development of "Geovision" and though his own organization could not, or at least did not, carry on his work after his death, this last effort was more timely. The publicity surrounding Geovision and the financial backing given Geovision by the managements of several oil companies undoubtedly helped those research geophysicists who had for some time been carrying on a modest program of research on reproducible records and their processing, to go into high gear.
In a remarkably short period of time the reproducible record "caught on." Undoubtedly a major factor in this revolution was the development in industry of reliable magnetic recording media such as tapes, discs, and strips and the simultaneous development of improved circuitry for magnetic recording and play-back, though at least one major company based its development on photographic film recording very similar to that employed by Rieber.
Today, original recording on galvanometer-type paper records is almost obsolete. Only the vast file of past seismograms remains as a valuable factor in present-day exploration as a reminder of the campaign Rieber continued to the end of his days. Ironically, we can now "reproduce" these old paper records electronically into more modern forms, and had this possibility been recognized in the early 1930s, Rieber might never have been granted his basic patent on the reproducible seismogram.
In addition to his work with devices for petroleum exploration for commercial use, he also aided in the development of military instruments and devices. These included a method to measure the muzzle velocity of shells, a magnetic means for detecting submarines, and sound ranging systems for locating enemy guns.
Death in New York City
He moved to New York around 1940, shortly before WWII. He died at the age of 56 on March 12, 1948 at his residence-laboratory in New York City from a heart attack after suffering for years from a serious heart affliction. His heart problems rarely diminished the zeal with which he pursued his professional goals. He had headed the Rieber Research Laboratory since 1941. He held 48 American and foreign patents, and had 27 pending patent applications. For many years he maintained his lab at 667 Howard Street in San Francisco. One of his earliest inventions was a device for maintaining massive X-ray examinations so as to prevent burns, which was implemented in many San Francisco Hospitals. He had also developed a method to help boat captains know their distance from shore using sound wave technology instrumentation that utilized echo location.
References
1891 births
1948 deaths
American geophysicists
American petroleum geologists
University of California alumni
People from Placerville, California
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67941729
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20Wroc%C5%82aw%20Panthers%20season
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2021 Wrocław Panthers season
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The 2021 Wrocław Panthers season was the first season of the Wrocław Panthers team in the European League of Football, after moving over from the Polish league LFA.
Regular season
Standings
Schedule
Source: europeanleague.football
Roster
Notes
References
2021 in American football
Panthers Wrocław
Panthers
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3194509
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judson%20B.%20Coit%20Observatory
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Judson B. Coit Observatory
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Judson B. Coit Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Boston University on the roof of the College of Arts & Sciences at 725 Commonwealth Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The observatory is used in undergraduate and graduate courses of the Boston University Department of Astronomy, and for observing projects of the Boston University Astronomical Society.
Public Open Nights are held most Wednesday evenings throughout the year, weather permitting.
The Observatory is named for Judson Coit, the first Professor of Astronomy appointed by Boston University. It was originally located on the roof of the College of Liberal Arts Building on Boylston Street, occupied by Boston University from the early years of the 20th century until the late-1940s, when it was moved with the College of Liberal Arts (now College of Arts and Sciences) to its current location on Commonwealth Avenue
See also
List of astronomical observatories
References
External links
Boston Clear Sky Clock Forecasts of observing conditions covering Coit Observatory.
Astronomical observatories in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Boston
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60854488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet%20Island
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Trumpet Island
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Trumpet Island is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by Tom Terriss and starring Marguerite De La Motte, Wallace MacDonald, and Hallam Cooley.
Cast
Marguerite De La Motte as Eve de Merincourt
Wallace MacDonald as Richard Bedell
Hallam Cooley as Allen Marsh
Josef Swickard as Jacques de Merincourt
Arthur Hoyt as Henry Caron
Marcella Daly as Hilda
Percy Challenger as Valinsky
References
Bibliography
George A. Katchmer. Eighty Silent Film Stars: Biographies and Filmographies of the Obscure to the Well Known. McFarland, 1991.
External links
1920 films
1920 drama films
American films
American drama films
Films directed by Tom Terriss
American silent feature films
English-language films
American black-and-white films
Vitagraph Studios films
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58017281
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Doneghan
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Ross Doneghan
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Ross Doneghan (born 8 October 1988) is a Scottish rugby union coach now with Harlequins and Ealing Trailfinders. He previously played for Glasgow Warriors, London Scottish, Ayr, Stewart's Melville and Border Bulldogs.
Rugby Union career
Amateur career
Doneghan started playing mini rugby in Linlithgow with the wee reds. He continued his rugby at Stewart's Melville College.
He was part of the Stewart's Melville team that won the Bell Lawrie Scottish Schools Cup of 2006.
From Stewart's Melville he moved to the Rugby Legends Academy in South Africa, run by former Scotland and South Africa international player John Allan.
While with Glasgow Warriors, he played with Ayr from 2011. During this time at Ayr he converted from a Flanker to a Hooker.
He played for Darlington Mowden Park from 2013–14, who at the time played in National League 2 North. That season the Darlington side won promotion to National League 1 for the 2014-15 season. Doneghan played at Hooker for the Darlington side.
Professional career
In South Africa, Doneghan played for the Border Bulldogs in season 2009-10. He switched between Lock and Flanker for the South African side.
He moved to England to play with the Rotherham Titans in the RFU Championship in the 2010-11 season.
He became part of Glasgow Warriors set-up as a back-up player in the 2011-12 season. He played one match for the Warriors in that season; turning out for the Glasgow club in a pre-season friendly against Newcastle Falcons. The Warriors won the match 17 - 7.
After a successful season with Darlington, Doneghan was signed by London Scottish for 2014-15. His brother Mike Doneghan was playing with Scottish at the time.
Coaching career
During his time with London Scottish Doneghan migrated to a coaching role. He remained a coach there until 2017.
Doneghan also began coaching with Serge Betsen Rugby for the 2015-16 season.
He became a Community rugby coach for Harlequins in 2015, and became their Schools co-ordinator in 2017.
In 2018, he also became Head of Community coaching for Ealing Trailfinders.
He is also the Head coach at Haringey Rhino Ladies, where they finished the 2019/2020 season undefeated and top of the league, moving up for the coming season. Ross coined the phrase on the team #teamtobeat.
References
1988 births
Living people
Ayr RFC players
Border Bulldogs players
Darlington RFC players
Glasgow Warriors players
London Scottish F.C. players
Rotherham Titans players
Rugby union players from Linlithgow
Scottish rugby union coaches
Scottish rugby union players
Stewart's Melville RFC players
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24652223
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Bennett%20%28potter%29
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Edwin Bennett (potter)
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Edwin Bennett (March 6, 1818 – June 13, 1908), born in Newhall, Derbyshire, was an English American pioneer of the pottery industry and art in the United States, and founder of the Edwin Bennett Pottery Company of Baltimore, Maryland. Producing a variety of wares from the everyday to the fine and artistic, his company, originally founded in the 1840s as the Edwin Bennett Queensware Manufactory, continued in operation until forced to close during the Great Depression in 1936. Examples of Edwin Bennett pottery may be found in museums across the United States, including the Maryland Historical Society, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the National Museum of American History, as well as in private collections.
Life
Edwin and his brothers, the children of Martha Webster and Daniel Bennett, a local Derbyshire coal company bookkeeper and Methodist preacher, apprenticed at the Staffordshire Potteries approximately from where the family lived in the Central Midlands. Arriving to the United States in 1841 Edwin, described in the sources as someone of robust constitution, first worked with his brothers James, William and Daniel in East Liverpool, Ohio, where James had recently founded the pottery industry. Soon the brothers relocated to Pittsburgh to produce their wares, after which Edwin moved to Baltimore independently in 1846 and founded his own pottery with his own designs, the business growing to multiple kilns in little time. He became a citizen of the United States in 1848, in which year he was also joined by his brother William and the new partnership named E & W Bennett. They soon added new lines in coloured stonewares and majolica, and Edwin together with his brother William have ever since been considered the first creators and originators of American majolica.
Although William Ellis Tucker was the first to produce American porcelain for the American market, there have been claims that among the Bennetts' accomplishments was the first "industrial" production of porcelain in America in 1853, a line of jugs of biscuit porcelain or Parian. While it is uncertain if this is accurate or if somehow so if any of these survive, or any of those from when porcelain was produced again (or for the first time) in the 70s, examples from Bennett porcelain lines from the 1880s do, both parian and also featuring gilt, glazing and colored decoration. The acquisition of the Chesapeake Pottery increased the artistic offerings for a year of that decade before all porcelain production at both factories was ceased in 1888 due to unprofitability, even though very fine quality of different types had been reached, including the equivalent of Belleek at the Bennett factory.
Perhaps as notably, the Bennetts produced exceptional Rockingham-style ware, including the famous "Rebekah at the Well" teapot, modeled by Charles Coxon in Baltimore following Edwin's inspiration. It became the best and longest selling Rockingham-style ware pattern in history. Based on the special glazing of yellow ware, at the production of which the Bennetts also excelled, their own Rockingham-style ware, even if eventually considered old and unfashionable due to the market being flooded by lower quality producers of similar styles, was a mainstay of the family from their very first years in business in the United States. In fact, the Bennett brothers produced a ware considered as good or even better than the classic Rockingham actually from England, which it was never technically classified as, especially due to important glazing differences, but they used the style name for marketing.
Following James' retirement William left to run the Pittsburg operation in 1856 and the Baltimore factory was renamed to the Edwin Bennett Pottery. The first pitched battle of the American Civil War happened right in front of his business on April 19, 1861 and Edwin moved with his wife and children to Philadelphia, where in the next year or two he entered into a partnership with his friend the glassmaker William Gillinder, a notable maker of millefiori paperweights, with Bennett contributing some new pressed glass tableware designs. In 1867, the year he sold his interests to Gillinder and his sons, it was the largest glass factory within the city limits.
Having returned to Baltimore although with his factory continuing in production throughout the war and after, in 1869 Edwin introduced a general line of various earthenwares which were produced until 1890. Malachite glaze ware was produced in the 1860s and 70s as an alternative to the era's yellows, browns and whites (which Bennett also continued to produce). Among the later original styles he and his company are known for are the praised Albion slip-painted ware as well as the highly glazed "majolica family" Brubensul, both introduced in the mid-90s and with some rarer specimens bought by foreign governments for their national museums. It was also by the 1890s that the company was now the largest single producer of pottery in the United States, with five hundred employed artisans, fourteen large kilns, five dressing kilns, and consuming eight thousand tons of clay and coal per year. Roofing tiles were an important part of the business during this time in addition to the pottery, and of the pottery itself most of the volume was devoted to general but high quality domestic use, and to hotels and railroads. At the beginning of the 20th century Bennett himself was described by fellow potter William Percival Jervis as "more closely identified with the pottery industry of America than any other living man".
Many years after Edwin died in 1908, the Bennett Pottery Co. in its late era was also responsible for the design of the popular infuser-style "McCormick teapot".
Family and friends
The Bennett brothers were long friendly with Andrew Carnegie and his family, who had lived in Ohio. Edwin once entertained Carnegie's mother Margaret, on her way to visit her son in Virginia during the Civil War, in his home on East Baltimore Street.
Edwin first married Mary Jane Huston, with whom he had eight daughters, and one son Edwin Huston Bennett who later ran the business. His second wife, Sarah Elizabeth Day, with whom he had one son, was a 1st cousin of writer Mary L. Day. Jane and Edwin's daughter Martha married William Gillinder's son James. The Gillinder's glass business also flourished for decades and they sent the Bennetts fine paperweights as presents.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Barber, Edwin Atlee, Marks of American Potters. New York: Feingold & Lewis. Third Edition, 1912. pp. 143–6
Barber, Edwin Atlee, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States: 3rd Edition. New York and London. 1909. pp. 192–200, 472–5; Haynes collaboration pp. 320–32
Beem, Barbara and Ken, "Bennett Pottery". Baltimore. 1988.
Beem, Barbara and Ken, "The McCormick Teapot: A Whodunnit?", in New England Antiques Journal, Sept. 2009.
Beem, Barbara and Ken, "A History of Baltimore Porcelain", in Robert Hunter (ed.) Ceramics in America 2012. Photo Gallery
Bergensen, Victoria, Majolica: British, Continental and American Wares, 1851–1915. London: Barrie & Jenkins. 1989.
Brooks, Lauren, "The Story of Baltimore Pottery", in Chesapeake Home, July/August 2005.
Campbell, Gordon (ed.), The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts. Oxford. 2006. pg. 99 (one paragraph entry). online edition
Claney, Jane Perkins, Rockingham Ware in American Culture, 1830–1930: Reading Historical Artifacts. New Hampshire: University Press of New England. 2004. pp. 46–8
English, Deborah, "Baltimore potteries", in Majolica Matters, September 2008. pp. 2–6
Goldberg, Arthur F., "Highlights in the Development of the Rockingham and Yellow Ware Industry in the United States - A Brief Review with Representative Examples", in Robert Hunter (ed.) Ceramics in America 2003. Photo Gallery
Holland, Eugenia Calvert and Romaine Sommerville, Edwin Bennett and the Products of his Baltimore Pottery. Exhibition catalogue. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society. 1973.
Jervis, William Percival, A Book of Pottery Marks. Newark. 1897. p. 74
Jervis, William Percival, The Encyclopedia of Ceramics. Blanchard. 1902. pp. 43–4
Karmason, Marilyn G. and Joan B. Stacke, Majolica: A Complete History and Illustrated Survey. 2nd edition. 2002.
Museum of American Glass at Wheaton Arts, "Gillinder Glass: Story of a Company". 1994.
Rebert, M. Charles, American Majolica, 1850–1900. Des Moines: Wallace Homestead. 1981.
Schneider, M., Majolica. Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. 3rd edition, revised & expanded. 1999.
Stradling, J. G., "Puzzling Aspects of the Most Popular Piece of American Pottery Ever Made", in The Magazine ANTIQUES, February 1997.
Various Contributors, Baltimore: Its History and its People. Volume III – Biography. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. 1912. pp. 856–60
Various Contributors, Glass and Pottery World. Vol. XII. No. 1. Chicago: Porter, Taylor & Co. January, 1904. pg. 18
Various Contributors, Glass and Pottery World. Vol. XIV. No. 5. Chicago: Porter, Taylor & Co. May, 1906. pg. 20. James Bennett photograph with mention of Andrew Carnegie letter reminiscing to Edwin Vol. XIII. No. 6. pg. 34
Company records
Bennett Pottery Company Records, 1844–, also including family history and Bennett's autobiography, correspondence at the Smithsonian Institution.
Further reading
Charles Coxon of Staffordshire on the career of Bennett's colleague and senior modeller 1849–58
British emigrants to the United States
American potters
American ceramists
Artists from Baltimore
1908 deaths
1818 births
People from Newhall, Derbyshire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s%2011th%20congressional%20district
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California's 11th congressional district
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California's 11th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California. Currently, the 11th district consists of most of Contra Costa County. Mark DeSaulnier, a Democrat, has represented the district since January 2015.
Cities and CDPs in the district include Alamo, Bay Point, Blackhawk, Clayton, Concord, Diablo, El Cerrito, El Sobrante, Kensington, Lafayette, Moraga, Orinda, Pinole, Pittsburg, Pleasant Hill, San Pablo, Richmond, and Walnut Creek; most of Danville; and parts of Antioch and Martinez.
Prior to redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission of 2011, the 11th district consisted of portions of Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, and Santa Clara counties.
Recent election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Election results
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1967 (Special)
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1979 (Special)
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
See also
List of United States congressional districts
References
External links
GovTrack.us: California's 11th congressional district
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions (out of date)
California Voter Foundation map - CD11 (out of date)
11
Government of Contra Costa County, California
Berkeley Hills
Antioch
Concord, California
Danville, California
El Cerrito, California
Lafayette, California
Orinda, California
Pittsburg, California
Richmond, California
Walnut Creek, California
congressional district 11
Constituencies established in 1913
1913 establishments in California
Leo Ryan
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42621818
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20Kislev
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1 Kislev
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Rosh Chodesh Kislev, the 1st day of the month of Kislev on the Hebrew calendar, is a holiday celebrated by the Chabad Hasidic movement. The day marks the recovery of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Rebbe of Chabad, from a heart attack in 1977.
History
On Tuesday, October 4, 1977 (Tishrei 22, 5738), during the annual hakafot celebration of Shemini Atzeret, the Jewish holiday following the festival of Sukkot, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson suddenly turned pale and sat down. Realizing that something was not right, chassidim began vacating the synagogue and doctors were summoned. When a medic who was at the synagogue offered Schneerson a drink of water, he refused saying that he first wanted to complete the hakafot ceremony and make kiddush. Once the ceremony was completed, Schneerson walked to the Sukka where he made kidush on a cup of wine. It was only when the doctors began checking his pulse and vitals that they realized he had suffered a major heart attack. Per his request, Rabbi Menachem Mendel was treated at his office over the course of the next several weeks. On Friday, November 11, 1977 (Kislev 1, 5738), Rabbi Schneerson returned home; the day was celebrated by the Chabad community as a holiday.
Celebrations
Rosh Chodesh Kislev is celebrated each year by Chabad Hasidim and is typically marked by public gatherings ("farbrengens") and song.
Kinus Hashluchim
The annual convention of Chabad emissaries is held around Rosh Chodesh Kislev.
See also
Chabad customs and holidays
Chabad
References
External links
"Rosh Chodesh Kislev Nigun" - Hasidic melody traditionally sung on the 1st of Kislev
1977 in religion
Chabad-Lubavitch (Hasidic dynasty)
Chabad history
Kislev 1
Days of the Hebrew calendar
Kislev observances
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38506825
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%20Food%20Service%20Program
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Summer Food Service Program
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The Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) began in 1968. It was an amendment to the National School Lunch Act. Today, the SFSP is the largest federal resource available for local sponsors who want to combine a child nutrition program with a summer activity program. Sponsors can be public or private groups, such as non-profit organizations, government entities, churches, universities, and camps. The government reimburses sponsors for the food at a set rate. There are still communities that have not created a Summer Food Service Program in their community. For those individuals that want to help ensure children have meals during the summer, they can get more information from the USDA or their state government agencies.
During the school year a large number of children in the United States receive free and reduced-lunches through their school lunch programs. However, when the school year ends food insecurity becomes prevalent amongst school-aged children. The Summer Food Service Program helps alleviate the nutritional gap and makes meals accessible to all children less than 18 years of age.
Legislative history
The history of school lunch policies and politics took many years to come to fruition. Like any other policy created, this is a complex web of details pieced together by individuals with a plethora of different interests. "One set of major players includes nutrition reformers – education, health, and key welfare professionals, mainly women – who struggled mightily to translate nutrition science into public policy. Another set of player includes farm-bloc legislators and Department of Agriculture officials who created the institutional infrastructure for a national school lunch program. These groups, together with political leaders responding to the demands and interests of their constituents as well as to the popular appeal of children’s health, shaped national food and nutrition policies."
At the forefront of the National School Lunch Act is its namesake – Richard Russell, Jr. At the time Russell was a senator from Georgia who was concerned with the small town farmer and had a sincere passion for agriculture. Additionally, Russell was deeply committed to matters of national defense, as he served as chair of the Armed Services Committee for sixteen years. In order to insure a powerful national defense, Russell understood it would begin with strong, healthy children. Russell seized the opportunity to improve national defense and support agriculture by authoring the nation’s most popular social welfare program.
School lunch politics were not created solely to ensure that America’s children receive healthy and nutritious meals. School lunch policies also have to do with agriculture and farmers. "School lunch is, surely, rooted in the science of nutrition and ideas about healthy diets, but those ideas have never been sufficient on their own to shape public policy. School lunch, like other aspects of public policy, has been shaped by the larger forces of politics and power in American history."
The relationship between hungry children and struggling farmers began during the Great Depression. Farmers were producing abundant crops, but no one could afford to buy them. Men and women could not come up with the money to feed their families. Some items are brought to the policy agenda by events that simply demand immediate attention. Faced with struggling farmers and hungry children, the federal government began providing funding in 1935 to purchase farm products to provide school lunches.
The National School Lunch Program did exactly resemble what many had hoped it would. In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century the science of nutrition was struggling to find its place in American culture. The general public did not broadly accept the importance of healthy eating and living. However, the economic depression and the New Deal became an opportunity for nutrition reformers to shape food and nutrition policy. "In fact, the National School Lunch Program created in 1946 bore only slight resemblance to the goals of nutrition scientists and home economists. The program was, in its goals, structure and administration, more a subsidy for agriculture than a nutrition program for children. Indeed, the political will to forge a national school lunch program came not from the New Deal social welfare coalition but rather from the Department of Agriculture and a group of southern Democratic legislators who generally opposed federal social programs."
In 1942 Congress was creating their budget, but because of World War II federal money for welfare programs were threatened. It was then that Senator Russell and individuals, such as, George R. Chatfield (chairman of the Coordinating Committee on School Lunches) started rallying their troops and “launched an effort to save the school lunch program”.
The school lunch coalition proved remarkably effective. Unwilling to appear unsympathetic to children’s health, particularly as the nation was mobilizing for war, congress quickly voted to continue appropriations for school lunches. Indeed, by an overwhelming margin, Congress actually increased the appropriation.
Program history
In 1946, President Harry S. Truman signed the National School Lunch Act (NSLA), Public Law 396. According to the School Nutrition Association:
The legislation came in response to claims that many American men had been rejected from World War II military service because of diet-related health problems. The federally assisted meal program was established as a measure of national security, to safeguard the health and well-being of the Nation’s children and encourage domestic consumption of nutritious agricultural commodities.
President Truman explained in his statement upon signing the NSLA, that “in the long view, no nation is any healthier than its children or more prosperous than its farmers; and in the National School Lunch Act, the Congress has contributed immeasurably both to the welfare of our farmers and the health of our children.”
The Special Food Service Program for Children was created as an amendment to the NSLA in 1968. According to the USDA, “the 3 year pilot provided grants to States to help provide meals for children when school was not in session.” Under the umbrella of the Special Food Service Program were two categories: Summer and Child Care. In 1975, the original National School Lunch Act was further amended to establish the two categories as their own separate programs.
The original requirements of the SFSP included residential summer camps and sites serving areas of poor economic conditions, where at least one-third of the children who qualify for free and reduced price meals, were eligible to participate. All meals were reimbursed at a single rate, and start up and advance payments were made to help sponsors defray the costs of planning and organizing. The Summer Food Service Program has undergone numerous amendments of its own since its conception in 1975. In 1981, “poor economic conditions” was expanded to fifty-percent of the children who qualify for free and reduced price meals, were eligible to participate. In 1994, under the Healthy Meals for Healthy Americans Act, it allowed SFSP to function at non-school locations when there were emergency school closures. In 2004, childhood obesity was an emerging issue. As a result, under the Child Nutrition and WIC re-authorization Act of 2004, the USDA and Congress ramped up their efforts to increase participation in the SFSP. The simplified the application process for families and schools and also included transportation grants to help sponsors access children in rural areas.
The SFSP is the largest Federal resource available for local sponsors who want to combine a child nutrition program with a summer activity program. Groups allowed to participate in SFSP include public and private non-profit groups, government entities, private non-profit organizations, public and private non-profit camps and public and private non-profit universities and colleges.
Program operation
The Food and Nutrition Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, administers SFSP at the Federal level. State education agencies administer the program in most States. In some areas, the State health or social service department or an FNS regional office may be designated. Locally, SFSP is run by approved sponsors, including school districts, local government agencies, camps, or private nonprofit organizations. Sponsors provide free meals to a group of children at a central site, such as a school or a community center. They receive payments from USDA, through their State agencies, for the meals they serve.
States approve SFSP meal sites as open, enrolled, or camp sites. Open sites operate in low-income areas where at least half of the children come from families with incomes at or below 185 percent of the Federal poverty level, making them eligible for free and reduced-price school meals. Meals are served free to any child at the open site. Enrolled sites provide free meals to children enrolled in an activity program at the site where at least half of them are eligible for free and reduced-price meals. Camps may also participate in SFSP. They receive payments only for the meals served to children who are eligible for free and reduced-price meals.
Units of local government, camps, schools, and private nonprofit organizations can sponsor the SFSP. If your organization already provides services to the community, and has capable staff and good management practices to run a food service, you can sponsor the SFSP. As a sponsor, you will attend the State agency's training, locate eligible sites, hire, train and supervise staff, arrange for meals to be prepared and delivered, monitor sites and prepare claims for reimbursement.
Eligibility
Children 18 and younger may receive free meals and snacks through SFSP. Meals and snacks are also available to persons with disabilities, over age 18, who participate in school programs for people who are mentally or physically disabled. At most sites, children receive either one or two reimbursable meals each day. Camps and sites that primarily serve migrant children may be approved to serve up to three meals to each child, each day.
Congress appropriated $398 million for SFSP in FY 2012. By comparison, the program cost $110.1 million in 1980; $163.3 million in 1990; $267.2 million in 2000; and $327.4 million in 2008. More than 2.28 million children participated at almost 39,000 sites in the summer of 2012.
References
School meal programs in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shout
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The Shout
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The Shout is a 1978 British horror film directed by Jerzy Skolimowski. It was based on a short story by Robert Graves and adapted for the screen by Michael Austin. The film was the first to be produced by Jeremy Thomas under his Recorded Picture Company banner.
Premise
Crossley (Alan Bates), a mysterious travelling man invades the lives of a young couple, Rachel and Anthony Fielding (Susannah York and John Hurt). Anthony is a composer, who experiments with sound effects and various electronic sources in his secluded Devon studio. The couple provides hospitality to Crossley but his intentions are gradually revealed as more sinister. He claims he has learned from an Aboriginal shaman how to produce a "terror shout" that can kill anyone who hears it unprotected.
Cast
Alan Bates as Crossley
Susannah York as Rachel Fielding
John Hurt as Anthony Fielding
Robert Stephens as Chief Medical Officer
Tim Curry as Robert Graves
Julian Hough as Vicar
Carol Drinkwater as Wife
Susan Wooldridge as Harriet
Jim Broadbent as Fielder in cowpat
Production
Interiors were shot at Pinewood Studios, the film's sets were designed by the art director Simon Holland. The North Devon coastline, specifically Saunton Sands and Braunton Burrows, was used for the bulk of the location shooting. The church of St Peter in Westleigh Bideford was used for the church scenes. The producer, Jeremy Thomas, later remembered his experience making the film,
The soundtrack is by Michael Rutherford and Tony Banks of the rock band Genesis. The central theme "From the Undertow" features on Banks's album A Curious Feeling.
Accolades
The film was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1978 Cannes Film Festival and received the Grand Prize of the Jury, in a tie with Bye Bye Monkey.
In popular culture
In The Guard (2011), Sergeant Boyle (Brendan Gleeson) is seen watching The Shout on television.
References
External links
1978 films
1978 horror films
British horror films
English-language films
Films based on short fiction
Films about magic and magicians
Films set in Devon
Films directed by Jerzy Skolimowski
Films produced by Jeremy Thomas
Cannes Grand Prix winners
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68246099
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoning%20Drive-In%20Theater
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Mahoning Drive-In Theater
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The Mahoning Drive-In Theater is a drive-in theater located in Lehighton, Pennsylvania, along Route 443. Opened in 1949, the Mahoning was one of many drive-in theaters that became popular in the United States following World War II. Attendance at the Mahoning waned by 2014, but the theater has since gained a resurgence in popularity due to the management's decision to screen primarily older cult films and B movies rather than newer releases. It is the last remaining drive-in theater in the US to screen films in 35 mm every weekend.
In July 2021, it was announced that the theater would be demolished and replaced by a solar farm. Following an outpouring of community support, the plans have been put on hold.
History
The Mahoning Drive-In Theater opened in 1949, amidst a wave of drive-in theaters that became popular in the US after World War II. According to Gene DeSantis, the theater's manager circa 1988, the first film screened at the Mahoning was 1948's April Showers.
Though drive-in attendance declined across the country with the advent of multiplex theaters in the 1970s and 1980s, the Mahoning remained in operation. However, by 2014, the Mahoning had seen a significant decline in attendance, sometimes with as few as 10 cars per show.
Projectionist Jeff Mattox (who started working at the Mahoning in 2001) decided, at the suggestion of then-volunteer employees Virgil Cardamone and Matt McClanahan, that the Mahoning would screen primarily older cult films and B movies, as opposed to newer releases. The decision proved successful, and attendance at the Mahoning soon rose in accordance with the addition of Exhumed Films themed programs like the recurring "Zombie Fest"—a marathon of films featuring zombies—and "Camp Blood"—a marathon of horror films set at summer camps. Films are commonly shown as double or triple features at the Mahoning, and are often accompanied by screenings of older movie trailers, other vintage advertisements, and themed sets and costumes by volunteer James T. Mills. The Mahoning has gone on to host events for Shudder, Joe Bob Briggs, and Troma Entertainment.
On July 13, 2021, it was announced that the land on which the theater is situated was optioned by a solar power company, Greenskies Clean Energy LLC, which plans to demolish the Mahoning (including its screen and marquee) and to construct a solar farm in its place. Following an outpouring of community support, the plans have been put on hold.
References
External links
Drive-in theaters in the United States
Cinemas and movie theaters in Pennsylvania
1949 establishments in Pennsylvania
Carbon County, Pennsylvania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20ship%20Gremyashchy
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Russian ship Gremyashchy
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Gremyashchy (; lit. "thunderous"; alternate spellings Gremyashchiy, Gremyaschi, and Gremyashchi) can refer to a number of Russian or Soviet warships:
, a steam frigate of the Imperial Russian Navy Baltic Fleet
(ru), an Imperial Russian Navy corvette
(ru), an Imperial Russian Navy gunboat commissioned in 1893
, a Soviet Navy and one of the most famous Soviet destroyers of World War II
(ru), a Soviet Navy
(ru), a Soviet Navy
(ru), a Russian Navy Sovremenny-class destroyer, formerly Bezuderzhny
(ru), a Russian Navy commissioned in 2020
Russian Navy ship names
Soviet Navy ship names
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24869087
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuru
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Zuru
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Zuru is a Local Government Area in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Zuru. It is also the Headquarters of Zuru Emirate. The Emirate comprises four local government areas, namely: Wasagu/Danko, Fakai, Sakaba and Zuru.
It has an area of and a population of 165,547 at the 2006 census.
The postal code of the area is 872.
References
Local Government Areas in Kebbi State
Populated places in Kebbi State
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30896196
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Haase%20%28criminal%29
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John Haase (criminal)
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John Haase (born 1948) is an English gangster, drug dealer and associate of Curtis Warren.
John Haase and his nephew Paul Bennett are career criminals with convictions for bank robbery and drug smuggling. In 1996, Haase and Bennett were given a Royal Pardon 11 months into 18-year prison sentences for heroin smuggling, having provided information leading to the seizure of firearms. The Home Secretary, Michael Howard, was criticized for the decision, and in 2008 Haase and Bennett were convicted of having set up the weapons finds to earn them their release, and sentenced to 20 and 22 years in prison respectively.
Smuggling investigation
Haase and Bennett were arrested in 1993 following a long investigation by the British Customs and Excise organisation which was subsequently described in a book by one of the investigating officers. Officers followed a major heroin shipment (worth approximately £18 million) destined for Liverpool as part of a larger investigation into 'Volkan', a Turkish heroin smuggler. As the officers arrested many members of the gang in and around Liverpool, Haase and Bennett nearly slipped through the net, but were arrested in Croydon, south London.
Trial and sentence
After sentencing the two men to 18 years each in prison, Judge David Lynch was contacted by the customs officer in charge of the investigation, Paul Cook. He had been in discussions with Haase and Bennett's solicitor, Tony Nelson, who suggested that in return for their providing information, Customs would undertake to bring any help they gave to the notice of the trial judge, so that they could seek a reduced sentence. The trial judge then wrote privately to the Home Secretary, recommending that he 'exercise the Royal prerogative of mercy' on account of information that the pair had given that had led to the seizure of illegal firearms. Michael Howard ordered their release, which took place on 4 July 1996, and they served less than a year of the sentence. When questioned about his decision, Howard wrote, "I can neither reveal, nor overstate the risks which would flow from revealing any of the details which confidentially had been placed before him (the judge) by the prosecuting authorities, save to say that the information had proved to offer quite enormous and unique assistance to the law-enforcement agencies". Police recovered many firearms, including AK-47 and M16A2 assault rifles, Czechoslovak Sa vz. 23 submachine guns, Thompson submachine guns, Uzi sub-machine guns, shotguns, ammunition and Semtex explosive.
Perversion of the course of justice case
Doubts were expressed by police and Customs and Excise officers as to the authenticity of the information that Haase and Bennett gave, and local Liverpool MP, Peter Kilfoyle campaigned for an investigation.
In March 2001, Kilfoyle was granted a half-hour Adjournment debate in the House of Commons at which he brought up the subject of Haase and Bennett; specifically the damage done to the people of Liverpool by them being allowed back onto the street after such a short period of time in prison, and the basis on which they got out (that is, the Royal pardon they received).
During 2003, it was widely reported that a drug dealer and associate of the two heroin smugglers, Simon Bakerman, who was a cousin of Michael Howard and who openly boasted of his relationship with him, had received a bribe of £400,000 from Haase, which may have been intended to be passed on to the politician. There is no evidence that any such monies were passed on, or that Howard acted in any inappropriate way. Merseyside Police now believe that Customs, the trial judge and Howard himself were duped by an elaborate plot by Haase and Bennett, who arranged for the drugs and guns to be planted where the authorities could find them.
In May 2004, Kilfoyle again brought up the matter at an Adjournment debate. He had visited Haase in prison earlier in 2004, and had obtained a sworn affidavit. The drug smuggler had provided "leads" about the guns which had in fact been planted at the request of him and his accomplice, Bennett. In the affidavit, Haase admitted contacting his acquaintances who were not in prison and getting them to plant guns across Merseyside and the North West of England. He then passed information about the guns' locations to his customs handler Paul Cook, suggesting the guns belonged to other criminals. Haase added, "It was a con all the way." Kilfoyle concluded his comments in the Adjournment debate by saying:
Following the conclusion of the trial at which the two drug barons received sentences of 20 and 22 years for perverting the course of justice in 2008, Kilfoyle called for an independent enquiry into the issues surrounding the case. He said:
References
1948 births
Living people
English drug traffickers
English people convicted of drug offences
English gangsters
Crime in Liverpool
Criminals from Merseyside
Prisoners and detainees of the United Kingdom
Recipients of British royal pardons
British people convicted of perverting the course of justice
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5833676
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally%20Circus
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Totally Circus
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Totally Circus is a 30-minute children's reality series that aired on Disney Channel. It premiered June 16, 2000, and ended on September 24, 2000.
Episodes
"Tryouts!" – 6/16/2000
"Totally Tired Troupers!" – 6/18/2000
"Totally Anxious!" – 6/25/2000
"Totally Strict!" – 7/2/2000
"Totally Terrifying NEW Acts!" – 7/9/2000
"Total Identity Crisis!" - 7/16/2000
"Totally Hot Temperatures!" – 7/23/2000
"Total Rain, Total Pain!" – 8/6/2000
"Totally Jealous!" – 8/13/2000
"Totally Uplifting!" – 8/20/2000
"Totally Backward!" – 8/27/2000
"Totally Joking!" – 9/3/2000
"Totally Tired!" 9/10/2000
"Totally Too Short Summer!" – 9/17/2000
"Totally Cheerful, Totally Tearful!" – 9/24/2000
External links
2000s American reality television series
2000 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
Circus television shows
Disney Channel original programming
English-language television shows
Television series by Disney
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37075084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20John%20Scott
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Captain John Scott
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Captain John Scott of Long Island (c.1634?–1704) was a royal advisor, military leader, spy, cartographer, attorney, land speculator, and early settler and leader of Long Island. He lobbied to make Long Island a colony in North America with himself as governor and, when not appointed by the crown, was elected President of Long Island by that region's leaders. He was often in financial and legal trouble through land speculation and other enterprises and has been called a swindler and scoundrel. He was the principal accuser in the plot leading to the imprisonment of Samuel Pepys in 1679.
He traveled extensively in the Caribbean, authoring a History and Description of the River of Amazones and playing a key role in determining the boundary between Venezuela and Guyana.
Biography
Early years
While a boy in 1641, John Scott was exiled from New England on charges of treason. While the exact charge is unknown, it is likely related to the volatile climate of the years leading to the English Civil War. According to the most complete biography of Scott, he was sold to the Southwick family, for whom he toiled until, ruined and defamed for their anti-Puritan beliefs, they further sold him to a purported child trafficker, Emmanuel Downing. Scott was held in indentured servitude until reaching the age of majority. The majority of this time was spent in Salem, Massachusetts, a time that came to a sudden end after some allege without citation, Scott killed a young girl in a shotgun accident. He was sent to work for a captain in Southold, New York. During these years, Scott spent much of his time befriending and trading with the local Native Americans and managed to learn their languages. Shortly before or after the end of his servitude, Scott and his employer were arrested for plundering a Dutch vessel in the port of New Haven, Connecticut, a charge that was later dropped.
In 1657, no longer in servitude, Scott moved to North Sea, New York and then Southampton, New York, where he was elected a freeman, a mark of a reputable property owner. Scott became an attorney throughout The Hamptons. During this time, he married Deborah Raynor and was granted land adjoining his father-in-law's property in Southampton.
Trip to England
Scott returned to England in late 1660 or early 1661, where he became an advisor to King Charles II regarding the activities of New Netherland, the Dutch colony that occupied the western portions of Long Island. Scott, a crafty landowner who used his familiarity with the natives to his advantage, claimed to own a third of Long Island at this time. He petitioned the king that he deserved to be appointed governor of Long Island but was not successful.
Also at this time, John Scott made the acquaintance of Dorothea Scott Gotherson and her husband, Major John Gotherson. Dorothea was heir to Scott's Hall in Ashford, Kent, coming from the Scott family of which John Scott had long laid questionable claims of membership. Prior to his return to America, John Scott persuaded the Gothersons to give him thousands of pounds of money and jewelry in return for vast lands near "the Horsenecke in Long Island". In later years it would be found that the sale was a hoax and that no such feature of Long Island existed.
Return to Long Island
John Scott returned to Long Island by 1663, brandishing legal documents and letters filled with insignia and parading his wife Deborah in an outfit fit for royalty. Feigning more authority than he had, John Scott persuaded the settlers of Setauket, New York to grant him control of their lands in exchange for deeds of equal size elsewhere.
Scott became one of the most important figures in early Brookhaven, New York. This township was first settled at Setauket and reached most of its present size by 1657, with the names Setauket and Brookhaven interchangeably denoting either the smaller village or larger town. John Scott chose this region as the base of his activities and renamed it to Ashford, after his birthplace and questionable ancestral homeland. He constructed three stately houses, all named for homes of the Scott family in the original Ashford. The first was built in the original settlement formerly named Setauket and was given the name Egerton. The other two he built in previously uninhabited territory to the East. One was Scott's Hall on Mount Misery neck, in the current Port Jefferson suburb of Belle Terre. The other was Braebourne, to the East of Old Mans Harbor (Mount Sinai Harbor), in what is now Miller Place, New York.
John Scott was supplemented his role as advisor to the king on Long Island affairs by making decorative maps of the New England area. A number of these maps remain in existence and are held by the British Museum. On one of John Scott's maps from the 1660s, he presents the New England coast from Boston to present-day New Jersey. Here he neglected to show all but a handful of settlements on Long Island despite including all three of the houses he constructed by name.
At this time, sections of English Long Island were de facto governed by John Winthrop the Younger and his Puritan colony of Connecticut. Long Islanders felt threatened that their autonomy would soon be at an end. A meeting took place between the leaders of English Long Island, represented by Hempstead, Gravesend, Flushing, Newtown, Oyster Bay, and Jamaica. At the meeting, the Long Islanders debated the looming threat of annexation and concluded by electing John Scott their leader until higher orders came from England. John Scott was thus fashioned the President of Long Island. Brandishing this title, Scott and a formidable force of men marched into Brooklyn and other Dutch villages, declared the inhabitants trespassers, and conducted raids purposed to lessen the population.
Arrest and Imprisonment
John Winthrop, leader of the Connecticut Colony in Hartford, became riled that John Scott's leadership was warding off his colony's control over Long Island. He sent a warrant for John Scott's and he was ultimately found and brought to trial in Hartford for "sundry heinous crimes". This was protested by John Scott's Long Island followers and also by John Davenport, a leader of the New Haven Colony, who noted that Winthrop was meddling in towns under New Haven's jurisdiction.
Though sent to prison, John Scott would escape by July 1664, supposedly using rope smuggled into his cell by his visiting wife.
The capture of New Netherland
In the interim months, the settlers of Setauket and Smithtown set to work nullifying John Scott's land claims in their regions and reclaiming the powers they had before Scott's dominance. Also during Scott's stay in prison, King Charles II officially resolved to conquer New Netherlands. In August, the fleet of Richard Nicolls sailed into New York Harbor and successfully demanded surrender of the colony to the English crown. For this task, the English forces used the reports that had been made by John Scott and Samuel Maverick, both of whom had served as royal advisors to the King on Dutch activities in North American.
In March 1665, Nicolls declared that Long Island would henceforth be within the jurisdiction of the newly created Province of New York. Scott was living in Hempstead at this time, still a wanted man but not actively pursued. Nicolls ordered a meeting among John Scott and the Long Island colonists and, after several complaints over previous land claims and exchanges, arbitrated that John Scott was exonerated of all debts.
Military leader in Barbados
While sentenced to appear at Long Island's Court of Assizes over charges of fraud in September 1665, John Scott escaped his quarters and boarded a ship for Barbados, never to return. At the trial he was absent from, it was ordered that Scott's houses be sold off and the funds be given to his wife, then divorced, and family.
In Barbados, John Scott was commissioned by Sir Tobias Bridge. Assuming the rank of Major, Scott operated a small fleet of ships in the Caribbean, at that time an area of activity in the English wars against the Dutch and French. In this role Scott took possession of Guiana, Cuba, and Tobago in the name of the British crown. John Scott was later court-marshalled after a botched attempt to take St. Kitts.
Return to Europe
Scott returned once again to England in late 1667 and was given the post of royal cartographer. It was at this time that he wrote his history The Coasts and Islands of America and other writings. Scott's accounts of his personal exploits in the region would be used as evidence in the 1895 boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela.
When Richard Nicolls returned to England and informed the King of John Scott's character, Scott vanished from London and reappeared in Holland.
In Holland, John Scott spied for the English, then as a double agent for Holland. He next worked for the French Prince of Condé as mapmaker. Upon meeting Scott in France, the Duke of Buckingham declared him to be "a very useful rogue".
Around this time, Scott brought charges of high treason against the diarist and Secretary to the Admiralty Samuel Pepys. Pepys dodged execution but was imprisoned for a time in the Tower of London. Scott's charges were likely the result of previous charges that Pepys had made against Scott, which had gone without punishment. It is noteworthy that following Scott's charges, Pepys prepared a wide array of counter-charges and witness statements against Scott. Though never used in court, many of these counter statements were for a time accepted as fact, further cementing Scott's roguish image in history.
John Scott spent much of his remaining years in Norway, supported by individuals who feared his return to England. He returned to England in 1695. Upon his return, John Scott was arrested for travelling from France without authorization and sent to Newgate Prison, but was pardoned in the summer of 1696. He spent his last years in the Caribbean, dying in Barbados in 1704.
Appearance
No portrait or likeness of John Scott is known to exist. While Scott was in disguise as a spy in 1678, a description was made:
A proper well-set man in a great light [colored] periwig, rough-visaged, having large hair on his eyebrows, hollow eyed, a little... cast with his eye, full faced about the cheeks, about 46 years of age with a black hat and a [straight] bodied coat [cloth colored] with silver lace behind.
References
People from Ashford, Kent
People from Long Island
People of colonial New York
1630s births
1704 deaths
17th-century American people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai%20Gurdas%20Institute%20of%20Engineering%20%26%20Technology
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Bhai Gurdas Institute of Engineering & Technology
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Bhai Gurdas Institute of Engineering & Technology (BGIET) is a college in Sangrur, Punjab, India. The college offers B.Tech, M.Tech, MBA, MCA, BBA, BCA, B.Com.
Departments
Engineering
Polytechnic
Management
Nursing
Rankings
1. BGIET is an NBA Accredited Institute.
2. BGIET is ranked among the TOP 5 Engineering Institutes of Punjab in terms of infrastructural & Pedagogic systems.
3. BGIET is ranked among the TOP 3 Institutions of PTU in terms of placements.
4. BGIET is ranked among the best B-Schools of India 'Business India B-Schools Survey 2013'.
5. BGIET is rated A+ in All India Rating Category among B-Schools (Indian Management 2013).
Courses offered
B.Tech [Electronics & Communication Engineering] seats- 120
B.Tech [Computer Science and Engineering] seats-120
B.Tech [Information Technology] seats-60
B.Tech [Mechanical Engineering] seats-120
B.Tech [Electrical Engineering] seats-60
B.Tech. [Civil Engineering] seats-60
B.Tech [Food Technology] seats-30
M. Tech. [Electronics & Communication Engineering] seats-24
M. Tech. [Electrical Engineering seats-18
M. Tech. [Mechanical Engineering] seats-18
M. Tech. [Computer Science and Engineering] seats-24
External links
References
Engineering colleges in Punjab, India
2003 establishments in Punjab, India
Educational institutions established in 2003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thevar%20Jayanthi
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Thevar Jayanthi
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Thevar Jayanthi, celebrated on 30 October, is an annual commemoration of the birthday of Pasumpon Muthuramalingam Thevar. It is celebrated in a grand way by the Thevar community in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. Although not an official public holiday, many schools and businesses in the area remain closed on the day.
Thevar's legacy
Whilst having been active in politics, it is mainly the spiritual discourse of Thevar that explains his following after his death. Also, the fact that his date of birth and death lie some close to each other has been interpreted as a sign of supernatural powers.
Thevar Shrine
One of the main events on Thevar Jayanthi takes place at the samadhi (burial place) of Pasumpon Muthuramalingam Thevar, located at some 50 miles distance from Madurai. Pilgrims gather to take part in the ceremonies at the samadhi on 30 October. In later years the ceremony at the samadhi has begun to attract prominent politicians.
Political controversy
The All India Forward Bloc, the political party to which Pasumpon Muthuramalingam Thevar belonged, has demanded that Thevar Jayanthi be declared a public holiday in Tamil Nadu.
The event is not entirely uncontroversial. The CPI(ML) Liberation has charged that the Tamil Nadu government should stop sponsoring Thevar Jayanthi celebrations, claiming that the event is utilised by casteist forces.
2007 centenary celebrations
On 30 October 2007, the birth centenary of Pasumpon Muthuramalingam Thevar was celebrated. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi took part in the celebrations in Pasumpon village. This was the first time in two decades that Karunanidhi participated in Thevar Jayanthi. At the celebrations, Karunanidhi suggested that Madurai Airport be renamed after Pasumpon Muthuramalingam Thevar. These moves were seen as an attempt by Karunanidhi's Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party to challenge the supremacy of the rival All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) over the Thevar community. The AIADMK leader J. Jayalalitha criticised Karunanidhi's participation in the Thevar Jayanthi centenary programme, stating that he did not believe in Thevar's ideas. Moreover, she claimed that her previous government had allocated 30 million rupees for the Thevar Jayanthi centenary, but that Karunanidhi's government had spent only five million rupees.
References
Social events
Organized events
Unofficial observances
Politics of Tamil Nadu
October observances
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula%20Levy
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Ursula Levy
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Ursula Levy (born May 11, 1935 - August 2019) : was an American author, child psychologist and Holocaust survivor. Her research on childhood depression was published in the Journal of School Health. She has been published in a number of other medical journals such as the Journal of Nursing Education. Her memoirs of her childhood entitled The Incredible Years were published in 1994 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the Netherlands from Nazi Germany.
Early life
Levy was born in Osnabrück, Germany to Max and Lucia Levy. Her father and uncle were arrested and later imprisoned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Both men were eventually released in poor health and died in early 1939. Events of World War II were further unfolding in Germany; with the help of a family member living in the United States, Levy was sent along with her brother George to the Netherlands, specifically a children's home at a convent in Eersel, where they were baptized Catholic. Joseph Von Macklenbergh, a leader of a Catholic organization in the Netherlands informed Nazi officials upon inspection that the Levy siblings had one American parent, and this lie may have possibly helped them survive.
The Nazis invaded the Netherlands in May 1940. After reviewing the Convent's records, the Nazis deported Levy, her brother, and other Jewish children in hiding to Vught concentration camp in April 1943. On several occasions, the siblings avoided a transfer to Auschwitz again with the help of Von Macklenbergh. Instead, they were both sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. In her memoirs, Levy writes that an assignment to Auschwitz would have been a death sentence, but being sent to Bergen-Belsen would mean that she and her brother may have hope for survival. In April 1945, some prisoners including Levy and her brother were forced on a train that circled the camp for thirteen days until they were liberated by Soviet soldiers near Tröbitz, Germany. Shortly after being liberated, the Levys were sent to the United States in 1947, where they settled with family members in Chicago.
Scholarly work
Levy earned a bachelor of science degree in nursing, along with a teaching certificate, which would allow her to work as a school nurse. While employed by Chicago Public Schools, she would go on to earn a master of science degree in psychiatric nursing from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. She found a niche in clinical experiences in individual, group, and family therapy. "Not only was I expected to interpret the client's responses but I had to analyze my own inner reactions, and suggest ways to improve the therapeutic process," Levy writes in her memoirs. She references Jewish philosopher Martin Buber as a major influence on her work, naming the inner dialogue she had to impose to bring herself to peace with her upbringing.
Her first scholarly article, "Parent and Teacher Perception of Depression in Children" was published in November 1985. Levy's study correlated depression in children with parental perceptions and with teacher report card ratings of school achievement and adjustment. She interviewed two hundred and twenty children age six to twelve years using the Children's Depression Rating Scale. The study found that depressed students achieved at grade level in reading and math, but received lower grades for effort than nondepressed students.
Present day
In 2005, Levy wrote and published a book titled The Spirit Builder, a biography of Dorothy Becker, a woman who organized a group of German-Jewish refugees to establish a retirement home in post-war Chicago. After her retirement from Chicago Public Schools in the late 1990s, Levy continues to volunteer at the SelfHelp Home in Chicago.
References
1935 births
2019 deaths
Child psychologists
Herzogenbusch concentration camp survivors
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
American women writers
Jewish women writers
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni
Writers from Osnabrück
German emigrants to the United States
21st-century American women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales%20from%20the%20Shadowhunter%20Academy
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Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy
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Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy or simply called Shadowhunter Academy is a series of connected novellas featuring the character of Simon Lewis from Cassandra Clare's bestselling The Mortal Instruments series. It consists of 10 e-novellas written by Cassandra Clare in collaboration with other authors that were published on a monthly basis. Much like The Bane Chronicles, Tales from the Shadowhunter Academy was released in print on November 15, 2016.
Novellas
Welcome to Shadowhunter Academy (with Sarah Rees Brennan)
Release Date: February 17, 2015
Narrator: Devon Bostick
The Lost Herondale (with Robin Wasserman)
Release Date: March 17, 2015
Narrator: Jack Falahee
The Whitechapel Fiend (with Maureen Johnson)
Release Date: April 21, 2015
Narrator: Luke Pasqualino
Nothing but Shadows (with Sarah Rees Brennan)
Release Date: May 19, 2015
Narrator: Nico Mirallegro
The Evil We Love (with Robin Wasserman)
Release Date: June 16, 2015
Narrator: Chris Wood
Pale Kings and Princes (with Robin Wasserman)
Release Date: July 21, 2015
Narrator: Ki Hong Lee
Bitter of Tongue (with Sarah Rees Brennan)
Release Date: August 18, 2015
Narrator: Torrance Coombs
The Fiery Trial (with Maureen Johnson)
Release Date: September 15, 2015
Narrator: Sam Heughan
Born to Endless Night (with Sarah Rees Brennan)
Release Date: October 20, 2015
Narrator: Keahu Kahuanui
Angels Twice Descending (with Robin Wasserman)
Release Date: November 17, 2015
Narrator: Brett Dalton
Plot
Simon Lewis, who has been a mundane in City of Bones, then a vampire from the middle of City of Ashes till almost the end of City of Heavenly Fire has been stripped of his memories by a Greater Demon in the final volume of The Mortal Instruments. He isn't sure who he is anymore and therefore, in order to retrieve his memories, he makes a decision of becoming a Shadowhunter. To become a Shadowhunter, he must first train like a Shadowhunter and he visits the Shadowhunter Academy in order to retrieve his memories.
This book contains characters not only from The Mortal Instruments but also from The Infernal Devices and reveals much of the unknown history of some famous shadowhunters like Michael Wayland, Stephen Herondale and Robert Lightwood. Simon learns about the history of Shadowhunters through guest lecturers like Jace Herondale, Tessa Gray etc.
References
External links
http://www.ew.com/article/2014/10/15/cassandra-clare-tales-from-the-shadowhunter-academy
http://www.simonandschuster.com/series/Tales-from-the-Shadowhunter-Academy
http://www.cassandraclare.com/my-writing/novels/tales-from-the-shadowhunter-academy/
http://shadowhunters.com/shadowhunters-novels/tales-from-the-shadowhunter-academy/
http://books.simonandschuster.com/Tales-from-the-Shadowhunter-Academy/Cassandra-Clare/Tales-from-the-Shadowhunter-Academy/9781481443258
American young adult novels
2010s fantasy novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force
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Force
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In physics, a force is an influence that can change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (e.g. moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newton (N). Force is represented by the symbol (formerly ).
The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time. If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object;- is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Concepts related to force include: thrust, which increases the velocity of an object; drag, which decreases the velocity of an object; and torque, which produces changes in rotational speed of an object. In an extended body, each part usually applies forces on the adjacent parts; the distribution of such forces through the body is the internal mechanical stress. Such internal mechanical stresses cause no acceleration of that body as the forces balance one another. Pressure, the distribution of many small forces applied over an area of a body, is a simple type of stress that if unbalanced can cause the body to accelerate. Stress usually causes deformation of solid materials, or flow in fluids.
Development of the concept
Philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines, but thinkers such as Aristotle and Archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force. In part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction, and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion. A fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion, even at a constant velocity. Most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton. With his mathematical insight, Sir Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved for nearly three hundred years. By the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light, and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia.
With modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light, particle physics has devised a Standard Model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms. The Standard Model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed. Only four main interactions are known: in order of decreasing strength, they are: strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational. High-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction.
Pre-Newtonian concepts
Since antiquity the concept of force has been recognized as integral to the functioning of each of the simple machines. The mechanical advantage given by a simple machine allowed for less force to be used in exchange for that force acting over a greater distance for the same amount of work. Analysis of the characteristics of forces ultimately culminated in the work of Archimedes who was especially famous for formulating a treatment of buoyant forces inherent in fluids.
Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology. In Aristotle's view, the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different "natural places" therein. Aristotle believed that motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone. He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place" (e.g., for heavy bodies to fall), which led to "natural motion", and unnatural or forced motion, which required continued application of a force. This theory, based on the everyday experience of how objects move, such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving, had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles, such as the flight of arrows. The place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight, and while the projectile sailed through the air, no discernible efficient cause acts on it. Aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile's path carries the projectile to its target. This explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general.
Aristotelian physics began facing criticism in medieval science, first by John Philoponus in the 6th century.
The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion. He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force, for example friction.
In the early 17th century, before Newton's Principia, the term "force" () was applied to many physical and non-physical phenomena, e.g., for an acceleration of a point. The product of a point mass and the square of its velocity was named (live force) by Leibniz. The modern concept of force corresponds to Newton's (accelerating force).
Newtonian mechanics
Sir Isaac Newton described the motion of all objects using the concepts of inertia and force, and in doing so he found they obey certain conservation laws. In 1687, Newton published his thesis Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. In this work Newton set out three laws of motion that to this day are the way forces are described in physics.
First law
Newton's first law of motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force (resultant force). This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below). Newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium "natural state" in place of the Aristotelian idea of the "natural state of rest". That is, Newton's empirical first law contradicts the intuitive Aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's first law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities. Specifically, in systems where objects are moving with different velocities, it is impossible to determine which object is "in motion" and which object is "at rest". The laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.
For instance, while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity, the laws of physics do not change as a result of its motion. If a person riding within the vehicle throws a ball straight up, that person will observe it rise vertically and fall vertically and not have to apply a force in the direction the vehicle is moving. Another person, observing the moving vehicle pass by, would observe the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle. It is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down. From the perspective of the person in the car, the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest: It is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction of the vehicle. Since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest, the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable. Inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest.
Second law
A modern statement of Newton's second law is a vector equation:
where is the momentum of the system, and is the net (vector sum) force. If a body is in equilibrium, there is zero net force by definition (balanced forces may be present nevertheless). In contrast, the second law states that if there is an unbalanced force acting on an object it will result in the object's momentum changing over time.
By the definition of momentum,
where m is the mass and is the velocity.
If Newton's second law is applied to a system of constant mass, m may be moved outside the derivative operator. The equation then becomes
By substituting the definition of acceleration, the algebraic version of Newton's second law is derived:
Newton never explicitly stated the formula in the reduced form above.
Newton's second law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics, there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass. General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass, but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity, it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales. With some justification, Newton's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed.
Some textbooks use Newton's second law as a definition of force, but this has been disparaged in other textbooks. Notable physicists, philosophers and mathematicians who have sought a more explicit definition of the concept of force include Ernst Mach and Walter Noll.
Newton's second law can be used to measure the strength of forces. For instance, knowledge of the masses of planets along with the accelerations of their orbits allows scientists to calculate the gravitational forces on planets.
Third law
Whenever one body exerts a force on another, the latter simultaneously exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. In vector form, if is the force of body 1 on body 2 and that of body 2 on body 1, then
This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law, with called the action and the reaction.
Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies, and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body.
In a system composed of object 1 and object 2, the net force on the system due to their mutual interactions is zero:
More generally, in a closed system of particles, all internal forces are balanced. The particles may accelerate with respect to each other but the center of mass of the system will not accelerate. If an external force acts on the system, it will make the center of mass accelerate in proportion to the magnitude of the external force divided by the mass of the system.
Combining Newton's Second and Third Laws, it is possible to show that the linear momentum of a system is conserved. In a system of two particles, if is the momentum of object 1 and the momentum of object 2, then
Using similar arguments, this can be generalized to a system with an arbitrary number of particles. In general, as long as all forces are due to the interaction of objects with mass, it is possible to define a system such that net momentum is never lost nor gained.
Special theory of relativity
In the special theory of relativity, mass and energy are equivalent (as can be seen by calculating the work required to accelerate an object). When an object's velocity increases, so does its energy and hence its mass equivalent (inertia). It thus requires more force to accelerate it the same amount than it did at a lower velocity. Newton's Second Law
remains valid because it is a mathematical definition. But for relativistic momentum to be conserved, it must be redefined as:
where is the rest mass and the speed of light.
The relativistic expression relating force and acceleration for a particle with constant non-zero rest mass moving in the direction is:
where
is called the Lorentz factor.
In the early history of relativity, the expressions and were called longitudinal and transverse mass. Relativistic force does not produce a constant acceleration, but an ever-decreasing acceleration as the object approaches the speed of light. Note that approaches asymptotically an infinite value and is undefined for an object with a non-zero rest mass as it approaches the speed of light, and the theory yields no prediction at that speed.
If is very small compared to , then is very close to 1 and
is a close approximation. Even for use in relativity, however, one can restore the form of
through the use of four-vectors. This relation is correct in relativity when is the four-force, is the invariant mass, and is the four-acceleration.
Descriptions
Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale. Through experimentation, it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics.
Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quantities). For example, when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object, it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result. If both of these pieces of information are not known for each force, the situation is ambiguous. For example, if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling, it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be. The two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction. In this simple one-dimensional example, without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other. Associating forces with vectors avoids such problems.
Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the resulting force, the resultant (also called the net force), can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition: the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram, gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram. The magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum, depending on the angle between their lines of action. However, if the forces are acting on an extended body, their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body.
Free-body diagrams can be used as a convenient way to keep track of forces acting on a system. Ideally, these diagrams are drawn with the angles and relative magnitudes of the force vectors preserved so that graphical vector addition can be done to determine the net force.
As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions. This is because, for orthogonal components, the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors. Orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other. Choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient. Choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable, since that force would then have only one non-zero component. Orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two.
Equilibrium
When all the forces that act upon an object are balanced, then the object is said to be in a state of equilibrium. Hence, equilibrium occurs when the resultant force acting on a point particle is zero (that is, the vector sum of all forces is zero). When dealing with an extended body, it is also necessary that the net torque be zero.
There are two kinds of equilibrium: static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium.
Static
Static equilibrium was understood well before the invention of classical mechanics. Objects that are at rest have zero net force acting on them.
The simplest case of static equilibrium occurs when two forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. For example, an object on a level surface is pulled (attracted) downward toward the center of the Earth by the force of gravity. At the same time, a force is applied by the surface that resists the downward force with equal upward force (called a normal force). The situation produces zero net force and hence no acceleration.
Pushing against an object that rests on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction, generated between the object and the table surface. For a situation with no movement, the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration. The static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object.
A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the "spring reaction force", which equals the object's weight. Using such tools, some quantitative force laws were discovered: that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density (widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights); Archimedes' principle for buoyancy; Archimedes' analysis of the lever; Boyle's law for gas pressure; and Hooke's law for springs. These were all formulated and experimentally verified before Isaac Newton expounded his Three Laws of Motion.
Dynamic
Dynamic equilibrium was first described by Galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of Aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic. Galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an "absolute rest frame" did not exist. Galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest. This was contrary to Aristotle's notion of a "natural state" of rest that objects with mass naturally approached. Simple experiments showed that Galileo's understanding of the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct. For example, if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity, Aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it. Thus, in an Aristotelian universe, the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship. However, when this experiment is actually conducted, the cannonball always falls at the foot of the mast, as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it. Since there is no forward horizontal force being applied on the cannonball as it falls, the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls. Thus, no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity.
Moreover, any object traveling at a constant velocity must be subject to zero net force (resultant force). This is the definition of dynamic equilibrium: when all the forces on an object balance but it still moves at a constant velocity.
A simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction. In such a situation, a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force. This results in zero net force, but since the object started with a non-zero velocity, it continues to move with a non-zero velocity. Aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force. However, when kinetic friction is taken into consideration it is clear that there is no net force causing constant velocity motion.
Forces in quantum mechanics
The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized", i.e. they appear in discrete portions. This is, of course, difficult to imagine in the context of "forces". However, the potentials or fields, from which the forces generally can be derived, are treated similarly to classical position variables, i.e., .
This becomes different only in the framework of quantum field theory, where these fields are also quantized.
However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli exclusion principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the value of the spin, identical particles split into two different classes, fermions and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force), and vice versa, i.e. for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive). Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables, whereas for two bosons (e.g. quanta of electromagnetic waves, photons) the correlation is strictly positive.
Thus the notion "force" loses already part of its meaning.
Feynman diagrams
In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions". When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex.
The utility of Feynman diagrams is that other types of physical phenomena that are part of the general picture of fundamental interactions but are conceptually separate from forces can also be described using the same rules. For example, a Feynman diagram can describe in succinct detail how a neutron decays into an electron, proton, and neutrino, an interaction mediated by the same gauge boson that is responsible for the weak nuclear force.
Fundamental forces
All of the known forces of the universe are classified into four fundamental interactions. The strong and the weak forces act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric charges, and the gravitational force acts between masses. All other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions. For example, friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between atoms of two surfaces, and the Pauli exclusion principle, which does not permit atoms to pass through each other. Similarly, the forces in springs, modeled by Hooke's law, are the result of electromagnetic forces and the Pauli exclusion principle acting together to return an object to its equilibrium position. Centrifugal forces are acceleration forces that arise simply from the acceleration of rotating frames of reference.
The fundamental theories for forces developed from the unification of different ideas. For example, Sir Isaac Newton unified, with his universal theory of gravitation, the force responsible for objects falling near the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the falling of celestial bodies about the Earth (the Moon) and around the Sun (the planets). Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through a theory of electromagnetism. In the 20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of matter (fermions) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons. This Standard Model of particle physics assumes a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory, which was subsequently confirmed by observation. The complete formulation of the Standard Model predicts an as yet unobserved Higgs mechanism, but observations such as neutrino oscillations suggest that the Standard Model is incomplete. A Grand Unified Theory that allows for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics. Physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything. Einstein tried and failed at this endeavor, but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory.
Gravitational
What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force:
For an object in free-fall, this force is unopposed and the net force on the object is its weight. For objects not in free-fall, the force of gravity is opposed by the reaction forces applied by their supports. For example, a person standing on the ground experiences zero net force, since a normal force (a reaction force) is exerted by the ground upward on the person that counterbalances his weight that is directed downward.
Newton's contribution to gravitational theory was to unify the motions of heavenly bodies, which Aristotle had assumed were in a natural state of constant motion, with falling motion observed on the Earth. He proposed a law of gravity that could account for the celestial motions that had been described earlier using Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration of a body due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the other attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:
where the vector direction is given by , is the unit vector directed outward from the center of the Earth.
In this equation, a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity. This constant has come to be known as Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant, though its value was unknown in Newton's lifetime. Not until 1798 was Henry Cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance; this was widely reported in the press as a measurement of the mass of the Earth since knowing could allow one to solve for the Earth's mass given the above equation. Newton, however, realized that since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion, his law of gravity had to be universal. Succinctly stated, Newton's Law of Gravitation states that the force on a spherical object of mass due to the gravitational pull of mass is
where is the distance between the two objects' centers of mass and is the unit vector pointed in the direction away from the center of the first object toward the center of the second object.
This formula was powerful enough to stand as the basis for all subsequent descriptions of motion within the solar system until the 20th century. During that time, sophisticated methods of perturbation analysis were invented to calculate the deviations of orbits due to the influence of multiple bodies on a planet, moon, comet, or asteroid. The formalism was exact enough to allow mathematicians to predict the existence of the planet Neptune before it was observed.
Mercury's orbit, however, did not match that predicted by Newton's Law of Gravitation. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be inexact.
Since then, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events. From the perspective of the object, all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever. It is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object's curved path. Thus, the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space, and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object. For example, a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola, as it is in a uniform gravitational field. Its space-time trajectory is almost a straight line, slightly curved (with the radius of curvature of the order of few light-years). The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as "gravitational force".
Electromagnetic
The electrostatic force was first described in 1784 by Coulomb as a force that existed intrinsically between two charges. The properties of the electrostatic force were that it varied as an inverse square law directed in the radial direction, was both attractive and repulsive (there was intrinsic polarity), was independent of the mass of the charged objects, and followed the superposition principle. Coulomb's law unifies all these observations into one succinct statement.
Subsequent mathematicians and physicists found the construct of the electric field to be useful for determining the electrostatic force on an electric charge at any point in space. The electric field was based on using a hypothetical "test charge" anywhere in space and then using Coulomb's Law to determine the electrostatic force. Thus the electric field anywhere in space is defined as
where is the magnitude of the hypothetical test charge.
Meanwhile, the Lorentz force of magnetism was discovered to exist between two electric currents. It has the same mathematical character as Coulomb's Law with the proviso that like currents attract and unlike currents repel. Similar to the electric field, the magnetic field can be used to determine the magnetic force on an electric current at any point in space. In this case, the magnitude of the magnetic field was determined to be
where is the magnitude of the hypothetical test current and is the length of hypothetical wire through which the test current flows. The magnetic field exerts a force on all magnets including, for example, those used in compasses. The fact that the Earth's magnetic field is aligned closely with the orientation of the Earth's axis causes compass magnets to become oriented because of the magnetic force pulling on the needle.
Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field). Fully stated, this is the law:
where is the electromagnetic force, is the magnitude of the charge of the particle, is the electric field, is the velocity of the particle that is crossed with the magnetic field ().
The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges, and the interactions of the fields themselves. This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-generating" through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light. This insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum.
However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force.
Strong nuclear
There are two "nuclear forces", which today are usually described as interactions that take place in quantum theories of particle physics. The strong nuclear force is the force responsible for the structural integrity of atomic nuclei while the weak nuclear force is responsible for the decay of certain nucleons into leptons and other types of hadrons.
The strong force is today understood to represent the interactions between quarks and gluons as detailed by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The strong force is the fundamental force mediated by gluons, acting upon quarks, antiquarks, and the gluons themselves. The (aptly named) strong interaction is the "strongest" of the four fundamental forces.
The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.
Weak nuclear
The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Since the weak force is mediated by two types of bosons, it can be divided into two types of interaction or "vertices" — charged current, involving the electrically charged W+ and W− bosons, and neutral current, involving electrically neutral Z0 bosons. The most familiar effect of weak interaction is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. This is a type of charged-current interaction. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.
Non-fundamental forces
Some forces are consequences of the fundamental ones. In such situations, idealized models can be utilized to gain physical insight.
Normal force
The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects. The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. An example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface.
Friction
Friction is a surface force that opposes relative motion. The frictional force is directly related to the normal force that acts to keep two solid objects separated at the point of contact. There are two broad classifications of frictional forces: static friction and kinetic friction.
The static friction force () will exactly oppose forces applied to an object parallel to a surface contact up to the limit specified by the coefficient of static friction () multiplied by the normal force (). In other words, the magnitude of the static friction force satisfies the inequality:
The kinetic friction force () is independent of both the forces applied and the movement of the object. Thus, the magnitude of the force equals:
where is the coefficient of kinetic friction. For most surface interfaces, the coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction.
Tension
Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string, any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a load can be multiplied. For every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load. However, even though such machines allow for an increase in force, there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load. These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.
Elastic force
An elastic force acts to return a spring to its natural length. An ideal spring is taken to be massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and infinitely stretchable. Such springs exert forces that push when contracted, or pull when extended, in proportion to the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position. This linear relationship was described by Robert Hooke in 1676, for whom Hooke's law is named. If is the displacement, the force exerted by an ideal spring equals:
where is the spring constant (or force constant), which is particular to the spring. The minus sign accounts for the tendency of the force to act in opposition to the applied load.
Continuum mechanics
Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change shape, the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows:
where is the volume of the object in the fluid and is the scalar function that describes the pressure at all locations in space. Pressure gradients and differentials result in the buoyant force for fluids suspended in gravitational fields, winds in atmospheric science, and the lift associated with aerodynamics and flight.
A specific instance of such a force that is associated with dynamic pressure is fluid resistance: a body force that resists the motion of an object through a fluid due to viscosity. For so-called "Stokes' drag" the force is approximately proportional to the velocity, but opposite in direction:
where:
is a constant that depends on the properties of the fluid and the dimensions of the object (usually the cross-sectional area), and
is the velocity of the object.
More formally, forces in continuum mechanics are fully described by a stress–tensor with terms that are roughly defined as
where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.
Fictitious forces
There are forces that are frame dependent, meaning that they appear due to the adoption of non-Newtonian (that is, non-inertial) reference frames. Such forces include the centrifugal force and the Coriolis force. These forces are considered fictitious because they do not exist in frames of reference that are not accelerating. Because these forces are not genuine they are also referred to as "pseudo forces".
In general relativity, gravity becomes a fictitious force that arises in situations where spacetime deviates from a flat geometry. As an extension, Kaluza–Klein theory and string theory ascribe electromagnetism and the other fundamental forces respectively to the curvature of differently scaled dimensions, which would ultimately imply that all forces are fictitious.
Rotations and torque
Forces that cause extended objects to rotate are associated with torques. Mathematically, the torque of a force is defined relative to an arbitrary reference point as the cross-product:
where is the position vector of the force application point relative to the reference point.
Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body:
where
is the moment of inertia of the body
is the angular acceleration of the body.
This provides a definition for the moment of inertia, which is the rotational equivalent for mass. In more advanced treatments of mechanics, where the rotation over a time interval is described, the moment of inertia must be substituted by the tensor that, when properly analyzed, fully determines the characteristics of rotations including precession and nutation.
Equivalently, the differential form of Newton's Second Law provides an alternative definition of torque:
where is the angular momentum of the particle.
Newton's Third Law of Motion requires that all objects exerting torques themselves experience equal and opposite torques, and therefore also directly implies the conservation of angular momentum for closed systems that experience rotations and revolutions through the action of internal torques.
Centripetal force
For an object accelerating in circular motion, the unbalanced force acting on the object equals:
where is the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center. This means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path. Such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object, and therefore do not change the speed of the object (magnitude of the velocity), but only the direction of the velocity vector. The unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path, and one that is tangential to the path. This yields both the tangential force, which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up, and the radial (centripetal) force, which changes its direction.
Kinematic integrals
Forces can be used to define a number of physical concepts by integrating with respect to kinematic variables. For example, integrating with respect to time gives the definition of impulse:
which by Newton's Second Law must be equivalent to the change in momentum (yielding the Impulse momentum theorem).
Similarly, integrating with respect to position gives a definition for the work done by a force:
which is equivalent to changes in kinetic energy (yielding the work energy theorem).
Power P is the rate of change dW/dt of the work W, as the trajectory is extended by a position change in a time interval dt:
so
with the velocity.
Potential energy
Instead of a force, often the mathematically related concept of a potential energy field can be used for convenience. For instance, the gravitational force acting upon an object can be seen as the action of the gravitational field that is present at the object's location. Restating mathematically the definition of energy (via the definition of work), a potential scalar field is defined as that field whose gradient is equal and opposite to the force produced at every point:
Forces can be classified as conservative or nonconservative. Conservative forces are equivalent to the gradient of a potential while nonconservative forces are not.
Conservative forces
A conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms. This means that for a closed system, the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system. The force, therefore, is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space, and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area.
Conservative forces include gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the spring force. Each of these forces has models that are dependent on a position often given as a radial vector emanating from spherically symmetric potentials. Examples of this follow:
For gravity:
where is the gravitational constant, and is the mass of object n.
For electrostatic forces:
where is electric permittivity of free space, and is the electric charge of object n.
For spring forces:
where is the spring constant.
Nonconservative forces
For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector. Nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces, tension, compression, and drag. However, for any sufficiently detailed description, all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials.
The connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics. In macroscopic closed systems, nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system, and are often associated with the transfer of heat. According to the Second law of thermodynamics, nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases.
Units of measurement
The SI unit of force is the newton (symbol N), which is the force required to accelerate a one kilogram mass at a rate of one meter per second squared, or . The corresponding CGS unit is the dyne, the force required to accelerate a one gram mass by one centimeter per second squared, or . A newton is thus equal to 100,000 dynes.
The gravitational foot-pound-second English unit of force is the pound-force (lbf), defined as the force exerted by gravity on a pound-mass in the standard gravitational field of . The pound-force provides an alternative unit of mass: one slug is the mass that will accelerate by one foot per second squared when acted on by one pound-force.
An alternative unit of force in a different foot-pound-second system, the absolute fps system, is the poundal, defined as the force required to accelerate a one-pound mass at a rate of one foot per second squared. The units of slug and poundal are designed to avoid a constant of proportionality in Newton's Second Law.
The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.
See also Ton-force.
Force measurement
See force gauge, spring scale, load cell
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Video lecture on Newton's three laws by Walter Lewin from MIT OpenCourseWare
A Java simulation on vector addition of forces
Force demonstrated as any influence on an object that changes the object's shape or motion (video)
Natural philosophy
Classical mechanics
Vector physical quantities
Temporal rates
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52518084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20McHugh%20%28bowls%29
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Martin McHugh (bowls)
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Hugh Martin McHugh (born 1973) is a Northern Irish international lawn bowler.
Bowls career
World Championships
McHugh has competed in four World Bowls Championships in 2000, 2008, 2012 and 2016. He won a triples bronze medal in the 2000 World Outdoor Bowls Championship and in 2016, was part of the combined Irish fours team with Simon Martin, Neil Mulholland and Ian McClure that won a bronze medal in Christchurch. In 2020 he was selected for the 2020 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Australia.
Commonwealth Games
McHugh has also competed in six Commonwealth Games in 1998 and 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018. He won a fours gold medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
McHugh was selected for his sixth Games as part of the Northern Ireland team for the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast in Queensland.
National
He has been capped 91 times by Ireland.
He is the winner of fifteen senior titles at the Irish National Bowls Championships. He has won six singles and went undefeated for four years winning in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006, the other two wins came in 2013 and 2015. In addition to the six singles he has won six pairs (five with Barry Browne 2002, 2005, 2006, 2013, 2014) and (one with Sam Barkley 2021), two triples (2016, 2017), two fours (1996 & 2005) and two junior titles.
Other
He also has four British Isles Bowls Championships, three singles (2004, 2005 & 2016) and one pairs (1999) with Barry Browne (2007) and also has a record of 35 NIBA championships. In 2015 he won the triples and fours bronze medals at the Atlantic Bowls Championships.
References
1973 births
Irish male lawn bowls players
Male lawn bowls players from Northern Ireland
Living people
Commonwealth Games medallists in lawn bowls
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Northern Ireland
Bowls players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
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602696
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20saw
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Japanese saw
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The Japanese saw or is a type of saw used in woodworking and Japanese carpentry that cuts on the pull stroke, unlike most European saws that cut on the push stroke. Japanese saws are the best known pull saws, but they are also used in China, Iran, Iraq, Korea, Nepal and Turkey. Among European saws, both coping saws for woodworking and jeweler's saws for metal working also cut on the pull stroke like Japanese saws. Cutting on the pull stroke is claimed to cut more efficiently and leave a narrower cut width (kerf). On the other hand, a pull stroke does not easily permit putting one's body weight behind a stroke. This can be readily solved by using a vice or clamping. Another disadvantage, due to the arrangement and form of the teeth, is that Japanese saws do not work as well on hardwoods as European saws do. Japanese saws were originally intended for comparatively soft woods like cypress and pine whereas European saws were intended for hard woods like oak and maple.
The popularity of Japanese saws in other regions of the world has resulted in the manufacture and production of a number of Japanese saws outside of Japan.
Types of Japanese hand saws
A type of backsaw. The Japanese means "attached trunk", thus a saw with a stiffening strip attached, i.e., a backsaw. Although similar to a Western backsaw, a Dozuki saw has a much thinner blade that excels at precise cutting. Dozuki saws are designed for cutting tenons and dovetails, types of woodworking joints, also referred to as joinery.
Multi-purpose carpentry saw with two cutting edges. The Japanese means "double blade". There is a cross-cutting (yokobiki) 横挽き blade on one side and a ripping (tatebiki )縦挽き blade on the other. Ryoba saws are often described by their blade length (in millimeters). Shorter saws, around 240mm (9-1/2") for example, are for general carpentry. A longer saw, around 270mm (10-3/4"), would be suitable for larger work, like timber-frame joinery, for example.
A saw with teeth along only one edge, like a Western saw. These are supplied as either rip saw or cross-cut type blades. An advantage of this saw is that it is easy to use with a saw guide. "Kataba" translates from Japanese as "cutting on one side." Kataba saws are commonly used for larger work when a Ryoba saw is not suitable, or for flush-cutting.
A small ryōba saw used for cutting into the flat surface of a board rather than from the edge. The blade has a convex curve which can begin the cut anywhere on the surface. Azebiki saws are used for cutting mortises, grooves in mid-panel and sliding dovetails. These smaller saws are essential for making Saya, wooden scabbards for swords and knives. They have cross-cut teeth on one side, and rip teeth on the other, and have a rattan wrapped wooden handle.
A thin saw used for cutting curves, the Japanese version of a keyhole saw. The name means "turning cut".
Other Japanese saws
Oga A large two-person pit saw used for ripping large boards in the days before power saws. One person stood on a raised platform, with the board below him, and the other person stood underneath them.
See also
Japanese carpentry
References
External links
Japanese saw at the Takenaka carpentry tools museum
Japanese Hand Saw explanation and demonstration video by AskWoodMan
Saws
Woodworking hand tools
Saws
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64222986
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Brunner%20%28politician%2C%20born%201905%29
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Karl Brunner (politician, born 1905)
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Karl Brunner (12 August 1905 – 13 November 1951) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and former member of the German Bundestag.
Life
In the first federal election in 1949, he was elected to parliament via the North Rhine-Westphalia state list, to which he belonged until his early death in 1951.
Literature
References
1905 births
1951 deaths
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia
Members of the Bundestag 1949–1953
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany
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36765785
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20submarine%20U-321
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German submarine U-321
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German submarine U-321 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
She carried out two patrols, but did not sink any ships.
The boat was sunk on 2 April 1945 by a Polish aircraft in the Atlantic Ocean.
Design
German Type VIIC/41 submarines were preceded by the heavier Type VIIC submarines. U-321 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . U-321 was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one Flak M42 and two C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.
Service history
The submarine was laid down on 21 January 1943 by the Flender Werke yard at Lübeck as yard number 321, launched on 27 November 1943 and commissioned on 20 January 1944 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Ulrich Drews.
She served with the 4th U-boat Flotilla for training, from 20 January 1944 to 28 February 1945 and the 11th flotilla for operations until her sinking on 2 April 1945.
1st patrol
U-320 departed Kiel on 1 March 1945 and arrived in Horten Naval Base (south of Oslo), on the 9th.
2nd patrol and loss
The boat left Horten on 15 March 1945. On 2 April she was sunk by a Vickers Wellington of No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron southwest of Ireland.
Forty-one men died; there were no survivors.
See also
Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)
References
Bibliography
External links
German Type VIIC/41 submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1944
1943 ships
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Lübeck
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by Polish aircraft
Ships lost with all hands
U-boats sunk in 1945
Maritime incidents in April 1945
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68239385
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Bonnem%C3%A8re
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Eddie Bonnemère
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Edward Valentine Bonnemère (February 15, 1921 – March 19, 1996) was an African-American jazz pianist as well as a Catholic church musician and composer. His "Missa Hodierna" became in 1965 the first Jazz Mass ever used in a Catholic church in the United States.
Career
Bonnemère already played as a church pianist in Harlem during his school days. After military service in World War II He played with Claude Hopkins, and then received his master's degree from New York University.
In 1953 he led a combo with Ray Barretto in the Savoy Ballroom. In 1955, he had a Mambo band. He joined in 1956 the Detroit club Baker's Keyboard Lounge and released on the label Royal Roost the 10-inch album Ti-Pi-Tin / Five O'Clock Whistle. He followed in 1959 when his trio recorded the LP Piano Bon-Bons and 1960's The Sound of Memory. In 1964 (with the participation of Kenny Burrell) his album Jazz Orient-ed was released on Prestige Records.
In the mid-1960s, Bonnemère was one of the protagonists of an Africanization of the Catholic Mass spearheaded by Fr Clarence Rivers, as part of the Black Catholic Movement. In 1965 he wrote—influenced by Mary Lou Williams—the Missa Hodierna for jazz ensemble and choir, which was first presented in 1966 during a service in Harlem's St. Charles Borromeo Church, making history as the first US Jazz Mass ever. This mass was also performed in the Town Hall together with Howard McGhee's instrumental composition Bless You.
In later years he worked as a church musician and composed the Missa Laetare and other liturgical works. He was also musical director of the Church of St. Thomas the Apostle in Manhattan, whose choir recorded his Mass for Every Season in 1969.
He died in 1996.
Discography
Missa Laetare (Mass of Joy) (Fortress, 1969)
Mass for Every Season (Community of St. Thomas)
O Happy the People (Fortress)
References
African-American jazz pianists
Liturgists
African-American Catholics
Musicians from New York City
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
1921 births
1996 deaths
20th-century African-American people
New York University alumni
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34589261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetilia%20zamacrella
|
Laetilia zamacrella
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Laetilia zamacrella is a species of snout moth in the genus Laetilia. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1925. It is found in the US state of California.
References
Moths described in 1925
Phycitini
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38828779
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Carroll%20%28Queensland%20politician%29
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Frank Carroll (Queensland politician)
|
Francis Edward "Frank" Carroll (born 8 April 1952) is a former Australian politician.
He was born in Brisbane and qualified with a Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Law from the University of Queensland. He was admitted as a solicitor to the Supreme Court of Queensland and the High Court of Australia in 1976. In 1995 he was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Mansfield. He was made Deputy Opposition Whip and Liberal Party Whip shortly after his election, becoming Deputy Government Whip when the Borbidge government took office in 1996. Carroll was defeated at the 1998 state election.
References
1952 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Politicians from Brisbane
University of Queensland alumni
Australian solicitors
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49316313
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Villages%20SC
|
The Villages SC
|
The Villages Soccer Club is an American soccer club from The Villages, Florida that plays in USL League Two.
In January 2016, it was announced that the club had been granted a franchise license for the Premier Development League.
The team won their division in their first season with a record of 9 wins, 3 losses and 2 ties. They lost to the Midland/Odessa Sockers 2–1 in the Southern Conference Semifinals.
After playing at The Villages Polo Field since their first season, The Villages SC broke ground on a soccer-specific facility in nearby Summerfield, Florida on 23 February 2019. The team played their first home match of the 2019 season at The Villages SC Complex on 8 June 2019.
Year-by-year
Honors
USL PDL Southern Conference Champions 2018
USL PDL Southeast Division Champions 2016
USL League Two Southeast Division Champions 2019, 2021
References
Soccer clubs in Florida
Sumter County, Florida
2008 establishments in Florida
Association football clubs established in 2008
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1822413
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Reibey
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Mary Reibey
|
Mary Reibey née Haydock (12 May 177730 May 1855) was an English-born merchant, shipowner and trader who was transported to Australia as a convict. After gaining her freedom, she was viewed by her contemporaries as a community role model and became legendary as a successful businesswoman in the colony.
Early life
Reibey baptised Molly Haydock, was born on 12 May 1777 in Bury, Lancashire, England. Following the death of her parents, she was reared by a grandmother and sent into service. She ran away, and was arrested for stealing a horse in August 1791.
At the time, she was disguised as a boy and was going under the name of James Burrow. Sentenced to seven years' transportation, she arrived in Sydney, Australia, on the Royal Admiral in October 1792.
Life and career in Australia
On 7 September 1794, 17-year-old Mary married Thomas Reibey, after he had proposed to her several times; she finally agreed to marry the junior officer on the store ship Britannia. Reibey also used the surnames Raiby, Reiby and Reibey interchangeably; the family adopted the spelling Reibey in later years. Thomas Reibey was granted land on the Hawkesbury River, where he and Mary lived and farmed following their marriage. They built a farmhouse called Reibycroft, which is now listed on the Register of the National Estate.
Thomas Reibey commenced a cargo business along the Hawkesbury River to Sydney and later moved to Sydney. Thomas Reibey's business undertakings prospered, enabling him in 1804 to build a substantial stone residence on a further grant of land near Macquarie Place. He acquired several farms on the Hawkesbury River and traded in coal, cedar, furs and skins. He entered into a partnership with Edward Wills, and trading activities were extended to the Bass Strait, the Pacific Islands and, from 1809 to China and India.
When Thomas Reibey died on 5 April 1811, Mary assumed sole responsibility for the care of seven children and the control of numerous business enterprises. She was no stranger to this task, having managed her husband's affairs during his frequent absences from Sydney. Now a woman of considerable wealth by her husband's businesses, Reibey continued to expand her business interests. In 1812 she opened a new warehouse in George Street and in 1817 extended her shipping operations with the purchase of further vessels. In the same year, the Bank of New South Wales was founded in her house in Macquarie Place.
By 1828, when she gradually retired from active involvement in commerce, she had acquired extensive property holdings in the city. Like many others, however, she was on occasions somewhat economical with the truth. In March 1820 she had returned to England with her daughters to visit her native village, and came back to Sydney the next year. So in the 1828 census, when asked to describe her condition, she declared that she "came free in 1821".
In the emancipist Society of New South Wales, she gained respect for her charitable works and her interest in the church and education. She was appointed one of the Governors of the Free Grammar School in 1825.
Reibey built a cottage in the suburb of Hunters Hill, New South Wales circa 1836, where she lived for some time. The cottage, situated on the shores of the Lane Cove River, was later acquired by the Joubert brothers, who enlarged it. It is now known as Fig Tree House and is listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.
On her retirement, she built a house at Newtown, Sydney, where she lived until her death on 30 May 1855 from pneumonia. She was 78 years old.
An enterprising and determined person of strong personality, during her lifetime Reibey earned a reputation as an astute and successful business woman in the colony of New South Wales. She is featured on the obverse of Australian twenty-dollar notes printed since 1994.
The oldest son of Mary and Thomas Reibey, Thomas Haydock Reibey II (1821-1912: clergyman, farmer and politician), later became the Premier of Tasmania from 1876 to 1877. The Entally Estate was established in 1819 by Thomas Haydock Reibey II in Hadspen, Tasmania. The original house and some outbuildings are now a historic house on the outskirts of Launceston, in northern Tasmania. Mary, the matriarch of the family, had been transported to Australia in 1790 for the crime of horse stealing, then aged 14. She would later marry a junior officer of the East India Company, Thomas Reibey (senior), who established the Entally name as a successful trading company that owned a number of vessels running coal up the Hawkesbury River in New South Wales. Following her husband's death in 1811, Mary became one of the richest and most successful businesswomen in Australia. She then obtained the grant of 300 acres of land upon which Thomas II was to settle and build the homestead and outbuildings.
Novels
At least three novels have been written based on her life. The novel Sara Dane by Catherine Gaskin, which has sold over 2 million copies, is only loosely factually accurate. It was made into a television mini-series in 1982, which added romantic entanglements and a second-marriage for the character, Sarah Dane, which did not occur for Mary Reibey . More accurate is the novel Mary Reibey by Kathleen Pullen. A neglected but interesting Australian children's author, Nance Donkin's historical children's novel House By the Water (Angus and Robertson; Sydney, 1970: Penguin; Ringwood, 1973) tells part of Mary Reibey's story, but is no longer in print. Donkin also wrote An Emancipist, illustrated by Jane Robinson (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1968), a biography of Mary Reibey, written for children. Meg Keneally's novel The Wreck (2020 Zaffre, ) features a character, Mrs Molly Thistle, based loosely on Mary Reibey.
See also
List of convicts transported to Australia
Sydney Cove West Archaeological Precinct
References
Bibliography
Pike, D (ed), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 2, Melbourne University Press, 1968.
External links
Mary Reibey - convict and businesswoman (State Records NSW)
1777 births
1855 deaths
19th-century Australian businesspeople
Australian women philanthropists
Australian philanthropists
Australian convict women
Female-to-male cross-dressers
British female criminals
Female
18th-century Australian women
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