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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20Railway%2028
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Sierra Railway 28
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Sierra Railway 28 is a 2-8-0 steam locomotive owned and operated by the Sierra Railway in California.
History
2-8-0 Consolidation number 28 was built in January 1922 for the Sierra Railway Company of California by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was built in response to the increase of freight traffic on the Sierra with the construction of the Don Pedro and O'Shaughnessy Dams requiring carloads of rock and cement. After the dam projects were finished, the 28 was assigned to freight traffic on the Sierra's lower division between Oakdale and Jamestown, California.
In the mid 1930s, No. 28 also hauled mixed trains between Oakdale and Tuolumne until September 1st, 1938, when all scheduled rail passenger service on the Sierra Railway was discontinued.
By the 1940s, the 28 was one of only six remaining locomotives on the Sierra's roster and continued to handle freight and railfan excursions until 1955 when the Sierra purchased two diesel-electric locomotives to replace the steam engines in freight service. However, the Sierra retained the 28, along with 4-6-0 number 3, 2-8-0 number 18, 2-8-2 number 34 and 2-8-2 number 36 for occasional railfan trips and movie work. All railfan excursions ended on October 19th, 1963 after Sierra No. 28 derailed in the Jamestown yard during an excursion outing.
During this time, Sierra No. 28 made several appearances in movies and television shows, including Overland Trail, Nichols, Little House on the Prairie, Bound for Glory and The World's Greatest Lover.
In May 1971, the Sierra Railroad opened its historic railroad facilities at Jamestown to the public as a tourist attraction called Rail Town 1897. Sierra No. 28 became the workhorse of this new tourist operation. In 1979, Crocker & Associates, which owned the Sierra Railroad and Rail Town 1897, decided to sell the Jamestown complex and all of its historic rail equipment, including engine No. 28, to the State of California, which reorganized Rail Town 1897 as Railtown 1897 State Historic Park.
After the State of California took over Railtown's operations, 28 continued to serve as its primary excursion locomotive, operating seasonally from April through October. In early 2009, Sierra No. 28 was taken out of service after its crown sheet and other areas of the firebox were found to be too thin for continued operation. Sierra No. 28 remained stored in the Jamestown roundhouse awaiting restoration funds until August, 2013, when it was torn down for repairs to its firebox.
After being out of service for more than ten years, the 28 returned to operation on June 1st, 2019.
See also
Sierra No. 3, a 4-6-0 also owned by Railtown 1897
References
2-8-0 locomotives
Individual locomotives of the United States
Baldwin locomotives
Preserved steam locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1922
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Preserved steam locomotives of California
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2770018
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead%20Trail%20%28auto%20trail%29
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Arrowhead Trail (auto trail)
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The Arrowhead Trail or Arrowhead Highway was the first all-weather road in the Western United States that connected Los Angeles, California to Salt Lake City, Utah by way of Las Vegas, Nevada. Built primarily during the auto trails period of the 1910s, prior to the establishment of the U.S. numbered highway system, the road was replaced in 1926 by U.S. Route 91 (US 91) and subsequently Interstate 15 (I‑15). Small portions of the route in California and Las Vegas, Las Vegas Boulevard, are sometimes still referred to by the name, or as Arrow Highway.
History
Starting in 1915, Charles H. Bigelow drove the entire route many times to generate publicity for the road.
The Arrowhead Trail initially took a longer route via present U.S. Route 95 and former U.S. Route 66 between Las Vegas and Needles, California, as the more direct Old Spanish Trail was in very poor condition. The "Silver Lake cutoff", which would save about 90 miles (145 km), was proposed by 1920, and completed in 1925 as an oiled road by San Bernardino County.
Both the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads and the State of Nevada urged the inclusion of the cutoff route into each state's highway systems, the former as part of the federal aid highway connecting Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, and the California State Legislature did that in 1925, with it becoming an extension of Route 31. (Across the state line in Nevada, State Route 6 continued through Las Vegas to Arizona.) The initial plan for the U.S. Highway system simply stated that Route No. 91 would run from Las Vegas "to an intersection with Route No. 60" (which became US 66 in 1926), but in 1926 the cutoff was chosen, ending at US 66 at Daggett, just east of Barstow.
The original routing south from Las Vegas to Needles later became part of US 95 in 1940. The new "cutoff route" was added to the federal-aid secondary system in 1926, which helped pay for a mid-1930s widening and paving, including some realignments (parts of the old road are now known as Arrowhead Trail). The new routing generally followed the present I-15, except through Baker (where it used Baker Boulevard) and into Barstow (where it followed former SR 58 to First Avenue, ending at Main Street, which carried US 66). It entered San Bernardino on Cajon Boulevard, then followed the route of Arrow Highway between San Bernardino and Los Angeles. This route is still called Arrow Route or Arrow Highway through parts of Rancho Cucamonga, Upland, Montclair and Claremont as well as other cities between Irwindale and San Bernardino.
The Clark County, Nevada sections of the trail are marked by Nevada Historical Markers 168 and 197.
There exists a monument to the Arrowhead Trail across from the north end of the Terrible's Hotel & Casino [formerly the Gold Strike Hotel and Gambling Hall] property's entrance in Jean, Nevada. It is from here that Las Vegas Boulevard begins and proceeds north to the Las Vegas Strip.
Current route names
California State Route 91
Interstate 15
Nevada State Route 169
Las Vegas Boulevard
See also
List of auto trails
References
External links
Arrowhead Trail article on americanroads.com
Auto trails in the United States
Historic trails and roads in California
Historic trails and roads in Nevada
Historic trails and roads in Utah
Nevada historical markers
U.S. Route 91
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26901981
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Legend%20of%20the%20Condor%20Heroes%20%281976%20TV%20series%29
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The Legend of the Condor Heroes (1976 TV series)
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The Legend of the Condor Heroes is a Hong Kong television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title. The series was first broadcast on CTV in Hong Kong in 1976.
Cast
Note: Some of the characters' names are in Cantonese romanisation.
Jason Pai as Kwok Ching
Michelle Yim as Wong Yung
Bruce Leung as Yeung Hong
Mang Chau as Muk Nim-chi
Michael Chan as Wong Yeuk-see
Yeung Chak-lam as Au-yeung Fung
Chan Fei-lung as Hung Tsat-kung
Chun Wong as Chow Pak-tung
Chung Chi-keung as Yat-dang
Cheng Lui as Yuen-ngan Hung-lit
Ling Hon as Genghis Khan
Lam Yan-yan as Wah-tsang
Lau Kong as Au-yeung Hak
Mak Tin-yan as Yau Chui-kai
Tong Kam-tong as Ma Yuk
Wu Yan-yan as Suen Bat-yee
Kenneth Tsang as Kwok Siu-tin
Yu Yan as Lee Ping
Paul Chun as Yeung Tit-sam
Chen Sisi as Pau Si-yeuk
Wong Man-wai as Ying-ku
Wan Chuen as Or Chan-ngok
Kam San as Chu Chung
Kwong Wai-hung as Hon Po-kui
Cheung Ching-yee as Hon Siu-ying
Wong Kwok-leung as Kau Chin-yan / Kau Chin-cheung
Hon Kwok-choi as Nam Hei-yan / Kau Chin-chi
Law Lok-lam as Lo Yau-kiuk
Cho Tat-wah as Luk Sing-fung
Cheung Man-ting as Mui Chiu-fung
Kan Yee-ching as Chan Yuen-fung
Cheung Hung-cheung as Luk Koon-ying
Chan Yuk-wai as Sor-ku
Yeung See as Jebe
Ko Hung as Sa Tung-tin
Kiu Hung as How Tung-hoi
Wan Fat as Ling-chi Seung-yan
External links
Works based on The Legend of the Condor Heroes
Television series set in the Southern Song
Television series set in the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Television series set in the Mongol Empire
Hong Kong wuxia television series
1976 Hong Kong television series debuts
1976 Hong Kong television series endings
Depictions of Genghis Khan on television
Television shows set in Hangzhou
Cantonese-language television shows
Television shows based on works by Jin Yong
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1095395
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spang
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Spang
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Spang is a village in Germany, north of Trier between Bitburg and Wittich. This village was first mentioned in 1254. It is on one side of the Spanger brook while on the other side is the village of Dahlem. These two villages eventually became a single municipality Spangdahlem as they are known today. The locals still refer themselves to being from Spang or Dalhem. After World War II the USAF located a currently operating fighter airbase in the area of Spangdalhem.
Many of the Spang families in the USA, Germany and South America have traced their roots to this area. Generally speaking most people used their first names for identification as surnames where not important for identification. In Germany when someone left their village or city they were known as "name" von (from) village i.e. Joseph von Spang was Joseph from the village of Spang. Over time the von was dropped and the person was now known as Joseph Spang and Spang became their surname. Earliest recorded von Spang was Nicholaus von Spang who married Elizabeth Bernardos (Sic) 18 Jan 1581 in St Gangolf Catholic church in Trier, Germany.
Villages in Rhineland-Palatinate
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21453325
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toine%20van%20Mierlo
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Toine van Mierlo
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Antonius Wilhelmus Matthias Theodore van Mierlo (born 24 August 1957), known in England as Tony van Mierlo, is a former Netherlands international footballer who played primarily as a left winger but can also play as a forward.
Van Mierlo was born in Soerendonk. He played for PSV Eindhoven, Willem II, MVV Maastricht and VVV-Venlo in the Netherlands, for Birmingham City in England and for R.W.D. Molenbeek, K.A.A. Gent and K.R.C. Harelbeke in Belgium. He won three caps for the Netherlands national football team in 1980. After his playing career ended he joined the coaching staff at former club Willem II, and went on to become chief scout and later technical coordinator for Roda JC.
Honours
RWD Molenbeek
Belgian Second Division winners: 1985
References
External links
International appearances at Voetbalstats.nl
Living people
1957 births
People from Cranendonck
Dutch footballers
Dutch expatriate footballers
Netherlands international footballers
Association football forwards
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
English Football League players
Belgian First Division A players
Belgian First Division B players
PSV Eindhoven players
Willem II (football club) players
Birmingham City F.C. players
R.W.D. Molenbeek players
MVV Maastricht players
K.A.A. Gent players
VVV-Venlo players
K.R.C. Zuid-West-Vlaanderen players
Willem II (football club) non-playing staff
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14687133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditte%20Larsen
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Ditte Larsen
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Ditte Larsen (born 24 April 1983) is a Danish football midfielder. She currently plays for Brøndby IF (women) and the Danish national team. From 2005 to 2007 she played in Norway for Asker FK.
References
Profile at club site
Danish Football Union (DBU) statistics
1983 births
Living people
Danish women's footballers
Denmark women's international footballers
Asker Fotball (women) players
Danish expatriate women's footballers
Expatriate women's footballers in Norway
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Toppserien players
Brøndby IF (women) players
Women's association football midfielders
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60406798
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20S%C3%A1nchez%20Mato
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Carlos Sánchez Mato
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Carlos Sánchez Mato (born 1970) is a Spanish politician and economist. A member of United Left and the Madrid City Council, he served as delegate of Economy and Finance in the city government board.
Biography
Early life
Born in 1970 in Madrid, son of a national police officer and a housekeeper who both moved from the province of Salamanca to Madrid, he obtained a degree in Economic Sciences at the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM). A neighbor of Aluche, Sánchez Mato, self-described as a "Communist and Christian", participated in Christian grassroot groups and was active in Nueva Claridad, a Trotskyist group. He reported a case of abuse of minors in his parish in 2002 and later founded the "Association Church Without Abuses", being in the receiving end of threats because of it. With a career as economist in the private sector, he entered ATTAC Madrid in 2011.
2015 municipal election
A longstanding member of United Left (IU), as well as a member of its regional federation United Left of the Community of Madrid (IUCM), he was forced to leave the later organization before the 2015 Madrid municipal election in order to ran as candidate in the 14th slot of the Ahora Madrid list for the election. He was elected Member of the City Council. Following the investiture of Manuela Carmena as Mayor of Madrid on 13 June 2015, Sánchez Mato entered the City Government Board, holding the Area of Economy of Finance of the municipal executive. He was also appointed Councillor-President of the district of Vicálvaro. Following the de-federation of IUCM from IU, Sánchez Mato, just like Mauricio Valiente and Yolanda Rodríguez, announced in June 2015 his will to re-integrate in a new IU federation in Madrid.
Clash with Montoro and Carmena
During his time as Councillor of Economy and Finance, Sánchez Mato clashed with Cristóbal Montoro, Minister of Finance, and, ultimately, also with Manuela Carmena, regarding the rule of spending imposed from the National Government and the Economic Financial Plan (PEF) for the municipality that, through austerity measures, constrained the budgetary plans initially envisioned by the City Council. This led to Carmena removing him off from the Government Board in December 2017. He was then re-shuffled to the Presidency of the district of Latina, a position he effectively assumed on 12 January 2018, replacing .
2019 elections
In early March 2019 Sánchez Mato announced his intention to run in the IU primaries to select its candidates to the April 2019 general election in the Madrid constituency within the Unidas Podemos coalition list. Four days later he dropped his candidacy, thinking in what was "best for the project". Following the renouncement of Mauricio Valiente to led IU in the primary election of the Madrid En Pie coalition for the list to be presented at the 2019 Madrid municipal election, after the membership of United Left–Madrid (IU–Madrid) decided in a referendum not to run in the Unidas Podemos coalition for the 2019 Madrilenian regional election (in collision with the federal board's stance), Sánchez Mato accepted the responsibility of replacing Valiente on the condition the IU board tried their best to finally include Podemos in some form in the regional tentative candidacy, then visibly led by Sol Sánchez (IU–Madrid) and Raúl Camargo (Anticapitalistas Madrid). He edged Rommy Arce and Pablo Carmona in the voting to select the head of the municipal list.
References
External link
Madrid city councillors (2015–2019)
Spanish economists
1970 births
Activists for victims of sexual abuse in the Catholic Church
Christian communists
Spanish Christians
United Left (Spain) politicians
Living people
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30730889
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Lin
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Alfred Lin
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Alfred Lin is an American venture capitalist at Sequoia Capital. Lin was the COO, CFO, and Chairman of Zappos.com until 2010.
Early Career & Zappos
Lin was born in Taiwan. At the age of six or seven, his parents immigrated to the New York area.
Lin attended the Stuyvesant High School in New York City. He holds a B.A. in Applied Mathematics from Harvard and a M.S. in Statistics from Stanford. While at Harvard, Lin met Tony Hsieh, the future CEO of Zappos. Hsieh first recognized Lin's business acumen while running a student-owned pizza parlor at Harvard. Lin, his best customer, was buying whole pizzas, splitting them into slices, and selling them for a profit. In 1996, Lin dropped out of a Ph.D program at Stanford to join Hsieh, Sanjay Mandan, and Ali Partovi at LinkExchange as CFO. 18 months later LinkExchange sold to Microsoft for $265 million. Later, before joining Zappos, Lin was the VP of Finance and Business Development of Tellme Networks (MSFT). With Tony Hsieh he also co-founded Venture Frogs, an incubator and investment firm. Venture Frogs invested in a variety of tech and Internet startups, including Ask Jeeves, OpenTable, Tellme Networks, and Zappos.
From 2005 to 2010, Lin was Chairman, COO, and CFO. At Zappos, Lin was responsible for all financial, administrative, and warehouse operations. He was also responsible for company growth and scaling, bringing the company to its first profitable year in 2006 and to Amazon.com's acquisition of the company in 2009 for $1.2 billion. According to TechCrunch, "Hsieh made at least $214 million; Lin made at least $18 million, with the Venture Frogs shares netting an additional $163 million."
Lin left Zappos in 2010 to join the venture capital firm Sequoia Capital as a partner.
Sequoia Capital & Investments
TechCrunch has stated that Alfred has the "Midas touch", since "every company he's worked for has been acquired, and the smallest deal was $265 million." Lin later helped Tellme Networks which was sold to Microsoft for $800 million. After that, Lin helped form Zappos to later be acquired by Amazon for $1.2 billion. Lin has invested in Airbnb, Achievers, Stella & Dot, Houzz, Humble Bundle, Kiwi, Romotive, Moovit, Styleseat, Uber, and Cardpool (acquired by Blackhawk Networks), AppBistro / MMTG Labs (acquired by InMobi), and SalesCrunch (acquired by ClearSlide). He specializes in consumer internet, enterprise and mobile companies.
Lin was an early investor in Zipline, a medicine drone delivery company with operations in Rwanda. He also invested in the Palo Alto-based security company Cobalt Robotics, and sits on its board of directors.
Influence
In 2013, Forbes named Lin as one of the "30 Most Influential People in Tech." Lin and his work have been profiled in national publications, including The Wall Street Journal, cThe New York Times, Harvard Business Review, CNBC, Forbes, BusinessWeek, and Fortune Magazine.
References
External links
Sequoia Capital profile
American people of Taiwanese descent
American venture capitalists
Harvard University alumni
Amazon (company) people
Living people
Stanford University alumni
American chief operating officers
American chief financial officers
Year of birth missing (living people)
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26435973
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totentango
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Totentango
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Totentango is a short orchestral work by the British composer Matthew King, commissioned by the London Symphony Orchestra who premiered the work in the Barbican Hall in London in February 2010. The conductor at the first performance was Pavel Kotla. The composer has said of the work: Ever since the mysterious "dancing plague" of 1518 there has been a long tradition of pieces of music in which dancing and death find themselves in close proximity and the orchestral repertoire is littered with totentanzes and danse macabres. Totentango is my own modest attempt to engage with that tradition.
Totentango takes about 7 minutes to play. The music fuses together a plethora of dance styles in an intricate polyphony of rhythm. Tango melodies and snatches of Viennese waltz collide with habanera and techno in rapid succession as the music spirals towards obliteration. The virtuoso orchestral style contains a number of elaborate instrumental combinations whilst the lush string writing and use of muted brass is occasionally reminiscent of the film music of the 1940s. The composer Colin Matthews described the work as being "like La Valse orchestrated by Bernard Hermann". Totentango embraces an almost bewildering diversity of styles and is unashamedly melodious which perhaps explains why one dissenting critic has objected to the work's being "listener friendly with a vengeance" whilst conceding that it contained "skillful scoring".
References
Compositions by Matthew King
2010 compositions
Music commissioned by the London Symphony Orchestra
Tangos
2010 songs
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22899439
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanborough%20School%2C%20Watford
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Stanborough School, Watford
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Stanborough School is a coeducational independent day and boarding school in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. Situated in 40 acres of parkland in the village of Garston, it was founded by the Seventh-day Adventist church and remains under the governance of the church. It is a member of the Independent Schools Association.
It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system.
History
Stanborough School was founded in 1919. It originally catered primarily to the children of overseas missionaries. Over the years, the school began to cater for a wider range of students. As the school grew, the Primary section moved to a new facility in 1974 and an Early Learning Unit was added in 1990. The construction of a new complex for secondary and boarding students was completed in 1991. Stanborough school is set in over of parkland, located 30 minutes from London.
Facilities
The boarding school occupies a section of the main school building. All the bedrooms have en-suite facilities with either a shower and toilet. The shared bedrooms are of varying sizes and can accommodate two or three boarders. The boarders are separated by gender with the boys on the first floor and the girls on the second floor.
Boarders have access to all communal facilities. The communal area in the first floor has computers for the boarders to use, logging in with their school account. For those with their own laptop wireless internet is available; main school network is accessible throughout the provided computers. Boarders can communicate with their family and friends via e-mail, Skype or social media. Boarders share the main school cafeteria for their main meals. Under the school policy the main meals are strictly vegetarian. However, in the recreational lounge is a mini kitchen where boarders can prepare their own meals and snacks. Not all the boarders are vegetarian.
The school grounds are over and they are utilised by the students in sporting and relaxation activities. The boarders have access to the school gymnasium, with supervision.
The local amenities include the Medical Centre and the supermarkets, which are within walking distance.
Student life
There are a wide range of clubs as well as a fine choir and ensemble. Peripatetic teachers offer tuition in a wide range of instruments. Some pupils in years 7 to 9 participate in drama and choir, with performances throughout the year and a major International Arts Festival held in the summer term. All pupils are placed in one of three Houses.
Academics
Currently, Stanborough School has a student body of around 57 pupils. The school has an enrolment representing 40 different nationalities.[8]
Between 2011 and 2016, the average GCSE result was 81%.
Performance Context (2018/19)
GCSE
Independent School average 54.7%
Stanborough Secondary School 63%
Stanborough School is a mixed ability school with a high international enrolment.
Most pupils move on to university upon completion of Advanced Levels.
International Stanborough School (This associate school closed on 23/08/2019)
International Stanborough School makes provision for students for who are learning to speak English as an additional language. It is separately registered with the Department for Education but shares the campus and facilities as the main school. Both are owned by the British Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. The main purpose of the international school is to help students develop the necessary fluency and competency in English to transfer to the main school. More than half of the current students come from Hong Kong or Korea and the rest from six other countries. The school shares staffing and all facilities with the main secondary school.
A member of staff meets with parents when representing the international school during visits to Hong Kong.
Gallery
References
External links
Stanborough School homepage
Stanborough School – IB World School homepage
Profile on the ISC website
Secondary School – ISI Inspection Reports & Ofsted Boarding Inspection Reports
Primary School Ofsted Inspection Reports
See also
List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary and elementary schools
Seventh-day Adventist education
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Seventh-day Adventist theology
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Independent schools in Hertfordshire
Secondary schools affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Boarding schools in Hertfordshire
Educational institutions established in 1902
International Baccalaureate schools in England
Member schools of the Independent Schools Association (UK)
1902 establishments in England
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44355106
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung-dong%20station%20%28Busan%20Metro%29
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Jung-dong station (Busan Metro)
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Jung-dong Station () is a station on the Busan Metro Line 2 in Jung-dong, Haeundae District, Busan, South Korea.
External links
Cyber station information from Busan Transportation Corporation
Busan Metro stations
Haeundae District
Railway stations opened in 2002
2002 establishments in South Korea
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27056294
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikro%20giustii
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Mikro giustii
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Mikro giustii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Skeneidae.
Description
Distribution
This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea at bathyal depth off Italy.
References
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
External links
Oliverio, Marco (2006). Gastropoda Prosobranchia archeo, in: Revisione della Checklist della fauna marina italiana
CLEMAM: Mikro giustii
giustii
Gastropods described in 1989
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3823031
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20House%20%281964%20TV%20series%29
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Open House (1964 TV series)
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Open House was a 1964 BBC TV series presented by Gay Byrne, Peter Haigh and Robert Robinson.
References
External links
BBC Television shows
English-language television shows
1964 British television series debuts
1964 British television series endings
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8045914
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadezhda%20Wijenberg
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Nadezhda Wijenberg
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Nadezhda Wijenberg (born Nadezhda Alexeevna Ilyina on 2 April 1964 in Kanash) is a long-distance runner from Russia, who got the Dutch nationality in 1999 by marrying her coach Ger Wijenberg from the Netherlands.
Nadezhda "Nadja" Wijenberg lives in Schinnen, Limburg, and ran her personal best (2:28:45) in the Eindhoven Marathon, on 10 October 1999. That performance gave her a ticket for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, where she finished in 22nd place. She is a one-time national champion in the women's 5000 metres. She won the Lisbon Half Marathon 1993 and the Parelloop 10K in race in the Netherlands in 1997.
Achievements
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Dutch female long-distance runners
Dutch female marathon runners
Russian female long-distance runners
Russian female marathon runners
Olympic athletes of the Netherlands
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Russian emigrants to the Netherlands
People from Kanash
People from Schinnen
CIS Athletics Championships winners
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535399
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samosa
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Samosa
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A samosa () is a fried or baked pastry with a savory filling, including ingredients such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, chicken and/or other meats. It may take different forms, including triangular, cone, or half-moon shapes, depending on the region. Samosas are often accompanied by chutney, and have origins in medieval times or earlier. Samosas are a popular entrée, appetizer, or snack in the local cuisines of South Asia, the Middle East, Central Asia, East Africa and other regions. Due to emigration and cultural diffusion from these areas, samosas today are often prepared in other parts of the world.
Etymology
The English word samosa derives from Hindi word '' (), traceable to the Middle Persian word (), and has the meaning of the "triangular pastry". Similar pastries are referred to as in the Arabic-speaking world, Medieval Arabic recipe books sometimes spell it . The word samoosa is used in South Africa.
History
The South Asian samosa has a Middle Eastern origin. A praise of the precursor of the samosa (as sanbusaj) can be found in a ninth century poem by Persian poet Ishaq al-Mawsili. Recipes are found in 10th–13th-century Arab cookery books, under the names sanbusak, sanbusaq, and sanbusaj, all deriving from the Persian word . In Iran, the dish was popular until the 16th century, but by the 20th century, its popularity was restricted to certain provinces (such as the of Larestan). Abolfazl Beyhaqi (995-1077), an Iranian historian, mentioned it in his history, Tarikh-e Beyhaghi.
The Central Asian samsa was introduced to the Indian subcontinent in the 13th or 14th century by traders from Central Asia. Amir Khusro (1253–1325), a scholar and the royal poet of the Delhi Sultanate, wrote in around 1300 CE that the princes and nobles enjoyed the "samosa prepared from meat, ghee, onion, and so on". Ibn Battuta, a 14th-century traveler and explorer, describes a meal at the court of Muhammad bin Tughluq, where the samushak or sambusak, a small pie stuffed with minced meat, almonds, pistachios, walnuts and spices, was served before the third course, of pulao. Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi, a medieval Indian cookbook started for Ghiyath Shah, the ruler of the Malwa Sultanate in central India, mentions the art of making samosa. The Ain-i-Akbari, a 16th-century Mughal document, mentions the recipe for qottab, which it says, "the people of Hindustan call sanbúsah".
Regional varieties
India
The samosa is prepared with an all-purpose flour (locally known as maida) and stuffed with a filling, often a mixture of diced and cooked or mashed boiled potato (preferably diced), onions, green peas, lentils, ginger, spices and green chili. A samosa can be vegetarian or non-vegetarian, depending on the filling. The entire pastry is deep-fried in vegetable oil or rarely ghee to a golden brown. It is served hot, often with fresh green chutney, such as mint, coriander, or tamarind. It can also be prepared in a sweet form. Samosas are often served in chaat, along with the traditional accompaniments of either a chickpea or a white pea preparation, served with yogurt, tamarind paste and green chutney, garnished with chopped onions, coriander, and chaat masala
In the Indian states of Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand, shingaras () or singras () (the East Indian version of samosas) are popular snacks found almost everywhere. They are a bit smaller than in other parts of India, with a filling consisting chiefly of cooked diced potato, peanuts, and sometimes raisins. Shingaras are wrapped in a thin sheet of dough (made of all purpose flour) and fried. Good shingaras are distinguished by flaky textures akin to that of a savory pie crust.
Samosas generally are deep-fried to a golden brown in vegetable oil. They are served hot and consumed with chutney (mint, coriander, or tamarind), or are served in chaat, traditionally accompanied by yogurt, chutney, chopped onions, coriander, and chaat masala. Shingaras may be eaten as a tea time snack. They can also be prepared in a sweet form. Bengali shingaras tend to be triangular, filled with potato, peas, onions, diced almonds, or other vegetables, and are more heavily fried and crunchier than either shingaras or their Indian samosa cousins. Fulkopir shingara (shingara filled with cauliflower mixture) is a popular variation. In Bengal, non-vegetarian varieties of shingaras are called (mutton shingaras) and (fish shingaras). There are also sweeter versions, such as (coconut shingara), as well as others filled with khoya and dipped in sugar syrup.
In the city of Hyderabad, India, a smaller version of samosa with a thicker pastry crust and mince-meat filling, referred to as lukhmi, is consumed, as is another variation with an onion filling.
In the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, samosas are slightly different, being folded differently, more like Portuguese , with a different style of pastry. The filling also differs, typically featuring mashed potatoes with spices, fried onions, peas, carrots, cabbage, curry leaves, and green chilis, and is mostly eaten without chutney. Samosas in South India are made in different sizes, whose fillings are influenced by local food habits, and may include meat.
Nowadays, another version of samosa (noodle samosa) is also popular in India. It is a samosa filled with noodles and raw or cooked vegetables as well.
Bangladesh
Both flat-shaped (triangular) and full-shaped (tetrahedron/triangular pyramid) samosas are popular snacks in Bangladesh. A Bengali version of the full-shaped samosa is called a () and is normally smaller than the standard variety. The is usually filled with pieced potatoes, vegetables, nuts, etc. However, filled with beef liver are very popular in some parts of the country. The flat-shaped samosa is called a or , and is usually filled with onions and minced meat.
Nepal
Samosas are called in the eastern zone of Nepal; the rest of the country calls it samosa. As in India, it is a very popular snack in Nepalese cuisine. Vendors sell the dish in various markets and restaurants.
Pakistan
Samosas of various types are available throughout Pakistan. In general, most samosa varieties sold in the southern Sindh province and in the eastern Punjab, especially the city of Lahore, are spicier and mostly contain vegetable or potato-based fillings. However, the samosas sold in the west and north of the country mostly contain minced meat-based fillings and are comparatively less spicy. The meat samosa contains minced meat (lamb, beef, or chicken) and are very popular as snack food in Pakistan.
In Pakistan, samosas of Karachi are famous for their spicy flavour, whereas samosas from Faisalabad are noted for being unusually large. Another distinct variety of samosa, available in Karachi, is called (; "paper samosa" in English) due to its thin and crispy covering, which resembles a wonton or spring roll wrapper. Another variant, popular in Punjab, consists of samosas with side dishes of mashed spiced chickpeas, onions, and coriander leaf salad, as well as various chutneys to top the samosas. The samosas are a fried or baked pastry with a savory filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, lentils, and minced meat (lamb, beef or chicken).
Sweet samosas are also sold in the cities of Pakistan including Peshawar; these sweet samosas contain no filling and are dipped in thick sugar syrup.
Another Pakistani snack food, which is popular in Punjab, is known as "". This is a combination of a crumbled samosa, along with spiced chickpeas (channa chaat), yogurt, and chutneys. Alternatively, the samosa can be eaten on its own with a side of chutney.
In Pakistan, samosas are a staple iftaar food for many Pakistani families, during the month of Ramzan.
Maldives
The types and varieties of samosa made in Maldivian cuisine are known as . They are filled with a mixture including fish or tuna and onions.
Similar snacks
Similar snacks and variants of samosas are found in many other countries. They are derived either from the South Asian or are derived from the medieval precursor that originated in the Middle East.
Central Asia
Tajikistan
are meat-filled pastries, usually triangle-shaped, in Tajik cuisine. The filling can be made with ground beef (or the more traditional mutton mixed with tail fat) and then onions, spices, cumin seeds and other seasonings before being baked in a tandyr.
Southeast Asia
Burma
Samosas are called (စမူဆာ) in Burmese, and are an extremely popular street snack in Burma. Samosas are also used in a traditional Burmese salad, called samuza thoke (; ), a salad of cut samosa pieces with onions, cabbage, fresh mint, light potato and chickpea curry broth, masala, chili powder, salt and lime.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, samosas are locally known as samosa, filled with potato, cheese, curry, rousong or noodles as adapted to local taste. It usually served as snack with sambal. Samosa is almost similar to Indonesian pastel, panada and epok-epok.
Africa
East Africa
Samosas are also a key part of Swahili food often seen in Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda.
Horn of Africa
Samosas are a staple of local cuisine in the Horn of Africa countries of Djibouti, Somalia and Somaliland, where they are known as . Also made in Ethiopia and Eritrea where the "sambusa" is usually made from lentils and blended with traditional spices. They are traditionally made with a thinner pastry dough, similar to egg roll, and stuffed with ground beef. While they can be eaten at any time of the year, they are usually reserved for special occasions.
South Africa
Called samoosas in South Africa, they tend to be smaller than Indian variants, and form part of South African Indian and Cape Malay cuisine.
West Africa
Samosas also exist in West African countries such as Ghana and Nigeria where they are a common street food. In Nigeria, it is usually served in parties along with chicken or beef, puff puff, Spring roll and plantain and it is called small chops.
Mascarenes
Samosas, locally called Samoussas are also a very popular snack on Réunion and Mauritius as both countries have faced huge waves of labor immigration from the Indian subcontinent. The samosas there are generally smaller and filled with chicken, cheese, crabs or potatoes. There are however also varieties such as chocolate and banana or pizza.
Middle East
Arab countries
Sambousek () are usually filled with either meat, onion, and pine nuts, or cheese.
They are widely consumed in the holy month of Ramadan.
Iran
Sambuseh () can be found only in a very few areas in modern Iran--the original home of this meal. However, in the form of qottab---filled with ground nuts (usually, walnuts), sugar, fragrant herbs or spices, and likewise fried in oil, is used as a confectionary and quite commonly. When meat is used, it is no longer called qottab, but made spicy (contrary to nearly all other Persian culinary products). This last is all that remains of the old "sanbusag" in its ancient homeland.
Israel
In Israel, a () may be a semicircular pocket of dough filled with mashed chickpeas, fried onions, and spices. Another variety is filled with meat, fried onions, parsley, spices, and pine nuts, which is sometimes mixed with mashed chickpeas and breakfast version with feta or tzfat cheese and za'atar. Other common fillings are potato and "pizza", which is somewhat similar to Calzone. It is associated with Mizrahi Jewish cuisine, and various recipes have been brought to Israel by Jewish migrants from other countries in the Middle East and Africa. According to food historian Gil Marks, sambusak has been a traditional part of the Sephardic Sabbath meal since the 13th century in Spain.
Portuguese-speaking regions
In Goa (India) and Portugal, samosas are known as . They are usually filled with chicken, beef, pork, lamb or vegetables, and generally served quite hot. Samosas are an integral part of Goan and Portuguese cuisine, where they are a common snack.
A samosa-inspired snack is also very common in Brazil, and relatively common in several former Portuguese colonies in Africa, including Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique, where they are more commonly known as (in Brazil) or (in Portuguese Africa; in Brazilian Portuguese, refers to a completely different snack, always baked, small in size, and in the form of an inverse pudding).
English-speaking regions
Samosas are popular in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Uganda, South Africa, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania, and are also growing in popularity in Canada, and the United States. They may be called samboosa or sambusac, but in South Africa, they are often called samoosa. Frozen samosas are increasingly available from grocery stores in Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Variations using filo, or flour tortillas are sometimes used.
Al-Shabaab's samosa ban
Al-Shabaab, the extremist group controlling parts of Somalia, banned samosas in 2011. One reason was said to be the triangular shape which could represent the Christian holy trinity. Another stated reason was the possible use of rotten meat in the filling.
See also
References
External links
Pastries
Bangladeshi fast food
Bangladeshi snack foods
Indian snack foods
Indonesian snack foods
Middle Eastern cuisine
Sephardi Jewish cuisine
Stuffed dishes
Kashmiri cuisine
Burmese cuisine
Goan cuisine
Pakistani fast food
Pakistani snack foods
Indian fast food
Somali cuisine
Malaysian cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Nepalese cuisine
Portuguese cuisine
Odia cuisine
Iranian pastries
Brazilian cuisine
South African cuisine
Eritrean cuisine
Ethiopian cuisine
Kenyan cuisine
Djiboutian cuisine
Deep fried foods
Tajik cuisine
South Asian cuisine
North Indian cuisine
South Indian cuisine
Dumplings
Arab pastries
Bangladeshi cuisine
Indian cuisine
Pakistani cuisine
Indo-Caribbean cuisine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wall%20%28philosopher%29
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John Wall (philosopher)
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John Wall is an American educator and theoretical ethicist who teaches at Rutgers University Camden.
Research
Wall's research focuses on "the groundworks of moral life, particularly their relations to language, power, and childhood" and theoretical work where he argues that "ethical life is fundamentally creative," as well as for his concept of childism, or the empowerment of children by transforming norms".
Career
Wall was born in 1965 in Leeds, United Kingdom and moved to the United States as a teenager. He obtained a BA, MA, and Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and taught for one year at DePaul University before taking up a permanent position at Rutgers University.
At Rutgers University, Wall teaches in the departments of Philosophy, Religion, and Childhood Studies. He is the founding director of the Childism Institute and is the co-founder of the Children’s Voting Colloquium. In 2006 Wall assisted in the creation of a Childhood Studies doctoral program at Rutgers, which is the first of its type in the United States. He was also chair of the Childhood Studies and Religion Group at the American Academy of Religion.
Bibliography
Books
Paul Ricoeur and Contemporary Moral Thought (2002, co-editor, Routledge)
Marriage, Health, and the Professions (2002, co-editor, Eerdmans)
Moral Creativity: Paul Ricoeur and the Poetics of Possibility (2005, Oxford University Press)
Ethics in Light of Childhood (2010, Georgetown University Press)
Children and Armed Conflict (2011, co-editor, Palgrave Macmillan)
Children’s Rights: Today’s Global Challenge (2017, Rowman & Littlefield)
Give Children the Vote: On Democratizing Democracy (2021, Bloomsbury Academic)
Journal articles
References
Rutgers University faculty
Rutgers University–Camden
American ethicists
Child development
Human development
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20William%20Wheeler
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George William Wheeler
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George William Wheeler (1815 – January 1878) was a British socialist activist, prominent in the First International.
Born in Walworth, near London, George was the brother of Thomas Martin Wheeler. Their father was a wheelwright, who later became a victualler.
Wheeler became a supporter of Robert Owen and active in the Chartist movement. With his brother, he helped run the Friend-in-Need Life Assurance Society, becoming secretary after his brother's death, in 1862.
In 1864, Wheeler attended the founding meeting of the International Workingmen's Association (IWMA). He was elected to the General Council of the IWMA, and was also the organisation's first treasurer. Although he left that post early in 1865, he was again the treasurer before the end of the year, serving until 1867. During the decade, he was also active in the Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes, and then served on the executive committee of the Reform League.
The Friend-in-Need collapsed in 1867, and Wheeler later moved to Glasgow, where he died early in 1878.
References
1815 births
1878 deaths
Chartists
Members of the International Workingmen's Association
People from Walworth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradybatus
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Bradybatus
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Bradybatus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Curculionidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Japan.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Bradybatus:
Bradybatus abeillei Desbrochers, 1888
Bradybatus aceris L.A.A.Chevrolat, 1866
Bradybatus apicalis Pic & M., 1902
Bradybatus arbeillei J.Desbrochers, 1888
Bradybatus armiger T.Broun, 1893
Bradybatus bituberculatus Cristofori & Jan, 1832
Bradybatus carbonarius E.Reitter, 1884
Bradybatus creutzeri Porta, 1932
Bradybatus delagrangei J.Desbrochers, 1895
Bradybatus duplicatus E.Reitter, 1898
Bradybatus elongatulus Porta, 1932
Bradybatus elongatus Boheman, 1835
Bradybatus fallax Gerstaecker
Bradybatus graciliformis Voss, 1960
Bradybatus grandoides Dieckmann, 1968
Bradybatus inermis Penecke, 1926
Bradybatus kellneri Bach, 1854
Bradybatus limbatus W.Roelofs, 1875
Bradybatus minor Ter-Minasian, 1979
Bradybatus nigripes E.Reitter, 1898
Bradybatus ornatoides E.Reitter, 1898
Bradybatus persicus Dieckmann, 1982
Bradybatus robustirostris J.Desbrochers, 1868
Bradybatus rufipennis E.Reitter, 1898
Bradybatus seriesetosus Petri, 1912
Bradybatus sharpi H.Tournier, 1873
Bradybatus subfasciatus Gerstaecker
Bradybatus tomentosus J.Desbrochers, 1892
Bradybatus turkmenicus Ter-Minasian, 1979
Bradybatus vaulogeri L.Bedel, 1905
References
Curculioninae
Curculionidae genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Behmann
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Heinrich Behmann
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Heinrich Behmann (10 January 1891, in Bremen-Aumund – 3 February 1970, in Bremen-Aumund) was a German mathematician. He performed research in the field of set theory and predicate logic.
Behmann studied mathematics in Tübingen, Leipzig and Göttingen. During World War I, he was wounded and received the Iron Cross 2nd Class. David Hilbert supervised the preparation of his doctoral thesis, Die Antinomie der transfiniten Zahl und ihre Auflösung durch die Theorie von Russell und Whitehead. In 1922 Behmann proved that the monadic predicate calculus is decidable. In 1938 he obtained a professorial chair in mathematics at Halle (Saale). In 1945 he was dismissed for having been a member of the NSDAP.
External links
Biography (in German)
1891 births
1970 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
Scientists from Bremen
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
German logicians
German philosophers
University of Tübingen alumni
Leipzig University alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg faculty
Nazi Party members
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Newman%20%28American%20football%29
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William Newman (American football)
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William S. "Dusty" Newman (c. 1882 – July 11, 1964) was an American football player and coach. He was a first-team All-American center for Cornell University in 1906. He later coached football at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School as an assistant to Pop Warner in 1907 and at Georgetown University as the school's head coach from 1908 to 1909.
Playing career
Newman played at the center position for Cornell University from 1904 to 1906. He was selected as a first-team All-American by Caspar Whitney in 1906. Newman played for the Cornell football team during all three years in which Glenn "Pop" Warner was the head coach. Newman also rowed in the bow seat on Cornell's varsity crews from 1906 to 1907 that won Intercollegiate Rowing Association championships. In 1927, Newman was selected as the second-team center on Cornell's all-time football team. In supporting the selection, the New York Sun wrote: "Although Bill Newman never weighed 170 pounds, he had the reputation of being the strongest man physically who ever attended Cornell. ... Although he attained his greatest fame as an oarsman, Newman was a bull on the gridiron with a punishing drive that carried opponents back to China." For his contributions to championship teams in both football and rowing, Newman was tapped for the Quill and Dagger society and the Cornell Alumni News in 1933 called him "one of Cornell's all time athletic heroes."
Coaching career
Newman graduated from Cornell in 1907. That fall, Warner took over as the head football coach of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Warner hired Newman as his line coach at Carlisle. Newman was an assistant coach at Carlisle in 1907. Newman later served as head coach at Georgetown in 1908 and 1909. Newman was inducted into the Cornell University Hall of Fame in 1978. In 1913, Newman returned to Cornell as an assistant football coach.
Late life and death
Newman was a veterinarian and worked for the Bureau of Animal Husbandry. He spent time in the Western United States treating American bison in Yellowstone National Park. Newman was reassigned in 1924 to New York State, where he worked on the eradication of tuberculosis in animals. Newman was found dead at his home of a self-inflicted gunshot, on July 12, 1964. He was estimated to have died the previous evening.
Head coaching record
References
1880s births
1964 suicides
All-American college football players
American football centers
American veterinarians
Male veterinarians
Cornell Big Red football players
Cornell Big Red football coaches
Cornell Big Red rowers
Carlisle Indians football coaches
Georgetown Hoyas football coaches
Suicides by firearm in New York (state)
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15081319
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedia
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Kedia
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Kedia is a village in Central District of Botswana. It is located 15 km south-west of a larger village, Mopipi, and it has a primary school. The population was 793 in 2001 census.
References
Populated places in Central District (Botswana)
Villages in Botswana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Miller%20%28motocross%20rider%29
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Ivan Miller (motocross rider)
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Ivan Miller (born 4 September 1949) is a New Zealand former professional motocross rider. He competed in motocross events from 1964 until 1983.
Motocross racing career
Miller was born in Blenheim, New Zealand. He began competing in motocross in 1964 at the age of 15. He won his first New Zealand championship titles during the 1967/68 season in the 250cc and 350cc classes. Miller moved to Australia to race and then to England in 1969. While riding in England he received support from Comerfords to ride Bultacos and later KTMs. In 1971 he won two Australian championships in the 500cc and unlimited classes. He finished third in the British 250cc championship in 1974. The following year he was a member of the British teams that competed in the Motocross des Nations and the Trophée des Nations. In the late 1970s and early 1980s Miller continued to achieve success in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. He was the 1976/77 New Zealand A grade champion, and he won the open class in 1977/78, 1979/80 and 1980/81 riding Suzukis. He also competed in the Trans-AMA series in the United States and Canada and he rode for the Rayleigh Rockets speedway team in 1972.
References
1949 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Blenheim, New Zealand
New Zealand motorcycle racers
Motocross riders
New Zealand speedway riders
Rayleigh Rockets riders
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68872291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly%20leaf%20miner
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Holly leaf miner
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Holly leaf miner is a common name for several insects and may refer to:
Phytomyza ilicicola, native to North America
Phytomyza ilicis, native to Europe and introduced to North America
Insect common names
Phytomyza
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27099795
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpterynotus%20tatei
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Subpterynotus tatei
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Subpterynotus tatei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Description
Distribution
References
Muricidae
Gastropods described in 1895
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10218295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres%20de%20Oeste
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Torres de Oeste
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Oeste Towers (Galician and Spanish: Torres de Oeste) is a castle in Catoira, Galicia, Spain. It is located at the head of the Ría de Arousa. It is in the region of Caldas (Pontevedra), in the river Ulla estuary. The towers remaining today are the ruins of Castellum Honesti. Torres del Oeste has been declared a national monument.
In the 9th century, King Alfonso III of Leon built the castle as a defense against Viking attacks. The two remaining towers are from this period, and have a pre-Roman style. Pre-Roman ceramics and bronze tools have been discovered at the site. Two centuries later, King Alfonso V of Leon donates the fortress to the bishopric of Iria-Compostela, held at that moment by bishop Vestruarius. Subsequent bishops Cresconio, Diego Pelaez and Diego Gelmirez undertook the commitment to strengthen the Castle in order to protect the holy site of Santiago de Compostela. The structure of the Castle was defined in the 12th century. At that time, the enclosure of the Castle was formed by seven towers, and it was surrounded by marshes. The Castle has a 12th-century chapel built by Gelmirez to honor the apostle Saint James. The Castellum Honesti began its decline in the 15th century.
Each summer, the first Sunday of August, a celebration recalls the repulse of a Viking invasion.
See also
Vikings in Iberia
References
External links
Turismo Rías Baixas
Castles in Galicia (Spain)
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Pontevedra
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30138706
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jod%C5%82%C3%B3wka%20gas%20field
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Jodłówka gas field
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The Jodłówka gas field in Poland was discovered in 1980. It began production in 1985 and produces natural gas. The total proven reserves of the Jodłówka gas field are around 106 billion cubic feet (3×109m³).
References
Natural gas fields in Poland
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36137382
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Metro%20Manila%20Film%20Festival
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2012 Metro Manila Film Festival
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The 38th Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF) is a part of the annual film festival in Metro Manila, Philippines held from December 25, 2012 until January 8, 2013. During the festival, no foreign films are shown in Philippine theaters in order to showcase locally produced films (except in select 3D cinemas and IMAX theaters).
Entries
In the last week of May 2012, film producers and companies already submitted their scripts in participation with the festival. However, it will still be reviewed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority to sort out entries. Of the fifteen film entries submitted, eight were chosen as the official entries. Mga Kwento ni Lola Basyang was one of the eight entries chosen, but the producer sent a letter to MMDA to pull out of the film festival. On October 19, 2012 it was replaced by Nora Aunor's Thy Womb.
Here are the eight official entries:
Official entries
The eight films with the highest lobbying placement fee paid were chosen to be the official entries.
New Wave entries
The New Wave films were screened from December 18 to 22 as a prelude to the MMFF opening on December 25, 2012. This year, the MMFF will continue the tradition of supporting independent films through a bigger, better and bolder New Wave Section.
Ad Ignorantiam - Armando Y. Lao
Gayak - Ronaldo Bertubin
In Nomine Matris - Will Fredo
Paglaya sa Tanikala - Michael Angelo Dagnñalan
The Grave Bandits - Tyrone Acierto
Student shorts
These films were screened along with the New Wave entries.
Kinse - Nikki Del Carmen, Mowelfund Film Institute
Lugaw - Nikko Arcega & Minette Palcon, Mowelfund Film Institute
Manibela - Bobby Pagotan, Far Eastern University
Obsesyon - Danny Yu, Mowelfund Film Institute
Pukpok - Joaquin Pantaleon, De La Salle University
Ritwal - Samantha Fe Solidum, University of San Carlos
Rolyo - Rea Abalos, Mowelfund Film Institute
Sonata - Moises Anthony Cruz, University of the Philippines Diliman
Tagad - Daniel Bautista, University of San Carlos
Tsansa - John Paul Pepito, Cebu Normal University
Awards
The 38th Metro Manila Film Festival Awards Night was held at the Meralco Theater in Ortigas Center, Pasig on December 27, 2012.
Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.
Major awards
New Wave category
1st CinePhone Film Festival
Special awards
Multiple awards
Mainstream
New Wave
Box office gross
The Metro Manila Development Authority was criticized for only releasing the official earnings of the Top 4 films in the days leading up to the festival's conclusion.
References
External links
Metro Manila Film Festival
MMFF
MMFF
MMFF
2012 in Philippine cinema
2013 in Philippine cinema
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47679995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauriel%20Carty
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Mauriel Carty
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Mauriel Carty (born 29 May 1997) is a male Anguillan sprinter. He competed in the 200 metres event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China. His parents are Maureen and Dave Carty, who both run a famous BBQ restaurant in West End, Anguilla next to Four Seasons Resort. He trained under Mr.Duncan while living in Anguilla. He went to Alwyn Allison Richardson Primary School and Albena Lake Hodge Comprehensive School. He has moved to America and now lives in Brooklyn, New York and attends college at Kingsborough Community College.
See also
Anguilla at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics
References
Anguillan male sprinters
Living people
1997 births
World Athletics Championships athletes for Anguilla
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
People from The Valley, Anguilla
Commonwealth Games competitors for Anguilla
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61655897
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Kay%20Stein
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Mary Kay Stein
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Mary Kay Stein is an American mathematics educator who works as a professor of learning sciences and policy and as the associate director and former director of the Learning Research and Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh.
Education and career
Stein graduated from Pennsylvania State University in 1975, with a bachelor's degree in rehabilitation education. She stayed at Penn State for another year to earn a master's degree in counseling, and then became a staff member in the university administration. In 1980 she began her doctoral studies at the University of Pittsburgh, and she completed a Ph.D. in educational psychology there in 1986.
She worked as a researcher in the Learning Research and Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh from 1986 to 2010, and became a faculty member in the university's Department of Administrative and Policy Studies in 1995, and was promoted to professor of learning sciences and policy in 2005.
Books
Stein is the co-author of:
Improving Instruction in Algebra: Using Cases to Transform Mathematics Teaching and Learning (with Margaret Schwan Smith and Edward A. Silver, Teachers College Press, 2005)
Improving Instruction in Geometry and Measurement: Using Cases to Transform Mathematics Teaching and Learning (with Margaret Schwan Smith and Edward A. Silver, Teachers College Press, 2005)
Improving Instruction in Rational Numbers and Proportionality: Using Cases to Transform Mathematics Teaching and Learning (with Margaret Schwan Smith and Edward A. Silver, Teachers College Press, 2005)
Reform as Learning: School Reform, Organizational Culture, and Community Politics in San Diego (with Lea Hubbard and Hugh Mehan, Routledge, 2006)
Implementing Standards-Based Mathematics Instruction: A Casebook for Professional Development (with Margaret Schwan Smith, Marjorie Henningsen, and Edward A. Silver, Teachers College Press and National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000; 2nd ed., 2009)
5 Practices for Orchestrating Productive Mathematics Discussions (with Margaret Schwan Smith, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2011)
5 Practices for Orchestrating Productive Task-based Discussions in Science (with Jennifer L. Cartier, Margaret Schwan Smith, and Danielle K. Ross, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2013)
Recognition
In 2014, Stein was recognized as a Fellow by the American Educational Research Association.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
Mathematics educators
Pennsylvania State University alumni
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
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2249171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20Zone%20%28film%29
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Free Zone (film)
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Free Zone is a 2005 film directed by Amos Gitai. Shot in Israel and Jordan, the Israeli-Belgian-French-Spanish production stars Israeli Jewish actress Hanna Laslo, Palestinian actress Hiam Abbass, and Israeli-American actress Natalie Portman.
It is the second film of Gitai's "Border" or "Frontier" trilogy.
The film made its debut at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival on May 19, 2005. It was released in Israel on June 9, 2005, and then appeared at numerous other film festivals throughout the rest of the year, having a limited release on December 16, 2005 in the United States.
Plot
Rebecca (Natalie Portman) is a young American woman who has lived in Jerusalem for several months. She has just ended her marriage with a Jewish man, Breitberg, after he tells her of having raped a Palestinian woman while he was a soldier. Rebecca herself has a Jewish father but a gentile mother and so, despite her Jewish upbringing, is not considered a Jew according to religious tradition. Crying openly, Rebecca enters a tourist cab, driven by a Jewish Israeli woman, Hanna (Hanna Laslo), who is the daughter of Holocaust survivors. Hanna's destination, to which Rebecca agrees to accompany her, is the free-trade zone or "Free Zone" near Jordan's borders with Syria, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia to collect money owed to her husband, who has recently been wounded in a rocket attack. Upon reaching the Free Zone, they meet up with Laila (Hiam Abbass), a Palestinian woman who serves as the contact for Hanna's husband's black market partnership with a man known as "the American." The three women set off on a tense journey to retrieve Hanna's money and to find the American's son, Walid, who may have absconded with the money.
The film is bookended by a rendition of the traditional Passover song "Had Gadya", performed by Chava Alberstein. The song "Ain Ani" by Shotei Hanevua also plays in the taxi at the end of the film.
Cast
Natalie Portman as Rebecca. Partly Israeli, partly American, she left New York City to live in Jerusalem but has no family of her own there.
Hanna Laslo as Hanna. After being expelled from Sinai, she established with her husband in the Negev.
Hiam Abbass as Leila. A Palestinian Arab, rejected by her own son for her modern mores.
Carmen Maura as Mrs. Breitberg. The mother of Julio. In the final cut, she only appears in a superimposed flashback.
Makram Khoury as Samir, the American. A Palestinian orphan who was a refugee in Texas. Now living as a car trader in a Free Zone oasis.
Aki Avni as Julio. Rebecca's former fiancé of Spanish-Jewish origin. They separated after he told her that he had raped a Palestinian refugee during a military operation.
as military officer in the border with Jordan .
Reception
Free Zone received negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 26% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 46 reviews, with an average score of 5/10. The website's consensus reads, "The symbolism in this cinematic metaphor on conflicts in the Middle East becomes so overbearing that it's hard to care about the characters or their plight."
Awards
In the 2005 Cannes Film Festival, Hanna Laslo won the Best Actress award, and the film was nominated for the Palme d'Or. The president of the jury said afterward he considered honoring all three Free Zone actresses with an award for best ensemble acting.
Controversy
During filming at Jerusalem's Western Wall on February 23, 2005, the Israeli police asked actors and film crew to leave after protests from Orthodox Jews who were praying there while the crew filmed a kissing scene between Natalie Portman and Israeli actor Aki Avni. The scene was not included in the final cut of the film.
References
External links
Free Zone – Amos Gitai official site (interview with director)
Compilation of reviews on Free Zone site
Free Zone images on NataliePortman.com fansite
Stephen Holden (April 7, 2006).
An Allegorical Plea for Harmony in the Middle East in 'Free Zone'. New York Times.
2005 films
Israeli drama road movies
Israeli films
2000s drama road movies
English-language films
English-language Israeli films
English-language Belgian films
English-language French films
English-language Spanish films
Hebrew-language films
Films directed by Amos Gitai
Films set in Israel
Films shot in Israel
2005 drama films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20local%20nature%20reserves%20in%20Somerset
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List of local nature reserves in Somerset
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The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a non-metropolitan county, administered by Somerset County Council, which is divided into five districts, and two unitary authorities. The districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip and Sedgemoor. The two administratively independent unitary authorities, which were established on 1 April 1996 following the breakup of the County of Avon, are North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset. These unitary authorities include areas that were once part of Somerset before the creation of Avon in 1974.
Local nature reserves (LNRs) are designated by local authorities under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The local authority must have a legal control over the site, by owning or leasing it or having an agreement with the owner. LNRs are sites which have a special local interest either biologically or geologically, and local authorities have a duty to care for them. They can apply local bye-laws to manage and protect LNRs.
There are 40 local nature reserves in Somerset recognised by Natural England. The smallest is Wellington Basins, which covers of small ponds and surrounding grassland and woodland. This provides a habitat for grey wagtail, dipper and reed bunting. The largest, covering , is Weston Woods on Worlebury Hill, which includes Worlebury Camp Iron Age hill fort. The woodland provides a habitat for mammals including deer, badgers, foxes and bats. Birds include woodpeckers, buzzards and treecreepers. Several of the sites are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The list includes sites owned or managed by both Avon Wildlife Trust and Somerset Wildlife Trust.
Sites
See also
List of national nature reserves in Somerset
List of local nature reserves in England
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset
Notes
References
Local Nature Reserves in Somerset
Somerset
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela%20Escamilla
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Manuela Escamilla
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Manuela Escamilla (1648–1721) was a Spanish playwright, stage actress and theatre manager. She belonged to the playwrights of the Spanish Golden Age. She was the daughter of Francisca Díaz and Antonio Escamilla, a successful actress in 1654–1677 and the manager of her father's theater company in 1683–1690.
References
1648 births
1721 deaths
17th-century Spanish actresses
Spanish theatre directors
17th-century theatre managers
17th-century Spanish writers
Spanish Golden Age
Women theatre managers and producers
17th-century businesswomen
17th-century Spanish businesspeople
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20Kiss%20%28disambiguation%29
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Last Kiss (disambiguation)
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"Last Kiss" is a 1961 romantic love song by Wayne Cochran, covered by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers, Pearl Jam, and others.
Last Kiss or The Last Kiss may also refer to:
Film
The Last Kiss (1931 film), a British Indian silent film
The Last Kiss (2001 film) or L'ultimo bacio, an Italian romantic comedy-drama
The Last Kiss (2006 film), an American remake by Tony Goldwyn
Music
The Last Kiss (album), a 2009 album by Jadakiss
"Last Kiss" (Bonnie Pink song), 2004
"Last Kiss" (Tanpopo song), 1998
"Last Kiss", a 2009 song by Joe Bonamassa from The Ballad of John Henry
"Last Kiss", a 2010 song by Taylor Swift from Speak Now
"The Last Kiss", a 1999 song by AFI from Black Sails in the Sunset
"The Last Kiss", a 1985 song by David Cassidy from Romance
Other uses
"Last Kiss", a comic strip by John Lustig
See also
The Kaiser's Last Kiss, a 2003 novel by Alan Judd
One Last Kiss (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantai%20Collection
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Kantai Collection
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, abbreviated as , is a Japanese free-to-play web browser game developed by Kadokawa Games and published by DMM.com.
The central theme of the game is the representation of World War II warships personified as teenage girls and young adult women with personality characteristics reflecting the history of each ship. Originally, all of these were Japanese, but ships from other nations have also been added as the game has developed. Gameplay involves all aspects of naval warfare, including not only combat but also maintenance, repair, upgrading, resupply, morale, logistics and mission planning.
The game was launched on April 23, 2013. As of April 2015, the game is available in Japan only and has 3 million registered players. An Android client of the original game was released in 2016. The game has developed into a much larger media franchise; various media including multiple manga series and light novels have been released, in addition to an officially licensed tabletop role-playing game. A PlayStation Vita game was released in February 2016, and an anime television series aired its first season from January to March 2015, with an animated film released in November 2016 and a second season announced in 2019.
Gameplay
The gameplay is centered upon building squadrons composed of individual characters represented as cards with different attributes, and then sending said squadrons out on missions. Each of the characters are moe anthropomorphisms of World War II naval warships which are depicted as cute girls, known as . These personified warships are based on real-life vessels which are explained in detail within the game; the physical characteristics, appearances and personalities of each of the girls correlate in some way to the real-life vessel (for example, ships with a larger displacement tonnage such as cruisers, battleships and aircraft carriers are usually depicted as young women, while smaller ships such as destroyers and coastal defense ships look and behave like pubescent girls, with a few exceptions). The vast majority of these fleet girls were based on the ships of Imperial Japanese Navy along with few that were based on other navies' warships instead, including three from Imperial Japanese Army. So far foreign navies represented in the game are include Kriegsmarine, Regia Marina, United States Navy, Royal Navy, Soviet Navy, Marine Nationale, Svenska Marinen, Royal Australian Navy and Koninklijke Marine. The player takes on the role of an and organizes their fleets in battle in order to win. Combat is largely automated, and manual actions by the player include micromanagement such as building and repairing. The player can organise up to four different fleets.
The player progresses through the game by advancing through maps, gaining experience points through grinding, obtaining new fleet girls whilst repairing and resupplying existing ones, and fulfilling quests to obtain resources. New equipment can be crafted, allowing the fleet girls to equip different armaments depending on the situation. Acquisition of new kanmusu by the player can occur via drops on map or via crafting, and is heavily RNG-based; randomization is also a key component of the battle mechanism, map progression and equipment development. Construction, resupply and repair of ships is reliant upon four types of resources, namely fuel, ammunition, steel and bauxite; these supplies will gradually increase automatically as time passes. Players can choose to engage in expeditions, sorties, and quests to further increase their supplies as well.
Ships can be customised through the addition of various equipment within their empty slots, which add attribute bonuses and even provide special effects in some cases; such equipment include naval guns, anti-aircraft guns, torpedoes, torpedo bombers, dive bombers, fighter aircraft, seaplanes, recon planes, radars, steam turbines, special artillery shells, depth charges, sonars, drum canisters, searchlights and anti-torpedo bulges. The effectiveness of ships in combat depend on its attribute parameters, namely hitpoints, armour, evasion, aircraft capacity, speed, attack range, firepower, torpedo, anti-air, anti-submarine, line-of-sight, and luck.
Kanmusu are capable of becoming stronger as they gain experience and level up after battles, and can also be remodeled into more advanced models once they reach a certain level. Unwanted kanmusu can also be "fed" to other kanmusu through a process known as , which grants attribute bonuses to one ship in exchange for losing another. Ships can become fatigued once it accumulates after sorties; fatigued ships have decreased attributes, whilst sparkling ships have increased attributes. Fatigue can be alleviated by allowing ships some time to rest, or by recovering the fleet's morale using . As ships become damaged, their icons begin to blow off smoke and their clothing become visually torn and battered; in the event when a ship's durability drops down to zero, it is considered sunk, and the player will lose the fleet girl. Players cannot resurrect fleet girls that have been lost unless they are in possession of an emergency repair item, and are only able to re-train ships that have been lost from scratch.
Whilst the game is free-to-play, special premium bonuses can be obtained through prepaid game money and credit card microtransactions, such as repair dock expansions, home shipyard furniture tokens, ship possession limit increases, and special consumable items. Although each ship in the game has an experience level cap of Lv.99, the player is able to obtain the "marriage papers and ring" item with a monetary purchase priced at 700 yen or via a one-time special quest, which allows the player to "marry" the girl, thereby breaking the original level cap and allowing a new maximum of Lv.175, in addition to other perks such as stat boosts and decreased operating costs; this process can be repeated as many times as the player wishes, and there is no limit to the number of girls that can be "married".
Players can choose to battle against the fleets of other real-life players on the same game server via the exercise maneuvers menu. Players are also able to compete with each other's scores via in-game ranking boards, with periodical prizes for top ranking players. As of January 2016, there are 20 servers that can be played on, each named after a World War II-era Japanese naval base. The game is currently intended to be played by a Japanese domestic audience only, with the interface exclusively in the Japanese language. As of present, the game cannot be played outside Japan without the use of a VPN; utilisation of such methods to circumvent country IP restrictions and access the game breach the DMM.com online game terms of use, however. From August 2013 onwards, new player registrations were only available via periodic lottery, due to the servers being overloaded by large numbers of new registrants. After July 2015, new registrants were able to join the 20th server without the need to partake in a lottery; due to excessive player numbers, however, the new server has closed on multiple occasions.
Fleet girls
Upon the debut of the game, there were a total of 94 different fleet girls available. Within an update introduced May 15–17, 2013, additional fleet girls were added. On September 11, 2013, the first non-Japanese vessel, Soviet destroyer Verniy (Верный), was introduced into the game. There were plans during the early stages to eventually bring additional ships from other countries, and in March 2014, three German Kriegsmarine vessels were added. Two Italian ships were added as part of the 2015 Spring event in April 2015, with one more added in August. The first fully non-Axis ship, the American USS Iowa (BB-61), was introduced with KanColle Kai on February 18, 2016, later becoming available in the browser game's 2016 Spring event. Presently there are 164 original girls in addition to 72 upgraded variants, bringing the total number of fleet girls to 236. The game currently holds spaces for 250 different types of fleet girls. Different fleet girls are illustrated by different artists; artists involved in the drawing of various characters include Shibafu, Yoshinori Shizuma, Konishi, Kūrokuro, Akemi Mikoto and 16 other artists. Fumikane Shimada, who was previously the lead character designer for Strike Witches and Girls und Panzer, created the designs and illustrations for Japanese armored aircraft carrier Taihō and the five German vessels.
The traits of each fleet girl are based on aspects of the historical ship they are based on; for instance, frequently adds English words and phrases into her dialog as a reference to her British origins, whilst is depicted as a speedy girl in artworks and official print media, since Shimakaze was one of the fastest destroyer ships of World War II. Characters which share particular links also have similar physical traits: ships of the same class may have similar accessories or clothing, whilst all Imperial Japanese Navy submarines are depicted as wearing sukumizu.
Voice actors have been employed to voice the fleet girls, with anywhere around 10 fleet girls being voiced by one actor.
Development
Prior to Kantai Collection, the majority of games published by DMM.com were R-18+ adult online games. In an effort to attract customers from a wider audience, DMM.com experimented with Kantai Collection in partnership with Kadokawa Games; by November 2013, Kantai Collection accounted for 30-40% of DMM.com's total online game business.
Unlike other online games in Japan, Kantai Collection was designed with the intention of not forcing the player to spend money or participate in "gacha" lotteries. The purpose of this stems from Kadokawa desiring a larger target market and to establish the game as a well-known name, eventually allowing for merchandising and sales of franchise works.
Kensuke Tanaka, who prior to Kantai Collection was involved in the production and public relations for Final Fantasy X, XI and XIII, wished to create a game which involves historical elements while still appealing to the regular fans of DMM.com, namely fans of anime and manga culture, and this led him to the idea of developing a game centered on anthropomorphisms of warships.
Media
Print media
Manga
A bi-monthly online web manga by Ryōta Momoi began serialization from April 23, 2013, in the Famitsu Comic Clear. The manga follows a 4koma format, and features a storyline with the fleet girls enrolled in schools, where senior girls teach battle techniques to their juniors. It has been updated weekly since October 2013. Ryōta Momoi's 4koma manga will be released in print book format under the title beginning from December 14, 2013.
Famitsu Comic Clear has introduced an additional manga adaptation by Shōtarō Harada under the title beginning from July 9, 2013.
The Famitsu website also hosts a webcomic titled by Tadashi Mizumoto which focuses on gameplay aspects of Kantai Collection. It began serialization from August 23, 2013. In addition, illustrations column with multiple illustrators at the same time as the manga has also been serialized.
A manga by Kensuke Tanaka and illustrated by Sakae Saitō titled began serialisation in Monthly Comic Alive in the December 2013 issue (released October 28, 2013), with a focus on an original story revolving around Tenryū and Tatsuta.
In addition, another manga series by SASAYUKi featuring the title was serialized in Comptiq from the December 2013 issue (released November 9, 2013) onwards, with a story based on the adventures of battleship Kongō. It began serialisation within the May 2014 issue of Comptiq (released April 10, 2014) and was later terminated within the November 2014 issue (released October 10, 2014).
A manga titled and illustrated by Yasuhiro Miyama began serialisation in the January 2014 issue (released November 9, 2013) of Comp Ace, with the plot focusing on the Akatsuki sisters.
Age Premium featured a manga publication by Nanaroku titled starting from the January 2014 issue (delivered December 9, 2013), with Inazuma as the main character. It was serialized until the May 2014 issue (delivered April 9, 2014).
A manga series titled by Kazuma Yamazaki, Hyōbu Madoka later Kaname Yokoshima and illustrated by Kazuma Yamazaki began serialisation within the Dengeki Maoh magazine in the February 2014 issue (released December 27, 2013).
A manga series by Hiroichi titled began serialisation in the July 2014 issue (released May 27, 2014) of Dengeki Daioh, focusing on a storyline revolving around the heavy cruisers Kumano and Suzuya.
Kadokawa website also hosts a webcomic titled by Sau Nitō and illustrated by Sōta Wakui which focuses on gameplay aspects of Kantai Collection. It began serialization from March 22, 2014, in Comic Walker.
A manga series by Miki Morinaga titled began serialization in the December 2018 issue (released November 10, 2018) of Comptiq, focusing on a storyline where Gambier Bay, Tashkent, and Commandant Teste discover an old bar on the naval base they're stationed at, eventually learning the skills of being bartenders and the history of cocktails. Gambier Bay uses the opportunity as a way of learning to get over her fear of the Kurita Fleet, as well to pull herself out of being too self-deprecating. Two volumes of the collected chapters have been released, and the third volume is scheduled to be released in September 2020. Currently it's also available on Comic Walker since July 10, 2019.
Kadokawa has also announced a manga series titled , created by Ōto Taguchi who was previously responsible for the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 manga. However, the project was cancelled after a disagreement between the author and publisher.
Famitsu Comic Clear, DNA Comics, Comptiq and Dengeki Comics have also published numerous series of comic compilation books which each contain a collection of various one-shot manga.
Light novels
A short story series featuring aircraft carriers Zuikaku and Shōkaku written by Hiroki Uchida and illustrated by Matarō, titled , began serialization within the January 2014 issue (released November 20, 2013) of Dragon Magazine.
A light novel based on the game with the title , written by Toshihiko Tsukiji and illustrated by NOCO, was released on November 30, 2013.
A novel project featuring aircraft carriers Kaga and Akagi involving the illustrator Koruri and the authors Kei Shiide, Kazuyuki Takami and Dai Akagane has been announced, with the title . It was serialized in Comptiq between the January 2014 (released November 9, 2013) and August 2014 (released July 10, 2014) issues. A novel to share the view of the world, written by Kazuyuki Takami and illustrated by GUNP was released on November 2, 2014.
A novel series featuring light aircraft carriers Zuihō written by Yukiya Murasaki and illustrated by Satoru Arikawa, titled was released on February 1, 2015.
Video games
KanColle Kai
A single-player turn-based strategy game titled was announced for the PlayStation Vita during Kadokawa Games' 2013 Autumn media briefing, and following two launch delays, was finally released on February 18, 2016. The game is the second title independently created by Kadokawa Game Studio, after Natural Doctrine. KanColle Kai introduces various strategy elements such as hexagonal world maps, a new resource transfer system involving the escorting of supply ships over each game turn, player-selected difficulty settings, enemy counterattacks against the player's bases, control of over up to eight fleets on the world map, and the ability to simultaneously operate two separate fleets within some sortie maps. Existing functions from the original web browser game are also present, with major user interface changes. Menu screens feature Live2D character animations, and the player will encounter a "game over" state if all of their territories are destroyed by the enemy. The Vita game contained the original debut of USS Iowa (BB-61) as a playable ship, prior to her seasonal event implementation within the browser game.
In March 2014, financial analyst Fukuda Sōichirō of Citigroup Global Markets Japan made the prediction in a stock investor report that the PS Vita game would ship 500,000 copies, and expects that a profit of 1 billion yen be made. He also cites the ability to charge players for in-game premium items on the PS Vita platform as an upside for Kadokawa Corporation business-wise. Famitsu gave the game a review score of 29/40. The game sold 140,757 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, placing first within the Japanese software sales rankings for that particular week; Dengeki Online and Famitsu both report that between 80-100% of the initial retail batch stock was sold out within the first week.
Kadokawa Games has announced that the game will be no longer sold physically in retail stores or digitally in the PlayStation Store by the end of January 2017.
KanColle Arcade
is a trading card arcade game developed by Sega AM2 and launched on April 26, 2016. The game features fully modeled 3D characters, and involves the player taking control of the direction and speed of their ship in combat against Abyssal ships, in addition to collecting different shipgirls. The game charges players with a GP system akin to that of Border Break, where money is converted into GP at a specific rate, with these points consumed for each second of play or converted in exchange for various other game elements. The game is controlled using a steering wheel and speed lever, and the player is able to organize their fleet using kanmusu cards ejected by the arcade machine. While in combat, the player can choose between using primary and secondary armaments, torpedoes and airstrikes against foes.
Tabletop RPG
An official KanColle tabletop RPG has been developed; the introductory rulebook for the game was published by Kadokawa and Fujimi Shobo, and released on 18 March 2014. A first rule book written by Tōichiro Kawashima and illustrated by Yukio Hirai, titled was released on March 18, 2014.
A replay series written by Shiei Akatoki and illustrated by Yebisu Daikanyama, titled was released on July 19, 2014.
A lonely replay series written by Tōichiro Kawashima and illustrated by Chino Yukimiya, titled was released on January 20, 2015.
Anime
An anime television series aired from January to March 2015. The series is animated by Diomedéa, and features as the main character, with the storyline based on her point of view. The show is directed by Keizou Kusakawa, with the script written by Jukki Hanada. The anime series features the voice cast from the original game.
A second series that featuring Japanese destroyer Shigure as the main character was announced on January 4, 2019. The series will be produced by ENGI.
Audio CDs
An original game soundtrack was released on August 3, 2014. Second original game soundtrack was released on August 5, 2015.
Two vocal music collection CDs and have also been released on August 3, 2014.
Limited edition versions of the side:Kongō and Torpedo Squadron Chronicles manga series tankōbon were bundled with drama CDs featuring original dialogue stories from the characters' original voice actors, titled and .
An anime television soundtrack was released on March 25, 2015. An anime television vocal music collection CD was released on March 25, 2015.
Film
In addition, an animated film, titled , was released on November 26, 2016.
Plot and setting
Whilst the original game does not have a particular storyline, and largely focuses on "gameplay", each of the official media works feature various settings with separate and differing canons. Not only do the stories differ, but also the depictions and interpretations of fleet girls and the manner in which they engage in combat. The game does not strictly define anything relating to its setting, allowing for a greater diversity of secondary literary adaptation works which cater to different audiences, and more artistic freedom among secondary works which can approach the setting of Kantai Collection differently.
Kadokawa has not officially announced whether any secondary work is absolute canon, nor have they released significant quantities of canonical material, with some official works even contradicting one another. For instance, some manga anthology depictions show the ship girls as ship-sized giants, while other serialized manga show them as human-sized. The television animation explains the ship girls as humans born with the ability to possess the spirits of World War II warships, while within the Bonds of the Wings of Cranes light novel, the girls refer to themselves as actual warships, and that their origin is unknown.
2015 anime television series
Season two of the anime is still in the works.
KanColle: Bonds of the Wings of Cranes
Within the story of the light novel Bonds of the Wings of Cranes, the setting is within an alternate universe where World War II never took place. The fleet of the Abyss, consisting of monster ships, lock down access to the seas and indiscriminately fire upon vessels and aircraft, and feed on the corpses of dead sailors in the water. The large number of abyssals, along with their regenerating ability, allowed them to easily defeat the conventional navies and modern militaries of the world. Ship girls are the guardians of humanity and human-weapon hybrids that are summoned using , with female forms as the ships they represent have female souls. Zuikaku, having taken a humanoid form, remembers a time where she was once a ship, however, does not know the reason behind her human form.
The fleet girls live within an old-fashioned Japanese-style hotel which doubles as the girls' dormitory and is close to a nearby factory which services combat equipment. The admiral of the fleet is a young man who behaves like a pervert, fond of groping the ship girls and playing with their skirts, although his personality does become serious when commanding the fleet. As the ship girls and abyssal fleets engage in combat, both sides are guarded by a protective barrier. The aircraft carriers Akagi and Kaga are depicted as firing archery arrows from a bow which then transform into fighter planes. Armaments are detachable equipment, and when not in combat gear the ships otherwise appear as ordinary girls.
KanColle: Kagerō, Setting Sail!
This light novel is set within a universe based on the real world, where normal girls undergo training to become ship girls. Hundreds of warships were destroyed by abyssal forces which spontaneously emerge from anywhere under the sea, and as a result, ship girls are employed to counter the threat.
KanColle: Someday as the Seas turn Calm
A series of mini-arcs connecting a ship girl to her existing counterpart by gradually introducing characters and rotating the leads. Within this manga, ship girls are depicted as flying on the water surface whilst in combat against the abyss fleet of monster ships, and launch aircraft managed by tiny fairies in a conventional takeoff manner from their body attachments. Artillery and torpedo combat is shown to be performed at long range, whilst anti-submarine warfare takes place in close quarters.
Torpedo Squadron Chronicles
This manga adaptation focuses on the adventures of the Tenryū class and Akatsuki class, as it follows the newly assigned Tenryū and her new squadron in solving the mystery of the Abyssal Fleet.
KanColle: Shimakaze Whirlwind Girl
This manga depicts the story of a newly appointed, rookie officer by the name of Ensign Akai who arrives at the Maizuru Naval Base for duty as the assistant to the vice-admiral, however has to deal with a stubborn and difficult Shimakaze who spends most of her time alone, and does not have any friends. Multiple nations around the world have developed ship girls for their navy power, and Maizuru is one of the major bases of Japan responsible for managing them.
KanColle: Fubuki, Ganbarimasu!
This slice of life 4koma depicts the everyday life of the ship girls at the fleet training school, where newly manufactured ship girls spend one year learning knowledge before setting out to sea. Most of the scenarios are taken from the point of view of Fubuki, and feature the girls doing fun things with one another, which include attending school, drinking tea, celebrating various holidays like Tanabata, Halloween and Christmas, in addition to the occasional sortie. The ship girls retain memories of their previous lives from World War II, at times displaying signs of post-traumatic stress disorder. References to their personal histories and characteristics are common and usually used to comedic effect. This manga depicts the ship girls as being able to walk on the surface of the water in a manner akin to ice-skating, just like in the anime series.
2016 film
Merchandise and other collaborations
Merchandise based on the game have been launched as a result of the success of the online game, proliferation of derivative works, and strong interest in the franchise. PVC figurines have been released, including Nendoroid and Figma figurines of both Shimakaze and Akagi, in addition to a 1/7 scale PVC display figurine of a severely damaged Kongō designed and manufactured by Max Factory. An expansion for a trading card game Weiß Schwarz based on Kancolle theme was released on March 28, 2014, and reportedly sold 1.7 million packets within its first shipment.
In September 2013, a collaborative project between Kantai Collection and the Arpeggio of Blue Steel anime was announced. Illustrators for Kantai Collection are responsible for drawing some of the anime end cards for Arpeggio of Blue Steel, which feature crossovers with Kantai Collection characters. An Arpeggio of Blue Steel in-game special event for Kantai Collection also took place from December 24, 2013, to January 8, 2014.
Reception
Player population
Due to the high popularity of the game within Japan, game operators created larger numbers of servers in early 2013 to cope with the influx of players. During August 2013, the number of new players spiked by 100,000 people within one week, to a total of 600,000 people, with 350,000 daily active players. By September 2013, it was reported that there were more than 800,000 players regularly active. The total number of players broke 1,000,000 on 9 October 2013. As of April 2015, there were 3 million players. One commonly cited explanation behind the success of the game is that players aren't forced to spend money to play, unlike other popular Japanese online games; the free-to-play nature of Kantai Collection makes in-game purchases optional, and not a necessity. It is estimated that on average, Kantai Collection players spend less money on the game compared to the popular Japanese games Puzzle & Dragons, The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls and Love Live! School Idol Festival.
Cultural trends and industry reception
Interest in Kantai Collection has significantly risen over the months following its release, to the point where it has often been compared with the fandom of Touhou Project as an emerging viral fandom. There has been a large increase in online activity and fan-created material relating to the game, such as fan-made artworks, doujinshi and other derivative content. As of April 2015, there are over 345,000 different artworks on Pixiv tagged with "KanColle" created by 67,000 individual artists, and KanColle-related videos on Niconico were watched 460 million times. During Comiket 85, there were 1,136 dōjin circles producing works for Kantai Collection, placing third behind Touhou Project (2,272 circles) and Kuroko's Basketball (1,462 circles), and ahead of The Idolmaster and Vocaloid; this is a significant increase over the previous Comiket 84 event, which only had just over 100 circles with Kantai Collection works. Dōjin material relating to the game have also gained traction overseas; KanColle-exclusive dōjin events have been held in Shanghai on 22 February 2014, and Taipei on 29 March 2014.
On 12 December 2013, Twitter officially released the top hashtags of 2013; #艦これ was the most used hashtag among Japanese Twitter users. The game was also the eighth most searched term within Japan on Google in 2013. On 30 December 2013, GameSpark named Kantai Collection as the online game category title for its game of the year awards of 2013, ahead of runners-up League of Legends, World of Tanks and Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn. A survey of 151 different prominent Japanese game developers conducted by 4gamer asked what each developer considered to be the best game of 2013; nine of these developers selected Kantai Collection. Among these developers, Naoki Yoshida of Square Enix, who produced and directed Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn, stated that Kantai Collection is Japan's answer to World of Tanks, and that he was impressed by the business model; meanwhile, Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA director Seiji Hayashi of Sega referred to the game as "innovative". Kantai Collection was named "Rookie of the Year" during the WebMoney 2013 Awards, as a new entrant to the games market.
Financial reception and sales figures
Speaking at a symposium held by Kadokawa ASCII Research Institute on 27 September 2013, the chairman of the board of directors of Kadokawa Group Holdings, Tsuguhiko Kadokawa, stated that despite the game's popularity, Kantai Collection is nearly unprofitable for the company, in part due to the game being funded by various company partnerships, such as the profit-sharing agreement made between Kadokawa Group and DMM Group, given that none of the game's development fees were paid for by Kadokawa. Kadokawa's stock price rose by 1000 yen within June 2013, following the initial rise of the game. It is expected that Kadokawa will need to rely on sales of intellectual property media works such as books and manga in order to raise profits. Kadokawa Games president Yoshimi Yasuda affirms that the free-to-play business model of the game will not change despite reports of a lack of revenue gain.
Meanwhile, game distributor DMM Corporation gained 7 billion yen from the game as of June 2014, which is equivalent to 140 times the value of the game's development costs.
Toshihiko Tsukiji's light novel Kantai Collection: Kagerō, Setting Sail! sold 16,624 copies within its first week of release, placing 11th place within the Oricon book ranking charts. Also debuting the same week were the Sasebo Naval District Compilation Vol.1 and Maizuru Naval District Compilation Vol.1 comic anthologies, which sold 59,552 copies and 58,110 copies respectively. In mid-November 2013, Yokosuka Naval District Compilation Vol.1 sold 48,909 copies during its first week, placing 10th place among all comic sales. The first manga volume of Fubuki, Ganbarimasu! sold 28,324 copies within its first week in December 2013. The KanColle White Paper official book published by Kadokawa placed third overall within the Oricon book charts during its debut week in October 2013, selling 46,039 copies.
Political commentary
An editorial within the South Korean Hankook Ilbo on 4 November 2013 accuses that the strong popularity of the game is due to a conservative political shift amongst young people in Japan following long-term economic recession and political instability, and that the game glorifies the wartime Imperial Japanese Navy. Addressing the Hankook Ilbo allegation, Akky Akimoto writing for The Japan Times disagrees with the idea that the game's design deliberately facilitates any political shift, and argues that the 1970s anime series Space Battleship Yamato was subject to similar criticisms despite having little effect on domestic politics.
Another opinion piece from the Asahi Shimbun suggests that the game's unforgiving mechanics, such as ships permanently sinking, some of them may even trace for their grandparents' military service history, so helps players understand the brutality of war given the desperate situations, that they can gain a more positive understanding of history or even oppose conflict itself.
Intellectual property infringement outside Japan
In January 2015, allegations arose that the company Beijing Longzhu Digital Technology (), which runs an unofficial pirated KanColle server in Mainland China, spent () in purchasing various Chinese-language KanColle internet forums such as the KanColle subforum on Baidu Tieba; online discussion boards intended for discussing the original Japanese game were closed down or placed under new management, while the forums of the pirated bootleg Chinese KanColle remained online. This led to widespread unrest amongst Chinese players of the original game, resulting in large-scale internet raids on forums and social media, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and website defacing via SQL injection by hackers against those running the bootleg server. An article published by China Central Television referred to the incident as the largest online mass boycott and protest against intellectual property infringement in China, and a wake-up call for the Chinese gaming industry as a whole to strive for integrity and refrain from creating copycat works.
See also
Azur Lane, a shoot 'em up game also utilizing the concept of warship moe anthropomorphization, mainly featuring anthropomorphized American, British, Japanese and German warships of World War II
Girls' Frontline, a strategy role-playing game centred upon moe anthropomorphizations of firearms
Tōken Ranbu, a clone of Kantai Collection anthropomorphizing historical swords as attractive young men
Notes
References
External links
Official pages of the game
Main site at DMM
KanColle at Kadokawa Games
"KanColle_STAFF" on Twitter
Licensed web manga
KanColle manga "Fubuki, Ganbarimasu!" at Famitsu Comic Clear
KanColle manga "Chinjufu tsūshin" at Famitsu Comic Clear
KanColle manga "Kankan Biyori" and Illustrations Column at Cominy
KanColle manga "Fubuki, Ganbarimasu!" at Comic Walker
KanColle manga "Kankan Biyori" at Comic Walker
KanColle manga "Someday as the Seas turn Calm" at Comic Walker
KanColle manga "Torpedo Squadron Chronicles" at Comic Walker
KanColle manga "Shimakaze Whirlwind Girl" at Comic Walker
KanColle manga "Naval base of the perch" at Comic Walker
KanColle manga "Yuru Kan" at Comic Walker
Official sites of secondary works
Official Vita game website
Official anime website
Official arcade game website
Official Tabletop RPG website
2013 Japanese novels
2014 Japanese novels
2015 Japanese novels
2013 manga
2014 manga
2013 video games
2016 video games
Android (operating system) games
ASCII Media Works manga
Browser-based multiplayer online games
Browser games
Card battle video games
Card games introduced in 2013
Construction and management simulation games
Dengeki Comics
Enterbrain manga
Free-to-play video games
Fujimi Shobo manga
Fujimi Fantasia Bunko
Gacha games
Ichijinsha manga
Japan-exclusive video games
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko
Kodansha manga
Light novels
Kadokawa Shoten games
Mass media franchises
Military in fiction
Military science fiction
Military science fiction video games
Moe anthropomorphism
One-shot manga
PlayStation Vita games
PlayStation Vita-only games
Raising sims
Fiction about robots
Science fiction video games
Seinen manga
Shōnen manga
Superhero video games
Video games about mecha
Video games about robots
Video games about World War II alternate histories
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in Asia
Video games set in Oceania
War video games
War video games set in Asia
Yonkoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter%20Niederm%C3%BCller
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Péter Niedermüller
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Péter Niedermüller (born 3 September 1952) is a Hungarian politician. From July 2014 to July 2019, he served as a Member of the European Parliament, representing Hungary for the Democratic Coalition. In the 2019 Hungarian local elections, he was elected as the Mayor of Erzsébetváros as the joint candidate of the opposition (MSZP-P-DK-LMP-Momentum)(with external support of Jobbik)
Niedermüller also served as the Treasurer of the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament.
Parliamentary service
Member, Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (2014–2019)
Member, Delegation for relations with Israel (2014–2019)
References
1952 births
Living people
Democratic Coalition (Hungary) MEPs
MEPs for Hungary 2014–2019
Politicians from Budapest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20imperialism
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American imperialism
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American imperialism consists of policies aimed at extending the political, economic and cultural influence of the United States over areas beyond its boundaries. Depending on the commentator, it may include military conquest, gunboat diplomacy, unequal treaties, subsidization of preferred factions, economic penetration through private companies followed by a diplomatic or forceful intervention when those interests are threatened, or regime change.
The policy of imperialism is usually considered to have begun in the late 19th century, though some consider US territorial expansion at the expense of Native Americans to be similar enough to deserve the same term. The federal government of the United States has never referred to its territories as an empire, but some commentators refer to it as such, including Max Boot, Arthur Schlesinger, and Niall Ferguson. The United States has also been accused of neocolonialism, sometimes defined as a modern form of hegemony, which uses economic rather than military power in an informal empire, and is sometimes used as a synonym for contemporary imperialism.
The question of whether the United States should intervene in the affairs of foreign countries has been debated in domestic politics for the whole history of the country. Opponents pointed to the history of the country as a former colony that rebelled against an overseas king, and American values of democracy, freedom, and independence. Supporters of the Presidents labelled as imperial including James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and William Howard Taft justified interventions in or seizure of various countries by citing the need to advance American economic interests (such as trade and repayment of debts), the prevention of European intervention in the Americas, and the benefits of keeping good order around the world.
History
Overview
Despite periods of peaceful co-existence, wars with Native Americans resulted in substantial territorial gains for American colonists who were expanding into native land. Wars with the Native Americans continued intermittently after independence, and an ethnic cleansing campaign known as Indian removal gained for European-American settlers more valuable territory on the eastern side of the continent.
George Washington began a policy of United States non-interventionism which lasted into the 1800s. The United States promulgated the Monroe Doctrine in 1821, in order to stop further European colonialism and to allow the American colonies to grow further, but desire for territorial expansion to the Pacific Ocean was explicit in the doctrine of Manifest Destiny. The giant Louisiana Purchase was peaceful, but the Mexican–American War of 1846 resulted in the annexation of 525,000 square miles of Mexican territory. Elements attempted to expand pro-U.S. republics or U.S. states in Mexico and Central America, the most notable being fillibuster William Walker's Republic of Baja California in 1853 and his intervention in Nicaragua in 1855. Senator Sam Houston of Texas even proposed a resolution in the Senate for the "United States to declare and maintain an efficient protectorate over the States of Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and San Salvador." The idea of U.S. expansion into Mexico and the Caribbean was popular among politicians of the slave states, and also among some business tycoons in the Nicarauguan Transit (the semi-overland and main trade route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans before the Panama Canal). President Ulysses S. Grant attempted to Annex the Dominican Republic in 1870, but failed to get the support of the Senate.
Non-interventionism was wholly abandoned with the Spanish–American War. The United States acquired the remaining island colonies of Spain, with President Theodore Roosevelt defending the acquisition of the Philippines. The U.S. policed Latin America under Roosevelt Corollary, and sometimes using the military to favor American commercial interests (such as intervention in the banana republics and the annexation of Hawaii). Imperialist foreign policy was controversial with the American public, and domestic opposition allowed Cuban independence, though in the early 20th century the U.S. obtained the Panama Canal Zone and occupied Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The United States returned to strong non-interventionist policy after World War I, including with the Good Neighbor policy for Latin America. After fighting World War II, it administered many Pacific islands captured during the fight against Japan. Partly to prevent the militaries of those countries from growing threateningly large, and partly to contain the Soviet Union, the United States promised to defend Germany (which is also part of NATO) and Japan (through the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan) which it had formerly defeated in war and which are now independent democracies. It maintains substantial military bases in both.
The Cold War reoriented American foreign policy towards opposing communism, and prevailing U.S. foreign policy embraced its role as a nuclear-armed global superpower. Though the Truman Doctrine and Reagan Doctrine the United States framed the mission as protecting free peoples against an undemocratic system, anti-Soviet foreign policy became coercive and occasionally covert. United States involvement in regime change included overthrowing the democratically elected government of Iran, the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba, occupation of Grenada, and interference in various foreign elections. The long and bloody Vietnam War led to widespread criticism of an "arrogance of power" and violations of international law emerging from an "imperial presidency," with Martin Luther King Jr., among others, accusing the US of a new form of colonialism.
Many saw the post-Cold War 1990–91 Gulf War as motivated by U.S. oil interests, though it reversed the hostile invasion of Kuwait. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, questions of imperialism were raised again as the United States invaded Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban (which harbored the attackers) and Iraq in 2003 (which the U.S. incorrectly claimed had weapons of mass destruction). The invasion led to the collapse of the Iraqi Ba'athist government and its replacement with the Coalition Provisional Authority. Following the invasion, an insurgency fought against Coalition forces and the newly elected Iraqi government, and a sectarian civil war occurred. The Iraq War opened the country's oil industry to US firms for the first time in decades and many argued the invasion violated international law. Around 500,000 people were killed in both wars as of 2018.
In terms of territorial acquisition, the United States has integrated (with voting rights) all of its acquisitions on the North American continent, including the non-contiguous Alaska. Hawaii has also become a state with equal representation to the mainland, but other island jurisdictions acquired during wartime remain territories, namely Guam, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. (The federal government officially apologized for the overthrow of the Hawaiian government in 1993.) The remainder of acquired territories have become independent with varying degrees of cooperation, ranging from three freely associated states which participate in federal government programs in exchange for military basing rights, to Cuba which severed diplomatic relations during the Cold War. The United States was a public advocate for European decolonization after World War II (having started a ten-year independence transition for the Philippines in 1934 with the Tydings–McDuffie Act). Even so, the US desire for an informal system of global primacy in an "American Century" often brought them into conflict with national liberation movements. The United States has now granted citizenship to Native Americans and recognizes some degree of tribal sovereignty.
1700s–1800s: Indian Wars and Manifest Destiny
Yale historian Paul Kennedy has asserted, "From the time the first settlers arrived in Virginia from England and started moving westward, this was an imperial nation, a conquering nation." Expanding on George Washington's description of the early United States as an "infant empire", Benjamin Franklin wrote: "Hence the Prince that acquires new Territory, if he finds it vacant, or removes the Natives to give his own People Room; the Legislator that makes effectual Laws for promoting of Trade, increasing Employment, improving Land by more or better Tillage; providing more Food by Fisheries; securing Property, etc. and the Man that invents new Trades, Arts or Manufactures, or new Improvements in Husbandry, may be properly called Fathers of their Nation, as they are the Cause of the Generation of Multitudes, by the Encouragement they afford to Marriage." Thomas Jefferson asserted in 1786 that the United States "must be viewed as the nest from which all America, North & South is to be peopled. [...] The navigation of the Mississippi we must have. This is all we are as yet ready to receive.". From the left Noam Chomsky writes that "the United States is the one country that exists, as far as I know, and ever has, that was founded as an empire explicitly".
A national drive for territorial acquisition across the continent was popularized in the 19th century as the ideology of Manifest Destiny. It came to be realized with the Mexican–American War of 1846, which resulted in the cession of 525,000 square miles of Mexican territory to the United States, stretching up to the Pacific coast. The Whig Party strongly opposed this war and expansionism generally.
President James Monroe presented his famous doctrine for the western hemisphere in 1823. Historians have observed that while the Monroe Doctrine contained a commitment to resist colonialism from Europe, it had some aggressive implications for American policy, since there were no limitations on the US's actions mentioned within it. Historian Jay Sexton notes that the tactics used to implement the doctrine were modeled after those employed by European imperial powers during the 17th and 18th centuries. From the left historian William Appleman Williams described it as "imperial anti-colonialism."
The Indian Wars against the indigenous peoples of the Americas began in the colonial era. Their escalation under the federal republic allowed the US to dominate North America and carve out the 48 contiguous states. This can be considered to be an explicitly colonial process in light of arguments that Native American nations were sovereign entities prior to annexation. Their sovereignty was systematically undermined by US state policy (usually involving unequal or broken treaties) and white settler-colonialism. The climax of this process was the California genocide.
Early 1800s: African colonization
Starting in 1820, the American Colonization Society began subsidizing free black people to colonize the west coast of Africa. In 1822, it declared the colony of Liberia, which became independent in 1847. By 1857, Liberia had merged with other colonies formed by state societies, including the Republic of Maryland, Mississippi-in-Africa, and Kentucky in Africa.
1800s: Filibustering in Central America
In the older historiography William Walker's filibustering represented the high tide of antebellum American imperialism. His brief seizure of Nicaragua in 1855 is typically called a representative expression of Manifest destiny with the added factor of trying to expand slavery into Central America. Walker failed in all his escapades and never had official U.S. backing. Historian Michel Gobat, however, presents a strongly revisionist interpretation. He argues that Walker was invited in by Nicaraguan liberals who were trying to force economic modernization and political liberalism. Walker's government comprised those liberals, as well as Yankee colonizers, and European radicals. Walker even included some local Catholics as well as indigenous peoples, Cuban revolutionaries, and local peasants. His coalition was much too complex and diverse to survive long, but it was not the attempted projection of American power, concludes Gobat.
1800s–1900s: New Imperialism and "The White Man's Burden"
A variety of factors converged during the "New Imperialism" of the late 19th century, when the United States and the other great powers rapidly expanded their overseas territorial possessions.
The prevalence of overt racism, notably John Fiske's conception of "Anglo-Saxon" racial superiority and Josiah Strong's call to "civilize and Christianize,"were manifestations of a growing Social Darwinism and racism in some schools of American political thought.
Early in his career, as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in preparing the Navy for the Spanish–American War and was an enthusiastic proponent of testing the U.S. military in battle, at one point stating "I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one."
Roosevelt claimed that he rejected imperialism, but he embraced the near-identical doctrine of expansionism. When Rudyard Kipling wrote the imperialist poem "The White Man's Burden" for Roosevelt, the politician told colleagues that it was "rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view." Roosevelt proclaimed his own corollary to the Monroe Doctrine as justification, although his ambitions extended even further, into the Far East. Scholars have noted the resemblance between U.S. policies in the Philippines and European actions in their colonies in Asia and Africa during this period.
Industry and trade were two of the most prevalent justifications of imperialism. American intervention in both Latin America and Hawaii resulted in multiple industrial investments, including the popular industry of Dole bananas. If the United States was able to annex a territory, in turn they were granted access to the trade and capital of those territories. In 1898, Senator Albert Beveridge proclaimed that an expansion of markets was absolutely necessary, "American factories are making more than the American people can use; American soil is producing more than they can consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours."
American rule of ceded Spanish territory was not uncontested. The Philippine Revolution had begun in August 1896 against Spain, and after the defeat of Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay, began again in earnest, culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. The Philippine–American War ensued, with extensive damage and death, ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Philippine Republic. According to scholars such as Gavan McCormack and E. San Juan, the American counterinsurgency resulted in genocide.
The maximum geographical extension of American direct political and military control happened in the aftermath of World War II, in the period after the surrender and occupations of Germany and Austria in May and later Japan and Korea in September 1945 and before the independence of the Philippines in July 1946.
Stuart Creighton Miller says that the public's sense of innocence about Realpolitik impairs popular recognition of U.S. imperial conduct. The resistance to actively occupying foreign territory has led to policies of exerting influence via other means, including governing other countries via surrogates or puppet regimes, where domestically unpopular governments survive only through U.S. support.
The Philippines is sometimes cited as an example. After Philippine independence, the US continued to direct the country through Central Intelligence Agency operatives like Edward Lansdale. As Raymond Bonner and other historians note, Lansdale controlled the career of President Ramon Magsaysay, going so far as to physically beat him when the Philippine leader attempted to reject a speech the CIA had written for him. American agents also drugged sitting President Elpidio Quirino and prepared to assassinate Senator Claro Recto. Prominent Filipino historian Roland G. Simbulan has called the CIA "US imperialism's clandestine apparatus in the Philippines".
The U.S. retained dozens of military bases, including a few major ones. In addition, Philippine independence was qualified by legislation passed by the U.S. Congress. For example, the Bell Trade Act provided a mechanism whereby U.S. import quotas might be established on Philippine articles which "are coming, or are likely to come, into substantial competition with like articles the product of the United States". It further required U.S. citizens and corporations be granted equal access to Philippine minerals, forests, and other natural resources. In hearings before the Senate Committee on Finance, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs William L. Clayton described the law as "clearly inconsistent with the basic foreign economic policy of this country" and "clearly inconsistent with our promise to grant the Philippines genuine independence."
1918: Wilsonian intervention
When World War I broke out in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson promised American neutrality throughout the war. This promise was broken when the United States entered the war after the Zimmermann Telegram. This was "a war for empire" to control vast raw materials in Africa and other colonized areas, according to the contemporary historian and civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois. More recently historian Howard Zinn argues that Wilson entered the war in order to open international markets to surplus US production. He quotes Wilson's own declaration that
In a memo to Secretary of State Bryan, the president described his aim as "an open door to the world". Lloyd Gardner notes that Wilson's original avoidance of world war was not motivated by anti-imperialism; his fear was that "white civilization and its domination in the world" were threatened by "the great white nations" destroying each other in endless battle.
Despite President Wilson's official doctrine of moral diplomacy seeking to "make the world safe for democracy," some of his activities at the time can be viewed as imperialism to stop the advance of democracy in countries such as Haiti. The United States invaded Haiti on July 28, 1915, and American rule continued until August 1, 1934. The historian Mary Renda in her book, Taking Haiti, talks about the American invasion of Haiti to bring about political stability through U.S. control. The American government did not believe Haiti was ready for self-government or democracy, according to Renda. In order to bring about political stability in Haiti, the United States secured control and integrated the country into the international capitalist economy, while preventing Haiti from practicing self-governance or democracy. While Haiti had been running their own government for many years before American intervention, the U.S. government regarded Haiti as unfit for self-rule. In order to convince the American public of the justice in intervening, the United States government used paternalist propaganda, depicting the Haitian political process as uncivilized. The Haitian government would come to agree to U.S. terms, including American overseeing of the Haitian economy. This direct supervision of the Haitian economy would reinforce U.S. propaganda and further entrench the perception of Haitians' being incompetent of self-governance.
In the First World War, the US, Britain, and Russia had been allies for seven months, from April 1917 until the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in November. Active distrust surfaced immediately, as even before the October Revolution British officers had been involved in the Kornilov Affair, an attempted coup d'état by the Russian Army against the Provisional Government. Nonetheless, once the Bolsheviks took Moscow, the British government began talks to try and keep them in the war effort. British diplomat Bruce Lockhart cultivated a relationship with several Soviet officials, including Leon Trotsky, and the latter approved the initial Allied military mission to secure the Eastern Front, which was collapsing in the revolutionary upheaval. Ultimately, Soviet head of state V.I. Lenin decided the Bolsheviks would settle peacefully with the Central Powers at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This separate peace led to Allied disdain for the Soviets, since it left the Western Allies to fight Germany without a strong Eastern partner. The Secret Intelligence Service, supported by US diplomat Dewitt C. Poole, sponsored an attempted coup in Moscow involving Bruce Lockhart and Sidney Reilly, which involved an attempted assassination of Lenin. The Bolsheviks proceeded to shut down the British and U.S. embassies.
Tensions between Russia (including its allies) and the West turned intensely ideological. Horrified by mass executions of White forces, land expropriations, and widespread repression, the Allied military expedition now assisted the anti-Bolshevik Whites in the Russian Civil War, with the US covertly giving support to the autocratic and antisemitic General Alexander Kolchak. Over 30,000 Western troops were deployed in Russia overall. This was the first event that made Russian–American relations a matter of major, long-term concern to the leaders in each country. Some historians, including William Appleman Williams and Ronald Powaski, trace the origins of the Cold War to this conflict.
Wilson launched seven armed interventions, more than any other president. Looking back on the Wilson era, General Smedley Butler, a leader of the Haiti expedition and the highest-decorated Marine of that time, considered virtually all of the operations to have been economically motivated. In a 1933 speech he said:
1941–1945: World War II
The Grand Area
In an October 1940 report to Franklin Roosevelt, Bowman wrote that “the US government is interested in any solution anywhere in the world that affects American trade. In a wide sense, commerce is the mother of all wars.” In 1942 this economic globalism was articulated as the “Grand Area” concept in secret documents. The US would have to have control over the “Western Hemisphere, Continental Europe and Mediterranean Basin (excluding Russia), the Pacific Area and the Far East, and the British Empire (excluding Canada).” The Grand Area encompassed all known major oil-bearing areas outside the Soviet Union, largely at the behest of corporate partners like the Foreign Oil Committee and the Petroleum Industry War Council. The US thus avoided overt territorial acquisition, like that of the European colonial empires, as being too costly, choosing the cheaper option of forcing countries to open their door to American business interests.
Although the United States was the last major belligerent to join the Second World War, it began planning for the post-war world from the conflict's outset. This postwar vision originated in the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), an economic elite-led organization that became integrated into the government leadership. CFR's War and Peace Studies group offered its services to the State Department in 1939 and a secret partnership for post-war planning developed. CFR leaders Hamilton Fish Armstrong and Walter H. Mallory saw World War II as a “grand opportunity” for the U.S. to emerge as "the premier power in the world."
This vision of empire assumed the necessity of the U.S. to “police the world” in the aftermath of the war. This was not done primarily out of altruism, but out of economic interest. Isaiah Bowman, a key liaison between the CFR and the State Department, proposed an “American economic Lebensraum.” This built upon the ideas of Time-Life publisher Henry Luce, who (in his “American Century” essay) wrote, “Tyrannies may require a large amount of living space [but] freedom requires and will require far greater living space than Tyranny.” According to Bowman's biographer, Neil Smith:
Better than the American Century or the Pax Americana, the notion of an American Lebensraum captures the specific and global historical geography of U.S. ascension to power. After World War II, global power would no longer be measured in terms of colonized land or power over territory. Rather, global power was measured in directly economic terms. Trade and markets now figured as the economic nexuses of global power, a shift confirmed in the 1944 Bretton Woods agreement, which not only inaugurated an international currency system but also established two central banking institutions—the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank—to oversee the global economy. These represented the first planks of the economic infrastructure of the postwar American Lebensraum.
1947–1952 Cold War in Western Europe: "Empire by invitation"
Prior to his death in 1945, President Roosevelt was planning to withdraw all U.S. forces from Europe as soon as possible. Soviet actions in Poland and Czechoslovakia led his successor Harry Truman to reconsider. Heavily influenced by George Kennan, Washington policymakers believed that the Soviet Union was an expansionary dictatorship that threatened American interests. In their theory, Moscow's weakness was that it had to keep expanding to survive; and that, by containing or stopping its growth, stability could be achieved in Europe. The result was the Truman Doctrine (1947) regarding Greece and Turkey. A second equally important consideration was the need to restore the world economy, which required the rebuilding and reorganizing of Europe for growth. This matter, more than the Soviet threat, was the main impetus behind the Marshall Plan of 1948. A third factor was the realization, especially by Britain and the three Benelux nations, that American military involvement was needed. Geir Lundestad has commented on the importance of "the eagerness with which America's friendship was sought and its leadership welcomed.... In Western Europe, America built an empire 'by invitation'" At the same time, the U.S. interfered in Italian and French politics in order to purge elected communist officials who might oppose such invitations.
Post-1954: Korea, Vietnam and "imperial internationalism"
Outside of Europe, American imperialism was more distinctly hierarchical “with much fainter liberal characteristics.” Cold War policy often found itself opposed to full decolonization, especially in Asia. The United States decision to colonize some of the Pacific islands (which had formerly been held by the Japanese) in the 1940s ran directly counter to America's rhetoric against imperialism. General Douglas MacArthur described the Pacific as an “Anglo-Saxon lake.” At the same time, the U.S. did not claim state control over much mainland territory but cultivated friendly members of the elites of decolonized countries—elites which were often dictatorial, as in South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, and South Vietnam.
In South Korea, the U.S. quickly allied with Syngman Rhee, leader of the fight against the People's Republic of Korea that proclaimed a provisional government. There was a lot of opposition to the division of Korea, including rebellions by communists such as the Jeju uprising in 1948. This was violently suppressed and led to the deaths of 30,000 people, the majority of them civilians. North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950, starting the Korean War. With National Security Council document 68 and the subsequent Korean War, the U.S. adopted a policy of "rollback" against communism in Asia. John Tirman, an American political theorist has claimed that this policy was heavily influenced by America's imperialistic policy in Asia in the 19th century, with its goals to Christianize and Americanize the peasant masses.
In Vietnam, the U.S. eschewed its anti-imperialist rhetoric by materially supporting the French Empire in a colonial counterinsurgency. Influenced by the Grand Area policy, the U.S. eventually assumed military and financial support for the South Vietnamese state against the Vietnamese communists following the first First Indochina war. The US and South Vietnam feared Ho Chi Minh would win nationwide elections. They both refused to sign agreements at the 1954 Geneva Conference arguing that fair elections weren't possible in North Vietnam. Beginning in 1965, the US sent many combat units to fight Viet Cong and North Vietnamese soldiers in South Vietnam, with fight extending to North Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. During the war Martin Luther King Jr. called the American government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today."
American exceptionalism
American exceptionalism is the notion that the United States occupies a special position among the nations of the world in terms of its national credo, historical evolution, and political and religious institutions and origins.
Philosopher Douglas Kellner traces the identification of American exceptionalism as a distinct phenomenon back to 19th-century French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who concluded by agreeing that the U.S., uniquely, was "proceeding along a path to which no limit can be perceived".
As a Monthly Review editorial opines on the phenomenon, "In Britain, empire was justified as a benevolent 'white man's burden.' And in the United States, empire does not even exist; 'we' are merely protecting the causes of freedom, democracy and justice worldwide."
Views of American imperialism
A conservative, anti-interventionist view as expressed by American journalist John T. Flynn:
A "social-democratic" theory says that imperialistic U.S. policies are the products of the excessive influence of certain sectors of U.S. business and government—the arms industry in alliance with military and political bureaucracies and sometimes other industries such as oil and finance, a combination often referred to as the "military–industrial complex." The complex is said to benefit from war profiteering and looting natural resources, often at the expense of the public interest. The proposed solution is typically unceasing popular vigilance in order to apply counter-pressure. Chalmers Johnson holds a version of this view.
Alfred Thayer Mahan, who served as an officer in the U.S. Navy during the late 19th century, supported the notion of American imperialism in his 1890 book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History. Mahan argued that modern industrial nations must secure foreign markets for the purpose of exchanging goods and, consequently, they must maintain a maritime force that is capable of protecting these trade routes.
A theory of "super-imperialism" argues that imperialistic U.S. policies are not driven solely by the interests of American businesses, but also by the interests of a larger apparatus of a global alliance among the economic elite in developed countries. The argument asserts that capitalism in the Global North (Europe, Japan, Canada, and the U.S.) has become too entangled to permit military or geopolitical conflict between these countries, and the central conflict in modern imperialism is between the Global North (also referred to as the global core) and the Global South (also referred to as the global periphery), rather than between the imperialist powers.
Political debate after September 11, 2001
Following the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, the idea of American imperialism was re-examined. In November 2001, jubilant marines hoisted an American flag over Kandahar and in a stage display referred to the moment as the third after those on San Juan Hill and Iwo Jima. All moments, writes Neil Smith, express U.S. global ambition. "Labelled a War on Terrorism, the new war represents an unprecedented quickening of the American Empire, a third chance at global power."
On October 15, 2001, the cover of Bill Kristol's Weekly Standard carried the headline, "The Case for American Empire". Rich Lowry, editor in chief of the National Review, called for "a kind of low-grade colonialism" to topple dangerous regimes beyond Afghanistan. The columnist Charles Krauthammer declared that, given complete U.S. domination "culturally, economically, technologically and militarily", people were "now coming out of the closet on the word 'empire. The New York Times Sunday magazine cover for January 5, 2003, read "American Empire: Get Used To It". The phrase "American empire" appeared more than 1000 times in news stories during November 2002 – April 2003.
Academic debates after September 11, 2001
In 2001–2010 numerous scholars debated the "America as Empire" issue.
Harvard historian Charles S. Maier states:
Harvard professor Niall Ferguson states:
French Political scientist Philip Golub argues:
A leading spokesman for America-as-Empire is British historian A. G. Hopkins. He argues that by the 21st century traditional economic imperialism was no longer in play, noting that the oil companies opposed the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. Instead, anxieties about the negative impact of globalization on rural and rust-belt America were at work, says Hopkins:
Conservative Harvard professor Niall Ferguson concludes that worldwide military and economic power have combined to make the U.S. the most powerful empire in history. It is a good idea he thinks, because like the successful British Empire in the 19th century it works to globalize free markets, enhance the rule of law and promote representative government. He fears, however, that Americans lack the long-term commitment in manpower and money to keep the Empire operating.
The U.S. dollar is the de facto world currency. The term petrodollar warfare refers to the alleged motivation of U.S. foreign policy as preserving by force the status of the United States dollar as the world's dominant reserve currency and as the currency in which oil is priced. The term was coined by William R. Clark, who has written a book with the same title. The phrase oil currency war is sometimes used with the same meaning.
Manyperhaps mostscholars have decided that the United States lacks the key essentials of an empire. For example, while there are American military bases around the world, the American soldiers do not rule over the local people, and the United States government does not send out governors or permanent settlers like all the historic empires did. Harvard historian Charles S. Maier has examined the America-as-Empire issue at length. He says the traditional understanding of the word "empire" does not apply, because the United States does not exert formal control over other nations or engage in systematic conquest. The best term is that the United States is a "hegemon." Its enormous influence through high technology, economic power, and impact on popular culture gives it an international outreach that stands in sharp contrast to the inward direction of historic empires.
World historian Anthony Pagden asks, Is the United States really an empire?
In the book Empire (2000), Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argue that "the decline of Empire has begun". Hardt says the Iraq War is a classically imperialist war and is the last gasp of a doomed strategy. They expand on this, claiming that in the new era of imperialism, the classical imperialists retain a colonizing power of sorts, but the strategy shifts from military occupation of economies based on physical goods to a networked biopower based on an informational and affective economies. They go on to say that the U.S. is central to the development of this new regime of international power and sovereignty, termed "Empire", but that it is decentralized and global, and not ruled by one sovereign state: "The United States does indeed occupy a privileged position in Empire, but this privilege derives not from its similarities to the old European imperialist powers, but from its differences." Hardt and Negri draw on the theories of Spinoza, Foucault, Deleuze and Italian autonomist Marxists.
Geographer David Harvey says there has emerged a new type of imperialism due to geographical distinctions as well as unequal rates of development. He says there have emerged three new global economic and political blocs: the United States, the European Union, and Asia centered on China and Russia. He says there are tensions between the three major blocs over resources and economic power, citing the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the motive of which, he argues, was to prevent rival blocs from controlling oil. Furthermore, Harvey argues that there can arise conflict within the major blocs between business interests and the politicians due to their sometimes incongruent economic interests. Politicians live in geographically fixed locations and are, in the U.S. and Europe, accountable to an electorate. The 'new' imperialism, then, has led to an alignment of the interests of capitalists and politicians in order to prevent the rise and expansion of possible economic and political rivals from challenging America's dominance.
Classics professor and war historian Victor Davis Hanson dismisses the notion of an American Empire altogether, with a mocking comparison to historical empires: "We do not send out proconsuls to reside over client states, which in turn impose taxes on coerced subjects to pay for the legions. Instead, American bases are predicated on contractual obligations — costly to us and profitable to their hosts. We do not see any profits in Korea, but instead accept the risk of losing almost 40,000 of our youth to ensure that Kias can flood our shores and that shaggy students can protest outside our embassy in Seoul."
The existence of "proconsuls", however, has been recognized by many since the early Cold War. In 1957, French Historian Amaury de Riencourt associated the American "proconsul" with "the Roman of our time." Expert on recent American history, Arthur M. Schlesinger, detected several contemporary imperial features, including "proconsuls." Washington does not directly run many parts of the world. Rather, its "informal empire" was one "richly equipped with imperial paraphernalia: troops, ships, planes, bases, proconsuls, local collaborators, all spread wide around the luckless planet." "The Supreme Allied Commander, always an American, was an appropriate title for the American proconsul whose reputation and influence outweighed those of European premiers, presidents, and chancellors." U.S. "combatant commanders ... have served as its proconsuls. Their standing in their regions has usually dwarfed that of ambassadors and assistant secretaries of state."
Harvard Historian Niall Ferguson calls the regional combatant commanders, among whom the whole globe is divided, the "pro-consuls" of this "imperium." Günter Bischof calls them "the all powerful proconsuls of the new American empire. Like the proconsuls of Rome they were supposed to bring order and law to the unruly and anarchical world." In September 2000, Washington Post reporter Dana Priest published a series of articles whose central premise was Combatant Commanders' inordinate amount of political influence within the countries in their areas of responsibility. They "had evolved into the modern-day equivalent of the Roman Empire's proconsuls—well-funded, semi-autonomous, unconventional centers of U.S. foreign policy." The Romans often preferred to exercise power through friendly client regimes, rather than direct rule: "Until Jay Garner and L. Paul Bremer became U.S. proconsuls in Baghdad, that was the American method, too".
Another distinction of Victor Davis Hanson—that US bases, contrary to the legions, are costly to America and profitable for their hosts—expresses the American view. The hosts express a diametrically opposite view. Japan pays for 25,000 Japanese working on US bases. 20% of those workers provide entertainment: a list drawn up by the Japanese Ministry of Defense included 76 bartenders, 48 vending machine personnel, 47 golf course maintenance personnel, 25 club managers, 20 commercial artists, 9 leisure-boat operators, 6 theater directors, 5 cake decorators, 4 bowling alley clerks, 3 tour guides and 1 animal caretaker. Shu Watanabe of the Democratic Party of Japan asks: "Why does Japan need to pay the costs for US service members' entertainment on their holidays?" One research on host nations support concludes:
Increasing the "economic burdens of the allies" was one of the major priorities of former President Donald Trump. Classicist Eric Adler notes that Hanson earlier had written about the decline of the classical studies in the United States and insufficient attention devoted to the classical experience. "When writing about American foreign policy for a lay audience, however, Hanson himself chose to castigate Roman imperialism in order to portray the modern United States as different from—and superior to—the Roman state." As a supporter of a hawkish unilateral American foreign policy, Hanson's "distinctly negative view of Roman imperialism is particularly noteworthy, since it demonstrates the importance a contemporary supporter of a hawkish American foreign policy places on criticizing Rome."
U.S. foreign policy debate
Annexation is a crucial instrument in the expansion of a nation, due to the fact that once a territory is annexed it must act within the confines of its superior counterpart. The United States Congress' ability to annex a foreign territory is explained in a report from the Congressional Committee on Foreign Relations, "If, in the judgment of Congress, such a measure is supported by a safe and wise policy, or is based upon a natural duty that we owe to the people of Hawaii, or is necessary for our national development and security, that is enough to justify annexation, with the consent of the recognized government of the country to be annexed."
Prior to annexing a territory, the American government still held immense power through the various legislations passed in the late 1800s. The Platt Amendment was utilized to prevent Cuba from entering into any agreement with foreign nations and also granted the Americans the right to build naval stations on their soil. Executive officials in the American government began to determine themselves the supreme authority in matters regarding the recognition or restriction of independence.
When asked on April 28, 2003, on Al Jazeera whether the United States was "empire building," Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld replied, "We don't seek empires. We're not imperialistic. We never have been."
However, historian Donald W. Meinig says imperial behavior by the United States dates at least to the Louisiana Purchase, which he describes as an "imperial acquisition—imperial in the sense of the aggressive encroachment of one people upon the territory of another, resulting in the subjugation of that people to alien rule." The U.S. policies towards the Native Americans, he said, were "designed to remold them into a people more appropriately conformed to imperial desires."
Writers and academics of the early 20th century, like Charles A. Beard, in support of non-interventionism (sometimes referred to as "isolationism"), discussed American policy as being driven by self-interested expansionism going back as far as the writing of the Constitution. Many politicians today do not agree. Pat Buchanan claims that the modern United States' drive to empire is "far removed from what the Founding Fathers had intended the young Republic to become."
Andrew Bacevich argues that the U.S. did not fundamentally change its foreign policy after the Cold War, and remains focused on an effort to expand its control across the world. As the surviving superpower at the end of the Cold War, the U.S. could focus its assets in new directions, the future being "up for grabs," according to former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Paul Wolfowitz in 1991. Head of the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University, Stephen Peter Rosen, maintains:
In Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, the political activist Noam Chomsky argues that exceptionalism and the denials of imperialism are the result of a systematic strategy of propaganda, to "manufacture opinion" as the process has long been described in other countries.
Thorton wrote that "[...]imperialism is more often the name of the emotion that reacts to a series of events than a definition of the events themselves. Where colonization finds analysts and analogies, imperialism must contend with crusaders for and against." Political theorist Michael Walzer argues that the term hegemony is better than empire to describe the U.S.'s role in the world. Political scientist Robert Keohane agrees saying, a "balanced and nuanced analysis is not aided ... by the use of the word 'empire' to describe United States hegemony, since 'empire' obscures rather than illuminates the differences in form of governance between the United States and other Great Powers, such as Great Britain in the 19th century or the Soviet Union in the twentieth".
Since 2001, Emmanuel Todd assumes the U.S.A. cannot hold for long the status of mondial hegemonic power, due to limited resources. Instead, the U.S.A. is going to become just one of the major regional powers along with European Union, China, Russia, etc. Reviewing Todd's After the Empire, G. John Ikenberry found that it had been written in "a fit of French wishful thinking."
Other political scientists, such as Daniel Nexon and Thomas Wright, argue that neither term exclusively describes foreign relations of the United States. The U.S. can be, and has been, simultaneously an empire and a hegemonic power. They claim that the general trend in U.S. foreign relations has been away from imperial modes of control.
Cultural imperialism
Some critics of imperialism argue that military and cultural imperialism are interdependent. American Edward Said, one of the founders of post-colonial theory, said,
International relations scholar David Rothkopf disagrees and argues that cultural imperialism is the innocent result of globalization, which allows access to numerous U.S. and Western ideas and products that many non-U.S. and non-Western consumers across the world voluntarily choose to consume. Matthew Fraser has a similar analysis but argues further that the global cultural influence of the U.S. is a good thing.
Nationalism is the main process through which the government is able to shape public opinion. Propaganda in the media is strategically placed in order to promote a common attitude among the people. Louis A. Perez Jr. provides an example of propaganda used during the war of 1898, "We are coming, Cuba, coming; we are bound to set you free! We are coming from the mountains, from the plains and inland sea! We are coming with the wrath of God to make the Spaniards flee! We are coming, Cuba, coming; coming now!"
In contrast, many other countries with American brands have incorporated themselves into their own local culture. An example of this would be the self-styled "Maccas," an Australian derivation of "McDonald's" with a tinge of Australian culture.
Governmental imperialism
The United States governmental imperialist structure has made it untrustworthy to other governments. In the second half of the 19th century, the United States sought to oust other colonial powers with the slogan of supporting democracy. Examining the actions of the United States since then, it is clear that the implicit idea of the expansion of governmental imperialism was hidden under the slogan of supporting democracy. The goal of this governmental imperialism was to expand US-dominated borders and maintain its security by establishing military bases in other countries. The following is part of a list of United States aggressions due to expansion of its governmental imperialism around the world:
America's war with Mexico: 1846 to 1848
The repeated bombardment of Nicaragua began in 1854
US invasion of Honduras in 1860
Purchase of Alaska territory from Russia
US involvement in the war of Peru with Chile, 1880
US Occupation of Pearl Harbor Island and turns it into a naval base to protect American trade, 1887
The overthrow of the Native Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands in 1893 and its annexation to the United States in 1898
Intervention in Venezuela in 1895
Interference in Cuban internal affairs. The Americans occupied Cuba, Puerto Rico and the island of Guam in 1898 under the slogan "Defend Democracy." Cuba became independent, but this independence was only a matter of paper and was occupied by the US military until 1902.
Purchase and occupation of the Philippines in 1901, massacre of Moro people in the southern regions of Philippines by the United States during 1903 to 1913
U.S. military bases
Chalmers Johnson argued in 2004 that America's version of the colony is the military base. Chip Pitts argued similarly in 2006 that enduring U.S. bases in Iraq suggested a vision of "Iraq as a colony."
While territories such as Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico remain under U.S. control, the U.S. allowed many of its overseas territories or occupations to gain independence after World War II. Examples include the Philippines (1946), the Panama Canal Zone (1979), Palau (1981), the Federated States of Micronesia (1986), and the Marshall Islands (1986). Most of them still have U.S. bases within their territories. In the case of Okinawa, which came under U.S. administration after the Battle of Okinawa during the Second World War, this happened despite local popular opinion on the island. In 2003, a Department of Defense distribution found the United States had bases in over 36 countries worldwide, including the Camp Bondsteel base in the disputed territory of Kosovo. Since 1959, Cuba has regarded the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal.
By 1970, the United States had more than one million soldiers in 30 countries, was a member of four regional defense alliances and an active participant in a fifth, had mutual defense treaties with 42 nations, was a member of 53 international organizations, and was furnishing military or economic aid to nearly 100 nations across the face of the globe. In 2015 the Department of Defense reported the number of bases that had any military or civilians stationed or employed was 587. This includes land only (where no facilities are present), facility or facilities only (where there the underlying land is neither owned nor controlled by the government), and land with facilities (where both are present).
Also in 2015, David Vine's book Base Nation, found 800 U.S. military bases located outside of the U.S., including 174 bases in Germany, 113 in Japan, and 83 in South Korea. The total cost: an estimated $100 billion a year.
According to The Huffington Post, "The 45 nations and territories with little or no democratic rule represent more than half of the roughly 80 countries now hosting U.S. bases. ... Research by political scientist Kent Calder confirms what's come to be known as the "dictatorship hypothesis": The United States tends to support dictators [and other undemocratic regimes] in nations where it enjoys basing facilities."
Support
One of the earliest historians of American Empire, William Appleman Williams, wrote, "The routine lust for land, markets or security became justifications for noble rhetoric about prosperity, liberty and security."
Max Boot defends U.S. imperialism, writing, "U.S. imperialism has been the greatest force for good in the world during the past century. It has defeated communism and Nazism and has intervened against the Taliban and Serbian ethnic cleansing." Boot used "imperialism" to describe United States policy, not only in the early 20th century but "since at least 1803." This embrace of empire is made by other neoconservatives, including British historian Paul Johnson, and writers Dinesh D'Souza and Mark Steyn. It is also made by some liberal hawks, such as political scientists Zbigniew Brzezinski and Michael Ignatieff.
Scottish-American historian Niall Ferguson argues that the United States is an empire and believes that this is a good thing: "What is not allowed is to say that the United States is an empire and that this might not be wholly bad." Ferguson has drawn parallels between the British Empire and the global role of the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, though he describes the United States' political and social structures as more like those of the Roman Empire than of the British. Ferguson argues that all of these empires have had both positive and negative aspects, but that the positive aspects of the U.S. empire will, if it learns from history and its mistakes, greatly outweigh its negative aspects.
Another point of view implies that United States expansion overseas has indeed been imperialistic, but that this imperialism is only a temporary phenomenon, a corruption of American ideals, or the relic of a past era. Historian Samuel Flagg Bemis argues that Spanish–American War expansionism was a short-lived imperialistic impulse and "a great aberration in American history," a very different form of territorial growth than that of earlier American history. Historian Walter LaFeber sees the Spanish–American War expansionism not as an aberration, but as a culmination of United States expansion westward.
Historian Victor Davis Hanson argues that the U.S. does not pursue world domination, but maintains worldwide influence by a system of mutually beneficial exchanges. On the other hand, Filipino revolutionary General Emilio Aguinaldo felt as though American involvement in the Philippines was destructive: "The Filipinos fighting for Liberty, the American people fighting them to give them liberty. The two peoples are fighting on parallel lines for the same object." American influence worldwide and the effects it has on other nations have multiple interpretations.
Liberal internationalists argue that even though the present world order is dominated by the United States, the form taken by that dominance is not imperial. International relations scholar John Ikenberry argues that international institutions have taken the place of empire.
International relations scholar Joseph Nye argues that U.S. power is more and more based on "soft power," which comes from cultural hegemony rather than raw military or economic force. This includes such factors as the widespread desire to emigrate to the United States, the prestige and corresponding high proportion of foreign students at U.S. universities, and the spread of U.S. styles of popular music and cinema. Mass immigration into America may justify this theory, but it is hard to know whether the United States would still maintain its prestige without its military and economic superiority., In terms of soft power, Giles Scott-Smith, argues that American universities:
acted as magnets for attracting up-and-coming elites, who were keen to acquire the skills, qualifications and prestige that came with the ‘Made in the USA’ trademark. This is a subtle, long-term form of ‘soft power’ that has required only limited intervention by the US government to function successfully. It conforms to Samuel Huntington’s view that American power rarely sought to acquire foreign territories, preferring instead to penetrate them — culturally, economically and politically — in such a way as to secure acquiescence for US interests.
Allies of the United States
NATO Member states
Allied countries
(from 2004)
(from 2019)
(from 2014)
(Saudi–supported government)
Opposition and dissident
Belarus (Coordination Council)
Belarus (government in exile)
Cuba (anti-communist opposition)
China (opposition)
East Turkestan (separatist)
Iran (republican opposition)
Iran (royalist opposition)
North Korea (alternative government)
Laos (anti-communist/royalist opposition)
Russia (opposition)
Tibet (government in exile)
Venezuela (Juan Guaidó government)
Vietnam (anti-communist opposition)
Former allies of the United States
(until 2021)
(until 2006)
(1969–1989)
(1902–1959)
(1949–1990)
(1953–1978)
(1981–1987, 1997–2005)
(1970–1975)
(1965–1989)
(1953–1975)
(1990–2007)
Russia (1991–1999, 2000–2014)
(1955–1975)
(1989–1991, late Gorbachev period)
(until 1999)
(1971–1997)
See also
American Century
Americanization
Anti-Americanism
Anti-imperialism
A People's History of American Empire – 2008 book by Howard Zinn, et al.
Chinese imperialism
Criticism of the United States government
Foreign interventions by the United States
Globalization
Inverted totalitarianism
List of armed conflicts involving the United States
Manifest destiny
Neocolonialism
New Imperialism
New World Order (conspiracy theory)
Oregon Trail
Oregon Treaty
Petrodollar warfare
Soviet Empire
Spanish-American war
Summit for Democracy
Super-imperialism
Territorial evolution of the United States
Territories of the United States
United States involvement in regime change
United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
United States Space Force
United States war crimes
Washington Consensus
World Trade Organization
References
Further reading
Andrew J. Bacevich, "The Old Normal: Why we can't beat our addiction to war", Harper's Magazine, vol. 340, no. 2038 (March 2020), pp. 25–32. "In 2010, Admiral Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, declared that the national debt, the prime expression of American profligacy, had become 'the most significant threat to our national security.' In 2017, General Paul Selva, Joint Chiefs vice chair, stated bluntly that 'the dynamics that are happening in our climate will drive uncertainty and will drive conflict." (p. 31.)
Britton-Purdy, Jedediah, "Infinite Frontier: The eternal return of American expansionism" (review of Greg Grandin, From the Frontier to the Border Wall in the Mind of America, Metropolitan Books, 384 pp.), The Nation, vol. 308, no. 10 (15 April 2019), pp. 27–28, 30–32. "If people will fight and die to preserve so many lies and half-truths about what ties them together—Manifest Destiny! White supremacy!—maybe we can also work to grapple with the crises that bind us together in a world cut up by borders and still feverish with delusions of limitless frontiers." (Britton-Purdy, p. 32.)
Grandin, Greg, "The Death Cult of Trumpism: In his appeals to a racist and nationalist chauvinism, Trump leverages tribal resentment against an emerging manifest common destiny", The Nation, 29 Jan./5 Feb. 2018, pp. 20–22. "[T]he ongoing effects of the ruinous 2003 war in Iraq and the 2007–8 financial meltdown are...two indicators that the promise of endless growth can no longer help organize people's aspirations.... We are entering the second 'lost decade' of what Larry Summers calls 'secular stagnation,' and soon we'll be in the third decade of a war that Senator Lindsey Graham...says will never end. [T]here is a realization that the world is fragile and that we are trapped in an economic system that is well past sustainable or justifiable.... In a nation like the United States, founded on a mythical belief in a kind of species immunity—less an American exceptionalism than exemptionism, an insistence that the nation was exempt from nature, society, history, even death—the realization that it can't go on forever is traumatic." (p. 21.)
online
Immerwahr, Daniel, "Fort Everywhere: How did the United States become entangled in a cycle of endless war?" (review of David Vine, The United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, from Columbus to the Islamic State, University of California Press, 2020, 464 pp.), The Nation, 14 /21 December 2020, pp. 34–37.
Lears, Jackson, "Imperial Exceptionalism" (review of Victor Bulmer-Thomas, Empire in Retreat: The Past, Present, and Future of the United States, Yale University Press, 2018, , 459 pp.; and David C. Hendrickson, Republic in Peril: American Empire and the Liberal Tradition, Oxford University Press, 2017, , 287 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (February 7, 2019), pp. 8–10. Bulmer-Thomas writes: "Imperial retreat is not the same as national decline, as many other countries can attest. Indeed, imperial retreat can strengthen the nation-state just as imperial expansion can weaken it." (NYRB, cited on p. 10.)
Mathews, Jessica T., "America's Indefensible Defense Budget", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 12 (18 July 2019), pp. 23–24. "For many years, the United States has increasingly relied on military strength to achieve its foreign policy aims.... We are [...] allocating too large a portion of the federal budget to defense as compared to domestic needs [...] accumulating too much federal debt, and yet not acquiring a forward-looking, twenty-first-century military built around new cyber and space technologies." (p. 24.)
Meaney, Thomas, "Warfare State" (review of John T. Mearsheimer, The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities, Yale, November 2018, 320 pp., ; and David Hendrickson, Republic in Peril: American Empire and the Liberal Tradition, Oxford, December 2017, 304 pp., ), London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 21 (5 November 2020), pp. 5–6, 8.
Moyn, Samuel, "Imperial Graveyard" (review of George Packer, Our Man: Richard Holbrooke and the End of the American Century, Cape, 2019, 592 pp., ), London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 3 (6 February 2020), pp. 23–25. Moyn concludes his review, on p. 25: "[Packer's book] Our Man may be the most vivid tour of America's foreign delusions that has been offered since the Vietnam War."
Nabokov, Peter, "The Intent Was Genocide" (review of Jeffrey Ostler, Surviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to Bleeding Kansas, Yale University Press, 533 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVII, no. 11 (2 July 2020), pp. 51–52. Writes Nabokov (p. 52): "[D]uring the formative years of our republic and beyond, there was a mounting, merciless, uncoordinated but aggressively consistent crusade to eliminate [a recurring word is "extirpate"] the native residents of the United States from their homelands by any means necessary – and those homelands were everywhere."
Ross, Alex, "Wagner in Hollywood: The composer left astonishing marks on the cinema", The New Yorker, 31 August 2020, pp. 18–24. "Perhaps it is time to contemplate [...] how Hollywood films and other forms of popular culture can be complicit in the exercise of American hegemony – its chauvinist exceptionalism, its culture of violence, its pervasive economic and racial inequities. The urge to sacralize culture, to transform aesthetic pursuits into secular religion and redemptive politics, did not die out with the degeneration of Wagnerian Romanticism into Nazi kitsch." (p. 24.)
Tooze, Adam, "Is This the End of the American Century?", London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 7 (4 April 2019), pp. 3, 5–7.
Wertheim, Stephen, "The Price of Primacy: Why America Shouldn't Dominate the World", Foreign Affairs, vol. 99, no. 2 (March/April 2020), pp. 19–22, 24–29. "Washington's post-Cold War strategy has failed. The United States should abandon the quest for armed primacy in favor of protecting the planet [which is existentially threatened by global warming] and [in favor of] creating more opportunity for more [of the world's] people." (p. 20.) "[C]linging to the dream of never-ending primacy will ensure trouble, mandating the containment of rivals and provoking insecurity and aggression in return." (p. 21.) "The United States should... rally the industrialized world to provide developing countries with technology and financing to bypass fossil fuels." (p. 24.) "[U.S.] leaders should make a political virtue out of restraint..." (p. 26.)
External links
"Imperial America" by Richard Haass, 2000
"Empire or Not? A Quiet Debate Over U.S. Role" by Thomas E. Ricks, 2001
"The Answer to Terrorism? Colonialism" by Paul Johnson, 2001
"The Need for a New Imperialism" by Martin Wolf, 2001
"The Case for American Empire" by Max Boot, 2001
"All Roads Lead to D.C." by Emily Eakin, 2002
"The Reluctant Imperialist: Terrorism, Failed States, and the Case for American Empire" by Sebastian Mallaby, 2002
"The New Liberal Imperialism" by Robert Cooper, 2002
"In Praise of American Empire" by Dinesh D'Souza, 2002
"Empire lite" by Michael Ignatieff, 2003
"American Empire, Not ‘If’ but ‘What Kind’" by Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, 2003
"America and The Tragic Limits of Imperialism" by Robert D. Kaplan, 2003
"An Empire in Denial: The Limits of US Imperialism" by Niall Ferguson, 2003
"In Defence of Empires" by Deepak Lal, 2003
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History of the foreign relations of the United States
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Scotopteryx peribolata
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Scotopteryx peribolata, the Spanish carpet, is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Spain, Portugal, France, Switzerland and Great Britain, where it is found on the Channel Islands and on occasion along the southern coast of mainland Britain.
The wingspan is 28–33 mm. Adults are on wing from August to September.
The larvae feed on Cytisus, Genista and Ulex species. They are greyish.
References
External links
Lepiforum.de
Moths described in 1817
Scotopteryx
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
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40666549
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Moya
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Esther Moya
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Esther Moya is a former Spanish gymnast born on July 31, 1984. She was notably strong on two events: the Floor Exercise and Vault. She participated in two World Championships and the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Her best event was vault.
Career
Junior career
Moya made the Spanish team to compete at the 1998 Junior European Championships. Here she placed 5th with both the team and in the individual all-around final. She also won a bronze medal on vault.
Senior career
At the 1999 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Moya qualified to the individual all-around final and placed tenth (after the nullification of Dong Fangxio's results). In 2000, Moya competed at the 2000 European Championships in Paris. Here, Moya and the Spanish team placed 4th in the team final. Maya also narrowly placed 4th in the all-around final but won a bronze medal in the vault event final. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, she helped lead the Spanish team to a fifth place qualification score, a high enough score to advance to finals. The team retained its place in 5th position in team finals, its best team final performance in history for Spanish women's artistic gymnastics. Later, after it was revealed China had falsified the age of one of their competitors at the games, the Spanish team moved up to a fourth-place finish for the team final. Moya also qualified to the individual all-around, vault, and floor exercise finals. Moya ended up 9th in the all-around final and 4th in both the vault and floor exercise finals, narrowly missing medals in those events.
The year after the Olympics, Moya helped the Spanish team at the 2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships finish again in fourth during the team final. She also qualified to the balance beam final and placed 7th.
Floor Music
2000: "I Got a Girl"/"Mambo No. 5" by Lou Bega
External links
1984 births
Living people
Spanish female artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts from Barcelona
Olympic gymnasts of Spain
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1043596
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Gibson
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Gordon Gibson
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Gordon Fullerton Gibson, (born 1937) is a political columnist, author, and politician in British Columbia (BC), Canada. He is the son of the late Gordon Gibson, who was a prominent businessman and Liberal Party politician in British Columbia in the 1950s.
He received a BA (Honours) in mathematics and physics at the University of British Columbia and an MBA from Harvard Business School, and he did research work at the London School of Economics.
Gibson served as an assistant to the federal Minister of Northern Affairs from 1963 to 1968, and was a special assistant to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau from 1968 to 1972. In the 1972 federal election, he ran as the Liberal candidate in Vancouver South, but lost to Progressive Conservative candidate John Fraser by 3,000 votes.
In 1974, Gibson won a by-election to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the riding of North Vancouver-Capilano under the Liberal banner. The following year, three Liberal MLAs defected to the Social Credit Party three months before that year's general election, leaving Gibson and party leader David Anderson as the only two Liberals in the legislature. Anderson declined to be renominated to the leadership, and Gibson was approached to lead the party into the election. He was the only Liberal elected that year. He remained party leader until 1979, when he resigned to run again for a seat in the federal House of Commons, in the riding of North Vancouver-Burnaby. He was defeated in both the 1979 and 1980 federal elections by Progressive Conservative candidate Chuck Cook by less than 2,000 votes on each attempt.
He attempted to return to politics as a candidate in the 1993 B.C. Liberal leadership convention; he came in second to future Premier Gordon Campbell.
Gibson has been a senior fellow in Canadian Studies at the Fraser Institute since 1993, and has written several books on Canadian federalism and governance. Following the 2001 provincial election, he was hired by the government to make recommendations on the structure and mandate of the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform. His report was substantially adopted.
His columns appear frequently in the Vancouver Sun, Winnipeg Free Press and The Globe and Mail.
In May 2008, Gibson was awarded the Order of British Columbia.
Writings
A New Look at Canadian Indian Policy: Respect the Collective - Promote the Individual (2009).
References
Fraser Institute Biography
Leaders of the British Columbia Liberal Party
British Columbia Liberal Party MLAs
Canadian columnists
Harvard Business School alumni
Candidates in the 1972 Canadian federal election
Candidates in the 1979 Canadian federal election
Candidates in the 1980 Canadian federal election
1937 births
Living people
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Members of the Order of British Columbia
University of British Columbia alumni
Liberal Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
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17984386
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrewsornis
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Andrewsornis
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Andrewsornis is an extinct genus of giant flightless predatory birds of the family Phorusrhacidae or "terror birds" that lived in Argentina. Fossils have been found in the Agua de la Piedra Formation.
References
External links
Genus Taxonomy
Phorusrhacidae
Extinct flightless birds
Oligocene birds
Paleogene birds of South America
Deseadan
Paleogene Argentina
Neogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Fossil taxa described in 1941
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4915766
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupertazzi%20family
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Lupertazzi family
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The Lupertazzi family is a fictional American organized crime family in the HBO series The Sopranos. The family is based in New York City. The family consists of an administration and eight crews. The family is also an ally of the Soprano family in New Jersey, but later turns into its rival. The family is loosely based on the Gambino crime family, a real New York City Mafia family.
History
The Lupertazzi crime family is a major partner of the DiMeo crime family and one of the Five Families. They are larger and more powerful than the DiMeo family. It is assumed that the other crime families in New York are fictional; however, there have been references to real-life mob figures Albert Anastasia, Paul Castellano, Joe Gallo, John Gotti, Sammy Gravano, Joe Massino, and Joe Profaci, as well as to the Colombo crime family in general. Four other families are known of: the Teresi family, the Mangano family (which historically was headed by Vincent Mangano, a forerunner of the Gambino crime family), the Massino/Bonanno family (Joseph Massino, real life boss of the Bonanno family, is referenced in 2004), and the Paglieri family. One was run by George Paglieri until his retirement, and another is controlled by John Sacrimoni's brother-in-law, Andy, whose last name and family is not known. He may be the brother of Ginny Sacrimoni and Anthony Infante, or the husband of an unnamed sister of John's. Due to its large size, and the fact that real-life bosses of the Genovese, Gambino, Colombo, and Bonanno families are referenced, the Lupertazzi crime family likely represents the Lucchese crime family.
The Lupertazzi family is based in Brooklyn, Queens, and Long Island (as well as having at least one crew operating out of Delray, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, Florida and South Miami, Florida). The family was headed by Carmine Lupertazzi, Sr. until his death in 2004. The Lupertazzi family whose heritage is from Taormina is known for their close dealings with the DiMeo crime family, particularly on the Newark, New Jersey esplanade gentrification construction site with their connections in the United Association, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association, Laborers' International Union of North America, the United Steelworkers, the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and HUD projects in Newark, New Jersey. The Lupertazzi family consists of around 200 soldiers.
The Lupertazzi family has gone through some internal friction over the years, with Boss Carmine Lupertazzi and his underboss, John "Johnny Sack" Sacrimoni, each reaching out to North Jersey Boss Tony Soprano to perform a hit on the other. Neither hit ended up being carried out. The family fell into disarray after Carmine Sr.'s death when his son, "Little" Carmine Lupertazzi, came up from Florida to try and take control from Johnny Sack, who had been eyeing the top position for years. Key crews in the family split loyalties: capos Phil Leotardo and Jimmy Petrille sided with Johnny Sack in the conflict, while capos Rusty Millio, Jerry Basile and consigliere Angelo Garepe sided with Little Carmine. Tony Soprano came to Johnny Sack with a compromise: there would be a power-sharing situation with Little Carmine, Johnny, and Angelo holding the title as boss and decisions being made with the consent of at least two bosses. Johnny Sack refused, insulted by the proposition.
Associates loyal to Little Carmine, loan shark Lorraine Calluzzo and her enforcer Jason Evanina, were killed on the orders of Johnny Sack as punishment for kicking part of their earnings up to Little Carmine. As payback, Rusty and Angelo reached out to Tony Blundetto, an associate in the DiMeo crime family and cousin to Tony Soprano, to kill "Joey Peeps" Peparelli, an associate close to Johnny Sack. Phil and his brother, Billy Leotardo, retaliated by stuffing Angelo inside a car and shooting him in the head. Tony Blundetto, a close friend of Angelo from their time in prison, then went after Phil, wounding him and killing Billy.
After the attacks on Angelo and the Leotardo brothers, Little Carmine retreated back to Florida. Johnny Sack was installed as official boss of the Lupertazzi family. His first order of business was to demand that Tony Soprano deliver Tony Blundetto to his doorstep, making it clear that he would then be tortured and killed by Phil. Tony Soprano, unwilling to allow Phil to do that to his cousin, refused to give up Blundetto, who had gone into hiding. Leotardo responded by attacking Soprano associate Benny Fazio, sending him to the hospital with a skull fracture. Facing increased pressure from his own family, Tony shot and killed Tony Blundetto himself with a shotgun blast to the head. Phil was outraged that he had been cheated of the chance to avenge Billy's death himself, but Johnny Sack, more practical than Phil, met with Tony and agreed to re-establish business dealings with the North Jersey Boss. However, at that meeting, the FBI raided Johnny Sack's home and arrested him. It was later revealed that Jimmy Petrille, prospective consigliere to Johnny Sack and a friend of Johnny's father, had given information about the last 18 years of Johnny Sack's criminal activities to the federal government.
With Johnny Sack in jail and awaiting trial, Phil Leotardo was named Acting Boss of the Lupertazzi family. Despite holding a grudge after the death of his brother Billy and a minor incident involving Acting Capo Gerry Torciano and Hesh Rabkin, Phil maintained a working relationship with the Soprano family.
Johnny Sack, fearing another uprising from Rusty Millio, reached out to Tony Soprano through Phil to whack the rebellious capo. Tony refused Phil's request, but later agreed to put out the hit when Johnny talked to him at his daughter Allegra's wedding (which Johnny was allowed to attend for six hours provided he paid for security costs and consumed no alcoholic beverages). When the feds interrupted the departure of Allegra's wedding limo to take Johnny back to prison, John burst into tears. Phil made it a point after the wedding to speak out about his diminished regard for his boss.
Tony Soprano made good on his promise to Johnny, and sent two men from Naples to whack Rusty Millio and soldier Eddie Pietro outside of his home. However, more tension arose between the two families when Phil's cousin-in-law, Vito Spatafore, the captain of Tony's top-earning crew, was outed as gay.
In the winter of 2006, Johnny Sack pleaded guilty to 47 RICO predicates, receiving a 15-year sentence. As part of the plea, he admitted that he was a member of La Cosa Nostra. When hearing this, Lupertazzi family members denounced their boss, saying that he broke the vow of silence.
Becoming virtually the Boss of the Lupertazzi family, Phil immediately started flexing his power, renegotiating no-show jobs shared with the Soprano family and torturing and killing Aprile crew captain Vito Spatafore before Tony could get the chance to settle things within his own family. In retaliation, Tony planned on hurting Phil financially, but his plans were complicated when Carlo Gervasi and Silvio Dante killed Dominic "Fat Dom" Gamiello, a soldier in the Lupertazzi family.
Tony officially responded to Vito's death by blowing up a Sheepshead Bay wire room operated by Phil. Phil and his comare (mistress/lover) were approaching the business as it exploded but were unharmed.
Subsequently, a sit-down was arranged by Little Carmine Lupertazzi between Phil and Tony. A truce was almost agreed until Little Carmine brought up the death of Phil's brother Billy. Phil became enraged and left the sit-down after insulting both Tony and Little Carmine.
Later, Phil convened a war council with consigliere Albie Cianflone, and captains Butch DeConcini and Gerry Torciano. DeConcini pushed hard for Tony, or someone high up in the Soprano family, to be whacked while Phil blanched at the thought of whacking a boss. However, Phil was hospitalized thereafter when he suffered a massive coronary. When Tony visited Phil in the hospital to make peace, Phil seemed receptive, but DeConcini was openly confrontational.
In late 2007, Phil returned to Brooklyn after undergoing heart surgery and several months of physical therapy. He found the family in disarray under the highly controversial leadership of Faustino "Doc" Santoro. While there was some expectation that Phil would return to his position of boss, the stress of his heart attack had caused him to lose all interest in the job. Phil prepared to support his protégé Gerry Torciano in his bid for boss, and was emphatic in stressing that being a boss, 'health-wise, is a young man's game.' But Phil's and Torciano's plans were ended when Santoro had Torciano murdered at a dinner with Soprano Family consigliere Silvio Dante. The fact that Silvio's life was imperiled prompted Tony to appeal to Little Carmine to take the reins as boss of the Lupertazzis. However, Little Carmine explained to Tony that during his war with Johnny, his wife had appealed to him to quit so that she would not lose him.
Although he had been boss only in name, the death of Johnny Sack from cancer further destabilized the Lupertazzi family as he left behind no clear successor. With his protégé and successor dead and Little Carmine unwilling to take over, Phil re-examined his motives and prepared to go to war with Santoro. After deciding to get back in the game, Phil bided his time, working under Santoro until the old man's arrogance got to be too much to handle. Having had enough, Phil ordered his soldiers once and for all to kill Santoro, so driven by Butch DeConcini, the hitmen murdered Santoro and an associate outside a massage parlor, leaving them dead on the sidewalk.
After Phil rejected Tony's offer of compromise on an asbestos-removal project, he then refused to meet with Tony after Tony brutally beat one of Phil's men, Salvatore "Coco" Cogliano, for insulting and threatening Tony's daughter, Meadow. Phil responded by ordering a hit on Tony and two of his top associates, Bobby Baccalieri and Silvio. He thought that with the Soprano Family leaders gone, their remaining members would fall under the control of the Lupertazzi family. The hits on Bobby and Silvio went nearly as planned with Bobby killed and Silvio incapacitated. Tony and Paulie Gualtieri had a sit-down with Butch, Albie, and Little Carmine, brokered by New York Boss George Paglieri, to negotiate a peace. Unhappy with Phil's leadership, they gave permission for Tony to have Phil killed, though Butch refused to tell Tony where to find Phil. But FBI Agent Harris, in return for information Tony gave him about potential terrorists, told Tony that Phil had been making phone calls from a particular pay phone in Oyster Bay. Tony sent two men to stake out the phone booth. Phil was shot in the head by DiMeo soldier Walden Belfiore while he was exiting his family SUV at the gas station where the phone booth was.
Historical Membership
Boss (official and acting)
c. 1970–2004 – Carmine Lupertazzi – died of stroke.
2004 – Vacant – disputed leadership during family war between John "Johnny Sack" Sacrimoni and "Little" Carmine Lupertazzi Jr.
2004–2007 – John "Johnny Sack" Sacrimoni – imprisoned 2004, died of lung cancer 2007.
Acting 2004–2006 – Philip "Phil" Leotardo – stepped down after suffering a heart attack.
Acting 2006–2007 – Faustino "Doc" Santoro – attempted to assume full control in Phil's absence and murdered rising mob star Gerry Torciano, Phil's protege and potential successor. Murdered after Johnny Sack's passing under orders from a recovered Phil Leotardo.
2007 – Philip "Phil" Leotardo – murdered in war between Soprano and Lupertazzi families.
2007-present - Unknown, Likely underboss Butch DeConcini as he gave his blessing to have Phil murdered.
Underboss (official and acting)
1920s–1980s – Unknown
1980s–2004 – John "Johnny Sack" Sacrimoni (became boss)
2004–2007 – Philip "Phil" Leotardo (became boss)
2007 – Butch DeConcini
?
Consigliere (official and acting)
1920s-c. 1970s – Unknown
c. 1970s–1986 – Angelo Garepe – Imprisoned 1986, released in 2004. Murdered several months later.
2004 – James Petrille (FBI turncoat)
2004–present – Albert "Albie" Cianflone
Capos
DeConcini Crew (Flatbush, Brooklyn)
1980s–2007 – Butch DeConcini
?
Santoro Crew (Chinatown, Manhattan)
1970s–2007 – Faustino "Doc" Santoro
?
Leotardo Crew (Mill Basin, Brooklyn)
1980s – 2004 – Philip "Phil" Leotardo
Acting 1984 – 2004 – Unknown
2006 – 2007 – Gerardo "Gerry The Hairdo" Torciano
Petrille Crew (Little Italy, Manhattan)
1970s - 2004 – James Petrille (FBI informant)
Dominic Crew
1990s - present – Dominic
Basile Crew (Freeport, Long Island)
1980s - present – Jerry Basile
Millio Crew (Ozone Park, Queens)
1970s - 2006 - Rusty Millio
Miami Crew (South Beach, Miami)
1990s - present – Carmine "Little Carmine" Lupertazzi Jr.
See also
List of The Sopranos characters
Soprano family
References
External links
The Sopranos cast and crew
Lists of The Sopranos characters
Lists of fictional characters by organization
Fictional Mafia crime families
Fictional families
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62140753
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigers%20F.C.
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Tigers F.C.
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The Tigers Football Club (TFC) is a women's football club which competes at the PFF Women's League, the top flight women's football league in the Philippines. They debuted in the third season in 2019. They are usually composed of rookie football players and alumni of the University of Santo Tomas.
History
Tigers FC is among the three new clubs which made their debut in the third season of the PFF Women's League in 2019. The other two clubs are Nomads and Maroons FC. The club registered their first ever win (2-0) over fellow debutantes Nomads with a brace from Samantha Asilo.
References
Women's football clubs in the Philippines
PFF Women's League clubs
University of Santo Tomas
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1807079
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoda%20Kotb
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Hoda Kotb
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Hoda Kotb ( ; , Hudā Quṭb; ; born August 9, 1964) is an American broadcast journalist, television personality, and author. She is a main co-anchor of the NBC News morning show Today and co-host of its entertainment-focused fourth hour. Kotb formerly served as a correspondent for the television news magazine program Dateline NBC.
Early life
Kotb was born in Norman, Oklahoma and grew up in Morgantown, West Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia. She lived in New Orleans throughout the 1990s. Kotb's parents are from Egypt. Kotb and her family lived in Egypt for a year, as well as in Nigeria. She has a brother, Adel and a sister, Hala. Her mother, Sameha ("Sami"), worked at the Library of Congress. Her father Abdel Kader Kotb was a fossil energy specialist and was listed in the Who's Who of Technology. He died at the age of 51 in 1986.
During a 92nd Street Y interview, Kotb hinted at her Muslim roots when she recounted her memories of annual summer vacations in Egypt and her veiled cousins and how her parents' migration to the United States had spared her from having to do the same:
We met our cousins who looked just like us. Some of them had the head cover on. I still remember going, 'Oh, my God. Like that could have been me.' You don't realize the gift your parents give you when you leave.
Kotb similarly indirectly spoke about her family's Muslim background in her autobiography when she described attempts at match-making by her relatives in Egypt:
During my visit, I'd be sitting on the couch and there'd come a knock-knock at the door. 'Hoda, someone's at the door for yooooouuuu ... ' Oh, Lord. 'This is Mohamed. He's from Cairo. He's studying engineering ... and he has a Mercedes.' Really? He also has on a long white man dress. Okay, call it a dishdash.
Kotb makes no mention of any Coptic ancestry in her autobiography as some online articles have incorrectly claimed.
She graduated from Fort Hunt High School in 1982. She was elected homecoming queen and selected to speak at her graduating class's baccalaureate service. In her college years at Virginia Tech, Kotb was a member of Delta Delta Delta women's sorority, Beta Nu Chapter. In 1986, Kotb graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in broadcast journalism. Kotb was the keynote speaker at her alma mater for the 2008 Virginia Tech graduation and in her speech, played Metallica's "Enter Sandman" over her iPod. In 2010, Kotb was elected to a three-year term to the Virginia Tech Alumni Association Board of Directors.
Career
Kotb's first on-air job after college was at then-CBS affiliate WXVT in Greenville, Mississippi. Kotb then moved to ABC affiliate WQAD in Moline, Illinois as a reporter from 1988 to 1989. She became a weekend anchor and reporter at CBS affiliate WINK in Fort Myers, Florida from 1989 to 1991. From 1992 to 1998, Kotb was an anchor and reporter for CBS affiliate WWL in New Orleans, Louisiana.
In 2011, Martina McBride asked Kotb to be featured in her music video for "I'm Gonna Love You Through It," a ballad dedicated to cancer survivors.
NBC News
Kotb officially joined NBC News in April 1998 as a correspondent for Dateline NBC and all NBC News platforms.
She was the first host of Today's first fourth-hour weekday morning broadcast at 10:00 a.m. in September 2007 and was joined by Kathie Lee Gifford as a co-host in April 2008. Gifford was later succeeded by Jenna Bush Hager in April 2019, following Gifford's departure from the show.
On February 23, 2015, Kotb began hosting a live, one-hour show twice a week on Sirius XM's Today channel, discussing casual, water cooler topics.
On January 2, 2018, Kotb was named co-anchor of Today with Savannah Guthrie after anchor Matt Lauer was terminated by NBC News following accusations of sexual misconduct. She and Guthrie had been interim co-anchors since Lauer's termination on November 29, 2017. They make up the show's first female anchor duo to lead the show.
Books
In October 2010, Kotb released a New York Times bestselling autobiography, Hoda: How I Survived War Zones, Bad Hair, Cancer, and Kathie Lee.
On January 15, 2013, she released her second book, Ten Years Later: Six People Who Faced Adversity and Transformed Their Lives, in which she chronicles six stories by identifying a life-changing event in each subject's life and then revisiting each of those six people a decade later.
In 2016, Kotb released her third book, Where They Belong: The Best Decisions People Almost Never Made, which features a selection of various stories of inspiring people who "found themselves" in completely unexpected moments or unforeseen circumstances.
In October 2019, Kotb released her sixth book, I Really Needed This Today, which includes personal notes about her experiences and relationships, an assortment of quotes, and 365 sayings that she hopes inspires and uplifts readers. She released a follow-up in October 2020 titled This Just Speaks to Me, which expands on her daily reflections and includes additional personal anecdotes and quotes.
Kotb has also released her own children's books. The first one, her fourth book overall, I've Loved You Since Forever, was released in 2018, and was adapted into a lullaby by Kelly Clarkson. Her second children's book, her fifth book overall, You Are My Happy, which celebrates the things in life that bring gratitude, was released in March 2019.
Awards
In 2002, Kotb was awarded the Edward R. Murrow Award for her reporting.
Kotb received her first Gracie Awards in 2003 and 2008.
Kotb was awarded a Headliner Award in 2004 for Dateline NBC's "Saving Dane - Adoptees Rage".
In 2006, Kotb was awarded a Peabody Award for Dateline NBC's "The Education of Ms. Groves", which earned her an additional Headliner Award in 2007, as well as the Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award in 2008.
In 2010, 2011, and 2012, during which Kotb was a part of the Today morning host lineup, Today won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Morning Program.
In 2015, she won a Webby Award for Online Film & Video - Public Service & Activism for her music video, "Truly Brave", which she created in collaboration with Sara Bareilles and Cyndi Lauper to raise awareness for pediatric cancer. That same year, she received an additional Gracie Award for Outstanding Host in News/Non-fiction in 2015.
In 2016, Kotb was awarded with a Gracie Award for Outstanding Host in Entertainment/Information for her SiriusXM show.
Kolb was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2018.
In 2019, Kotb and Gifford were awarded a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informative Talk Show Host during their time as co-hosts.
Kotb was awarded the Matrix Award in October 2021.
Personal life
Family
In 2005, Kotb married former University of New Orleans tennis coach, Burzis Kanga. The marriage ended in divorce in 2008.
Kotb began a relationship with New York financier Joel Schiffman in 2013. On November 25, 2019, Kotb announced live on Today that she was engaged to Schiffman. On January 31, 2022, Kotb announced during the fourth hour of Today (Hoda & Jenna) that she and Schiffman had ended their engagement and would focus on co-parenting as friends.
On February 21, 2017, Kotb announced on Today that she had adopted a baby girl named Haley Joy Kotb. On April 16, 2019, Kotb came on Today via phone to announce she had adopted a second baby girl named Hope Catherine Kotb.
Health
In March 2007, Kotb underwent a mastectomy and reconstructive surgery for breast cancer and has since become an advocate for breast cancer awareness. Kotb allowed Today cameras to follow her throughout her cancer battle. After she was declared cancer free, she has continued to document and use the story on the show to raise awareness for breast cancer.
On January 6, 2022, Kotb announced she tested positive for COVID-19. Although she has received both of her vaccine doses as well as her booster shot, Kotb told Today (American TV program) that she is "experiencing mild symptoms and is feeling good while isolating at home."
Career timeline
1986: CBS News – news assistant Cairo, Egypt
1986–1989: Morning anchor and general assignment reporter WQAD-TV, ABC Moline, Illinois; and anchor WXVT-TV, CBS Greenville and Greenwood, Mississippi
1989–1991: Weekend anchor and reporter WINK-TV, CBS Fort Myers, Florida
1992–1998: Anchor and reporter WWL-TV, CBS New Orleans, Louisiana
1998–present: NBC News
1998–present: NBC News National correspondent
1998–present: Dateline NBC contributing anchor and correspondent
2004–2008: Host of the weekly syndicated series Your Total Health 2007–present: Today 4th hour co-host (with Kathie Lee Gifford from April 2008–April 2019, Jenna Bush Hager April 2019–present)l
2007–2017: Today substitute co-anchor
2017: Today featured co-anchor
2018–present: Today co-anchor with Savannah Guthrie
2018–present: Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade host
Other appearances
2009: Lipstick Jungle as Herself (1 episode)
2010: 30 Rock as Herself (1 episode)
2014: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Herself (2 episodes)
2014-2017: Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce as Herself (4 episodes)
2015: Lip Sync Battle as Herself (1 episode)
2015: Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! as Herself (movie)
2015: Donny! as Herself (2 episodes)
2016: Younger as Herself (1 episode)
2016: Brothers Take New Orleans Celebrity judge
2017: Nashville as Herself (1 episode)
2017: Sharknado 5: Global Swarming as Herself (movie)
2018: Mickey and the Roadster Racers as Miss Sweetums
2020: The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo as Herself/guest
2022: Marry Me as Herself (cameo)
See also
New Yorkers in journalism
References
External links
Official MSNBC bio
Chambers, David (March/April 2006). "Calling Helen Thomas". Saudi Aramco World''. Volume 57, Number 2
1964 births
Living people
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American journalists
American people of Egyptian descent
Egyptian journalists
African-American journalists
American women television journalists
American television reporters and correspondents
Journalists from Virginia
Journalists from West Virginia
NBC News people
Television anchors from New Orleans
New Orleans television reporters
Peabody Award winners
People from Fairfax County, Virginia
People from Morgantown, West Virginia
Virginia Tech alumni
Writers from West Virginia
Writers from Alexandria, Virginia
American expatriates in Nigeria
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people
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2099754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave%20attenuata
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Agave attenuata
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Agave attenuata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, commonly known as the foxtail or lion's tail. The name swan's neck agave refers to its development of a curved inflorescence, unusual among agaves. Native to the plateaux of central west Mexico, as one of the unarmed agaves, it is popular as an ornamental plant in gardens in many other places with subtropical and warm climates.
Description
Although the plant can appear acaulescent, stems often reach 50 to 150 cm (20–60 in) in length, and old leaves fall off, leaving the stems visible. The leaves are ovate-acuminate, 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long and 12–16 cm (5–6 in) wide, pale in color, ranging from a light gray to a light yellowish green. There are no teeth, nor terminal spines, although the leaves taper to soft points that fray with age. The numerous, broad, succulent, tapering leaves are slightly less rigid than most Agave species' leave;, they are a bright glaucous gray to light yellowish-green and stingless.
The inflorescence is a dense raceme 2.5 to 3 meters (8 to 10 ft) high (usually curved), with greenish-yellow flowers, growing after many years. As with other Agave species, the plant dies following seed development, but numerous suckers consequently sprout, both from the base of the plant and from the flower raceme.
It has two subspecies:
A. attenuata subsp. attenuata: Native to Central and Southwest Mexico and naturalized in Madeira and Libya.
A. attenuata subsp. dentata (J.Verschaff.) B.Ullrich: Native to Northwest and Southwest Mexico.
Etymology
The Latin specific epithet attenuata means "with a narrow point".
Range
Specimens were sent to Kew Gardens by the explorer Galeotti in 1834, from an unspecified location in central Mexico. A more recent study has reported it from Jalisco, east to Mexico, in small colonies at elevations of , but there have been few sightings, suggesting this agave is rare in the wild. In Mexico, it is distributed in the states of Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, and México State at altitudes between on volcanic rock cliffs within pine forests and transitional zones of tropical dry and temperate forests types in mountains. It is reportedly naturalized in Libya and Madeira and is widely spread through the Mediterranean and the rest of Macaronesia.
Cultivation
In cultivation, Agave attenuata is said to prefer relatively moist loamy soil, although it can cope with poor soil and dry conditions. It should be protected from direct sunlight in summer and from long periods of frost. It is hardy down to USDA Zone 9b.
Gallery
References
External links
attenuata
Flora of Central Mexico
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant plants
Flora of Mexico
Flora of Madeira
Flora of Libya
Plants described in 1834
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta%20Benato-Beltrami
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Elisabetta Benato-Beltrami
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Elisabetta Benato-Beltrami (1813–1888) was a 19th-century Italian painter and sculptor. She lived in Padua since 1858. Her talent, which showed itself early, was first developed by an unknown painter named Soldan, and later at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia. She made copies of Guido, Sassoferrato and Veronese, the Laokoon group, and the Hercules of Canova, and executed a much-admired bas-relief called "Love and Innocence." Among her original paintings are an "Atala and Chactas," " Petrarch's First Meeting with Laura," a "Descent from the Cross " for the church at Tribano, a "St. Sebastian," "Melancholy," a "St. Ciro," and many Madonnas. Her pictures are noble in conception and firm in execution. She exhibited in Milan in 1847.
References
Bibliography
1813 births
1888 deaths
Italian women painters
19th-century Italian sculptors
Artists from Padua
19th-century Italian women artists
19th-century Italian painters
Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355%20UCLA%20Bruins%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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1954–55 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team
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The 1954–55 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1954–55 NCAA men's basketball season and were members of the Pacific Coast Conference. The Bruins were led by seventh year head coach John Wooden. They finished the regular season with a record of 21–5 and won the PCC Southern Division with a record of 11–1. UCLA lost to in the PCC conference play-offs.
Previous season
The Bruins finished the regular season with a record of 18–7 and finished 2nd in the PCC Southern Division with a record of 7–5.
Roster
Schedule
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!colspan=9 style=|Regular Season
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!colspan=9 style=|Conference Championship Play-offs
Source
Rankings
References
UCLA Bruins men's basketball seasons
Ucla
UCLA Bruins Basketball
UCLA Bruins Basketball
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigelow%20Hollow%20State%20Park
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Bigelow Hollow State Park
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Bigelow Hollow State Park is public recreation area in the town of Union, Connecticut, in the Quinebaug Highlands. The state park's border Nipmuck State Forest on the east and west and Mashapaug Lake on the north. The park and forest are located in a large hollow or depression approximately 700' below the surrounding ridgelines. They are managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.
Surroundings
The state park is a significant feature of the Last Green Valley National Heritage Corridor and is part of one of the largest unbroken forest tracts in Connecticut, which includes in the Nipmuck State Forest, in the Yale-Myers Forest, in the Natchaug State Forest, of the Norcross Wildlife Refuge, and the of forest held by Hull Foresters. The state park was carved out of Nipmuck State Forest by the State Park and Forest Commission in 1949.
Activities and amenities
The park has been described as "[r]emote by Connecticut standards," where a map and orienteering skills may be useful as the park is mostly evergreen at lower elevations and trails can be lost in the thick forest density. The park and forest have over of trails, including several around Breakneck Pond, a secluded lake only accessible by foot. A boat launch and picnicking facilities are located on Bigelow Pond at the entrance to the park and on Mashapaug Lake, which is found near the end of the park's main road.
Fishing is offered in summer and winter (ice fishing). The streams, ponds and lakes feature stocked as well as native trout, small and large mouth bass and pickerel. Backcountry camping is allowed in Nipmuck State Forest. Snowmobiling trails begin in the state park and continue into the state forest.
References
External links
Bigelow Hollow State Park Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
Bigelow Hollow State Park Map Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
State parks of Connecticut
State parks of the Appalachians
Parks in Tolland County, Connecticut
Protected areas established in 1949
Union, Connecticut
Nipmuck State Forest
1949 establishments in Connecticut
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50241961
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Hodge%20%28Australian%20politician%29
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Robert Hodge (Australian politician)
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Robert Samuel Hodge (1866 – 8 April 1924) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.
Biography
Hodge was born at Bridgwater, Somerset, the son of James Hodge and his wife Mary Ann (née Baker). On his arrival in Australia He was a publican and storekeeper in Wondai and a produce merchant in Rosewood.
He married Mary Elizabeth Iszlaub (died 1935) at Ipswich in 1886 and together had three sons and three daughters. Hodge died at Corinda in April 1924 and his funeral proceeded from his residence, The Laurels in Corinda to St Matthew's Cemetery, Sherwood.
Public life
Hodge won the seat of Rosewood at the 1902 Queensland state election. He won again in 1904 by two votes but the Court Of Elections Tribunal, led by Judge Patrick Real overturned the result and in December 1904 awarded the seat to Labour's Denis Keogh.
In 1909 he stood again, this time as a Ministerial candidate for the seat of Burnett and was successful, defeating the sitting member, Alfred Jones. He only held Burnett for one term, switching to the new seat of Nanango in 1912, and now representing the Queensland Farmers' Union. He was defeated by fellow Farmer's Union member, James Edwards in 1920. He stood again in 1923 but was well beaten by both other candidates.
Legacy
The locality of Hodgleigh in the South Burnett Region was named after him.
References
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
1866 births
1924 deaths
National Party (Queensland, 1917) members of the Parliament of Queensland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lede%C4%8D%20nad%20S%C3%A1zavou
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Ledeč nad Sázavou
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Ledeč nad Sázavou (; until 1921 Ledeč) is a town in the Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,000 inhabitants. The Sázava River flows through the town. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.
Administrative parts
Villages and hamlets of Habrek, Horní Ledeč, Obrvaň and Souboř are administrative parts of Ledeč nad Sázavou.
History
The first written mention of Ledeč comes from the 12th century, when it was written about "a noble of Ledeč". In the first half of 16th century, during the rule of the Ledecký of Říčany noble family, Ledeč was promoted to a town.
In the early 19th century, the railway was built, which helped the economical and cultural development of the area.
Until 1918, the town was a part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), in the district of the same name, in Bohemia. In 1921, Ledeč was renamed Ledeč nad Sázavou.
Sights
The main sight is the Ledeč nad Sázavou Castle. The castle was built in the early Gothic style in the first half of the 13th century, and later was rebuilt in Renaissance and Baroque styles. It has unique sgraffito decoration of the ceiling of a renaissance hall. The castle now contains a museum and a gallery. It has a high tower open to the public.
Notable people
Zdeněk Bárta (1891–1987), fencer
František Laudát (born 1960), politician
References
External links
Populated places in Havlíčkův Brod District
Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Union%20of%20Albanians
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Democratic Union of Albanians
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The Democratic Union of Albanians (, ) is a conservative political party of the Albanian minority in Montenegro.
History
The party took part in the campaign prior to Montenegrin independence referendum, promoting Montenegro's independence alongside DPS, SDP, Civic Party and Liberal Party.
In the October 2009 legislative election, the party won one seat. The party president holds the position of Minister for Human and Minority Rights Protection in the Government of Montenegro.
The party's leader, Ferhat Dinosha, is known for being against same-sex marriage in Montenegro, famously quoting that "the Albanian zone in Montenegro was free from homosexuals", and that "if there were any homosexuals in Montenegro, that this would be bad for the country".
Elections
Montenegrin parliament
References
Conservative parties in Montenegro
Albanian political parties in Montenegro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaCityUK
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MediaCityUK
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MediaCityUK is a mixed-use property development on the banks of the Manchester Ship Canal in Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The project was developed by Peel Media; its principal tenants are media organisations and the University of Salford. The land occupied by the development was part of the Port of Manchester and Manchester Docks.
The BBC signalled its intention to move jobs to Manchester in 2004, and the Salford Quays site was chosen in 2006. The Peel Group was granted planning permission to develop the site in 2007, and construction of the development, with its own energy generation plant and communications network, began the same year. Based in Quay House, the principal tenant is the BBC, whose move marks a large-scale decentralisation from London. ITV Granada completed the first phase of its move to MediaCityUK on 25 March 2013, followed in two stages by the northern arm of ITV Studios: the second stage involved Coronation Street being moved to a new production facility on Trafford Wharf next to the Imperial War Museum North at the end of 2013. The Studios on Broadway houses seven high-definition studios, claimed to be the largest such facility in Europe.
MediaCityUK was developed in two phases. The first phase was completed in 2011, and the second is dependent on its success. Metrolink, Greater Manchester's light-rail system, was extended to MediaCityUK with the opening of the MediaCityUK tram stop on 20 September 2010 and further extensions are planned. Road access was improved by the construction of the Broadway Link Road.
Location
Salford Quays, at the eastern end of the Manchester Ship Canal on the site of the former Manchester Docks, became one of the first and largest urban regeneration projects in the United Kingdom after the closure of the dockyards in 1982. MediacityUK, an area on both banks of the ship canal, is part of a joint tourism initiative between Salford City Council and Trafford Borough Council encompassing The Quays, Trafford Wharf and parts of Old Trafford. The Quays development includes The Lowry Arts Centre and the Imperial War Museum North.
A total of of land was earmarked for the development of MediaCityUK. The first phase of its development was primarily focused on a site at Pier 9 on Salford Quays. In 2010 it was announced that the ITV production centre would be built on Trafford Wharf in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford.
Background
In 2003 reports emerged that, as part of the plans for the renewal of its Royal Charter, the BBC was considering moving whole channels or strands of production from London to Manchester. Early discussions involved a plan where the BBC would move to a new media village proposed by Granada Television at its Bonded Warehouse site at Granada Studios in the city.
Proposals to relocate 1,800 jobs to Manchester were unveiled by Director-General of the BBC, Mark Thompson, in December 2004. The BBC justified the move as its spending per head was low in northern England where it had low approval ratings and its facilities at New Broadcasting House in Manchester needed replacing. An initial list of 18 sites was narrowed to a short-list of four during 2005, two in Manchester – one at Quay Street, close to Granada Studios, and one on Whitworth Street and two in Salford – one close to the Manchester Arena and one at Pier 9 on Salford Quays. The site at Salford Quays was chosen in June 2006 and the move north was conditional on a satisfactory licence fee settlement from the government.
The chosen site was the last undeveloped site at Manchester Docks, an area that had been subject to considerable investment and was emerging as a tourist destination, residential and commercial centre. The vision of the developers Peel Group, Salford City Council, the Central Salford Urban Regeneration Company and the Northwest Regional Development Agency was to create a significant new media city capable of competing on a global scale with developments in Copenhagen and Singapore.
Salford City Council granted planning consent for an outline application for a multi-use development on the site involving residential, retail and studio and office space in October 2006 and consent for a detailed planning application followed in May 2007. In the same month the BBC Trust approved moving five London-based departments to the development. The departments to be moved were Sport, Children's, Learning, Future Media and Technology and Radio Five Live.
Construction started in 2007 with the site owner, Peel Group as developer and Bovis Lend Lease as contractor. The media facilities opened in stages from 2007; the first of them, the Pie Factory, was in a refurbished bakery. It featured three large sound stages suitable for drama productions and commercials. In January 2011 Peel Media received planning permission to convert on-site offices used by Bovis Lend Lease during the construction of the first phase into the Greenhouse.
The first trial show took place in November 2010 in Studio HQ2. The half-hour test show featured a power failure and a fire drill, which involved a full evacuation of the audience and crew. The first programme filmed at MediaCityUK was Don't Scare the Hare in February 2011, and the first to transfer was A Question of Sport, the same month. BBC employees started transferring to the development in May 2011, a process that took 36 weeks. Director-General of the BBC Mark Thompson confirmed that up to a further 1,000 jobs could be created or transferred to the site. In January 2012 the BBC was accused of not supporting the community by MP, Hazel Blears, after it was reported that only 26 of 680 jobs created at the development had gone to residents of Salford.
Buildings and facilities
Traditional street names are not used in the development. The main thoroughfares are styled blue, white, pink, yellow, orange, purple and green where street furniture and coloured ambient lighting will be colour-coded to match. A stylised map of the site has been devised. Landscape architects, Gillespies regenerated the brownfield site to create public spaces. The focal point is a piazza and landscaped park, which stretches to the ship canal around which the buildings are located. The piazza's two distinct areas, The Green and The Stage are capable of holding events for up to 6500 people. In front of The Studios there is a free-standing big screen, which is viewable from the piazza.
The BBC occupy three buildings: Bridge House, Dock House, and Quay House, all designed by architects Wilkinson Eyre, with the interior design by ID:SR Sheppard Robson. With simple forms intended to harmonise with their waterfront settings, the buildings provide of accommodation with the BBC occupying of office space.
Quay House is the BBC's main building from where BBC Breakfast, Match of the Day, BBC Radio 5 Live, North West Tonight and BBC Radio Manchester are broadcast.
Bridge House is where Blue Peter, Mastermind, Dragons' Den, CBBC, and BBC Bitesize are produced.
Dock House contains the BBC's Research & Development and Religion & Ethics departments. In November 2011 BBC Radio 6 Music teams moved from New Broadcasting House into Dock House, where some programmes for BBC Radio 4 are made.
The Orange Tower is an 11-storey building, designed by architects Sheppard Robson. It is a glazed structure with four types of cladding, including one made of folded aluminium in a diamond pattern. It houses departments from the University of Salford on three floors and on seven floors, staff from ITV Granada.
Dock10 contains seven high-definition studios, often referred to as The Studios and home of the television facility. It is claimed by Peel Media to be the largest such facility in Europe. The largest studio has an area of , making it one of the biggest in western Europe. Fitting began in 2010 at a cost of £22 million, in time for the BBC's move in summer 2011. The seven studios vary in size; the large studios are on the ground floor, and the smaller studios on the first floor. The larger of the two audio studios, sitting on hydraulic jacks to insulate it from noise generated in the surrounding studios, is dedicated to the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra.
The Pie Factory (now closed) occupied the former Freshbake factory, which after closing in 2006, was converted by Peel Media into a TV, film and commercial production facility. The bakery's facilities were renovated into three sound stages, anxilliary and office space. It opened in 2007 and was the first working studio complex at MediaCityUK. The Pie Factory closed in 2020 and was demolished in preparation for Phase 2 of the development.
The Greenhouse designed by architects Stephenson Bell, is a refurbished three-storey office block that has been converted into small, flexible office suites for small companies in the media and creative industries.
TheHeart and NumberOne are the residential elements of the development, providing 378 apartments in two tower blocks. TheHeart is a 22-storey apartment building on the quayside and NumberOne, another 22-storey building, is next to the studio facilities.
Blue & White Towers two buildings ranging up to 16 storeys. The blue building contains The Landing, while the white building is home to MediaCityUK's Holiday Inn hotel.
The opening swing footbridge at Salford Quays links MediaCityUK with Trafford Wharf on the southern bank of the ship canal. It was designed by Wilkinson Eyre in association with Gifford. The bridge's main span is when open and provides a wide navigation channel accommodating ships' superstructures up to in height. The developers specified it to be "a unique and memorable landmark". Its visibility is created by a curved bridge deck with an offset pivot mast and array of supporting cables in a fan or sail shape. It has seating benches and is lit at night. The bridge, constructed with funding from the Northwest Regional Development Agency, is the final link in a circular walking route connecting the development with The Lowry and Imperial War Museum North. It was officially opened by Rowan Williams and John Sentamu, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and was opened to the public in May 2011 after landscaping works were completed.
The development is powered by a 2MWe gas-powered trigeneration energy plant producing electricity for cooling and heating using water from the ship canal. It is more than twice as efficient as conventional grid electricity and helped the development gain BREEAM sustainable community status. The communications network is one of the most advanced in the world, with more than 20 million metres of fibre-optic cable capable of delivering the internet speeds required for media production.
Critical reception
Architects Sheppard Robson won several awards for their interior design of Quay House for BBC North, including the British Council for Offices Award and the AIT Award. The engineering group Ramboll received recognition for its design of the Salford Quays footbridge, which was praised as "a graceful and well engineered bridge [...] a delightful testament to the art of structural engineering". The bridge designers won the 2012 Structural Steel Design Award and a North West Civil Engineering Award from the Institution of Civil Engineers.
The architecture at MediaCity was received unfavourably by Building Design magazine, which awarded the development with the 2011 Carbuncle Cup for Worst New Building. Owen Hatherley writing in The Guardian also criticised the development, describing it as "an enclave, easily closed off from the life of the rest of the city".
Tenants
BBC
Approximately BBC staff are employed at MediaCityUK. In July 2010 it was announced that the BBC Breakfast programme would move to Salford Quays. It was claimed that the development will create up to jobs and add £1bn to the regional economy over 5 years. In 2009 the BBC estimated that moving to Salford would cost nearly £1 billion spread over twenty years. but in May 2011, Director General Mark Thompson claimed the cost of moving was much less.
In 2017 the Centre for Cities published a report on the impact of the move in the five years between 2011 and 2016, it found there were 4,600 new jobs in MediaCityUK however 2,000 of them were BBC staff relocated from elsewhere in the country while 1,200 were from existing Greater Manchester businesses relocating (including 640 BBC staff already based in the city) for 1,400 net new jobs created at MediaCityUK by the move and there was little relocation of other businesses from elsewhere in the country with only 145 in existing businesses moving to Greater Manchester. The number employed in Media within 1 mile of MediaCityUK was static over the 5 years as cuts in output offset new job growth (and the coverage of the 2012 London Olympics was a peak for BBC Sport). however its economic impact outside Salford was greater creating 4,420 new jobs for existing businesses in the wider city region.
Various divisions of the BBC have bases at the MediaCityUK campus, generally referred to as BBC North. Output includes network programming (BBC Breakfast), BBC North West regional news; BBC Children's (CBBC and CBeebies); BBC Three; Radio Manchester, Radio 3, Radio 4, 5 Live & 5 Live Sports Extra and 6 Music; BBC Religion & Ethics, BBC Research, BBC Sport, BBC Learning and the BBC Philharmonic. The campus is also home to a 24/7 engineering team overseeing online and broadcast output; plus teams for other key products and services including iPlayer and Sounds, Voice and Sport; BBC Research & Development; Children in Need and Comic Relief. Some staff in the commercial division BBC Studios also work from MediaCityUK.
ITV Granada
ITV Granada was interested in relocating but negotiations with the developers, Peel Media, were abandoned in 2009 amid a financial dispute. After a change of management at ITV Granada, talks resumed in January 2010 and in December the decision to move to MediaCityUK was announced. A production facility was constructed on Trafford Wharf to house the Coronation Street sets that transferred from Granada Studios in 2013. In March 2013, Granada Reports was broadcast from MediaCityUK signifying the completion of the initial phase of its migration from the Granada Studios in Quay Street. The MediaCityUK site is home to approximately 750 ITV employees at ITV Granada and ITV Studios.
NEP Connect / SIS LIVE
Satellite Information Services (SIS), later known as SIS LIVE, has occupied an office at The Pie Factory since 2006 and in 2010 formed a joint venture with Peel to manage the studios. In 2011 SIS announced it would move its headquarters from London and awarded a £3 million contract to S3 Satcom and SATCOM Technologies for the provision of a nine earth station broadcast teleport on Trafford Wharf. SIS announced the launch of its teleport in July 2012 and opened offices in the Blue Tower a month later.
In October 2018, SIS LIVE was taken over by NEP Group, who rebranded the firm to 'NEP Connect' and have continued to operate their facilities at MediaCityUK.
University of Salford
The University of Salford moved its media-related teaching and research to the MediaCityUK site in October 2011. The move will controversially cost the university more than £2.25 million in rent per annum until 2020.
Dock10
Dock10 is a television facility owner and media services company, located within MediaCityUK, Salford. Dock10 offers a number of services, but its two most notable is post production and The Studios.
Others
A diverse mix of about 40 service companies, along with small companies offering ancillary services such as casting and camera hire, occupy The Pie Factory and The Greenhouse.
Antix Productions moved into offices in The Greenhouse in 2011. In 2012 the Rugby Football League opened an office in The Greenhouse to facilitate the administration of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup.
In 2008, Hope High School in Salford was taken over by Oasis Community Learning, an evangelical Christian organisation, and renamed Oasis Academy MediaCityUK; its new premises in Salford Quays, on the edge of the MediaCity UK site, were completed in September 2012. UTC@MediaCityUK, a University Technical College backed by the University of Salford, The Lowry and the Aldridge Foundation, specialising in the creative, media and music industries opened in 2015.
Transport
The MediaCityUK tram stop opened on 20 September 2010, part of the Metrolink light-rail system serving Greater Manchester. It lies at the end of a spur from the Eccles Line, which was built as part of Phase 3 of the Metrolink expansion project. Trams run to Piccadilly via Harbour City and Cornbrook. Across the Media City Footbridge, the "Trafford Park Line" Metrolink extension, completed in March 2020, has a stop at the adjacent Imperial War Museum.
Vehicular access to the Quays has been improved by the construction of Broadway Link Road, which links the site to the M602 motorway at junction 2, and by the provision of car parking. The high-rise 2116 space multi-storey car park was completed in August 2009. It is a pre-cast curved structure clad in a mixture of aluminium mesh panels and shaded aluminium tiles, comprising 11 floors of parking above the development's energy centre and commercial units.
Frequent bus services are provided from the site by Go North West’s Orbits 53 providing links to Oxford Road, Etihad Campus and Cheetham Hill and Stagecoach Manchester’s 50 linking MediaCityUK to East Didsbury, Manchester Piccadilly bus station, Salford Central and Salford Crescent railway stations, the University of Salford and Salford Shopping Centre. A number of lower frequency routes are operated by Diamond Bus North West linking Boothstown, Worsley and Stretford with the site.
Footpaths and cycleways to Manchester city centre and 300 cycle racks encourage healthy and green ways of accessing the site.
Studios
There are several large TV and radio studio complexes in MediaCityUK, including:
BBC (Quay House and Dock House)
Dock10 (CBBC, CBeebies, BBC Sport and commercial productions for Channel 4, ITV and others)
University of Salford's MediaCityUK campus
Shops and Restaurants
There are numerous shops and restaurants in MediaCityUK, including:
MediaCity General Store
Costa Coffee
Grindsmith
Penelope's Deli
and others.
In 2020 the nearby Lowry Outlet Mall rebranded as "Quayside MediaCityUK".
See also
Media in Manchester
References
External links
Official website
MediaCityUK Brochure – Peel Media
Buildings and structures in Salford
BBC offices, studios and buildings
The Peel Group
ITV offices, studios and buildings
Mixed-use developments in the United Kingdom
Television studios in Greater Manchester
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinlyst
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Valentinlyst
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Valentinlyst is a neighborhood in the city of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the borough of Lerkendal. It is south of the neighborhood of Persaunet, north of Moholt, west of Tunga, and east of Tyholt.
References
External links
Valentinlyst senter website
Neighbourhoods of Trondheim
Geography of Trondheim
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43019372
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Eberlein
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Gustav Eberlein
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Gustav Heinrich Eberlein (14 July 1847, Spiekershausen (near Staufenberg) - 5 February 1926, Berlin) was a German sculptor, painter and writer.
Life
He was the son of a border guard. At the age of eight, his family moved to Hannoversch Münden, which would be his home for the remainder of his life, despite many years spent elsewhere. His parents lacked the money to provide him with formal artistic training, so he obtained instruction wherever possible, especially from the local goldsmith. In 1866, thanks to the patronage of a pastor who had recognized his talents, he was able to attend the Academy of Fine Arts in Nuremberg. In 1869, he went to Berlin on a scholarship. Three years later, another scholarship enabled him to study in Rome.
Upon his return to Berlin, he received significant support from Martin Gropius. Despite growing success, the next decade was difficult. His three-year-old son died in 1882, then his mother in 1888. This was followed by a divorce in 1891. A year later, he married the Countess Maria von Hertzberg, an aspiring young artist, and was appointed a Professor at the Prussian Academy of Arts the year after that.
In 1900, he came out in strong opposition to the "Lex Heinze" (which, among other things, banned the display of "immoral" art works). That same year, all but a few of his figures were removed from display at the Great Berlin Exhibition, not only because of the law but also, probably, because of his support for French and Belgian sculptors (such as Rodin and Meunier). In fact, as tensions between Germany and its western neighbors grew, Eberlein's outspoken advocacy of peace and disarmament caused him to lose his public commissions.
Later career
He was able to find work elsewhere, notably in South America, but his finances never recovered and he was divorced for a second time in 1912. The following year, he auctioned off most of his possessions in anticipation of emigrating, but those plans were put off because of World War I. He received some orders during the war and created a small museum at his studios in Berlin but, after the war, criticism was renewed; especially for his creating a statue of Karl Marx at the same time he was doing one of the former Kaiser. He was especially well known for his small figures and portrait sculpture and produced over 900 works. The majority of his larger bronze monuments were melted down during World War II. Most of his 300 original plaster models were disposed of by the city of Münden after his death. In 1962, work related to a construction project revealed approximately 80 figures and 11 paintings that were preserved and restored between 1983 and 1989. Many are now in the collection of the Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin.
He was able to avert destitution only by adopting his housemaid as his daughter, ensuring that he would be cared for by her family. By the time of his death, he was nearly forgotten. He was buried at the Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof in Berlin.
Selected major works
Altona, Germany - The Peace
Berlin Tiergarten - Richard Wagner and Albert Lortzing monuments.
Berlin Tiergarten - Figures for the Siegesallee (Victory Avenue) project of Wilhelm II. He did two groups:
Group 26; consisting of Frederick I of Prussia as the central figure, flanked by Andreas Schlüter and Eberhard von Danckelmann.
Group 30; with Frederick William III of Prussia as the central figure, flanked by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher and Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein.
Buenos Aires - "Monument to General José de San Martín and the Armies of Independence"; side figures.
Hannoversch Münden - Germania Statue; with many signed copies forming a part of various war memorials throughout Germany. (The exact number is unknown because some were lost or destroyed). This was the result of an aggressive advertising campaign by the foundry, which included the statue in its catalog.
Montevideo - Figures in the Second Concourse of the "Monument to Artigas".
Rome - Goethe monument.
Santiago - "German Fountain", Plaza de Armas.
Tilsit - Statue of Queen Louise
Various statues of Wilhelm I in Arnsberg, Duisburg, Gera, Hamburg, Krefeld, Mannheim, Mönchengladbach and Wuppertal.
Notes
References
Further reading
Alternate URL
External links
Homepage of Gustav Eberlein Forschung e.V.
1847 births
1926 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg alumni
People from Hann. Münden
Prussian Academy of Arts faculty
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century male artists
German male sculptors
19th-century German sculptors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey%20Kingsbury
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Aubrey Kingsbury
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Aubrey Renee Kingsbury (; born November 20, 1991) is an American professional soccer player who plays for the Washington Spirit in the National Women's Soccer League.
Early life
Kingsbury was born in Cincinnati to Paul and Char Bledsoe. She attended St. Ursula Academy where she was a member of the state championship soccer team in 2007 and 2008.
Kingsbury graduated from Wake Forest University with a degree in health and exercise science and minors in chemistry and biology. She started all her games during her four seasons with the Demon Deacons and was named co-captain during her senior year. She holds the Wake Forest career record for shutouts (33), goals against average (0.91), games played and started (94), and minutes played in goal (8,692). She is also one of three Demon Deacons to be named an All-American three times, earning third-team honors from the NSCAA in 2011 and 2012 and second-team honors in 2013.
Club career
Los Angeles Blues, 2014
In January 2014, Kingsbury signed for USL W-League side, Los Angeles Blues (previously known as "Pali Blues") in preparation for exploring opportunities in Europe.
IK Grand Bodø, 2014
After her stint in LA, Kingsbury secured a move to Norway to play for Toppserien club, IK Grand Bodø. She made 11 appearances for Bodø.
Sky Blue, 2015
In October 2014, Kingsbury signed with Sky Blue FC as a discovery player. The 2015 season, Kingsbury backed up starting keeper, Brittany Cameron, limiting her to just a single appearance for Sky Blue.
Fortuna Hjørring, 2015–2016
At the conclusion of the 2015 season, Kingsbury secured an off-season loan to Danish club Fortuna Hjørring of the Elitedivisionen along with teammate Nadia Nadim. Competing in the UEFA Women's Champions League, Kingsbury made 4 appearances (2 wins, 1 draw, 1 loss), earning two clean sheets.
Orlando Pride, 2016–2017
On November 2, 2015, Kingsbury was selected by Orlando Pride as their 10th pick in the NWSL expansion draft. She joined the Pride at the conclusion of her loan spell at Fortuna. Deputising for Ashlyn Harris, Kingsbury made a single appearance during the 2016 season. When Harris got injured during the 2017 season, Kingsbury made a string of starts for the Pride, registering 11 appearances, earning 5 wins and 2 clean sheets.
Sydney FC (loan)
On November 28, 2017, Kingsbury joined Sydney FC for the remainder of the 2017–18 W-League.
Washington Spirit, 2018–present
In January 2018, Orlando traded Kingsbury and a 2019 first round draft pick to Washington Spirit in exchange for Canadian national defender, Shelina Zadorsky. On June 19, 2018, Kingsbury was named Player of the Week by the NWSL Media Association for Weeks 11 and 12. Kingsbury led the Spirit to back-to-back shutouts, and saved a Megan Rapinoe penalty kick during those weeks. She went on to break the NWSL league leading save record, surpassing the previous record held by Alyssa Naeher.
She re-signed for the Washington Spirit's 2019 season in September 2018. In Week 4 of the 2019 NWSL season Kingsbury won both NWSL Player and Save of the Week. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the NWSL organized a closed-door NWSL Challenge Cup in the summer, which was followed by the NWSL Fall Series. Kingsbury started in all five of the Spirit's games during the Challenge Cup. During the quarterfinals, the Spirit played to a scoreless draw against Sky Blue FC. In the ensuing penalty kick shootout, Kingsbury made a save against Domi Richardson, but ultimately the Spirit only converted three of their five penalty kicks and the team fell to Sky Blue. Kingsbury played every minute of the Spirit's four games in NWSL Fall Series. Against 16 total shots, she made 12 saves and conceded 4 goals. In the 87th of Washington's game against the Chicago Red Stars, Kingsbury, on the ground, kicked Dani Rhodes' rebound away to prevent Chicago from the taking the lead. Washington ultimately won the game thanks to Jessie Scarpa's 92nd-minute goal. Additionally, Kingsbury led the Spirit to a clean sheet against Sky Blue.
Sydney FC (loan)
In September 2018, Kingsbury re-signed for the 2018–19 W-League season where she helped Sydney reach its second straight Grand Final. Kingsbury and Sydney FC won the 2019 Grand Final. She was subsequently named the 2018–19 W-League Goalkeeper of the Year.
International career
Kingsbury received her first senior call-up to the United States national team on October 31, 2019.
In November 2020, Kingsbury was named to the national team's training camp roster ahead of its November 27 game against the Netherlands. Andonovski also named Kingsbury to the senior team roster ahead of their matches on January 18, 2021, and January 22, 2021.
On January 12, 2022, Kingsbury was named in the national team camp for January ahead of the 2022 SheBelieves Cup in February.
Personal life
Kingsbury is a Christian. Her twin sister, Amber Bledsoe, is also a goalkeeper who attended Brown University. In December 2021, Kingsbury, formerly Bledsoe, got married and began playing under her married name in January 2022.
Honors
International
USWNT
SheBelieves Cup: 2022
League
W-League Championship: 2018–19
Individual
NWSL Goalkeeper of the Year: 2019
NWSL First XI: 2019
NWSL Player of the Week: 2019 (Week 4 and Week 7)
NWSL Team of the Month: 2019 (May, June, and August)
References
External links
U.S. Soccer profile
1991 births
Living people
American women's soccer players
Soccer players from Cincinnati
Women's association football goalkeepers
NJ/NY Gotham FC players
Wake Forest Demon Deacons women's soccer players
Fortuna Hjørring players
Orlando Pride players
Sydney FC (A-League Women) players
Washington Spirit players
Expatriate women's footballers in Denmark
USL W-League players
National Women's Soccer League players
Twin sportspeople
Twin people from the United States
American expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Expatriate women's footballers in Norway
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58954514
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltzing%20Tilda
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Waltzing Tilda
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Waltzing Tilda is a 2017 post-apocalyptic comedy-drama short film written and directed by Jonathan Wilhelmsson. The story is about Tilda, a lone wolf disillusioned with society who one day finds herself the last human on earth. The film was produced in Australia at Sydney Film School.
Plot
Tilda (Holly Fraser) is an aimless lone wolf in her early twenties who has grown completely disillusioned with society. One morning she wakes up to find humanity mysteriously gone, and overjoyed she rampages across the city, vandalizing the Sydney Opera House and destroying the Queen Victoria Statue, crowning herself King of the World. Two years later Tilda has gone slightly crazy in her deteriorating kingdom, her only company being a talking, foul-mouthed rabbit named Shane (voiced by Glean De Goya). Shane tries to talk sense into Tilda who is now a severe alcoholic wasting her life away, his point being that she is still a part of the world and needs to take responsibility. Tilda won’t listen, but after inadvertently causing the death of Shane she begins a journey towards maturity, admitting that she’s lived a selfish life that was only given value by the people around her. She sings Waltzing Matilda at a funeral for Shane before finally fading away.
Cast
Holly Fraser as Tilda
Glean De Goya as Shane (voice)
Bandit the Rabbit as Shane
Indiana Kwong as Tilda's friend (voice)
John Buckmaster as Father (voice)
References
External links
2017 films
2017 short films
Comedy short films
2010s science fiction comedy-drama films
Australian science fiction comedy-drama films
Australian short films
Australian films
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17869126
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina%20Aoe
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Mina Aoe
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, professionally known as , was a Japanese female enka singer who had a series of popular hits in the late 1960s and continued charting late into her career.
With her distinctive husky voice, she acquired the nickname "Queen of the Blues". She appeared 18 times on the annual Kōhaku Uta Gassen show. After her death, a memorial to Aoe was established in the Isezakichō shopping area in Yokohama.
Selected discography
, 1968, one million sold
1969, 1.5 million sold
Kōhaku Uta Gassen Appearances
References
Obituary
Enka singers
Japanese women jazz singers
1941 births
2000 deaths
Singers from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese women singers
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19879374
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia%20Chang-D%C3%ADaz
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Sonia Chang-Díaz
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Sonia Rosa Chang-Díaz (born March 31, 1978) is an American politician who serves in the Massachusetts Senate from the 2nd Suffolk district as a member of the Democratic Party. She was the first Hispanic woman elected to the state senate. She is running for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in the 2022 election.
Chang-Díaz was educated at the University of Virginia. She entered politics while serving as a legislature aide for Massachusetts Senator Cheryl Jacques and as a campaign manager for MassEquality. She attempted to win election to the state senate in the 2006 election as a write-in candidate in the Democratic primary, but lost to incumbent Senator Dianne Wilkerson, who was also running as a write-in candidate. She ran again in the 2008 election and defeated Wilkerson in the primary and general elections.
Early life
Sonia Chang-Díaz was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 31, 1978, to Franklin Chang Díaz, a NASA astronaut. She graduated from the University of Virginia. She worked as one of Senator Cheryl Jacques' legislative aides and was a campaign manager for MassEquality.
Massachusetts Senate
Elections
Massachusetts Senator Dianne Wilkerson failed to file her nomination petition with enough valid signatures to appear on the ballot in the Democratic primary during the 2006 election, but announced that she would run a write-in campaign for the Democratic nomination. Chang-Díaz announced on June 18, 2006, that she would run as a write-in candidate in the primary. Wilkerson defeated Chang-Díaz in the initial primary, but a judge ordered a recount due to write-in votes not being counted in eight precincts. Secretary of State William F. Galvin started an investigation into Boston's handling of elections due to the error. Chang-Díaz turned in enough signatures for a recount of all ten wards. The final recount determined that Wilkerson had won by 767 votes which was more than the initial 141 votes. Wilkerson won reelection in the general election.
Chang-Díaz ran against Wilkerson in the 2008 Democratic primary and defeated Wilkerson. A recount was conducted and maintained Chang-Díaz's victory. Wilkerson launched a write-in campaign in the general election, but withdrew after she was arrested on charges of public corruption and Chang-Díaz defeated Wilkerson and independent candidate William Theodore Leonard in the general election. She was the first Hispanic woman elected to the Massachusetts Senate.
She won reelection without opposition in the 2010, 2012, 2016, 2018, and 2020 elections. She defeated Republican nominee David James Wyatt in the 2014 election.
Tenure
During Chang-Díaz's tenure in the Massachusetts Senate she served as the chair of the Education committee, vice-chair of the Senate Redistricting committee, and assistant vice-chair of the Ways and Means committee. She was speculated as a possible candidate for the 2013 Boston mayoral election, but did not run and instead endorsed Marty Walsh. She endorsed Donald Berwick for the Democratic nomination in the 2014 gubernatorial election. She endorsed Senator Ed Markey in the Democratic primary during the 2020 United States Senate election. During the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries Chang-Díaz endorsed Senator Elizabeth Warren.
Chang-Díaz announced on June 23, 2021, that she would seek the Democratic nomination in the 2022 gubernatorial election.
Political positions
Chang-Díaz was critical of legislation passed by the Massachusetts Senate which targeted the ability of undocumented immigrants to obtain services from the state including Medicaid and public housing. She opposed casinos stating that they were "a fancy way of putting a tax on the poor." Chang-Díaz supported raising the income tax to increase education funding.
She sponsored legislation to include transgender people in Massachusetts's anti-discrimination laws in 2011. She supported legislation which allowed people to use gendered-public places that matched their gender identity and gave protections against discrimination for transgender people.
Electoral history
References
External links
Legislative website
State House website
Campaign website
1978 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American politicians of Costa Rican descent
American women of Chinese descent in politics
Asian-American people in Massachusetts politics
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in Massachusetts
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
Living people
Massachusetts Democrats
Massachusetts state senators
People from Jamaica Plain
University of Virginia alumni
Women state legislators in Massachusetts
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53444671
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microseridinae
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Microseridinae
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Microseridinae is a subtribe of Cichorieae in the sunflower family Asteraceae.
List of genera
Agoseris
Anisocoma
Atrichoseris
Calycoseris
Chaetadelpha
Glyptopleura
Krigia
Malacothrix
Marshalljohnstonia
Nothocalais
Pinaropappus
Pleiacanthus
Prenanthella
Pyrrhopappus
Rafinesquia
Shinnersoseris
Stephanomeria
Uropappus
References
Cichorieae
Plant subtribes
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16809013
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Ivory%20%28basketball%29
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George Ivory (basketball)
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George Ivory (born August 7, 1965) is the former head men's basketball coach at the University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff. He was appointed as head coach on March 27, 2008. Previously, Ivory was an assistant at Mississippi Valley State University, his alma mater.
Ivory grew up in Jackson, Mississippi, where he attended Murrah High School, one of the top basketball schools in the country. He played at Murrah for three years, winning numerous awards prior to graduating in 1983.
After Ivory finished at Murrah High School, he went on to attend college at Mississippi Valley State University. While at MVSU Ivory was selected as Freshman of the Year, First Team All-SWAC, SWAC Tournament MVP, and Player of the Year in the conference. Ivory started all four years at Mississippi Valley State University, where he still ranks tops in scoring, steals, assist, minutes, and games played.
Upon graduating from Mississippi Valley State University in 1988 with a bachelor's degree, and after trying out professionally with the Chicago Bulls, Harlem Globetrotters, and Illinois Express, Ivory was drafted by the Wyoming Wildcatters of the CBA.
He later went back to college at Jackson State University to receive his master's degree in 1996 while working as a graduate assistant with the Lady Tigers for three years before becoming a full-time assistant in 1991–1998 under head coach Andrew Pennington.
JSU won two tournament championships, a regular-season championship and made one NCAA appearance. In fall 1998, Ivory accepted a similar position with Mississippi Valley State University as men's assistant coach under then head coach Lafayette Stribling, where they had several outstanding recruiting classes as well as several outstanding teams which competed for SWAC titles for consecutive years.
Ivory subsequently crossed the state line to become an assistant coach at UAPB in the fall of 2002 under then head coach Van Holt. Holt and staff led the Golden Lions to the finals of the SWAC Tournament in 2005–06.
In 2006–07, Ivory crossed another state line as he was hired as an assistant coach at Grambling State University under then Head Coach Larry Wright. In 2007–08 Ivory went back to his alma mater Mississippi Valley State University as an assistant coach under then head coach James Green, where they went on to win the SWAC Tournament Championship and advanced to the first round of the NCAA Tournament.
In the spring of 2008, Ivory was named the head coach of Arkansas-Pine Bluff. Prior to the start of his first season the Golden Lions were picked 9th in the SWAC's preseason poll, but UAPB went on to finish in 4th place in the SWAC during their 2008-09 campaign. Arkansas-Pine Bluff also completed conference play with a winning record for the first time in school history.
The 2009–10 basketball season brought about unprecedented success for the University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff men's basketball team. After starting the year 0-11, the Golden Lions finished the season with a remarkable run all the way to the NCAA tournament. The Golden Lions went 18-5 over the course of their last 23 games as they concluded the season with an 18-16 overall record.
UAPB won the 2010 SWAC Basketball Tournament Championship, marking the schools’ first title in over four decades (1967). Arkansas-Pine Bluff followed their undefeated SWAC tourney run with a victory over the Winthrop Eagles in the NCAA Opening Round game, snapping a 17-year conference losing streak in the NCAA tournament.
The Golden Lions eventually faced the NCAA National Champion Duke University basketball team in the first round of the tournament. Arkansas-Pine Bluff was the only Division I institution from the state of Arkansas to qualify for the NCAA tournament. For his teams outstanding accomplishments on the court Ivory was named the 2010 HSRN National Coach of the Year, becoming the first coach from Arkansas-Pine Bluff to be awarded such honors. While head coach George Ivory is still attempting to bring major young talent into the Golden Lions men's basketball roster, he is still having a standout career as one of the best coaches in UAPB history. Ivory was also recently inducted into the SWAC basketball hall of fame and as he continues to blaze new opportunities for his program, he looks forward to adding onto his winning percentage and his historical status as one of the greatest.
Head coaching record
References
1965 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Arkansas–Pine Bluff Golden Lions men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Mississippi
Basketball players from Mississippi
Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils basketball coaches
Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils basketball players
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30235214
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhampsinitus%20%28harvestman%29
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Rhampsinitus (harvestman)
|
Rhampsinitus is a genus of harvestmen in the family Phalangiidae.
Species
Rhampsinitus angulatus Lawrence, 1962
Rhampsinitus ater Roewer, 1912
Rhampsinitus bettoni (Pocock, 1903)
Rhampsinitus brevipalpis Lawrence, 1962
Rhampsinitus brevipes Kauri, 1962
Rhampsinitus capensis (Loman, 1898)
Rhampsinitus crassus Loman, 1898
Rhampsinitus cristatus Lawrence, 1931
Rhampsinitus discolor (Karsch, 1878)
Rhampsinitus echinodorsum Roewer, 1912
Rhampsinitus ephippiatus Roewer, 1956
Rhampsinitus fissidens Lawrence, 1933
Rhampsinitus flavidus Lawrence, 1931
Rhampsinitus forsteri Kauri, 1962
Rhampsinitus fuscinatus Roewer, 1956
Rhampsinitus granarius Roewer, 1916
Rhampsinitus hewittius (Roewer, 1956)
Rhampsinitus hispidus Roewer, 1911
Rhampsinitus ingae Kauri, 1962
Rhampsinitus keniatus (Roewer, 1956)
Rhampsinitus lalandei Simon, 1879
Rhampsinitus lawrencei Starega, 1984
Rhampsinitus leighi Pocock, 1903
Rhampsinitus levis Lawrence, 1931
Rhampsinitus longipalpis Lawrence, 1931
Rhampsinitus maculatus Kauri, 1962
Rhampsinitus morosianus Kauri, 1962
Rhampsinitus nubicolus Lawrence, 1963
Rhampsinitus pectinatus Roewer, 1956
Rhampsinitus qachasneki Kauri, 1962
Rhampsinitus quadridens Lawrence, 1949
Rhampsinitus quadrispina Roewer, 1911
Rhampsinitus salti Roewer, 1952
Rhampsinitus silvaticus Lawrence, 1931
Rhampsinitus soerenseni Mello-Leitão, 1944
Rhampsinitus scabrichelis Roewer, 1956
Rhampsinitus scutiger Roewer, 1956
Rhampsinitus somalicus Caporiacco, 1927
Rhampsinitus spenceri Pocock, 1903
Rhampsinitus spinifrons Roewer, 1915
Rhampsinitus suzukii H. Kauri, 1985
Rhampsinitus telifrons Pocock, 1903
Rhampsinitus tenebrosus Lawrence, 1938
Rhampsinitus traegardhi Kauri, 1962
Rhampsinitus transvaalicus Lawrence, 1931
Rhampsinitus unicolor Lawrence, 1931
Rhampsinitus vittatus Lawrence, 1931
References
Harvestman genera
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31179253
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izatha%20metadelta
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Izatha metadelta
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Izatha metadelta is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known from the North Island only. It is rare north of Waikato and the Bay of Plenty.
Taxonomy
This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1905 using three specimens collected in Wellington by George Hudson. The lectotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London. Hudson discussed and illustrated this species in his 1928 publication The Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand.
Description
The wingspan is 15–18.5 mm for males and 19–25.5 mm for females. Meyrick first described this species as follows:
Adults have been recorded in December, January and February.
Larvae have been reared from the under bark of dead Aristotelia serrata, from a rather dry, soft fallen branch of Hedycarya arborea and from unspecified damp, rotten wood on the ground.
References
External links
Image of Izatha metadelta
Oecophorinae
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Moths of New Zealand
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
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15894787
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20%28basketball%29
|
Alejandro González (basketball)
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Alejandro "Alejo" González Roig (born 5 January 1907 in Montevideo; died November 1979) was an Uruguayan basketball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Roig was part of the Uruguayan basketball team, which finished sixth in the Olympic tournament. He played all six matches.
References
External links
1907 births
1979 deaths
Basketball players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic basketball players of Uruguay
Uruguayan men's basketball players
Uruguayan people of Catalan descent
Sportspeople from Montevideo
Place of death missing
Date of death missing
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28148053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylopsocus%20gibbicollis
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Xylopsocus gibbicollis
|
Xylopsocus gibbicollis, common name "common auger beetle", is a species of beetle of the Bostrichidae family.
References
Bostrichidae
Beetles described in 1873
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3435381
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20Grande%20Zephyr
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Rio Grande Zephyr
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The Rio Grande Zephyr was a passenger train operated by Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (D&RGW or Rio Grande) between Denver, Colorado and Ogden, Utah from 1970 until 1983. In operation after the creation of publicly-funded Amtrak, the Rio Grande Zephyr was the last privately-operated interstate passenger train in the United States.
History
The train was a remnant of the original California Zephyr, which was jointly operated by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, and Western Pacific Railroad. This iteration of the Zephyr ended operations on March 22, 1970, when the Western Pacific discontinued its portion.
The Rio Grande Zephyr commenced operation using the D&RGW's portion of the California Zephyr route from Denver, Colorado to Salt Lake City, Utah. The route was extended to Ogden, Utah to allow for California-bound passengers to connect to the City of San Francisco and later the San Francisco Zephyr, which did not serve Salt Lake City. The Rio Grande Zephyr used mostly the same equipment and staff as was formerly used for the California Zephyr. Since the train was no longer an overnight affair, sleeping cars and a full baggage car were not required. The D&RGW sold its sleepers to the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México, while their one baggage car was sold to the Algoma Central Railway in Canada.
Amtrak planned to resume operation of the original California Zephyr on May 1, 1971. The D&RGW and Amtrak could not come to terms over a contract agreement, however, and, just four days before Amtrak began operations, Union Pacific's Overland Route was substituted for the Rio Grande's Moffat Tunnel Route. The Amtrak service was initially named the San Francisco Zephyr, as the route combined portions of the routes of the former California Zephyr and the City of San Francisco trains.
For twelve years, the Rio Grande Zephyr operated three days a week in each direction. It never operated on Wednesday. In 1983, the D&RGW reversed its earlier opposition and elected to join Amtrak, citing increasing losses in passenger operations. Amtrak re-routed the San Francisco Zephyr over the D&RGW's main line between Denver and Salt Lake City, Utah, which had been the original preferred route in 1971. The change was initially scheduled for April 25, but a mudslide at Thistle, Utah closed the D&RGW's main line and delayed the change until July 16. While the Utah portion of the line was closed, The Rio Grande Zephyr continued to operate on a truncated route between Denver and Grand Junction, Colorado until the train was discontinued on April 24, 1983. After the D&RGW tracks were re-opened, Amtrak revived the California Zephyr name.
The modern California Zephyr uses the route of the Rio Grande Zephyr from Denver to Salt Lake City; service to Ogden was discontinued. Intercity rail service between Salt Lake City and Ogden was still available via the Desert Wind and Pioneer passenger trains until these were discontinued in 1997. Passenger rail service between Ogden and Salt Lake City was restored in April 2008 with the startup of FrontRunner commuter trains.
Equipment used
The equipment used when the Rio Grande Zephyr began service was as follows:
EMD F9 locomotives (A-B or A-B-B)
Steam generator car rebuilt from an ALCo PB1
Combine 1230 or 1231
Coach – Silver Aspen
Coach - Silver Pine
Vista-Dome Coach – Silver Bronco
Vista-Dome chair car – Silver Pony
Vista-Dome chair car – Silver Colt
Vista-Dome chair car – Silver Mustang
Vista-Dome dormitory-buffet-lounge car – Silver Shop
Diner (48 seats) – Silver Banquet
Vista-Dome buffet-lounge-observation – Silver Sky
The combine, dome coach(es), dome lounge or diner, and dome-lounge-observation were always in the consist. The size and configuration of the train varied daily based on the number of tickets sold. All cars carried the prefix Silver in their name, a holdover from their days in California Zephyr service. Silver Aspen and Silver Pine were rebuilt in 1962–1963 from 16-section sleeping cars.
After the train was discontinued, several Silver cars were transferred to Amtrak, as other railroads had done at Amtrak's inception. However, by this time Amtrak was moving to retire its older, inherited railcars. These cars are referred to as its Heritage Fleet. As a result, the ex-Rio Grande Zephyr cars were never used in regular revenue service for Amtrak. The cars sent to Amtrak were dome coaches Silver Colt, Silver Mustang and Silver Pony, flat-top coaches Silver Aspen and Silver Pine, and dining car Silver Banquet. Unfortunately, due to a center sill crack in Silver Banquets frame, the car was soon scrapped.
In 1987, dome-buffet-dorm Silver Shop and dome-observation Silver Sky were traded to Via Rail Canada as part of a deal to re-equip the Rio Grande Ski Train with ex-Via Tempo cars. They were never operated by VIA. Silver Sky was sold in 2004 and Silver Shop was sold in 2006. Silver Sky is being renovated in Saginaw, Michigan by Bill Harman.
Dome-coach Silver Bronco was retained by the D&RGW, subsequently becoming the property of the railroad's parent company Ansco. In 2006, the Silver Bronco was sold by Ansco, becoming the last car built for the California Zephyr to pass into private ownership after spending all of its 57 years with the Rio Grande.
Communities served
From east to west, the communities with regular station stops on this train were:
Denver, Colorado
Granby, Colorado
Bond, Colorado
Glenwood Springs, Colorado
Rifle, Colorado
Grand Junction, Colorado
Thompson Springs, Utah
Green River, Utah
Price, Utah
Helper, Utah
Provo, Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
Ogden, Utah (A bus service eventually replaced the Salt Lake City–Ogden portion)
Notes
References
External links
California Zephyr on Railfan.net
California Zephyr Online Museum
Named passenger trains of the United States
Passenger trains of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad
Railway services introduced in 1970
Night trains of the United States
Railway services discontinued in 1983
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3810776
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proglas
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Proglas
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Proglas (Old Church Slavonic Glagolitic ⰒⰓⰑⰃⰎⰀⰔⰟ, Cyrillic Прогласъ; meaning Foreword) is the foreword to the Old Church Slavonic translation of the four Gospels. It was written by Saint Cyril in 863–867 in Great Moravia (present day Moravia and Slovakia). Proglas is considered to be the first poem in literary Old Church Slavonic.
See also
Wikisource has the complete text of Proglas (in modern transliteration)
Wikisource has the complete text of Proglas (in Cyrillic)
Wikisource has the complete text of Proglas (in Glagolitics)
External links
Translation into modern English and Slovak
Translation into modern Nitra language
Translation into modern Bulgarian
Translation into modern Czech
Translation into Interslavic
Old Church Slavonic literature
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28816078
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Magdalen%20Bentivoglio
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Mary Magdalen Bentivoglio
|
Mary Magdalen Bentivoglio (, 29 July 1834 – 18 August 1905) was an Italian nun of the Order of St. Clare of the Primitive Observance. She was sent to the United States to found the first monastery of the order in the country and eventually established three monastic communities there before her death. The cause for her possible canonization is now being studied by the Holy See, by which she has been granted the religious title of Servant of God.
Life
Early life
She was born Anna Maria Bentivoglio in Rome, the twelfth child of Count Domenico Bentivoglio of Bologna and of Angela Sandreda, an aristocrat of French descent, who called her Annetta. Her father was an officer in the Grande Armée during the Napoleonic Wars who later became a general in the Papal Army and Governor of Rome. As a young girl, she and her older sister Elena were enrolled at the school in the city run by the Society of the Sacred Heart, where another sister, Agata, was a member of the religious community. When her sister was transferred to teach at the Society's school in Turin in 1842, Bentivoglio was transferred to that school, where she studied for the next six years.
Bentivoglio grew up into a beautiful and independent young woman. After the death of her father (1851) and her mother (1860), however, out of regard for the count's service Pope Pius IX took responsibility for her and her two remaining unmarried sisters, Constanza and Matilda, and placed them under the guardianship of Cardinal Edoardo Borromeo, who established the young women in a monastery for the sake of propriety. Drawn to life in an enclosed religious order committed to strict poverty, when her two sisters entered the Monastery of San Lorenzo in Panisperna, the first Poor Clare monastery in the City of Rome, which followed the Rule of St. Clare as modified by Pope Urban IV, Anna Maria also sought admission. She was received on 16 July 1864 and received the religious habit on 4 October 1865, the feast day of St. Francis of Assisi.
Foundress in America
In 1875, after the Papal States' seizure by the Kingdom of Italy, like other religious communities, the Monastery of San Lorenzo faced closing by the new government. At that same time, Mother Ignatius Hayes, the English foundress of the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception in Little Falls, Minnesota, in the United States, sought to have a contemplative presence as part of her foundation. To this end, she went to Italy to enlist members of the cloistered Franciscan Second Order and approached the ecclesiastical authorities with this proposal. She visited the monastery in Rome, where several nuns volunteered to embark on this new venture. The Minister General of the Friars Minor, Bernardino da Portoguaro, gave his approval to the proposal and sought the permission of the Holy See to allow some nuns of the Order to leave their cloister to travel to America for this.
Bentivoglio, along with her sister, Constanza, was chosen to go to the United States by Pope Pius IX, who appointed Bentivoglio abbess of the new foundation and Constanza her vicaress, who were to be accompanied by a Franciscan friar, Paulino de Castellaro, who had appointed their spiritual director and chaplain. On 12 August 1875, Castellaro and Hayes went to the monastery to accompany the nuns to the Vatican Palace, where they attended the general audience of Pope Pius and received a special blessing by him. They then traveled to Nice in France, where they met the Minister General. At that point, he gave them formal documents of their commission to the endeavor and transferred the nuns from the Urbanist Observance of the Rule of St. Clare followed by the Monastery of San Lorenzo to that of the Primitive Observance, which followed the unmitigated Rule of St. Clare, and forbade corporate ownership of property by the nuns. They then went to the Poor Clare monastery in Marseille, which followed that form of the Rule of St. Clare, to familiarize themselves with its differences.
New York City
Hayes booked passage to the United States from there for the group. They boarded the steamer Castalia on 11 September and sailed for New York City. They
arrived there on 12 October of that year, Columbus Day. However, once there, Castellaro expressed misgivings in the project and advised the nuns to stay in New York and await further direction from the Minister General rather than proceeding to Minnesota with Hayes. Not knowing what to do, they followed this advice, relying for support on another priest, Isaac Hecker, founder of the Paulist Fathers. This wait lasted until June 1876, when Bernardino instructed them to abandon the plan for Hayes' foundation, as it would have included operating a school for poor girls, contrary to their commitment to the purely contemplative life. He further directed them to try to establish themselves in one of three dioceses in the United States.
Bentivoglio then approached Cardinal John McCloskey, the Archbishop of New York, to see if he would receive them to establish a monastic community in the Archdiocese. The cardinal declined to do so, telling her that an enclosed religious order was not compatible with the American way of life. The next archdiocese on the list, the Cincinnati did the same. In August 1876, the nuns went to Philadelphia, where they met the archbishop, who gave them hospitality in a house he owned, but eventually also declined their request. The two sisters then traveled around the region, seeking a diocese that would accept them. The bishops who they contacted would advise the nuns to switch to forming a community of active Religious Sisters involved in teaching or social service. The Bentivoglio sisters stayed committed to their monastic vocation, however.
New Orleans
Finally, at the imploring of a woman in New Orleans, who was a member of the Third Order of St. Francis, in December 1876 the Archbishop of New Orleans, Napoléon-Joseph Perché, invited the Bentivoglio sisters to establish their community there. This was their first formal invitation by an American diocese. They arrived in March 1877 and took possession of a cottage in the city. Their first two postulants quickly joined them, and the nuns began to plan the establishment of a monastery.
Cleveland
This was not to last, however, as the Franciscan Minister Provincial based in St. Louis, who had been delegated authority over the nuns, arrived that July and ordered them to leave New Orleans for Cleveland. The small community moved there in August 1877. Their residence was a converted cigar factory. Additionally, the friar soon advised them that they were to take in a group of Colettine Poor Clares exiled from Germany due to that nation's policy Kulturkampf, closing Catholic institutions. Furthermore, they were to use the German language and, contrary to the mandate of the Minister General, they were to observe the Colettine Rule.
When apprised of the Minister Provincial's insistence on the nun's following the German nuns' practices, in early 1878, they received a letter from him in which he advised them to leave, either returning to New Orleans or starting anew in another location. The Bentivoglio sisters left Cleveland on 27 February, accompanied by the three novices of the community. Upon the initiative of Constanza, they then split up to undertake fundraising and finding a new home.
Omaha
Constanza Bentivoglio and her companion set out for the West Coast, while Bentivoglio went back to New York City with her companions. In the course of the journey, Constanza met a wealthy Catholic, the philanthropist John A. Creighton, who made an offer to finance the cost of building a monastery there for the nuns. Constanza immediately wrote to Bentivoglio to advise her of this offer, who immediately contacted James O'Connor, the first Bishop of Omaha, whom she knew from their stay in Philadelphia. He officially welcomed the community, though he advised that he could not offer them any financial support. Her small group then traveled from New York to Omaha, where they arrived on 15 August 1878.
The nuns immediately began to organize the fundraising and planning necessary for the building of a monastery. The efforts needed for this were not inconsiderable, as the new building was destroyed by tornadoes twice while still under construction. The struggles succeeded, though, as Pope Pius IX issued a papal bull establishing the Poor Clare monastery of the Primitive Observance in the United States in Rome on 15 November 1881. The monastery then grew to the point where a new foundation was again made in New Orleans in 1885.
Later, after Bentivoglio's return to Omaha, one of the nuns made severe accusations against her and her sister of personal and financial impropriety. They were placed under interdict and were forced to leave the monastery to stay in a convent of the Sisters of Mercy, under whose supervision they lived. They had to undergo several legal proceedings, including one by the Vatican which lasted nearly two years, before they were cleared of all charges.
Evansville
Bentivoglio made her last foundation in Evansville, Indiana, in 1897, due to a bequest from a relative of one of the nuns. Appointing Constanza as abbess of the Omaha monastery, she led seven other nuns there to found the new monastery, which was dedicated on 12 August of that year, then the feast day of St. Clare. The early years of the community were not easy, as they had to live without any furniture at all, having only the crates in which their belongings had been packed. The nuns in the new community often survived on only bread and water.
Bentivoglio shared this struggle until her death there in 1905. Her sister Constanza had pre-deceased her in 1902.
Legacy and veneration
Bentivoglio's remains were exhumed in 1907, at which time they were found to be incorrupt. The same was true when they were again exhumed in 1932.
This was done due to the acceptance by the Holy See of her canonization for further study.
By the year 2000, over 20 Poor Clare monasteries in the United States and Canada traced their origins to Bentivoglio's labors. They had a combined membership of about 350 nuns.
See also
List of American saints and beatified people#List of American venerables
References
1834 births
1905 deaths
Members of Christian religious orders from Rome
Poor Clare abbesses
American Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian Servants of God
Venerated Catholics
19th-century venerated Christians
20th-century venerated Christians
Incorrupt saints
American Servants of God
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357541
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20television%20stations%20in%20Saskatchewan
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List of television stations in Saskatchewan
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This is a list of broadcast television stations serving cities in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.
Defunct stations
Channel 4: CHAB-TV - CBC - Moose Jaw
Channel 5: CKBI-TV - CBC - Prince Albert
Channel 5: CJFB-TV - CBC - Swift Current
Channel 5: CKOS-TV - CBC - Yorkton
Channel 11: CBKST - CBC - Saskatoon
See also
List of television stations in Canada
Media in Canada
References
Saskatchewan
Television stations
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12914549
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderlust%20%28Dragonlance%20novel%29
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Wanderlust (Dragonlance novel)
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Wanderlust is a fantasy novel set in the Dragonlance campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.
The novel was written by Steve Winter and Mary Kirchoff, based on characters and settings from Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman's Dragonlance Chronicles series. Published in 1991, it is the second volume of a six-part series on how the Companions first met.
Synopsis
This novel continues the story of Tanis Half-Elven and Flint Fireforge after they return to Flint's home in Solace. When the kender Tasslehoff Burrfoot accidentally pockets Flint's copper bracelet, Tanis defends the newcomer to Solace. However, when the bracelet turns out to be cursed, Flint and Tanis give chase, while Tasslehoff is able to keep one step ahead of them. A sinister stranger appears, causing even greater danger for the three of them.
Plot summary
Tanis Half-Elven now permanently resides in Solace years after his first meeting with Flint Fireforge in Qualinost. A newcomer, the kender, Tasslehoff Burrfoot arrives in Solace and befriends both Tanis and Flint (much to the dwarf's chagrin), after accidentally 'borrowing' a magical bracelet that the dwarf had just made. As the kender leaves town, he again somehow acquires the bracelet and offers it to a tinker, Gaesil, to return it to the dwarf. However the tinker is shortly thereafter fleeced by a con-artist named Delbridge, who claims the magical bracelet for himself.
A Dargonesti elf, named Princess Selana, locates Flint, Tanis and Tas (who has returned to Solace) and requests the magical bracelet that she had the dwarf create for her. Flint tells that the bracelet has been lost and the four journey to Tantallon, after hearing a rumour of the prophet Delbridge who can see the future through use of a magical bracelet. They arrive in Tantallon to find that Delbridge is now a zombie and that the local lord's son, Rostrevor Curston, has disappeared.
Lord Curston's wizard friend Balcombe now has the bracelet after executing Delbridge. Balcombe has kidnapped Rostrevor, to sacrifice to the evil God Hiddukel to end their bargain that they had made at the beginning of the novel where Hiddukel agrees to spare Balcombe's life in exchange for pure souls. As the party attempt to reclaim the bracelet, Selana is kidnapped and placed in a cave with Balcome's pet giant, Blu. The sea elf and giant become friends and plan to escape. Tanis, Flint and Tas encounter a group of Phaethons and ally with them to drive out Balcombe from their mountain range. The Phaethons and their friends infiltrate Balcombe's lair, and with the aid of the giant Blu, rescue Rostrevor and Selana, and trap Balcombe in a magical gem. Tas unwittingly uses the magical gem and sacrifices Balcombe's soul to Hiddukel.
References
External links
Wanderlust at Wizards.com
1991 American novels
American fantasy novels
Dragonlance novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailes%20Abbey
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Hailes Abbey
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Hailes Abbey is a former Cistercian abbey, in the small village of Hailes, two miles northeast of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England. It was founded in 1246 as a daughter establishment of Beaulieu Abbey. The abbey was dissolved by Henry VIII in 1539. Little remains of the abbey. It is a Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument.
The site is owned by the National Trust but managed by English Heritage. There is a museum on the site holding many artefacts from the Abbey.
History
The abbey was founded in 1246 by Richard of Cornwall, the younger brother of King Henry III of England. Richard was elected by the German Princes as Holy Roman Emperor but Pope Alexander IV refused him use of the title, henceforth he was styled King of the Romans. Richard founded the abbey to thank God after surviving a shipwreck. Richard had been granted the manor of Hailes by King Henry, and settled it with a group of twenty Cistercian monks and ten lay brothers, lead by Prior Jordan, from Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire. The great Cistercian abbey was entirely built in a single campaign in 1277, and was consecrated in a royal ceremony that included the King and Queen and 15 bishops. It was one of the last Cistercian houses to be founded in England.
Hailes Abbey became a site of pilgrimage after Richard's son Edmund donated to the Cistercian community a phial of the Holy Blood, purchased in Germany, in 1270. Such a relic of the Crucifixion was a considerable magnet for pilgrimage. From the proceeds, the monks of Hailes were able to rebuild the Abbey on a magnificent scale. One Abbot of Hailes was executed as a rebel after the Battle of Bramham Moor, in 1408.
Though King Henry VIII's commissioners declared the famous relic to be nothing but the blood of a duck, regularly renewed, and though the Abbot, Stephen Sagar, admitted that the Holy Blood was a fake in hope of saving the Abbey, Hailes Abbey was one of the last religious institutions to acquiesce following the Dissolution Act of 1536. The Abbot and his monks finally surrendered their abbey to Henry's commissioners on Christmas Eve 1539.
After the Dissolution, the west range consisting of the Abbot's own apartments was converted into a house and was home to the Tracy family in the seventeenth century, but these buildings were later demolished and now all that remains are a few low arches in a meadow with outlines in the grass. Surviving remains include the small church for the disappeared parish, with unrestored medieval wall-paintings.
In 1937 the site was donated to the National Trust and in 1948 the Ministry of Works, a predecessor of English Heritage, assumed responsibility for the abbey.
Burials
Among those buried at the Abbey were the founder, Richard of Cornwall, his second wife, Sanchia of Provence, and his sons, Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall and Henry of Almain.
Hailes Church
Outside the remains of the Abbey is Hailes Church. The church is older than the abbey, and was consecrated in 1175. It later served as the capella ante portas (Latin for 'chapel outside the gates') to the Abbey until the Abbey's dissolution in 1539. Inside the church are fine 14th-century wall paintings depicting St Catherine and St Christopher, on the north wall, and St Margaret and coursing scenes, on the south. The church is also a Grade I listed building. The church is part of the Winchcombe benefice and occasional services are held.
See also
Ashridge Priory, Hertfordshire which also received a relic of the Holy Blood
Hailes Castle, Gloucestershire
Hayles Abbey Halt railway station
References
External links
Hailes Abbey information at English Heritage
Hailes Abbey: place of pilgrimage on Google Arts & Culture
Detailed historical record for Hailes Abbey
Religious organizations established in the 1240s
1539 disestablishments in England
English Heritage sites in Gloucestershire
Cistercian monasteries in England
National Trust properties in Gloucestershire
Tourist attractions in Gloucestershire
Monasteries in Gloucestershire
Grade I listed churches in Gloucestershire
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
Museums in Gloucestershire
Religious museums in England
1245 establishments in England
Grade I listed monasteries
Ruins in Gloucestershire
Stanway, Gloucestershire
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation
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26139574
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pityopus
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Pityopus
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Pityopus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae containing the single species Pityopus californicus, which is known by the common name pinefoot.
Distribution
The plant is native to the mountains of the West Coast of the United States below in elevation, from Washington to the Bay Area in California. It is uncommon throughout its range.
It grows in coniferous and mixed forest types. Habitats include mixed evergreen forest, yellow pine forest, red fir forest, and coastal coniferous forest.
Description
Pityopus californicus, a perennial herb, is a mycoheterotroph, parasitizing fungi for nutrients. It is cream or white in color, lacking chlorophyll. It is the smallest mycotroph in the heath family.
It produces a fleshy stemless peduncle above the leaf litter of the forest floor, reaching no more than 10 centimeters tall. It is covered with scale-like leaves, reduced as they do not perform photosynthesis.
The above ground portion of the plant is essentially just inflorescence, with 2 to 11 cylindrical white flowers blooming for a short time. The flower has four or five white petals and a hairy throat. The bloom period is May to July.
It produces a berry under a centimeter wide containing many seeds. The mature plant has a scent reminiscent of Brie cheese, which may serve to attract pollinators. After fruiting the plant withers away until the following flowering season.
References
External links
Calflora Database: Pityopus californicus (pinefoot)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Pityopus californicus
USDA Plants Profile
Botanical Society Parasitic Plant Pages
Monotropoideae
Monotypic Ericaceae genera
Parasitic plants
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Washington (state)
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
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32432806
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley%2C%20Wisconsin
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Valley, Wisconsin
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Valley is an unincorporated community in the town of Forest, Vernon County, Wisconsin, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Vernon County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
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9564055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templemore%2C%20Clonmore%20and%20Killea
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Templemore, Clonmore and Killea
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Templemore, Clonmore and Killea is an ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly. The parish includes the town of Templemore and the nearby villages of Clonmore and Killea in County Tipperary.
Churches of the parish
Churches in the parish are:
The Church of the Sacred Heart, Templemore
St Anne's Church, Clonmore
St James' Church, Killea.
Church of the Sacred Heart
On 1 January 1877, the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, Dr Thomas Croke, laid the foundation stone for the Church of the Sacred Heart. It was opened in 1883. This Gothic revival church, designed by George Ashlin, is largely intact inside."This building has been erected to replace the old parish church, which was ruinous. It is built of dark limestone, with light yellowish freestone dressings. The nave columns are of Aberdeen granite, the remainder of the internal stonework being of local freestone. The width across nave and aisles is 48ft., and the length 120ft. The works are being carried out by day’s work, under Mr. Redmond as foreman. The cost will be about £4,000. The architect is Mr. G. E. Ashlin, Dublin."
The spire was not completed until 1905. It was built on the site of a former residential Erasmus Smith school. The first Mass in it was celebrated by Fr (later Canon) Meagher on Saturday 28 July 1883. The building formerly used as a church, at the south-eastern end of Main Street, was transformed in 1890 into a school and now forms the part of Our Lady's Secondary School situated immediately inside the entrance gate.
Design
The church was designed by George Ashlin, a prolific Irish architect known for building many churches and cathedrals throughout Ireland. It is built in a Gothic revival style on the site of a former Erasmus Smith school. The land was donated by Sir John Craven Carden, Baronet of Templemore. The church is a detached building with a 3-stage tower and spire above the main entrance. The tower features gargoyles, sculpted pinnacles, and an ashlar limestone spire. The pitched roofs are slated with terracotta ridge cresting. Stained glass windows were designed and built by Franz Mayer & Co. and Earley and Company. There are 8 window bays along each side of the nave. There are 2 side aisles with gabled porches and 2-bay transepts. There is a half-octagonal apse. The sacristy lies to the south east, with a side chapel at the north east. The nave columns are of Aberdeen granite, the remainder of the internal stonework being of local freestone. The width across nave and aisles is 48 ft., and the length 120 ft.
Religious institutions
The Sisters of Mercy arrived in the town in 1863. Their convent is located at Church Avenue, Templemore. In the previous century, they provided a primary school (for girls) and a secondary school (for girls) both for day pupils and boarders. The sisters are no longer active in the teaching profession in the town.
The Christians Brothers community is no longer active in the teaching profession in the town. The monastery has been turned over to the parish for use as a Community Care Centre. In the 20th century, they provided a primary school (for boys) and a secondary school (for boys) on a day-pupil only basis.
The two secondary schools were merged in 1986 and now operate as Our Lady's Secondary School, Templemore.
The town cemetery was opened in 1861 and was consecrated by Archbishop Patrick Leahy.
Sport
J.K. Bracken's GAC is the parish's Gaelic Athletic Association club.
References
Parishes of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly
Templemore
1883 establishments in Ireland
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41365933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n%20Soria
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Ramón Soria
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Ramón Soria Alonso (born 7 March 1989) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defender.
Club career
Early career
Soria spent five seasons developing with Villareal, which included one year with their reserve team for the 2008-2009 season. Soria would then join RCD Mallorca B from 2009-2011 where he also served as captain. Over the next three seasons Soria would play for three different Spanish clubs - Albacete Balompié, FC Jove Español and Teruel, before spending a short time in Norway with Gjøvik FF.
Ottawa Fury
Soria signed with NASL club Ottawa Fury FC as their first defender in the club's history on December 13, 2013.
Celje
In February 2016, Soria signed with Slovenian PrvaLiga club NK Celje.
Puerto Rico FC
In March 2016, Soria signed for NASL expansion side Puerto Rico.
Formentera
On 30 January 2018, Soria returned to Spain to sign with Segunda B side SD Formentera until the end of the season. He made 15 league appearances for Formentera and scored one goal.
FC Edmonton
On 31 January 2019, Soria signed with Canadian Premier League side FC Edmonton. On February 9, 2022, the club announced that Soria and all but two other players would not be returning for the 2022 season.
International career
Soria has represented Spain at the U16, and U17 levels, including at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Luxembourg where Spain finished third.
Career statistics
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Spanish footballers
Footballers from Alicante (city)
Spanish expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Expatriate soccer players in Canada
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Expatriate footballers in Slovenia
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Expatriate footballers in Puerto Rico
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Puerto Rico
Villarreal CF players
RCD Mallorca B players
Albacete Balompié players
Ottawa Fury FC players
NK Celje players
Puerto Rico FC players
FC Edmonton players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Norwegian Second Division players
North American Soccer League players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Canadian Premier League players
Spain youth international footballers
SD Formentera players
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12201516
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATLiens%20%28song%29
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ATLiens (song)
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"ATLiens" is the second single from hip-hop group Outkast's second studio album of the same name. It is a double A-Side single, alongside a further track from the album, "Wheelz of Steel". Both songs were written and produced by OutKast. The song appeared on the FOX series New York Undercover. The single peaked at #35 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Track listing
CD Single
"ATLiens" (Album Version) – 3:50
"Wheelz of Steel" (Album Version) – 4:03
Maxi Single
"ATLiens" (Album Version) – 3:50
"Wheelz of Steel" (Album Version) – 4:03
"ATLiens" (Instrumental) – 3:50
"Wheelz of Steel" (Instrumental) – 4:03
Atliens - Remix CD Single
"ATLiens" (Bad Boy Remix) – 6:15
"ATLiens" (Bad Boy Instrumental) – 6:15
"ATLiens" (Bad Boy Alternative Mix) – 5:08
"Wheelz of Steel" (Remix) – 4:16
12" Vinyl Single
"ATLiens" (Clean Version) – 3:50
"ATLiens" (Album Version) – 3:50
"ATLiens" (Album Instrumental) – 3:50
"ATLiens" (Album Acapella) – 3:58
"Wheelz of Steel" (Clean Version) – 4:03
"Wheelz of Steel" (Album Version) – 4:03
"Wheelz of Steel" (Album Instrumental) – 4:03
"Wheelz of Steel" (Album Acapella) – 4:12
Charts
References
1996 singles
1996 songs
Outkast songs
LaFace Records singles
Songs written by Big Boi
Songs written by André 3000
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15010607
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Route%2025%20in%20South%20Carolina
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U.S. Route 25 in South Carolina
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U.S. Route 25 (US 25) is a U.S. Highway that travels from Brunswick, Georgia to the Kentucky–Ohio state line, where Covington, Kentucky meets Cincinnati, Ohio at the Ohio River. In the U.S. state of South Carolina, it travels south to north in the western part of the state, serving the northern part of the Augusta metropolitan area, Greenwood, and Greenville on its path from North Augusta to North Carolina in the Saluda Mountains, near Travelers Rest.
Route description
ADHS corridor W
US 25, from I-85 to the North Carolina state line, is part of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS), which is part of Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). Of the section of US 25, only was authorized for ADHS funding. In the 2013 fiscal year, South Carolina completed Corridor W and also became the first state to complete its entire ADHS miles among all 13 Appalachian states. The entire section of US 25 along Corridor W boasts a four-to-six-lane limited-access road, with interchanges at major intersections.
History
Established in 1928 as an original U.S. Highway, it was assigned to the entirety of SC 21, which was removed the same year. Traveling closely as it does today, it went from North Augusta to Travelers Rest, connecting the cities and towns of Edgefield, Greenwood, Ware Shoals, and Greenville.
In 1937, US 25 was rerouted in Greenville, moving onto College Avenue from Main Street to Buncombe Street. By 1961, US 25 was moved onto a new bypass east of North Augusta, leaving US 25 Bus. In 1963, Ware Shoals was bypassed east, leaving another US 25 Bus. In 1964, US 25 was rerouted onto new primary routing east of Travelers Rest, leaving Main Street to US 276 and Poinsett Highway downgraded to secondary (today now an unsigned US 25 Conn).
By 1969, US 25 was rerouted onto a western bypass of Greenville, replacing SC 250; the old alignment was replaced by US 25 Bus. Also in the same year, US 25 was given its current eastern bypass around Greenwood, leaving US 25 Bus along its old alignment along Main and Montague Streets. In 1973, US 25 was rerouted in northern Greenville County onto new modern ascent along the Saluda Mountains; the old route was downgraded to secondary (Old Highway 25 - S-23-969).
South Carolina Highway 21
South Carolina Highway 21 (SC 21) was an original state highway that was established on a path from the Georgia state line at North Augusta to the North Carolina state line at Caesars Head State Park, northwest of Cleveland.
In about 1925, the portion north of Travelers Rest was shifted to the east, replacing the path of SC 29, with its northern terminus at the North Carolina state line at a point north-northeast of Cleveland. Its former path became SC 211 and is now part of US 276.
By the end of 1926, the path of the highway between Edgefield and Kirksey was re-routed, replacing part of SC 43.
In 1928, SC 21 was decommissioned, with its path replaced by US 25.
Major intersections
See also
Special routes of U.S. Route 25
References
External links
US 25 at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex
South Carolina
25
Transportation in Aiken County, South Carolina
Transportation in Edgefield County, South Carolina
Transportation in Greenwood County, South Carolina
Transportation in Laurens County, South Carolina
Transportation in Greenville County, South Carolina
North Augusta, South Carolina
Greenwood, South Carolina
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40845094
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerotechnik%20WGM.21
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Aerotechnik WGM.21
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The Aerotechnik WGM.21 is a quadrotor helicopter that was developed in the 1970s.
Design and development
The WGM.21 is an open cockpit quadrotor. Four rotors are mounted at the end of a four tubular supports arranged into a X shape. Cyclic and collective controls are mixed into a single control yoke. Pitch is controlled by foot pedals. A second model, the WGM.22, was developed with side-by-side configuration seating and an enclosed cockpit.
Variants
WGM.21
Single seat prototype
WGM.22
Two seat enclosed version
Aircraft on display
Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg - prototype
Specifications (WGM.21)
References
Quadrotors
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44570335
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20Advocates%20for%20Fair%20Education
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Young Advocates for Fair Education
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Young Advocates for Fair Education (YAFFED) is an advocacy group dedicated to improving secular education in Haredi Jewish (especially Hasidic) schools. The group advocates for curricular changes within schools, in compliance with New York State law.
Members
YAFFED was founded in 2012 by Naftuli Moster, a former member of Brooklyn's Belz Hasidic community. Moster grew up in Borough Park, Brooklyn, one of 17 children in a Hasidic family. Yiddish was his first language. He attended a yeshiva in Borough Park where secular studies were almost non-existent.
Mission
YAFFED's aim is to improve educational curricula within ultra-Orthodox schools, in compliance with New York State Law. They work to raise awareness about the importance of general studies education, and encourage elected officials, Department of Education officials, and the leadership of the ultra-Orthodox world to act responsibly in preparing their youth for economic sufficiency, and for broad access to the resources of the modern world. Their stated mission is to ensure that all students receive the critical tools and skillsets needed for long-term personal growth and self-sufficient futures.
Under New York state law, private schools, including yeshivas, are required to provide curricula that are "substantially equivalent" to those provided in the public schools. According to The New York Jewish Week, while public schools are required to provide at least five hours of education per day, many Hasidic yeshivas only provide 90 minutes of secular education per day to boys, and no secular education to them at all after the age of about 13.
According to Moster, YAFFED's strategy has been "to get people from within the Hasidic community to speak up and demand a change in the current education system, where 14-year-olds spend 14 hours a day without learning a single word of English, math, science, history, or geography".
The Jerusalem Post has noted that YAFFED is one of several Jewish activist organizations around the globe, including Israel, the U.S., U.K., Canada, and Belgium, who are working towards having Hasidic yeshivas meet the general standards of secular education.
Activities
YAFFED has advertised its mission by use of billboard advertisements and social media campaigns. One billboard quoted a Mishnaic source, alongside the message: "It's your mitzvah. It's the law."
YAFFED is currently exploring legal avenues through which to pressure schools to improve secular education.
In the summer of 2015, YAFFED organized a letter writing campaign directed at district superintendents and the New York State Education Department, to inform them of serious concerns regarding the education in numerous Hasidic yeshivas. The DOE subsequently announced an investigation into the matter.
YAFFED has stated that if it does not receive an adequate response from the local government, it will explore taking the matter to civil court. YAFFED is seeking to represent parents from within the communities who have children currently enrolled in the schools.
According to the Jewish Week, a spokesman for Attorney General Eric Schneiderman declined to comment because the issue might "be the subject of future litigation". The New York State Education Department referred the matter to the New York City Department of Education.
The NYC Department of Education (DOE) announced, in 2015, that it would investigate allegations that nearly 40 ultra-Orthodox Jewish schools, or yeshivas, in New York City were failing to meet state education requirements. But nine months later, the DOE refused to provide any evidence that the investigation had actually begun. Thereafter, YAFFED began an "evidence drive" collecting materials from "yeshiva graduates of Hasidic yeshivas and parents of current yeshiva students" that would demonstrate whether Hasidic schools in New York are meeting state-mandated secular education requirements. YAFFED states that it has already collected such materials as textbooks with certain subjects "blacked out", and report cards for boys of high school age that listed, "no secular subjects at all".
The investigation was still ongoing in August 2018, stymied by the refusal of half of the yeshivas under investigation to allow DOE investigators entry. Richard Carranza, the New York City schools chancellor, promised that "appropriate follow-up action" would be undertaken.
In April 2018, a bill was passed, pushed through the state legislature by state Sen. Simcha Felder, a Democrat who has caucused with Republicans, that puts ultra-Orthodox yeshivas under the authority of the state, rather than local education officials, called the Felder amendment. In July 2018, YAFFED filed a federal lawsuit against Democratic Gov. Andrew Cuomo and state education officials over the Felder amendment, claiming that the Felder Amendment violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment by giving special treatment to yeshivos, and also guaranteeing that one of the metropolitan area's fastest-growing student populations will continue to receive "a sub-standard secular education". YAFFED argued that it was unconstitutional for the New York City and State Education Departments to credit yeshivos for the learning that takes place during the limudei kodesh portion of the school day.
In November 2018, the state education department released new guidelines on the substantial equivalency rule, under what all private schools, including religious schools, are supposed to be inspected by local public school authorities every five years.
In January 2019, U.S. District Judge Leo Glasser has dismissed YAFFED's lawsuit over the so-called Felder amendment, ruling that the group lacks standing to sue over it.
Glasser implied in his ruling that the new state guidelines might render the group's lawsuit moot. He said that under the new guidelines, the schools covered by the Felder amendment will be required to comply with "all of the same curriculum and hour requirements applicable to other private schools", and will face additional requirements related to the religious portion of the schools' curriculum.
Moster said he disagreed. "The revised guidelines embody the separate and preferential treatment of ultra-Orthodox yeshivas, regardless of how the leaders of those schools feel about the guidelines", Moster said in a statement. He said the group will press forward "in reforming the unjust system".
The pro-yeshiva group, Parents for Educational and Religious Liberty in Schools (PEARLS), said it applauded Glasser's decision. "YAFFED's campaign of harassment of the yeshivas must end", the group said in a statement.
Community response
For many in the Haredi Jewish community, YAFFED is viewed negatively because it works outside of the religious community's power structure. Ami Magazine, an ultra-Orthodox weekly magazine published internationally, apologized for publishing a YAFFED advertisement.
The Jewish Week reported that the major Haredi umbrella organizations, as well as some local yeshivas, have declined to comment on the issue. The paper interviewed local community members in support of the organization's efforts, but those interviewed spoke on condition of anonymity, for fear of community backlash.
The members in the Hasidic community have publicly responded to YAFFED by outlining their concerns over the effects on religious Jewish education by government intervention. Additionally, community members expressed concern over additional costs being placed on yeshivas and parents, and have pointed to failings of the public school system, rather than yeshiva education requirements, as being more of a concern for government.
YAFFED has responded by pointing out the degree to which critics agree that the lack of secular education in Hasidic schools is seriously challenging the funding argument.
See also
Naftuli Moster
Haredi Judaism
Yeshiva
Jewish education
Religious education
Torah Judaism
Freedom of education
Private school
Independent school
Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools
References
External links
YAFFED Official Website
Parents for Educational and Religious Liberty in Schools: PEARLS NY
"The Court Has Spoken // Attorney Avi Schick explains the YAFFED Litigation Decision". Ami Magazine
Jewish education in the United States
Advocacy groups in the United States
Jewish organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in New York (state)
Hasidic Judaism in New York (state)
2012 establishments in New York (state)
Organizations established in 2012
Anti-Orthodox Judaism sentiment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mistress%20%28TV%20series%29
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The Mistress (TV series)
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The Mistress is a British sitcom that aired on BBC2 from 1985 to 1987. Starring Felicity Kendal and Jane Asher, it was written by Carla Lane.
The Mistress features Kendal playing Maxine, a young florist who is having an affair with a married man, whose wife was played by Jane Asher. It was disliked by some viewers, who were unhappy at seeing Felicity Kendal, who was best known as the innocent Barbara Good, playing a woman sleeping with someone else's husband.
Plot
Maxine is the manager of a florist shop and is having an affair with married man Luke Carpenter. His wife Helen, played by Jane Asher, is totally unaware of the affair. While Maxine occasionally feels guilty and insecure about the affair, she is a generally optimistic and happy person.
Cast
Felicity Kendal – Maxine Mansel (Maxine – series 2)
Jack Galloway – Luke Carpenter (series 1) (called Luke Mansel in Series 2)
Peter McEnery – Luke (series 2) (Luke Mansel in Series 2)
Jane Asher – Helen Carpenter (called Helen Mansel in Series 2)
Tony Aitken – Simon
Jenny McCracken – Jenny (series 1)
Paul Copley – Jamie (series 2)
Peggy Sirr – Jo
Production
Similar to Carla Lane's other sitcoms, including Butterflies and Solo (which also starred Felicity Kendal), The Mistress has a serious theme – that of an affair. The series was produced and directed by Gareth Gwenlan. The Mistress was filmed in Bath, Somerset, the florist shop being in Abbey Green, Bath and Maxine's house location at 26 St Mark's Road, Bath.
After the lukewarm response to Series 1 over the subject matter, Series 2 was attempted to be rounded out slightly, still retaining the thread of having an affair, but serving as a more general comedy. These attempted improvements proved to be in vain however, and the series was axed after Series 2, never to be repeated.
Episodes
The Mistress aired for two series, each of six 30 minute episodes, from 17 January 1985 to 26 February 1987. The episodes originally at 9.00pm on Thursdays on BBC2.
Series One (1985)
Series Two (1987)
DVD releases
The two series of The Mistress will be released in a boxset in Region 2 (UK) on 10 March 2014.
References
External links
1985 British television series debuts
1987 British television series endings
1980s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightfoot
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Lightfoot
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Lightfoot may refer to:
Lightfoot (surname)
Lightfoot (lacrosse), Native American lacrosse player
Lightfoot, Virginia, an area of York County that is west of Williamsburg, VA
Operation Lightfoot, part of the Second Battle of El Alamein
Lightfoot House, a Grade II listed building in the UK named after the bishop
Light-foot, the time taken for light to travel one foot; List of unusual units of measurement#Light-distance
Lori Lightfoot, 56th Mayor of Chicago
Entertainment
Ardy Lightfoot, a 1993 Super NES game
Sammy Lightfoot, a 1983 multiplatform video game by SierraVision
Lightfoot (Transformers), an Autobot character from the Transformers fictional series
Lightfoot (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
Captain Lightfoot, a 1955 film starring Rock Hudson
Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, a 1974 film starring Clint Eastwood
Lightfoot!, the 1966 debut album by Gordon Lightfoot
Light-Foot, a 1959 jazz album by Lou Donaldson
"Lightfoot", a song by The Guess Who from Wheatfield Soul
Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian singer-songwriter
Prince Lightfoot, one of the main characters of The Unicorn Chronicles book series; a unicorn who is the dearest friend of Cara Diana Hunter
See also
Gary "Litefoot" Davis, American actor and businessman
Footlight (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%20Meigh%20Peek
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Bertrand Meigh Peek
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Bertrand Meigh Peek M.A. FRAS (1891 – 1965) was a British astronomer.
Peek used an observatory at Solihull, Birmingham, England, from 1923 until 1947 to make a series of observations (with notes published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.) The observatory was dismantled in 1947. Among the targets of his observations was the planet Jupiter, and he served as British Astronomical Association Mars Section director (1930-1931) Saturn Section director (1934-1935), and Jupiter Section director (1934-1949). He served as president of the BAA from 1938 until 1940.
From 1946 until 1955 he taught at Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys, Canterbury, where he led the Astronomical Society. He retired through ill health and died in 1965.
In 1958 he published The Planet Jupiter, a treatise on the giant planet based on visual observations of the planet by the Jupiter Section of the BAA. (A revised version of this book was published in 1981.)
Based on notes provided by his son Brian to the BAA, Bertrand Peek:
was a three-time winner of the Cambridge mathematics prize;
was a Cambridge tennis champion;
was a team member of the Anglo-Soviet chess match;
served as a Major in the Hampshire Regiment during World War I;
was a yachtsman;
composed music;
was knowledgeable in early radio technology.
The Moon crater Peek is named after him.
Notes
External links
1891 births
1965 deaths
20th-century British astronomers
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62519591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Lund%C3%A9n
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Hans Lundén
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Hans Lundén (born 13 August 1957) is a Swedish water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
1957 births
Living people
Swedish male water polo players
Olympic water polo players of Sweden
Water polo players at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Stockholm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20aviation
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Commercial aviation
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Commercial aviation is the part of civil aviation that involves operating aircraft for remuneration or hire, as opposed to private aviation.
Definition
Commercial aviation is not a rigorously defined category. All Commercial Air Transport and Aerial Work operations are regarded as commercial aviation, as well as some General Aviation flights.
Commercial Air Transport is defined as an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire. It includes scheduled and non-scheduled air transport operations. Aerial Work is defined as an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, advertisement, etc. General Aviation includes commercial activities such as corporate and business aviation, as well as non-commercial activities such as recreational flying.
Most commercial aviation activities require at minimum a commercial pilot licence (CPL), and some require an airline transport pilot licence (ATPL). In the United States the pilot in command of a scheduled air carriers' aircraft must hold an ATPL. In the UK, pilots must hold an ATPL before they be pilot in command of an aircraft with 9 or more passenger seats.
Not all activities involving pilot remuneration require a commercial pilot licence. For example, in Europe it is possible to become a paid flight instructor with only a private pilot licence. Nonetheless, in the United Kingdom flight instruction is considered a commercial operation.
It is the purpose of the flight, not the aircraft or pilot, that determines whether the flight is commercial or private. For example, if a commercially licensed pilot flies a plane to visit a friend or attend a business meeting, this would be a private flight. Conversely, a private pilot could legally fly a multi-engine complex aircraft carrying passengers for non-commercial purposes (no compensation paid to the pilot, and a pro rata or larger portion of the aircraft operating expenses paid by the pilot).
History
United States
Origins
Harry Bruno and Juan Trippe were early promoters of commercial aviation.
The Air Commerce Act of 1926 began to regularize commercial aviation by establishing standards, facilitation, and promotion. An Aeronautical Branch was established in the Department of Commerce with William P. MacCracken Jr. as director. To promote commercial aviation, he told town fathers that "Communities without airports would be communities without airmail."
Writing for Collier's in 1929, he noted "Commercial aviation is the first industry inspired by hero-worship and built upon heros". He cited the promotion in South America by Herbert Dargue in early 1927. After his 1927 trans-Atlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh made a tour of the 48 States paid for by the Guggenheim Foundation for the Promotion of Aeronautics. From that point commercial aviation took off:
Roads were choked on Sundays, for weeks afterward, by motorists trying to get to Lambert Field, Lindbergh's home port in Saint Louis, to buy their first air hop. Hundreds of thousands of you went aloft for the first time that summer.
The Aeronautical Branch was charged with issuing commercial pilot licenses, airworthiness certificates, and with investigating air accidents.
After 1945
After World War II, commercial aviation grew rapidly, using mostly ex-military aircraft to transport people and cargo. The experience used in designing heavy bombers such as the B-29 and Avro Lancaster could be used for designing heavy commercial aircraft. The DC-3 also made for easier and longer commercial flights. The first commercial jet airliner to fly was the British de Havilland Comet. By 1952, the British state airline BOAC had introduced the Comet into scheduled service. While a technical achievement, the plane suffered a series of highly public failures, as the shape of the windows led to cracks due to metal fatigue. The fatigue was caused by cycles of pressurization and depressurization of the cabin, and eventually led to catastrophic failure of the plane's fuselage. By the time the problems were overcome, other jet airliner designs had already taken to the skies.
Latin America
Pre-war
Inspired by the major players such as the United States, the Soviet Union, Russia, France and Britain in the aviation industry. In 1910s, Brazil and Argentina were among the first Latin American countries to possess the instruments of aircraft that were not all locally made, yet the aircraft was locally congregated. At that time, many individuals were interested to be pilots in Latin American countries, yet there were not sufficient resources and funding to support and promote the best interests of the aviation industry. Amidst these obstacles, Argentina and Dominican Republic made efforts in creating jet aviation rather than creating and using propeller planes. In 1944, the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation attended by all Latin American countries except Argentina drafted the clauses of aviation law. The introduction of the jet fighter F-80 by the U.S. in 1945 pushed the Latin American countries even further away from development of aviation industry because it was simply expensive to recreate the sophisticated technology of F-80.
Post-war
The Latin American Civil Aviation Commission (LACAC) was formed in December 1973 "intended to provide civil aviation authorities in the region with an adequate framework for cooperation and coordination of activities related to civil aviation". In 1976, about seven percent of the world logged in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This contributed to the increase of average annual rate of air traffic. Subsequently, higher passenger load factor decided the profitability of these airlines.
According to C. Bogolasky, Airline pooling agreements between Latin American airlines contributed to better financial performance of the airlines. The economic problems related to the "airline capacity regulation, regulation of non-scheduled operations, tariff enforcement, high operating costs, passenger and cargo rates."
Corporate social responsibility
Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) comprises an umbrella of responsibilities of an organization towards its community, stakeholders and shareholders. Organizations who are socially responsible fulfill their Triple Bottom Line obligations and dedicate efforts to minimize negative impact on stakeholders and shareholders. According to "The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility" by Archie B. Carroll, there are four steps of social responsibility. First, economic responsibility of an organization is to produce profit and maximize the growth of an organization. Second, legal responsibility of an organization is to be compliant with all the laws and regulations. Third, ethical responsibility of an organization to create and follow standards of right decision making considering how it affects all the stakeholders. Fourth, philanthropic responsibility of an organization to help the community and stakeholders by "giving back". The extent of fulfilling the four responsibilities define the corporate citizenship of an organization.
Delta and LATAM Airlines were the only two airlines listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. LATAM being the only airline company in the world to achieve 100% scores for efficiency, reliability and climate strategy in their corporate sustainability assessment. LATAM promotes their corporate citizenship in their 2016 Sustainability report. LATAM is affiliated with 6 countries which are Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, and Peru. LATAM accounts for 95% of South America's air traffic.
See also
Airliner
Direct flight
Domestic flight
Environmental impact of aviation (including effects on climate change)
International flight
Mainline
Non-stop flight
Private aviation
References
External links
Transport Canada Flight Test Guide – Commercial Pilot License – Aeroplane
Commercial aviation
Civil aviation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajhon%20Mailata
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Tajhon Mailata
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{{Use New Zealand
Played for hurricanes
English|date=December 2015}}
Tajhon Smallman Mailata (born 21 January 1986 in Auckland, New Zealand) currently plays rugby union for the Wellington Lions having transferred from the Bay of Plenty Steamers just prior to the 2010 season. Before relocating to New Zealand he played for Australian team Western Force.
He stands at 184 cm and weighs 94 kg, and his favoured position is fullback. He has been referred to as a "dazzling runner with ball in hand".
Moving to Australia with his family in 1996, Tajhon attended Brisbane's Nudgee College, winning an undefeated premiership with the school team in 2002 and graduating in 2003. While at Nudgee, Tajhon played fullback for the Australian schoolboys team, named as a reserve.
Tajhon is of mixed Maori, Samoan and European heritage. His iwi are Ngati Tuwharetoa, Ngaiterangi and Ngapuhi.
References
1986 births
Australian rugby union players
Bay of Plenty rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union fullbacks
Ngāti Tūwharetoa
Western Force players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20New%20Orleans%20Saints%20season
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2011 New Orleans Saints season
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The 2011 season was the New Orleans Saints' 45th in the National Football League, their 36th playing home games at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome and their sixth under head coach Sean Payton. In Week 16, Drew Brees broke the single-season passing record previously held by Dan Marino; Brees ended the season with 5,476 passing yards, an NFL record. The team also broke the record for offensive yards from scrimmage with 7,474 and Darren Sproles broke the record for all purpose yards, with 2,696. The Saints also finished second in scoring for total points with 547, and finished second for points per game with 34.2 points and sacks with 24.
The Saints improved on their 11–5 finish from a season earlier and won the NFC South Division with a 13–3 record, and went undefeated at home, so there was much talk of the Saints potentially winning a second Super Bowl in three seasons. Despite their impressive record, however, New Orleans failed to receive a first-round bye due to losing tiebreakers with the San Francisco 49ers for the #2 seed in the NFC behind the 15–1 Green Bay Packers. The Saints won their first playoff game against the Detroit Lions in the Wild Card round but fell to the 49ers on a last-minute touchdown in the Divisional Playoffs. The Saints finished with a final record of 14–4.
Offseason
2011 draft
The Saints acquired this first-round selection in exchange for its second-round selection (#56 overall) and a 2012 first-round selection.
The Saints acquired this third-round selection and a conditional 2012 sixth-round selection in a trade that sent OT Jammal Brown and a 2011 fifth-round selection (#155 overall) to the Washington Redskins.
The Saints traded its fourth-round selection (#121 overall) to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for a 2010 fifth-round selection.
The Saints traded its sixth-round selection (#189 overall) to the New England Patriots in exchange for TE David Thomas.
Compensatory selection.
Schedule
Preseason
Regular season
Game summaries
Week 1: at Green Bay Packers
The Saints began their 2011 campaign at Lambeau Field, taking on the defending Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers in the annual NFL Kickoff Game. New Orleans trailed early in the first quarter as Packers QB Aaron Rodgers completed a 7-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Greg Jennings. The Saints answered with quarterback Drew Brees finding wide receiver Robert Meachem on a 31-yard touchdown pass, but Green Bay struck back with Rodgers completing a 32-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Randall Cobb. New Orleans clawed their way back into the game in the second quarter with a 30-yard field goal from kicker John Kasay, followed by running back Darren Sproles returning a punt 72 yards for a touchdown. However, the Packers came right back with running back James Starks getting a 17-yard touchdown run.
The Saints led off the third quarter with Kasay's 38-yard field goal, but Green Bay replied with Cobb returning a kickoff 108 yards for a touchdown. Afterwards, New Orleans kept fighting as Brees connected with wide receiver Devery Henderson on a 29-yard touchdown pass. In the fourth quarter, the Packers replied with fullback John Kuhn getting a 1-yard touchdown run. New Orleans tried to rally as Brees found tight end Jimmy Graham on a 5-yard touchdown pass, but Green Bay's defense held stuffing a potentially game tying Ingram run on the 1-yard line on the last play of the game to preserve the win.
With the loss, the Saints began their season at 0–1.
Week 2: vs. Chicago Bears
Coming off a loss to the Green Bay Packers, the Saints hosted the Chicago Bears in week 2. Falling early, Drew Brees responded with a 79-yard touchdown pass to Devery Henderson. The Saints defense got six sacks on Jay Cutler and wore down the Bears defense to beat them 30–13. In this rematch of the NFC Championship Game 5 seasons earlier, this was the first time in Drew Brees' career that he beat the Bears with the Saints.
With the win, the Saints improved to 1–1.
Week 3: vs. Houston Texans
With the win the Saints improved to 2–1.
Week 4: at Jacksonville Jaguars
With the win the Saints improved to 3–1.
Week 5: at Carolina Panthers
A NFC South rivalry rookie Cam Newton and Drew Brees go head to head for the first time. After an early lead DeAngelo Williams starts a comeback with a 69-yard touchdown run. Former Carolina kicker John Kasay kicked two straight field goals, and then Cam Newton ran for a touchdown. Then, Cam Newton threw a touchdown pass to take the lead. Then, Drew Brees led the Saints down to the redzone and with less than a minute, threw a 6-yard touchdown pass to Pierre Thomas to win the game.
Week 6: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers
The Saints lose to the Buccaneers following an injury Sean Payton sustained during a sideline collision.
Week 7: vs. Indianapolis Colts
The Saints hosted the Colts in a rematch of Super Bowl XLIV. With the win, The Saints improved to 5–2
In a game against the currently winless Indianapolis Colts (0–7), the Saints began the game with recovering a fumbled snap by Curtis Painter. The Saints would convert that turnover into a touchdown with a 14-yard pass from Drew Brees to Marques Colston. The Saints would continue again with a 4-yard TD pass from Drew Brees to Marques Colston. Then Delone Carter fumbled and the Saints recovered for their second fumble recovery of the game, and their next TD of the night came with a 6-yard pass from Brees to Darren Sproles, as the Saints convert another turnover into points begin the game and end the first quarter 21–0. The Saints would continue with a Jed Collins 1-yard run and a field goal, but the Colts would score with a Delone Carter 2-yard run. The Saints would end the first half with another John Kasay field goal. The Saints would outscore the Colts 28–0 in the second half, with the Saints outscoring the Colts 14–0 in each of the second half quarters. Drew Brees would throw a 4-yard and a 2-yard TD pass to Jimmy Graham. In the fourth quarter, Darren Sproles ran 16 yards for a TD, and with under 13 minutes left in the fourth quarter, Leigh Torrence intercepted a pass from Curtis Painter and returned it 42 yards for a touchdown as the Saints ousted the Colts 62–7 and wins the game with the most points in a single game in franchise history. Drew Brees finished the game 31/35 for 325 yards and 5 touchdowns with no interceptions. The Saints also rushed for 236 yards with 2 touchdowns, with Mark Ingram's 91 yards, Darren Sproles' 88 yards and Pierre Thomas' 57 yards. The New Orleans Saints offense gained 557 yards of total offense, and ran 73 plays, and gained 36 first downs and was also 6/8 in third-down efficiency.
Week 8: at St. Louis Rams
After a franchise record setting performance the Saints went to face another winless team, the St. Louis Rams. This time, however, the Rams pulled off one of the biggest upsets in this NFL season, as their defense kept the Saints scoreless during the first half, and then the Rams sealed the deal with a 27-yard interception return for. With this defeat the Saints fell to 5–3, however this would be the last time the Saints would lose in the regular season.
Week 9: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Week 10: at Atlanta Falcons
Week 12: vs. New York Giants
Week 13: vs. Detroit Lions
Week 14: at Tennessee Titans
Week 15: at Minnesota Vikings
Week 16: vs. Atlanta Falcons
During this game, Drew Brees set the record for most passing yards in a season, breaking the previous record set by Dan Marino.
Week 17: vs. Carolina Panthers
Standings
Postseason
Schedule
Game summaries
NFC Wild Card Playoff Game: vs. #6 Detroit Lions
Entering the postseason as the NFC's #3 seed, the Saints began their playoff run at home in the NFC Wild Card Round against the #6 Detroit Lions, in a rematch of their Week 13 contest.
New Orleans trailed early in the first quarter with Lions quarterback Matthew Stafford completing a 10-yard touchdown pass to tight end Will Heller. The Saints answered with a 2-yard touchdown run from running back Darren Sproles, but Detroit replied with Stafford completing a 13-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Calvin Johnson. New Orleans would close out the half with a 24-yard field goal from kicker John Kasay.
The Saints took the lead in the third quarter with quarterback Drew Brees finding wide receiver Devery Henderson and tight end Jimmy Graham on a 41-yard and a 3-yard touchdown pass, while the Lions tried to stay close as Stafford got a 1-yard touchdown run. Afterwards, New Orleans would pull away in the fourth quarter with a 17-yard touchdown run from Sproles, followed by Brees connecting with wide receiver Robert Meachem on a 56-yard touchdown pass. Detroit tried to rally with Stafford completing a 12-yard touchdown pass to Johnson, and following this, the Lions attempted an onside kick, but the Saints recovered the kick. The Saints were still able to drive down the field and closed out the game with a 1-yard touchdown run from running back Pierre Thomas.
With the win, New Orleans improved its overall record to 14–3.
NFC Divisional Playoff Game: at San Francisco 49ers
Staff
Final roster
Awards
Offensive Player of the Year – Drew Brees
Records
Team
Most yards gained, season, 7,474
Most yards gained, passing, season, 5,347
Most passes completed, season, 472
Highest completion percentage, season, 71.3
Most first downs, season, 416
Most first downs, passing, season, 280
Most points at home, season, 329
Most points per home game, season, 41.1
Most points, single team, game, since AFL–NFL merger, 62 (vs Indianapolis Colts) Oct. 23, 2011 (tied with four other teams)
Individual
Drew Brees
Most passing yards, season: 5,476
Most consecutive games, 300+ yards passing: 7
Most consecutive games, 350+ yards passing: 4
Most consecutive games, 400+ yards passing: 2 (tied)
Most games, 250+ yards passing, season: 16
Most games, 350+ yards passing, season: 8
Most games, 300+ yards passing, season: 13
Most games, 30 or more pass attempts, season: 16 (tied)
Most pass completions, season: 468
Most consecutive games 20 completions: 36 (2009–present)
Most games 20 completions, season: 16 (tied his own 2010 record)
Most games 30 completions, career: 29 (2005–present)
Most games 30 completions, season: 9
Most games 30 completions and no interceptions, career: 14 (2006–present)
Most games with 30 completions and no interceptions, season: 5 (tied)
Highest completion percentage, season: 71.2 (468 for 657)
Most games with more than 80% pass completion rate, career (minimum 20 passes per game): 12 (2004–present)
Most games with more than 80% pass completion rate, season (minimum 20 passes per game): 3
Most consecutive seasons 4,000+ yards: 6 (2006–2011)
Most career seasons 5,000+ yards: 2
Most games, 350+ yards passing, career: 29
Most games, 5+ TD passes, career 7, (2004–present)
Most games, 1+ TD passes, season 16 (tied)
Most seasons, 45+ touchdown passes, 1 (tied)
Most consecutive playoff games, 2+ touchdown passes 7 (tied) (2006–2011)
Most consecutive passes, none intercepted, post-season: 226 (January 21, 2007 – January 14, 2012)
Most games with 400 yards passing and no interceptions, career 4 (tied)
Most games with 5 touchdown passes and no interceptions, career 5 (2004–present)
Most games with 30 completions and no interceptions, career 14 (2006–2011)
Passing yards in a single month 1,687 (October 2011)
Darren Sproles
Most yards gained, total, season: 2,696
Notes and references
New Orleans
NFC South championship seasons
New Orleans Saints seasons
New
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40187745
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilavogui
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Guilavogui
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Guilavogui is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Josuha Guilavogui (born 1990), French footballer
K. Guilavogui, Guinean politician and engineer
Michel Guilavogui (born 1993), Guinean footballer
Mohamed Guilavogui (born 1996), Malian footballer
Pépé Guilavogui (born 1993), Guinean footballer
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760974
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushimi-ku%2C%20Kyoto
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Fushimi-ku, Kyoto
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is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto, in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Famous places in Fushimi include the Fushimi Inari Shrine, with thousands of torii lining the paths up and down a mountain; Fushimi Castle, originally built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, with its rebuilt towers and gold-lined tea-room; and the Teradaya, an inn at which Sakamoto Ryōma was attacked and injured about a year before his assassination. Also of note is the Gokōgu shrine, which houses a stone used in the construction of Fushimi Castle. The water in the shrine is particularly famous and it is recorded as one of Japan's 100 best clear water spots.
Although written with different characters now, the name Fushimi (which used to be its own "town") originally comes from fusu + mizu, meaning "hidden water" or "underground water". In other words, the location was known for good spring water. The water of Fushimi has particularly soft characteristics, making it an essential component to the particular type of sake brewed in Fushimi. This also explains why the area developed as a sake-brewing center in Kyoto. Today, Fushimi is the second greatest area of Japan in terms of sake production, and is where the sake company Gekkeikan was founded.
Demographics
Economy
The following companies have their headquarters in Fushimi:
Kyocera, an electronics and ceramics manufacturer
Murata Machinery, an industrial machines manufacturer
Gekkeikan, a manufacturer of sake, plum wine, shōchū, mirin, and amazake
Kizakura, a manufacturer of sake and beer
Shoutoku, a manufacturer of sake
Education
Ryukoku University, Kyoto University of Education, and Shuchiin University are based in the area.
The ward has a North Korean school, Kyoto Korean Elementary School (京都朝鮮初級学校).,
Kyoto Tachibana High School
Kyoto Tachibana Senior High School,
Kyoto Tachibana Junior High School
Sights
Fushimi Inari Shrine – top shrine of largest shrine network in Japan
Daigo-ji – UNESCO World Heritage site
Gekkeikan Ōkura Memorial Hall – sake brewing museum
Fushimi Castle-Toyotomi Hideyoshi's castle in Kyoto; also known as Momoyama Castle, one of the namesakes of the Azuchi-Momoyama Period of Japanese history
Emperor Meiji Tomb
Emperor Kanmu Tomb
Famous People
Keiyo Aomatsu - Japanese Nippon Professional Baseball player with the Chiba Lotte Marines of Japan's Pacific League
Kumi Koda - Singer
Hideki Okajima - Japanese professional baseball pitcher with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
Kyoto Tachibana Senior High School Marching Band
Kyoto Tachibana Junior High School Marching Band
References
External links
Wards of Kyoto
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14324535
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th%20General%20Assembly%20of%20Prince%20Edward%20Island
|
14th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island
|
The 14th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between January 26, 1835, and 1839.
The Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Aretas William Young. George Dalrymple was elected speaker.
Members
The members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1835 were:
External links
Journal of the House of Assembly of Prince Edward Island (1835)
Terms of the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island
1835 establishments in Prince Edward Island
1839 disestablishments in Prince Edward Island
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44261432
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20Wine%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Cherry Wine (disambiguation)
|
"Cherry Wine" is a 2012 song by American rapper Nas.
Cherry Wine may also refer to:
Cherry wine, a type of fruit wine made with cherries
"Cherry Wine" (Hozier song), a 2016 song by Hozier
"Cherry Wine" (Little Esther song), a 1953 song by Little Esther
Cherry Wine (horse), second finisher in the 2016 Preakness Stakes
See also
"Sweet Cherry Wine", a 1969 song by Tommy James and the Shondells
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31407995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20European%20Athletics%20Indoor%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20800%20metres
|
2005 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres
|
The Women's 800 metres event at the 2005 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on March 4–6.
Medalists
Results
Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
Semifinals
First 3 of each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.
Final
References
Results
800 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships
800
2005 in women's athletics
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4992842
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noertzange
|
Noertzange
|
Noertzange (, ; ) is a small town in the commune of Bettembourg, in southern Luxembourg. In 2005, the town had a population of 961.
Noertzange is the site of a railway junction, with Line 10 dividing between the main line, which leads to Niederkorn, and a branch line, which leads to Rumelange. Noertzange railway station is the last station within Luxembourg City's short-distance fare zone.
Bettembourg
Towns in Luxembourg
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3668803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wasps%20%28Vaughan%20Williams%29
|
The Wasps (Vaughan Williams)
|
The Wasps is incidental music composed by the British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams in 1909. It was written for the Cambridge Greek Play production of Aristophanes' The Wasps at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was Vaughan Williams' first of only three forays into incidental music. A later performance of the work was one of only a small number of performances conducted by Vaughan Williams that was committed to a recording.
It was scored for baritone solo voices, a chorus of tenors and baritones (in two parts each), and orchestra. The complete incidental music is lengthy (about 1 hour and 45 minutes) and is not often performed.
Vaughan Williams later arranged parts of the music into an orchestral suite (about 26 minutes), in five parts:
Overture
Entr'acte
March Past of the Kitchen Utensils
Entr'acte
Ballet and Final Tableau.
The Overture is quite concise (about 10 minutes) and is a popular independent concert piece today. The main theme is pentatonic. There are close to 30 recordings now available of the overture. The March Past of the Kitchen Utensils is sometimes separately performed. The entire orchestral suite is also sometimes performed and recorded.
The year before he wrote The Wasps, Vaughan Williams spent three months in Paris studying with Maurice Ravel, whose influence is apparent in the middle section. Although The Wasps may reflect something of Ravel, the outer sections are quintessential Vaughan Williams. Except for the opening buzzing, the piece has little to do with wasps or with ancient Greece.
References
External links
Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) - Overture: The Wasps, concise essay on MusicWeb International
First complete recording of The Wasps, reviewed by MusicWeb International (Hallé HLD7510)
List of Works - plays, radio and film, notations by the Ralph Vaughan Williams Society
Video - Vaughan Williams - The Wasps (Orchestral Suite) (26:01).
Video - Vaughan Williams - The Wasps (Complete) (105:29).
1909 compositions
Compositions by Ralph Vaughan Williams
Orchestral suites
Incidental music
Adaptations of works by Aristophanes
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229105
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Vaughn
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Robert Vaughn
|
Robert Francis Vaughn (November 22, 1932 – November 11, 2016) was an American actor noted for his stage, film and television work. His television roles include the spy Napoleon Solo in the 1960s series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.; the detective Harry Rule in the 1970s series The Protectors; Morgan Wendell in the 1978–1979 miniseries Centennial; formidable General Hunt Stockwell in the fifth season of the 1980s series The A-Team; and grifter and card sharp Albert Stroller in the British television drama series Hustle (2004–2012), for all but one of its 48 episodes. He also appeared in the British soap opera Coronation Street as Milton Fanshaw from January until February 2012.
In film, he portrayed the gunman Lee in The Magnificent Seven, Major Paul Krueger in The Bridge at Remagen, the voice of Proteus IV, the computer villain of Demon Seed, Walter Chalmers in Bullitt, Ross Webster in Superman III, General Woodbridge in The Delta Force, and war veteran Chester A. Gwynn in The Young Philadelphians, which earned him a 1959 Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.
Early life
Robert Vaughn was born on November 22, 1932, in New York City, to Gerald Walter Vaughn, a radio actor, and his wife, Marcella Frances (Gaudel), a stage actress. His parents divorced, and Vaughn lived with his grandparents in Minneapolis while his mother traveled and performed.
After high school, he enrolled in the University of Minnesota as a journalism major. However, he dropped out after a year and moved to Los Angeles with his mother. He studied at Los Angeles City College, then transferred to Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences, earning a master's degree in theater. After graduating from college, Vaughn was drafted into the Army, serving as a drill sergeant. He later received a Ph.D. in communications from the University of Southern California in 1970. In 1972, he published his dissertation as the book Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting.
Career
Vaughn made his television debut on the November 21, 1955, "Black Friday" episode of the American television series Medic, the first of more than two hundred episodic roles through mid-2000. His first film appearance was as an uncredited extra in The Ten Commandments (1956), playing a golden calf idolater also visible in a scene in a chariot behind that of Yul Brynner. In 1956, Vaughn made his first guest appearance on Gunsmoke in the episode entitled “Cooter.” The following year, he made his second guest appearance on Gunsmoke opposite Barbara Eden in a Romeo-Juliet role, in the episode "Romeo", which turned out okay for the bride and groom.
Vaughn's first credited movie role came the following year in the Western Hell's Crossroads (1957), in which he played Bob Ford, the murderer of outlaw Jesse James. Seen by Burt Lancaster in Calder Willingham's play End as a Man, Vaughn was signed with Lancaster's film company and was to have played the Steve Dallas role in Sweet Smell of Success. Vaughn appeared as Stan Gray in the episode "The Twisted Road" of the western syndicated series Frontier Doctor.
Vaughn's first notable appearance was in The Young Philadelphians (1959), receiving a nomination for both the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. He next appeared as gunman Lee in The Magnificent Seven (1960), a role he essentially reprised 20 years later in Battle Beyond the Stars (1980), both films adapted from filmmaker Akira Kurosawa's 1954 Japanese samurai epic, Seven Samurai. Vaughn was the last surviving member of those who portrayed The Magnificent Seven. He played a different role, Judge Oren Travis, on the 1998-2000 syndicated television series The Magnificent Seven.
In the 1963–64 season, Vaughn appeared in The Lieutenant as Captain Raymond Rambridge alongside Gary Lockwood, a Marine second lieutenant at Camp Pendleton. His dissatisfaction with the somewhat diminished aspect of the character led him to request an expanded role. During the conference, his name came up in a telephone call and he ended up being offered a series of his own — as Napoleon Solo, title character in a series originally to be called Solo, but which became The Man from U.N.C.L.E. after the pilot was reshot with Leo G. Carroll in the role of Solo's boss. This was the role which would make Vaughn a household name even behind the Iron Curtain. Vaughn had guest-starred on Lockwood's series Follow the Sun. In 1963 he also appeared in an episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show as Jim Darling, a successful businessman and an old flame of Laura Petrie in the episode "It's A Shame She Married Me".
From 1964 to 1968, Vaughn played Solo with Scottish co-star David McCallum playing his fellow agent, Illya Kuryakin. This production spawned a spinoff show, large amounts of merchandising, overseas theatrical movies of re-edited episodes, and a sequel, The Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E.: The Fifteen-Years-Later Affair. After
the series ended, Vaughn landed a major film role playing Walter Chalmers, a U.S. Senator in the film Bullitt starring Steve McQueen; he was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor for this role.
In 1966, Vaughn appeared as a bachelor on the nighttime premiere of The Dating Game. He was picked for the date, which was a trip to London. After The Man from U.N.C.L.E was cancelled in 1968, Vaughn continued to appear on television and in mostly B movies. He starred in two seasons of the British detective series The Protectors in the early 1970s. He also appeared in two episodes of Columbo during the mid-1970s, "Troubled Waters" (1975) and "Last Salute to the Commodore" (1976). The latter episode is one of the few in the series where the identity of the murderer is not known until the end. Vaughn won an Emmy for his portrayal of Frank Flaherty in Washington: Behind Closed Doors (ABC, 1977) and during the 1980s starred with friend George Peppard in the final season of The A-Team. Vaughn played Morgan Wendell, opponent to Paul Garrett played by David Janssen in the 1978–79 miniseries Centennial.
Vaughn portrayed Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, in addition to Woodrow Wilson (in the 1979 television mini-series Backstairs at the White House). He additionally played Roosevelt in the 1982 HBO telefilm FDR: That Man in the White House. In 1983, he starred as villainous multi millionaire Ross Webster in Superman III. In 1983–1984, he appeared as industrialist Harlan Adams in the short-lived series Emerald Point N.A.S., replacing Patrick O'Neal. In the mid-1990s, he made several cameo appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien as an audience member who berates the host and his guests beginning with "you people make me sick."
After a string of guest roles on series such as Law & Order (in which he had a recurring role during season eight as Carl Anderton, a wealthy businessman who vows revenge on the NYC DA's office and longtime friend Adam Schiff for sending his grandson to juvenile correction for murdering his stepsister), Vaughn experienced a resurgence in 2004. He began co-starring in the British TV drama series Hustle, made for BBC One. The series was also broadcast in the United States on the cable network AMC. In the series, Vaughn played elder-statesman American con artist Albert Stroller, a father figure to a group of younger grifters. In September 2006, he guest-starred on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
Vaughn also appeared as himself narrating and being a character in a radio play broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in 2007 about making the film The Bridge at Remagen in Prague, during the Russian invasion of 1968. In November 2011, it was announced that Vaughn would appear for three weeks in the British soap opera Coronation Street. His role as Milton in the long-running program lasted from January to February 2012.
In later years, Vaughn appeared in syndicated advertisements marketed by Commercial Pro, Inc. for various personal injury and workers compensation law firms, using the catchphrase, "Tell them you mean business".
Personal life
Vaughn married actress Linda Staab in 1974. They appeared together in a 1973 episode of The Protectors, called "It Could Be Practically Anywhere on the Island". They adopted two children, Cassidy (born 1976) and Caitlin (born 1981). They resided in Ridgefield, Connecticut.
For many years, it was believed Vaughn was the biological father of English film director and producer Matthew Vaughn, born when the actor was in a relationship with early 1970s socialite Kathy Ceaton. However, a paternity investigation identified the father as George de Vere Drummond, an English aristocrat and godson of King George VI. Early in Matthew's life, Vaughn asked for the child's surname to be Vaughn, which Matthew continues to use professionally.
Political views
Vaughn was a longtime member of the Democratic Party. His family was also Democratic and was involved in politics in Minneapolis. Early in his career, he was described as a "liberal Democrat". He was opposed to the Hollywood Blacklist of suspected Communists on freedom of speech principles, but Vaughn also was opposed to Communism as a totalitarian system. Vaughn campaigned for John F. Kennedy in the Presidential election of 1960 for U.S. President. He was the chair of the California Democratic State Central Committee speakers bureau and actively campaigned for candidates in the 1960s.
Vaughn was the first popular American actor to take a public stand against the Vietnam War and was active in the peace group Another Mother for Peace. Vaughn debated William F. Buckley Jr. on his program Firing Line on the Vietnam War. With Dick Van Dyke and Carl Reiner, he was a founder of Dissenting Democrats. Early in the 1968 presidential election, they supported the candidacy of Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy, who was running for president as an alternative to Vice President Hubert Humphrey, who had supported President Lyndon Johnson's escalation of the war in Vietnam.
Vaughn was reported to have political ambitions of his own, but in a 1973 interview, he denied having had any political aspirations. In a conversation with historian Jack Sanders, he stated that after the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy in 1968, "I lost heart for the battle."
Books
Vaughn published Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting in 1972. His second book, A Fortunate Life, was published in 2008.
Death
Vaughn died in a hospice in Danbury, Connecticut,
on November 11, 2016, eleven days before his 84th birthday, after a year-long treatment for leukemia.
Theatre
Filmography
Film
Television
References
Sources
External links
Obituary: Robert Vaughn—BBC News; first published 11 November 2016
Robert Vaughn (Aveleyman)
1932 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American memoirists
Connecticut Democrats
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
Deaths from leukemia
Los Angeles State College alumni
Los Angeles City College alumni
Male actors from Connecticut
Male actors from Minneapolis
Male actors from New York City
Minnesota Democrats
New York (state) Democrats
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
University of Minnesota School of Journalism and Mass Communication alumni
University of Southern California alumni
Western (genre) television actors
United States Army soldiers
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62361477
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Real%20Housewives%20of%20Salt%20Lake%20City
|
The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City
|
The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City (abbreviated RHOSLC) is an American reality television series that premiered on November 11, 2020, on Bravo. Developed as the tenth installment of The Real Housewives franchise, it focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women living in or around Salt Lake City, Utah.
The current cast consists of Lisa Barlow, Heather Gay, Meredith Marks, Whitney Rose, and Jen Shah. Previously featured cast members included Mary Cosby and Jennie Nguyen.
Overview and casting
The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City was announced at the BravoCon fan convention in New York City on November 16, 2019. The cast members consisting of Lisa Barlow, Mary Cosby, Heather Gay, Meredith Marks, Whitney Rose and Jen Shah were announced on September 9, 2020. The series premiered on November 11, 2020.
In February 2021, the show was renewed for a second season by Bravo. Season 2 premiered on September 12, 2021. The entire cast of the first season returned for the second season, joined by new housewife Jennie Nguyen.
On January 7, 2022, Andy Cohen confirmed via Instagram that Mary Cosby had not attended the Season 2 reunion. A few days later, Cohen confirmed rumors that Cosby had quit the show and would not be returning for Season 3. On January 25, Bravo announced that they had fired Nguyen after the discovery of her incendiary Facebook posts criticizing the Black Lives Matter movement.
Timeline of cast members
Episodes
References
External links
2020s American reality television series
2020 American television series debuts
Bravo (American TV network) original programming
English-language television shows
Culture of Salt Lake City
Television shows filmed in Utah
Salt Lake City
Television shows set in Utah
Women in Utah
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42360537
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thug%20Cry
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Thug Cry
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"Thug Cry" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Rick Ross, released on March 13, 2014 by Maybach, Slip-n-Slide, and Def Jam, as the 2nd and final official single from his sixth studio album Mastermind (2014). The song was produced by J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, written by Enesse and features a guest appearance by American rapper Lil Wayne, along with a hook performed by Betty Idol. The song has since peaked at number 37 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The sample comes from "Heather" by Billy Cobham (1974), which was previously used in songs such as "93 'til Infinity" by Souls Of Mischief (1993) and in "No Wheaties" by Big K.R.I.T., Smoke DZA & Curren$y (2010).
Release
"Thug Cry" was serviced to mainstream urban radio in the United States on March 13, 2014 and then to rhythmic contemporary radio in the same country on April 1, 2014 as the third official single from his sixth studio album Mastermind.
Music video
On May 5, 2014, the music video was released for "Thug Cry". The video follows a prisoner, played by actor Wood Harris, as he steps out of jail after serving time. Flashbacks reveal Harris' sentencing leading up to his prison sentence. The video then ends with Ross, Yo Gotti, and friends, welcoming Harris home, giving him a Rolls-Royce.
Chart performance
Certifications
References
2014 singles
2014 songs
Rick Ross songs
Lil Wayne songs
Def Jam Recordings singles
Maybach Music Group singles
Songs written by Rick Ross
Songs written by Lil Wayne
Song recordings produced by J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League
Songs written by Erik Ortiz
Songs written by Kevin Crowe
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1234390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias%20Dantzig
|
Tobias Dantzig
|
Tobias Dantzig (; February 19, 1884 – August 9, 1956) was an American mathematician, the father of George Dantzig, and the author of Number: The Language of Science (A critical survey written for the cultured non-mathematician) (1930) and Aspects of Science (New York, Macmillan, 1937).
Biography
Born in Shavli (then Imperial Russia, now Lithuania) into the family of Shmuel Dantzig (?-1940) and Guta Dimant (1863–1917), he grew up in Lodz and studied mathematics with Henri Poincaré in Paris. His brother Jacob (1891-1942) was murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust; he also had a brother Naftali (who lived in Moscow) and sister Emma.
Tobias married a fellow Sorbonne University student, Anja Ourisson, and the couple emigrated to the United States in 1910. He worked for a time as a lumberjack, road worker, and house painter in Oregon, until returning to academia at the encouragement of Reed College mathematician Frank Griffin. Dantzig received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Indiana University in 1917, while working as a professor there. He later taught at Johns Hopkins, Columbia University, and the University of Maryland.
Dantzig died in Los Angeles in 1956. He was the father of George Dantzig, a key figure in the development of linear programming.
Partial list of publications
Number: The Language of Science (1930);
Aspects of Science (1937)
Henri Poincaré, Critic of Crisis: Reflections on His Universe of Discourse (1954)
The Bequest of the Greeks (1955);
References
External links
1884 births
1956 deaths
American science writers
20th-century American mathematicians
Jewish American scientists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
University of Paris alumni
Indiana University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Columbia University faculty
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Expatriates of the Russian Empire in France
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33139461
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerthen%20Wood
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Kerthen Wood
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Kerthen Wood, or Kirthen Wood, is a hamlet near Townshend in Cornwall, England. It is in the civil parish of Crowan
References
Hamlets in Cornwall
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58074752
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius%20B%C3%BClter
|
Marius Bülter
|
Marius Bülter (born 29 March 1993) is a German professional footballer who plays as a striker or winger for 2. Bundesliga club Schalke 04.
Career
Early career and Magdeburg
Born in Ibbenbüren, Bülter played for Eintracht Rheine, SuS Neuenkirchen and SV Rödinghausen before signing for 1. FC Magdeburg in the summer of 2018. Over the 2018–19 season, Bülter made 32 appearances, scoring four goals, in a season where Magdeburg would get relegated to the 3. Liga.
Union Berlin
On 4 July 2019, Bülter joined Bundesliga club 1. FC Union Berlin on a season-long loan, with the club having the option to make the transfer permanent at the end of the season. He made his debut for Union in their first Bundesliga appearance: a 4–0 defeat at home to RB Leipzig. His first goals for Union came in a stunning 3–1 victory at home to Borussia Dortmund: The opening and winning goals in Union's first win in the Bundesliga.
Schalke 04
On 26 June 2021, he agreed to join Schalke 04, newly relegated from the Bundesliga, signing a three-year contract.
Career statistics
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
People from Ibbenbüren
Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia
German footballers
Association football forwards
SV Rödinghausen players
1. FC Magdeburg players
1. FC Union Berlin players
FC Schalke 04 players
2. Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
Bundesliga players
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43368506
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranisopodus%20heterotarsus
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Paranisopodus heterotarsus
|
Paranisopodus heterotarsus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Martins in 1976.
References
Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1976
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30385568
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Confession
|
General Confession
|
The General Confession is a prayer of contrition in various Christian denominations, including Anglicanism, Methodism, and Roman Catholicism.
Anglicanism and Methodism
In Anglicanism, the "General Confession" is the act of contrition in Thomas Cranmer's 1548 order of Communion and later in the Book of Common Prayer.
In Methodism, the General Confession is the same act of contrition in The Sunday Service of the Methodists and Methodist liturgical texts descended from it. It is taught to probationary members seeking full membership in Methodist connexions, being included in The Probationer's Catechism.
Roman Catholicism
As understood by St. Ignatius of Loyola, General Confession is a form of Confession whereby one spends 3 to 10 days preparing for a confession of all one's 'sins up to that time.' The main goal of the "general confession" is to turn one's life from one of sin to a more devout one. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius have done much to popularise this form of confession, with such a confession being the significant end-point of the First Week of his Spiritual Exercises.
St. Francis de Sales, in his Introduction to the Devout Life, also addresses General Confession.
See also
Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola
Society of Jesus
Retreat (spiritual)
References
Spiritual retreats
Ignatian spirituality
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64139839
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashikala%20Sinha
|
Shashikala Sinha
|
Shashikala Sinha is an Indian scientist. She is known for her role as a project director in the Endo-Atmospheric Interceptor Missile Advanced Area Defence programme, part of the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. As of 2019 she is graded as a 'Scientist H' in the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and leads a team of around 300 scientists.
Life
Shashikala Sinha was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Her father was a military engineer, as a result he would travel across India as duty called. She was schooled in St. Ann's High School, Secunderabad, St Francis College for Women and then Osmania University in Hyderabad. She joined DRDO, but left within a year so she could complete her masters in engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, where she also met her husband. After this she joined the Society of Microwave Engineering but left in 1989 after the birth of her first daughter. Her husband was an Indian Navy officer. They had two daughters. In 1997, her husband died in a car accident.
She joined Research Centre Imarat, a DRDO missile research facility, in 1997 on contract basis, and by 2001 she was a full-time scientist. She began working on 'RF sensors subsystem' for which her team was awarded the Agni Award for Excellence in 2007. By 2012, she was the project director for the Advanced Air Defence programme and by 2017 was leading a team of around 300 scientists. She has expertise in the development of aircraft, radomes and radar cross sections. As of 2017 she is graded as a Scientist G (Level 14).
References
Indian women engineers
20th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian scientists
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
21st-century Indian women scientists
21st-century Indian scientists
Living people
Indian aerospace engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
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