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39023735
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokharaira
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Pokharaira
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Pokharaira is a village in Muzaffarpur, Muzaffarpur, in the Indian state of Bihar.
Population
In 2001, the population was 10,865. It is estimated that 97% are Hindu and 3% Muslim. The literacy rate is 64%, including 38.94% female and 66.51% male.
Climate
The climate is semi-tropical monsoon. The months of May to June are hot and December to January are cold.
Crops
The village has many Litchi and Mango plantations.
Utilities
Electricity and potable water are available from private firms and mostly hand pumps.
Places of interest
Visitors explore Narsingh Sthan and the Kanu temple of Palwaiya Dham and mine block.
Transport
There is no public transportation in the village.
Education
The state operates a Teacher Training School.
The government operates RPS Government 10+2 School, 3 primary schools and 2 middle schools.
Health Centre
A primary health Center and hospital are there.
References
Villages in Muzaffarpur district
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3879492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiotarod
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Idiotarod
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The Idiotarod is a shopping cart race in which teams of five or more "idiots" with a (sometimes modified) grocery store shopping cart run through the streets of a major metropolitan area. The carts are usually themed and feature people in costumes. The races are fun competitions where sabotage, costume, and presentation, and other efforts are rewarded; some cities offer a "Best in Show" prize. Sabotage, such as tripping competitors, throwing marbles or large obstacles in their paths, and the spreading of misinformation such as false route information, were common in the early years. A push for "leave no trace" actions has been promoted recently.
The Idiotarod is named after the Iditarod, a 1,000 mile dog-sledding race in Alaska.
Idiotarods have taken place in Ann Arbor, Asheville, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Dallas, Denver, Iowa City, New York City, Phoenix, Portland, Salt Lake City, Seattle, St. Louis, Toronto, Los Angeles, Vancouver and Washington, D.C., though the original race was founded in San Francisco in 1994 as the "Urban Iditarod".
Portland, Oregon
The Portland Urban Iditarod, which began in March 2001, runs through a course over four miles through downtown Portland, Oregon. This race occurs on the first Saturday of March, the same date as the actual Alaskan Iditarod. Racers wear "absurd" costumes, including Spanish bullfighters and diaper-wearing astronauts, and make stops at pubs and bars along the way.<ref name="pdx_tribune">Your guide to the next 72 hours. The Portland Tribune, 4 March 2005. Accessed 9 March 2008.</ref> There are no winners or losers in the Portland event.
Chicago, Illinois
Chicago's Urban Iditarod, called the Chiditarod, has been held annually on the first Saturday in March since 2006. Historically the race has occurred in and around the Chicago neighborhood of West Town. Much like other Urban Iditarods, a Chiditarod team includes 5 participants: 4 dawgs and a musher. Teams are required to use a regular shopping cart and are not allowed to modify the cart's original caster wheels. Beyond this limitation, teams are encouraged to take artistic liberties with their carts and participants often decorate their carts in highly creative ways and dress in costume to match their team's theme. Like a traditional race, teams compete to finish the course in as little time as possible, while making designated stops at checkpoints along the course. Participating teams are allowed and even encouraged to sabotage each other in order to gain advantage but most teams engage in sabotage merely for bragging rights. In the spirit of radical inclusion, the Chiditarod organizers hand out a number of awards in a variety of categories giving participants the freedom to compete in the fields they are best suited for.
The landmark of the Chiditarod is the event's charitable aspect. Billing itself as "Probably the world's largest mobile food drive," the Chiditarod plays an important role in helping raise foods for Chicago's food depositories, where in teams were asked to donate a minimum amount of high protein, non perishable food items. Racers also raise funds to help solve hunger issues with all funds directed to community grants programs that are finding new ways to solve food insecurities.
Another notable innovation is the organization's approach to self-policing. In an effort to keep all participants safe throughout the course, the Chiditarod deploys bike marshals who act as roaming course deputies: resolving disputes between teams, mitigating destructive sabotage, safeguarding participant conduct, and lending a helping hand when necessary.
Trademark claim
In 2014, the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race sent a cease-and-desist order to Idiotarod NYC, asserting that the name "Idiotarod" infringed its trademark in "Iditarod." Idiotarod NYC characterized the letter as "frivolous threats of legal action", but renamed the event to "Idiotarodorama NYC (aka 'The Desistarod')".
See also
Kinetic sculpture race
Wife carrying
Wok racing
Zoobomb
Carts of Darkness'', a documentary about shopping cart racing
References
External links
Chicago's Urban Idiotarod - The Chiditarod
Chiditarod 2007 Video
Downtown St. Louis Idiotarod
Ottawa Idiotarod 2009 News Article
The Phoenix Idiotarod
Idiotarod NYC
Outdoor games
Racing
Culture of New York City
Culture of San Francisco
Culture of Phoenix, Arizona
Culture of Portland, Oregon
Culture of Washington, D.C.
Culture of Chicago
Culture of Seattle
Culture of Cincinnati
Sports in Portland, Oregon
Human-powered vehicles
Events in Vancouver
Events in Ottawa
Recurring events established in 1994
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18377776
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsoku%20K%C5%8Dbe%20Station
|
Kōsoku Kōbe Station
|
is a train station on the Hanshin Railway Kobe Kosoku Line and the Hankyu Railway Kobe Kosoku Line in Chūō-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.
Lines
Hanshin Railway Kobe Kosoku Line
Hankyu Railway Kobe Kosoku Line
Kobe Rapid Transit Railway Co., Ltd. owns the tracks and facilities of those railway lines as "the Tozai Line" of the Category-3 operator, and Hanshin and Hankyu operates trains running on the line as Category-2 operators.
The station is also connected to the following stations.
West Japan Railway Company
Tokaido Line, Sanyo Line (JR Kobe Line) – Kobe Station
Kobe Municipal Subway
Kaigan Line – Harborland Station
Layout
The station has two island platforms with four tracks underground.
History
The station opened on 7 April 1968.
Damage to the station was caused by the Great Hanshin earthquake in 1995.
Station numbering was introduced on 1 April 2014.
References
Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1968
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22210007
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20tanker%20Spessart
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German tanker Spessart
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Spessart (A1442) is the second ship of the s of the German Navy. She was commissioned at Kiel, Germany on 5 September 1977.
Construction and career
Spessart was originally built for civilian service by Kröger of Rendsburg in 1974. On 5 September 1977 she was commissioned into the German Navy, based at Kiel, Germany.
On 29 March 2009, as she was taking part in Operation Atalanta, Spessart was attacked by a 7-man pirate boat. In addition to the regular 40-man civilian crew, Spessart carried a 12-man security detail which exchanged small arm fire with the pirates, and repelled the assault. The intervened, along with vessels from several other navies: , , , and . The pirates were captured after a chase lasting a few hours.
Gallery
References
1975 ships
Rhön-class tankers
Piracy in Somalia
Ships built in Rendsburg
Tankers of Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlederg%20St%20Eugene%27s%20GAC
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Castlederg St Eugene's GAC
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Castlederg St Eugene's () is a Gaelic Athletic Association club. The club is based in Castlederg in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.
The club concentrates on Gaelic football, while Mná Na Deirge provides for ladies Gaelic football.
History
Formation of the club
The club was formed in 1975 under the name Naomh Eoghan Caislean na Deirge and has been in continuous existence ever since.
1975 - 2005
For the most part of the club's existence they have played their adult football at Junior level. However they were promoted to Intermediate football in 1980 and remained at that level until 1983. They were again successful at gaining promotion in 1989 and stayed in the Intermediate grade until 1993. In 2001 they won their first adult title when their Reserve team annexed the Junior Reserve Championship, beating Newtownstewart at Drumquin.
2006 - 2017
The senior team competed in Division 3 of the Tyrone All-County Football League and in the Tyrone Junior Football Championship up until they gained promotion in 2016 by finishing top of the League, just a single point above Tattyreagh, after a victory over Glenelly (1-14 to 1-8) on the final day of the season. Unfortunately the club found life in Division 2 difficult, finishing second from bottom with only 8 League points after only 3 league wins and 2 draws.
2018 - Present
In 2018 the club returned to junior football, but a string of poor results saw them finish 10th in the league and despite good victories over Killyman and Dregish in the Championship they were unable to progress any further, losing out to Newtownstewart in the quarter final stage to leave the senior team facing another year in Junior Football.
Achievements
In 1993 in only their second year playing and the first year of the Intermediate League in Tyrone, Mna Na Deirge won the League, beating Beragh, the runners up in the last round.
In 2001 the Reserve team lifted the Junior Reserve Championship after beating Newtownstewart.
In 2011 the Ladies lifted the Junior B Championship title, whilst managed by Francie Lynch.
In 2016, under the management of Dermot Corry, the club lifted their first ever league title at adult level when they lifted the Division 3 All County League.
In 2017, under the management of Brian Coyle, the ladies lifted the Tyrone Ladies Division 3 League Title after defeating Edendork in the final which was played down in Donaghmore.
Notable players
Jon Lynch - Tyrone Senior Footballer (1980 - 1992) and 1986 All Star.
Aiden Lynch - 1997 and 1998 Tyrone Minor. Minor All Ireland Winner 1998 and All Ireland Minor Final Man of the Match 1998.
Shannon Lynch - 2005 - Present, Tyrone Senior Ladies football (goalkeeper).
External links
Castlederg St Eugene's GAC Website
Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in County Tyrone
Gaelic football clubs in County Tyrone
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24590739
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donn%20mac%20Cumasgach
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Donn mac Cumasgach
|
Donn mac Cumasgach was a king of Maigh Seóla who died in 752.
He may be the earliest recorded ruler of Maigh Seóla, as he is referred to as King of the Uí Briúin of the South in the annals' obit. In the Leabhar na nGenealach, he is stated to be the great-grandson of Cenn Fáelad mac Colgan and the father of Coscrach Mór, the eponym of the Clann Cosgraigh. The Annals of Ulster place his killing sub anno 757, but do not name his killer.
The king-list of Maigh Seóla is difficult to reassemble due to its royal line's sporadic annalistic appearances. However, Connmhach Mór mac Coscraigh—apparently Donn's grandson through the Coscrach Mór mac Duinn in the Leabhar na nGenealach line—is the next king of the region mentioned in the annals. Connmhach appears as the victor at the Battle of Drung in 836 and in his obit is described as "King of Uí Briúin", though he was himself also king of Hy Briuin Seola.
References
West or H-Iar Connaught Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh, 1684 (published 1846, ed. James Hardiman).
Origin of the Surname O'Flaherty, Anthony Matthews, Dublin, 1968, p. 40.
Irish Kings and High-Kings, Francis John Byrne (2001), Dublin: Four Courts Press,
Annals of Ulster at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Revised edition of McCarthy's synchronisms at Trinity College Dublin.
Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press,
People from County Galway
752 deaths
8th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown
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16702939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emneth%20railway%20station
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Emneth railway station
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Emneth was a railway station, near Wisbech, which served the village of Emneth Hungate, Norfolk. The station was opened in 1848 as an extension of the East Anglian Railway's line from Magdalen Road station (now known as Watlington) to Wisbech East. In 1872 Elizabeth Pearce, twelve year-old daughter of a nearby crossing keeper, drowned in the 'Tea-water pit'. The station's location, like that of the neighbouring Middle Drove station, was fairly rural and the line eventually closed in 1968. In October 1942, a hoard of Roman silver coins together with fragments of an urn in which they were stored was found near the station. Emneth's station building survived closure, and has since been converted into a private residence.
References
Disused railway stations in Norfolk
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1968
King's Lynn and West Norfolk
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42091835
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20Southland%20Conference%20Baseball%20Tournament
|
2014 Southland Conference Baseball Tournament
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The 2014 Southland Conference Baseball Tournament was held from May 21–24. The top eight regular season finishers of the league's fourteen teams met in the double-elimination tournament held at Bear Stadium on the campus of Central Arkansas University in Conway, Arkansas. The event returned to a campus environment for one year before again being played at neutral Sugar Land, Texas in 2015 and 2016. won their first tournament championship and earned the conference's automatic bid to the 2014 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.
Seeding and format
The top eight finishers from the regular season will be seeded one through eight. They will play a two bracket, double-elimination tournament, with the winner of each bracket meeting in a single championship final. Abilene Christian and were ineligible for postseason play as they transition from Division II.
Results
All-Tournament Team
The following players were named to the All-Tournament Team.
Most Valuable Player
Tate Scioneaux was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Scioneaux was a pitcher for Southeastern Louisiana, pitching 11 scoreless innings over the tournament, recording 12 strikeouts while yielding nine hits and two walks.
See also
2014 Southland Conference Softball Tournament
References
Tournament
Southland Conference Baseball Tournament
Southland Conference Baseball Tournament
Southland Conference Baseball Tournament
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985970
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaknak%20Island
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Amaknak Island
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Amaknak Island () or Umaknak Island (; ) is the most populated island in the Aleutian Islands, an archipelago which is part of the U.S. state of Alaska.
Geography
Amaknak is an islet of the Fox Islands archipelago, a portion of the Aleutian Islands, in the Aleutians West Census Area of southwestern Alaska. Amaknak Island is located within Unalaska Bay, an inlet of the Bering Sea on the northeast side of Unalaska Island. At their closest point—the channel that leads from Unalaska Bay to Iliuliuk Harbor—the two islands are only about 200 feet (61 meters) apart. There is a 500-foot (152-meter) bridge joining the islands at another close point, where Iliuliuk Harbor connects with Captains Bay.
Amaknak's land area is 3.3 sq.mi. (8.5 km2), which is dwarfed by its neighbor Unalaska Island, which has a land area of 1,051 sq. miles (2,722 km2).
Population
Despite its small size, Amaknak is the most populous of all the islands of the Aleutians chain, with 2,524 residents as of the 2000 census. Though located within the boundaries of the City of Unalaska, the inhabitants of Amaknak generally regard themselves as residents of Dutch Harbor, which is the portion of the City of Unalaska located on Amaknak Island. (The remaining 41% of Unalaska's residents live on Unalaska Island.)
See also
Battle of Dutch Harbor
Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army
References
Further reading
"The Battle Over Amaknak Bridge — Progress Versus Preservation in Alaska's Aleutian Islands", article in Archaeology : a Magazine Dealing with the Antiquity of the World no. 3: 28 . 60, 2007, by Heather Pringle.
Fox Islands (Alaska)
Islands of Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
Islands of the Aleutian Islands
Islands of Alaska
Islands of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
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63444759
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Block
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Billy Block
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Billy Block (August 10, 1955 – March 11, 2015) also known as Mr. Nashville, was a musician, journalist, actor, publisher, television and radio personality. Block was a tireless promoter of independent musicians, primary in the Alternative country - Americana genres. He hosted Billy Block's Western Beat, a live concert-format radio show for over thirty years.
Background
At age 15, Block worked around his school schedule in a music store and playing clubs in the Houston, Texas area with artists: Shake Russell, B.W. Stevenson, Roger Tause and Billy Joe Shaver. Huey Mo hired Block at Sugar Hill Studios where he played drums on two Freddy Fender albums. Primarily a drummer, Block is credited with bass on Elvis: The First Live Recordings (1984). Block was also the Houston editor of Buddy Magazine.
In 1985, Block moved to Venice, California, he landed a job as the house drummer for the Palomino Club for the Ronnie Mack Barn Dance show in 1987, he held the job until his departure to Nashville in 1995. Block also worked as a bandleader, actor, dancer and singer at The Walt Disney Company. A national commercial for Disney led to additional commercials for Carrows Restaurants, Miller beer and Kentucky Fried Chicken.
In 1991, Block met and married his wife Jill Rochlitz, and Western Beat was created at the Highland Grounds coffee house in Hollywood in the same year. The first Western Beat show included: Wendy Waldman, Rick Vincent, Jim Lauderdale, slide guitarist Jimmy Sloan, Mandy Mercier and Annie Harvey among others.
Western Beat
Increasing the show's reach in 1993, Western Beat hosted a showcase of Los Angeles artists at the Wildhorse Saloon in Nashville. By 1995, Billy and Jill were interested in owning a home and starting a family, they were considering Nashville. Block had been writing for Music Connection magazine for six years, and his band, the Zydeco Party Band, was calling it quits, Block took a writing gig at Music Row Magazine in 1995.
"It was a great place to start in Nashville, because Music Row Magazine is the epicenter of the industry. All the information about everything comes through that office. [...] Working there put me on the fast track into the very heart of Nashville. Six months into my tenure at Music Row, I got a call from Woody Bomar to start doing some sessions with John Scott Sherrill."
—Billy Block, "A Conversation with Billy Block, Western Beat Impresario", by Frank Goodman, September 2001.
In 1999, Billy Block's Western Beat Roots Revival began airing on Saturday nights on WSIX-FM Nashville, the five hour show previously aired on Power Country 102.9 (WZPC) until the station moved to a rock format.
Western Beat With Billy Block premiered on Country Music Television (CMT) on July 2, 2003, featuring guest performers, Trisha Yearwood, Allison Moorer and Lonesome Bob. The show was short lived, other artists included: Gary Allan, Hank Williams III, The Derailers, Michael McDonald, Buddy and Julie Miller, Ralph Stanley, Allison Moorer, BR549 and Kevin Gordon.
Death
Block's death at age 59 in 2015 was a shock to the community. His fight with cancer was documented in Nashville Scene magazine, he was eulogized in USA Today, CMT Music Connection magazine, and Taste Of Country magazine. Block is survived by his wife Jill and sons Rocky and Grady Block, Micheal Hughes and Shandon Mayes.
Nashville Downtown Partnerships sponsored Billy Block Day concerts in 2016 and 2017.
Discography
References
Alternative country musicians
Americana music
1955 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from Houston
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
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37420690
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narovchat
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Narovchat
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Narovchat () is the name of several rural localities in Penza Oblast, Russia:
Narovchat, Narovchatsky District, Penza Oblast, a selo in Narovchatsky Selsoviet of Narovchatsky District
Narovchat, Tamalinsky District, Penza Oblast, a village in Volche-Vrazhsky Selsoviet of Tamalinsky District
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8972689
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki%20Hata
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Aki Hata
|
is a Japanese musician, singer, lyricist and composer. She is noted for having penned and composed songs for various anime and video games, including popular titles like Zettai Shōnen, Azumanga Daioh, Haibane Renmei, Suzumiya Haruhi no Yūutsu, Rocket Knight Adventures, Lucky Star, the media franchise Love Live!, and for various singers and voice actresses. She was a composer for Konami and Treasure.
Aki Hata also sings herself. She is a member of the band Tsukihiko, providing the vocals and keyboard.
Discography
Solo works
Albums
1999-02-20: Kan'okejima
1999-02-20: Sekai Nante Owarinasai
2006-12-22: Roman Tsukira no Musumetachi ~BEST SONGS~
2007-12-21: Reizoku Kaibi no Musumetachi ~BEST SONGS II~
2014-19-03: Aisuru hito yo shinjitsu wa chikawazu ni iyou
Singles
2000-24-05: Bitsuu no rakuen
2000-23-08: Yokan no tenshi wo dakishimete
2010-13-10: Bannou ni tagiru ikasama
2010-22-12: Dangai no unuboreya
2011-21-12: Haikin seija waga machi o susuman
2016-05-25: Kobore Sekai Oware
Tsukihiko works
2005-09-20: Gen wa Jubaku no Yubi de Naru
2005-09-20: Tōhi Oukoku no Metsubō
2006-06-23: Tōhi Oukoku no Densetsu
References
External links
Official website
Tsukihiko official site
Aki Hata @ HearJapan (English)
1966 births
Anime musicians
Japanese composers
Japanese women composers
Japanese lyricists
Living people
Musicians from Tokyo
Video game composers
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64576094
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20Pendleton%20Strother
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A. Pendleton Strother
|
Albert Pendleton Strother (April 25, 1872 – January 26, 1946) was an American Republican politician who served as a member of the Virginia Senate. His elder brother was Congressman James F. Strother.
References
External links
1872 births
1946 deaths
Strother family
Virginia Republicans
Virginia state senators
20th-century American politicians
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8071118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim%20Naumov
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Vadim Naumov
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Vadim Vladimirovich Naumov (; born 7 April 1969) is a Russian former pair skater. With his wife Evgenia Shishkova, he is the 1994 World champion and the 1995–96 Champions Series Final champion.
Career
Shishkova/Naumov were introduced in 1985 by Naumov's coach who wanted them to skate together. Naumov initially rebuffed the idea because he did not wish to change partners, however, following a number of tryouts, he and Shishkova agreed to team up. They began competing together in 1987.
In 1991, Shishkova/Naumov won bronze at their first European Championships and placed 5th at the World Championships. The next season, they competed at their first Olympics, the 1992 Olympics in Albertville, France, where they placed fifth.
Shishkova/Naumov won their first World medal – bronze – at the 1993 World Championships. The following year, the pair placed 4th at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. They ended the season by becoming World champions.
Shishkova/Naumov picked up their third World medal – silver – in 1995. From 1991–1995, the pair also won five European medals. In February 1996, they won gold at the 1995–96 Champions Series Final (later renamed the Grand Prix Final).
At the 1996 World Championships, Shishkova/Naumov were third after the short program. In the long program, four judges gave first-place votes to Marina Eltsova / Andrei Bushkov, the gold medalists, and four judges voted in favor of Shishkova/Naumov, however, low scores from the other five judges left them off the podium in 4th.
Shishkova/Naumov did not make the 1998 Winter Olympic team. They decided to retire from ISU competition in 1998 and skate professionally. The pair won the World Professional Championships in April 1998. They then transitioned into coaching, working at the International Skating Center in Simsbury, Connecticut. They moved to the Skating Club of Boston in February 2017.
Personal life
Shishkova and Naumov married in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in August 1995. They settled in Simsbury, Connecticut in 1998. Their son, Maxim Naumov, was born in August 2001 and competes in men's singles for the United States.
Programs
(with Shishkova)
Competitive highlights
GP: Champions Series (Grand Prix)
With Shishkova:
Soviet Union (URS): Start of career through December 1991
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): 1992 European and World Championships
Unified Team at the Olympics (EUN): 1992 Olympics
Russia (RUS): 1992–93 to end of career
References
Navigation
Russian male pair skaters
Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg
Olympic figure skaters of the Unified Team
Olympic figure skaters of Russia
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Living people
1969 births
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
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35172082
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20Mlambo
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Lucas Mlambo
|
Lucas Mlambo (born 28 December 1959 in Sidvwashini, Mbabane) is a Swazi painter.
Biography
The only boy of eight children, his father died when he was very young and was raised by his mother whilst attending Lozita Secondary School. In 1984, the Mlambo family were forced to relocate by the government to make way for roads and he began drawing to remember his childhood home. He got a job in Beral and developed his skills in painting at the weekends and selling them to his colleagues. In 1985, a man named Dori whom he met at the Indingilizi Gallery recognized his talent and encouraged him to exhibit. The following year he did so at the gallery, with Lisa Forslund from Sweden.
In 1991, Mlambo painted five murals at Indingilizi to depict the Reed Dance Ceremony. He has since showcased his works in Total Gallery in Johannesburg and University of Zululand in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Grahamstown Arts Festival, at the Swaziland Arts Society, and in Denmark and the United States. His paintings are noted for their bright colours, often in lively scenes, and generally capture every day life and landmarks in the country. Mlambo has said “Many people like my paintings. I like to use bright colours. In my work, you can see how people in Swaziland live and what they do. I like Mbabane very much because when I see the mountains I see something to paint. When I see the streets, people and buildings, I see something to paint. Even in the location where I stay, I find many stories to paint to show how the people live and what they do.” Notable works include After the Storm, Washing Day - Manzini, Nhlangano Town Mshengu St and Nhlangano - Old Bus Rank. Mlambo is married with a son and a daughter.
References
Swazi painters
People from Mbabane
1959 births
Living people
20th-century painters
21st-century painters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Lewis
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J. Lewis
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Jeff Lewis is a singer-songwriter from Dallas, Texas. He was a contestant on The Voice Season 4, on Team Usher.
Notable work
Lewis is featured on the Lego Batman soundtrack on the track "Friends Are Family" by Oh, Hush! feat. Will Arnett and Jeff Lewis. The soundtrack debuted at number 18 and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Soundtrack charts in 2017.
Lewis is also featured on the Lego Ninjago Movie soundtrack with Oh, Hush!, in the song "Found My Place."
Lewis is also featured on the Descendants soundtrack, providing King Ben's singing voice. The song "Did I Mention" from the film is performed by Lewis and Mitchell Hope, and peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. "Set It Off", performed by Lewis, Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Sarah Jeffery, Cameron Boyce, Booboo Stewart, and Mitchell Hope, debuted at number 17 and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. Lewis returned for the Descendants 2 soundtrack, in the song "You and Me."
References
People from Dallas
The Voice (franchise) contestants
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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41713682
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochylimorpha%20yangtseana
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Cochylimorpha yangtseana
|
Cochylimorpha yangtseana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Xizang, China.
The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are white, with markings similar to those of Cochylimorpha hedemanniana. They are yellow-brown, but browner at the costa and dorsum. The hindwings are pale brownish grey.
References
Y
Endemic fauna of China
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 2006
Taxa named by Józef Razowski
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59606471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal%20Habani
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Amal Habani
|
Amal Khalifa Idris Habani (; born September 19, 1974) is a Sudanese journalist.
Background and education
Amal is a freelance journalist and contributor to the Sudanese news outlet Al-Taghyeer. She is the co-founder of the local independent press freedom group Sudanese Journalists Network, based in Khartoum. She has repeatedly been harassed and detained by Sudanese authorities in connection with her coverage of protests and official wrongdoing.
Social work
Habani is a journalist and a human rights activist. She is the co-founder of the Sudanese women's movement NO for Women Oppression, a social initiative established in 2009 that calls for change in Sudanese laws that discriminate against and target women in Sudan.
Awards
Habani received the Human Right Activist Award with the NO for Women Oppression Initiative in 2014 from the EU mission in Sudan.
Habani has received recognition for her courageous opposition outside of her country: in 2014, Amnesty International awarded her the prestigious Ginetta Sagan Prize.
In 2018 Habani was among the journalists described as "The Guardians" who were named Time Person of the Year in an annual issue of the United States news magazine Time.
Arrests
Habani as part of her journey to document human rights violations was arrested on 16 January 2018 near Jamhuria Street for being part of a public demonstration addressing the prices of goods and the economic crisis facing Sudan.
Habanni was arrested in 2017 in connection with her coverage of a trial of a human rights organization accused of "publishing false reports". After refusing to pay the fine and preferring to be jailed Habani was released after a crowdfunding campaign raised the funds. In 2013, she was detained for days in an undisclosed location after she reported critically on the police response to protests in Khartoum.
References
External links
Speech for the 2018 International Press Freedom Award
Living people
Sudanese activists
Sudanese women activists
Sudanese journalists
Sudanese women journalists
1974 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamela%20%28surname%29
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Lamela (surname)
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Lamela is a Hispanic surname that may refer to the following notable people:
Antonio Lamela (1926–2017), Spanish architect
Baldomero Lamela (1805–1867), Argentine soldier
Carlos Lamela (born 1957), Spanish architect, son of Antonio
Carmen Lamela (born 1961), Spanish judge
Erik Lamela (born 1992), Argentine football player
Joel Lamela (born 1971), Cuban sprinter
Juan José Medina Lamela, Puerto Rico Adjutant General
Yago Lamela (1977–2014), Spanish long jumper
Zugey Lamela, Puerto Rican journalist and news presenter
See also
Lamelas (surname)
Spanish-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20instability
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Chromosome instability
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Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a type of genomic instability in which chromosomes are unstable, such that either whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes are duplicated or deleted. More specifically, CIN refers to the increase in rate of addition or loss of entire chromosomes or sections of them. The unequal distribution of DNA to daughter cells upon mitosis results in a failure to maintain euploidy (the correct number of chromosomes) leading to aneuploidy (incorrect number of chromosomes). In other words, the daughter cells do not have the same number of chromosomes as the cell they originated from. Chromosomal instability is the most common form of genetic instability and cause of aneuploidy.
These changes have been studied in solid tumors (a tumor that usually doesn't contain liquid, pus, or air, compared to liquid tumor), which may or may not be cancerous. CIN is a common occurrence in solid and haematological cancers, especially colorectal cancer. Although many tumours show chromosomal abnormalities, CIN is characterised by an increased rate of these errors.
Criteria for CIN definition
As chromosome instability refers to the rate that chromosomes or large portions of chromosomes are changed, there should be comparisons between cells, or cell populations rather than looking at cells individually in order to determine chromosome instability. These differences should be examined statistically as well.
The rates in the cell population being tested should be compared to a reference cell population. This is especially true in low phenotype chromosomal instability, where the changes are subtle.
The number of cell divisions undergone by a cell population should be related to the rate of chromosomal change.
A chromosomal instability assay should measure not only whole chromosome change rates, but also the partial chromosomal changes such as deletions, insertions, inversion and amplifications to also take into account segmental aneuploidies. This provides a more accurate determination of the presence of chromosome instability.
The results from polyploid and diploid cells should be identified and separately recorded from one another. This is because the fitness cost (survival to next generation) of chromosomal instability is lower in polyploid cells, as the cell has a greater number of chromosomes to make up for the chromosomal instability it experiences.
Polyploid cells are more prone to chromosomal changes, something that should be taken into account when determining the presence and degree of chromosomal instability
Classification
Numerical CIN is a high rate of either gain or loss of whole chromosomes; causing aneuploidy. Normal cells make errors in chromosome segregation in 1% of cell divisions, whereas cells with CIN make these errors approximately 20% of cell divisions. Because aneuploidy is a common feature in tumour cells, the presence of aneuploidy in cells does not necessarily mean CIN is present; a high rate of errors is definitive of CIN. One way of differentiating aneuploidy without CIN and CIN-induced aneuploidy is that CIN causes widely variable (heterogeneous) chromosomal aberrations; whereas when CIN is not the causal factor, chromosomal alterations are often more clonal.
Structural CIN is different in that rather than whole chromosomes, fragments of chromosomes may be duplicated or deleted. The rearrangement of parts of chromosomes (translocations) and amplifications or deletions within a chromosome may also occur in structural CIN.
How Chromosome instability is generated
Defective DNA damage response
A loss in the repair systems for DNA double-stranded breaks and eroded telomeres can allow chromosomal rearrangements that generate loss, amplification and/or exchange of chromosome segments.
Some inherited genetic predispositions to cancer are the result of mutations in machinery that responds to and repairs DNA double-stranded breaks. Examples include ataxia telangiectasia – which is a mutation in the damage response kinase ATM – and BRCA1 or MRN complex mutations that play a role in responding to DNA damage. When the above components are not functional, the cell can also lose the ability to induce cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis. Therefore, the cell can replicate or segregate incorrect chromosomes.
Faulty rearrangements can occur when homologous recombination fails to accurately repair double-stranded breaks. Since human chromosomes contain repetitive DNA sections, broken DNA segments from one chromosome can combine with similar sequences on a non-homologous chromosome. If repair enzymes do not catch this recombination event, the cell may contain non-reciprocal translocation where parts of non-homologous chromosomes are joined together. Non-homologous end joining can also join two different chromosomes together that had broken ends. The reason non-reciprocal translocations are dangerous is the possibility of producing a dicentric chromosome – a chromosome with two centromeres. When dicentric chromosomes form, a series of events can occur called a breakage-fusion-bridge cycle: Spindle fibers attach onto both centromeres in different locations on the chromosome, thereby tearing the chromatid into two pieces during anaphase. The result is a pair of DNAs with broken ends that can attach to other broken-ended DNA segments creating additional translocation and continue the cycle of chromosome breakage and fusion. As the cycle continues, more chromosome translocations result, leading to the amplification or loss of large DNA fragments. Some of these changes will kill the cell, however, in a few rare cases, the rearrangements can lead to a viable cell without tumor suppressor genes and increased expression of proto-oncogenes that may become a tumor cell.
Degenerating telomeres
Telomeres – which are a protective ‘cap’ at the end of DNA molecules – normally shorten in each replication cycle. In certain cell types, the telomerase enzyme can re-synthesize the telomere sequences, however, it is not present in all somatic cells. Once 25-50 divisions pass, the telomeres can be completely lost, inducing p53 to either permanently arrest the cell or induce apoptosis. Telomere shortening and p53 expression is a key mechanism to prevent uncontrolled replication and tumor development because even cells that excessively proliferate will eventually be inhibited.
However, telomere degeneration can also induce tumorigenesis in other cells. The key difference is the presence of a functional p53 damage response. When tumor cells have a mutation in p53 that results in a non-functional protein, telomeres can continue to shorten and proliferate, and the eroded segments are susceptible to chromosomal rearrangements through recombination and breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. Telomere loss can be lethal for many cells, but in the few that are able to restore the expression of telomerase can bring about a “stable” yet tumorigenic chromosome structure. Telomere degeneration thereby explains the transient period of extreme chromosomal instability observed in many emerging tumors.
In experiments on mice where both telomerase and p53 were knocked out, they developed carcinomas with significant chromosomal instability similar to tumors seen in humans.
Additional theories
Spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) abnormalities: The SAC normally delays cell division until all of the chromosomes are accurately attached to the spindle fibers at the kinetochore. Merotelic attachments – when a single kinetochore is connected to microtubules from both spindle poles. Merotelic attachments are not recognized by the SAC, so the cell can attempt to proceed through anaphase. Consequently, the chromatids may lag on the mitotic spindle and not segregate, leading to aneuploidy and chromosome instability.
Chromosome instability and aneuploidy
CIN often results in aneuploidy. There are three ways that aneuploidy can occur. It can occur due to loss of a whole chromosome, gain of a whole chromosome or rearrangement of partial chromosomes known as gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCR). All of these are hallmarks of some cancers. Most cancer cells are aneuploid, meaning that they have an abnormal number of chromosomes which often have significant structural abnormalities such as chromosomal translocations, where sections of one chromosome are exchanged or attached onto another. Changes in ploidy can alter expression of proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.
Segmental aneuploidy can occur due to deletions, amplifications or translocations, which arise from breaks in DNA, while loss and gain of whole chromosomes is often due to errors during mitosis.
Genome integrity
Chromosomes consist of the DNA sequence, and the proteins (such as histones) that are responsible for its packaging into chromosomes. Therefore, when referring to chromosome instability, epigenetic changes can also come into play. Genes on the other hand, refer only to the DNA sequence (hereditary unit) and it is not necessary that they will be expressed once epigenetic factors are taken into account. Disorders such as chromosome instability can be inherited via genes, or acquired later in life due to environmental exposure. One way that Chromosome Instability can be acquired is by exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiation is known to cause DNA damage, which can cause errors in cell replication, which may result in chromosomal instability. Chromosomal instability can in turn cause cancer.
However, chromosomal instability syndromes such as Bloom syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia and Fanconi anaemia are inherited and are considered to be genetic diseases. These disorders are associated with tumor genesis, but often have a phenotype on the individuals as well. The genes that control chromosome instability are known as chromosome instability genes and they control pathways such as mitosis, DNA replication, repair and modification. They also control transcription, and process nuclear transport.
Chromosome instability and cancer
CIN is a more pervasive mechanism in cancer genetic instability than simple accumulation of point mutations. However, the degree of instability varies between cancer types. For example, in cancers where mismatch repair mechanisms are defective – like some colon and breast cancers – their chromosomes are relatively stable.
Cancers can go through periods of extreme instability where chromosome number can vary within the population. Rapid chromosomal instability is thought to be caused by telomere erosion. However, the period of rapid change is transient as tumor cells generally reach an equilibrium abnormal chromosome content and number.
The research associated with chromosomal instability is associated with solid tumors, which are tumors that refer to a solid mass of cancer cells that grow in organ systems and can occur anywhere in the body. These tumors are opposed to liquid tumors, which occur in the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
Although chromosome instability has long been proposed to promote tumor progression, recent studies suggest that chromosome instability can either promote or suppress tumor progression. The difference between the two are related to the amount of chromosomal instability taking place, as a small rate of chromosomal instability leads to tumor progression, or in other words cancer, while a large rate of chromosomal instability is often lethal to cancer. This is due to the fact that a large rate of chromosomal instability is detrimental to the survival mechanisms of the cell, and the cancer cell cannot replicate and dies (apoptosis). Therefore, the relationship between chromosomal instability and cancer can also be used to assist with diagnosis of malignant vs. benign tumors.
The level of chromosome instability is influenced both by DNA damage during the cell cycle and the effectiveness of the DNA damage response in repairing damage. The DNA damage response during interphase of the cell cycle (G1, S and G2 phases) helps protect the genome against structural and numerical cancer chromosome instability. However untimely activation of the DNA damage response once cells have committed to the mitosis stage of the cell cycle appears to undermine genome integrity and induce chromosome segregation errors.
A majority of human solid malignant tumors is characterized by chromosomal instability, and have gain or loss of whole chromosomes or fractions of chromosomes. For example, the majority of colorectal and other solid cancers have chromosomal instability (CIN). This shows that chromosomal instability can be responsible for the development of solid cancers. However, genetic alterations in a tumor do not necessarily indicate that the tumor is genetically unstable, as ‘genomic instability’ refers to various instability phenotypes, including the chromosome instability phenotype
The role of CIN in carcinogenesis has been heavily debated. While some argue the canonical theory of oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation, such as Robert Weinberg, some have argued that CIN may play a major role in the origin of cancer cells, since CIN confers a mutator phenotype that enables a cell to accumulate large number of mutations at the same time. Scientists active in this debate include Christoph Lengauer, Kenneth W. Kinzler, Keith R. Loeb, Lawrence A. Loeb, Bert Vogelstein and Peter Duesberg.
Chromosome instability in anticancer therapy
Hypothetically, the heterogeneous gene expression that can occur in a cell with CIN, the rapid genomic changes can drive the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells. While some studies show that CIN is associated with poor patient outcomes and drug resistance, conversely, others studies actually find that people respond better with high CIN tumors.
Some researchers believe that CIN can be stimulated and exploited to generate lethal interactions in tumor cells. ER negative breast cancer patients with the most extreme CIN have the best prognosis, with similar results for ovarian, gastric and non-small cell lung cancers. A potential therapeutic strategy therefore could be to exacerbate CIN specifically in tumor cells to induce cell death. For example, BRCA1, BRCA2 and BC-deficient cells have a sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) which helps repair single-stranded breaks. When PARP is inhibited, the replication fork can collapse. Therefore, PARP tumor suppressing drugs could selectively inhibit BRCA tumors and cause catastrophic effects to breast cancer cells. Clinical trials of PARP inhibition are ongoing.
There is still a worry that targeting CIN in therapy could trigger genome chaos that actually increases CIN that leads to selection of proliferative advantages.
Chromosome instability and metastasis
Recent work has identified chromosomal instability (CIN) as a genomic driver of metastasis. Chromosome segregation errors during mitosis lead to the formation of structures called micronuclei. These micronuclei, which reside outside of the main nucleus have defective envelopes and often rupture exposing their genomic DNA content to the cytoplasm. Exposure of double-stranded DNA to the cytosol activates anti-viral pathways, such as the cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. This pathway is normally involved in cellular immune defenses against viral infections. Tumor cells hijack chronic activation of innate immune pathways to spread to distant organs, suggesting that CIN drives metastasis through chronic inflammation stemming in a cancer cell-intrinsic manner.
Diagnostic methods
Chromosomal instability can be diagnosed using analytical techniques at the cellular level. Often used to diagnose CIN is cytogenetics flow cytometry, Comparative genomic hybridization and Polymerase Chain Reaction. Karyotyping, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are other techniques that can be used. In Comparative genomic hybridization, since the DNA is extracted from large cell populations it is likely that several gains and losses will be identified.
Karyotyping is used for Fanconi Anemia, based on 73-hour whole-blood cultures, which are then stained with Giemsa. Following staining they are observed for microscopically visible chromatid-type aberrations
See also
Microsatellite instability, another form of genomic instability
References
Chromosomal abnormalities
Chromosomes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzyk%C3%B3w
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Jerzyków
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Jerzyków () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Męcinka, within Jawor County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
It lies approximately west of Jawor, and west of the regional capital Wrocław.
References
Villages in Jawor County
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830850
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Madness%20%28Edguy%20album%29
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Kingdom of Madness (Edguy album)
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Kingdom of Madness is the second album by the German power metal band Edguy, released in 1997. It is usually referred to as their "official" debut album since it was the first to be professionally recorded and to receive record company distribution.
Track listing
All lyrics by Tobias Sammet. Music as indicated.
"Paradise" (Sammet, Jens Ludwig) – 6:24
"Wings of a Dream" (Sammet) – 5:24
"Heart of Twilight" (Sammet, Ludwig) – 5:32
"Dark Symphony" (Sammet, Ludwig) – 1:05
"Deadmaker" (Sammet, Ludwig) – 5:15
"Angel Rebellion" (Sammet, Ludwig) – 6:44
"When a Hero Cries" (Sammet) – 3:59
"Steel Church" (Sammet, Ludwig, Dominik Storch) – 6:29
"The Kingdom" (Sammet) – 18:23
Personnel
Band members
Tobias Sammet – vocals, bass, piano, keyboards
Jens Ludwig – guitar
Dirk Sauer – guitar
Dominik Storch – drums
Additional musicians
Chris Boltendahl (from Grave Digger) - guest vocals on track 9
Production
Erik Grösch - producer, engineer
Ralph Hubert - engineer
References
Edguy albums
1997 albums
AFM Records albums
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62860746
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godaipur%20Union
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Godaipur Union
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Godaipur Union () is a union parishad in Paikgachha Upazila of Khulna District, in Khulna Division, Bangladesh.
References
Unions of Paikgachha Upazila
Populated places in Khulna District
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64516815
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino%20Lake
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Albino Lake
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Albino Lake is a lake in Gallatin County, Montana in the Madison Range in south central Montana. It is located on Meadow Creek, a tributary of the Taylor Fork in the Gallatin National Forest and sits at an elevation of .
The lake has historically been stocked by the United States Forest Service with
rainbow trout and Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks reports that the population of rainbow trout, last stocked in the 1950s, has died out, but the cutthroats remain.
References
Lakes of Montana
Bodies of water of Gallatin County, Montana
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56396829
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizion%20Motorsports
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Vizion Motorsports
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Vizion Motorsports (formerly NextGen Motorsports) is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series and the ARCA Menards Series. In the Truck Series, the team currently fields a Toyota Tundra part-time for Josh White and in the ARCA Menards Series, the team currently fields the No. 36 Toyota part-time for Josh White as well as the No. 35 Toyota. The team (when it was known as NextGen Motorsports) has also competed in the ARCA Menards Series East and NASCAR Xfinity Series in the past.
Xfinity Series
In 2017, the team made their first foray into the series, helping MBM Motorsports to field two of their drivers in MBM's Nos. 13/40 cars at the road-course races: Enrique Baca at Watkins Glen and Mid-Ohio and Ernie Francis Jr. at Road America. Later that year, NextGen fielded an Xfinity team on their own for the first time, the No. 55 Toyota, in two races. Their first attempt was at Kansas in mid-October with Josh Berry, finishing 33rd. The second attempt was at Homestead with Matt Mills, but he did not qualify for the race. Which would have been Mills first Xfinity start.
Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series
In 2018, NextGen made their Truck debut, initially planning to do so at Martinsville in March 2018 when they entered the No. 35 Chevrolet for Travis Kvapil, but the team wound up withdrawing the entry when there was rain in the forecast and they would have failed to qualify due to having no owner points.
They later attempted the race at Kentucky, fielding the No. 83 for Tyler Matthews in a partnership with Copp Motorsports. Matthews made contact with the wall on lap one and finished 32nd.
NextGen announced on October 24, 2018 that Inspectra Thermal Solutions would sponsor Parker Kligerman at Texas Motor Speedway in the JAG Metals 350, however, Kligerman later decided to back out and Brennan Poole was named as his replacement. A 15th-place finish was marred by a practice penalty for losing ballast weight. The penalty suspended NextGen's crew chief, truck chief and chief mechanic until after the 2019 NextEra Energy Resources 250. The team returned two weeks later renamed as Vizion Motorsports in the Truck Series season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway with Poole, finishing 19th.
On February 9, 2019, announced that Bayley Currey would pilot the No. 35 in select races in the 2019 season. Continuing to enter select events part time, the team used the owner points from the Beaver Motorsports No. 1 truck for Currey because of the large number of entries in the Truck Series at the start of the season. The No. 1 already had some owner points while if Vizion were to attempt to run on their own using the No. 35, they would have none and less of a chance of qualifying for the races they attempted.
On December 19, 2019, Vizion announced they would be returning in 2020 after missing most of the 2019 season due to financial problems. Josh White will run some Truck and ARCA races for the team, and they also mentioned he could run Trucks full-time in 2021 if he does well enough in 2020 and if sponsorship is found, but nothing ever materialized.
ARCA Menards Series East
The team fielded three part-time cars (No. 5, No. 9 and No. 25) in 2017. The No. 5 and the No. 25 returned in 2018, and the team also added a third car, the No. 55.
Car No. 5 history
In 2017, they fielded No. 5 Chevrolet for Enrique Baca and Luis Rodriguez, Jr. In 2018, the team returned with Juan Manuel González and Dale Quarterley behind the wheel.
Car No. 9 history
In 2017, in a partnership with Troy Williams' team, NextGen fielded the No. 9 Ford for Baca, Brandon Lynn and Woody Pitkat.
Car No. 25 history
In 2017, they fielded No. 25 Chevrolet/Toyota for Baca and David Levine. Levine returned once again in 2018 for New Jersey Motorsports Park race.
Car No. 55 history
In 2018, they fielded No. 55 Toyota for Abraham Calderón and Marcos Gomes.
ARCA Menards Series
Car No. 35 history
The team announced plans to debut in ARCA starting in 2019, with rookie Brenden Queen set to run full time in the No. 35 Toyota. However, due to lack of sponsorship, he only ended up attempting the season opener at Daytona that year.
Vizion later ran the No. 35 at Charlotte with Devin Dodson. Also, Bobby Dale Earnhardt tried to run some races with the team, but sponsorship was not found.
Car No. 36 history
A second car for Vizion, the No. 36, driven by Paul Williamson, ran at Daytona along with the No. 35 of Queen. Salvatore Iovino was originally going to drive that car at Daytona as well as some other races throughout the season with sponsorship from Body Symmetry MD, which did not end up happening.
In September 2019, it was reported by ThePitLane.com that Josh White signed with Vizion to potentially run the ARCA season opener at Daytona and some Truck races if the team can find sponsorship. This was later confirmed by the team on December 19, 2019. White will drive the No. 36 Toyota at Daytona and other races during the 2020 ARCA season, and possibly the full schedule if sponsorship is found.
References
External links
NASCAR teams
Organizations based in North Carolina
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38698881
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20W%20Hill
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Samuel W Hill
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Samuel W Hill, (November 6, 1815 – August 28, 1889) was an American surveyor, geologist and mining developer in Michigan's Copper Country.
Early life and experience
Samuel Worth Hill was born on November 9
, 1815 in Starksboro, Vermont to Richard and Betsey Hill. He was educated in a Friends school, and was trained as a civil engineer and a surveyor. His first assignment was to survey the town of Albion, New York. In 1840, he moved to Milwaukee, and became a school teacher in Racine. In 1841, Hill secured a position with the United States Topographical Survey, and undertook an expedition to mark the boundary line between Wisconsin and Michigan. He was then assigned to survey the western Upper Peninsula, including the Keweenaw Peninsula. In the fall of 1841, Hill returned to Racine and became a school superintendent until his appointment to survey the Upper Peninsula.
Copper Country
Samuel W. Hill worked with Douglass Houghton in his lineal and geological survey of the Upper Peninsula. After Houghton died in 1845, Hill worked with Foster & Whitney to conduct a geological study the copper region. He discovered the value of the area's copper resources and organized the first mining companies, and later served as agent for the Quincy Mining Company. In 1859, Hill platted the village of Hancock, then in Portage Township. Hill also conceived of the idea of constructing a three-mile-long canal between Portage Lake and Lake Superior to transport freight to and from the copper mines. Hill assisted in organizing the Central and Phoenix mines and was the first president of Copper Falls. Later, Hill tried to develop the copper resources of Isle Royale around Siskiwit Bay.
What in Sam Hill?
Samuel W Hill's propensity for profanity was legendary. Whenever his friends and neighbors would retell his colorful tales, they would substitute "Sam Hill" for the cuss words. Eventually, the phrase "What in Sam Hill?" spread beyond the Keweenaw Peninsula to become part of the American language.
Legacy
Samuel W. Hill married Susan A. Warren, July 16, 1851. Miss Warren was a pioneer school teacher in the Upper Peninsula, and established the first school in the Keweenaw region. The Hills were to make their home in Marshall, Michigan. Hill later served in the Michigan legislature, being twice elected.
Footnotes
Bibliography
Related Links
Elliott, Paul J. "If these stones could talk." Blog, 5 October 2012.
History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Houghton County
1815 births
1889 deaths
People from Starksboro, Vermont
American surveyors
American mining engineers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julen%20Azkue
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Julen Azkue
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Julen Azkue Unzueta (born 21 September 1995) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Atlético Sanluqueño as a midfielder.
Club career
Born in Zarautz, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Azkue finished his formation with SD Eibar. On 8 August 2014, he was loaned to Tercera División side CD Lagun Onak for one year.
Upon returning, Azkue was assigned to the reserves also in the fourth division.
Azkue made his first team debut on 28 November 2017, coming on as a second-half substitute for Joan Jordán in a 0–1 away loss against Celta de Vigo, for the season's Copa del Rey. The following 19 June, he signed for Arenas Club de Getxo in the third division.
References
External links
1994 births
living people
people from Zarautz
Footballers from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Spanish footballers
association football midfielders
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
CD Vitoria footballers
SD Eibar footballers
Arenas Club de Getxo footballers
CD Tudelano footballers
SD Amorebieta footballers
CF Villanovense players
Atlético Sanluqueño CF players
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33256529
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglossa%20subpurpuralis
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Aglossa subpurpuralis
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Aglossa subpurpuralis is a species of snout moth in the genus Aglossa. It was described by Pierre Chrétien in 1915 and is known from Tunisia.
References
Moths described in 1915
Pyralini
Endemic fauna of Tunisia
Moths of Africa
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887778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkov%20Commander
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Volkov Commander
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Volkov Commander (VC) is a file manager for DOS inspired by the Norton Commander. Volkov Commander is purely written in assembly language, and is thus very small (less than 100 KB) and fast.
Volkov Commander was written by Vsevolod V. Volkov, a programmer from Ukraine, born in 1971. The stable version of the program is released as shareware. A preview version is also available, which is interchangeably mentioned as an Alpha or Beta release on the website. The Webmaster for the public face of VC was Daniel R. Egner of Germany.
Version 4
Version 4.05 is the last fully functional release of the Volkov Commander. It is a pure DOS application, so it doesn't support special features of Windows 9x like long filenames. (Apart from that, it can be used under Windows 9x.) Besides the Russian version, there is an English one. Version 4 is shareware and can be tested free for 30 days.
Version 4.99
Vsevolod Volkov was working on a new version 5 of his commander (VC 5). It was still in a phase of development. This upgrade works in a Windows 9x / Windows NT or OS/2 environment. VC 5 supports long filenames, and can explore archives (*.zip, *.arc, *.rar, etc.) as though they were directories. When updated last time, the actual beta release was version 4.99.08 alpha. Most of the features of the final release are already available. Though it is a pure DOS application, the new commander supports some of the special features of Windows 95/98/NT. "Beta version (4.99.xx), of course, can be tested for free, because in this stadium of development it does not yet represent a complete program."
Rumored later version
Rumours about existing Version 5 of Volkov Commander:
In the community, someone posted about the existing VC 5. Here is what Vsevolod answered:
[...] VC 5.0 is a fake. The last released version is 4.99.08 alpha. [...] I really didn't release new version for very long time. So, development of VC is hold in fact. But I don't exclude possibility of new releases. I have no roadmap and could not promise something."
VC 4.99.08 is included within UBCD v3.4, as part of the general FreeDOS base package.
See also
Comparison of file managers
Orthodox file manager
References
External links
VC line of OFM - a masterpiece of assembler programming – from Softpanorama ebook "The Orthodox File Manager (OFM) Paradigm"
Picture of Vsevolod V. Volkov and Daniel R. Egner (webmaster)
web.archive.org/web/20201027035410/http://www.softpanorama.org/OFM/Paradigm/Ch03/volkov_commander.shtml
web.archive.org/web/20020824173412/http://www.egner-online.de/vc/en/intro.shtml
Vsevolod V. Volkov´s original repository in web.archive.org/web/20170514041132/http://vvv.kiev.ua/download/
DOS software
Orthodox file managers
Assembly language software
Ukrainian inventions
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1768925
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock
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Brock
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Brock may refer to:
Businesses
Brock Motors, a short-lived automotive company founded in 1921 in Amherstberg, Ontario
Crowne Plaza Niagara Falls – Fallsview also known as the Brock Hotel, a hotel in Niagara Falls, Ontario
Brock Hotel Corporation, founded by Robert L. Brock
Fictional characters
Brock (Pokémon), a character and the Gym Leader of Pewter City in the fictional world of Pokémon, and one of the main characters in the Pokémon anime
The Brocks, a family on the American television show Picket Fences
Eddie Brock, the longtime host of the Marvel alien symbiote Venom
John Brock, a fictional British undercover agent created by Desmond Skirrow
Matthew Brock, a news reporter on the American sitcom NewsRadio
Brock Leighton, a character in the TV series Braceface
Brock Lovett, a character in the 1997 film Titanic
Tommy Brock the badger from The Tale of Mr. Tod by Beatrix Potter
Brock Cantillo, on Breaking Bad the son of character Andrea Cantillo
Brock Samson, a character in the animated television series The Venture Bros.
People
Brock (surname), various people with this surname
Brock (given name), various people with this given name
Places
In Canada
Brock, Ontario, a township
Brock, Saskatchewan, a village
Rural Municipality of Brock No. 64, Saskatchewan
Brock Island, a Canadian arctic island in the Northwest Territories
In England
Brock, a small village in Lancashire, England
River Brock, a river in Lancashire, England
In the United States:
Brock, Missouri, an unincorporated community
Brock, Nebraska, a village
Brock, Ohio, an unincorporated community
Brock, Texas, an unincorporated community
Schools
Brock University, a comprehensive university located in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
Brock High School (Ontario), a high school in Brock, Ontario
Brock High School (Texas), a high school in Brock, Texas
Ships
HMS Sir Isaac Brock, a British naval vessel destroyed at the Battle of York prior to being completed
USS Brock (APD-93), a United States Navy high-speed transport in commission from 1945 to 1947
Other uses
Brock, a traditional name for a badger
Team Brock (disambiguation), a series of Australian motor racing teams
Brock (miniseries), an Australian mini-series based on the life of motor racing driver Peter Brock
Operation Brock, a Brexit traffic management plan
See also
Brock River (disambiguation)
Broc (disambiguation)
Brok (disambiguation)
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65605752
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallisha%20Harden
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Tallisha Harden
|
Tallisha Harden (born 21 July 1992) is an Australian rugby league footballer who plays for the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL Women's Premiership and Burleigh Bears in the QRL Women's Premiership.
Primarily a er, she is an Australian and Queensland representative.
Playing career
Volleyball
Rugby union
A former Australian indoor volleyball player, Harden began playing rugby union at age 19. She played for Sunnybank and Queensland before switching full-time to rugby league in 2018.
Rugby league
In 2013, Harden began playing rugby league. In 2014, she represented the Indigenous All Stars. In 2015, 2016 and 2020, she captained the side.
On 3 May 2015, she made her Test debut for Australia, coming off the bench in a 22–14 win over New Zealand at Suncorp Stadium. On 27 June 2015, she made her debut for Queensland in a 4–all draw with New South Wales at 1300SMILES Stadium.
In June 2018, Harden represented South East Queensland at the inaugural Women's National Championships. On 14 June 2018, she joined the Brisbane Broncos NRL Women's Premiership team. In Round 3 of the 2018 NRL Women's season, she made her debut for the Broncos in a 32–10 win over the New Zealand Warriors.
In May 2019, she represented South East Queensland at the Women's National Championships. On 29 June 2019, she signed with the Sydney Roosters NRLW team and was named their Player of the Year at the end of the season.
In October 2019, Harden represented Australia at the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s and earned a recall to the Jillaroos Test side after a four-year absence, coming off the bench and scoring a try in a 28–8 win over New Zealand at WIN Stadium.
In September 2020, Harden re-joined the Brisbane Broncos NRLW side. On 25 October 2020, she started at and scored a try in the Broncos' 20–10 Grand Final win over the Roosters.
On 20 February 2021, she captained the Indigenous All Stars in their 24–0 loss to the Māori All Stars.
Achievements and accolades
Individual
Sydney Roosters Player of the Year: 2019
Team
2020 NRLW Grand Final: Brisbane Broncos – Winners
References
External links
Brisbane Broncos profile
1992 births
Living people
Rugby league players from Logan, Queensland
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Australian female rugby league players
Australia women's national rugby league team players
Rugby league second-rows
Brisbane Broncos (NRLW) players
Sydney Roosters (NRLW) players
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122586
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman%2C%20Missouri
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Freeman, Missouri
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Freeman is a town in Cass County, Missouri, United States. The population was 482 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area.
History
Freeman was platted in 1871, and named after a railroad official. A post office called Freeman has been in operation since 1871.
Geography
Freeman is located at (38.617820, -94.507068).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 482 people, 178 households, and 125 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 215 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.3% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.
There were 178 households, of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.8% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.18.
The median age in the city was 31.4 years. 29% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 521 people, 172 households, and 142 families living in the city. The population density was 1,121.2 people per square mile (437.3/km2). There were 186 housing units at an average density of 400.3 per square mile (156.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.70% White, 0.19% African American, 1.34% Native American, 0.19% Pacific Islander, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.
There were 172 households, out of which 41.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.0% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.4% were non-families. 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.01 and the average family size was 3.30.
In the city the population was spread out, with 32.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 15.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $46,339, and the median income for a family was $48,500. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,450. About 5.0% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
Cities in Cass County, Missouri
Cities in Missouri
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37993692
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koundinyasana
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Koundinyasana
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Koundinyasana (, IAST: kauṇḍinyāsana), or Sage Kaundinya's pose, is a hand-balancing asana in modern yoga as exercise. It may be performed with both legs bent (Dvi Pada Koundinyasana), or with one leg over the supporting arm, the other leg straight (Eka Pada Koundinyasana).
Eka Pada Galavasana (Flying Pigeon Pose) has one leg bent, the foot hooked over the opposite arm under the body.
Etymology and origins
The pose is named after Kaundinya (), an Indian sage, and āsana () meaning "posture" or "seat". The variations for one and two legs include the Sanskrit words for one (ek) or two (dvi), and pada () meaning "foot".
The pose is not described in medieval hatha yoga. It appears in the 20th century among the asanas described by B. K. S. Iyengar in his 1966 book Light on Yoga, and those taught by Pattabhi Jois in Mysore in his Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga. Both Iyengar and Jois were pupils of Krishnamacharya.
Description
Koundinyasana is traditionally entered from tripod headstand, a variant of Sirsasana, but one can also get into the asana from Parsva Bakasana. The knee needs to be far enough up the triceps of the opposite arm before bending the elbows to engage the core muscles and help to prevent the leg from sliding down.
Variations
Eka Pada Koundinyasana has one leg stretched out straight in line with the body.
Eka Pada Galavasana (Flying Pigeon Pose) has one leg bent, the foot hooked over the opposite arm under the body. The full pose, Galavasana, has the legs crossed in Padmasana, one knee tucked between the arms.
See also
Astavakrasana, a similar twisting arm-balancing asana
List of asanas
References
Sources
Balancing asanas
Asymmetric asanas
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59679966
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20Sports%20Building
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Winter Sports Building
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The Winter Sports Building (known locally as The Barn or The Old Barn) was an indoor ice rink on the campus if the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The arena was one of the first indoor college facilities but began to show its age in the 1960s and was eventually replaced by the original Ralph Engelstad Arena in 1972 and then demolished in 1978.
History
The Stadium was funded by and built under the direction of the Works Progress Administration, a program instituted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a means to rebuild the economy during the Great Depression. The Winter Sports Building was finished in 1936 for a total cost of $46,000 and was initially used by many UND programs, including the track and football teams. During the Second World War the army used it to help train troops and once the hockey team returned in the mid-1940s the building was converted into a full-time rink.
With raucous crowds routinely nearing 4,000 and artificial ice installed in 1953 the Barn was initially a selling point for the program but as the years passed and many more universities built their own state-of-the-art facilities the leaking roof, lack of heating and chicken wire fencing that surrounded the rink became liabilities. Eventually the university raised enough money to fund the building of a new arena in 1972. After the hockey team moved into the Winter Sports Center the Old Barn was used as storage space before being demolished in 1978.
References
External links
Defunct college ice hockey venues in the United States
Defunct indoor arenas in the United States
Defunct sports venues in North Dakota
North Dakota Fighting Hawks ice hockey venues
Buildings and structures in Grand Forks, North Dakota
1936 establishments in North Dakota
1972 disestablishments in North Dakota
Sports venues demolished in 1978
Sports venues completed in 1936
Demolished sports venues in the United States
Indoor arenas in North Dakota
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23935374
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyin%20Falola
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Toyin Falola
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Toyin Omoyeni Falola (born 1 January 1953 in Ibadan) is a Nigerian historian and professor of African Studies. He is currently the Jacob and Frances Sanger Mossiker Chair in the Humanities at the University of Texas at Austin.
Biography
Falola began his academic career as a schoolteacher in Pahayi in 1970 and by 1981 he was a lecturer at the University of Ife. Falola earned his B.A. and Ph.D. (1981) in History at the University of Ife, Ile-Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University), in Nigeria.
He joined the faculty at the University of Texas at Austin in 1991, and has also held short-term teaching appointments at the University of Cambridge in England, York University in Canada, Smith College of Massachusetts in the United States, The Australian National University in Canberra, Australia and the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs in Lagos, Nigeria.
On 31 December 2020 he earned an academic D.Litt. in Humanities from the University of Ibadan.
Research
His research interest is African History since the 19th century in the tradition of the Ibadan School; his geographic areas of interest include Africa, Latin America and the United States; and his thematic fields include Atlantic history, diaspora and migration, empire and globalization, intellectual history, international relations, religion and culture.
Falola is author and editor of more than one hundred books, and he is the general editor of the Cambria African Studies Series (Cambria Press).
Recent courses he has taught include Introduction to Traditional Africa, an interdisciplinary course on the peoples and cultures of Africa, designed for students with varied backgrounds in African Studies, and Epistemologies of African/Black Studies, a course on the rise and evolution of African/Black Studies, with a focus on pedagogy, methodology, and the historical development of scholarship in the field.
Academic honors and awards
Falola has received honorary doctorates, lifetime career awards and honors in various parts of the world, including:
The Lincoln Award,
Nigerian Diaspora Academic Prize,
Cheikh Anta Diop Award,
Amistad Award,
SIRAS Award for Outstanding Contribution to African Studies,
Africana Studies Distinguished Global Scholar Lifetime Achievement Award,
Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Letters,
Fellow of the Historical Society of Nigeria, and The Distinguished Africanist Award.
At the University of Texas at Austin, he received the Jean Holloway Award for Teaching Excellence, The Texas Exes Teaching Award, The Chancellor's Council Outstanding Teaching Award, Outstanding Graduate Teaching Award, and the Career Research Excellence Award.
He has also received honorary degree of doctors of letters from thirteen universities, including the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) during FUNAAB 26th convocation ceremony in November 2018 and Babcock University, in Ilishan-Remo.
He is a Fellow of the Historical Society of Nigeria and of the Nigerian Academy of Letters. Falola served as the president of the African Studies Association in 2014 and 2015.
Books
Africa, Empire and Globalization. Essays in Honor of A. G. Hopkins, with Emily Brownell. Carolina Academic Press, Durham, NC (2011)
The Atlantic World, 1450-2000, with Kevin David Roberts (2008),
Yoruba Creativity: Fiction, Language, Life and Songs, with Ann Genova (2005),
A History of Nigeria. Falola, Toyin and Matthew M. Heaton (2008), .
Britain and Nigeria: Exploitation or Development? Edited by Toyin Falola (1987). .
Pawnship, Slavery, and Colonialism in Africa, with Paul E. Lovejoy (2003),
African Urban Spaces in Historical Perspective, with Steven J. Salm (2005),
Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Toyin Falola and Ann Genova (2009). .
Mouth Sweeter than Salt: An African Memoir . Toyin Falola (2005), .
Yoruba Warlords of the Nineteenth Century. Toyin Falola, D. Oguntomisin and G.O Oguntomisin (2001), .
Yoruba Gurus: Indigenous Production of Knowledge in Africa. Toyin Falola (1999),
The Power of African Cultures. Toyin Falola (2008),
The Foundations of Nigeria: Essays in honor of Toyin Falola. Edited by Adebayo Oyebade (2003),
African Politics in Postimperial Times, with Richard L. Sklar (2001),
Counting the Tiger's Teeth: An African Teenager's Story (2014, University of Michigan Press),
Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society 3 vols. Edited by Toyin Falola and Daniel Jean-Jacques (2015),
The Political Economy of health in Africa. Edited by Toyin Falola and Dennis Hyavyar (1992), .
Yoruba Historiography. Toyin Falola (1991), .
Pawnship in Africa: debt bondage in historical perspective. Edited by Toyin Falola and Paul. E. Lovejoy (1994), .
Warfare and diplomacy in precolonial Nigeria: essays in honor of Robert Smith. Toyin Falola and Robin Law (1992), .
The rise and fall of Nigeria's second republic, 1979–1984. Toyin Falola and Julius Ihonvbere (1985), .
Rural development problems in Nigeria. Edited by S. A. Olanrewaju and Toyin Falola (1992), .
Culture, Politics and Money among the Yorubas. Toyin Falola and Akanmu Adebayo (2000), .
Religious militancy and self-assertion: islam and politics in Nigeria. Kukah, M.H and Toyin Falola (1996), .
Modern Nigeria: a tribute to G. O. Olusanya. Edited by Toyin Falola (1990),
Transport Systems in Nigeria. Edited by Toyin Falola (1986), .
Violence in Nigeria: the crisis of religious politics and secular ideologies. Toyin Falola (1998), .
The military in nineteenth century Yoruba politics. Toyin Falola (19984), .
Islam and Christianity in West Africa. Toyin Falola and Biodun Adediran (1983), .
The transformation of Nigeria: essays in honor of Toyin Falola. Edited by Adebayo Oyebade (2002), .
Culture and Customs of Ghana. Steven J Salm and Toyin Falola (2002),
Nationalism and Africa Intellectuals. Toyin Falola' (2001), .
Narrating war and peace in Africa. Edited by Toyin Falola and Hetty Ter Haar (2010),
Culture and Customs of the Yoruba. Toyin Falola and Akintunde Akinyemi (2001), .
Encyclopedia of the Yoruba. Toyin Falola and Akintude Akinyemi (2016 ), .
TOFAC
In Nigeria, there is a conference named after Toyin Falola by the Ibadan Cultural Studies Group; a group chaired by Professor Ademola Dasylva. The conference, called The Toyin Falola International Conference on Africa and the African Diaspora (TOFAC), was first held in the Nigerian Premier University in Ibadan, the second was hosted in Lagos by the Centre for Black African Arts and Civilization (CBAAC) under the watch of the director general of the centre Professor Tunde Babawale.
References
External links
Toyin Falola website.
Sam Saverance, biography of Dr. Toyin Falola, The University of Texas at Austin, 2005.
"Episode 96: Creativity and Decolonization: Nigerian Cultures and African Epistemologies" Africa Past and Present podcast. Toyin Falola speaking to Peter Alegi & Peter Limb (17 November 2015)
Toyin Falola, CV
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Obafemi Awolowo University faculty
York University faculty
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Historians of Africa
Nigerian historians
1953 births
Living people
Yoruba historians
Obafemi Awolowo University alumni
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
People from Ibadan
Yoruba academics
Historians of Yoruba
Historians of Nigeria
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5113658
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACh%C4%93
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Ṭhē
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Ṭhē is an additional letter of the Arabic script. It has the basic shape of tāʼ (ت), but with vertical dots, rather than horizontal. It is not used in the Arabic alphabet itself, but is used to represent an aspirated in Sindhi, a language mainly spoken in Pakistan.
Sindhi is also written in Devanagari, where the corresponding letter is ठ.
Arabic letters
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25468607
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varzedo
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Varzedo
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Varzedo is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.
See also
List of municipalities in Bahia
References
Municipalities in Bahia
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21731653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markusy
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Markusy
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Markusy (; () is a village in Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Markusy. It lies approximately south of Elbląg and west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
As Markushof the area was part of Germany (East Prussia) until 1945.
The village has a population of 580.
References
Markusy
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38082154
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20IIHF%20World%20U18%20Championship%20Division%20I
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2006 IIHF World U18 Championship Division I
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The 2006 IIHF World U18 Championship Division I were a pair of international under-18 ice hockey tournaments run by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The Division I tournaments made up the second level of competition at the 2006 IIHF World U18 Championships. The Group A tournament took place between 3 April and 9 April 2006 in Miskolc, Hungary and the Group B tournament took place between 2 April and 8 April 2006 in Riga, Latvia. Switzerland and Latvia won the Group A and Group B tournaments respectively and gained promotion to the Championship Division for the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships. While Hungary finished last in Group A and South Korea last in Group B and were both relegated to Division II for 2007.
Group A tournament
The Group A tournament began on 3 April 2006 in Miskolc, Hungary. Austria, France, Kazakhstan and Slovenia all returned to compete in this years Division I tournament after missing promotion to the Championship Division at the previous years World Championships. Hungary gained promotion to Division I after finishing first in last years Division II Group B tournament and Switzerland was relegated from the Championship Division after failing to survive the relegation round at the 2005 IIHF World U18 Championship.
Switzerland won the tournament after winning four of their five games, finishing first in the group standings and gained promotion to the Championship Division for the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships. Slovenia finished in second place after losing only to Switzerland and Kazakhstan finished in third place. Hungary finished in last place, managing to tie one of their games and lose the other four and were relegated back to Division II for the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships. Matija Pintarič of Slovenia led the tournament in goaltending with a save percentage of 0.940, and was named the top goaltender by the IIHF directorate. Kazakhstan's Yevgeniy Rymarev was named as top forward and Marco Maurer of Switzerland was selected as top defenceman. France's Remy Rimann was the tournaments leading scorer with ten points, including five goals and five assists.
Standings
Fixtures
All times local.
Scoring leaders
List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points, then goals.
Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.
Group B tournament
The Group B tournament began on 2 April 2006 in Riga, Latvia. Japan, Latvia, Poland and Ukraine all returned to compete in this years Division I tournament after missing promotion to the Championship Division at the previous years World Championships. South Korea gained promotion to Division I after finishing first in last years Division II Group A tournament and Denmark was relegated from the Championship Division after failing to survive the relegation round at the 2005 IIHF World U18 Championships.
Latvia won the tournament after winning all five of their games and gained promotion to the Championship Division for the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships. Denmark finished second after losing only to Latvia and Japan finished in third place. South Korea finished in last place, managing only to tie one of their games and lose the other four and were relegated to Division II for the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships. Arturs Dzelzs of Latvia led the tournament in goaltending with a save percentage of 0.948, and was named the top goaltender by the IIHF directorate. Denmark's Philip Larsen was named as top defenceman and Andris Džeriņš of Latvia was selected as top forward. Džeriņš also led the tournament in scoring with 13 points, including six goals and seven assists.
Standings
Fixtures
All times local.
Scoring leaders
List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points, then goals.
Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.
References
IIHF World U18 Championship Division I
Latvian
I
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Hungary
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Latvia
IIHF World U18 Championship Division I
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6687044
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20Hall
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Dana Hall
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Dana Eric Hall (born July 8, 1969) is a former professional American football player who was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1st round (18th overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft. A 6'2", 206-lb. safety from the University of Washington, Hall played in 6 NFL seasons from 1992 to 1994 with the 49ers, 1995 with the Cleveland Browns, and 1996 to 1997 with the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Hall attended Ganesha High School in Pomona, California. As of the fall of 2010, Hall was a defensive backs coach at San Bernardino Valley College; during his tenure there, the team won their first conference title in 13 years. Currently, Hall is coaching at Chaffey College in Rancho Cucamonga, California.
References
1969 births
Living people
American football safeties
Cleveland Browns players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
San Francisco 49ers players
Washington Huskies football players
People from Bellflower, California
Players of American football from California
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22181465
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furvabromias
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Furvabromias
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Furvabromias is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Hadeninae
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69909208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith%20Presbytery%2C%20Bible%20Presbyterian%20Church
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Faith Presbytery, Bible Presbyterian Church
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The Faith Presbytery, Bible Presbyterian Church (PFBPC) is a Christian denomination Reformed formed in 2008 by several conservative Presbyterian clergy who split from the Bible Presbyterian Church.
History
The Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC) emerged in 1936, formed by a group of churches that separated from the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) for demanding abstaining and adopting an eschatology dispensationalist. The OPC, in turn, did not require abstaining and adopted an eschatology amillennialism.
In the 2000s, the BPC reconnected with the OPC, which would lead to the establishment of the "sister church" relationship between the two denominations in 2017.
However, this approach displeased some of the members of the BPC. On March 28, 2008, the Presbytery of the South Atlantic of the BPC voted to separate from the BPC and adopted the name "Igreja Presbiteriana Bíblica - Presbytery of Faith".
Doctrine
As a dissenter of the Bible Presbyterian Church, the FPBPC subscribes to the Westminster Confession of Faith, Westminster Larger Catechism and Westminster Shorter Catechism.
Interecclesiastical Relations
The denomination is a member of the International Council for Christian Churches and the American Council for Christian Churches.
References
Presbyterian denominations in the United States
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6832960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sdok%20Kok%20Thom
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Sdok Kok Thom
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Sdok Kok Thom (, Sadok Kok Thom, ; , ), or Sdok Kak Thom, is an 11th-century Khmer temple in present-day Thailand, located about northeast of the Thai border town of Aranyaprathet. The temple is in Khok Sung District, Sa Kaeo Province, near the village of Ban Nong Samet. It is regarded as the largest Khmer temple in eastern Thailand. The temple was dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Constructed by a prominent priestly family, Sdok Kok Thom is best known as the original site of one of the most illuminating inscriptions left behind by the Khmer Empire, which ruled much of Southeast Asia from the end of the 9th century to the 15th century.
Built of red sandstone and laterite, the temple is a prime example of a provincial seat of worship during the empire's golden age. It is small by the standards of the major monuments in Angkor, the empire's capital, but shares their basic design and religious symbolism. In its 11th century heyday during the reign of King Udayādityavarman II, the temple was tended by its Brahmin patrons and supported with food and labor by the people of surrounding rice-farming villages.
Scholars disagree as to the meaning of the name, which refers in Old Khmer to the temple's setting. Translations include 'great reed lake', 'large reservoir with herons', and 'abundant reeds in a large swamp'.
Architectural features
The architectural design of this temple is linked with the great khmer empire which ruled for about 700 years. At the center of the temple is a sandstone tower, which served as the main sanctuary, probably sheltering a linga, symbol of Shiva. The tower's door is on the east, approached by steps; the other three sides have false doors. A few meters to the northeast and southeast are two sandstone structures known as libraries, with large side windows and laterite bases. Enclosing the tower and libraries is a rectangular courtyard measuring roughly 42 by 36 meters and having galleries on all four sides. On the court's eastern side is a gopura, or gate, reflecting the temple's orientation to the east.
In various places in the temple, there is extensive carving on stone, including floral decoration, Nāga serpents and a figure that appears to be the reclining Hindu god Viṣṇu.
A moat, likely representing the Hindu Sea of Creation, lies beyond each of the courtyard's four sides. An avenue leads east from the gopura. A laterite wall standing approximately 2.5 meters high and measuring 126 meters from east to west and 120 meters south to north provides additional enclosure to the entire complex. The midpoint of the eastern side of this wall has an elaborate gopura, standing on a laterite base. About 200 meters to the east of this gopura, along a laterite-paved avenue with free-standing stone posts on either side, is a baray, or holy reservoir, measuring roughly 200 by 370 meters.
Inscription
The inscription (classified K. 235) is a 340-line composition, in both Sanskrit and ancient Khmer, carved on a gray sandstone stele 1.51 meters high that stood in the northeast corner of the temple's court. Dating to 8 February 1053, it recounts two and a half centuries of service that members of the temple's founding family provided to the Khmer court, mainly as chief chaplains to kings. In laying out this long role, the text provides a remarkable and often poetically worded look at the faith, royal lineage, history and social structure of the times.
The Sanskrit text opens: "Homage to Śiva whose essence is highly proclaimed without words by the subtle Śiva, His form, who pervades (everything) from within and who activates the senses of living beings." The inscription is perhaps most useful to historians in providing an account of twelve Khmer kings who ruled over the course of the two and a half centuries. It recounts monarchs' spiritual and martial virtues and basic events of their reigns. “As a teacher zealously impels his disciples or a father his children, so did he, for the sake of his duty, zealously impel his subjects, rightfully securing them protection and nourishment,” says the inscription of Udayādityavarman II. “In battle he held a sword which became red with the blood of the shattered enemy kings and spread on all sides its rising lustre, as if it were a red lotus come out of its chalice [or, applied to the sword: drawn out of its scabbard], which he had delightedly seized from the Fortune of war by holding her by the hair(or better, correcting lakṣmyāḥ in to lakṣmyā: which the Fortune of war, after he had seized her hair, had delightedly offered him).”
The earliest king mentioned is Jayavarman II, who historians generally consider, partly on the authority of this inscription, to have founded the Khmer empire in c. 800. The text includes the oft-cited detail that he came from a country named Java which meanwhile by most scholars, such as Charles Higham, was seen as a foreign people living in the east whose name is derived probably from Sanskrit yavana (wise), perhaps referring to the kingdom of Champa. The Khmer portion of the text goes on to say: “A Brahman named Hiraṇyadāman, skilled in magic and science," was invited by the king "to perform a ceremony that would make it impossible for this country of the Kambuja to pay any allegiance to Java and that there should be, in this country, one sole sovereign.”
The inscription documents nine generations of the temple's priestly family, starting with Śivakaivalya, Jayavarman II's chaplain. The advisors are praised in the same adulatory tone as is employed for the kings. The text gives a detailed account of how the family systematically expanded its holdings of land and other property over the course of its long relationship with the royal household. The final chaplain named in the text, Sadasiva, is recorded as leaving the holy orders and marrying a sister of the primary queen of Suryavarman. The man was given a new name and placed in charge of construction projects. His career appears to have closed out the family's role in the royal inner circle; the family is never heard from again in inscriptions.
Scholars have paid special attention to the inscription's account of the cult of the devarāja, a key part of the Khmer court's religious ritual. “Hiraṇyadāma(n), the best of brahmins, with superior intelligence like Brahmā, came, moved with compassion. To the king Jayavarman II he carefully revealed a magic which had not been obtained by other people,” the text reads. The king was instructed in four holy treatises. “After carefully extracting the quintessence of the treatises by his experience and understanding of the mysteries, this brahmin contrived the magic rites bearing the name of Devarāja, for increasing the prosperity of the world.” But the description is sufficiently enigmatic that scholars cannot agree on the cult's function. The term means obviously "king of the gods," in the sense that one god, generally Śiva, was recognized as higher than others in the Hindu pantheon and through his authority brought order to heaven. Court religious ritual, as described repeatedly in the inscription, focused on maintaining a linga, or holy shaft, in which Śiva's essence was believed to reside.
The inscription is also key to understanding important events in Khmer history, such as the late 9th Century relocation of the capital from the area around the present-day village of Roluos. “Again, the skillful Vāmaśiva was the preceptor of Śrī Yaśovardhana, bearing as king the name Śrī Yaśovarman,” the Sanskrit text states. “Invited by the king, he erected a liṅga Mount Yaśodhara, which was like the king of mountains (Meru) in beauty.”
French scholars initially believed that Śrī Yaśodharagiri was the mountain-like Bayon temple. But it is now established that the Bayon was built almost three centuries later than the event described in the inscription and that the linga was in fact placed in the newly constructed Phnom Bakheng temple, which stands about two kilometers south of the Bayon atop a real hill.
The text also notes the relocation of the capital from Angkor to the site now known as Koh Ker under Jayavarman IV, and turmoil during the times of King Sūryavarman I. He is described as having dispatched soldiers against people who had desecrated shrines in the area of Sdok Kok Thom. Historians generally believe that Sūryavarman fought his way to power, eventually driving out of Angkor a king named Jayavīravarman (who significantly is not mentioned in the inscription).
Elsewhere, the text provides myriad details of everyday existence in the empire—the establishment of new settlements, the recovery of slaves who had fled a pillaged settlement, payments given for land, such as gold, lower garments, goats and water buffaloes.
The text describes the creation of Sdok Kok Thom itself. The family was gifted the land by Udayādityavarman II, it says. The final member of the line, now in his role as construction chief, "erected a stone temple with valabhi [spire], dug a reservoir, built dikes and laid out fields and gardens." The precise boundaries of its land and the size, duty schedules and male-female breakdown of local work teams that maintained the temple are listed.
Khmer inscriptions were created in part to glorify heaven and the earthly elite. For that reason, their value as factual records is often thrown into question. But many parts of this one are confirmed by other texts, and some of the places it describes have been reliably located. Moreover, many of its numbers and descriptions, particularly concerning land and its ownership, read as if they have the full accuracy and authority of modern courthouse documents. Overall, there is general consensus among scholars that the words chiseled out at Sdok Kok Thom are perhaps the most important written explanation that the Khmer empire provided of itself.
The inscription's author or authors are not named. Many scholars conclude firmly that Sadasiva wrote it, at least his lineage; Sak-Humphry believes the text was likely drafted in consultation with the Brahman, but was meant to represent declarations of his king, Udayādityavarman II.
Later history
Hinduism began to die out in the Khmer Empire starting in the 12th Century, giving way first to Mahayana Buddhism, then to the Theravada form of the faith that today predominates in Thailand and Cambodia. At an unknown time, Sdok Kok Thom became a place of Buddhist worship.
The inscription's existence was reported to the outside world in 1884 by Étienne Aymonier. In later writing, Aymonier gave a detailed physical description of the temple. In the 1920s, the inscription stele was moved to the Thai capital Bangkok, where it entered the collection of the national museum. On the night of November 9, 1960, it was severely damaged when a fire swept through the museum, but museum staff were later able to reconstitute much of it. In any case, rubbings had been made of the text prior to the fire, so the words were not lost.
Following the Vietnamese army's invasion of Cambodia in 1978 and the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge government, the forested area around the temple became the site of a large camp of Cambodian refugees, known as Nong Samet Camp or Rithysen. The camp was controlled by anti-communist guerrillas known as Khmer Serei, who were opposed to the Vietnamese presence in Cambodia. The camp eventually became an important source of support for the Khmer People's National Liberation Front.
In 2002, with the Cambodian conflict long settled and the refugees gone, the Japan Alliance for Humanitarian Demining Support, the Thailand Mine Action Center and the General Chatichai Choonhavan Foundation began cooperating on a program to remove landmines and other unexploded ordnance from the area. Local villagers were recruited and trained for this work, which ended in 2004 after the removal of 76 mines and other pieces of ordnance.
Over the years, the temple had fallen into a grave state of disrepair, due to the passage of time and plundering by art thieves. In the 1990s, the Thai government's Fine Arts Department began an extensive restoration of the temple (see photos at and ). Workers have cleared brush and trees and excavated soil on the temple grounds down to its original level. Fallen stones have been cataloged and returned to what experts believe to be their original positions; masons have fashioned replacements for missing or severely damaged stones. Moats have been dug out and refilled with water.
In modern times, Thailand and Cambodia have often disputed the precise location of their common border, most notably in a World Court case that in 1962 awarded Preah Vihear, another border-region temple of the Angkorian age, to Cambodia. In January 2003, the Thai government disclosed a new development concerning the border issue, a letter from the Cambodian government stating that it considers Sdok Kok Thom to be in Cambodian territory. Some Cambodians have pointed to statements by various Thai officials in the 1980s that the Khmer Serei-controlled Nong Samet (or Rithysen) refugee camp by the temple was on the Cambodian side of the unmarked frontier. Many diplomats, however, viewed those statements, which local Thai villagers contested at the time, as a temporary expedience intended to allow Thailand to maintain that it was not involved in the Cambodian conflict and was not hosting armed Cambodian guerrillas on its soil. Today Thailand argues that the temple is unmistakably on its territory. The Thai government has built a number of roads in its vicinity. Thai authorities have continued to administer the temple site and spend large amounts of money on its restoration.
See also
2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off
Ancient Khmer sculpture
Nong Samet Refugee Camp
Notes
References
Bhattacharya, Kamaleswar. A Selection of Sanskrit Inscriptions from Cambodia. In collab. with Karl-Heinz Golzion. Siem Reap, The Centre for Khmer Studies 2009.
Briggs, Lawrence Palmer. The Ancient Khmer Empire. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1951.
Burgess, John. Stories in Stone - The Sdok Kok Thom Inscription & the Enigma of Khmer History. Riverbooks 2010.
Freeman, Michael. A Guide to the Khmer Temples of Thailand and Laos. Weatherhill 1998
Higham, Charles. The Civilization of Angkor. University of California Press 2001
Sak-Humphry, Chhany and Jenner, Philip N. The Sdok Kak Thom Inscription With A Grammatical Analysis of the Old Khmer Text.. Phnom Penh, The Buddhist Institute 2005.
Angkorian sites in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Sa Kaeo province
Khmer Empire
Cambodia–Thailand border
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo%20Agodi
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Nemo Agodi
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Nemo Agodi (10 January 1888 – 20 January 1940) was an Italian gymnast who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. In 1908 he finished sixth with the Italian team in the team competition.
References
1888 births
1940 deaths
Italian male artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts of Italy
Gymnasts at the 1908 Summer Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Head%20%28St%20Austell%29%2C%20Cornwall
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Black Head (St Austell), Cornwall
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Black Head is a headland at the western end of St Austell Bay, in Cornwall, England. It is owned by the National Trust.
Description
It is the site of an Iron Age promontory fort. There are two parallel ramparts, up to high, with ditches of depth ; slight remains are visible of a further rampart beyond. The fort is a scheduled monument. There are also the remains of a rifle range, built in the 1880s and modified in later years.
A memorial stone for the Cornish writer A. L. Rowse is situated on Black Head. In retirement he lived in the nearby hamlet of Trenarren. The stone includes the inscription "This was the land of my content".
References
Hill forts in Cornwall
Headlands of Cornwall
Iron Age sites in Cornwall
Scheduled monuments in Cornwall
National Trust properties in Cornwall
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632165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20Civil%20War
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Nigerian Civil War
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The Nigerian Civil War (6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970; also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War or the Biafran War) was a civil war fought between the government of Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist state which had declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. Nigeria was led by General Yakubu Gowon, while Biafra was led by Lt. Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu. Biafra represented the nationalist aspirations of the Igbo ethnic group, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the federal government dominated by the interests of the Muslim Hausa-Fulanis of northern Nigeria. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain's formal decolonization of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included ethno-religious violence and anti-Igbo pogroms in Northern Nigeria, a military coup, a counter-coup and persecution of Igbo living in Northern Nigeria. Control over the lucrative oil production in the Niger Delta also played a vital strategic role.
Within a year, the Federal Government troops surrounded Biafra, captured coastal oil facilities and the city of Port Harcourt. A blockade was imposed as a deliberate policy during the ensuing stalemate which led to mass starvation. During the two and half years of the war, there were about 100,000 overall military casualties, while between 500,000 and 2 million Biafran civilians died of starvation.
In mid-1968, images of malnourished and starving Biafran children saturated the mass media of Western countries. The plight of the starving Biafrans became a cause célèbre in foreign countries, enabling a significant rise in the funding and prominence of international non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were the main supporters of the Nigerian government, while France, Israel and some other countries supported Biafra.
This conflict was one of the few during the Cold War where the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union supported the same party. While France and Israel (after 1968) were on the Biafran side rather than Nigeria.
Background
Ethnic division
This civil war can be connected to the colonial amalgamation in 1914 of Northern protectorate, Lagos Colony and Southern Nigeria protectorate (later renamed Eastern Nigeria), which was intended for better administration due to the close proximity of these protectorates. However, the change did not take into consideration the differences in the culture and religions of the peoples in each area. Competition for political and economic power exacerbated tensions.
Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom in on October 1st, 1960, with a population of 45.2 million, made up of more than 300 differing ethnic and cultural groups. When the colony of Nigeria had been created, its three largest ethnic groups were the Igbo, who formed about 60–70% of the population in the southeast; the Hausa-Fulani of the Sokoto Caliphate, who formed about 67% of the population in the northern part of the territory; and the Yoruba, who formed about 75% of the population in the southwestern part. Although these groups have their own homelands, by the 1960s, the people were dispersed across Nigeria, with all three ethnic groups represented substantially in major cities. When the war broke out in 1967, there were still 5,000 Igbos in Lagos.
The semi-feudal and Muslim Hausa-Fulani in the North were traditionally ruled by a conservative Islamic hierarchy consisting of emirs who in turn owed their allegiance to a supreme Sultan. This Sultan was regarded as the source of all political power and religious authority.
The Yoruba political system in the southwest, like that of the Hausa-Fulani, also consisted of a series of monarchs, the Oba. The Yoruba monarchs, however, were less autocratic than those in the North. The political and social system of the Yoruba accordingly allowed for greater upward mobility, based on acquired rather than inherited wealth and title.
In contrast to the two other groups, Igbos and the ethnic groups of the Niger Delta in the southeast lived mostly in autonomous, democratically organised communities, although there were eze or monarchs in many of the ancient cities, such as the Kingdom of Nri. At its zenith, the Kingdom controlled most of Igbo land, including influence on the Anioma people, Arochukwu (which controlled slavery in Igbo), and Onitsha land. Unlike the other two regions, decisions within the Igbo communities were made by a general assembly in which men and women participated.
The differing political systems and structures reflected and produced divergent customs and values. The Hausa-Fulani commoners, having contact with the political system only through a village head designated by the Emir or one of his subordinates, did not view political leaders as amenable to influence. Political decisions were to be submitted to. As with many other authoritarian religious and political systems, leadership positions were given to persons willing to be subservient and loyal to superiors. A chief function of this political system in this context was to maintain conservative values, which caused many Hausa-Fulani to view economic and social innovation as subversive or sacrilegious.
In contrast to the Hausa-Fulani, the Igbos and other Biafrans often participated directly in the decisions which affected their lives. They had a lively awareness of the political system and regarded it as an instrument for achieving their personal goals. Status was acquired through the ability to arbitrate disputes that might arise in the village, and through acquiring rather than inheriting wealth. The Igbo had been substantially victimized in the Atlantic slave trade; in the year 1790, it was reported that of 20,000 people sold each year from Bonny, 16,000 were Igbo. With their emphasis upon social achievement and political participation, the Igbo adapted to and challenged colonial rule in innovative ways.
These tradition-derived differences were perpetuated and perhaps enhanced by the colonial government in Nigeria. In the North, the colonial government found it convenient to rule indirectly through the Emirs, thus perpetuating rather than changing the indigenous authoritarian political system. Christian missionaries were excluded from the North, and the area thus remained virtually closed to European cultural influence. By contrast the richest of the Igbo often sent their sons to British universities, thinking to prepare them to work with the British. During the ensuing years, the Northern Emirs maintained their traditional political and religious institutions, while reinforcing their social structure. At the time of independence in 1960, the North was by far the most underdeveloped area in Nigeria. It had an English literacy rate of 2%, as compared to 19.2% in the East (literacy in Ajami (local languages in Arabic script), learned in connection with religious education, was much higher). The West also enjoyed a much higher literacy level, as it was the first part of the country to have contact with western education, and established a free primary education program under the pre-independence Western Regional Government.
In the West, the missionaries rapidly introduced Western forms of education. Consequently, the Yoruba were the first group in Nigeria to adopt Western bureaucratic social norms. They made up the first classes of African civil servants, doctors, lawyers, and other technicians and professionals.
Missionaries were introduced at a later date in Eastern areas because the British experienced difficulty establishing firm control over the highly autonomous communities. However, the Igbo and other Biafran people actively took to Western education, and they overwhelmingly came to adopt Christianity. Population pressure in the Igbo homeland, combined with aspirations for monetary wages, drove thousands of Igbos to other parts of Nigeria in search of work. By the 1960s, Igbo political culture was more unified and the region relatively prosperous, with tradesmen and literate elites active not just in the traditionally Igbo East, but throughout Nigeria. By 1966, the traditional ethnic and religious differences between Northerners and the Igbo were exacerbated by new differences in education and economic class.
Politics and economics of federalism
The colonial administration divided Nigeria into three regions—North, West and East—something which exacerbated the already well-developed economic, political, and social differences among Nigeria's different ethnic groups. The country was divided in such a way that the North had a slightly higher population than the other two regions combined. There were also widespread reports of fraud during Nigeria's first census, and even today population remains a highly political issue in Nigeria. On this basis, the Northern Region was allocated a majority of the seats in the Federal Legislature established by the colonial authorities. Within each of the three regions the dominant ethnic groups, the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo, respectively formed political parties that were largely regional and based on ethnic allegiances: the Northern People's Congress (NPC) in the North; the Action Group in the West (AG); and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) in the East. Although these parties were not exclusively homogeneous in terms of their ethnic or regional make-up, the disintegration of Nigeria resulted largely from the fact that these parties were primarily based in one region and one tribe.
The basis of modern Nigeria formed in 1914, when Britain amalgamated the Northern and Southern protectorates. Beginning with the Northern Protectorate, the British implemented a system of indirect rule of which they exerted influence through alliances with local forces. This system worked so well, Colonial Governor Frederick Lugard successfully lobbied to extend it to the Southern Protectorate through amalgamation. In this way, a foreign and hierarchical system of governance was imposed on the Igbos Intellectuals began to agitate for greater rights and independence. The size of this intellectual class increased significantly in the 1950s, with the massive expansion of the national education program. During the 1940s and 1950s the Igbo and Yoruba parties were in the forefront of the campaign for independence from British rule. Northern leaders, fearful that independence would mean political and economic domination by the more Westernized elites in the South, preferred the continuation of British rule. As a condition for accepting independence, they demanded that the country continue to be divided into three regions with the North having a clear majority. Igbo and Yoruba leaders, anxious to obtain an independent country at all costs, accepted the Northern demands.
However, the two Southern regions had significant cultural and ideological differences, leading to discord between the two Southern political parties. Firstly, the AG favored a loose confederacy of regions in the emergent Nigerian nation whereby each region would be in total control of its own distinct territory. The status of Lagos was a sore point for the AG which did not want Lagos, a Yoruba town which was at that time the federal capital and seat of national government to be designated as the capital of Nigeria if it meant loss of Yoruba sovereignty. The AG insisted that Lagos, a Yoruba city situated in Western Nigeria must be completely recognized as a Yoruba town without any loss of identity, control or autonomy by the Yoruba. Contrary to this position, the NCNC was anxious to declare Lagos, by virtue of it being the "Federal Capital Territory" as "no man's land"—a declaration which as could be expected angered the AG which offered to help fund the development of another territory in Nigeria as "Federal Capital Territory" and then threatened secession from Nigeria if it didn't get its way. The threat of secession by the AG was tabled, documented and recorded in numerous constitutional conferences, including the constitutional conference held in London in 1954 with the demand that a right of secession be enshrined in the constitution of the emerging Nigerian nation to allow any part of the emergent nation to opt out of Nigeria, should the need arise. This proposal for inclusion of right of secession by the regions in independent Nigeria by the AG was rejected and resisted by NCNC which vehemently argued for a tightly bound united/unitary structured nation because it viewed the provision of a secession clause as detrimental to the formation of a unitary Nigerian state. In the face of sustained opposition by the NCNC delegates, later joined by the NPC and backed by threats to view maintenance of the inclusion of secession by the AG as treasonable by the British, the AG was forced to renounce its position of inclusion of the right of secession a part of the Nigerian constitution. Had such a provision been made in the Nigerian constitution, later events which led to the Nigerian/Biafran civil war would have been avoided. The pre-independence alliance between the NCNC and the NPC against the aspirations of the AG would later set the tone for political governance of independent Nigeria by the NCNC/NPC and lead to disaster in later years in Nigeria.
Northern–Southern tension manifested first in the 1945 Jos Riot in which 300 Igbo people died and again on 1 May 1953, as fighting in the Northern city of Kano. The political parties tended to focus on building power in their own regions, resulting in an incoherent and dis-unified dynamic in the federal government.
In 1946, the British divided the Southern Region into the Western Region and the Eastern Region. Each government was entitled to collect royalties from resources extracted within its area. This changed in 1956 when Shell-BP found large petroleum deposits in the Eastern region. A Commission led by Sir Jeremy Raisman and Ronald Tress determined that resource royalties would now enter a "Distributable Pools Account" with the money split between different parts of government (50% to region of origin, 20% to federal government, 30% to other regions). To ensure continuing influence, the British government promoted unity in the Northern bloc and secessionist sentiments among and within the two Southern regions. The Nigerian government, following independence, promoted discord in the West with the creation of a new Mid-Western Region in an area with oil potential. The new constitution of 1946 also proclaimed that "The entire property in and control of all mineral oils, in, under, or upon any lands, in Nigeria, and of all rivers, streams, and watercourses throughout Nigeria, is and shall be vested in, the Crown." Britain profited significantly from a fivefold rise in Nigerian exports amidst the postwar economic boom.
Independence and First Republic
Nigeria gained independence on 1 October 1960, and the First Republic came to be on 1 October 1963. The first prime minister of Nigeria, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was a northerner and co-founder of the Northern People's Congress. He formed an alliance with the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons party, and its popular nationalist leader Nnamdi "Zik" Azikiwe, who became Governor General and then President. The Yoruba-aligned Action Group, the third major party, played the opposition role.
Workers became increasingly aggrieved by low wages and bad conditions, especially when they compared their lot to the lifestyles of politicians in Lagos. Most wage earners lived in the Lagos area, and many lived in overcrowded dangerous housing. Labour activity including strikes intensified in 1963, culminating in a nationwide general strike in June 1964. Strikers disobeyed an ultimatum to return to work and at one point were dispersed by riot police. Eventually, they did win wage increases. The strike included people from all ethnic groups. Retired Brigadier General H. M. Njoku later wrote that the general strike heavily exacerbated tensions between the Army and ordinary civilians, and put pressure on the Army to take action against a government which was widely perceived as corrupt.
The 1964 elections, which involved heavy campaigning all year, brought ethnic and regional divisions into focus. Resentment of politicians ran high and many campaigners feared for their safety while touring the country. The Army was repeatedly deployed to Tiv Division, killing hundreds and arresting thousands of Tiv people agitating for self-determination.
Widespread reports of fraud tarnished the election's legitimacy. Westerners especially resented the political domination of the Northern People's Congress, many of whose candidates ran unopposed in the election. Violence spread throughout the country and some began to flee the North and West, some to Dahomey. The apparent domination of the political system by the North, and the chaos breaking out across the country, motivated elements within the military to consider decisive action.
In addition to Shell-BP, the British reaped profits from mining and commerce. The British-owned United Africa Company alone controlled 41.3% of all Nigeria's foreign trade. At 516,000 barrels per day, Nigeria had become the tenth-biggest oil exporter in the world.
Though the Nigeria Regiment had fought for Britain in both the First and Second World Wars, the army Nigeria inherited upon independence in 1960 was an internal security force designed and trained to assist the police in putting down challenges to authority rather than to fight a war. The Indian historian Pradeep Barua called the Nigerian Army in 1960 "a glorified police force", and even after independence, the Nigerian military retained the role it held under the British in the 1950s. The Nigerian Army did not conduct field training, and notably lacked heavy weapons. Before 1948, Nigerians were not allowed to hold officer's commissions, and only in 1948 were certain promising Nigerian recruits allowed to attend Sandhurst for officer training while at the same time Nigerian NCOs were allowed to become officers if they completed a course in officer training at Mons Hall or Eaton Hall in England. Despite the reforms, only an average of two Nigerians per year were awarded officers' commissions between 1948–55 and only seven per year from 1955 to 1960. At the time of independence in 1960, of the 257 officers commanding the Nigeria Regiment which became the Nigerian Army, only 57 were Nigerians.
Using the "martial races" theory first developed under the Raj in 19th-century India, the colonial government had decided that peoples from northern Nigeria such as the Hausa, Kiv, and Kanuri were the hard "martial races" whose recruitment was encouraged while the peoples from southern Nigeria such as the Igbos and the Yoruba were viewed as too soft to make for good soldiers and hence their recruitment was discouraged. As a result, by 1958, men from northern Nigeria made up 62% of the Nigeria Regiment while men from the south and the west made up only 36%. In 1958, the policy was changed: henceforward men from the north would make up only 50% of the soldiers while men from the southeast and southwest were each to make up 25%. The new policy was retained after independence. The previously favored northerners whose egos had been stoked by being told by their officers that they were the tough and hardy "martial races" greatly resented the change in recruitment policies, all the more as after independence in 1960 there were opportunities for Nigerian men to serve as officers that had not existed prior to independence. As men from the southeast and southwest were generally much better educated than men from the north, they were much more likely to be promoted to officers in the newly founded Nigerian Army, which provoked further resentment from the northerners. At the same time, as a part of Nigerianisation policy, it was government policy to send home the British officers who had been retained after independence, by promoting as many Nigerians as possible until by 1966 there were no more British officers. As part of the Nigerianisation policy, educational standards for officers were drastically lowered with only a high school diploma being necessary for an officer's commission while at the same time Nigerianisation resulted in an extremely youthful officer corps, full of ambitious men who disliked the Sandhurst graduates who served in the high command as blocking further chances for promotion. A group of Igbo officers formed a conspiracy to overthrow the government, seeing the northern prime minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, as allegedly plundering the oil wealth of the southeast.
Military coups
On 15 January 1966, Major Chukuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna, and other junior Army officers (mostly majors and captains) attempted a coup d'état. The two major political leaders of the north, the Prime Minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and the Premier of the northern region, Sir Ahmadu Bello were executed by Major Nzeogwu. Also murdered was Sir Ahmadu Bello's wife and officers of Northern extraction. The President, Sir Nnamdi Azikiwe, an Igbo, was on an extended vacation in the West Indies. He did not return until days after the coup. There was widespread suspicion that the Igbo coup plotters had tipped him and other Igbo leaders off regarding the pending coup. In addition to the killings of the Northern political leaders, the Premier of the Western region, Ladoke Akintola and Yoruba senior military officers were also killed. The coup, also referred to as "The Coup of the Five Majors", has been described in some quarters as Nigeria's only revolutionary coup. This was the first coup in the short life of Nigeria's nascent second democracy. Claims of electoral fraud were one of the reasons given by the coup plotters. Besides killing much of Nigeria's elite, the "Majors' Coup" also saw much of the leadership of the Nigerian Federal Army killed with seven officers holding the rank above colonel killed. Of the seven officers killed, four were northerners, two were from the southeast and one was from the midwest. Only one was a Igbo.
This coup was, however, not seen as a revolutionary coup by other sections of Nigerians, especially in the Northern and Western sections and by later revisionists of Nigerian coups. Some alleged, mostly from Eastern part of Nigeria, that the majors sought to spring Action Group leader Obafemi Awolowo out of jail and make him head of the new government. Their intention was to dismantle the Northern-dominated power structure but their efforts to take power were unsuccessful. Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Igbo and loyalist head of the Nigerian Army, suppressed coup operations in the South and he was declared head of state on 16 January after the surrender of the majors.
In the end though, the majors were not in the position to embark on this political goal. While their 15th January coup succeeded in seizing political control in the north, it failed in the south, especially in the Lagos-Ibadan-Abeokuta military district where loyalist troops led by army commander Johnson Aguyi-Ironsi succeeded in crushing the revolt. Apart from Ifeajuna who fled the country after the collapse of their coup, the other two January Majors, and the rest of the military officers involved in the revolt, later surrendered to the loyalist High Command and were subsequently detained as a federal investigation of the event began.Nigerian Civil War; Fourth Dimension Publishers, Enugu.
Aguyi-Ironsi suspended the constitution and dissolved parliament. He abolished the regional confederated form of government and pursued unitary policies favoured by the NCNC, having apparently been influenced by NCNC political philosophy. He, however, appointed Colonel Hassan Katsina, son of Katsina emir Usman Nagogo, to govern the Northern Region, indicating some willingness to maintain cooperation with this bloc. He also preferentially released northern politicians from jail (enabling them to plan his forthcoming overthrow). Aguyi-Ironsi rejected a British offer of military support but promised to protect British interests.
Ironsi fatally did not bring the failed plotters to trial as required by then-military law and as advised by most northern and western officers, rather, coup plotters were maintained in the military on full pay, and some were even promoted while awaiting trial. The coup, despite its failures, was widely seen as primarily benefiting the Igbo peoples, as the plotters received no repercussions for their actions and no significant Igbo political leaders were affected. While those that executed the coup were mostly Northern, most of the known plotters were Igbo and the military and political leadership of Western and Northern regions had been largely bloodily eliminated while the Eastern military/political leadership was largely untouched. However, Ironsi, himself an Igbo, was thought to have made numerous attempts to please Northerners. The other events that also fuelled suspicions of a so-called "Igbo conspiracy" were the killing of Northern leaders, and the killing of the Brigader Ademulegun's pregnant wife by the coup executioners.
Despite the overwhelming contradictions of the coup being executed by mostly Northern soldiers (such as John Atom Kpera, later military governor of Benue State), the killing of Igbo soldier Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Unegbe by coup executioners, and Ironsi's termination of an Igbo-led coup, the ease by which Ironsi stopped the coup led to suspicion that the Igbo coup plotters planned all along to pave the way for Ironsi to take the reins of power in Nigeria.
Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu became military governor of the Eastern Region at this time. On 24 May 1966, the military government issued Unification Decree #34, which would have replaced the federation with a more centralised system. The Northern bloc found this decree intolerable.
In the face of provocation from the Eastern media which repeatedly showed humiliating posters and cartoons of the slain northern politicians, on the night of 29 July 1966, northern soldiers at Abeokuta barracks mutinied, thus precipitating a counter-coup, which had already been in the planning stages. Ironsi was on a visit to Ibadan during their mutiny and there he was killed (along with his host, Adekunle Fajuyi). The counter-coup led to the installation of Lieutenant-Colonel Yakubu Gowon as Supreme Commander of the Nigerian Armed Forces. Gowon was chosen as a compromise candidate. He was a Northerner, a Christian, from a minority tribe, and had a good reputation within the army.
It seems that Gowon immediately faced not only a potential standoff with the East, but secession threats from the Northern and even the Western region. The counter-coup plotters had considered using the opportunity to withdraw from the federation themselves. Ambassadors from Britain and the United States, however, urged Gowon to maintain control over the whole country. Gowon followed this plan, repealing the Unification Decree, announcing a return to the federal system.
Persecution of Igbo
From June through October 1966, pogroms in the North killed an estimated 8,000 to 30,000 Igbo, half of them children, and caused more than a million to two million to flee to the Eastern Region. 29 September 1966, was considered the worst day; because of massacres, it was called 'Black Thursday'.
Ethnomusicologist Charles Keil, who was visiting Nigeria in 1966, recounted:
The pogroms I witnessed in Makurdi, Nigeria (late Sept. 1966) were foreshadowed by months of intensive anti-Ibo and anti-Eastern conversations among Tiv, Idoma, Hausa and other Northerners resident in Makurdi, and, fitting a pattern replicated in city after city, the massacres were led by the Nigerian army. Before, during and after the slaughter, Col. Gowon could be heard over the radio issuing 'guarantees of safety' to all Easterners, all citizens of Nigeria, but the intent of the soldiers, the only power that counts in Nigeria now or then, was painfully clear. After counting the disemboweled bodies along the Makurdi road I was escorted back to the city by soldiers who apologised for the stench and explained politely that they were doing me and the world a great favor by eliminating Igbos.
The Federal Military Government also laid the groundwork for the economic blockade of the Eastern Region which went into full effect in 1967.
Breakaway
The deluge of refugees in Eastern Nigeria created a difficult situation. Extensive negotiations took place between Ojukwu, representing Eastern Nigeria, and Gowon, representing the Nigerian Federal military government. In the Aburi Accord, finally signed at Aburi, Ghana, the parties agreed that a looser Nigerian federation would be implemented. Gowon delayed announcement of the agreement and eventually reneged.
On 27 May 1967, Gowon proclaimed the division of Nigeria into twelve states. This decree carved the Eastern Region in three parts: South Eastern State, Rivers State, and East Central State. Now the Igbos, concentrated in the East Central State, would lose control over most of the petroleum, located in the other two areas.
On 30 May 1967, Ojukwu declared independence of the Republic of Biafra.
The Federal Military Government immediately placed an embargo on all shipping to and from Biafra—but not on oil tankers. Biafra quickly moved to collect oil royalties from oil companies doing business within its borders. When Shell-BP acquiesced to this request at the end of June, the Federal Government extended its blockade to include oil. The blockade, which most foreign actors accepted, played a decisive role in putting Biafra at a disadvantage from the beginning of the war.
Although the very young nation had a chronic shortage of weapons to go to war, it was determined to defend itself. Although there was much sympathy in Europe and elsewhere, only five countries (Tanzania, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Zambia, and Haiti) officially recognised the new republic. Britain supplied heavy weapons and ammunition to the Nigerian side because of its desire to preserve the country it had created. The Biafra side received arms and ammunition from France, even though the French government denied sponsoring Biafra. An article in Paris Match of 20 November 1968 claimed that French arms were reaching Biafra through neighbouring countries such as Gabon. The heavy supply of weapons by Britain was the biggest factor in determining the outcome of the war.
Several peace accords were held, with the most notable one held at Aburi, Ghana (the Aburi Accord). There were different accounts of what took place in Aburi. Ojukwu accused the federal government of going back on their promises while the federal government accused Ojukwu of distortion and half-truths. Ojukwu gained agreement to a confederation for Nigeria, rather than a federation. He was warned by his advisers that Gowon did not understand the difference and would renege upon the agreement.
When this happened, Ojukwu regarded it as both a failure by Gowon to keep to the spirit of the Aburi agreement and a lack of integrity on the side of the Nigerian Military Government in the negotiations toward a united Nigeria. Gowon's advisers, to the contrary, felt that he had enacted as much as was politically feasible in fulfillment of the spirit of Aburi. The Eastern Region was very ill-equipped for war, outmanned and outgunned by the Nigerians, but had the advantages of fighting in their homeland, support of most Easterners, determination, and use of limited resources.
The UK, which still maintained the highest level of influence over Nigeria's highly valued oil industry through Shell-BP, and the Soviet Union supported the Nigerian government, especially by military supplies.
The Nigerian Army in 1967 was completely unready for war. The Nigerian Army had no training or experience of war on the operational level, still being primarily an internal security force. Most Nigerian officers were more concerned with their social lives than military training, spending a disproportionate amount of their time on partying, drinking, hunting and playing games. Social status in the Army was extremely important and officers devoted an excessive amount of time to ensure their uniforms were always immaculate while there was a competition to own the most expensive automobiles and homes. The killings and purges perpetuated during the two coups of 1966 had killed most of the Sandhurst graduates. By July 1966, all of the officers holding the rank above colonel had been either killed or discharged while only 5 officers holding the rank of lieutenant colonel were still alive and on duty. Almost all of the junior officers had received their commissions after 1960 and most were heavily dependent on the more experienced NCOs to provide the necessary leadership. The same problems that afflicted the Federal Army also affected the Biafran Army even more whose officer corps was based around former Federal Igbo officers. The shortage of experienced officers was a major problem for the Biafran Army, made worse by a climate of paranoia and suspicion within Biafra as Ojukwu believed that other former Federal officers were plotting against him.
War
Shortly after extending its blockade to include oil, the Nigerian government launched a "police action" to retake the secessionist territory. The war began on the early hours of 6 July 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. The Biafra strategy had succeeded: the federal government had started the war, and the East was defending itself. The Nigerian Army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Colonel Mohammed Shuwa and the local military units were formed as the 1st Infantry Division. The division was led mostly by northern officers. After facing unexpectedly fierce resistance and high casualties, the western Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka, which fell on 14 July, while the eastern column made for Garkem, which was captured on 12 July.
Biafran offensive
The Biafrans responded with an offensive of their own. On 9 August, Biafran forces crossed their western border and the Niger river into the MidWestern state of Nigeria. Passing through the state capital of Benin City, the Biafrans advanced west until 21 August, when they were stopped at Ore in present-day Ondo State, east of the Nigerian capital of Lagos. The Biafran attack was led by Lt. Col. Banjo, a Yoruba, with the Biafran rank of brigadier. The attack met little resistance and the MidWestern state was easily taken over. This was due to the pre-secession arrangement that all soldiers should return to their regions to stop the spate of killings, in which Igbo soldiers had been major victims. The Nigerian soldiers who were supposed to defend the MidWestern state were mostly Igbo from that state and, while some were in touch with their Biafran counterparts, others resisted the invasion. General Gowon responded by asking Colonel Murtala Mohammed (who later became head of state in 1975) to form another division (the 2nd Infantry Division) to expel the Biafrans from the MidWestern state, to defend the border of the Western state and to attack Biafra. At the same time, Gowon declared "total war" and announced the Federal government would mobilise the entire population of Nigeria for the war effort. From the summer of 1967 to the spring of 1969, the Federal Army grew from a force of 7,000 to a force of 200,000 men organised in three divisions. Biafra began the war with only 240 soldiers at Enugu, which grew to two battalions by August 1967, which soon were expanded into two brigades, the 51st and 52nd which became the core of the Biafran Army. By 1969, the Biafrans were to field 90,000 soldiers formed into five undermanned divisions together with a number of independent units.
As Nigerian forces retook the MidWestern state, the Biafran military administrator declared it to be the Republic of Benin on 19 September, though it ceased to exist the next day. (The present country of Benin, west of Nigeria, was still named Dahomey at that time.)
Although Benin City was retaken by the Nigerians on 22 September, the Biafrans succeeded in their primary objective by tying down as many Nigerian Federal troops as they could. Gen. Gowon also launched an offensive into Biafra south from the Niger Delta to the riverine area, using the bulk of the Lagos Garrison command under Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (called the Black Scorpion) to form the 3rd Infantry Division (which was later renamed as the 3rd Marine Commando). As the war continued, the Nigerian Army recruited amongst a wider area, including the Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, etc.
Nigerian offensive
The command was divided into two brigades with three battalions each. The 1st Brigade advanced on the axis of the Ogugu–Ogunga–Nsukka road while the 2nd Brigade advanced on the axis of the Gakem–Obudu–Ogoja road. By 10 July 1967, the 1st Brigade had conquered all its assigned territories. By 12 July the 2nd brigade had captured Gakem, Ogudu, and Ogoja. To assist Nigeria, Egypt sent six Ilyushin Il-28 bombers flown by Egyptian air crews. The habit of the Egyptians to bomb Red Cross hospitals together with schools, hospitals, and marketplaces did much to earn Biafra international sympathy.
Enugu became the hub of secession and rebellion, and the Nigerian government believed that once Enugu was captured, the drive for secession would end. The plans to conquer Enugu began on 12 September 1967. On 4 October, the Nigerian 1st Division captured Enugu. Ojukwu was asleep in the Biafran State House when the federal troops attacked and narrowly escaped by disguising himself as a servant. Many Nigerians hoped that Enugu's capture would convince the Igbos' traditional elite to end their support for secession, even if Ojukwu did not follow them. This did not occur. Ojukwu relocated his government without difficulty to Umuahia, a city positioned deep within traditional Igbo territory. The fall of Enugu contributed to a brief destabilisation of Biafran propaganda efforts, as the forced relocation of personnel left the Ministry of Information disorganised and the federal force's success undermined previous Biafran assertions that the Nigerian state could not withstand a protracted war. On 23 October the Biafran official radio declared in a broadcast that Ojukwu promised to continue resisting the federal government, and that he attributed the loss of Enugu to subversive actions.
Nigerian soldiers under Murtala Mohammed carried out a mass killing of 700 civilians when they captured Asaba on the River Niger. The Nigerians were repulsed three times as they attempted to cross the River Niger during October, resulting in the loss of thousands of troops, dozens of tanks and equipment. The first attempt by the 2nd Infantry Division on 12 October to cross the Niger from the town of Asaba to the Biafran city of Onitsha cost the Nigerian Federal Army over 5,000 soldiers killed, wounded, captured or missing. Operation Tiger Claw (17–20 October 1967) was a military conflict between Nigerian and Biafran military forces. On 17 October 1967 Nigerians invaded Calabar led by the "Black Scorpion", Benjamin Adekunle, while the Biafrans were led by Col. Ogbu Ogi, who was responsible for controlling the area between Calabar and Opobo, and Lynn Garrison, a foreign mercenary. The Biafrans came under immediate fire from the water and the air. For the next two days Biafran stations and military supplies were bombarded by the Nigerian air force. That same day Lynn Garrison reached Calabar but came under immediate fire by federal troops. By 20 October, Garrison's forces withdrew from the battle while Col. Ogi officially surrendered to Gen. Adekunle. On 19 May 1968 Portharcourt was captured. With the capture of Enugu, Bonny, Calabar and Portharcourt, the outside world was left in no doubt of the Federal supremacy in the war.
Biafran propaganda always blamed military defeats on "saboteurs" within the ranks of the Biafran officer, and both officers and the other ranks were encouraged to denounce suspected "saboteurs". Throughout the war, Biafran officers were far more likely to be executed by their own side than by the Federal Army as Ojukwu conducted purges and had officers who were merely accused of being "saboteurs" taken out and shot. Ojukwu did not trust the majority of the former Federal Igbo officers who had rallied to Biafra and saw them as potential rivals, thus leading to murderous purges that led to most of them being executed. Furthermore, Ojukwu needed scapegoats for Biafra's defeats and death was the usual punishment for a Biafran officers who lost a battle. Out of a fear of a coup, Ojukwu created several units such as the S Brigade commanded by himself and the 4th Commando Brigade commanded by the German mercenary Rolf Steiner that existed outside of the regular chain of command. Barua wrote that Ojukwu's leadership, especially his frequent executions of his own officers had a "disastrous impact" on the morale of the Biafran officer corps. The executions of officers also made it difficult for the Biafran officers to acquire the necessary experience to conduct military operations successfully as Barua noted the Biafran Army lacked both the "continuity and cohesion" to learn from the war.
Control over oil production
Oil exploration in Nigeria was pioneered by the Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company in 1937. In a bid to control the oil in the eastern region, the Federal government placed a shipping embargo on the territory. This embargo did not include oil tankers. The leadership of Biafra wrote to Shell-BP demanding royalties for the oil that was being explored in their region. After much deliberation, Shell-BP decided to pay Biafra the sum of 250,000 pounds. The news of this payment reached the Federal government, which immediately extended the shipping embargo to oil tankers. The Nigerian government also made it clear to Shell-BP that it expected the company to pay all outstanding oil royalties immediately. With the stalling on the payment for Biafra, the government instructed Shell-BP to stop operations in Biafra and took over from the company.
Towards the end of July 1967, Nigerian federal troops and marines captured Bonny Island in the Niger Delta, thereby taking control of vital Shell-BP facilities. Operations began again in May 1968, when Nigeria captured Port Harcourt. Its facilities had been damaged and needed repair. Oil production and export continued, but at a lower level. The completion in 1969 of a new terminal at Forçados brought production up from 142,000 barrels/day in 1958 to 540,000 barrels/day in 1969. In 1970, this figure doubled to 1.08 million barrels/day. The royalties enabled Nigeria to buy more weapons, hire mercenaries, etc. Biafra proved unable to compete on this economic level.
Atrocities against ethnic minorities in Biafra
Minorities in Biafra suffered atrocities at the hands of those fighting for both sides of the conflict. The pogroms in the North in 1966 were indiscriminately directed against people from Eastern Nigeria. Despite a seemingly natural alliance among these victims of the pogroms in the north, tensions rose as minorities, who had always harbored an interest in having their own state within the Nigerian federation, were suspected of collaborating with Federal troops to undermine Biafra.
The Federal troops were equally culpable of this crime. In the Rivers area, ethnic minorities sympathetic to Biafra were killed in the hundreds by federal troops. In Calabar, some 2000 Efiks were also killed by Federal troops. Outside Biafra, atrocities were recorded against the residents of Asaba in present-day Delta State by both sides in the conflict.
International involvement
Britain
Britain had planned to maintain and expand its supply of cheap high-quality oil from Nigeria. Therefore, it placed a high priority on maintenance of oil extraction and refining operations. The war broke out just a week before the Six-Day War in the Middle East led to the Suez Canal being blocked, forcing oil tankers from the Middle East to use the long route around the Cape of Good Hope, thereby increasing the cost of Middle Eastern oil. In turn, this increased the importance of Nigerian oil to Britain, because Nigerian oil was cheaper than Persian Gulf oil. Initially, when it was unclear which side would prevail, Britain took a "wait and see" approach before deciding decisively for Nigeria. Nigeria had a navy of only 6 vessels, the largest of which was a frigate; an air force of 76 planes, none of which were fighters or bombers; and an army of 7,000 men with no tanks and a shortage of officers with command experience. Though Biafra was likewise similarly weak, the two sides appeared evenly matched at the beginning of the war, and Nigerian victory was by no means considered preordained.
Britain backed the Federal Government but, when the war broke out, cautioned them not to damage British oil installations in the East. These oilworks, under the control of the Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company (jointly owned by Shell and British Petroleum), controlled 84% of Nigeria's 580,000 barrels per day. Two-thirds of this oil came from the Eastern region, and another third from the newly created Mid-West region. Two-fifths of all Nigerian oil ended up in Britain. In 1967, 30% of the oil being imported into Britain came from Nigeria.
Shell-BP therefore considered carefully a request by the Federal Government that it refuse to pay the royalties demanded by Biafra. Its lawyers advised that payment to Biafra would be appropriate if this government did in fact maintain law and order in the region in question. The British government advised that paying Biafra could undermine the goodwill of the Federal Government. Shell-BP made the payment, and the government established a blockade on oil exports. Forced to choose a side, Shell-BP and the British government threw in their lot with the Federal Government in Lagos, apparently calculating that this side would be more likely to win the war. As the British High Commissioner in Lagos wrote to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs on 27 July 1967:
Ojukwu, even victorious, will not be in a strong position. He will require all the international help and recognition he can get. The Federal Government would be much better placed both internationally and internally. They would have a cast iron case for the severest treatment of a company which has subsidised a rebel, and I feel fairly convinced they would press their case to the lengths of cancelling the Company's concessions and nationalising their installations. I conclude, therefore, if the company does change its mind and asks the British Government for advice, the best that could be given is for it to clamber hastily back on the Lagos side of the fence with cheque book at the ready."
Shell-BP took this advice. It continued to quietly support Nigeria through the rest of the war, in one case advancing a royalty of £5.5 million to fund the purchase of more British weapons.
It was not until Federal forces captured the ocean oil terminal at Bonny on 25 July 1967 that the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson decided to back Nigeria with military aid. After the Federal victory at Bonny, Wilson summoned David Hunt, the British high commissioner to Nigeria, for a meeting at 10 Downing Street in early August 1967 for his assessment of the situation. Hunt's view that the Federal forces were the better organised and would win because they could draw upon a greater population led Wilson to side with Nigeria.
During the war, Britain covertly supplied Nigeria with weapons and military intelligence and may have also helped it to hire mercenaries. After the decision was made to back Nigeria, the BBC oriented its reporting to favour this side. Supplies provided to the Federal Military Government included two vessels and 60 vehicles.
In Britain, the humanitarian campaign around Biafra began on 12 June 1968, with media coverage on ITV and in The Sun. The charities Oxfam and Save the Children Fund were soon deployed, with large sums of money at their disposal.
France
France provided weapons, mercenary fighters, and other assistance to Biafra and promoted its cause internationally, describing the situation as a genocide. President Charles de Gaulle referred to "Biafra's just and noble cause". However, France did not recognise Biafra diplomatically. Through Pierre Laureys, France had apparently provided two B-26s, Alouette helicopters, and pilots. France supplied Biafra with captured German and Italian weapons from World War II, sans serial numbers, delivered as part of regular shipments to Côte d'Ivoire. France also sold Panhard armoured vehicles to the Nigerian federal government.
French involvement in the war can be viewed in the context of its geopolitical strategy (Françafrique) and competition with the British in West Africa. Nigeria represented a base of British influence in the predominantly French-aligned area. France and Portugal used nearby countries in their sphere of influence, especially Côte d'Ivoire under President Félix Houphouët-Boigny, as waystations for shipments to Biafra. To some extent, also, France repeated its earlier policy from the Congo Crisis, when it supported the secession of the southern mining province Katanga.
Economically, France gained incentives through oil drilling contracts for the Société Anonyme Française de Recherches et d'Exploitation de Pétrolières (SAFRAP), apparently arranged with Eastern Nigeria in advance of its secession from the Nigerian Federation. SAFRAP laid claim to 7% of the Nigerian petroleum supply. In the assessment of a CIA analyst in 1970, France's "support was actually given to a handful of Biafran bourgeoisie in return for the oil. " Biafra, for its part, openly appreciated its relationship with France. Ojukwu suggested on 10 August 1967, that Biafra introduce compulsory French classes in secondary, technical and teacher training schools, in order to "benefit from the rich culture of the French-speaking world".
France led the way, internationally, for political support of Biafra. Portugal also sent weapons. These transactions were arranged through the "Biafran Historical Research Centre" in Paris. French-aligned Gabon and Côte d'Ivoire recognised Biafra in May 1968. On 8 May 1968, De Gaulle personally contributed 30,000 francs to medicine purchases for the French Red Cross mission. Fairly widespread student-worker unrest diverted the government's attention only temporarily. The government declared an arms embargo but maintained arms shipments to Biafra under cover of humanitarian aid. In July the government redoubled its efforts to involve the public in a humanitarian approach to the conflict. Images of starving children and accusations of genocide filled French newspapers and television programs. Amidst this press blitz, on 31 July 1968, De Gaulle made an official statement in support of Biafra. Maurice Robert, head of Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE, the French foreign intelligence service) African operations, wrote in 2004 that his agency supplied the press with details about the war and told them to use the word "genocide" in their reporting.
France declared "Biafra Week" on 11–17 March 1969, centred on a 2-franc raffle held by the French Red Cross. Soon after, de Gaulle terminated arms shipments, then resigned on 27 April 1969. Interim president Alain Poher fired General Jacques Foccart, the lead coordinator of France's Africa policy. Georges Pompidou re-hired Foccart and resumed support for Biafra, including cooperation with the South African secret service to import more weapons.
United States
The United States officially declared neutrality, with US Secretary of State Dean Rusk stating that "America is not in a position to take action as Nigeria is an area under British influence". Formally, the United States was neutral in the civil war. Strategically, its interests aligned with the Federal Military Government, although there was considerable popular sentiment in support of Biafra. The US also saw value in its alliance with Lagos, and sought to protect $800 million (in the assessment of the State Department) worth of private investment.
On 9 September 1968, United States presidential candidate Richard Nixon stated:
Until now, efforts to relieve the Biafra people have been thwarted by the desire of central government of Nigeria to pursue total and unconditional victory and by the fear of the Ibo people that surrender means wholesale atrocities and genocide. But genocide is what is taking place right now—and starvation is the grim reaper.
When Nixon became President in 1969, he found there was little he could do to change the established stance aside from calling for another round of peace talks. Despite this, he continued to personally support Biafra.
Gulf Oil Nigeria, the third major player in Nigerian oil, was producing 9% of the oil coming out of Nigeria before the war began. Its operations were all located offshore of the federally controlled Mid-Western territory; therefore it continued to pay royalties to the federal government and its operations were mostly undisrupted.
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union strongly backed the Nigerian government, emphasising the similarity with the Congo situation. Nigeria's need for more aircraft, which Britain and the United States refused to sell, led Gowon to accept a Soviet offer in the summer of 1967 to sell a squadron of 17 MiG-17 fighters. The British-trained Nigerian military tended to be distrustful of the Soviet Union, but the Soviet ambassador in Lagos, Alexander Romanov, a gregarious and friendly man as well as a shrewd diplomat, established an excellent rapport with Gowon and persuaded him that accepting Soviet weapons would not mean subjection to the Soviet Union. The first MiG-17s arrived in Nigeria in August 1967 together with some about 200 Soviet technicians to train the Nigerians in their use. Though the MiG-17s turned out to be too sophisticated for the Nigerians to use properly, requiring Egyptian Air Force pilots to fly them, the Soviet-Nigerian arms deal turned out to be one of the turning points of the war. Besides establishing an arms pipeline from the Soviet Union to Nigeria, the possibility that the Soviet Union would gain greater influence in Nigeria led Britain to increase its supply of arms to maintain its influence in Lagos while ruling out the possibility of either the United States or Britain recognizing Biafra.
The Soviet Union consistently supplied Nigeria with weapons, with the diplomatic disclaimer that these were "strictly for cash on a commercial basis". In 1968, the USSR agreed to finance the Kainji Dam on the Niger (somewhat upriver from the Delta). Soviet media outlets initially accused the British of cynically supporting the Biafran secession, then had to adjust these claims later when it turned out that Britain was, in fact, supporting the Federal Government.
One explanation for Soviet sympathy with the Federal Military Government was a shared opposition to internal secessionist movements. Before the war, the Soviets had seemed sympathetic to the Igbos. But Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin stated to their chagrin in October 1967 that "the Soviet people fully understand" Nigeria's motives and its need "to prevent the country from being dismembered."
Reportedly, the war substantially improved Soviet-Nigerian diplomatic and trade relations, and Moskvitch cars began to make appearances around Lagos. The USSR became a competitive importer of Nigerian cacao.
China
Because the Soviet Union was one of Nigeria's leading supporters, supplying arms on a generous scale, China, having recently become rivals with the Soviets in the Sino-Soviet split, declared its support for Biafra. In its first major statement on the war in September 1968, the New China Press Agency stated the People's Republic of China fully supported the justified struggle for liberation of the people of Biafra against the Nigerian government supported by "Anglo-American imperialism and Soviet revisionism". China supported arms to Biafra via Tanzania, supplying arms worth some $2 million in 1968–1969.
Israel
From early on, Israel perceived that Nigeria would be an important player in West African politics, and saw good relations with Lagos as an important foreign policy objective. Nigeria and Israel established a linkage in 1957. In 1960 Britain allowed the creation of an Israeli diplomatic mission in Lagos, and Israel made a $10 million loan to the Nigerian government. Israel also developed a cultural relation with the Igbos based on possible shared traditions. These moves represented a significant diplomatic success given the Muslim orientation of the northern-dominated government. Some northern leaders disapproved of contact with Israel and banned Israelis from Maiduguri and Sokoto.
Israel did not begin arms sales to Nigeria until after Aguyi-Ironsi came to power on 17 January 1966. This was considered an opportune time to develop this relationship with the federal government. Ram Nirgad became Israeli ambassador to Nigeria in January. Thirty tons of mortar rounds were delivered in April.
The Eastern Region began seeking assistance from Israel in September 1966. Israel apparently turned down their requests repeatedly, although they may have put the Biafran representatives in contact with another arms dealer. In 1968, Israel began supplying the Federal Military Government with arms—about $500,000 worth, according to the US State Department. Meanwhile, as elsewhere, the situation in Biafra became publicised as a genocide. The Knesset publicly debated this issue on 17 and 22 July 1968, winning applause from the press for its sensitivity. Right-wing and left-wing political groups, and student activists, spoke for Biafra. In August 1968, the Israeli Air Force overtly sent twelve tons of food aid to a nearby site outside of Nigerian (Biafran) airspace. Covertly, Mossad provided Biafra with $100,000 (through Zurich) and attempted an arms shipment. Soon after, Israel arranged to make clandestine weapons shipments to Biafra using Côte d'Ivoire transport planes. The nations of sub-Saharan Africa tended to support the Arabs in the Israeli-Palestinian dispute by voting for resolutions sponsored by Arab states at the United Nations. A major goal of Israeli diplomacy was to wean the African states away from the Arab states, and given the way that the majority of African nations supported Nigeria, Israel was loath to antagonise them by supporting Biafra too overtly.
Egypt
President Gamal Abdel Nasser dispatched pilots of the Egyptian Air Force to fight for Nigeria in August 1967, flying the recently arrived MiG-17s. The tendency of Egyptian pilots to indiscriminately bomb Biafran civilians proved counterproductive in the propaganda war as the Biafrans did their best to publicise cases of civilians killed by the Egyptians. In the spring of 1969, the Nigerians replaced the Egyptian pilots with East German pilots who proved to be considerably more competent.
Canada
At the request of the Nigerian government, Canada sent three observers to investigate allegations of genocide and war crimes against the Nigerian military. Major General W.A. Milroy was joined by two other Canadian officers in 1968, and the Canadian contingent remained until February 1970.
Africa
Biafra appealed unsuccessfully for support from the Organisation of African Unity (the precursor to the African Union). The member states generally did not want to support internal secessionist movements, and many African countries like Ethiopia and Egypt supported the Nigerian government in order to prevent inspiring revolts in their own countries. However, Biafra received the support of African countries such as Tanzania, Zambia, Gabon and Côte d'Ivoire.
Foreign mercenaries
Outmatched by Nigeria's superior firepower, Biafra hired foreign mercenaries for extra support. Mercenaries with prior experience fighting in the Congo Crisis were eagerly drawn to Biafra. German mercenary Rolf Steiner was placed in charge of the 4th Commando Brigade of the Biafran Armed Forces and commanded 3,000 men. Welsh mercenary Taffy Williams, one of Steiner's subordinates, was in command of one hundred Biafran fighters. Steiner's other subordinates were a mixture of adventurers consisting of the Italian Giorgio Norbiato; the Rhodesian explosive expert Johnny Erasmus; the Scotsman Alexander "Alec" Gay; the Irishman Louis "Paddy" Malrooney; the Corsican Armand Iaranelli who had been able to enlist in the Foreign Legion by pretending to be Italian; and a Jamaican bartender turned mercenary who called himself "Johnny Korea". Polish-Swiss pilot Jan Zumbach formed and commanded a ragtag air force for Biafra. Canadian pilot Lynn Garrison, Swedish pilot Carl Gustaf von Rosen, and Rhodesian pilot Jack Malloch served as leaders of Biafran air operations, attacking Nigerian forces and also supplying weapons and food aid. Portuguese pilots also served in the Biafran Air Force, transporting weapons from Portugal to Biafra. Steiner established a brown water navy by converting some Chris-Craft Boats into gun boats, which turned out to be successful in launching surprise raids for weapons and supplies.
It was hoped that employing mercenaries in Nigeria would have similar impact to the Congo, but the mercenaries proved largely ineffective since the Nigerian military received much more professional and adequate training compared to the Congolese militias. Despite some initial early successes (such as Operation OAU), over half of the 4th Commando Brigade was wiped out by Nigerian forces during the disastrous Operation Hiroshima of 15–29 November 1968, resulting in Steiner experiencing depression and a nervous breakdown, leading to his eventual expulsion and replacement by Taffy Williams. Although Nigeria appeared to be a tougher opponent, commentators observing the war noted that the remaining mercenaries appeared to have developed a personal or ideological commitment to Biafra's cause, which is a rare trait for mercenaries. Belgian mercenary Marc Goosens, who was killed by defensive Nigerian forces in a suicide mission during Operation Hiroshima, was reportedly motivated by his hatred of the British government (which supported Nigeria during the war). Steiner claimed to have fought for Biafra for idealistic reasons, saying the Igbo people were the victims of genocide, but the American journalist Ted Morgan mocked his claims, describing Steiner as a militarist who simply craved war because killing was the only thing he knew how to do well. Journalist Frederick Forsyth quotes Taffy Williams speaking of his Biafran subordinates, "I've seen a lot of Africans at war. But there's nobody to touch these people. Give me 10,000 Biafrans for six months, and we'll build an army that would be invincible on this continent. I've seen men die in this war who would have won the Victoria Cross in another context".
After the war, Philip Effiong, the chief of the Biafran general staff was asked by a journalist about the impact of the mercenaries on the war, his reply was: "They had not helped. It would had made no difference if not a single one of them came to work for the secessionist forces. Rolf Steiner stayed the longest. He was more of a bad influence than anything else. We were happy to get rid of him."
Biafra surrounded
From 1968 onward, the war fell into a form of stalemate, with Nigerian forces unable to make significant advances into the remaining areas under Biafran control due to stiff resistance and major defeats in Abagana, Arochukwu, Oguta, Umuahia (Operation OAU), Onne, Ikot Ekpene, etc. But another Nigerian offensive from April to June 1968 began to close the ring around the Biafrans with further advances on the two northern fronts and the capture of Port Harcourt on 19 May 1968. The blockade of the surrounded Biafrans led to a humanitarian disaster when it emerged that there was widespread civilian hunger and starvation in the besieged Igbo areas.
The Biafran government reported that Nigeria was using hunger and genocide to win the war, and sought aid from the outside world. Private groups in the US, led by Senator Ted Kennedy, responded. No one was ever held responsible for these killings.
In September 1968, the federal army planned what Gowon described as the "final offensive." Initially the final offensive was neutralised by Biafran troops by the end of the year after several Nigerian troops were routed in Biafran ambushes. In the latter stages, a Southern Federal Military Government offensive managed to break through. However, in 1969, the Biafrans launched several offensives against the Nigerians in their attempts to keep the Nigerians off-balance starting in March when the 14th Division of the Biafran army recaptured Owerri and moved towards Port Harcourt, but were halted just north of the city. In May 1969, Biafran commandos recaptured oil wells in Kwale. In July 1969, Biafran forces launched a major land offensive supported by foreign mercenary pilots continuing to fly in food, medical supplies and weapons. Most notable of the mercenaries was Swedish Count Carl Gustav von Rosen who led air attacks with five Malmö MFI-9 MiniCOIN small piston-engined aircraft, armed with rocket pods and machine guns. His Biafran Air Force consisted of three Swedes: von Rosen, Gunnar Haglund and Martin Lang. The other two pilots were Biafrans: Willy Murray-Bruce and Augustus Opke. From 22 May to 8 July 1969 von Rosen's small force attacked Nigerian military airfields in Port Harcourt, Enugu, Benin City and Ughelli, destroying or damaging a number of Nigerian Air Force jets used to attack relief flights, including a few MiG-17's and three of Nigeria's six Ilyushin Il-28 bombers that were used to bomb Biafran villages and farms on a daily basis. Although the Biafran offensives of 1969 were a tactical success, the Nigerians soon recovered. The Biafran air attacks did disrupt the combat operations of the Nigerian Air Force, but only for a few months.
In response to the Nigerian government using foreigners to lead some advances, the Biafran government also began hiring foreign mercenaries to extend the war. Only German-born Rolf Steiner, a lieutenant colonel with the 4th Commandos, and Major Taffy Williams, a Welshman, would remain for the duration. Nigeria deployed foreign aircraft, in the form of Soviet MiG17 and Il28 bombers.
Humanitarian crisis
The September massacres and subsequent Igbo withdrawal from northern Nigeria was the basis for the initial human rights petition to the UN to end genocide and provided a historical link to Biafran claims of genocide during the Nigerian civil war. Awareness of a mounting crisis rose in 1968. Information spread especially through religious networks, beginning with alerts from missionaries. It did not escape the notice of worldwide Christian organisations that the Biafrans were Christian and the northern Nigerians controlling the federal government were Muslim. Among these Christian efforts were the organization Joint Church Aid and Caritas, the latter aligned with various international Catholic aid groups. The famine was a result of the blockade that the Nigerian government had imposed on the Eastern region in the months leading up to secession. Frederick Forsyth, then a journalist in Nigeria and later a successful novelist, observed that the main problem was kwashiorkor, a protein deficiency. Prior to the civil war, the main source of dietary protein was dried fish imported from Norway, which was supplemented by local hogs, chicken and eggs. The blockade prevented imports, and local protein supplies were quickly depleted: "The national diet was now almost 100% starch."
Many volunteer bodies organised the Biafran airlift which provided blockade-breaking relief flights into Biafra, carrying food, medicines, and sometimes (according to some claims) weapons. More common was the claim that the arms-carrying aircraft would closely shadow aid aircraft, making it more difficult to distinguish between aid aircraft and military supply aircraft.
The American Community to Keep Biafra Alive stood apart from other organizations by quickly creating a broad strategy for pressuring the American government into taking a more active role in facilitating relief. Former Peace Corps volunteers who had recently returned from Nigeria and college students founded the American Committee in July 1968. The Peace Corps volunteers stationed in the Eastern Region developed strong friendships and identified as Igbo which prompted them to help the Eastern Region.
One of the characters assisting Count Carl Gustav von Rosen was Lynn Garrison, an ex-RCAF fighter pilot. He introduced the Count to a Canadian method of dropping bagged supplies to remote areas in Canada without losing the contents. He showed how one sack of food could be placed inside a larger sack before the supply drop. When the package hit the ground the inner sack would rupture while the outer one kept the contents intact. With this method many tons of food were dropped to many Biafrans who would otherwise have died of starvation.
Bernard Kouchner was one of a number of French doctors who volunteered with the French Red Cross to work in hospitals and feeding centres in besieged Biafra. The Red Cross required volunteers to sign an agreement, which was seen by some (like Kouchner and his supporters) as being similar to a gag order, that was designed to maintain the organisation's neutrality, whatever the circumstances. Kouchner and the other French doctors signed this agreement.
After entering the country, the volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army, and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. Kouchner also witnessed these events, particularly the huge number of starving children, and when he returned to France, he publicly criticised the Nigerian government and the Red Cross for their seemingly complicit behaviour. With the help of other French doctors, Kouchner put Biafra in the media spotlight and called for an international response to the situation. These doctors, led by Kouchner, concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritise the welfare of victims. They formed le Comité de Lutte contre le Génocide au Biafra which in 1971 became Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders).
The crisis brought about a large increase in prominence and funding of non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
Media and public opinion
Media and public relations played a central role in the war, due to their influence on morale at home and the dynamics of international involvement. Both sides relied heavily on external support. Biafra hired the New York public relations firm of Ruder and Finn to lobby American public opinion. However, it was not until Biafra hired the Geneva public relations Markpress in January 1968 that significant international sympathy was won. Markpress was headed by an American public relations executive, William Bernhardt, who was paid 12,000 Swiss francs per month for his services, and who expected a share of Biafra's oil revenues after the war. Markpress's portrayal of the war as a struggle for freedom by the Catholic Igbos against the Muslim-dominated north won the support of Catholic opinion all over the world, especially in the United States. Besides portraying the war as a Christian-Muslim conflict, Markpress accused the Federal government of waging genocide against the Igbos, a campaign that was extremely effective as pictures of starving Igbos won the sympathy of the world.
Media campaigns focused on the plight of the Biafrans intensified internationally in the summer of 1968. By the Biafran leadership and then around the world, the pogroms and famine were classified as genocide and compared to The Holocaust; hypothetical Judaic origins of the Igbos were used to bolster comparisons with Jews in Germany. In the international press, Igbo refugee camps were compared to Nazi extermination camps.
Humanitarian appeals differed somewhat from place to place. In Britain, humanitarian aid used familiar discourses of imperial responsibility; in Ireland, advertisements appealed to shared Catholicism and experiences of civil war. Both of these appeals channeled older cultural values into support for the new model of international NGOs. In Ireland, public opinion identified intensely with Biafra as most of the Catholic priests working in Biafra were Irish who naturally sympathized with the Biafrans, who they saw as fellow Catholics struggling for independence. The Irish journalist John Hogan who covered the war noted: "The threat of famine, combined with an independence struggle, had an almost irresistible political and emotional impact on Irish public opinion, which became hugely supportive of the regular airlifts, via the off-shore Portuguese island of São Tomé, of food and medical supplies to the beleaguered infant republic". The use of famine as a conscious tactic by the Federal government who wanted to starve Biafra into submission provoked parallels with the Great Famine of Ireland of the 1840s while many Irish people saw a parallel with Igbo struggle for independence with their own independence struggle. The pro-Biafra British journalist Frederick Forsyth started covering the war in the summer of 1967 for the BBC, became angry at the pro-Nigeria stance of the British government and resigned in protest in September 1967. Returning as a freelance journalist in 1968, Forysth worked closely with the Irish Holy Ghost Fathers to collect information about the famine, and whose dispatches from Biafra had an immense impact on British public opinion.
In Israel, the Holocaust comparison was promoted, as was the theme of threat from hostile Muslim neighbors.
The Biafran war presented Westerners with the notion of starving African children. The Biafran famine was one of the first African disasters to receive widespread media coverage, enabled by the proliferation of television sets. The televised disaster and the rising NGOs mutually enhanced each other; NGOs maintained their own communications networks and played a significant role in shaping news coverage.
Biafran elites studied Western propaganda techniques and released carefully constructed public communications in an intentional fashion. Biafran propagandists had the dual task of appealing to international public opinion, and maintaining morale and nationalist spirit domestically. Political cartoons were a preferred medium for publicising simple interpretations of the war. Biafra also used push polling to insinuate messages about Nigeria's inherent bloodthirstiness. Novelist Chinua Achebe became a committed propagandist for Biafra, and one of its leading international advocates.
On 29 May 1969, Bruce Mayrock, a student at Columbia University, set himself ablaze at the premises of the United Nations Headquarters in New York, to protest what he viewed as a genocide against the people of Biafra. He died of his injuries the following day. On 25 November 1969, musician John Lennon returned the MBE he had awarded by Queen Elizabeth II in 1964 in protest against British support for Nigeria. In his letter to the Queen returning the MBE, Lennon wrote: "Your Majesty, I am returning this in protest against Britain's involvement in the Nigeria-Biafra thing, against our support of America in Vietnam, and against Cold Turkey slipping down the charts. With love. John Lennon.".
Kwale oilfield incident
In May 1969 a company of Biafran commandos raided an oil field in Kwale and killed 11 Saipem workers and Agip technicians. They captured three Europeans unhurt and then at a nearby Okpai Field Development Biafran commandos surrounded and captured 15 more expatriate personnel. The captives included 14 Italians, 3 West Germans and one Lebanese. It was claimed that the foreigners were captured fighting alongside Nigerians against Biafran troops and that they assisted Nigerians in constructing roads to aid them in their operations against Biafra. They were tried by a Biafran court and sentenced to death.
This incident caused an international uproar. In the month that followed Pope Paul VI, the governments of Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States of America mounted concerted pressure on Biafra. On 4 June 1969, after receiving a personal direct mail from the Pope, Ojukwu pardoned the foreigners. They were released to the special envoys sent by the governments of Ivory Coast and Gabon and left Biafra.
End of the war
With increased British support, the Nigerian federal forces launched their final offensive against the Biafrans once again on 23 December 1969, with a major thrust by the 3rd Marine Commando Division. The division was commanded by Col. Olusegun Obasanjo (who later became president twice), which succeeded in splitting the Biafran enclave into two by the end of the year. The final Nigerian offensive, named "Operation Tail-Wind", was launched on 7 January 1970 with the 3rd Marine Commando Division attacking, and supported by the 1st Infantry division to the north and the 2nd Infantry division to the south. The Biafran towns of Owerri fell on 9 January, and Uli on 11 January. Only a few days earlier, Ojukwu fled into exile by plane to the Ivory Coast, leaving his deputy Philip Effiong to handle the details of the surrender to General Yakubu Gowon of the Federal Army on 13 January 1970. The surrender paper was signed on 14 January 1970 in Lagos and thus came the end of the civil war and renunciation of secession. Fighting ended a few days later, with the Nigerian forces advancing into the remaining Biafran-held territories, which was met with little resistance.
After the war, Gowon said, "The tragic chapter of violence is just ended. We are at the dawn of national reconciliation. Once again we have an opportunity to build a new nation. My dear compatriots, we must pay homage to the fallen, to the heroes who have made the supreme sacrifice that we may be able to build a nation, great in justice, fair trade, and industry."
Legacy
Atrocities against the Igbos
The war cost the Igbos a great deal in terms of lives, money and infrastructure. It has been estimated that up to one million people may have died due to the conflict, most from hunger and disease caused by Nigerian forces. More than half a million people died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockade throughout the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands of people starved to death every day as the war progressed. (The International Committee of the Red Cross in September 1968 estimated 8,000–10,000 deaths from starvation each day.) The leader of a Nigerian peace conference delegation said in 1968 that "starvation is a legitimate weapon of war and we have every intention of using it against the rebels". This stance is generally considered to reflect the policy of the Nigerian government. The federal Nigerian army is accused of further atrocities including deliberate bombing of civilians, mass slaughter with machine guns, and rape.
Ethnic minorities in Biafra
Ethnic minorities (Ibibio, Ijaw, Ikwerre, Ogoni and others) made up approximately 40% of the Biafran population in 1966. The attitude of ethnic minorities in Biafra towards the conflict were initially divided early in the war, having suffered the same fate as Igbos in the North held the same fear and dread as Igbos. However, actions by Biafra authorities suggesting they favored the Igbo majority turned these attitudes negative. Great suspicion was directed towards ethnic minorities and opponents of Biafra, with 'combing' exercises conducted to sift these communities for saboteurs, or 'sabo,' as they were commonly branded. This brand was widely feared, as it generally resulted in death by the Biafran forces or even mobs. The accusations subjected entire communities to violence in the form of killings, rapes, kidnapping and internments in camps by Biafran forces. Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighter (BOFF) was a paramilitary organization set up by the civil defense group with instructions to suppress the enemy, and engaged in "combing" exercises in minority communities.
Atrocities against ethnic minorities in Biafra
Minorities in Biafra suffered atrocities at the hands of those fighting for both sides of the conflict. The pogroms in the North in 1966 were indiscriminately directed against people from Eastern Nigeria.
Despite a seemingly natural alliance between these victims of the pogroms in the north, tensions rose as minorities, who had always harbored an interest in having their own state within the Nigerian federation, were suspected of collaborating with Federal troops to undermine Biafra.
The Federal troops were equally culpable of this crime. In the Rivers area, ethnic minorities sympathetic to Biafra were killed in the hundreds by federal troops. In Calabar, some 2000 Efiks were also killed by Federal troops. Outside of the Biafra, atrocities were recorded against the resident of Asaba in present-day Delta State by both sides of the conflict.
Genocide question
Legal scholar Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe and other academics argued that the Biafran war was a genocide, for which no perpetrators have been held accountable. Critics of this position suggest that Igbo leaders had some responsibility, but acknowledge that starvation policies were pursued deliberately and that accountability has not been sought for the 1966 pogroms. Biafra made a formal complaint of genocide against Igbos to the International Committee on the Investigation of Crimes of Genocide, which concluded that the actions undertaken by the Nigerian government against the Igbo amounted to a genocide. With special reference to the Asaba Massacre, jurist Emma Okocha described the killings as "the first black-on-black genocide". Ekwe-Ekwe places significant blame on the British government for their support of the Nigerian government, which he argued allowed for their depredations against the Igbo to continue.
Reconstruction
Reconstruction, helped by the oil money, was swift; however, the old ethnic and religious tensions remained a constant feature of Nigerian politics. Accusations were made of Nigerian government officials diverting resources meant for reconstruction in the former Biafran areas to their ethnic areas. Military government continued in power in Nigeria for many years, and people in the oil-producing areas claimed they were being denied a fair share of oil revenues. Laws were passed mandating that political parties could not be ethnically or tribally based; however, it has been hard to make this work in practice.
Igbos who ran for their lives during the pogroms and war returned to find their positions had been taken over; and when the war was over the government did not feel any need to re-instate them, preferring to regard them as having resigned. This reasoning was also extended to Igbo-owned properties and houses. People from other regions were quick to take over any house owned by an Igbo, especially in the Port Harcourt area. The Nigerian Government justified this by terming such properties abandoned. This, however, has led to a feeling of an injustice as the Nigerian government policies were seen as further economically disabling the Igbos even long after the war. Further feelings of injustice were caused by Nigeria changing its currency, so that Biafran supplies of pre-war Nigerian currency were no longer honoured. At the end of the war, only N£20 was given to any easterner regardless of the amount of money he or she had had in the bank. This was applied irrespective of their banking in pre-war Nigerian currency or Biafran currency. This was seen as a deliberate policy to hold back the Igbo middle class, leaving them with little wealth to expand their business interests.
Fall of Biafra and restoration attempts
On 29 May 2000, The Guardian reported that President Olusegun Obasanjo commuted to retirement the dismissal of all military persons who fought for the breakaway state of Biafra during the Nigerian civil war. In a national broadcast, he said that the decision was based on the principle that "justice must at all times be tempered with mercy."
Biafra was more or less wiped off the map until its resurrection by the contemporary Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra. Chinua Achebe's last book, There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra, has also rekindled discussion of the war. In 2012, the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) separatist movement was founded, led by Nnamdi Kanu. In 2021, tensions between IPOB and the Nigerian government escalated into the violent Orlu Crisis, with IPOB declaring that the "second Nigeria/Biafra war" had begun. The separatists vowed that this time, Biafra would win.
Intergenerational impacts
According to a 2021 study, "War exposure among women [in the Biafran war] results in reduced adult stature, an increased likelihood of being overweight, earlier age at first birth, and lower educational attainment. War exposure of mothers has adverse impacts on next-generation child survival, growth, and education. Impacts vary with age of exposure."
See also
List of civil wars
References
Bibliography
Achebe, Chinua. There Was a Country, by Chinua Achebe; Penguin Press, 2012. ()
Chant, Christopher. Warfare of the 20th Century. Chartwell Books, 1988. Ibadan University Press, 1974.
Daly, Samuel Fury Childs. A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War, (Cambridge University Press, 2020) online review
Diamond, Larry. Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press, 1988.
Draper, Michael I. Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970.
Dudley, Billy. Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria
Ejibunu, Hassan Tai: Nigeria's Delta Crisis: Root Causes and Peacelessness – EPU Research Papers: Issue 07/07, Stadtschlaining 2007
Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. The Biafra War: Nigeria and the Aftermath. African Studies, Volume 17. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990.
Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. The Genesis of the Nigerian Civil War and the Theory of Fear. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Research Report No. 27. Uppsala Offset Centre AB, 1975.
Levey, Zach. "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research 2–3, 2014.
Madiebo, Alexander A. The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War. Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980.
Njoku, H. M. A Tragedy Without Heroes: The Nigeria—Biafra War. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd., 1987.
Obe, Peter Nigeria - A decade of crisis in pictures. Peter Obe Photo Agency, Lagos, 1971.
Ojiaku, Chief Uche Jim. Surviving the Iron Curtain: A Microscopic View of What Life Was Like, Inside a War-Torn Region. 2007. ;
Olawoyin, James Alabi Olabisi. "Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict". Master of Laws thesis accepted at York University (Toronto, Ontario), October 1971.
Stevenson, John Allen. "Capitol Gains: How Foreign Military Intervention and the Elite Quest for International Recognition Cause Mass Killing in New States". Political science PhD dissertation, accepted at University of Chicago, December 2014.
Uche, Chibuike. "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War". Journal of African History 49, 2008.
Zumbach, Jan. On Wings of War: My Life as a Pilot Adventurer.
External links
Government of Biafra
Images
Map of Nigerian Civil War
Photos from Civil War and related events hosted by Federation of the Free States of Africa
"Biafra", Iconic Photos blog, 3 December 2010
Video
Nigerian-Biafran War Full Video (Raw War Footage) by Initiative Reports
Daily Life in Biafra (& part 2), Nigerian History Channel
BBC documentary on Nigerian Civil War
Biafra documentary on YouTube, part 1 and part 2.
Speech by President Ojukwu
Surrender ceremony, 15 January 1970
Major General Gowon comments after the war has concluded
Writing
"Britain and Biafra: the Case for Genocide Examined" – by Auberon Waugh in the Spectator (UK), 26 December 1968
"Biafra: A People Betrayed" – by Kurt Vonnegut in Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons, 1974
Philip Effiong II Website – Writings and links from son of Major General Philip Effiong
Military aspects
The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt
Short history and assessment of the MFI-9B "MiniCOIN" in Biafran air force service
Nicknames, Slogans, Local and Operational Names Associated with the Nigerian Civil War
Quick Kill in Slow Motion: The Nigerian Civil War
A view of blunders in the Nigerian strategy
The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt
Nigeria. Soldiers As Policymakers (1960s-1970s)
How France armed Biafra's bid to break from Nigeria by Michel Arseneault
Biafra
History of Nigeria
History of West Africa
Civil wars post-1945
Coup-based civil wars
Ethnicity-based civil wars
Separatist rebellion-based civil wars
Wars involving Igboland
Wars involving Nigeria
Wars involving the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
1960s in Nigeria
1960s conflicts
1970 in Nigeria
Conflicts in 1970
Proxy wars
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Guadalupe County Correctional Facility
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The Guadalupe County Correctional Facility is a privately owned medium-security state prison for men located in Santa Rosa, Guadalupe County, New Mexico, owned by the Correctional Properties Trust and operated by the GEO Group.
The facility has a capacity of 600 inmates.
References
Prisons in New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Guadalupe County, New Mexico
GEO Group
1999 establishments in New Mexico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrceugenia%20leptospermoides
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Myrceugenia leptospermoides
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Myrceugenia leptospermoides is a species of small evergreen tree or large shrub in the genus Myrceugenia of the family Myrtaceae. It is commonly known as mocollo, murtilla del malo or chequen. It is endemic to central Chile where it is found in riverine habitats in the coastal mountain range at altitudes below .
Description
Myrceugenia leptospermoides grows to a height of about . The bark is pale greyish-brown and the small leaves are in opposite pairs. The twigs are densely pubescent when they first grow but soon lose their hairs. The leaves are up to long and broad, oblong or linear with bluntly-pointed tips, and with entire margins. They are greyish-green above and yellowish-green below, with a fairly prominent midrib on the underside. The flowers, which grow in the axils of the leaves, are solitary and have short stems. The calyx lobes are sometimes hairy and the six petals are white. In the centre of the flower there is a boss of sixty to ninety stamens and a single style. The fruit is a globular berry, ripening to red and finally purple, and about in diameter. The flowering period is February to March and the fruits ripen in July and August.
Distribution and habitat
Myrceugenia leptospermoides is endemic to the coastal area of Chile. It is found from Ñuble Region southwards to Cautín Province. Its typical habitat is in wet or misty locations and it is often found growing with other undergrowth shrubs, near rivers and lakes or on damp forested slopes. It occurs at altitudes up to about . It is an uncommon species and its conservation status is considered to be "endangered".
References
Trees of Chile
leptospermoides
Endemic flora of Chile
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janne%20P%C3%A4lve
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Janne Pälve
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Janne Pälve (born October 8, 1992) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for Mörrums GoIS IK of the Hockeyettan, the third-tier league in Sweden.
Pälve began his career with his hometown team Kärpät, playing in their various junior teams at Jr. C, Jr. B and Jr. A level, though he never managed to play for Kärpät's senior team and to date has never played in the Liiga.
Instead, Pälve played 258 games in Finland's second-tier league the Mestis, from 2013 to 2018. He played for TUTO Hockey, Hokki, KeuPa HT, IPK and Hermes.
Awards and honours
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Finnish ice hockey defencemen
Hokki players
Iisalmen Peli-Karhut players
KeuPa HT players
Kokkolan Hermes players
Sportspeople from Oulu
TuTo players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine%20Tucci
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Carmine Tucci
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Carmine Tucci (born 27 December 1933) is an Italian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Winter Olympics.
References
1933 births
Living people
Italian ice hockey players
Olympic ice hockey players of Italy
Ice hockey players at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Bolzano
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Grant%20%28transgender%20activist%29
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Julia Grant (transgender activist)
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Julia Grant (born George Roberts; 21 September 1954 – 2 January 2019) was the first transgender person to have her transition chronicled on a mainstream UK television documentary in A Change of Sex.
In George and Julia (1979), the first of five hour-long film documentaries directed by David Pearson for the BBC, her story attracted an audience of nearly nine million viewers. The series was transmitted on BBC2 as A Change of Sex, and described by Pearson as "intimate, frank and observational". Additional episodes were broadcast until 1999, charting new stages in her life.
Early life
Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, she was the eldest child of Phillip Roberts, a trawlerman, and his wife, Jessica. Jessica was an alcoholic, who attempted suicide several times, whilst Phillip was a violent drunkard who reportedly tried to rape Julia when she was a child. As one of eight children, Julia often cared for her younger brothers and sisters. She also spent periods in a children's home in Preston, and as a teenager, prostituted herself to men. This was said to be "a misguided cry" for the affection that she did not get from her parents, and she used the money for sweets.
Television fame and gender reassignment
In 1974, after a failed marriage, she moved to London, and in 1978, when the BBC began filming, she was a catering manager who performed as a drag queen. However, it became apparent that drag did not feel right to her, and the BBC filmed her last drag performance. Julia had realized that she was not a male homosexual, and "wanted to live as a woman".
As a precondition for receiving treatment at the Charing Cross Hospital unit – at the time, the main clinic in the UK dealing with transgender patients – Julia began living, working and dressing as a woman. She asked the BBC series director Pearson for name suggestions, and from this list, chose Julia Grant.
The NHS psychiatrist who ran the clinic was persuaded to let the BBC film all of his consultations with Julia, although with the stipulation that he would not be named on air, or be seen on screen. According to Pearson, "his voice suggested a plummy sense of entitled authority, tinged with arrogance, often expressing stereotypical attitudes towards women, even by 70s standards." The psychiatrist was later revealed to be John Randell.
The week before the first programme in the series was shown, Sunday tabloids published hostile stories about Julia and the films. Despite this, she was determined to become the "woman I want to be". It was this, says Pearson, coupled with "gritty humour while overcoming her setbacks" – such as the way she was treated by Randell – which "convinced many TV viewers that her cause was legitimate", and the BBC received a large number of letters in support of Julia and the films.
Grant was living with Amir, a refugee who had fled from persecution in Iraq, who accepted her as a woman. As they wished to progress their relationship, Julia did not want to delay the operations. In a series of "combative encounters", Randell was dismissive of Julia's goals, as he did not believe her to be ladylike enough, and thought her too "pushy".
Grant ignored Randell's advice, and found a way to get breast implants at a private clinic. Randell was "furious" and Grant realised that he would not support her ambition for full genital surgery.
A private surgeon, Michael Royle, and his colleague, was sympathetic to Grant's problem, and agreed to operate. When Grant woke up after the operation, she was "in great pain but ecstatic". It seemed to have been a success, but Grant needed time to recover, and filming was put on hold for several years. She later told the programme makers that, several weeks after the surgery, she had collapsed bleeding and been taken to hospital unconscious, where she was treated for a suspected miscarriage by doctors who were not aware of her medical history.
Grant's surgery was damaged, and she was unable to have sex; she was embarrassed to get help or to confide in Amir about the reason they could not have sex, and their relationship worsened. The couple split up, and he left the UK. Grant thought that she would not be able to receive any further treatment, in a period described by Pearson as "perhaps the lowest point of her life".
Subsequent life
Grant wrote two books about her experiences, George & Julia (1980) and Just Julia (1994). In the late 1990s, the final BBC film caught up with Grant living in Manchester and running the busy Hollywood Show Bar. She wanted to marry her new partner, Alan Sunderland, and her former surgeon Royle said that he could resolve her surgical problem. However, Grant, together with Sunderland, decided that she would not proceed with more surgery, and could instead "be happy as they were". The couple had a church blessing, and Grant thought of herself as married. She owned a number of cafes and bars in Manchester's Canal Street Gay Village, fought against redevelopment plans for the area, and was active in establishing local LGBTQ events.
Grant and her partner moved to France's Creuse region, where she built up a ceramics business, and locals called her "La Madame Anglaise". However, one morning, Sunderland ate breakfast and departed from Grant's life for good. She went to live in Spain, where she ran a hotel in Benidorm and began Benidorm Gay Pride.
Grant told people wanting gender reassignment that changing sex "would not solve all their problems", and some members of the trans community found her views controversial. This largely related to her disagreement with young children transitioning using surgery, hormones, or what is known today as the "social gender role transition", in which they live in their preferred gender identity full time. Grant spent time in America counselling young people who were thinking about the process.
Illness
After being diagnosed with bowel cancer, Grant returned to the UK in 2015, and committed herself to helping other trans people. She encouraged improved trans care services, and took part in discussions at the NHS's Nye Bevan Academy, a facility which trains health service leaders.
Death
Grant survived bowel cancer, but suffered from multiple health problems, and died on 2 January 2019, aged 64, following a short illness. At the time of her death, she was survived by sisters Shirley, Jeanne, Lesley, Julie and Beverley, along with two brothers, Gary and Danny. Grant was also survived by an aunt named Mary and her two own children, born in the early 1970s during her own marriage, when she was known as George Roberts.
See also
References
1954 births
2019 deaths
20th-century British women writers
People from Blackpool
LGBT rights activists from the United Kingdom
LGBT writers from England
People from Fleetwood
Transgender and transsexual women
Transgender and transsexual writers
Transgender rights activists
English memoirists
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58388542
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20A.%20Bell
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Howard A. Bell
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Howard A. Bell (1888–1974) of Wrington was one of the first anglers to adopt an imitative approach to fly fishing on reservoirs in the early twentieth century. At a time when employing flashy 'attractor' patterns was the norm he employed the alternative tactic of using artificial flies that represented the shape and form of the creatures present in Blagdon Water where he fished regularly.
Conrad Voss Bark, BBC political correspondent and angling historian, had these words to say about him, "Dr Bell of Blagdon had the greatest formative influence of any man on the development of reservoir fishing in the first half of this century".
Howard Alexander Bell was born at Bletchingley, near Reigate, Surrey and studied to become a General Practitioner at Cambridge and St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. He was enlisted in the Royal Army Medical Corps and served abroad in Flanders and Palestine in World War I.
He was a shy, sensitive and reserved individual and the horrors of war affected him deeply. He was one of the few who survived the Battle of Passchendaele (also known as the Third Battle of Ypres) in 1917. The emotional scars of what he had witnessed as he tended the wounded and dying in Flanders were to remain with him for the rest of his life. It could well be that his wartime experiences led to his desire to live in idyllic surroundings and pursue the gentle art of fly fishing with such single-minded dedication.
A biography entitled Dr Bell of Wrington: Pioneer of Reservoir Fly Fishing written by Adrian Freer was published in 2019.
Contribution to reservoir fly fishing
Bell was a bank angler and, as far as is recorded, he never fished from a boat. In its formative years Blagdon anglers would normally employ large sea trout or low water salmon flies during the daytime, very often using tandem and multi-hook arrangements; or alternatively lures at night. Dr Bell would use neither, but instead he preferred to fish with his own small imitative patterns.
Bell made it his practice to spoon all the trout he caught and after examining the contents he made an index of all the food available to the trout. Following on from that he devised imitations of all the creatures present and the local Blagdon anglers quickly followed his example
A fishing friend of Bell's, Alick Newsom, described his method of fishing as follows:
He liked to fish alone, always on the move, slowly covering sunken ditches, holes and weed beds as he sought to locate the trout.
Bell would always go off on his own, trying to avoid other rods. He had a pear-shaped landing net slung over his shoulder on a cord. He always fished from the bank with three unweighted flies on a gut cast, size 1X. He liked to fish over sunk ditches and holes and weed beds. He moved slowly along the bank, casting as he went. He cast out as far as was comfortable. He made no attempt to go for distance but let the flies sink slowly, judging the time so that the tail fly did not get snagged on the bottom. He used the knot at the end of his greased silk line as a bite indicator. When the flies were fully sunk he would gather them in slowly.
His flies were quite small, 10s, 12s, sometimes 14s. He might have a Worm Fly on a single hook on the point, a Grenadier on the middle dropper and a Buzzer on the top. All his dressings were plain and simple".
Fly patterns designed by Dr Bell
Dr Bell has several reservoir nymph patterns to his credit: the Grenadier (bloodworm), Amber Nymph (sedge pupa), Blagdon Buzzer (midge pupa), and Corixa; derivatives of which are still in use on reservoirs almost one hundred years after their creation.
Among his lesser-known patterns are the Blagdon Green Midge which he may have devised with the assistance of others, Green & Orange Nymph, Translucent Nymph and Bloodworm Nymph.
Recent research (in 2018) has led to the publication of a number of previously undocumented flies designed by Dr Bell including the Stickle Fry, Green & Yellow Damsel Nymph and several other patterns.
A book documenting all Dr Bell's fly patterns of which there is a record entitled Dr Bell's Trout Flies: The Stillwater Nymph Patterns of Dr Bell written by Adrian V W Freer was published in 2020.
Regrettably, being the reclusive person that he was, many of his other patterns have been lost in the mists of time.
Later years and death
Dr Bell eventually retired from medical practice in 1963 and carried on fishing for a few more years until, as a result of advancing age, he was unable to continue. He died on 2 December 1974 at the age of 86. His wife Sophia Mary 'Millie' Bell died a little over two years afterwards on 9 February 1977 and they are buried together in the churchyard at All Saints' Church, Wrington. There is a pathway off School Road in Wrington, Bell's Walk, which was named after the doctor.
References
External links
http://webdatauk.wixsite.com/dr-bell
1888 births
1974 deaths
People from Wrington
British fishers
20th-century British medical doctors
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers
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52197217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20National%20Congress%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Communist%20Party
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2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
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The 2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in the Shanghai International Settlement at the apartment of Li Da of 625 Pude Lane, South Chengdu Road, between July 16 and July 23, 1922. The congress was attended by 12 representatives, representing 195 members of the Chinese Communist Party (CPC). The congress succeeded the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and preceded the 3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
Attendance
No credible attendance records of the event remain. When the 6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in Moscow in 1928, the attendance list was reconstructed and noted 12 names: Chen Duxiu, Zhang Guotao, Li Da, Yang Mingzhai, Luo Zhanglong, Wang Jinmei, Xu Baihao, Mao Zedong, Tan Pingshan, Lin Zhenying, and Shi Cuntong. However, this list, according to historians, only denoted the representatives of the congress and does not include the actual members that attended the congress in person. Mao, for instance, claimed to have received news to attend the congress, but failed to attend. In an interview by American journalist Edgar Snow published in his book Red Star Over China, Mao admitted that his absence was due to miscommunication.
Agenda
Congress affirmed the adoption of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party among several other resolutions that were passed during the congress. This included:
the Manifesto of the 2nd National Congress, which announced the CPC is a "branch of the Comintern", and clarified the responsibilities and executive powers held by each leadership position, for the creation of a "unified China" and the formation of a "Chinese democratic republic".
Resolution of the CPC on Imperialism and World Events;
Resolution On Participation in the Comintern, where the CPC formally accepted the Twenty-one Conditions and became the Chinese branch within the Comintern, contrasting the declarations made in the 1st National Congress which proclaimed the CPC was an "ally" of the Comintern;
Resolution on the United Front of Democracy;
Resolution on the Affairs of "Trade Union Movements and the CPC";
the Youths' Movement Resolution;
the Women's Movement Resolution;
the Resolution on the Constitution of the CPC, which adopted the Constitution of the CPC, formally accepting Leninist ideologies, and 9 other resolutions.
Elections
Congress elected Chen, Zhang, Cai, Deng Zhongxia, and Gao Junyu to form the 2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Another three backup members were selected. Chen was selected as the general secretary, while Cai and Zhang were given propaganda work. Congress decided to publish the weekly The Guide Weekly (Xiangdao), where Cai was nominated as the head editor.
References
National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
1922 in China
1920s in Shanghai
1922 conferences
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45592053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim%20Hyung-tak
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Shim Hyung-tak
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Shim Hyung-tak (born January 12, 1978 but he and his family celebrate his lunar birthday, December 4, 1977. ) is a South Korean actor. He starred in Korean dramas such as The Road Home (2009), Three Sisters (2010), Welcome Rain to My Life (2012), You Are the Boss! (2013), Let's Eat (2014), Miss Mamma Mia (2015), and Touch Your Heart (2019). He is famous for Doraemon Mania.
Filmography
Television series
Film
Variety show
Music video
Musical theatre
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Shim Hyung-tak at GnG Production
1978 births
Living people
20th-century South Korean male actors
21st-century South Korean male actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male musical theatre actors
Male actors from Seoul
University of Suwon alumni
Dongguk University alumni
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54255442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardikian
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Mardikian
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Mardikian is an Armenian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
George Mardikian (1903–1977), Armenian restaurateur, chef, writer and philanthropist
Kevork Mardikian (born 1954), Syrian footballer
Mardik Mardikian (born 1992), Syrian footballer
See also
Mardik
Armenian-language surnames
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66005742
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321%20Colonial%20Athletic%20Association%20men%27s%20basketball%20season
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2020–21 Colonial Athletic Association men's basketball season
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The 2020–21 CAA men's basketball season narked the 35th season of Colonial Athletic Association basketball, taking place between November 2020 and March 2021. The season began with practices in November 2020, followed by the start of the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season in late November, delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season ended with the 2021 CAA Men's Basketball Tournament.
Head coaches
Coaching changes
Takayo Siddle replaced C. B. McGrath as UNC Wilmington head coach.
Mark Byington replaced Louis Rowe as James Madison head coach.
Coaches
Notes:
All records, appearances, titles, etc. are from time with current school only.
Year at school includes 2020–21 season.
Overall and CAA records are from time at current school and are through the end of the 2019–20 season.
Preseason
Preseason poll
Source
() first place votes
Preseason All-Conference Teams
Source
Colonial Athletic Association Preseason Player of the Year: Matt Lewis (James Madison)
Regular season
Rankings
Conference matrix
This table summarizes the head-to-head results between teams in conference play.
Postseason
Colonial Athletic Association Tournament
NCAA tournament
The CAA had one bid to the 2021 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, that being the automatic bid of Drexel by winning the conference tournament.
National Invitation Tournament
College Basketball Invitational
CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament
Awards and honors
Regular season
CAA Player-of-the-Week
Nov. 30 – Jaylen Sims (UNCW)
Dec. 7 – Camren Wynter (Drexel)
Dec. 14 – Tyson Walker (Northeastern)
Dec. 21 – Jalen Ray (Hofstra)
Dec. 28 – Jalen Ray (Hofstra) (2)
Jan. 4 – Isaac Kante (Hofstra)
Jan. 11 – Tyson Walker (Northeastern) (2)
Jan. 18 – Matt Lewis (James Madison), Dylan Painter (Delaware)
Jan. 25 – Tareq Coburn (Hofstra)
Feb. 1 – Connor Kochera (William & Mary)
Feb. 8 – Zep Jasper (Charleston)
Feb. 15 – Tyson Walker (Northeastern) (3)
Feb. 22 – Darius Burford (Elon)
Mar. 1 – Camren Wynter (Drexel) (2)
CAA Rookie-of-the-Week
Nov. 30 – Connor Kochera (William & Mary)
Dec. 7 – Kvonn Cramer (Hofstra)
Dec. 14 – Jahmyl Telfort (Northeastern)
Dec. 21 – Yuri Covington (William & Mary)
Dec. 28 – Kvonn Cramer (Hofstra) (2)
Jan. 4 – Jahmyl Telfort (Northeastern) (2)
Jan. 11 – Justin Amadi (James Madison)
Jan. 18 – Andrew Carr (Delaware)
Jan. 25 – Jahmyl Telfort (Northeastern) (3)
Feb. 1 – Kvonn Cramer (Hofstra) (3)
Feb. 8 – Terell Strickland (James Madison)
Feb. 15 – Terrence Edwards (James Madison)
Feb. 22 – Darius Burford (Elon)
Mar. 1 – Darius Burford (Elon) (2)
Postseason
CAA All-Conference Teams and Awards
Attendance
References
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18156969
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Germany%20relations
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Canada–Germany relations
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Canada–Germany relations are those between Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany. The two countries are close allies and fellow NATO and G7 members.
History
Before 1776
The earliest contact between Germany and Canada occurred in New France, the area of North America colonized by France in the 17th century. A number of ethnic Germans migrated to the colony during French colonial possession between 1663 and 1763, and mixed in with the French population. The first major German migration to Canada, however, was after the English conquests of Nova Scotia. A significant number of Germans served in the British invading force and subsequently elected to settle in the new lands. The colony's population was mainly French-speaking Roman Catholic Acadians. Since most British settlers preferred to settle in the warmer Southern Colonies, the British administration faced a daunting demographic problem. An aggressive plan to recruit foreign protestants began to balance the population statistics. Most of the attracted settlers came from German duchies and principalities on the Upper Rhine in the present-day Rhineland-Palatinate Bundesland. The Duchy of Württemberg was the major source of these immigrants. Because of this migration, many Nova Scotian towns on the South Shore such as Lunenburg, Kingsburg and Waterloo bear distinctly German names. Many of the names of islands, beaches and points are also German and there are many Lutheran churches.
1776 to 1900
There was an even larger ethnic German migration to Canada after the American Revolution, where ethnic Germans made up a large proportion of the United Empire Loyalists who fled to Canada. These loyalists and many German mercenaries hired by Britain fought to defend British North America. Some of these mercenaries decided to settle in Canada once their terms expired, and several of the Brunswick regiment settled in Quebec, southwest of Montreal and south of Quebec City. The largest group fleeing the United States were the Mennonites who were subjected to discrimination in the United States for their pacifist beliefs. They moved to what is today southwest Ontario, settling around Berlin, Ontario (now known as Kitchener). This large group also attracted new migrants from Germany drawing some 50,000 of them to the region over subsequent decades. Beginning in 1896, western Canada drew further large numbers of volksdeutsche (ethnic German) immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Once again Mennonites were especially prominent, having been persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia for their refusal to serve in the Imperial Russian Army. Used to the harsh conditions of farming in Russia, many of these settlers were among the most successful in adapting to the Canadian prairies.
1900 to 1989
1900 to 1918
German plans for hypothetical wars
In the early 20th century, the Anglo-German naval race had repercussions on Canadian politics as the Royal Navy was forced to redeploy more and more ships to the home waters to face the growing German High Seas Fleet across the North Sea. Canada had no navy prior to 1910, and the withdrawal of British ships from North American waters left Canada's coastlines exposed. In 1906, Britain shut down its Canadian naval bases at Halifax on the Atlantic coast and Esquimalt on the Pacific coast while pulling out the last British garrisons in Canada, making Canada completely responsible for its own defense for the first time in its history. The German Navy made numerous planning exercises regarding possible wars. Severasl involved Canada. For example the OP III plan for as hypothetical war with the United States called for a landing in the Maritime provinces prior to marching into New England to seize Boston. The Canadian historians' Roger Sarty and Michael Hardly called the OP III invasion plan for the conquest of the United States a "fantasy" on the part of Emperor Wilhelm II, but one that he did take seriously. As part of the plan, the German gunboat SMS Panther made a lengthy voyage in 1905-06 along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada looking for the best places to land an invasion force and for secret anchorages where German naval forces might be resupplied. By 1908, a German Navy planning exercise reported that Halifax was the best place to land an invasion force on the Atlantic coast, saying it was a major port while the forts meant to protect it could be taken out; the same report also stated that Quebec City should also be taken while Port Angeles in Washington state was the best place to land an invasion force on the Pacific coast to seize both Vancouver and Seattle. Through the Canadian government was not aware of these plans, but Ottawa would had been greatly alarmed had Canadians officials known of this aspect of a war plan against the United States.
In 1908 the German Kaiser Wilhelm II claimed that British foreign policy would soon flounder between the need to "protect" Canada while maintaining the alliance with Japan.In an attempt to cause dissension in Anglo-Canadian relations, Wilhelm offered up the High Seas Fleet to protect Canada from the "Yellow Peril".
In 1908-1909, fears arose that Britain was falling behind in the naval race, leading to a major outburst of pro-British and anti-German feelings in Canada. Calls arose to assist the "mother country". The Conservative opposition led by Robert Borden demanded that Canada contribute money to the Royal Navy, a demand rejected by the Liberal prime minister, Sir Wilfried Laurier. Through Laurier would rather not spend any money on navies, his promise to create a Canadian naval force during the debates on 29 March 1909 had trapped him, and in August 1909 the British pressed the Canadians to create their own navy, leading the government to pass the necessary legislation. On 4 May 1910, the Royal Canadian Navy came into existence. However the new As Royal Canadian Navy consisted of only two cruisers with one for the Atlantic coast and one for the Pacific coast. The Imperial German Navy reported to the Kaiser that this was not a danger at all to the mighty High Seas Fleet.
Canada joins Britain in World War I
On 1 August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, and Britain declared war to protect its ally France. Canada as a member of the British Empire was automatically at war. Many German men in Canada were reservists in the German military who escaped to the neutral United States, where they booked a passage to return to the Fatherland. The German ambassador in neutral U.S. Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff made several failed efforts to sabotage the Canadian war effort. Many rumours circulated and plots were hatched but no major successful sabotage took place. "Enemy alien" was the status of 393,000 Germans living in Canada; only 2009 were interred.
1919 Paris Peace Conference
At the Paris peace conference between January-June 1919, the Canadian delegation was headed by the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Borden, marking the first time the Canadian head of government headed a delegation at a major international conference. Initially, it was agreed that reparations by Germany would be paid to the nations that endured the war damage, which would ensured that France would have received the majority of the reparations as much of northern France had been turned into a wasteland by the war. The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, motivated by jealousy over the fact that Britain would have received a relatively small account of the reparations as compared to France, put forward the demand that Germany pay the pensions of all the servicemen, widows, and orphans for the entire British empire, a demand that wrecked any possibility of an agreement at the peace conference for reparations. The final text of the Treaty of Versailles merely stated that Germany agreed to pay reparations to the Allies with the precise sum to be determined at another international conference as the Allied delegations proved unable to agree on the sums at the Paris peace conference. At the Paris peace conference, Canada supported the British demand for German reparations to cover all of the war-related pensions for the British empire. When the promised international conference to decide the amount reparations was finally held in London in 1921, the demand for German reparations to cover the pensions for the British empire was quietly dropped as unpractical.
Appeasement of Germany in 1930s
Under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie King, the prime minister from 1921-1926, 1926-1930, and from 1935-1948, Canada consistently supported appeasement, arguing that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany and needed to be revised. The Canadian historian Robert Teigrob described Mackenzie King as one of the most ardent appeasers in the entire Commonwealth, who saw appeasement as the best policy on both moral and practical grounds. Canadian historian C. P. Stacey argues that King was a spiritualist who felt he had a mission from God to restore peace to the world. In June 1937, Mackenzie King paid the first visit by a Canadian prime minister to Germany. Mackenzie King had grown up in Berlin, Ontario (modern Kitchener), at the time a mostly German-speaking city, and he was fluent in German. Mackenzie King met Adolf Hitler on 19 June 1937 in Berlin, and in an account of his meeting that he sent to the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Mackenzie King wrote that "the impression gained by this interview was a very favorable one". Mackenzie King praised Hitler as a warm, caring man who was deeply concerned about the problems of ordinary people and stated he was impressed "by the very positive manner in which Hitler spoke of the determination of himself and his colleagues not to permit any resort to war". Mackenzie King called Hitler a "man of deep sincerity and a genuine patriot" who sometimes had to use ruthless methods because of the "big problems" he was faced with.
In July 1939, Mackenzie King wrote to Hitler appealing him not to let the Danzig crisis start another world war, writing at length about how much he admired Hitler, regarded him as one of his best friends, and spoke of his wish to work with der Führer to save the peace. Mackenzie King concluded: "You will, I know, accept this letter in the spirit in which it was written-an expression of the faith I have in the purpose you have at heart, and of the friendship with yourself which you have been so kind to share with me". Hitler in his reply stated he remembered meeting Mackenzie King "with pleasure", and then proceeded to ignore the Danzig crisis by saying he wanted 12 Canadian university students and Army officers to visit Germany. Hitler wrote that purpose of the visit would be to "convey to the Canadian people an impressive picture of Greater Germany's newly-won strength and its will to peaceable constructive work".
Mackenzie King was strongly moved by Hitler's letter and accepted the offer to have 12 Canadians visit Germany, which he somehow believed would led to a peaceful resolution of the Danzig crisis. Mackenzie King told the German ambassador in Ottawa that he regarded Hitler's letter "as an evidence of the confidence which I felt had been established between Hitler and myself at the time of our meeting, and the sincere desire mutually shared that every endeavor should be met towards mutual understanding". Mackenzie King spent the rest of the summer of 1939 working on arranging for the visit, but the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 put an end to the scheme. The German-born American historian Abraham Ascher wrote that anyone reading of Mackenzie King's relationship with Hitler together with that of Lord Lothian (a prominent pro-appeasement Scottish aristocrat) "cannot avoid being taken aback by the superficiality and gullibility of these two authors" as both Lord Lothian and Mackenzie King convinced themselves that Hitler was an idealistic man of peace. Under Mackenzie King's leadership, Canada had one of the most restrictive policies against accepting refugees from Germany. Between 1933-1939, Canada accepted only 2,000 refugees from Germany.
World War II
A week after the King of Great Britain declared war on Germany, Canada followed suit with a vote in Parliament. There was no debate--the vote was unanimous but for one pacifist. The delay was to validate Canada's independent decision in terms of its new freedom in foreign policy. Despite repeated requests from Ottawa, London and Washington refused to share major decision=making with Ottawa.
Canada's combat roles centred in the North Atlantic and later in Italy and Northwestern Europe, In all, some 1.1 million Canadians served in the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, and in other forces, with 42,000 killed and another 55,000 wounded. financial cost, including loans and gifts to Britain, was $22 billion. Unlike the First World War, the homefront was not bitterly divided.
Canadian forces played a major role in the invasion of the continent, with special responsibility in 1944-45 for the liberation of the Netherlands. Canadian forces initially took part in the occupation of Germany as part of the British occupation force, but in May 1946 Mackenzie King pulled out all of the Canadian forces in Europe.
Postwar
Canada played very little role in the postwar occupation of Germany. When asked by Britain to provide transport planes and air crews for the Berlin Blockade of 1948, Canada refused. However, under the enthusiastic leadership of Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent it did join NATO in 1949, despite opposition from some intellectuals, the far left, and many French Canadians.
The outbreak of the Korean War led to a major war scare on both sides of the Atlantic in 1950-51. At the time, there was a widespread belief that the North Korean invasion of South Korea was a feint intended to have the American forces bogged down in Korea to prepare the way for a Soviet invasion of West Germany. When China entered the Korean war, pushing back the United Nations forces (the largest of which was the American contingent), there were grave fears that the world was on the brink of World War III. On 16 January 1951, the NATO Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, visited Ottawa to ask Canada for help. Significantly, in his talks with General Guy Simonds, Eisenhower was more concerned about Germany than Korea, saying he wanted more Canadian forces to go to the former rather than the latter. Eisenhower's visit ended with St. Laurent promising to send two Canadian divisions to West Germany. Simonds wrote at the time that, since the shipping was not available to move two divisions to Europe, the Canadians best be there before World War III started. Ultimately, for reasons of cost and the unwillingness to impose conscription led Canada cut back its forces in West Germany to a brigade instead of the promised two divisions. Instead, it was promised that two divisions would be sent to West Germany in the event of World War Three despite Simonds's statement that Canada did not the necessary shipping to send two divisions to West Germany. The St. Laurent government supported West German rearmament, a hugely controversial subject in the 1950s, as the best way to shift the burden of defending West Germany onto the Germans.
The decision to send a brigade to West Germany was intended at least in part to reassure domestic fears in Canada about West German rearmament and to allow Canada a greater say in NATO. After the war scare caused by the Korean War passed, Canadian officials increasingly came to the conclusion that it was unlikely that the Soviet Union would ever invade West Germany, and the purpose of the brigade came to be more political than military. It was privately admitted that a single brigade was too small to make any serious difference in the event of the Red Army actually invading West Germany, but the mere existence of the brigade allowed Canada a greater weight in dealings with both the United States and the western European states than it otherwise would had possessed.
Canada vs European Community
The founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 led to new tensions. The founding members of the EEC were France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The EEC followed a protectionist policy and a recurring Canadian complaint was that the EEC's tariffs made Canadian goods uncompetitive in the EEC markets. Given that Canada had sent a brigade to defend West Germany, many Canadian officials echoed the American complaints that the EEC should lower tariffs on goods from North America. In 1958, the Canadian ambassador in Bonn, Charles Ritchie submitted a note of protest to the West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer against the EEC's protectionist policy, which he stated was causing much ill-will in Canada and asked Adenauer to use his influence with the EEC to lower the tariffs. During a visit to Bonn in 1959, the Canadian Defense Minister George Pearkes threatened to pull the Canadian brigade out of West Germany unless the EEC lowered its tariffs on Canadian goods. On 3 April 1969, the Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau cut Canada's NATO forces in Europe by 50%.
Good terms between Canada and Germany
In the 1970s, Canadian-West German relations were unusually friendly and close owning to the friendship between the Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and the Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. John G. H. Halstead, the Canadian ambassador in Bonn stated that the "no tanks, no trade" dispute said to have occurred at a 1975 Trudeau-Schmidt summit was a "myth". However, the summit did end with Schmidt promising to lobby the EEC to lower tariffs on Canadian goods in exchange for a promise from Trudeau to spend more on NATO. Schmidt told Trudeau that he wanted closer relations with Canada, saying he envisioned West Germany as having two North American partners instead of one. A major aspect of Trudeau's foreign policy in the 1970s was to seek a "rebalancing" of the Canadian economy by seeking to trade more with the EEC and Japan as a way to reduce American economic leverage over Canada. Schmidt's declaration of support for the "rebalancing" was greatly welcomed in Ottawa. Trudeau further had the Canadian Army buy 128 West German-built Leopard tanks in order to booster the West German arms industry, over the opposition of the Finance department which felt buying the tanks was wasteful. Canada established diplomatic relations with the German Democratic Republic on 1st August 1975.
On 17 September 1991, the Canadian Defense Minister Marcel Masse announced that Canada would be pulling out its brigade in Germany by 1995 unless the Germans wanted the brigade to remain. Ultimately, the brigade left two years earlier than planned with all the Canadian forces leaving Germany on 30 July 1993.
Missions
In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington.
Trade
In 2006 Germany was the sixth ranked destination of Canadian exports (0.9%) and sixth ranked source of imports to Canada (2.8%).
Migration
10% of Canadians claim some German heritage.
See also
Canada–EU relations
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
References
Further reading
Adam, Thomas, ed. Germany and the America: Culture, Politics and History (3 vol 2006)
Bassler, Gerhard P. Vikings to U-Boats: the German experience in Newfoundland and Labrador (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2006). online review
Helling, Rudolf A. A Socio-economic History of German-Canadians: They, Too, Founded Canada: a Research Report (Wiesbaden: F. Steiner Verlag, 1984) online review.
Lehmann, Heinz. The German Canadians 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement and Culture (1986) the major scholarly study; listing
McLaughlin, K. M. The Germans in Canada (Canadian Historical Association, 1985).
Magocsi, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples (1999) pp 587–612.
Maxwell, Alexander, and Sacha E. Davis. "Germanness beyond Germany: collective identity in German diaspora communities." German Studies Review 39.1 (2016): 1-15.
Wagner, Jonathan. A history of migration from Germany to Canada, 1850-1939 (UBC press, 2006).
Wilhelmy, Jean-Pierre. Soldiers for Sale: German "Mercenaries" with the British in Canada during the American Revolution (1776-83) (2013) excerpt
1900–1933
Grams, Grant. German emigration to Canada & the support of its Deutschtum during the Weimar Republic: the role of the Deutsches Ausland-Institut, Verein fur das Deutschtum in Ausland & German-Canadian organisations. (Peter Lang, 2001)
Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939." Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 11.2 (2010): 219-237.
1933-1945
Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939." Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 11.2 (2010): 219-237.
Grams, Grant W. Coming Home to the Third Reich: Return Migration of German Nationals from the United States and Canada, 1933-1941 (McFarland, 2021).
Granatstein, J. L. Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945 (2nd ed. 1990)
Hadley, Michael L. U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters (1985), in WWII
James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc O'Reilly, eds. Handbook of Canadian foreign policy (2006).
Milner, Marc. North Atlantic Run: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle for the Convoys (1985)
Sarty, Roger F. Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic (1998) online, for World War II
After 1945
Campbell, Isabel. Unlikely Diplomats: The Canadian Brigade in Germany, 1951-64 (University of British Columbia Press, 2013). online review
Maloney, Sean M. War Without Battles: Canada's NATO Brigade in Germany, 1951-1993 (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997).
Rempel, Roy. Counterweights : The Failure of Canada's German and European Policy, 1955-1995 (1996)
External links
Canadian Embassy in Berlin
German Embassy in Ottawa
Germany
Bilateral relations of Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Atlanta%20elections
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2009 Atlanta elections
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A municipal election in the City of Atlanta was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2009. Atlanta is the capital of the state of Georgia and is the largest city in Georgia and is the center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the South.
Voters filled the offices of mayor of Atlanta, members of the Atlanta City Council and members of the Atlanta Board of Education, for terms commencing January 2010 and ending January 2014. Voters also voted in retention elections on a number of Municipal Court judges. The election was non-partisan, meaning that political party affiliations did not appear on the ballot.
Mayor
The Mayor is the city's chief executive officer and head of the executive branch, which carries out the laws that have been instituted by the Council. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day operations of city government.
Incumbent mayor Shirley Franklin was prevented by term limits from running for another term in 2009.
The four leading mayoral candidates, based on standing in polls, took part in a final debate sponsored by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and WSB-TV were City Council President Lisa Borders, City Councilwoman Mary Norwood, state Senator Kasim Reed, and attorney Jesse Spikes. Minor candidates included Peter Brownlowe, Kyle Keyser, and write-in candidates. Previously on October 14, 2009, Emory University sponsored a debate which included the six front running candidates.
Mary Norwood received the most votes in the November election but did not win a majority. Therefore, she and Kasim Reed, who placed second, advanced to a runoff where Kasim Reed won the election.
Results
First round
}
Runoff
City Council members and President of the City Council
The City Council has fifteen members. The Council's role is to advise the mayor and pass local ordinances. Twelve are elected in single-member districts by area, while three are elected at-large from one-third (four) of the 12 voting districts (referred to as "posts").
The President of the Council is elected from the city at-large and is the presiding officer of the Council, acting as chair of all Council meetings. The President of the Council votes on the Council only in case of a tie. The President of the Council appoints chairs and members of the various committees, subject to rejection by a majority of the Council and also acts as acting mayor (exercising all powers and discharging all duties of the mayor) in case of a vacancy in that office or during the disability of the mayor.
There were three candidates for Council President: Ceasar C. Mitchell, Clair McLeod Muller, and Dave Gregory Walker.
Mitchell placed first in the November election, with 48.67% of the vote, but not a majority. Therefore, he and Muller, who placed second, advanced to a December runoff.
Board of education
The Atlanta Board of Education establishes and approves the policies that govern the Atlanta Public Schools. The Board consists of nine members, representing six geographical districts and three "at-large" districts. One person is elected per district to represent the schools in a given district for a four-year term.
City of Atlanta Municipal Court Judges
The following current City of Atlanta Municipal Court Judges were on the November 3, 2009 ballots for either dismissal or retention:
Deborah S. Greene (Chief Judge)
Howard R. Johnson
Clinton E. Deveaux
Andrew A. Mickle
Barbara A. Harris
Catherine E. Malicki
Elaine L. Carlisle
Herman L. Sloan
Calvin S. Graves
Gary E. Jackson
Crystal A. Gaines
All the judges were retained.
References
External links
City of Atlanta Election Central
League of Women Voters of DeKalb County's page on Atlanta Elections
City of Atlanta Online
2009 United States mayoral elections
2009 Georgia (U.S. state) elections
Local elections in Georgia (U.S. state)
2009
2009 in Atlanta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce%20200%20series
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GeForce 200 series
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The GeForce 200 series is a series of Tesla-based GeForce graphics processing units developed by Nvidia.
Architecture
The GeForce 200 Series introduced Nvidia's second generation of Tesla (microarchitecture), Nvidia's unified shader architecture; the first major update to it since introduced with the GeForce 8 Series.
The GeForce GTX 280 and GTX 260 are based on the same processor core. During the manufacturing process, GTX chips were binned and separated through defect testing of the core's logic functionality. Those that fail to meet the GTX 280 hardware specification are re-tested and binned as GTX 260 (which is specified with fewer stream processors, less ROPs and a narrower memory bus).
In late 2008, Nvidia re-released the GTX 260 with 216 stream processors, up from 192. Effectively, there were two GTX 260 cards in production with non-trivial performance differences.
The GeForce 200 series GPUs (GT200a/b GPU), excluding GeForce GTS 250, GTS 240 GPUs (these are older G92b GPUs), have double precision support for use in GPGPU applications. GT200 GPUs also have improved performance in geometry shading.
, the GT200 is the seventh largest commercial GPU ever constructed, consisting of 1.4 billion transistors covering a 576 mm2 die surface area built on a 65 nm process. It is the fifth largest CMOS-logic chip that has been fabricated at the TSMC foundry. The GeForce 400 Series have since superseded the GT200 chips in transistor count, but the original GT200 dies still exceed the GF100 die size. It is larger than even the Kepler-based GK210 GPU used in the Tesla K80, which has 7.1 billion transistors on a 561 mm2 die manufactured in 28 nm. The Ampere GA100 is currently the largest commercial GPU ever fabricated at 826 mm2 with 54.2 billion transistors.
Nvidia officially announced and released the retail version of the previously OEM only GeForce 210 (GT218 GPU) and GeForce GT 220 (GT216 GPU) on October 12, 2009. Nvidia officially announced and released the GeForce GT 240 (GT215 GPU) on November 17, 2009. The new 40nm GPUs feature the new PureVideo HD VP4 decoder hardware in them, the older GeForce 8 and 9 GPUs only have PureVideo HD VP2 or VP3(G98). They also support Compute Capability 1.2, whereas older GeForce 8 and 9 GPUs only supported Compute Capability 1.1. All GT21x GPUs also contain an audio processor inside and support 8 channel LPCM output through HDMI.
Chipset table
GeForce 200 Series
All models support Coverage Sample Anti-Aliasing, Angle-Independent Anisotropic Filtering, 240-bit OpenEXR HDR.
1 Unified Shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units
Features
Compute Capability: 1.1 (G92 [GTS250] GPU)
Compute Capability: 1.2 (GT215, GT216, GT218 GPUs)
Compute Capability: 1.3 has double precision support for use in GPGPU applications. (GT200a/b GPUs only)
GeForce 200M (2xxM) Series
The GeForce 200M Series is a graphics processor architecture for notebooks.
1 Unified Shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units
Discontinued support
NVIDIA has ceased driver support for GeForce 200 series on April 1, 2016.
Windows XP 32-bit & Media Center Edition: version 340.52 released on July 29, 2014; Download
Windows XP 64-bit: version 340.52 released on July 29, 2014; Download
Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 32-bit: version 342.01 (WHQL) released on December 14, 2016; Download
Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 64-bit: version 342.01 (WHQL) released on December 14, 2016; Download
Windows 10, 32-bit: version 342.01 (WHQL) released on December 14, 2016; Download
Windows 10, 64-bit: version 342.01 (WHQL) released on December 14, 2016; Download
Linux, 64-bit: version 340.108 released on December 23, 2019; Download
See also
GeForce 8 series
GeForce 9 series
GeForce 100 series
GeForce 300 series
GeForce 400 series
GeForce 500 series
GeForce 600 series
GeForce 700 series
GeForce 800M series
GeForce 900 series
GeForce 10 series
Nvidia Quadro
Nvidia Tesla
List of Nvidia graphics processing units
References
External links
GeForce GTX 295
GeForce GTX 285
GeForce GTX 280
GeForce GTX 275
GeForce GTX 260
GeForce GTS 250
GeForce GTS 240 (OEM)
GeForce GT 240
GeForce GT 220
GeForce 210
GeForce 205
Geforce gtx 295
GeForce GTX 285M
GeForce GTX 280M
GeForce GTX 260M
GeForce GTS 260M
GeForce GTS 250M
GeForce GT 240M
GeForce GT 230M
GeForce G210M
Nvidia Nsight
200 series
Graphics cards
Computer-related introductions in 2008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Jessel
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Charles Jessel
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Sir Charles James Jessel, 1st Baronet DL, JP (11 May 1860 – 15 July 1928), was a British barrister, magistrate and businessman.
Jessel was the eldest son of Sir George Jessel, Master of the Rolls, by Amelia Moses. Herbert Jessel, 1st Baron Jessel, was his younger brother. He was educated at Rugby School and Balliol College, Oxford (MA) and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. He was created a Baronet, Ladham House in the parish of Goudhurst in the County of Kent, in May 1883, in honour of his father, who had died in March of that year. He was vice-chairman of the British North Borneo Company (BNBC) (1903–1909). The city of Kota Kinabalu was previously named Jesselton after the BNBC set up operations there. Jessel was also a deputy lieutenant and justice of the peace for Kent and served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1903.
Jessel married Edith Goldsmid, daughter of Sir Julian Goldsmid, 3rd Baronet, in 1890. They had two sons and two daughters. He died in July 1928, aged 68, and was succeeded in the title by his eldest son, George. Lady Jessel died in January 1956.
References
1860 births
1928 deaths
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British businesspeople
British Jews
Deputy Lieutenants of Kent
High Sheriffs of Kent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%20women%27s%20national%20junior%20handball%20team
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Russia women's national junior handball team
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The Russia women's junior national handball team is the national under–19 Handball team of Russia. Controlled by the Handball Federation of Russia it represents the country in international matches.
History
IHF World Championship
Champions Runners up Third place Fourth place
European Championship
Champions Runners up Third place Fourth place
References
External links
Official website
Handball in Russia
Women's national junior handball teams
Women's handball in Russia
Handball
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39627539
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udrih
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Udrih
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Udrih is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Beno Udrih (born 1982), Slovenian basketball player and coach
Samo Udrih (born 1979), Slovenian basketball player and coach, brother of Beno
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67619504
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumar%20Traor%C3%A9
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Oumar Traoré
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Oumar Traoré can refer to:
Oumar Traoré (Malian footballer)
Oumar Traoré (Senegalese footballer)
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10608850
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20SR%20West%20Country%20and%20Battle%20of%20Britain%20class%20locomotives
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List of SR West Country and Battle of Britain class locomotives
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Below are the names and numbers of the steam locomotives that comprised the Bulleid light pacifics, the West Country and Battle of Britain classes of locomotives that ran on the British Southern Railway network. They represented a publicity success for the Southern Railway, with the West Country class highlighting the names of places served by the Southern Railway, while the Battle of Britain locomotives constituted a roving memorial to the fighter pilots who fought during the Battle of Britain, and the actions of RAF Fighter Command as a whole. No. 34066 Spitfire and No. 34086 219 Squadron were at one point in time candidates for preservation, but No. 34023 Blackmoor Vale was chosen instead due to it being in better condition than No. 34066 and No. 34086.
Table of locomotive details
Key to notes:
BoB/NA – Battle of Britain locomotive that carried no coat of arms
C – Complete
GOE – carried Giesl oblong ejector, fitted 1962 (34064); mid-1980s (34092)
S – ex-Scrapyard, and awaiting future restoration
WC/NA – West Country locomotive that carried no coat of arms
Southern Railway batch
British Railways batch
Location links
Bluebell Railway
Great Central Railway (preserved)
Keighley and Worth Valley Railway
Mid-Hants Railway
National Railway Museum
Nene Valley Railway
North Norfolk Railway
North Yorkshire Moors Railway
Severn Valley Railway
Southern Locomotives Ltd
Swanage Railway
West Somerset Railway
Footnotes
References
Creer, S & Morrison, B: The Power of the Bulleid Pacifics (Oxford Publishing Company: Oxford, 2001)
Derry, Richard: The Book of the West Country and Battle of Britain Pacifics (Irwell Press, February 2002)
External links
Bulleid Society: WC/BB locomotive summary – Table showing key dates, mileage, running numbers, etc. for all class members
Preserved locomotives
Wadebridge (34007) Locomotive Ltd. – owners of 34007
Southern Locomotives Ltd. – owners of 34010, 34028, 34053, 34070 and 34072
Bulleid Society – owners of 34023 (based at the Bluebell Railway)
The Battle of Britain Locomotive Society – owners of 34081
The 34058 Restoration Group
Restoration of 34046 Braunton @ WSR
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
4-6-2 locomotives
West Country
Streamlined steam locomotives
West Country
Battle of Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1945
British railway-related lists
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25714011
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phavaraea%20rectangularis
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Phavaraea rectangularis
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Phavaraea rectangularis is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1997. It is only known from French Guiana.
External links
"Phavaraea rectangularis (Toulgoët & Navatte 1997)". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Notodontidae of South America
Moths described in 1997
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30605404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Little%20Black%20Egg
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The Little Black Egg
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"The Little Black Egg" is a song first performed by Daytona Beach, Florida garage band The Nightcrawlers in 1965. It was a minor hit in both the US and Canada, reaching number 85 on the US Billboard charts in 1967, while doing slightly better in Canada, where it hit number 74. The song has been since covered by multiple artists including Inner City Unit, The Lemonheads, Neighb'rhood Childr'n, Tarnation, The Primitives and The Cars. It was The Nightcrawlers' only hit.
Original recording
The song was written in 1965 for an Easter concert, in which the band opened for The Beach Boys. The song was originally recorded in 1965 by sound engineer Lee Hazen and released on Hazen's record label Lee Records; the 1965 release became a regional hit in The Nightcrawlers' home state of Florida and in the Midwest. The song was re-released on Kapp Records in 1966, finally charting nationally in both the US and Canada early the following year. Allmusic reviewer Matthew Greenwald describes the song as a "slightly bizarre nursery rhyme", with lyrics about a rotten bird's egg. Other explanations claim the song referenced miscegenation in segregated Florida.
Other versions
"The Little Black Egg" was included in the influential compilation album Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965–1968, on the 1998 CD reissue, as a bonus track.
Ohio punk band The Pagans recorded the song in the late 1970s. In 1981, during recording sessions for Shake It Up, members of The Cars recorded a version featuring Ric Ocasek on lead vocals.
The song was later stripped of Ocasek's vocals and re-sung by fashion model Bebe Buell, whom Ocasek had befriended. The version with Buell's vocals was included on her 1981 EP Covers Girl;
the Cars' version was released on 1995's Just What I Needed anthology.
Other recordings of "The Little Black Egg" include a 1991 version by The Primitives, released on their Galore album; a 1993 version by The Lemonheads, released on their Into Your Arms CD single; a 1966 version by The Music Explosion featuring lead singer Jamie Lyons, available on their Anthology CD; and a 1997 version by the Paula Frazer-led country band Tarnation, released on their Mirador album. Allmusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the Tarnation version of "The Little Black Egg" as a highlight of Mirador.
The Minus 5 covered it on the 2000 release In Rock.
References
1965 songs
1965 singles
1966 singles
The Music Explosion songs
Jangle pop songs
Garage rock songs
bubblegum pop songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Literature%20and%20Psychology%20Conference
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International Literature and Psychology Conference
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The annual International Literature and Psychology Conference (ILPC), also called the International Conference on Literature and Psychoanalysis or International Conference in Literature-and-Psychology, provides a forum for the exchange of ideas on the psychological study of literature and other arts. The conference welcomes papers that deal with the application of psychology—including psychoanalysis, object relations theory, feminist, Jungian, or Lacanian approaches, cognitive psychology, or neuroscience–to the study of literature, film and visual media, painting, sculpture, music, performance, or the other arts.
Participants come from nations around the world including France, England, Portugal, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Serbia, the Czech Republic, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Japan, Canada, and the United States of America. The PsyArt Foundation, IPSA (at the University of Florida), along with various other universities, the University of Helsinki, the University of Paris VII and X, the University of Freiburg, the Instituto Superior de Psicologia Applicada in Lisbon, and other institutions, have for a number of years sponsored the annual International Conference in Literature and Psychology. In 2008, the conference was renamed to International Conference on Psychology and the Arts.
International conference history
1st: Pècs, Hungary. 1983.
2nd: Montpellier, France.
3rd: Aix-en-Provence, France.
4th: Kent, Ohio, U.S.A.
5th: Kirchberg, Austria.
6th: Janus Pannonius University. Pècs, Hungary. July, 1989.
7th: Centre International de Semiotique et de Linguistique. Urbino, Italy. July, 1990.
8th: London, England. July, 1991.
9th: Lisbon, Portugal. July, 1992.
10th: University of Gröningen. Amsterdam, Holland. June–July, 1993.
11th: Sandbjerg, Denmark. June, 1994.
12th: Freiburg, Germany.
13th: Bentley College. Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.A. July 2–6, 1996.
14th: Avila, Spain. July 2–6, 1997.
15th: 1998. St. Petersburg Hotel. St. Petersburg, Russia. July 2–6, 1998.
16th: University of Urbino. Urbino, Italy. July 8–12, 1999.
17th: Bialystock, Poland. July 6–10, 2000.
18th: University of Cyprus. Nicosia. May 15–20, 2001.
19th: University of Siena. Arezzo, Italy. June 26 - July 1, 2002.
20th: University of Greenwich. London, England. July 2–7, 2003.
21st: Arles, France. June 30 - July 5, 2004.
22nd: Córdoba, Spain. June 29 - July 4, 2005.
23rd: University of Helsinki. Helsinki, Finland. June 28 - July 3, 2006.
24th: University of Belgrade. Belgrade, Serbia. July 4–9, 2007.
25th: Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Lisbon.
26th: University of Viterbo. Viterbo, Italy. July 1–6, 2009.
27th: University of Pécs. Pécs, Hungary. June 23–28, 2010.
28th: Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark. June 22–26, 2011.
29th: University of Ghent, Ghent Belgium. July 4–8, 2012.
30th: University of Porto, Portugal. June 26–30, 2013.
31st: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. June 25–29, 2014.
32nd: University of Malta, Msida. June 24–28, 2015.
References
External links
Institute for the Psychological Study of the Arts
Academic conferences
Psychology-related professional associations
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43584783
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3%20Mah%C3%B3
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László Mahó
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László Mahó (10 March 1941 – 3 June 2006) was a Hungarian cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He won the Tour de Hongrie in 1965.
References
External links
1941 births
2006 deaths
Hungarian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists of Hungary
Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Budapest
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7941256
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Cozza%20%28footballer%29
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Francesco Cozza (footballer)
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Francesco Cozza (born 19 January 1974) is an Italian football manager and former player, who played as a playmaker in the role of attacking midfielder.
Playing career
Born in Cariati, Calabria, Cozza started his career at A.C. Milan. He first signed for Reggiana in 1994, and in November left for Vicenza.
Cozza signed for Genoa C.F.C. at summer 2004, but left for A.C. Siena in January 2005. He returned to Reggina on loan for the 2005–06 season. Cozza returned to Siena in summer 2006, but left for Reggina again in summer 2007, in exchange with Alessandro Lucarelli.
Coaching career
On 29 June 2010, he signed a one-year contract with his former club Reggina, but as one of the coach assistant of youth team.
On 2 July 2011, it was confirmed Cozza had accepted an offer to become new head coach of Catanzaro in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione (fourth division), he recently passed the coach exam.
On 25 September 2021, he was hired by Biancavilla in Serie D. He was fired by Biancavilla on 5 November 2021 after gaining 4 points in 7 games under his helm.
References
External links
lega-calcio.it
gazzetta.it
Living people
1974 births
People from Calabria
People from the Province of Cosenza
Association football midfielders
Italian footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
A.C. Milan players
A.C. Reggiana 1919 players
L.R. Vicenza players
S.S.D. Lucchese 1905 players
Cagliari Calcio players
U.S. Lecce players
Reggina 1914 players
Genoa C.F.C. players
A.C.N. Siena 1904 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Italian football managers
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 managers
Serie C managers
Serie D managers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Jaffee
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Al Jaffee
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Allan Jaffee (born Abraham Jaffee; March 13, 1921) is an American cartoonist. He is notable for his work in the satirical magazine Mad, including his trademark feature, the Mad Fold-in. Jaffee was a regular contributor to the magazine for 65 years and is its longest-running contributor. In a 2010 interview, Jaffee said, "Serious people my age are dead."
With a career running from 1942 until 2020, Jaffee holds the Guinness World Record for having the longest-ever career as a comic artist.
In the half-century between April 1964 and April 2013, only one issue of Mad was published without containing new material by Jaffee.
In 2008, Jaffee was honored by the Reuben Awards as the Cartoonist of the Year. New Yorker cartoonist Arnold Roth said, "Al Jaffee is one of the great cartoonists of our time." Describing Jaffee, Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz wrote, "Al can cartoon anything".
Early life
Jaffee was born March 13, 1921, in Savannah, Georgia, to Mildred and Morris Jaffee, the oldest of four children, all sons. His parents were both Jewish immigrants from Zarasai, Lithuania. His father had a management job at a department store.
In 1927, Mildred Jaffee took her four sons, with Morris's acquiescence, to Zarasai. After one year, Morris Jaffee showed up and took the family back to the United States. After a year, Mildred took the four sons back to Lithuania. After four more years, Morris showed up, and took the eldest three sons back to the United States, where they lived in Far Rockaway, Queens. The youngest son would get out in 1940, and Mildred presumably perished after the Nazi invasion.
Jaffee studied at the High School of Music & Art in New York City in the late 1930s, along with his brother Harry and future Mad personnel Will Elder, Harvey Kurtzman, John Severin and Al Feldstein.
Career
Jaffee began his career in 1942, working as a comic-book artist for several publications, including Joker Comics, in which he was first published in December 1942, and continuing in other comics published by Timely Comics and Atlas Comics, the 1940s and 1950s precursors, respectively, of Marvel Comics. While working alongside future Mad cartoonist Dave Berg, Jaffee created several humor features for Timely, including "Inferior Man" and "Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal".
Jaffee originally considered himself strictly as an artist until he was disabused of the notion by editors and art directors who were reviewing his portfolio. "When prospective clients laughed and asked 'Who wrote the gag?' my response was 'I did, sir.' Which was very confusing since I didn't realize any writing had taken place. I mean, writers used typewriters, smoked pipes, wore scarves, right? When enough of them said, 'Oh, then you're a writer too,' I took their word for it. Who was I to argue with prospective employers?"
During the war, he worked as an artist for the military in various capabilities. His work included the original floor plan for the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. During this time, he took advantage of the military's free name change service, first to "Alvin Jaffe" by mistake, then to "Allan Jaffee". While working at the Pentagon, he met Ruth Ahlquist, whom he married in 1945.
In 1946, Jaffee returned to civilian life, working for Stan Lee again. For approximately a year and a half in the late 1940s, Jaffee was editing Timely's humor and teenage comics, including the Patsy Walker line.
Jaffee recalled in a 2004 interview,
I created Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal from scratch. [editor-in-chief] Stan [Lee] said to me, "Create an animated-type character. Something different, something new." I searched around and thought, "I've never seen anyone do anything about a seal," so I made him the lead character. So I created "Silly Seal". One day, Stan said to me, "Why don't you give him a little friend of some sort?" I had already created Ziggy Pig, who had his own little feature, so it was quite easy to combine them into one series. I said, "How about Ziggy Pig?" Stan said, "Okay!" I should add that, while I created Ziggy Pig, it was Stan who named him.
From 1957 to 1963, Jaffee drew the elongated Tall Tales panel for the New York Herald Tribune, which was syndicated to over 100 newspapers. Jaffee credited its middling success with a pantomime format that was easy to sell abroad, but his higher-ups were unsatisfied with the strip's status: "The head of the syndicate, who was a certifiable idiot, said the reason it was not selling [better] is we gotta put words in it. So they made me put words in it. Immediately lost 28 foreign papers." A collection of Jaffee's Tall Tales strips was published in 2008. Jaffee also scripted the short-lived strips Debbie Deere and Jason in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Since 1984, Jaffee has provided illustrations for "The Shpy," a lighthearted Jewish-themed adventure feature in Tzivos Hashem's bimonthly children's publication The Moshiach Times.
Mad
Jaffee first appeared in Mad in 1955, one issue after its transformation from comic book format to magazine. When editor Harvey Kurtzman left in a dispute three issues later, Jaffee went with Kurtzman. Jaffee contributed to Kurtzman's first two post-Mad publishing efforts, Trump and the creator-owned Humbug. In 2008, the first full reprint of Humbug was published as a two-volume set by Fantagraphics; the set includes a newly commissioned cover illustration by Jaffee, and a co-interview with Jaffee and Arnold Roth.
After Humbug folded in 1958, Jaffee brought his unpublished material to Mad, which bought the work. "Bill Gaines took out every Trump and Humbug," remembered Jaffee, "called me into his office, sat me down on the couch next to him, and went over every issue and said "Which is yours?" And as he came to each one, when he saw my stuff, he OK'd to hire me."
The Fold-In
In issue #86 of 1964, Jaffee created his longest-running Mad feature, the Fold-In. In each, a drawing is folded vertically and inward to reveal a new "hidden" picture (as well as a new caption). Originally, Jaffee intended it as a one-shot "cheap" satire of the triple fold-outs that were appearing in glossy magazines such as Playboy, National Geographic and Life. But Jaffee was asked to do a second installment, and soon the Fold-In became a recurring feature on the inside back cover of the magazine. In 2011, Jaffee reflected, "The thing that I got a kick out of was ... Jeopardy! showed a Fold-In and the contestants all came up with the word they were looking for, which was "Fold-In." So I realized, I created an English language word."
In 2010, Jaffee described the earliest Fold-Ins:
I thought to myself ... now it's folded in and I've got to have something on the left side here, and something right side here. And the only thing that popped into my head was that Elizabeth Taylor had just dumped Eddie Fisher and was carrying on with Richard Burton. So I had Elizabeth Taylor kissing Richard Burton, and a cop is holding the crowd back – and just for the fun of it I put Eddie Fisher being trampled by the crowd. What a cruel thing to do! And then, when you fold it in, she's moving on from Richard Burton and kissing the next guy in the crowd. It's so simplistic and silly and juvenile! And anyone could have done that!
I showed it to Al Feldstein, and the first thing I said was, "Al, I've got this crazy idea, and you're not going to buy it, because it mutilates the magazine." So I put it in front of him, and the thing about Al was, he liked things that intrigued him. The mechanics of it intrigued him. He said, "You mean, you fold it, like this...? And then...?" He folded it, he unfolded it, he folded it, and then he said, "I like this!" But I said, "Al, it mutilates the magazine." And he said, "Well, I'll have to check it with Bill." He takes it, runs it to Bill's office, and he was there a little while, and he comes back and he says, "We're going to do it! You know what Bill said? Bill said, 'So they mutilate the magazine, and then they'll buy another one to save!'
Four or five weeks later, Al comes over to me and says, "When are you going to do the next Fold-In?" And I said, "I don't have another Fold-In. That was it!" So he said, "Come on, you can come up with something else." I wracked my brain, and the only thing I could come up with was Nixon [whose face was hidden within curtain folds]. That one really set the tone for what the cleverness of the Fold-Ins has to be. It couldn't just be bringing someone from the left to kiss someone on the right."
The Fold-In became one of Mads signature features, and appeared in almost every issue of the magazine from 1964–2020. A single issue in 1977 was published without a Fold-In (though Jaffee supplied the issue's back cover), and a 1980 issue instead featured a unique double-visual gimmick by Jaffee in which the inside back cover and the outside back cover merged to create a third image when held up to the light. The third-ever Fold-In in 1964 featured a unique diagonal folding design, rather than the standard left-right vertical format. The image revealed the four members of The Beatles becoming bald (and thus losing their popularity).
In a Mad-like wrinkle, there are two answers to the question "When was Jaffee's last Fold-in?" The final one he designed appeared in the June 2019 issue. But his last Fold-in to be published, a personal farewell to readers, appeared in the August 2020 issue. Jaffee had prepared it six years in advance, to be published after his own death. Instead, it ran after he officially announced his retirement at the age of 99, as the conclusion of an "All Jaffee" tribute issue. Cartoonist Johnny Sampson is currently carrying the feature on.
The Far Side creator Gary Larson described his experience with the Fold-In: "The dilemma was always this: Very slowly and carefully fold the back cover ... without creasing the page and quickly look at the joke. Jaffee's artistry before the folding was so amazing that I suspect I was not alone in not wanting to deface it in any way." In 1972, Jaffee received a Special Features Reuben Award for his Fold-Ins.
Jaffee uses a computer only for typographic maneuvers to make certain Fold-In tricks easier to design and he typically takes two weeks to sketch and finalize an image. Otherwise, all his work is done by hand. "I'm working on a hard, flat board... I cannot fold it. That's why my planning has to be so correct." In 2008, Jaffee told one newspaper, "I never see the finished painting folded until it's printed in the magazine. I guess I have that kind of visual mind where I can see the two sides without actually putting them together." Contrasting current art techniques and Jaffee's approach, Mad'''s art director, Sam Viviano, said, "I think part of the brilliance of the Fold-In is lost on the younger generations who are so used to Photoshop and being able to do stuff like that on a computer."
21st century
Until 2019, Jaffee continued to do the Fold-In for Mad, as well as additional artwork for articles. His last original Fold-In appeared in the June 2019 issue, which was one that had originally been rejected from the June 2013 issue due to sensitivity about gun violence. Since August 2019, Mad has been either reprinting old Fold-Ins or publishing new ones by Johnny Sampson. In December 2019, Al's original work was featured in the magazine for the last time. Mads oldest regular contributor, Jaffee's work appeared in 500 of the magazine's first 550 issues, a total unmatched by any other writer or artist. He has said, "I work for a magazine that's essentially for young people, and to have them keep me going, I feel very lucky ... To use an old cliché, I'm like an old racehorse. When the other horses are running, I want to run too." He is the longest tenured contributor to the Mad magazine.
In August 2008, Jaffee was interviewed for an NY1 feature about his career. He said, "It astonishes me that I still am functioning at a fairly decent level. Because there were a lot of dark days, but you have to reinvent yourself. You get knocked down and you pick up yourself and you move on."
A four-volume hardcover boxed set, The Mad Fold-In Collection: 1964–2010, was published by Chronicle Books in September 2011, .
Jaffee announced in June 2020 that he would be retiring. To honor this, Mad published a tribute issue that month.
Frequent themes
Will Forbis wrote: "This is the core of Jaffee's work: the idea that to be alive is to be constantly beleaguered by annoying idiots, poorly designed products and the unapologetic ferocity of fate. Competence and intelligence are not rewarded in life but punished." In the book Inside Mad, fellow Mad writer Desmond Devlin called Jaffee "the irreplaceable embodiment of Mad Magazines range: smart but silly, angry but understanding, sophisticated but gross, upbeat but hopeless. ...He's uncommonly interested in figuring out how things work, and exasperated because things NEVER work."
Jaffee has contributed to hundreds of Mad articles as either a writer or an artist and often both. These include his long-running "Snappy Answers to Stupid Questions", which present multiple putdowns for the same unnecessary or clueless inquiry, and several articles on inventions and gadgets, which are presented in an elaborately detailed "blueprint" style. Sergio Aragones says of Jaffee, "He is brilliant at many things, but especially inventions. When he draws a machine for Mad, no matter how silly the idea, it always looks like it works. He thinks that way because he is not only an artist, but a technician as well... He is the guy who can do anything." In a patent file for a self-extinguishing cigarette, the inventor thanked Jaffee for providing the inspiration. Other actual inventions that have since come to pass had appeared earlier in Jaffee articles, such as telephone redial and address books (1961), snowboarding (1965), the computer spell-checker (1967), peelable stamps, multi-blade razors (1979), and graffiti-proof building surfaces (1982). "I could imagine those things," Jaffee told an interviewer. "That was the fun part. But I never had the problem of trying to figure out how to manufacture them."
During the Vietnam War, Jaffee also created the short-lived gag cartoon Hawks and Doves, in which a military officer named Major Hawks is antagonized by Private Doves, an easygoing soldier who contrives to create surreptitious peace signs in various locations on a military base. In a 1998 issue, all the Hawks & Doves strips were republished, along with an original strip in color on the back of the issue.
Some of Jaffee's features were expanded into stand-alone books, including a 1997 collection of Fold-Ins titled Fold This Book! and eight "Snappy Answers" paperbacks. Referring to the latter, Jaffee said, "I was going through a divorce when I started that. I got a lot of my hostility out through Snappy Answers."
Techniques and materials
When designing his Mad Fold-Ins, Jaffee starts with the finished "answer" to the Fold-In, and then spreads it apart and places a piece of tracing paper over it in order to fill in the center "throw-away" aspect of the image, which is covered up when the page is folded over, using regular pencil at this stage. Jaffee will then trace the image onto another piece of illustration board using carbon paper. At this stage he uses red or green color pencils, which are distinct from the black pencil of the original drawing, in order to discern his progress. Once the image is on the illustration board, he will then finish it by painting it. Because the illustration board is too inflexible to fold, Jaffee does not see the finished Fold-In image until it is published.
Awards and recognition
Jaffee won the National Cartoonists Society Advertising and Illustration Award for 1973, its Special Features Award for 1971 and 1975, and its Humor Comic Book Award for 1979. In 2008, he won the Reuben Awards' Cartoonist of the Year.
In 2005, the production company Motion Theory created a video for recording artist Beck's song "Girl" using Jaffee's Mad Fold-Ins as inspiration; Jaffee's name appears briefly in the video, on a television screen.
The March 13, 2006, episode of The Colbert Report aired on Jaffee's 85th birthday, and comedian Stephen Colbert saluted the artist with a Fold-In birthday cake. The cake featured the salutary message "Al, you have repeatedly shown artistry & care of great credit to your field." When the center section of the cake was removed, the remainder read, "Al, you are old."
That was not Jaffee's first interaction with the comedian. In 2010, he recalled:
I got a call from The Daily Show – they asked me if I would contribute a Fold-In to their book, America. I said I'd be happy to do it. When I was done, I called up the producer who'd contacted me, and I said, "I've finished the Fold-In, where shall I send it?" And he said – and this was a great compliment – "Oh, please Mr. Jaffee, could you deliver it in person? The whole crew wants to meet you." And that's where I met Stephen Colbert and Jon Stewart and all the writers, and they told me it was our work in Mad that inspired them. Not me, particularly, but us, generally... They said, "Without you guys, we wouldn't be here." And I felt really good about that.
In October 2011 Jaffee was presented with the Sergio Award at a banquet in his honor from the Comic Art Professional Society.
In July 2013, during the San Diego Comic-Con, Jaffee was one of six inductees into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame. Jaffee, who worked for Eisner in his studio for one of his earliest jobs, was not present during the convention, and the award was accepted by Mad Art Director Sam Viviano, who presented it to Jaffee at a later date. The other inductees were Lee Falk, Mort Meskin, Spain Rodriguez, Joe Sinnott, and Trina Robbins."Al Jaffee Inducted into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame". Mad. September 11, 2013. In April 2014, Jaffee was elected to the Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame.
In October 2013, Columbia University announced that Jaffee had donated most of his archives to the college.
On March 30, 2016, it was officially declared that Jaffee had "the longest career as a comics artist" at "73 years, 3 months" by Guinness World Records. Guinness noted that he had worked continuously, beginning with Jaffee's contribution to the December 1942 issue of Joker Comics and continuing through the April 2016 issue of Mad Magazine.
Personal life
Jaffee married Ruth Ahlquist in 1945; they had two children, Richard and Debbie. They divorced in 1967. After the divorce, Gaines provided Jaffee with studio space at the Mad offices.
His oldest younger brother Harry Jaffee (1922–1985), who also had artistic talent, had long been coping with various illnesses—for a time he had been committed to Bellevue. Harry had been living with the Jaffees at the time. After the divorce, Jaffee took two apartments in Manhattan, one for him, and one nearby for Harry. Jaffee also hired him from 1970–77 to do his background detail and lettering. Harry quit upon Jaffee's remarriage.
In 1977, Jaffee married Joyce Revenson, a widow. They lived in Manhattan, summered in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and wintered in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Joyce died in January 2020.
In books
Mary-Lou Weisman, a friend of Jaffee for more than three decades, wrote a profile of him for Provincetown Arts, which she later expanded into the biography, Al Jaffee's Mad Life, published in 2010 by It Books, an imprint of Harper Collins, . In addition to reprints of his past work, Jaffee joined Weisman in telling his life story with more than 70 color illustrations depicting his childhood and later years.
See also
List of cartoonists
List of illustrators
References
General references
Inline citations
External links
"Mad Magazine Contributors". Doug Gilford's Mad Cover Site.
"Al Jaffee Wins the Reuben Award!". National Cartoonists Society. May 25, 2008.
Heater, Brian (March 3, 2009). "Interview: Al Jaffee Pt. 1 (of 3)". The Daily Cross Hatch.
Heater, Brian (March 9, 2009). "Interview: Al Jaffee Pt. 2 (of 3)". The Daily Cross Hatch.
Heater, Brian (March 16, 2009). "Interview: Al Jaffee Pt. 3 (of 3)". The Daily Cross Hatch.
"Fold-Ins, Past and Present". The New York Times''. October 1, 2010.
Kloeffler, Dan; Abraham, Mary-Rose (February 14, 2014). "Cartoonist Al Jaffee Reveals the One Fold-In 'MAD Magazine' Wouldn’t Run". Yahoo! News.
"Al Jaffee Papers, 1945-2018". Columbia University Libraries. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
1921 births
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Mad (magazine) cartoonists
People from Far Rockaway, Queens
People from Savannah, Georgia
American satirists
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Living people
People from Manhattan
Harvey Award winners for Best Cartoonist
People from Provincetown, Massachusetts
Reuben Award winners
Jewish American artists
American military personnel of World War II
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Comedians from New York City
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Comedians from Massachusetts
Mad (magazine) people
Guinness World Records
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vessin-Mo%C3%ABns
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Prévessin-Moëns
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Prévessin-Moëns is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France, in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.
The residents of Prévessin-Moëns are known as Prévessinois or Prévessinoises (feminine).
Geography
The commune of Prévessin-Moëns is situated between the Jura mountains and the Alps, with a view of Mont Blanc. Originally founded as a combination of the communes of Prévessin and Moëns, the commune now also includes the hamlets of Magny, les Aglands, Brétigny, and Vésegnin. Founded as an agricultural commune, Prévessin-Moëns has transformed into a low-rise housing community populated mostly by "frontalier(e)s" who work across the Swiss border in the canton of Geneva. The town enjoys a temperate climate.
Education
The preschools-primary schools serving the community are École des Grands Chênes, École de la Bretonnière, École ALICE, and the intercommunal École Jean de la Fontaine (operated by SIVOM de l'Est Gessien of Ferney-Voltaire). Respectively, circa 2018, they had 340, 320, 280, and 85 students from Prévessin-Moëns commune.
Collège Le Joran (junior high school) is located in Prévessin-Moëns, while Lycée international de Ferney-Voltaire (having junior high school and senior high school/sixth form college) is in nearby Ferney-Voltaire. Le Joran had about 500 students.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ain department
References
Prévessin-Moëns
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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17415019
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dark%20Roads
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The Dark Roads
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The Dark Roads is the debut album by American rapper Seagram, released 1992 on Rap-A-Lot Records and Priority Records. The album features guest performances by labelmates: Scarface, Ganksta N-I-P, Bushwick Bill and Willie D. It peaked at number 74 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.
Along with a single, a music video was produced for the song, "The Vill".
Background
The album features the violent but intelligent single "The Vill" in which Seagram raps about the hard lifestyle of Oakland G's. The album also showcases the song "Straight Mobbin" featuring Gangsta P which was a groundbreaking song for the izzle slang. Seagram and Gangsta P are two of the first known rappers to have recorded an entire song using only izz and izzle words. Rappers such as Snoop Dogg would later use this style into the new millennium. The album is out of print.
Track listing
"Straight Mobbin'" (featuring Gangsta P) - 5:53
"2 For 1" - 5:01
"Get Off My Zipper" - 3:36
"Reap What You Sew" (featuring Vell) - 3:53
"The Dark Roads" - 5:24
"Action Speaks Louder Than Words" (featuring Scarface, Ganksta NIP & Willie D) - 5:50
"I Got Em" (Skit) - 1:03
"The Vill" (featuring Vell) - 5:20
"Die Hard" - 4:06
"Dedication" - 3:57
"Squeeze the Trigger" - 5:02
"I Don't Give a Fuck" - 4:12
"Wages of Sin" - (featuring Bushwick Bill & Ganksta NIP) 4:07
Samples
I Don't Give a F***
"Genius of Love" by Tom Tom Club
Squeeze the Trigger
"Get Up, Stand Up" by Bob Marley and The Wailers
The Dark Roads
"The Message" By Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
Contains dialogue from The Mack
Chart history
References
External links
The Dark Roads at Discogs
Seagram (rapper) albums
1992 debut albums
Priority Records albums
Rap-A-Lot Records albums
Horrorcore albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon%20metropolitan%20area
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Lisbon metropolitan area
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The Lisbon Metropolitan Area (; abbreviated as AML) is a metropolitan area in Portugal centered on Lisbon, the capital and largest city of the country. The metropolitan area, covering 18 municipalities is the largest urban area in the country and the 10th largest in the European Union, with a population in 2015 of 2,812,678 in an area of 3,015.24 km².
The Lisbon Metropolitan Area has the largest GDP (€110 billion) of any region in Portugal and above that of the European average. The region is home to the largest tech hub in the country and the majority of Portugal's major multinational corporations.
History
Portugal has been through a period of administrative changes since the 1974 revolution. More recently, new standards of territorial administration have been implemented to match European Union criteria.
After some years of indefinitions, municipalities are now associated in metropolitan areas or intermunicipal communities. These new regional divisions are colliding with the traditional Portuguese regional structures: Distritos (Districts). Districts were implemented in the 19th century by Mouzinho da Silveira after the Liberal Revolution of 1820, to replace clerical dioceses (which held the intermediate authority between the absolute monarchy and the municipalities), and still are the official regional authorities in Portugal, thus leaving the new metropolitan authorities with no authority at all. For instance, the District of Lisbon and the District of Setubal collide and interfere with the Lisbon metropolitan area authority. Each District is ruled by a governador civil (civil governor). These governors are empowered by the Prime Minister of Portugal and have most of the administrative power over the municipalities comprised, leaving the metropolitan areas with a passive status and communitarian tasks.
As an administrative entity, the Lisbon metropolitan area was only created in 1991 in order to meet the needs of urban territories with a large population density surrounding the Portuguese capital.
To definitely end with these anomalies, a national Referendum was held on November 8, 1998, in order to approve a new regionalization (Referendo à Regionalização), which was rejected by over 60% of the voting population on account of disagreements over the loss of sovereignty of some districts to others (e.g. by the time of the referendum it was not known where the seat of government of the new "Estremadura & Ribatejo" region would be, which was a fusion of the District of Leiria with the District of Santarém, Leiria and Santarém being cities of the same size and importance).
The Regionalization experiment in Portugal was only successful among insular regions like in 1976, when the districts of Angra do Heroísmo, Horta and Ponta Delgada were substituted by the Autonomous Region of Açores with the seat of government being in Ponta Delgada, while the district of Funchal was replaced by the Autonomous Region of Madeira with a seat of government in Funchal.
Overview
The Lisbon metropolitan area, centered in the Portuguese capital city of Lisbon, is the largest population concentration in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,821,876, of whom 547,733 (19.4%) live in the city of Lisbon. About 26.7% of the total population of Portugal lives in the Lisbon metropolitan area. The area of the Lisbon metropolitan area is 3,015.24 km2, which is 3.3% of the total area of Portugal.
The Lisbon metropolitan area has an active population of about 1.3 million people. With 32.7% of the national employment being located in its territory, the contribution of AML for the gross domestic product surpasses 36%.
Today, the Lisbon metropolitan area territory is almost the same as Lisbon Region territory, being AML a union of metropolitan municipalities, and Lisbon Region a NUTS II region.
It is bordered by the Oeste Intermunicipal Community (Central Region) to the north, Lezíria do Tejo to the northeast, Alentejo Central to the east and by Alentejo Litoral to the south, the former ones belonging to the wider Alentejo region.
The municipalities north of the Tagus River are from Lisbon District (Grande Lisboa); those south of the river are from Setubal District (Península de Setúbal).
Structure
The metropolitan area of Lisbon was a semiofficial structure. Recently, Portugal has been incrementing the powers held by these territorial organization organs. In the officialization of the Lisbon Great Metropolitan Area, Azambuja left due to being mostly a rustic zone, more kindred to the city of Santarém which lies just 23 km northeast, while Lisbon is 45 km away from Azambuja, southeast.
In the official AML site is said:
As stated on the law 10/2003, of the 13 of May, the Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (Lisbon Great Metropolitan Area) is a public collective person of associative nature, and of territorial scope that aims to reach common public interests of the municipalities that integrate it, that includes (18 City Halls) – Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Cascais, Lisboa, Loures, Mafra, Moita, Montijo, Odivelas, Oeiras, Palmela, Sesimbra, Setúbal, Seixal, Sintra and Vila Franca de Xira.
The Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa was constituted, by public scripture, in 2004, and published on 5 July 2004, in the III series of the Diário da República. It is composed by three organs: ·
Junta Metropolitana, executive organ, composed by the 18 presidents of the city halls that it integrates. They elect among themselves, a president and two vice presidents.
Assembleia Metropolitana, legislative organ, composed by the chosen representatives in the municipal assembly of the city halls, in odd number, over the triple the number of the towns that it integrates, in a maximum of 55.
Conselho Metropolitano, consultative organ, composed by representatives of the state and by the members of the Junta Metropolitana.
Municipalities
See also
Tourism in Lisbon
Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona
LisboaViva
References
External links
Official website
Lisbon
Metropolitan Area
Metropolitan Area
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Little%20Deputy
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The Little Deputy
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The Little Deputy is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Trevor Anderson and starring Luke Oswald, released in 2015.
Synopsis
This short film blurs documentary and fiction as Anderson re-creates a photograph taken with his father at a West Edmonton Mall photography business while wearing western garb when he was a child in the 1980s. Using the visual tropes of dramatic reenactments seen in documentaries, the photographer initially mistakes young Anderson (played by Luke Oswald) for a girl and offers him a red dress to wear. He corrects the photographer, worried about the consequences of wearing the dress, and ends up wearing a child-sized deputy costume, which he is shown wearing in the real-life photo that inspired the creation of this film.
The second act of The Little Deputy manifests Anderson's childhood wish to wear the red gown. Filmed at Fort Edmonton, Anderson lives his childhood fantasy, wearing a red gown created custom for the director/actor, designed by Nicole Bach-Lebrecque and created by Joanna Johnston, to re-take the photograph.
Cast
Awards
The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.
At the Alberta Film and Television Awards in 2015, The Little Deputy won the Rosie Award for Best Short Film. In December 2015, it was named to the Toronto International Film Festival's annual Canada's Top Ten list of the year's ten best feature and short films.
The film was a shortlisted Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Short Documentary Film at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards.
References
External links
2015 films
Canadian films
Canadian short documentary films
Canadian LGBT-related films
2015 LGBT-related films
2015 documentary films
Documentary films about gay men
LGBT-related short films
Films shot in Edmonton
Films set in Edmonton
Autobiographical documentary films
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17626927
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolle%20Tower
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Nicolle Tower
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Nicolle Tower is a tower in the parish of St Clement in Jersey. It was built in 1821 for Philippe Nicolle as a hexagonal folly house on the site of an earlier navigation tower on Mont Ubé. It is adjacent to the Mont Ubé dolmen.
During the occupation of the Channel Islands the German forces made some modifications to this tower, extending its height with a new top floor, including narrow windows, so that they could use the tower as an observation post. There are other structures near-by, including gun emplacements, and bunkers which were constructed during the occupation.
The tower today
Nicolle Tower is a listed building, restored and owned by the Landmark Trust, and is used as short-let holiday accommodation.
External links
References
Buildings and structures in Saint Clement, Jersey
Landmark Trust
Towers in Jersey
Listed buildings in Jersey
Folly towers
Towers completed in 1821
1821 establishments in the United Kingdom
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45400755
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piletocera%20ruficeps
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Piletocera ruficeps
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Piletocera ruficeps is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Papua New Guinea.
References
ruficeps
Moths described in 1917
Moths of New Guinea
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18053612
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider%20%28Fur%20Patrol%20album%29
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Collider (Fur Patrol album)
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Collider is a studio album, released in 2003, by the Australia-based New Zealand rock band Fur Patrol. It peaked at 31 on the New Zealand album chart.
Album
Track listing (AU)
"Precious" – 2:58
"Get Along" – 3:10
"Rocket" – 3:34
"Enemy" – 5:32
"Into the Sun" – 5:15
"Softer Landing" – 5:07
"Fade Away" – 4:40
"Someone You Really Want" – 6:32
"All These Things" – 4:13
"Art of Conversation" – 5:42
"Little Heart" – 6:07
Charts
References
2003 albums
Fur Patrol albums
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56655716
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrilactibacillus
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Terrilactibacillus
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Terrilactibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species (Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus). Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus has been isolated from soil in Thailand.
References
Bacillaceae
Bacteria genera
Monotypic bacteria genera
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47039737
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1718%20in%20Sweden
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1718 in Sweden
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Events from the year 1718 in Sweden
Incumbents
Monarch – Charles XII then Ulrika Eleonora
Events
April – The royal privateer Lars Gathenhielm dies and his widow Ingela Gathenhielm takes over his Baltic privateer- and pirate empire.
May – Charles XII issue peace negotiations with Russia on Åland, handled by Georg Heinrich von Görtz, in a hope to conquer the Danish province of Norway with Russian help.
29 August – 10,000 men under the command of Lieutenant-general Carl Gustaf Armfeldt attacked Trøndelag from Jemtland.
October 30 – Charles XII attacks Norway.
November 12 – Georg Heinrich von Görtz leaves the negotiations with Russia with a proposed peace treaty.
November 30 – King Charles XII of Sweden is killed at Fredrikshald in Norway.
December 1 – The brother-in-law of Charles XII and spouse of Princess Ulrika Eleonora, Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, discontinue the siege of Fredrikshald.
December 2 – Georg Heinrich von Görtz is arrested by Frederick of Hesse for supporting Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, the rival of Ulrika Eleonora to the throne.
December 5 – The news of the death of Charles XII reaches Stockholm.
December 6 – Following the death of Charles XII on November 30, his sister Ulrika Eleonora proclaims herself Queen regnant of Sweden, as the news of her brother's death reaches Stockholm.
Births
15 July – Alexander Roslin, painter (died 1793)
28 November – Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, writer and poet (died 1763)
October 25 – Reinhold Angerstein, metallurgist (died 1760)
Anna Maria Hjärne, courtier (died 1798)
Deaths
April – Lars Gathenhielm, privateer and pirate (born 1689)
November 30 – King Charles XII of Sweden, monarch (born 1682)
References
Years of the 18th century in Sweden
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60227629
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District%207%2C%20Malta
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District 7, Malta
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District 7 is an electoral district in Malta. It was established in 1921. Its boundaries have changed many times but it currently consists of the localities of Ħad-Dingli, L-Imġarr, L-Imtarfa, Ir-Rabat and part of Ħaż-Żebbuġ.
Representatives
References
Districts of Malta
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45108149
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxa%20nigritarsis
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Auxa nigritarsis
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Auxa nigritarsis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1957.
References
Auxa
Beetles described in 1957
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68727323
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun%20Shibata
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Shun Shibata
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Shun Shibata (born 15 June 1997) is a Japanese footballer who plays as a midfielder for Stomil Olsztyn.
Career
In 2016, Shibata signed for German fifth division side SV Gonsenheim. Before the 2019 season, he signed for Auda in the Latvian second division. Before the second half of 2019-20, he signed for Polish fourth division club Olimpia Zambrów. In 2021, Shibata signed for Stomil Olsztyn in the Polish second division. On 21 August 2021, he debuted for Stomil Olsztyn during a 0-2 loss to Widzew Łódź.
References
External links
Japanese footballers
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Latvia
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Poland
1997 births
Association football midfielders
I liga players
III liga players
FK Auda players
OKS Stomil Olsztyn players
Olimpia Zambrów players
SV Gonsenheim players
Oberliga (football) players
Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Living people
Expatriate footballers in Latvia
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Japanese expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Poland
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49856787
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson%20%28opera%29
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Samson (opera)
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Samson was an opera by the French composer Jean-Philippe Rameau with a libretto by Voltaire. The work was never staged due to censorship, although Voltaire later printed his text. Rameau intended the opera on the theme of Samson and Delilah as the successor to his debut Hippolyte et Aricie, which premiered in October 1733. Like Hippolyte, Samson was a tragédie en musique in five acts and a prologue. Voltaire had become a great admirer of Rameau's music after seeing Hippolyte and suggested a collaboration with the composer in November 1733. The opera was complete by late summer 1734 and went into rehearsal. However, a work on a religious subject with a libretto by such a notorious critic of the Church was bound to run into controversy and Samson was banned. An attempt to revive the project in a new version in 1736 also failed. The score is lost, although Rameau recycled some of the music from Samson in his later operas.
Background
Rameau and Voltaire in 1733
Rameau was 50 when he made his operatic debut with the tragédie en musique Hippolyte et Aricie at the Paris Opéra on 1 October 1733. Hippolyte provoked immense controversy, with conservative critics attacking it because of the music's "quantity, complexity and allegedly Italianate character". They also feared Rameau's new style would destroy the traditional French operatic repertoire, especially the works of its founder Jean-Baptiste Lully. Disputes would rage for years between Rameau's supporters, the so-called ramistes (or ramoneurs, literally "chimney sweeps"), and his opponents, the lullistes.
By 1733 Voltaire had enjoyed considerable success as a playwright but had written nothing for the operatic stage. Early that year he wrote his first libretto, Tanis et Zélide, set in ancient Egypt. He had also attracted controversy of his own and been imprisoned in the Bastille for his satirical writings in 1717.
First attempt: 1733—1734
Voltaire knew little about Rameau before the premiere of Hippolyte. He was initially sceptical about the composer and his new musical style, writing, "He is a man who has the misfortune to know more about music than Lully. In musical matters he is a pedant; he is meticulous and tedious." However, on further acquaintance his doubts about Rameau and his music changed to enthusiasm and a desire to work with the composer. He put aside Tanis and began writing a new tragédie en musique based on the story of Samson with Rameau in mind.
The choice of a Biblical subject was surprising as neither Voltaire nor Rameau were devoutly religious and Voltaire had a growing reputation for impiety. However, both had been educated at schools run by the Jesuits, where they had probably seen stagings of sacred dramas. There was also the recent example of Montéclair's opera Jephté, premiered in Paris in 1732 and based on the Old Testament story of Jephthah. Even that had faced problems with censorship when the Archbishop of Paris had temporarily suspended performances, but Voltaire probably believed that the story of Samson would be more acceptable because it was less religious than that of Jephthah. A translation of an Italian play about Samson had also been performed in Paris in the spring of 1732 with no complaints from the authorities.
The first mention of Samson comes from a letter of 20 November 1733. Rameau urged Voltaire to finish the libretto as soon as possible and by December it was ready. A notice in the journal Anecdotes ou lettres secrètes shows that Rameau had completed the score by August 1734. By that time there were already doubts about the likelihood of the work being able to pass the censor unscathed. In June 1734 the Parliament of Paris had condemned Voltaire's Lettres philosophiques and the book had been burned publicly in front of the Palais de Justice. Voltaire fled to Cirey to escape imprisonment in the Bastille. On 14 September Voltaire's friend Madame du Châtelet wrote that the censors of the Sorbonne had begun to make nitpicking complaints about Samson, for example, Voltaire had attributed some of the miracles of Moses to Samson, he had made fire from heaven fall from the right rather than the left ("a great blasphemy"), and he had only put one column in the Philistine temple instead of the requisite two.
Although Voltaire's absence made work on the opera difficult, rehearsals of Samson went ahead on 23 October 1734 at the home of Louis Fagon, the Intendant des finances. Madame du Châtelet commented on the music in a letter, praising the overture, some airs for the violin, a chaconne and the music of the third and fifth acts. However, the censor Abbé Hardion now forbade the work from being staged. The libretto's mixture of the sacred and profane, as well as the choice of Delilah (a seductress and betrayer) as heroine, together with Voltaire's recent clash with the authorities, all probably contributed to the ban. As Graham Sadler writes, Samsons central theme was "the struggle against tyranny and religious intolerance."
Second attempt: 1736
After the success of Rameau's opéra-ballet Les Indes galantes in 1735, Voltaire persuaded Rameau to revive the Samson project. Voltaire finished his reworking of the libretto on 10 February 1736 and Rameau completed the music some time that Spring. Despite rumours that Samson would appear at the Opéra after 6 April, it was never staged. The reasons why are unclear but were mostly probably censorship again, as Voltaire claimed when the libretto was finally published in 1745.
Voltaire's innovations
Voltaire wanted his libretto to be as groundbreaking as Rameau's music had been for Hippolyte et Aricie. The following are some of the innovative features of Samson'''s libretto, not all of which Rameau accepted:
Discarding the prologue. Tragédies en musique in the Lullian style always began with an allegorical prologue, usually with no direct relation to the main action of the opera. Voltaire wanted to get rid of this feature and only grudgingly supplied a prologue after Rameau begged him to do so. Samsons prologue is remarkably short, only 85 lines long. Rameau would only dispense with the prologue in his Zoroastre in 1749.
Reduction of the amount of recitative. Voltaire found recitative boring and reduced it in favour of a greater number of ensembles and choruses, things he felt were Rameau's strong suit.Dill, pp. 124—125
The character of Delilah. Rameau was worried that Delilah only appears in the third and fourth acts. The love interest in a tragédie lyrique usually began in the first act and the heroine had a rival, creating a love triangle. In Samson there are no female voices - outside the chorus - in the first two acts, something which troubled Rameau. Voltaire replied that this was necessary to establish the warlike character of Samson and, besides, the acts were relatively short. He predicted that not everyone would appreciate the character of Delilah: "An opera heroine who is not at all amorous will perhaps not be accepted. While my detractors say my work is too impious, the parterre will find it too wise and too severe. They will be disheartened at seeing love treated only as a seduction in a theatre where it is always consecrated as a virtue."
A dramatic ending. French operas usually finished with a divertissement, with celebratory choruses and dancing. Voltaire ends Samson abruptly when the hero brings down the Philistine temple, killing himself and his enemies. This finale probably appealed to Rameau's dramatic instincts.
Rameau's reuse of the music
In his preface to the printed libretto of 1745 Voltaire wrote that Rameau had salvaged some of the music from Samson for use in later operas. He specified which works in a letter to Chabanon in 1768, naming "Les Incas de Pérou" (the second act of Les Indes galantes), Castor et Pollux and Zoroastre. The Rameau specialist Cuthbert Girdlestone doubts the reliability of Voltaire's memory here. An anonymous correspondent in the Journal de Paris of 5 January 1777 quoted "someone who had often heard the celebrated Rameau assert" that many of the "finest pieces" in Les fêtes d'Hébé were originally from Samson:"...[and] that the music of the River divertissement in the first act was the piece intended to portray the water spurting from the rock [Samson, Act 2]; that the great piece for Tyrtée had been put in Samson's mouth when he reproached the Israelites for their cowardice [Samson, Act 1]; that the divertissement in the third act was the Festival of Adonis [Samson, Act 3], finally, that the chaconne of Les Indes galantes was used in Samson to summon the people to the feet of the true God."Bouissou, pp. 358—359
Two pieces from Samson later appeared in two operatic collaborations between Rameau and Voltaire in 1745: an aria for Delilah became "Echo, voix errante" in La princesse de Navarre; and an aria for Samson became "Profonds abîmes du Ténare" in Le temple de la Gloire.Dubruque, p. 16 Graham Sadler also suggests that some music may have been reused in the 1753 version of Les fêtes de Polymnie.
Girdlestone regretted the loss of Samson, regarding the libretto as "the best Rameau was ever to set." The failure of Samson did not end the collaboration between Rameau and Voltaire. In 1740 Voltaire proposed setting his libretto Pandore. This came to nothing, but the composer and playwright eventually collaborated on three works which did make it to the stage in 1745: Le temple de la gloire, La princesse de Navarre and Les fêtes de Ramire. Camille Saint-Saëns took some inspiration from Voltaire's Samson when working on the first draught of his opera Samson et Dalila.
Roles
Synopsis
Prologue
La Volupté (Sensual Pleasure) celebrates her long reign over the people of Paris. Hercules and Bacchus admit that love has made them forget about their famous military victories and they offer their obedience to Pleasure. Suddenly, Virtue arrives in a blinding light. She reassures Pleasure that she has not come to banish her but to use her help in persuading mortals to follow the lessons of truth. She says he will now present the audience with a true, not a mythical, Hercules (i.e. Samson) and show how love caused his downfall.
Act 1
On the banks of the River Adonis, the Israelite captives deplore their fate under Philistine domination. The Philistines plan to force the Israelites to worship their idols. Samson arrives, dressed in a lion skin, and smashes the pagan altars. He urges the defenceless Israelites to put their faith in God who has given him the strength to defeat the Philistines.
Act 2
In his royal palace the King of the Philistines learns of Samson's liberation of the captives and the defeat of the Philistine army. Samson enters, carrying a club in one hand and an olive branch in the other. He offers peace if the king will free the Israelites. When the king refuses, Samson proves that God is on his side by making water spontaneously flow from the marble walls of the palace. The king still refuses to submit so God sends fire from heaven which destroys the Philistines' crops. Finally, the king agrees to free the Israelites and the captives rejoice.
Act 3
The Philistines, including the king, the high priest and Delilah, pray to their gods Mars and Venus to save them from Samson. An oracle declares that only the power of love can defeat Samson.
Fresh from his victories, Samson arrives and is lulled to sleep by the murmuring of a stream and the music of the priestesses of Venus, celebrating the festival of Adonis. Delilah begs the goddess to help her seduce Samson. Samson falls for her charms in spite of the warnings of a chorus of Israelites. He reluctantly leaves for battle again, after swearing his love for Delilah.
Act 4
The High Priest urges Delilah to find out the secret of Samson's extraordinary strength. Samson enters; he is prepared to make peace with the Philistines in return for Delilah's hand in marriage. He overcomes his initial reluctance for the wedding to take place in the Temple of Venus. Delilah says she will only marry him if he reveals the source of his strength to her and Samson tells her it lies in his long hair. There is a roll of thunder and the Temple of Venus disappears in darkness; Samson realises he has betrayed God. The Philistines rush in and take him captive, leaving Delilah desperately regretting her betrayal.
Act 5
Samson is in the Philistine temple, blinded and in chains. He laments his fate with a chorus of captive Israelites, who bring him news that Delilah has killed herself. The king torments Samson further by making him witness the Philistine victory celebrations. Samson calls on God to punish the king's blasphemy. Samson promises to reveal the Israelites' secrets so long as the Israelites are removed from the temple. The king agrees and, once the Israelites have left, Samson seizes the columns of the temple and pushes them over, bringing down the whole building on himself and the Philistines.
References
Sources
Cuthbert Girdlestone, Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work, Dover, New York 1969 (paperback edition).
Amanda Holden (ed.): The Viking Opera Guide, Viking, New York 1993.
Charles Dill: Monstrous Opera: Rameau and the Tragic Tradition. Princeton University Press, Princeton/NJ 1998.
Sylvie Bouissou: Jean-Philippe Rameau: Musicien des lumières. Fayard, Paris 2014.
Graham Sadler: The Rameau Compendium. Boydell Press, Woodbridge/UK 2014.
Julien Dubruque, essay on "The Stormy Collaboration Between Voltaire and Rameau" in the book accompanying Guy Van Waas's recording of Le temple de la Gloire'' (Ricercar, 2015).
Operas by Jean-Philippe Rameau
French-language operas
Operas
18th-century operas
Lost operas
Works by Voltaire
Cultural depictions of Samson
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20083327
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20E.%20Boynton%20House
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Edward E. Boynton House
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The Edward E. Boynton House (1908) was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in Rochester, New York. This privately owned prairie-style home was commissioned by widower Edward Everett Boynton and his teenage daughter Beulah Boynton. According to Beulah Boynton (recounted to Times Union reporter William Ringle in 1955) it cost her father between $45,000 - $50,000 for the house, the lot and the contents - a staggering sum in 1908. This two-story, approximately 5,500 square foot home, was originally situated on an acre lot in the city of Rochester. Seventeen pieces of original Frank Lloyd Wright furniture still remain in the house.
History
Home Ownership Timeline
1908 - 1919 Edward and Beulah Boynton
1919 - 1921 J. Oswald Dailey (June 1, 1919 - April 18, 1921)
1921 - 1925 Title transferred to Florence C. Dailey who defaulted loan and the Rochester Trust and Safe Deposit Company took control during this period
1925 - 1942 Elizabeth J. Burns (October 19, 1925).
Listed for sale in 1940. Bank took control by 1942.
1943 - 1968 Arlene E. Howard (October 7, 1943 - June 27, 1968)
1968 - 1974 Dr. David and Carolyn Tinling (June 27, 1968 - June 27, 1974)
1974 - 1977 Louis (Louie) and Joan Clark (June 27, 1974 - June 29, 1977)
1977 - 1994 J. Burton (Burt) and Karen Brown (June 29, 1977 - January 10, 1994)
1994 - 1996 Gordon (Gordie) Nye (January 10, 1994 - November 1, 1996)
1996 - 2009 Scott and Kathryn McDonald (November 1, 1996 - November 30, 2009)
2009 - Fran Cosentino and Jane Parker (November 30, 2009 - present)
Edward Everett Boynton
Edward Everett Boynton was a successful lantern salesman and partner in the C. T. Ham Manufacturing Co. of Rochester. Despite his financial success, Boynton's personal life was marked by tragedy. Three of his four children died at a young age, including his daughter Beulah's twin sister Bessie. On April 13, 1900 (Friday the 13th) his wife passed away. Beulah told Times Union Reporter William Ringle, "My father had no hobbies but me." When Boynton decided to move out of his home at 44 Vick Park B in Rochester, New York he commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design what would become Rochester's only Wright-designed home. Beulah Boynton recalled, "I wanted Claude Bragdon to build our house. My father was quite taken with Wright." Edward Boynton learned of Frank Lloyd Wright through a business partner, Warren McArthur. Wright designed the Warren McArthur House in the Kenwood District of Chicago in 1892. In 1906, Boynton commissioned the architect to design a home on an expansive piece of property on East Boulevard. Construction started in 1907 and the house was completed in 1908. Beulah Boynton was a teenager when she met Frank Lloyd Wright. She became very interested and involved in the design and construction of house. "I learned to read specs. I spotted an error in the masons laying the fireplace."
The original deed to the property was recorded on May 13, 1907 and the building permit (certificate of occupancy) was granted on May 15, 1908. "The building permit, #10988, lists a two story frame and plaster dwelling, 5h'~ x 115', valuation, $10,000." Boynton was listed as "builder-owner" on the building permit, Frank Lloyd Wright as architect, and the contractors were Gorsline and Swan." George T. Swan, son of the late George L. Swan, recalled his father saying, "The contractors expected trouble with Wright but discovered to their surprise and delight that reasonably amicable relations with him were possible so long as they adhered exactly to his specifications and instructions." He continued, "He made no great trial for contractors," said Swan, "but he gave the workmen fits." I was too young to have known Mr. Wright but I heard a great deal about him from my father.
Originally the Edward E. Boynton house occupied an approximately one acre lot. In addition to the 5,450 square foot residence, the property was home to a 30-foot by 60-foot reflecting pool, a tennis court, magnificent gardens and 28 American Elm trees. The driveway stretched the length of a city block - from East Boulevard to Hawthorn Street.
1908 - 1919 Boynton House
Beulah and Edward Boynton lived at 16 East Boulevard for ten years. During that period, the Boyntons (one of the early automobile owners in the area) erected a garage on the property. Edward Boynton employed a cook, two maids (one for upstairs, one for downstairs), and two gardeners (one doubled as the chauffeur) during their stay. After Beulah Boynton married Ransom Noble Kalbfleisch he moved into the Boynton house joining his bride and her father. A daughter, Jean, was born in 1914. In 1919 Beulah and Jean moved to New York City with Kalbfleisch so he could work at the stock exchange. Edward Boynton joined them in New York and lived with them until his death on December 27, 1938.
The house sat vacant for a year until June 1, 1919 until J. Oswald Dailey purchased it.
1919 - 1940 Turbulent times for the Boynton House
The 1920s were a tumultuous time for both the country and the Boynton house. According to family members, Dailey lost all of his money and his wife's money speculating in commodity futures. In a financial bind, Dailey subdivided the property into two building lots that he sold for $22,000. The tennis court, formal gardens, pool, and fountain were removed. Two additional homes were built on the original Boynton plot, “ one on Hawthorn Street, at the back of the property, and the other on East Boulevard. (Beulah recalled during an interview with William Ringle in 1955, "There are now three other houses on what was the original lot. The porch was originally open, now it's glassed in." On April 18, 1921, the title to Wright's Boynton house was transferred to Florence C. Dailey. She failed make the loan payments and the bank took control. On October 19, 1925, Elizabeth J. Burns assumed the $18,000 mortgage held by the Rochester Trust and Safe Deposit Company.
1932 Frank Lloyd Wright returns to Rochester
When he was 65 years old Frank Lloyd Wright returned to Rochester after an invitation to speak to a sold out crowd at the Memorial Art Gallery. On November 14, 1932, accompanied by Memorial Art Gallery Director Gertrude Moore, Mr. Wright drove by the Edward E. Boynton House and was enraged by the sight of the current diminished lot and external drainage pipes originating from the roof. Decades later Democrat & Chronicle reporter Katharine Seelye interviewed Gertrude Moore. Ms. Moore recounted, Wright literally “rose in his wrath before her eyes...and in his distress banged his head on the ceiling of the cab. The driver was ordered on." “They’ve wrapped conductor pipes around my plane spaces!” he shrieked. “They have destroyed my house!" Still reeling from the sight of his house, Frank Lloyd Wright ranted throughout his evening lecture at the Memorial Art Gallery. “Mr. Wright came to the platform (at the gallery) under a cloud of pessimism,” the Democrat and Chronicle reported the next day. “He expressed himself as well convinced that no words of his could awaken the modern individual to the degradation of (contemporary) architecture (which was) ‘pseudo this and pseudo that and never expressive of himself or his surroundings.'" Ms. Moore reimbursed the architect for his hotel bill and railroad fare but requested a downward adjustment to his speaking fee. Frank Lloyd Wright never returned to Rochester again.
1940 - 1968 The Boynton House's longest resident
In 1940, the house was listed for $16,500, but languished on the market. By 1942, the bank assumed the mortgage once again.
Arlene E. Howard purchased the house on October 7, 1943 for $8,000. She owned the house for almost 25 years. Ms. Howard painted several rooms, and some of the original Wright-designed furniture, throughout the house. Toward the end of her tenure Ms. Howard rarely visited the house and spent the majority of her time with her brother on her boat in Florida. When her housekeeper died, the house remained empty and neglected. The roof was repaired in 1967 but continued to cause problems.
1968 - 1974 Boynton House
Dr. David Tinling, his wife Carolyn, and their four young children moved into the house on June 27, 1968. They purchased the Boynton House for $57,000. Dr. Tinling thought the house looked perfect. His wife Carolyn remembered the house in need of serious repairs. Incredibly, the carpets were still original and seventeen pieces of the original Frank Lloyd Wright-designed furniture remained in the house. The Tinlings pursued landmark status for the house and created legal covenants for the home's structure. In 1969, the City of Rochester passes a preservation ordinance, designating the Frank Lloyd Wright's Boynton House an official Rochester landmark. The original furniture was omitted from the protective covenants. In March 1973, University of Toronto professor H. Allen Brooks wrote to the Landmark Society of Western New York pointing out the importance of preserving the provenance of the furniture. At the same time, the Tinlings' marriage was unraveling forcing the sale of the Boynton House.
Frank Lloyd Wright's Edward E. Boynton House was officially listed for sale, in 1973, for $82,500.
1974 - 1977 The public sees the Boynton House
The house is enshrouded in bushes when it goes on the market, greenery flanking either side of the house above the second story roof. Louis and Joan Clark offer the Tinlings $55,000 which is rejected. Their second offer for $68,000 is accepted. The Clarks rip out and thin most of the trees and bushes surrounding the house, remove the old, dirty carpets, update the heating system, repair the plumbing, fix some electrical issues and start stripping the paint from the woodwork throughout the house. They also open up the house for fee-based tours. Over 2,000 people tour the Boynton House during the first two years the Clarks own the house. Interested in obtaining museum status and continuing their tours, the Clarks reach out to the City of Rochester Zoning Board. The president of the neighborhood association, Dr. R. Paul Miller, writes an opinion piece for the Rochester Times Union opposing the idea. As a result of the neighborhood backlash, the constant repairs and several burglaries to the Boynton House, the Clarks decide they have had enough. They alert Rochester Times Union columnist Peter Taub that they are considering putting the house on the market. On April 29, 1977 his column appears in the paper - Wright House Up for Sale.
1977-1994 Protective covenants and complete roof replacement
The Edward E. Boynton House never officially hits the real estate market. After seeing Peter Taub's column, Burt and Karen Brown deal directly with Louis and Joan Clark and end up acquiring the house in a stranger-than-fiction story recounted 40 years later in their daughter's memoir Growing Up in a Frank Lloyd Wright House. Several last minute negotiations over the house almost doom the deal between the Clarks and the Browns. The 1969 protective covenants set up by the Tinlings only pertain to the exterior structure of the house, not the 17 pieces of Wright-designed furniture. The Clarks want another $15,000-$25,000 for the furniture - on top of the $110,000 price tag for the house and the $25,000 agreed upon price for all the oriental rugs. The Browns appeal to the Landmark Society of Western New York (LSWNY) and eventually a deal is brokered where the LSWNY pays the Clarks for the furniture and then leases the Wright designed pieces back to the Browns for $1.00 a year for 75 years. According to the deal, the furniture pieces cannot be moved to the basement or attic and no alterations ( painting, reupholstering, stripping, etc.) can be made without prior approval. Insurance, repairs, and restoration costs are the responsibility of the lessee. With the real estate deal with the Clarks complete, the Browns work on a contract with the LSWNY making the protective covenants official, this time covering the original furniture.
Burt and Karen Brown continue the Clarks' restorations projects - removing wallpaper and plush carpet in addition to stripping paint from the furniture, wood trim, radiator covers and Wright's builtins. The tour schedule is curtailed - limited to architect students and professors, community and charitable organizations and their daughter's girl scout troop and her fourth grade classmates. The Browns also turn their attention to replacing the roof which takes over two years to build from scratch (in hand soldered copper) and costs nearly $100,000 in 1977-1979.
After 24 years working at Xerox Corporation, Burt Brown accepts a severance package and, with their two kids in college, Burt and Karen Brown move to Orlando, Florida. The house proves too costly to remain vacant on a part-time basis and is put on the market, in the spring of 1993, for $895,000. The original furniture pieces are all professionally repaired by the Rochester conservator Ralph Weigandt and Mark Gervase, a Michigan based conservator from the Henry Ford Museum. After languishing on the market for months, a new realtor is hired and the house is relisted, for $460,000, in the fall of 1993.
1994-1996 Neglect and abandonment
Gordon Nye, an executive for sporting goods manufacturer Voit, purchases the house in January 1994 for $425,000. Nye and his girlfriend move into the house and immediately struggle with living in Rochester (they are from California) and operating under some of the restrictive house rules. The Landmark Society of Western New York worries about their two large dogs and the safety of the original Wright-designed furniture. Nye is worried about his dogs escaping and sets about commissioning plans for a fence to enclose the property. The plans are rejected by the Landmark Society and Preservation Board. Nye applies for a construction permit and builds an unsightly chain link fence around the property as a work around. Less than a year after purchasing the house, the homeowners move back to California and leave it vacant - not paying the utilities, the security system fees and the mortgage. The dining room ceiling begins leaking and chunks of plaster begin falling from overhead. Defying the restrictive covenants ("pieces cannot be moved..."), the Landmark Society transfers all seventeen pieces to the Memorial Art Gallery where they reside from July 16, 1995 to January 12, 1996 and are put on public display.
The bank begins proceedings to take over the house.
1996-2009 Rebirth and privacy
Dr. Scott and Kathryn (Katie) McDonald purchase the house 'as is' in November 1996, for $260,000! The couple begin repairing and restoring and re landscaping the entire property. Scott's father, a skilled craftsman and woodworker, creates numerous pieces of craftsman style furniture for his son's new home. Instead of relishing the attention of living in the Boynton House and sharing with the public their restoration efforts, the McDonalds prefer their privacy, eschewing public tours and events. They give birth to a son and give him the middle name Wright.
Although they love the Boynton House, they decide to move, putting it once more on the market, in the fall of 2009, for $830,000.
2009 to the present: surviving the next hundred years
An ardent admirer of Frank Lloyd Wright and particularly of his Boynton House, Jane Parker manages to join a realtor's caravan - with a preview of new homes for sale - when she learns that this house is back in the market. After touring the house, she is ready to move in immediately. Her husband, Francis (Fran) Cosentino is skeptical whether the home is in move in condition. After purchasing it and a thorough inspection - the place has many problems - they embark on a massive project to restore and rehabilitate the 100 year old Boynton House. The roof is sagging; the exterior trim has rotted; termite and carpenter ant damage is evident throughout; in the basement essential support beams have been removed; undersized supports above the dining room are caving-in. Structurally the house is ready to collapse. They begin work in April 2010, hiring Bero Architecture and the landscape architectural firm Bayer Landscape Architecture. Establish a trust to fund the anticipated two year project and consult the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation for advice and for Wright's original architectural drawings.
Parker/Cosentino decide to restore the enclosed front porch to its original design. Having been enclosed in the 1920s. They construct a new garage inspired by Wright's prairie style designs and incorporate a covered walkway on the property after noticing a pergola in several of Wright's original drawings of the site. Unable to reestablish the extent of the Boyntons original lot, since three other houses now sit on the space that had been sold off in the 1920s - they decide to remove the driveway at the front of the house and, instead of a driveway that stretches from East Boulevard to Hawthorn Street, its entrance on East Boulevard is removed and replaced with only a walkway, in place of both. Thus allowing more grass and a more spacious appearance. A lovely reflecting pool with Koi pond and an Asian inspired garden now occupy the small backyard.
All of the art glass windows, doors, cabinets and light fixtures in the entire house are restored by the Wisconsin native Jeffrey Mueller, owner of Godfrey Müller Studios, a glass restoration company in Rochester. The still extant Wright designed furniture and all the woodwork - some of which had been painted over by previous owners and unprofessional stripped - is now meticulously refinished, repaired, and restored by Eric Norden, owner of Eric Norden Restorations, in Rochester. Several new furniture pieces are designed, in the spirit of a Wright contemporary and collaborator George Niedecken (1878-1945)- in the prairie style tradition. Darryl Gronsky, an interior designer in Rochester, with the contribution of the homeowner Jane Parker, referred to Niedecken’s designs archived in the collection of the Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. to help select materials and fabrics for the renovated house.
The building is now part of the East Avenue Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Legacy
Jane Parker and Fran Cosentino also consent to produce a documentary, chronicling the repair, rehabilitation and restoration of the Boynton House. Local Public Broadcasting System (PBS) WXXI in Rochester, New York, embarks on a two and a half year filming project, culminating in the nearly one hour documentary titled Frank Lloyd Wright's Boynton House: The Next Hundred Years. The documentary crew are assisted by Kim Bixler, daughter of Burt and Karen Brown who owned the Boynton House from 1977-1994. Her knowledge of the house history includes archival documents, newspaper articles, family histories, meticulous research, historical photographs and interviews with every living homeowner. Her book Growing Up in a Frank Lloyd Wright House is published in conjunction with the completion of the Boynton House project, one of the sponsorship gifts for public television sponsors and donors. Kim Bixler travels the country giving lectures about what it is really like growing up in a house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
Gallery
Winter 1968
Changes to the Boynton House
References
Further reading
Bixler, Kim (2012). Growing Up in a Frank Lloyd Wright House, United States: Clue Publications. OCLC 835633241
. S. 147
External links
Growing Up in a Frank Lloyd Wright House- Edward E. Boynton House Gallery of Photographs
E. E. Boynton House: Rochester, NY
E. E. Boynton House - Frank Lloyd Wright Designed Buildings on Waymarking.com
THE MAN WHO BROUGHT FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT TO ROCHESTER
Reception and Tour of the Edward E. Boynton House, Rochester’s only Frank Lloyd Wright-designed House
Wright in New York
Photos on Arcaid
The Boynton House, Monroe County (New York) Library System, Rochester, N.Y.
Rendition of Boynton House by Razin Khan.
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses in Rochester, New York
Prairie School architecture in New York (state)
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1908
1908 establishments in New York (state)
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68210033
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia%20Runkle
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Lucia Runkle
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Lucia Isabella Runkle (née Gilbert; August 20, 1844 - 1922), was an editorial writer and contributor to the New York Tribune and Harper's. She was one of the first women editorialists at a major American newspaper.
Biography
Runkle was born in North Brookfield, Massachusetts and educated in Fall River and Worcester, Massachusetts. She moved to New York City and for many years she was an editorial writer and contributor to the New-York Tribune, in which she published a series of articles on cooking, treated from an artistic standpoint. She also wrote frequently for other journals and for magazines including the Christian Union, later The Outlook. For ten years Runkle was the literary adviser of Harper & Brothers, her work including French and German manuscripts and books, as well as English. In 1893, she undertook, with Charles Dudley Warner and others, the enormous labor which is represented in the thirty volumes of Library of the World's Best Literature.
She was quoted in support of The Woman's Advocate publication. She corresponded with Helen Hunt Jackson.
Personal lilfe
In 1862 she married a Mr. Calhoun. Her second marriage, in 1869, was to Cornelius Runkle, a customs official and lawyer for the New-York Tribune. Their daughter Bertha Runkle authored The Helmet of Navarre and four other novels.
Work
Modern Women and What is Said of Them: A Reprint of a Series of Articles in the Saturday Review, by E. Lynn Linton, J. S. Redfield, New York (1868), contributor
Library of the world's best literature, ancient and modern, New York, R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill, (c1896-97), contributor
References
1844 births
1922 deaths
People from North Brookfield, Massachusetts
19th-century American journalists
American women journalists
19th-century American non-fiction writers
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28730700
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podnebesnaya
|
Podnebesnaya
|
Podnebesnaya (Cyrillic: Поднебесная; Tr. from Russian: Celestial) was a musical production company organized by producer Ivan Shapovalov. The project for Podnebensaya, with the same title, began in 2003 in Moscow, Russia. The main purpose of the production was to produce t.A.T.u.'s second studio album, however after a falling-out with Ivan, such production was ended. Shapovalov continued to work with other Russian artists including 7B, Helya, Ledokol, FlyDream and n.A.T.o. A CD was released of this project in 2004, after t.A.T.u. split from Shapovalov. The CD was titled Podnebesnaya No. 1, and only featured one song by t.A.T.u. ("Belochka"), although the release capatalized on the fact that it was made during the reality show.
t.A.T.u. v Podnebesnoy (TV series)
t.A.T.u. v Podnebesnoy (Cyrillic: t.A.T.u. в Поднебесной, Translated: t.A.T.u. in Underheaven) was a reality documentary show filmed in Russia, that chronicled t.A.T.u. as they were in the process of recording a second album with producer Ivan Shapovalov with his larger project Podnebesnaya. However, the girls rarely showed up for the recording, and most of the show was of Ivan working with his other projects.
A contest was held by STS for fans to send in their own lyrics and demos for the girls to possibly use, but none of them were actually used. They can be found at the STS Fansite.
The title of the show is also known as Podnebesnoy, t.A.T.u. Podnebensnoy, and t.A.T.u. V Podnebensnoy. According to the group's official website, Podnebesnaya is translated to "Underheaven", although it is roughly translated to "Celestial".
Songs recorded by t.A.T.u. during Podnebesnaya
"Podnebesnaya Introduction" - 2:30
"Poetry (Uncensored Clip)" - 1:05
"Я буду (Защищаться Очками)" — 2:36 – Had a minor single release
"Я буду (Защищаться Очками)" (Demo Video Version) — 2:34
"Belochka" – Elena Katina; (Demo version not same as released version)
"Belochka" (Demo) — 2:53
"Belochka" (Released Version)
"Что Не Хватает" (Commutator Spiritus Version) — 3:45 – [Remix by Commutator Spiritus featuring demo vocal recordings by Elena Katina]
"Что Не Хватает" — 3:08 – Elena Katina ft. Ivan Dem'yan
"Я здесь (Всё нормально)" — 2:25 – Elena Katina
"Я здесь (Всё нормально)" (Studio Version With Ivan Shapovalov and Elena Katina)
"Я здесь (Всё нормально)" (Leaked Demo)
"Я здесь (Всё нормально)" (Instrumental)
"Я здесь (Всё нормально)" — 1:50
"Я Не Сошла С Ума (Обезьянка Ноль Demo) — 3:11
"Ты Согласна (Demo 1)" — 3:06
"Ты Согласна (Demo 2)" — 3:06 [Compared with Demo 1, there are minor vocal alterations in the chorus]
"Ты Согласна" (Demo 3 feat. Ivan Shapovalov)— 3:05
"Ты Согласна" (First Version Demo) — 2:48
"Ты Согласна" (Demo Instrumental) — 3:06
"В Космосе Сквозняки" — 0:15 – Yulia Volkova
"В Космосе Сквозняки" — 0:50 – Ivan Shapovalov
"Люди Инвалиды" — 2:58
"Обезьянка Ноль" (Podnebesnaya Version) — 4:24
"Обезьянка Ноль" (Podnebesnaya Instrumental Version) — 4:16
"Sex" — 1:09 – Composed by FlyDream, song with Girls talking of sex
Other notable songs for t.A.T.u.
"Обезьянка Ноль" (Podnebesnaya Instrumental Clip)
"Люди Инвалиды" (Ivan Shapovalov)
"Люди Инвалиды" (Vena)
"Я Выдумал Сам" (Ivan Shapovalov)
"Все Нормально" (Nekkerman)
External links
Official Site
T.A.T.u.
Russian music television series
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17627380
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Lemsyeh
|
Ahmed Lemsyeh
|
Ahmed Lemsyeh (born in 1950 in Sidi Smail) is a Moroccan poet. He writes his poems mainly in Moroccan Darija. Lemsyeh writes for the journal Al-Ittih'ad al-Ishtiraki and teaches at a high school in Rabat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://maghrebi-studies.nitle.org/newmaghrebistudies.nitle.org/index.php/maghrebi/literature/key_literature_figures |title=Stephanie Enemark, Some Key Figures |access-date=2008-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331200857/http://maghrebi-studies.nitle.org/newmaghrebistudies.nitle.org/index.php/maghrebi/literature/key_literature_figures |archive-date=2008-03-31 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> He worked as an inspector for the Ministry of Culture in Morocco, and as an advisor to the Minister of Culture Mohamed Achaari.
He has 25 published works, including 18 collections of poetry, which include:
Riyyah... Allati Sata-'ti رياح... التي ستأتي (Winds... that will come) (1976) in Moroccan Darija
Fayadan Aththalj فيضان الثلج (Snow Flood) (1986) in Arabic
Skun Trez Lma شكون اطرز لما'' (Who embroidered the water) (1994) in Moroccan Darija
References
20th-century Moroccan poets
1950 births
Living people
21st-century Moroccan poets
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16206861
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining%20Exchange
|
Mining Exchange
|
The Mining Exchange is a Grade II listed building in Redruth, Cornwall, UK. It was constructed in 1880 at a cost of £500 to build. It is thought to have been designed by local architect Sampson Hill. The Mining Exchange was where local producers sold mineral stock.
References
History of mining in the United Kingdom
History of Cornwall
Mining in Cornwall
Organisations based in Cornwall
Grade II listed buildings in Cornwall
Commercial buildings completed in 1880
1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
Industrial archaeological sites in Cornwall
Redruth
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23370047
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Molino
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Anthony Molino
|
Anthony Molino (born 1957) is a translator, anthropologist, and psychoanalyst.
Life
He has received a Fulbright scholarship to the University of Florence.
His work appeared in Two Lines.
He lives in Philadelphia.
Awards
1996 Academy of American Poets Raiziss/de Palchi Translation Fellowship
Fulbright Foundation
American Academy in Rome
Pennsylvania Council on the Arts grant
National Theater Translation Fund grant
Works
Translations
Poetry
Valerio Magrelli (2000). The Contagion of Matter. Holmes & Meier.
Kisses from Another Dream. (1987).
Stories
Plays
Editor
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
University of Florence alumni
Italian–English translators
American psychoanalysts
Place of birth missing (living people)
Nationality missing
20th-century American translators
21st-century American translators
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43610987
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%20Lake%2C%20Wright%20County%2C%20Minnesota
|
Rice Lake, Wright County, Minnesota
|
Rice Lake is an unincorporated community in Stockholm Township, Wright County, Minnesota, United States. The community is located along Wright County Road 30 near Morrison Avenue SW.
Nearby places include Cokato, Howard Lake, Stockholm, Silver Lake, and Grass Lake–Stockholm Wildlife Management Area.
Wright County Roads 3 and 5 are also in the immediate area.
References
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Wright County, Minnesota
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4712750
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos%20Tuck
|
Amos Tuck
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Amos Tuck (August 2, 1810 – December 11, 1879) was an American attorney and politician in New Hampshire and a founder of the Republican Party.
Early life and education
Born in Parsonsfield, Maine, August 2, 1810, the son of John Tuck, a sixth-generation descendant of Robert Tuck, a founder of Hampton, New Hampshire, in 1638. Tuck attended Effingham Academy and Hampton Academy and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1835. He studied law and passed the bar.
Career
Tuck was an early supporter and donor to the Free Will Baptist's Parsonfield Seminary. He is the namesake of the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. He was a leading citizen of Exeter, New Hampshire, for 40 years and played an important part in Exeter's history between 1838 - 1879.
In his youth, Tuck came to Hampton and from 1836 to 1838 was Headmaster of the Hampton Academy founded by his ancestors. He was admitted to the bar in 1838 and commenced practice in Exeter. He later became a trustee of Dartmouth College. After leaving politics, Tuck was commissioned as a Naval officer of the port of Boston from 1861 to 1865. Following the American Civil War, he resumed the practice of law and also engaged in railroad building, at which he gained significant success and wealth.
Political career
Tuck was elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1842 as a member of the Democratic Party but broke with pro-slavery Democratic leaders in 1844 and was formally cast out of the party. He ran for Congress, anyway, and was elected as an Independent to the Thirtieth Congress.
In 1845 he called a convention to form an independent movement in favor of anti-slavery Congressional Candidate John P. Hale. This convention would later be identified as "the nucleus of the Republican Party." During the months following the convention (which was described by Tuck as "respectable in numbers and unparalleled in spirit") Tuck worked tenaciously to grow his young party. His hard work and enthusiasm resulted in the successful election of Hale in 1846.
Tuck himself ran as a Free-Soil candidate to the Thirty-first Congress, and as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1853). After three consecutive terms he returned to Exeter in 1853 and began a movement to unite the many minor political factions that existed in the state of New Hampshire.
Founder of the Republican Party in New Hampshire
Tuck organized a secret meeting, on October 12, 1853, at Major Blake's Hotel in Exeter of a group of anti-slavery men. Tuck suggested they form a party to be called "Republicans." The term "Republican party" had been widely used in New Hampshire politics in the 1830s. The dinner is commemorated by the tablet now affixed to the Squamscott House in Exeter. The participants campaigned for several parties in 1854 state elections, but the Republican party did not run a ticket that year in the state. He helped form the state Republican party in 1856 and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1856 and 1860. Tuck was appointed a delegate to the peace convention held in Washington, D.C., in 1861 in an effort to devise means to prevent the impending war.
He was a personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, John Greenleaf Whittier and many other men prominent in his time, and is said to be responsible for putting Lincoln in office. "Lincoln...would never have realized his goals," according to Dartmouth historian Professor Frank Smallwood, "if his old friend, Amos Tuck of Exeter, New Hampshire...had not played such an influential role in helping him to secure the Republican party's presidential nomination in 1860."
Personal life
Tuck married Davida Nudd and had a son, Edward Tuck, on August 25, 1842, and a daughter, Ellen Tuck French, who married Francis Ormond French, President of the Manhattan Trust Company.
Tuck died in Exeter, New Hampshire, on December 11, 1879. He was interred in Exeter Cemetery.
His son, Edward Tuck, financed and founded at Dartmouth College the Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, and funded the New Hampshire Historical Society building, a "beautiful" granite structure in Concord, New Hampshire.
Family and political descendants founded the Amos Tuck Society to promote and spread the history of Tuck's contributions and founding of the Republican Party. Edward Tuck also graduate from, and become a major donor to, Dartmouth College. He made his fortune in banking, railroads and international trade, becoming vice-consul to France.
See also
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 240: Abraham Lincoln Speaks in New Hampshire
References
Further reading
Sewell, Richard H. John P. Hale and the Politics of Abolition (1965)
Marston, Philip W. Amos Tuck and the Beginning in New Hampshire of the Republican Party Historical New Hampshire (1960)
Corning, Charles R[obert]. "Amos Tuck" . Exeter, N.H.: The News-letter Press, 1902.
Dearborn, Jeremiah Wadleigh "Sketch of the life and character of Hon. Amos Tuck" read before the Maine Historical Society, December, 1888 . [Portland, Maine: Printed by B. Thurston & Co., 1888?]
Page, Elwin L. "Abraham Lincoln in New Hampshire", Monitor Publishing Company, 2009.
Gregg, Hugh. "Birth of the Republican Party : a summary of historical research on Amos Tuck and the birthplace of the Republican Party at Exeter, New Hampshire" . Compiled by Hugh Gregg and Georgi Hippauf. Nashua, N.H.: Resources of New Hampshire, 1995.
External links
Accession of the Amos Tuck Society to the Political Library
"An old family of Hampton (the Tucks)"
About Tuck - Our History
New Hampshire Political Library
Seacoast Online "Republicans Party Down October 28, 2003
1810 births
1879 deaths
American railway entrepreneurs
Dartmouth College alumni
Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire
American abolitionists
New Hampshire Free Soilers
New Hampshire lawyers
New Hampshire Republicans
New Hampshire Whigs
American people of English descent
People from Exeter, New Hampshire
Tuck School of Business people
New Hampshire Democrats
New Hampshire Independents
Independent members of the United States House of Representatives
Free Soil Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
People from Parsonsfield, Maine
Activists from New Hampshire
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American businesspeople
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11272076
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty%20Shadow
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Mighty Shadow
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Winston McGarland Bailey, HBM, DLitt (4 October 1941 – 23 October 2018), better known by his stage name The Mighty Shadow or Shadow, was a calypsonian from Tobago.
Career
Bailey was born in Belmont, a suburb of Port of Spain in Trinidad, but grew up in Les Coteaux, Tobago, with his grandparents. He started singing calypsos at the age of 8.
At the age of 16 he moved back to Port of Spain, where for a time he was homeless while trying to established himself. In 1970 he performed as part of the chorus in Mighty Sparrow's 'Young Brigade' calypso tent, and by the following year he had begun to establish himself as a calypsonian in his own right. He chose the stage name "Shadow" (he didn't use "Mighty" himself) after coming across some workmen digging a road while he was walking. One of the workmen was in a hole below the road surface and the others were calling him "Shadow", and Bailey said: "I felt like they was calling me". In his early years he performed wearing all black, with a large hat covering part of his face.
The Guardian newspaper, speaking of Shadow's stagecraft, argued that he had "a persona and outlook that stood in dramatic contrast to the classic bravura of the typical calypsonian, one that might have been expected to generate either bemusement or scorn in his native Trinidad and Tobago", and yet noted that on the contrary his stage presence and music "proved so original, so eerily amusing and so engaging that [he] quickly came to be hailed as one of the greats".
He won the Road March in 1974 with "Bassman" (where he also placed second with "I Come Out to Play") by a record margin, and won again in 2001 with "Stranger", making him the competition's oldest winner. He won the Calypso Monarch contest in 2000 with "What's Wrong With Me" and "Scratch Meh Back". His music used bass more prominently than most calypsonians, of which he said "I did 'Bassman', then I started to use melodic bass lines, not like they used before, and when I performed in the calypso tents in the early days, I had one extra sheet of music, just for the bass." Shadow is also known for his unique dance in which he jumped to the tempo of his music in "skip-rope style" with both feet in the air at the same time.
He was the second calypsonian to win both the International Soca Monarch and the Trinidad Road March competitions simultaneously, a feat he accomplished in 2001 with "Stranger". He rivalled fellow calypsonians Mighty Sparrow and Lord Kitchener after winning the Road March in 1974.
Shadow is the subject of Christopher Laird's 2017 film King from Hell, featuring concert performances and an interview.
He died on 23 October 2018 at the age of 77 at Mount Hope Hospital in St. Joseph, after suffering a stroke two days earlier.
Awards and recognition
1988 - NAFEITA Award
1991 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso Award - "If the Poor Get Rich"
1993 - 3rd Annual Caribbean Music Awards - Best Engineered Recording
1994 - N.A.C.C. Calypso of the Year Award - "Poverty is Hell"
1995 - 5th Annual Caribbean Music Awards - Best Record, Calypso/Social Commentary
1995 - Sunshine Awards - Best Social Commentary
1995 - Everybody's, The Caribbean Magazine - Calypso Awards - Most Humorous Calypso
1996 - Eastern Credit Union - Outstanding Contribution to the Calypso Artform
1996 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso Award - "For Better of Worse"
1997 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso Award - "Treat Your Lady Nice"
2000 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso of the Year Award - "Scratch Meh Back"
2000 - Trinidad and Tobago Association of Baltimore - Achievement Award for Lifetime Contribution
2000 - Mucurapo Senior Comprehensive - Recognition of Contribution to the Culture
2000 - Calypso Classics - Outstanding Contribution to the Artform
2000 - Top Fifty Calypsonians of the Twentieth Century
2001 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso Award - "Looking for Horn"
2001 - COTT - Song of the Year
2001 - Vibe CT 105/TUCO Kitchener - National Road March Winner
2001 - TUCO/Honda Calypso Monarch - 2nd Place
2001 - Vistrac Ltd - Outstanding Performance
2001 - UNAIDS - Spokesperson for the Caribbean in worldwide fight against HIV/AIDS
2001 - Power 102 - In Recognition of Carnival 2001 Soca Monarch and Road March
2002 - Sunshine Awards - Calypso of the Year "Looking for Horn"
2002 - Sunshine Awards - Producer of the Year - "Stranger"
2002 - COTT - Golden Achievement Award
2002 - The Port of Spain Corporation Award of Appreciation
2002 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso Award - "Goumangala"
2002 - Spektakula Promotions - Appreciation for Contribution to the Culture
2003 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso Award - "Find Peace"
2004 - Hilton Trinidad - Recognition for Contribution to the Culture
2004 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso Award - "Cocoyea"
2004 - TUCO - Chantuelle Excellence Award
2006 - Bmobile Award for Recognition of Contribution to Culture
2007 - N.A.C.C. - Top 20 Stars of Gold Calypso Award - For Excellence and Outstanding Achievement in Music
2007 - TUCO - Humorous Commentary 1st Place - "If Ah Coulda"
2008 - Crosstowm Carnival Committee - Dragon Nest Award of Merit
2009 - Signal Hill Alumni Choir - Music That Matters
2010 - TUCO Outstanding Contribution to the Calypso Artform
2014 - Sunshine Awards - Hall of Fame
Honours
In 2003, Bailey received the Hummingbird Medal (Silver) for his contributions to music in Trinidad and Tobago.
On 27 October 2018, the University of the West Indies conferred on Bailey the Degree of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) Honoris Causa for his contributions as a musical composer, an award he had been due to receive before he died.
Discography
Albums
1974 - De Bassman
1979 - Love Lite
1979 - If I Coulda I Woulda I Shoulda
1980 - Shadow
1984 - Sweet Sweet Dreams
1984 - Return of De Bassman
1987 - Raw Energy
1988 - Dingolay
1988 - High Tension
1990 - The Monster
1991 - Columbus Lied
1992 - Winston Bailey is the Shadow
1999 - Am I Sweet or What?
2000 - Once Upon a Time
2003 - No Middle Ground
2003 - Fully Loaded
Singles
References
Other sources
Further reading
External links
Shadow discography at Discogs
"SHADOW, Mighty", Donald's Encyclopedia of Popular Music.
Mighty Shadow obituary, The Guardian
1941 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Trinidad and Tobago male singers
Calypsonians
People from Tobago
Soca musicians
Recipients of the Hummingbird Medal
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
21st-century Trinidad and Tobago male singers
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54377001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Pisani
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Steve Pisani
|
Steve Pisani (born 7 August 1992) is a Maltese footballer who plays for Gzira Utd FC and the Malta national team.
References
Maltese footballers
Maltese Premier League players
1992 births
Living people
Hibernians F.C. players
Floriana F.C. players
Balzan F.C. players
Malta international footballers
Association football wingers
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47893949
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compsolechia%20ambusta
|
Compsolechia ambusta
|
Compsolechia ambusta is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Walsingham in 1910. It is found in Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Peru.
The wingspan is about 10 mm. The forewings are dark brown, the basal portion much mottled with hoary white, forming a patch on the costa reaching to one-fourth. A white spot lies at the end of the cell and the dark brown ground-colour is somewhat abruptly terminated in a straight line across the wing from the commencement of the costal cilia, the apical portion being thence equally sprinkled with dark brown and hoary white, the latter forming a streak in the costal cilia. The apical and terminal cilia are reddish brown at their base, dark brown along their middle, and brownish cinereous at their outer ends. The hindwings are dark greyish brown, the cilia somewhat paler.
References
Moths described in 1910
Compsolechia
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4369748
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20theorem%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Gap theorem (disambiguation)
|
In mathematics, gap theorem may refer to:
The Weierstrass gap theorem in algebraic geometry
The Ostrowski–Hadamard gap theorem on lacunary function
The Fabry gap theorem on lacunary functions
The gap theorem of Fourier analysis, a statement about the vanishing of discrete Fourier coefficients for functions that are identically zero on an interval shorter than 2π
The gap theorem in computational complexity theory
Saharon Shelah's Main Gap Theorem which solved Morley's problem in model theory
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36589088
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine%20Jarosch
|
Nadine Jarosch
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Nadine Jarosch (born 28 April 1995) is a German gymnast. She competed for the national team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women's artistic team all-around.
References
German female artistic gymnasts
Living people
Olympic gymnasts of Germany
Gymnasts at the 2012 Summer Olympics
1995 births
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9855233
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gaucho%20War
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The Gaucho War
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The Gaucho War (La guerra gaucha) is a 1942 Silver Condor award-winning Argentine historical drama and epic film directed by Lucas Demare and starring Enrique Muiño, Francisco Petrone, Ángel Magaña, and Amelia Bence. The film's script, written by Homero Manzi and Ulyses Petit de Murat, is based on the novel by Leopoldo Lugones published in 1905. The film premiered in Buenos Aires on November 20, 1942 and is considered by critics of Argentine cinema to be one of the most successful films in history. It won three Silver Condor awards, including Best Film, Best Director (Lucas Demare), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Ulises Petit de Murat and Homero Manzi), given by the Argentine Film Critics Association at the 1943 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards for the best films and performances of the previous year.
The film is set in 1817 in the Salta Province of northwest Argentina during the Argentine War of Independence. It is based on the actions taken by the guerrillas under the command of the general Martin Güemes against the royalist army, loyal to the Spanish monarchy. For exterior filming, a village was established in the same area where the actual conflict had taken place. The cast of some thousand participants was unprecedented in Argentine cinema until that time.
The origins and content of the film are linked to a particular moment in Argentine history in which there was an intense debate over whether the country should take the side of either the Axis or the Allies during World War II, or maintain its neutrality during the war. The film stresses the values associated with nationalism as expressed in the union of the people, the army, and the church in defense of the country, which was considered by some a prelude to the revolutionary ideology that led to, on June 4, 1943, the overthrowing of the government of president Ramón Castillo.
The film was produced by Artistas Argentinos Asociados (Associated Argentine Artists), a cooperative of artists created just a short time before production began. It required an investment far beyond other productions of the period but the commercial success of the film allowed it to recover the cost in the first-run theaters, where it remained for nineteen weeks.
Plot
In Salta Province in 1817 during the War of Independence, the irregular forces commanded by General Martín Güemes carry out a guerrilla action against the Spanish army. The commander of a Spanish army contingent, Lieutenant Villarreal, is wounded, captured by the guerrillas, and put under the medical care of Asunción, the mistress of an estancia. She finds out from his idenfication paper that the Lieutenant, though serving in the Spanish army, was born in Lima. She persuades him of the justice of liberating America from Spain.
The patriot forces receive help from the sacristan of a chapel located next to the grounds of the royalist troops. The sacristan fakes loyalty to the king, but during the battles he sends messages to the gaucho guerrillas hiding in the mountains by means of a messenger boy and by ringing of the bell. When the royalists discover this, they attack and burn the chapel and smash the sacristan's eyes. Blinded, the sacristan unwittingly guides the royalists to the patriot camp. The royalists then proceed to annihilate the gauchos. In the final sequence, after the battle, the only three surviving characters (the badly injured sacristan, an old man, and the lieutenant who has fallen in love with Asunción and converted to the patriot cause) see Güemes' arriving troops, which will continue the battle.
Prologue
The film begins with a prologue on screen providing the historical circumstances of the place and time in which the action is placed, and advancing the position of its authors. From 1814 to 1818, Güemes and his gauchos resisted the royalist armies, that systematically ransacked the country from the Alto Peru since the withdrawal of the regular troops. This conflict of small battles was characterized by the heroism of the adversaries.
The opening states:
Cast
Enrique Muiño as Sacristán Lucero.
Francisco Petrone (Francisco Antonio Petrecca Mesulla) as Capitán Miranda
Ángel Magaña as Teniente Villarreal
Sebastián Chiola as Capitán Del Carril
Amelia Bence as Asunción Colombres
Ricardo Galache
Dora Ferreiro
Elvira Quiroga
Juan Pérez Bilbao
Carlos Campagnale
Aquiles Guerrero
Roberto Combi
Amílcar Leveratto
Antonio Cytro
Carlos Enzo
Roberto Prause
René Mugica
Raúl Merlo
Ricardo Reinaldo
Alberto Contreras (son)
Antonia Rojas
Laura Moreno
José López
Jacinta Diana
Production
The novel
Leopoldo Lugones (June 13, 1874 – February 18, 1938) was a prolific Argentine writer and journalist of whom Ricardo Rojas said:
To write La guerra gaucha Lugones traveled to Salta Province, to visit the actual places where the events happened and to record the oral tradition of the area. It is an epic story composed of several histories described with a wide vocabulary full of metaphors. Dialogs are short, but descriptions and subjective vision are plentiful. The landscape characteristics and Salta's nature are described in detail and have great importance in the book.
Historical context in Argentina
On February 20, 1938 Roberto M. Ortiz became president of Argentina. A member of the Unión Cívica Radical Antipersonalista party, he expressed his intention of ending the systemic electoral fraud imposed since the 1930 military coup. This idea found resistance within the political coalition named "The Concordance" ("La Concordancia") to which he belonged. Finally the worsening of his diabetes forced him to relinquish the presidency to his vice president Ramón Castillo, first in provisionally and after June 27, 1942 permanently. The new president was not in agreement with Ortiz's policies and from his post he condoned the fraud practices, disappointing the followers who believed in the changes proposed by his predecessor.
At the start of World War II the Argentine government declared itself neutral (on September 4, 1939), repeating the position taken during the First World War (1914–1918). Great Britain supported the decision as it was interested in Argentina being neutral and continuing the supply of food during the war.
In December 1941, the United States of America declared war on the Axis powers after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In January 1942, the Third Consulting Meeting of Chancellors of the American Republics met in Río de Janeiro as the U.S. wished other American nations to break relations with the Axis powers. Argentina, which had had frictions with the U.S. in previous years, was opposed to said goals and influenced successfully to "recommend" the breakup of relations instead of making it mandatory. Halperín Donghi, Tulio, La república imposible (1930-1945) pág. 264, 2004, Buenos Aires, Ariel Historia,
The problems associated with foreign policy took on more importance in Argentina and revived the conflict between the three political factions, the one pushing for siding with the Allies, the neutrals, and the one more in tune with the Axis. This latter minority group included the followers of nationalism and some officers of the army. The subject of the position the country should take on the war displaced other issues in the national political arena. Buchrucker, Cristian, Nacionalismo y peronismo pág. 222, 1987, Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana,
Starting in the 1930s, and following a general tendency in Latin America, nationalist ideas were fortified in the countryside and many diverse sectors of Argentina. Political parties such as the Unión Cívica Radical, the Socialist Party of Argentina, and in the unions organized under the umbrella of the Confederación General del Trabajo the favorable currents for the State to become interventionist were growing, in order to push the preservation on the national interests and promote industrialization.
This ideological change was also observable in the cultural movements, with the vindication of the tango and the indigenous "gaucho roots".Potash, Robert A., El ejército y la política en la Argentina; 1928-1945, 1981, Buenos Aires, Ed. Sudamericana. La guerra gaucha was then selected as the subject, written and filmed in the context of expansive nationalism and debates over issues of war.
State of the film industry in Argentina
In 1938, 41 films opened and 16 new directors debuted. In 1939, the number increased to 51 films. Argentine cinema was very popular. In Mexico, almost all Argentine films were shown. In 1940, 49 films opened, despite the shortage of celluloid due to the war. In 1941, there were 47 openings and in 1942, 57.
Artistas Argentinos Asociados
A group of unemployed artists, Enrique Muiño, Elías Alippi, Francisco Petrone, Ángel Magaña, the director Lucas Demare and the chief of production of a movie company Enrique Faustín (son) met regularly at the beginning of the 1940s at the "El Ateneo" cafe in Buenos Aires.
The Ateneo Group ("Barra del Ateneo") decided to found a cooperative film production company following the style of the American United Artists, so on September 26, 1941 they started "Artistas Argentinos Asociados Sociedad Cinematográfica SRL". Zolezzi, Emilio, Noticias del viejo cine criollo, pág.119, 2006, Buenos Aires, Ediciones Lumiere S.A.,
Origins of the film
Artistas Argentinos Asociados had the idea of making this movie since the company had been established. Homero Manzi had the idea since he wrote the script to the film "Viento Norte" ("North Wind") and convinced director Lucas Demare of the project's viability. Francisco Petrone proposed that the script be written by Manzi and Ulyses Petit de Murat. The rights for the movie were purchased from Leopoldo "Polo" Lugones (son of the writer) for 10,000 pesos received two jazz records that were unavailable in the country.
Meanwhile, Elías Alippi, who would star in the role of captain Del Carril, fell ill with cancer (he would die on May 3, 1942). The company, knowing he was not in physical condition to survive the tough filming schedule and not wishing to replace him for another actor while he was alive, postponed the filming with an excuse and started to film El viejo Hucha ("Old Man Hucha"), in which he had no role.
Remembering the proposal to write the screenplay, Ulyses Petit de Murat said:
Due to having had spent all the budget needed for La guerra gaucha on El viejo Hucha, the partners at Artistas Argentinos Asociados decided to fund the film with their own fees. This financial effort was insufficient and they had to partner with San Miguel Studios and undersell the exhibition rights for the movie earlier in some areas. These decisions allowed them to make the film with "a little less belt-tightening but without splurging".' Script
Homero Manzi
Homero Manzi was born November first of 1907 in Añatuya (province of Santiago del Estero), Argentina. He was interested in literature and tango since he was young. After a brief incursion in journalism, Manzi worked as a literature and castilian professor but for political reasons (in addition to his membership in the Unión Cívica Radical) he was expelled of his professorship and decided to dedicate himself to the arts.
In 1935 he participated on the beginnings of FORJA (Fuerza de Orientación Radical de la Joven Argentina – Force of Radical Orientation of the Young Argentina), a group whose position has been classified as “peoples nationalism”. It was centered in the problematic Argentina and Latin America and on its discussions suggested “reconquer the political Sunday from our own land” since it considered the country was still under a colonial situation. It supported neutrality in WWII on the premise that was no great interest was in play in Argentina or Latin America, it was more of a rejection position towards fascism just as much as communism.
In 1934, Manzi founded Micrófono ("Microphone") magazine which covered subjects related to radiotelephony, Argentine movies and film making. He wrote the screenplay for Nobleza Gaucha in 1937 in collaboration with Hugo Mac Dougall, and a remake of Huella ("Footprint") (1940), for which they received second prize from Buenos Aires City Hall and also Confesión ("Confession") (1940), without achieving commercial success with any of these movies.
In 1940 Manzi started what would be a long collaboration with Ulyses Petit de Murat, writing the screenplay for Con el dedo en el gatillo ("Finger on the trigger") (1940) and later Fortín alto ("High Fort") (1940).
Ulyses Petit de Murat
Ulyses Petit de Murat was born in Buenos Aires on January 28, 1907 and was interested in literature and journalism from a young age. He was in charge of the music page in the daily magazine Crítica and, with Jorge Luis Borges, co-directed its literary supplement. In 1932 he moved to the motion film section of Crítica and in 1939 wrote his first cinematographic script for the movie Prisioneros de la Tierra, an adaptation of four tales of Horacio Quiroga, made with his son, Dario Quiroga, who later in 1940 wrote Con el Dedo en el Gatillo, with the collaboration of Homero Manzi.
The screenwriters started by selecting the stories that would provide them with the elements for the work. Dianas was chosen as the main source, some characters were taken from Alertas and some from other stories. They compiled the words, traditions, life styles and idioms from that era for which they used books and even a trip was made to Salta to talk with the locals. A script Then a text was made from the tales and a first draft of the images. At this point the director and actors collaborated with their comments and finally the final script was written.
Direction
Born July 14, 1907 Demare was a music scholar. In 1928, he traveled to Spain as a bandoneón player for the Orchestra Típica Argentina, where his brother Lucio also played. In 1933 he worked as an interpreter and singer for Spanish movies Boliche and Aves sin rumbo.
Demare quit the orchestra and started working in the film industry; he quickly rose from chalkboard holder to director assistant. Some time later he was hired to debut as a director, but the civil war broke out and he returned to Buenos Aires.
Emilio Zolezzi, aside from being a movie critic, was also the Artistas Argentinas Associados attorney. He tells about the director:
When he returned to Spain, his brother Lucio got him a job as custodian in the Rio de la Plata cinematographic studios. In 1937, he was hired as director and screenwriter for the movies Dos amigos y un amor (Two friends and one love) and Veinticuatro horas de libertad (Twenty-four hours of liberty), both starring comedy actor Pepe Iglesias. In 1939, he directed El hijo del barrio (1940, Son of the neighborhood), Corazón the Turco (1940, Turkish Heart) and Chingolo (1941) all of them with their own script.
This movie was well received by the public and critics, “It consolidated the exceptional tech team accompanied by Artistas Argentinos Asociados: his brother Lucio on the music band, the assistant Hugo Fregones, the montajussta Carlos Rinaldi, the set builder Ralph Pappier, the lighting specialist from the United States Bob Roberts (from the American Society of Cinematographers), the cinematographer Humberto Peruzzi, the electrician Serafín de la Iglesia, the make up artist Roberto Combi and some others.”
The following movie was El cura gaucho, in which he met Enrique Muriño, but even with his abundant commercial success, he was fired from Pampa Films.
Filming
Lucas Demare thought that January and February (summer) were the best months to work on the filming in Salta but they were told that it was better to do it in winter due to summer being flood season. Demare travelled to Salta to reconnoiter the area. Later, the crew and equipment moved to an old estate and big house. They worked on a big ballroom and had two small rooms; each crewman had a cot and an upside down beer wooden box as night-stand. The actresses and Enrique Muiño, due to his age, stayed in a hotel.
At their arrival in Salta, they met with the local military commander, Colonel Lanús, but he was not eager to help, instead placing obstacles in their way. Demare told how they solved the problem:
Demare had brought gaucho clothing for the cast, but he realized they were not appropriate for the feel he wanted in the movie as they were brand-new, so he traded the new clothing for local gauchos' own clothing. Demare sent Magaña and Chiola on long horse rides to "weather" their uniforms and accustom the actors to riding. The locals were surprised to encounter two soldiers in antiquated uniforms.
Lucas Demare shows up in the film as an extra a few times. The scene in which the town burns had to be done in one take as they could not afford to rebuild it. Demare had the cameramen and the rest of the crew dressed as gauchos or royalist troops so that if they were accidentally included, they would not ruin the shot. While directing this scene, a sudden wind change moved the fire towards Demare himself making him lose his wig and singeing his fake beard and mustache.
In another scene, Demare played the part of a Spanish soldier who, being attacked by the gauchos, receives a lance hit through the chest. Magaña tells
In another scene where the characters played by Amelia Bence, Petrone and Magaña argue, the latter was supposed to fall down the stairs but doubted his ability to do so. Demare stood at the top of the stairs with his back to it and rolled down, to demonstrate that the scene could be done without undue risk. This was in fact the sequence shown in the movie.
A scene where a group of horses ran down a hill with burning branches tied to their tails needed to be filmed from in front, so the crew built a hut made of wood, stones, and rocks in which stood Peruzzi the cameraman, who tells that "At the order of Action! I saw this mass of heads and hooves coming at me at full speed, and did not breath until I saw them open up to the sides of the hut, right in front of me. We had to improvise and replace the lack of technology with smarts, ingenuity and valor."
The filming included more than 1,000 actors as extras for the crowd scenes, although only eighty actors had speaking parts. Among the extras there were local gauchos hired by the producers and others provided as laborers by their employer, the Patrón Costa, a wealthy local family. There were also the aforementioned fencing trainer and soldiers lent by the military garrison and two pato players from Buenos Aires, experts falling from horses. As the gauchos did not want to be dressed as Spaniards, military conscripts played the part.
Location
For the scenes in the local village where the royalists had established their headquarters, they selected the village of San Fernando. Nearby is the Gallinato Creek, where they filmed the gaucho encampment scenes and the assault against Miranda's woman.
They brought material from Salta in fifty trucks to build a village. It had an area of about a thousand square meters, fifteen houses, a church with a belfry, hospital, horse barn, corrals, commander's office, cemetery, and ovens, all of which was destroyed by the fire in the final scenes. The director requested five hundred horses, four hundred cattle, oxen, mules, burros and chickens. Also many props such as wheelbarrows, wagons, and period-military equipment.
The interior and exterior scens of the Asunción ranch, the royalist encampment at night, the interior of the church and belfry, the death of the child and the musical number by the Ábalos Brothers group were filmed at the studios in Buenos Aires.
Soundtrack and choreography
The music score was done by Lucio Demare. Born in Buenos Aires on 9 August 1906, he studied music from the age of six and from the age of eight he was playing piano in movie theatres –it was still the age of silent movies.
In Spain in 1933, he created the music for two movies in which he also acted. He started his work in Argentine cinema in 1936 with the musical score for the film Ya tiene comisario el pueblo ("The village now has a constable"), directed by Claudio Martínez Payva and in 1938, he continued with Dos amigos y un amor ("two friends and one love"), with Francisco Canaro, and directed by his brother Lucas Demare.
The musical numbers and native dances were played by the Ábalos Brothers group.
Reception La guerra gaucha was well received by the critics and the public and received several awards. The article in the El Heraldo de Buenos Aires said:
La Nación said:
Claudio España wrote:
The opinion of film critic José Agustín Mahieu is as follows:
Lastly, César Maranghello says:
The film stayed on the opening theaters for nineteen weeks where it was seen by 170,000 viewers, including four weeks in Montevideo by that time.
Awards La guerra gaucha received the following awards:
The Silver Condor for Best Picture, Best Director (L. Demare), and Best Screenplay (Ulyses Petit de Murat y Homero Manzi) from the Argentine Film Critics Association
The Condor Diploma for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay (Petit de Murat and Manzi), Main Actor (Francisco Petrone), Best Sound Editing and Best Cinematography from the Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences
Best Screenplay (Petit de Murat and Manzi) from the Comisión Nacional de CulturaFirst prize for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Lead Actress (Amelia Bence), Best Actor (Francisco Petrone), Best Photography, Best Music and Best Sound Editing from Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos AiresBest Foreign film in Cuba shown in 1947 from the Asociación de Cronistas Cinematográficos de La Habana (Cuba / 1948)
Economic aspects
Filming delays meant that the producers spent part of the monies they had earned on the film El Viejo Hucha''. To recoup this, they had to undersell the exhibition rights in advance in some areas. Spending as little as possible, the production ended up costing 269,000 pesos approximately 55,000 US dollars. The extras in Salta were paid between 3 and 4 pesos per workday, when a theater seat cost 3 pesos. Amelia Bence was paid 5,000 pesos for about six days of filming. This was completely recouped in the nineteen weeks the film stayed at the opening theaters.
Nonetheless, due to the partners' lack of business experience and their scant resources put into starting the business, critical and public acclaim did not translate into big earnings.
References
External links
La guerra gaucha at Cinenacional
Authorization
This article incorporates material from ataquenuclear.com, which has given authorization to the use of content and images and published them under GNU license.
Works about the Argentine War of Independence
Argentine films
Argentine historical drama films
Argentine black-and-white films
Films directed by Lucas Demare
Films set in 1817
Spanish-language films
1942 films
1940s war drama films
1940s historical drama films
Films set in Argentina
Films based on actual events
Fictional gauchos
Films about gauchos
Argentine war drama films
Historical epic films
1942 drama films
Guerrilla warfare in film
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Ural%20Military%20District
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Volga–Ural Military District
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The Volga–Ural Military District was a military district of the Russian Ground Forces, formed on 1 September 2001 by the amalgamation of the Volga Military District and the Ural Military District. The headquarters of the Ural Military District, located at Yekaterinburg became the new headquarters of the merged district. In 2010 the District was merged with part of the Siberian Military District to form the new Central Military District.
Origins
The new merged district draws upon the history of the former Ural, Volga, and Kazan Military Districts. The Kazan Military District was first to be formed in the Volga province of the Russian Empire, by order of the Defence Minister of 6 August 1864, as one of fifteen military districts being formed. Each district was intended to command combat formations, as well as act as a military-administrative organ on a regional scale - 'the War Ministry on a local level'. The Kazan Military District, with its headquarters in Kazan, took in the Orenburg, Kazan, and Ufa Governorates, part of the Perm Governorate, and the Ural and Turgay regions. In 1911, the 16th and 24th Army Corps were formed in the district, and just before the First World War, the district's staff was reorganised as the 4th Army.
Following the October Revolution, the staff of the old imperial military districts hindered the creation of the new Soviet Red Army, and to surmount this, a new structure was established on 31 March 1918, including the creation of the new Volga and Ural Military Districts. Much of the fighting in the Russian Civil War took place on the districts' territory. The official Russian Defence Ministry site notes the combat actions of the 20th, 21st, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th Rifle Divisions which took place on the eastern front of the war, as well as other formations and units.
After the end of the Civil War the armed forces were reduced and the Ural Military District disbanded, on 21 April 1922. Its territory and troops were transferred to the West Siberian, Volga, Moscow and Petrograd military districts.
The Ural Military District was recreated on 17 May 1935 with its staff located at Sverdlovsk, amid the international tensions caused by the Nazis' rise to power in Germany and the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. The 57th Rifle Division of the Volga District and the 82nd Rifle Division from the Urals were involved in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol with the Japanese in 1939.
World War II
During World War II the two districts dispatched over three thousand units to the front, totaling two million men. Five armies, 132 divisions, and over 300 regiments and battalions were established.
In formation in the Volga Military District alone on 1 September 1941 were the 334th, 336th, 338th, 340th, 342nd, 344th, 346th, 348th, 350th, 352nd, 354th, 356th, 358th, and 360th Rifle Divisions, plus the 46th, 89th, and 91st Cavalry Divisions. Among the formations formed during the war was the 153rd Ural Rifle Division, which for its combat record in Belorussia and Smolensk was ranked among the Guards' on 18 September 1941 as the 3rd Guards Rifle Division. Also formed in the Ural District, with the tremendous effort of factory workers there, was the 30th Ural Tank Corps, later to become the 10th Urals-Lvov Tank Corps, today the 10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division.
During the war, the city of Kuybyshev (now Samara) served as the alternate capital of the Soviet Union, and the Urals area became the biggest arsenal in the country, with many factories relocated from the west. The 3rd Guards Army arrived from Germany and was redesignated as the new Volga MD headquarters in late 1945. As part of the massive demobilisation exercise of 1945-6 the Kazan Military District was briefly reformed, encompassing the Tatar, Udmurt, Mari and Chuvash ASSRs. It was disbanded in May 1946.
During the Cold War the district's air forces included the Chelyabinsk Higher Military Aviation School for Navigators.
Postwar
The Ural Military District was commanded between 1948 and 1953 by Marshal Georgi Zhukov, effectively 'exiled' from more important commands. In 1954 the Ural MD controlled the 10th Rifle Corps (91st Rifle Division (Sarapul), 194th Rifle Division (Kirov) and 65th Mechanised Division (Perm)), and the 63rd Rifle Corps (77th Rifle Division (Sverdlovsk) and 417th Rifle Division (Chebarkul), 61st Mechanised Division (Kamyshlov).
In June 1957 the 4th Rifle Division at Buzuluk (at that time in the South Urals MD) was converted into the 4th Motor Rifle Division, but along with numerous other new motor rifle divisions, it was disbanded later, in 1959. That same month the 44th Tank Division was formed from the 61st Mechanised Division at Kamyshlov in the Ural Military District. In 1962 the 44th Tank Division became the 44th Tank Training Division.
Meanwhile, in the Volga Military District, the 123rd Rifle Corps had been redesignated the 40th Army Corps in 1955. After the rifle to motor rifle changes of 1957, it included the 43rd Motor Rifle Division (Kuybyshev, Kuybyshev Oblast) and the 110th Motor. Rifle Division (Shikhany, Saratov Oblast). It became the 40th Army Corps that year also, but was disbanded in 1960.
By a Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 15 January 1974, for their large contributions to the strengthening the defense power of the state and its armed protection both the Volga and Ural military districts were rewarded with the Order of the Red Banner. In 1979 Scott and Scott reported the HQ address of the Ural Military District as Sverdlovsk, K-75, Ulitsa Pervomayskaya, Dom 27, which also housed the officers' club.
On 1 September 1989 the Districts were merged with the new headquarters in Samara. Colonel General Albert Makashov was appointed commander of the district. However, in July 1992 the Ural District was reformed, as the region had become a near-boundary area with the new states of Central Asia. The decision on restoration of the two separate Volga and Ural military districts was promulgated in Presidential Decree No. 757 of 7 July 1992 and the Order of the Minister of Defence of 25 July 1992.
From 1992 the two districts received large numbers of units and formations returning from the former groups of forces (including the Second Guards Tank Army, and the 16th and 90th Guards Tank Divisions from the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany) and the ex-Soviet republics, the reception of which required enormous effort on behalf of the District HQs and the regional administrations. Many of these units were subsequently disbanded, including the 15th Guards Tank Division, the former 15th Guards Cavalry Division (withdrawn from the Central Group of Forces), which appears to have disbanded at Chebarkul in late 1990.
In 2009, the Ulyanovsk arms depot explosion happened just before a visit from President Dmitry Medvedev. Four military officers, including the deputy commander of the Volga–Ural Military District for armaments, General Major V. G. Khalitov, were dismissed for 'lack of control' and 'criminal negligence.'
In 2006-07 the district's troops comprised:
34th Motor Rifle Division, Yekaterinburg. Military Unit No. 45463. Includes elements of the former 15th Guards TD. Divisional honorifics 'Simferopol Red Banner, Order of Suvorov named for S. Ordzhonikidze.' Structure in 1989-90 included the 341st TR, 105, 276, 324 MRR, and the 239 Arty Regt. Until 1955 the division was designated the 77th Rifle Division; 1957 became 126th MRD; 1965 became 34th MRD. On 1 March 2009 renamed 28th Motor Rifle Brigade.
Russian 201st Motor Rifle Division, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
15th Independent Motor Rifle Brigade (which took part in the command post peacekeeping Exercise Normandie-Nieman 07 in April 2007 with the 1st Mechanised Brigade (France))
2nd Guards Red Banner Combined Arms Army, Samara (formerly headquarters Ural Military District)(history closely associated with 2nd Guards Tank Army)
27th Guards Motor Rifle Division, Totskoye
5th Air and Air Defence Forces Army (Russian Air Force)
473rd District Training Centre
Subordinate Units
Red Banner Volga–Ural Military District 2010:
Combat formations:
7th Guards Independent Tank Brigade "Orenburg Cossacks", in Chebarkul
15th Guards Independent Motor-Rifle Brigade "Berlin", in Roshchinsky, Samara Oblast equipped with BTR. Military Unit # 90600. Honorifics Berlin Red Banner Order of Kutuzov. Specialised 'peacekeeping' unit. Address: 443539, Samara distr, Roschinskyy. Formed from 589th Separate Motor Rifle Regiment on February 1, 2005. In turn, the 589 Guards MRR was formed in late 1991 from the amalgamation of the 27 GMRD's 243 GMRR with the 213th Motor Rifle Division's 691st MRR. 2005: 100% contract service. 04.2008 visited by Japanese defence minister. 08.2008 one unit took part in war in South Ossetia.
21st Guards Independent Motor-Rifle Brigade "Omsk-Novoburg", in Totskoye equipped with BMP
23rd Guards Independent Motor-Rifle Brigade "Petrakuvskaya", in Kryazh equipped with BTR
28th Independent Motor-Rifle Brigade "Simferopol", in Yekaterinburg equipped with BMP
201st Military Base "Gatchinskaya", in Dushanbe (Tajikistan)
3rd Guards Spetsnaz Brigade "Warsaw-Berlin", in Roshchinsky, Samara Oblast
473rd District Training Center, in Elanskyy (just west of Kamyshlov in Sverdlovsk Oblast)
31st Guards Separate Airborne Brigade, in Ulyanovsk (under command of the Russian Airborne Troops (VDV) Command in Moscow)
Missile and Artillery formations:
92nd Missile Brigade, in Kamenka
119th Missile Brigade, in Elanskyy
385th Guards Artillery Brigade "Odessa", in Bershet
950th MLRS Regiment, in Buzuluk
Artillery Reserve Base, in Buzuluk
581st Independent Artillery Reconnaissance Battalion
Air-defence formations:
297th Air-defence Missile Brigade, in Alkino-2 (Ufa) equipped with the Buk missile system
Radar formations:
40th Independent Radio Technical Brigade, in Marks
173rd Independent Radio Technical Battalion, in Samara
Engineering formations:
56th Engineer Regiment, in Alkino
774th Independent Engineer Battalion, in Chebarkul
7025th Engineer Reserve Base
NBC-defence formations:
29th Independent NBC-defence Brigade, in Yekaterinburg
319th Independent NBC-defence Battalion, in Chpayevsk
Signal formations:
59th (Communications Hub) Signal Brigade "Sivashskaya", in Yekaterinburg
179th (Territorial) Signal Brigade
191st Independent Signal Regiment, in Samara
153rd Independent (Rear) Signal Battalion
836th Independent Signal Battalion
1583rd Independent Electronic Warfare Battalion
Today the District comprises the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Mari El, the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Udmurt Republic, the Chuvash Republic, Kirov, Kurgan, Orenburg, Penza, Perm, Samara, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, and Chelyabinsk Oblasts, and the Komi-Permyak, Khanty-Mansiysk, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs.
In 2009, on the basis of the 295th Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment, the 7th Independent Guards Tank Brigade was created.
It was reported that the District was dissolved on September 1, 2010, with most of its area of responsibility combined with the Siberian Military District as part of the new Central Operational-Strategic Command, while its western part joined the Southern Operational-Strategic Command (formerly the North Caucasus Military District).
Commanders
Ural Military District
1918–1922
1918 - 1918 : Filipp Goloshchyokin,
1918 - 1919 : Anuchin, Sergei Andreevich,
1919 - 1920 : Semashko, Adam Yakovlevich,
1920 - 1921 : Dukat, Julius Ivanovich,
1921 - 1922 : Sergei Mrachkovsky.
1935–1989
May 1935 - May 1937 : Corps Commander Ilya Garkavyi,
May 1937 - May 1937 : Corps Commander Boris Gorbachyov,
May 1937 - Aug 1937 : Corps Commander Yan Gaylit,
Aug 1937 - Jul 1938 : Corps Commander Georgy Sofronov,
Jul 1938 - Jun 1941 : Corps Commander, from June 1940 Lieutenant General Filipp Yershakov,
Jun 1941 - Nov 1941 : Colonel Ilya Alexandrovich Zhernakov (interim),
Nov 1941 - Feb 1945 : Lieutenant General Alexander Vasilievich Katkov,
Feb 1945 - Feb 1948 : Colonel General Fyodor Kuznetsov,
Feb 1948 - Mar 1953 : Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov,
May 1953 - Jan 1956 : General of the Army Mikhail Kazakov,
Jan 1956 - Nov 1957 : General of the Army Nikolai Krylov,
Jan 1958 - Jun 1960 : General of the Army Dmitry Lelyushenko,
Jun 1960 - Jul 1961 : Colonel General Yakov Kreizer,
Jul 1961 - Sep 1965 : Colonel General Ivan Tutarinov,
Oct 1965 - Apr 1970 : Colonel General Alexander Alexandrovich Egorovsky,
May 1970 - May 1980 : Colonel General Nikolai Kuzmich Silchenko,
May 1980 - Dec 1983 : Colonel General Mikhail Alexandrovich Tyagunov,
Dec 1983 - Nov 1984 : Colonel General Ivan Andreevich Gashkov,
Nov 1984 - Jul 1987 : Colonel General Nikolai Fedorovich Grachev,
Jul 1987 - Jan 1989 : Colonel General Nikolai Grigorievich Madudov,
Jan 1989 - Sep 1989 : Colonel General Albert Makashov
1992–2001
Jul 1992 - Dec 1999 : Colonel-General Yuri Pavlovich Grekov,
Dec 1999 - Jan 2000 : Colonel General Vyacheslav Valentinovich Tikhomirov,
Mar 2000 - Jul 2001 : Colonel General Alexander Ivanovich Baranov.
Volga Military District
see : Volga Military District
Volga–Ural Military District Commanders
The following officers commanded the district during its existence:
1989–1992
Colonel General Albert Makashov (1 September 1989 – 31 August 1991)
Colonel General Anatoly Sergeyev (31 August 1991 – 7 July 1992)
2001–2010
Colonel General (General of the Army from June 2004) Alexander Baranov (19 July 2001 – 19 July 2004)
General of the Army Vladimir Boldyrev (19 July 2004 – 1 August 2008)
Lieutenant General (promoted to Colonel General June 2010) Arkady Bakhin (3 December 2008 – 22 July 2010)
References
Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the USSR, Westview Press, Boulder, Co., 1979
https://fas.org/irp/world/russia/fbis/VolgaMD.htm
https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/pentagon/9059/RussianArmedForces.html&date=2009-10-22+23:33:20
See also VUMD at Warfare.ru
Military districts of the Russian Federation
Military districts of the Soviet Union
Military units and formations established in 1989
Military units and formations disestablished in 2010
1989 establishments in the Soviet Union
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56909507
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20demisgeraldoi
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Conus demisgeraldoi
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Conus demisgeraldoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.
These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans.
Description
Distribution
This marine species of cone snail is endemic to the Cape Verdes.
References
Cossignani T. & Fiadeiro R. (2018). Quattro nuovi coni da Capo Verde. Malacologia Mostra Mondiale. 98: 14-20.page(s): 17
demisgeraldoi
Gastropods described in 2018
Gastropods of Cape Verde
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3203958
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer%20music
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Trailer music
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Trailer music (a subset of production music) is the background music used for film previews, which is not always from the film's soundtrack. The purpose of this music is to complement, support and integrate the sales messaging of the mini-movie that is a film trailer. Because the score for a movie is usually composed after the film is finished (which is long after trailers are released), a trailer will incorporate music from other sources. Sometimes music from other successful films or hit songs is used as a subconscious tie-in method.
Trailer music is known for its sound-design driven and hybrid orchestral style. Trailer music tracks can vary greatly in duration, depending on the theme and target of the album.
Some albums contains only sound-effects instead of actual music.
The music used in the trailer may be (or may have suggestive derivatives from):
Music from the score of other movies. Many films have tracked their trailers with music from other campaigns, such as Scream (6 times), Die Hard, Beetlejuice (12 times), The Nightmare Before Christmas (7 times), MouseHunt, Stargate (22 times), Dragonheart (10 times), Gladiator (11 times), Requiem for a Dream, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (13 times), Edward Scissorhands (7 times), Far and Away (6 times), Waterworld (12 times), Come See the Paradise (27 times), Aliens (24 times), Bram Stoker's Dracula (18 times), Backdraft (15 times), Glory (14 times), The Shawshank Redemption (14 times), The Fugitive (12 times), The Rocketeer (12 times), Rudy (12 times), Crimson Tide (11 times), The Matrix (11 times), T2: Judgement Day (10 times).
Popular or well-known music, often chosen for its tone, appropriateness of a lyric, or familiarity.
Classical music, such as Strauss's The Blue Danube (The Waterboy), Mozart's Requiem (Cliffhanger), Beethoven's 9th symphony (Die Hard), or Carmina Burana (Glory).
Specially composed music. One of the most famous Hollywood trailer music composers, credited with creating the musical voice of contemporary trailers, is John Beal, who began scoring trailers in the 1970s and, in the course of a thirty-year career, created original music for over 2,000 movie trailer projects, including 40 of the top-grossing films of all time, such as Star Wars, Forrest Gump, Titanic, Aladdin, The Last Samurai and The Matrix.
Songs, which may imitate recognizable (but often expensive to license) songs.
"Library" music, which is previously composed production music. Trailer music library companies typically didn't offer their music to the public and developed and licensed music exclusively to the motion picture studios.
References
Film advertising material
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