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<s>Напишите инструкцию на тему "Как ухаживать за ребенком с синдромом Аперта":
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Синдром Аперта - это широкий термин, которым описывают группу врожденных дефектов и аномалий. Синдром Аперта поражает новорожденных, в результате чего у них деформируются ступни, руки, лицо и череп. В этой статье мы расскажем, что представляет из себя это заболевание, как можно лечить основные симптомы и что можно исправить с помощью хирургии.
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Уход за ротовой и носовой полостями в домашних условиях
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Для облегчения дыхания пользуйтесь аспиратором для носа.
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Если нос ребенка деформирован и не был восстановлен, очищайте его от заложенности с помощью аспиратора.
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Поставьте в комнате ребенка увлажнитель воздуха.
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Этот прибор, увлажняя воздух, поможет разрыхлить выделения в носу ребенка, чтобы они выходили наружу, а не блокировали дыхательные пути внутри.
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Не давайте ребенку спать на спине.
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Положите ребенка на бок или на живот. Это позволит выделениям вытекать из носа, а не стекать по задней стенке горла.
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Кормите ребенка из бутылки, если у него расщеплено небо.
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Эта деформация не позволяет кормить ребенка грудью, поэтому пользуйтесь бутылочкой. Вы можете кормить ребенка грудным молоком или смесью, рекомендованной педиатром.
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Следите за временем кормления.
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Если вы кормите ребенка из бутылочки, вам важно следить за тем, как долго продолжается кормление. Дети обычно наедаются за 30 минут, поэтому старайтесь не превышать это время.
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Помощь в реабилитации
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Если у ребенка психические отклонения, запишите его на специальные занятия физкультурой.
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Если ребенок не может усваивать простейшие понятия, обсудите эту проблему со специалистами. К таким специалистам относятся:
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Обратитесь к семейному психологу.
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Вы любите своего ребенка больше всего на свете, но воспитывать ребенка с серьезными отклонениями сложно. Консультации психотерапевта помогут вам. Вы сможете рассказать о своих сложностях и получить советы по воспитанию детей с отклонениями.
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Позволяйте ребенку заниматься спортом.
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Синдром Аперта практически не влияет на возможность ребенка заниматься физическими упражнениями. Физические нагрузки очень важны. Пусть ребенок занимается не менее 30 минут в день.
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Разработайте для ребенка здоровый, сбалансированный рацион.
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Синдром Аперта не накладывает ограничений на рацион, но если у ребенка есть аллергия, откажитесь от продуктов, вызывающих аллергические реакции. В остальном просто придерживайтесь здорового питания.
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Синдром Аперта и его симптомы
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Узнайте, что вызывает синдром Аперта.
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Заболевание все еще до конца не изучено, однако было выявлено несколько основных причин развития этого синдрома.
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Узнайте, что означает термин "синдром".
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Синдром означает группу симптомов, которые проявляются вместе. По этой причине у одного больного с синдромом Аперта может быть один набор симптомов, а у второго - другой, но все это симптомы одного заболевания.
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Самый частый симптом - деформированный череп.
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Это отклонение еще называется заостренным черепом. Причиной этому служат преждевременно зарастающие зубчатые швы. Верхняя часть черепа начинает выступать из-за того, что заросшие швы оказывают давление на мозг ребенка.
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Второй симптом - это высокая или широкая посадка глаз.
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Внутри черепа есть участки, которые также могут деформироваться в результате развития синдрома Аперта. В этом случае лицевые кости сдвигаются вверх, а глазные впадины становятся узкими.
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Еще одним частым симптомом является низкая посадка ушей.
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Уши могут быть нормальной формы и размера, но они располагаются низко, близко к челюстной кости, и сдвинуты вперед.
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У ребенка с синдромом Аперта может быть плоская переносица.
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Сам нос также может быть меньше обычного. Причиной этому служит преждевременное срастание костей носа (то есть до момента, когда нос полностью сформировался).
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Волчья пасть, или расщепленное небо, - еще один частый симптом синдрома Аперта.
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Расщепленное небо возникает в результате незаращения двух половин неба. Этот симптом может сопровождаться смещением или неразвитостью зубов.
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Синдром Аперта также приводит к срастанию пальцев на руках и ногах.
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Во время внутриутробного развития пальцы больного ребенка не разделяются, в то время, как у здорового ребенка клетки, соединяющие между собой пальцы, отмирают, и пальцы отделяются друг от друга. Синдром Аперта препятствует отмиранию этих клеток, в результате чего руки и ноги больного ребенка напоминают маленькие весла.
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У ребенка с этим синдромом могут быть сложности с умственным развитием.
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При синдроме Аперта кости деформированного черепа подвергают мозг чрезмерному давлению, что не дает мозгу расти и развиваться. В большинстве случаев у детей наблюдаются задержки в развитии и умственные отклонения, что делает их инвалидами.
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Уход за ушами в домашних условиях
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Регулярно чистите уши ребенка.
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Поскольку уши могут быть деформированы, есть риск повышенного выделения ушной серы. Кроме того, в ушах может собираться грязь. Чистить уши необходимо каждый день.
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Используйте экстракт листьев гинкго билоба.
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Считается, что это растение помогает восстановить слух. И хотя это утверждение не подтвержено исследованиями, купите этот экстракт.
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Обсудите с врачом возможность приобретения слухового аппарата.
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Если у вашего ребенка проблемы со слухом, вам следует купить слуховой аппарат.
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Уход за глазами в домашних условиях
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Постоянно увлажняйте глаза ребенка.
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Если глаза выступают наружу вследствие развития синдрома Аперта, важно не давать глазам пересыхать. Лучше всего пользоваться глазными каплями (например, "Натуральной слезой"). Это также защищит глаза от микротравм (царапин), что крайне важно для здоровья, поскольку царапины могут нарушить зрение.
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Промывайте ресницы детским шампунем, чтобы не допустить попадания бактерий в глаза.
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Мягкие средства для очищения лица, не закупоривающие поры, и десткие шампуни не дадут бактериям собраться возле глаз ребенка и вызвать раздражение и инфекционирование. Лучше всего делать это на ночь, чтобы смыть все, что накопится за день.
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Купите ребенку очки.
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Поскольку глаза ребенка с синдрома Аперта больше подвержены заражениям, ему необходимо носить очки. На улице стоит носить солнцезащитные очки, а в помещение - обычные. Можно даже купить очки с пластиковыми линзами без диоптрий, чтобы защитить глаза во время занятий, которые могут вызвать попадание пыли и других веществ в глаза.
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Хирургическое вмешательство при синдроме Аперта
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Подумайте о реконструкции лица.
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Это один из самых распространенных способов борьбы с симптомами. Во время операции разделяются преждевременно сросшиеся швы, вставляются пластины, и череп приобретает обычную форму, что позволяет мозгу нормально развиваться.
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С помощью хирургии можно можно скорректировать форму и размер глазных впадин.
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Нередко у детей с синдромом Аперта глаза выступают наружу, что приводит к развитию инфекций и слепоты. В этом случае рекомендована операция по изменению размера глазных впадин.
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Поговорите с хирургом о возможности восстановления неба.
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Верхнее небо служит перегородкой между носом и ротовой полостью, и если небо расщеплено, это создает определенные проблемы, поскольку перегородка оказывается неполной. Инфекция из носа может переходить в ротовую полость и наоборот; нередки случаи удушения. По этой причине перегородку необходимо восстановить хирургическим способом.
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Разделите пальцы ребенка хирургическим путем.
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Помните, что это скорее эстетическая операция, поскольку функцию пальцев восстановить не удастся.
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Подумайте об операции Le Fort III.
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Эта операция на лице позволит носу, ушам и рту лучше функционировать. Она также ликвидирует некоторые деформации, вызванные синдромом Аперта, благодаря чему внешне ребенок будет похож на здоровых детей.
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</s>
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<s>Напишите инструкцию на тему "Как определить, что у ребенка затруднения при обучении":
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Затруднения при обучении у детей зачастую сложно определить. Их диагностируют и лечат по-разному в зависимости от учебного заведения. Хотя существуют специальные тесты для определения затруднений при обучении, зачастую существуют также другие факторы, такие как эмоциональные проблемы, поведенческие нарушения и нарушения здоровья. Определите, есть ли у вашего ребенка трудности в обучении, проверив его с помощью теста и поговорив о признаках нарушений с учителями и педиатром.
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Проверка ребенка на нарушения в обучении
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Посетите педиатра.
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Если вы определили симптомы, указывающие на нарушения при обучении, поговорите с врачом.
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Проведите тест на уровень интеллекта ребенка.
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Если у ребенка нарушения, тест покажет средний уровень интеллекта или около того.
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Попросите школьное руководство провести стандартный тест на успеваемость.
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Это может быть чтение, письмо, математика или комбинированный тест из 3 предметов.
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Сравните результаты теста.
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Нарушения при обучении можно определить, если существует большая разница между уровнем интеллекта и результатами стандартного теста.
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Поговорите с врачом о других тестах, которые можно провести.
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Существуют неврологические, психологические и эмоциональные тесты, которые можно провести для определения нарушений и применения мер по лечению ребенка.
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Узнайте, как в вашем штате решается вопрос о нарушениях при обучении.
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Во многих штатах необходимо, чтобы отклонения в результатах теста были около 15 баллов.
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Наблюдение за признаками нарушения в обучении у детей
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Поговорите с учителем вашего ребенка.
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У большинства детей с нарушениями в обучении наблюдается плохая успеваемость по математике, чтении и письму.
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Понаблюдайте за организованностью вашего ребенка и возможными проблемами, касающимися распределения времени и выполнения домашнего задания.
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Обратите внимание на способность вашего ребенка запоминать информацию.
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Трудности с запоминанием указывают на нарушения при обучении.
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Понаблюдайте за тем, как ребенок реагирует на ошибки.
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Проверьте, расстроен ли ребенок, сдается ли он или плачет, если ему трудно выполнить задание.
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Такое поведение может указывать на нарушения в обучении.
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Попросите вашего ребенка выполнить физические задачи, например, разрезать бумагу, нарисовать картинку, написать историю или сделать что-то из конструктора.
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Оцените социальные отношения вашего ребенка.
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Многие дети с замедленным развитием испытывают сложности в сфере знакомства, невербальной коммуникации и импульсивности.
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</s>
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<s>Напишите инструкцию на тему "Как ладить с людьми":
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Ладить с людьми бывает непросто. Кто-то не умеет дружить, кто-то постоянно чем-то недоволен, а кто-то окружен друзьями, которые ему не нравятся. Неважно, с какой проблемой столкнулись вы, здесь вы найдете совет. Просто начните читать с первого шага или загляните в раздел, который описывает вашу ситуацию.
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Установление связи с людьми
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Будьте на стороне позитива.
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