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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Frenkel
Igor Borisovich Frenkel (; born April 22, 1952) is a Russian-American mathematician at Yale University working in representation theory and mathematical physics. Frenkel emigrated to the United States in 1979. He received his PhD from Yale University in 1980 with a dissertation on the "Orbital Theory for Affine Lie Algebras". He held positions at the IAS and MSRI, and a tenured professorship at Rutgers University, before taking his current job of tenured professor at Yale University. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2018. He is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Mathematical work In collaboration with James Lepowsky and Arne Meurman, he constructed the monster vertex algebra, a vertex algebra which provides a representation of the monster group. Around 1990, as a member of the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study, Frenkel worked on the mathematical theory of knots, hoping to develop a theory in which the knot would be seen as a physical object. He continued to develop the idea with his student Mikhail Khovanov, and their collaboration ultimately led to the discovery of Khovanov homology, a refinement of the Jones polynomial, in 2002. A detailed description of Igor Frenkel's research over the years can be found in References External links Home page 1952 births Living people 20th-century American mathematicians Rutgers University faculty Yale University faculty Mathematicians from Saint Petersburg Fell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Lepowsky
James Lepowsky (born July 5, 1944) is a professor of mathematics at Rutgers University, New Jersey. Previously he taught at Yale University. He received his Ph.D. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970 where his advisors were Bertram Kostant and Sigurdur Helgason. Lepowsky graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1961, 16 years after Kostant. His current research is in the areas of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras and vertex algebras. He has written several books on vertex algebras and related topics. In 1988, in a joint work with Igor Frenkel and Arne Meurman, he constructed the monster vertex algebra (also known as the Moonshine module). His PhD students include Stefano Capparelli, Yi-Zhi Huang, Haisheng Li, Arne Meurman, and Antun Milas. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Notes References External links Stuyvesant High School alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Rutgers University faculty Fellows of the American Mathematical Society 20th-century American mathematicians 21st-century American mathematicians 1944 births Living people Mathematicians from New York (state)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Trueman
Dan Trueman is a composer, fiddle player, improviser, new instrument creator and software designer. He plays the violin and the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle. Trueman studied physics at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, composition and theory at the University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music in Cincinnati and composition at Princeton University. He taught composition at Columbia, Colgate, and since 2002, at Princeton. As a performer, Trueman has played at both contemporary and folk music festivals, among them Bang on a Can and Den Norske Folkemusikkveka. Trueman has written for his own ensembles, Interface (which also includes Curtis Bahn and Tomie Hahn) and the Princeton Laptop Orchestra (also known as PLOrk, which he co-founded with Perry Cook), as well as the Brentano, Daedalus, Cassatt and Amernet string quartets, Non Sequitur, So Percussion and others. He has received awards from the Guggenheim (2006) and MacArthur Foundations (2008 Digital Media and Learning Award). Discography Trollstilt, Trollstilt, Azalea City Records, 2000 ./swank, interface, c74 Records, 2001 Machine Language, Bridge Records, 2004 Five (and-a-half) Gardens, So Percussion and Trollstilt, New Amsterdam Records, 2008 Unpacking the Trailer, QQQ, New Amsterdam Records, 2009 CrissCross (with Brittany Haas), Many Arrows Music, 2012 Neither Anvil Nor Pulley, So Percussion, Cantaloupe Music, 2013 Laghdú (with Caoimhín Ó Raghallaigh), IrishMusic.net Records, 2014 External links http://q
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osem
Osem may refer to: Osem (mathematics) – algorithm for image reconstruction in nuclear medical imaging Osem (company) – Israeli food corporation Orquesta Sinfonica del Estado de Mexico, an official State symphony orchestra in Mexico.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioScience
BioScience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. It was established in 1964 and was preceded by the AIBS Bulletin (1951–1963). The journal publishes literature reviews of current research in biology, as well as essays and discussion sections on education, public policy, history of biology, and theoretical issues. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed (1973–1979), the Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, The Zoological Record, and BIOSIS Previews. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 8.589. References External links Journal page at the American Institute of Biological Sciences Biology journals Academic journals established in 1964 Oxford University Press academic journals Monthly journals English-language journals Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Institute%20of%20Biological%20Sciences
The American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) is a nonprofit scientific public charitable organization. The organization's mission is to promote the use of science to inform decision-making and advance biology for the benefit of science and society. Overview AIBS serves as a society of societies. AIBS has over 115 member organizations and is headquartered in Herndon, VA. Its staff work to achieve its mission by publishing the peer-reviewed journal BioScience, providing peer review and advisory support services for funding organizations, providing professional development for scientists and students, advocating for science policy and educating the public about biology. AIBS works with like-minded organizations, funding agencies, and nonprofit and for-profit entities to promote the use of science to inform decision-making. AIBS is governed by an esteemed Board of Directors and a Council of representatives of our member organizations. Background and history AIBS was established in 1947 as a part of the National Academy of Sciences. The overarching goal was to unify the individuals and organizations that collectively represent the biological sciences, so that the community could address matters of common concern. In the 1950s, AIBS became an independent, member-governed, nonprofit 501(c)3 public charity scientific organization. The organization continues to work diligently to communicate biology to the scientific community, funders, policymakers, and othe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Griess
Robert Louis Griess, Jr. (born 1945, Savannah, Georgia) is a mathematician working on finite simple groups and vertex algebras. He is currently the John Griggs Thompson Distinguished University Professor of mathematics at University of Michigan. Education Griess developed a keen interest in mathematics prior to entering undergraduate studies at the University of Chicago in the fall of 1963. There, he eventually earned a Ph.D. in 1971 after defending a dissertation on the Schur multipliers of the then-known finite simple groups. Career Griess' work has focused on group extensions, cohomology and Schur multipliers, as well as on vertex operator algebras and the classification of finite simple groups. In 1982, he published the first construction of the monster group using the Griess algebra, and in 1983 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Warsaw to give a lecture on the sporadic groups and his construction of the monster group. In the same landmark 1982 paper where he published his construction, Griess detailed an organization of the twenty-six sporadic groups into two general families of groups: the Happy Family and the pariahs. He became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007, and a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012. In 2020 he became a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Since 2006, Robert Griess has been an editor for Electronic Research Announcements of the AIMS (ERA-AIMS), a peer-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement%20engineering
Pavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements. This includes streets and highways and involves knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties. Pavement engineering involves new construction as well as rehabilitation and maintenance of existing pavements. Maintenance often involves using engineering judgment to make maintenance repairs with the highest long-term benefit and lowest cost. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is an example of an engineering approach applied to existing pavements. Another example is the use of a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to non-destructively test existing pavements. Calculation of pavement layer strengths can be performed from the resulting deflection data. The two methods - empirical or mechanistic is used to determine pavement layer thicknesses. The evaluation of existing road pavements is done based on 3 factors: Functional surface condition, where all the distresses such as cracks, potholes, rutting and others are analyzed. Structural condition, which analyzes pavement's structural strength to take loading from trucks. Roughness, using parameters such as the International Roughness Index to evaluate comfort for drivers. See also NCAT Pavement Test Track References External links Pavement engineering Transportation engineering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Trevett
Neil Trevett is an electrical engineer and executive involved in 3D computer graphics technology. Biography Trevett holds a first-class with honors joint B.Sc. electronic engineering and computer science degree from the University of Birmingham, England. In 1985, Trevett joined benchMark Technologies as head of graphics systems. (benchMark became DuPont Pixel Systems, evolved into the independently owned 3Dlabs, Inc., and was acquired by Creative Labs). Trevett held the position of senior vice president of 3Dlabs from 1994 to 2005. He holds several patents in graphics technology. From 1997–2005, Trevett served as president of the Web3D Consortium. Trevett was elected president of the Khronos Group in 2001, where he created and chaired the OpenGL ES working group, which has defined a standard for 3D graphics on embedded devices. Trevett also chairs the OpenCL working group at Khronos defining an open standard for heterogeneous computing. In July 2005 he became vice president of mobile ecosystem at Nvidia where he is responsible for enabling and encouraging visual computing applications on non-PC platforms, including mobile phones. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people People from Bridport Alumni of the University of Birmingham British electronics engineers Businesspeople in software
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladino%20F%C3%A9lix
Aladino Félix (March 1, 1905 November 11, 1985), better known by his pen name Dino Kraspedon, was a Brazilian writer, right-wing paramilitary leader, and self-proclaimed messiah of the Jewish people, who claimed in a 1959 book to have been contacted by an extraterrestrial from Jupiter. Much information of a scientific (mainly astrophysics), medical, and moral nature is given in his book. Biography Félix was born in Lorena, halfway between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and is reported to have died in 1985. Félix served in the army in World War II. In 1959 Félix under his pen name Dino Kraspedon published Meu Contato com os discos voadores (My Contact with Flying Saucers) . The book tells the story of his claimed contact with a flying saucer commander, at his home. Félix (as Dino Kraspedon) wrote that he gave the extraterrestrial visitor was given a lengthy Q&A interview in which the visitor explained advanced concepts in physics and gave insights on how to improve humanity's social conditions on earth. Félix (as Dino Kraspedon), later publicly clarified that he did not witness the male human extraterrestrial leaving or entering any spacecraft. Under his pen name Dino Kraspedon, Félix appeared to correctly predict that there would be a period of terrorism. However Félix seems to have been motivated to fulfill his own prediction since a 2018 Brazilian investigative journalism report revealed that in 1967-68 Félix himself was actually leading a group of 14 police officers i
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20M.%20Brienza
David M. Brienza is a professor of rehabilitation science at the University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences. He holds additional professorial appointments in bioengineering and electrical engineering. Biography Brienza earned a B.S. from the University of Notre Dame in Electrical Engineering (1986) and a M.S. (1988) and Ph.D. (1991) in Electrical Engineering from the University of Virginia. From 1987 to 1991, he worked as a research assistant at the Rehabilitation Engineering Center at the University of Virginia, and in 1991 he joined the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh. Currently, he is the director of the Seating and Soft Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, and continues to actively pursue research and development in the areas of wheelchair cushions, pressure sore and ulcer prevention, soft tissue biomechanics, telerehabilitation technology and wheelchair technology. Selected publications Kim, JB and Brienza, DM; Development of a remote accessibility assessment system through three-dimensional reconstruction technology. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2006; 43(2): 257–272. Jan, YK and Brienza DM. Technology for Pressure Ulcer Prevention. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury. Spring 2006; 11(4): 30–41. Jan YK, Brienza DM, and Geyer MJ. Analysis of week-to-week variability in skin blood flow measurements using wavelet transforms. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 2005; 25(5): 253–262. Brienza DM, Geyer MJ, and Jan YK. A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20visualization
Flow visualization or flow visualisation in fluid dynamics is used to make the flow patterns visible, in order to get qualitative or quantitative information on them. Overview Flow visualization is the art of making flow patterns visible. Most fluids (air, water, etc.) are transparent, thus their flow patterns are invisible to the naked eye without methods to make them this visible. Historically, such methods included experimental methods. With the development of computer models and CFD simulating flow processes (e.g. the distribution of air-conditioned air in a new car), purely computational methods have been developed. Methods of visualization In experimental fluid dynamics, flows are visualized by three methods: Surface flow visualization: This reveals the flow streamlines in the limit as a solid surface is approached. Colored oil applied to the surface of a wind tunnel model provides one example (the oil responds to the surface shear stress and forms a pattern). Particle tracer methods: Particles, such as smoke or microspheres, can be added to a flow to trace the fluid motion. We can illuminate the particles with a sheet of laser light in order to visualize a slice of a complicated fluid flow pattern. Assuming that the particles faithfully follow the streamlines of the flow, we can not only visualize the flow but also measure its velocity using the particle image velocimetry or particle tracking velocimetry methods. Particles with densities that match that
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris%20Kraniotis
Dimitrios Kraniotis (; born 1950) is a Greek dancer and poet who lives in France. Biography Early life Dimitrios Κ. Kraniotis was born in 1950 in Athens, Greece. He studied philosophy and mathematics in Paris, later also theology and poetry. He lived in the monasteries of Mount Athos. Career He started his career as a dancer and choreographic assistant with Jerome Andrews. He was later assistant and dramaturg for Pina Bausch's Wuppertaler Tanztheater. Together with Christine Kono, he has held classes and workshops based on the movement research of Jerome Andrews and classical ballet since 1994. Bibliography Poetry Eros Etrange Etranger: Desmos/Cahiers grecs, Paris, 1997. Bilingual edition French/Greek, translated by M. Volkovitch. Altier l'Aurige (O Iníochos Agérochos): Mimnermos, Athens, 1993. Bilingual edition French/Greek, translated by M. Volkovitch. Abysmal Spring (Ávyssos Ánoixis): Ikaros, Athens, 1989 Vagrant Fate (Alítis Moíra): Agra, Athens, 1985. Eros Stranger (Ἔρως ἀλλογενής): Athens, 1979 Selected poems D'Estoc et d'Intaille - L'epigramme: Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2003 Anthologie de la poésie grecque contemporaine: Gallimard/poésie, Paris, 2000. L'accueil de l'Oblique: Le Nouveau Recueil, N°48, 1998. References External links Official Website Centre international de poésie Marseille Printemps des poètes Michel Volkovitch Living people 1950 births Poets from Paris Greek expatriates in France Greek choreographers Greek male ballet dancers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20flow
In fluid dynamics, shear flow is the flow induced by a force in a fluid. In solid mechanics, shear flow is the shear stress over a distance in a thin-walled structure. In solid mechanics For thin-walled profiles, such as that through a beam or semi-monocoque structure, the shear stress distribution through the thickness can be neglected. Furthermore, there is no shear stress in the direction normal to the wall, only parallel. In these instances, it can be useful to express internal shear stress as shear flow, which is found as the shear stress multiplied by the thickness of the section. An equivalent definition for shear flow is the shear force V per unit length of the perimeter around a thin-walled section. Shear flow has the dimensions of force per unit of length. This corresponds to units of newtons per meter in the SI system and pound-force per foot in the US. Origin When a transverse force is applied to a beam, the result is variation in bending normal stresses along the length of the beam. This variation causes a horizontal shear stress within the beam that varies with distance from the neutral axis in the beam. The concept of complementary shear then dictates that a shear stress also exists across the cross section of the beam, in the direction of the original transverse force. As described above, in thin-walled structures, the variation along the thickness of the member can be neglected, so the shear stress across the cross section of a beam that is composed of th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Nash%20%28linguist%29
David George Nash (born 1951) is a prominent Australian field linguist, specialising in the Aboriginal languages of Australia. Brought up in Parkes, New South Wales, he received a BA in pure mathematics from the Australian National University followed by an M.A. in Linguistics. He then went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he studied with Ken Hale and received his PhD in linguistics in 1980. Before returning to Australia, he worked on the Lexicon Project at MIT. In 2005 he was Ken Hale Professor at the Linguistic Society of America Summer Institute. He works as a consultant for various Aboriginal organisations. He is also a Visiting Fellow of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Nash is an expert on Warlpiri and other languages of the Northern Territory of Australia as well as on the oral history of the Aboriginal peoples of this area. In this capacity, in addition to his purely scholarly work, he has provided expert testimony regarding land claims. He is also known for his knowledge of the history of research on Australian Aboriginal languages. Publications Nash, David. 1979. Foreigners in their own land: Aborigines in court. Legal Service Bulletin 4.3,105-7. Nash, David. 1979. Warlpiri vowel assimilations, pp. 12–24 in MIT Working Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 1. Papers on Syllable Structure, Metrical Structure and Harmony Processes, ed. by Ken Safir. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Nash, David. 1980. A Traditional Land Clai
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofya%20Yanovskaya
Sofya Aleksandrovna Yanovskaya (also Janovskaja; ; 31 January 1896 – 24 October 1966) was a Soviet mathematician and historian, specializing in the history of mathematics, mathematical logic, and philosophy of mathematics. She is best known for her efforts in restoring the research of mathematical logic in the Soviet Union and publishing and editing the mathematical works of Karl Marx. Biography Yanovskaya was born in Pruzhany, a town near Brest, to a Jewish family of accountant Alexander Neimark. From 1915 to 1918, she studied in a woman's college in Odessa, when she became a communist. She worked as a party official until 1924, when she started teaching at the Institute of Red Professors. With exception of the war years (1941–1945), she worked at Moscow State University until retirement. Engels had noted in his writings that Karl Marx had written some mathematics. Yanonskaya found Marx's ''Mathematical Manuscripts'' and she arranged for their first publication in 1933 in Russian. She received her doctoral degree in 1935. Her work on Karl Marx's mathematical manuscripts began in 1930s and may have had some influence on the study of non-standard analysis in China. In the academia she is most remembered now for her work on history and philosophy of mathematics, as well as for her influence on young generation of researchers. She persuaded Ludwig Wittgenstein when he was visiting Soviet Union in 1935 to give up his idea to relocate to the Soviet Union. In 1968 Yanovskaya a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip%20Belu%C5%A1i%C4%87
Josip Belušić (March 12, 1847 – January 8, 1905) was a Croatian inventor and professor of physics and mathematics. He was born in the small settlement of Županići, in the region of Labin, Istria, and schooled in Pazin and Koper. Belušić continued his studies in Vienna, later resettling in Trieste before coming back to Istria, where he built his best known invention, the speedometer. After completing his studies, Belušić was employed as a professor of physics and mathematics at the Royal School of Koper. Later, he became director of the Maritime School of Castelnuovo, and was employed as an assistant professor in that institution. In 1887 Belušić publicly experimented for the first time with his new invention, an electric speedometer. The invention was patented in Austria-Hungary under the name of "Velocimeter." Belušić exhibited his invention at the 1889 Exposition Universell in Paris, renaming it Controllore automatico per vetture. In the same year, the Municipality of Paris announced a public competition, and over 120 patents were registered to compete. His design won as the most precise and reliable and was accepted in June 1890. Within a year, a hundred devices were installed on Parisian carriages. In 1889, the Croatian newspaper Naša sloga predicted that "[Belušić's invention] will spread all over the world, and with it the name of our virtuous Istrian, friend and patriot." Belušić's invention was also the first monitoring device in history, a forerunner of measuring
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Hoffert
Paul Matthew Hoffert, LLD, CM (born 22 September 1943, in Brooklyn, New York) is a recording artist, performer, media music composer, author, academic, and corporate executive. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Toronto. He later studied music composition with Gordon Delamont. In 1969, the 26-year-old Hoffert co-founded Lighthouse, a rock group that sold millions of records and earned three Juno Awards as one of Canada's leading pop bands. His film music earned him a San Francisco Film Festival and three SOCAN Film Composer of the Year awards and included films such as The Proud Rider (1971), The Groundstar Conspiracy (1972), Outrageous! (1977), High-Ballin' (1978), The Shape of Things to Come (1979), Wild Horse Hank (1979), Mr. Patman (1980), Deadly Companion (1981), Paradise (1982), Fanny Hill (1983), Bedroom Eyes (1984), and Mr. Nice Guy (1987). In 2001, Hoffert received the Pixel Award as the New Media industry's "Visionary of the Year". Hoffert has parallel achievements in science and technology. He was a researcher at the National Research Council of Canada in the early 1970s and returned to research in 1988 as Vice President of DHJ Research, where he invented precursor algorithms to MP3 audio compression, as well as microchips for Newbridge Microsystems and products for Mattel, Akai, and Yamaha. In 1992, Hoffert founded the CulTech Research Centre at York University, where he developed advanced media such as digital videophones and networked dis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt%20transect
Belt transects are used in biology, more specifically in biostatistics, to estimate the distribution of organisms in relation to a certain area, such as the seashore or a meadow. The belt transect method is similar to the line transect method but gives information on abundance as well as presence, or absence of species. Method The method involves laying out a transect line and then placing quadrats over the line, starting the quadrat at the first marked point of the line. Any consistent measurement size for the quadrat and length of the line can be chosen, depending on the species. With the quadrats applied, all the individuals of a species can be counted, and the species abundance can be estimated. The method is also suitable for long-term observations with a permanent installation. References Ecological techniques Sampling techniques Environmental statistics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%20group
In physics and mathematics, the Pauli group on 1 qubit is the 16-element matrix group consisting of the 2 × 2 identity matrix and all of the Pauli matrices , together with the products of these matrices with the factors and : . The Pauli group is generated by the Pauli matrices, and like them it is named after Wolfgang Pauli. The Pauli group on qubits, , is the group generated by the operators described above applied to each of qubits in the tensor product Hilbert space . As an abstract group, is the central product of a cyclic group of order 4 and the dihedral group of order 8. The Pauli group is a representation of the gamma group in three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is not isomorphic to the gamma group; it is less free, in that its chiral element is whereas there is no such relationship for the gamma group. References External links Finite groups Quantum information science 2. https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9807006
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20Physics%20Laboratory%20%28Saskatchewan%29
The Plasma Physics Laboratory at the University of Saskatchewan was established in 1959 by H. M. Skarsgard. Early work centered on research with a Betatron. Facilities STOR-1M STOR-1M is Canada's first tokamak built in 1983. In 1987 STOR-1M was the world’s first demonstration of alternating current in a tokamak. STOR-M STOR-M stands for Saskatchewan Torus-Modified. STOR-M is a tokamak located at the University of Saskatchewan. STOR-M is a small tokamak (major radius = 46 cm, minor radius = 12.5 cm) designed for studying plasma heating, anomalous transport and developing novel tokamak operation modes and advanced diagnostics. STOR-M is capable of a 30–40 millisecond plasma discharge with a toroidal magnetic field of between 0.5 and 1 tesla and a plasma current of between 20 and 50 kiloamperes. STOR-M has also demonstrated improved confinement induced by a turbulent heating pulse, electrode biasing and compact torus injection. References External links Fusion power Nuclear research institutes Research institutes in Canada University of Saskatchewan Plasma physics facilities Tokamaks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Retrospective%20Digitization
The Center for Retrospective Digitization in Göttingen () is an online system for archiving academic journals maintained by the University of Göttingen. See also JSTOR List of retrodigitized Mathematics Journals and Monographs References External links Official website (German only) German digital libraries Academic publishing University of Göttingen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Protecting%20Digital%20Content
Self Protecting Digital Content (SPDC), is a copy protection (digital rights management) architecture which allows restriction of access to, and copying of, the next generation of optical discs and streaming/downloadable content. Overview Designed by Cryptography Research, Inc. of San Francisco, SPDC executes code from the encrypted content on the DVD player, enabling the content providers to change DRM systems in case an existing system is compromised. It adds functionality to make the system "dynamic", as opposed to "static" systems in which the system and keys for encryption and decryption do not change, thus enabling one compromised key to decode all content released using that encryption system. "Dynamic" systems attempt to make future content released immune to existing methods of circumvention. Playback method If a method of playback used in previously released content is revealed to have a weakness, either by review or because it has already been exploited, code embedded into content released in the future will change the method, and any attackers will have to start over and attack it again. Targeting compromised players If a certain model of players are compromised, code specific to the model can be activated to verify that the particular player has not been compromised. The player can be "fingerprinted" if found to be compromised and the information can be used later. Forensic marking Code inserted into content can add information to the output that spec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology%3A%20The%20Unity%20and%20Diversity%20of%20Life
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life is an introductory textbook of biology, for students. The fifteenth edition was published in 2019, by Cengage Learning. It was compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart with pictures and illustrations by Lisa Starr. Its contents include concepts in molecular biology and biochemistry, genetics, biotechnology, reproduction and embryonic development, anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, evolution, taxonomy, and ecology. References Biology textbooks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s%20Lawn
The Queen's Lawn is a green lawned area situated at the centre of Imperial College London's South Kensington campus, next to the Queen's Tower and immediately to the north of Imperial College Road. It provides an open space of 1,600 sq metres, and is surrounded by the Abdus Salam Library, and the Sherfield administration, Chemistry, and Skempton buildings. It is often the site of college events, including student bands, fairs, and balls, as well as student activism. In April 2006, the Imperial College student newspaper Felix reported that the college was seeking permission of Westminster City Council to develop part of the lawn into a three-storey modular building, however this has not come to pass. A weekly farmer's market is held on Tuesdays, and Queen's Lawn was also the site of a world record attempt for the largest jelly mosaic. References Year of establishment missing Imperial College London Parks and open spaces in the City of Westminster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagstuhl%20Castle
Dagstuhl Castle (in German: Burgruine Dagstuhl or Burg Dagstuhl) is a ruined castle on the top of a hill near the town of Wadern, kreis Merzig-Wadern, in Saarland, Germany. It overlooks the newer Schloss Dagstuhl in the valley below, which is historic, but has been converted for use as a meeting centre for computer science. The castle was founded by Knight Boemund of Saarbrücken sometime before 1290, probably for Bohemond I von Warnesberg, Archbishop of Trier. The name derives from the German word for roof, "Dach", because of the roof-like shape of the hill on which the castle stands. The castle ruins have been archaeologically explored and were improved for public access in 2004. See also Schloss Dagstuhl References External links Burg und Herrschaft Dagstuhl Castles in Saarland Ruined castles in Germany 1290s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 1290 establishments in Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syneresis
Syneresis (also written 'synæresis' or 'synaeresis') could refer to: Synaeresis, contraction of two vowels into a diphthong Syneresis (chemistry), extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel Syneresis cracks, cracks formed in mudstone by changes in the salinity of water
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Knudsen
Eric Knudsen is a professor of neurobiology at Stanford University. He is best known for his discovery, along with Masakazu Konishi, of a brain map of sound location in two dimensions in the barn owl, tyto alba. His work has contributed to the understanding of information processing in the auditory system of the barn owl, the plasticity of the auditory space map in developing and adult barn owls, the influence of auditory and visual experience on the space map, and more recently, mechanisms of attention and learning. He is a recipient of the Lashley Award, the Gruber Prize in Neuroscience, and the Newcomb Cleveland prize and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Biography Knudsen attended UC, Santa Barbara, earning a B.A. in Zoology followed by an M.A. in Neuroscience. He earned a Ph. D. at UC, San Diego in 1976, working under Theodore H. Bullock. Knudsen was a post-doctoral fellow with Konishi at California Institute of Technology from 1976 to 1979. He has been a professor at the Stanford University School of Medicine since 1988 and was chair of the Department of Neuroscience in the School of Medicine from 2001 to 2005. Auditory sound map of the Barn Owl In 1978, Knudsen and Konishi presented the discovery of an auditory map of space in the midbrain of the barn owl. This discovery was groundbreaking because it unearthed the first non-somatotopic space map in the brain. The map was found in the owl’s midbrain, in the lateral and anterior mesencephalicus la
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping%20power%20%28particle%20radiation%29
In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy. Stopping power is also interpreted as the rate at which a material absorbs the kinetic energy of a charged particle. Its application is important in a wide range of thermodynamic areas such as radiation protection, ion implantation and nuclear medicine. Definition and Bragg curve Both charged and uncharged particles lose energy while passing through matter. Positive ions are considered in most cases below. The stopping power depends on the type and energy of the radiation and on the properties of the material it passes. Since the production of an ion pair (usually a positive ion and a (negative) electron) requires a fixed amount of energy (for example, 33.97 eV in dry air), the number of ionizations per path length is proportional to the stopping power. The stopping power of the material is numerically equal to the loss of energy per unit path length, : The minus sign makes positive. The force usually increases toward the end of range and reaches a maximum, the Bragg peak, shortly before the energy drops to zero. The curve that describes the force as function of the material depth is called the Bragg curve. This is of great practical importance for radiation therapy. The equation above defines the linear stopping power which in the international system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%20of%20Electrical%20Engineering%20and%20Computer%20Science%20%28University%20of%20Ottawa%29
The School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, is an academic unit within The Faculty of Engineering, at the University of Ottawa. Until 2011 it was called the School of Information Technology and Engineering (SITE), which remains the name of a building on the southern edge of campus. It was formed in 1997 by the merger of the Department of Computer Science and of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. It teaches undergraduate programs in Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Computer Engineering and Computer Science, and offers education up to the PhD level. External links EECS website in English and French University of Ottawa Electrical engineering departments Electrical and computer engineering departments 1997 establishments in Ontario Educational institutions established in 1997 Computer science departments in Canada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Science%20%26%20Mathematics%20Access%20to%20Retain%20Talent%20Grant
The National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent (SMART) Grant was a need based federal grant that was awarded to undergraduate students in their third and fourth year of undergraduate studies. The National SMART grant was introduced to help maintain the edge that United States has in the fields of Science and Technology. Only specific majors were eligible for the SMART grant, the complete list is given below. History The National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent (SMART) Grant was introduced by Senator Bill Frist, R-Tennessee and approved by the Senate on 21 December 2005 as part of the Higher Education Reconciliation Act. President Bush signed the bill into law on Feb 8, 2006. This program ended June 30, 2011. Application Applying for the National SMART grant requires the student and the student's family to complete a Free Application For Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) form. Eligible students based on GPA, major and Pell Grant eligibility will be identified by the educational institute. The applicant does not need to file a separate application for being considered for a SMART grant. Eligibility The student must be a U.S Citizen, must be enrolled in a qualifying four year degree program, must be in the third or fourth year of the program, must be eligible to receive a Pell Grant in the same year, must maintain a minimum GPA of 3.0 Qualifying Degree Programs Eligible degree programs or majors for the SMART grant are Science (including Computer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamosuchus
Shamosuchus is an extinct genus of neosuchian crocodyliform that lived during the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) period in what is now the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia, approximately 75 million to 71 million years ago. Paleobiology The eye and nasal openings were not raised above the skull as in modern crocodilians, so that the animal would have to raise its head completely out of the water to breathe. As this cranial morphology does not suit an ambush predator, it lends support to the idea of a diet of aquatic invertebrates. The teeth were adapted to crush bivalves, gastropods and other animals with a shell or exoskeleton. The genus was named in 1924 by Charles C. Mook. Paralligator was synonymized with Shamosuchus by several authors. However, recent cladistic analysis of Paralligatoridae found Paralligator distinct from Shamosuchus. References External links CRETÁCEO répteis e anfíbios Forum on ancient species K-T crocodylians Late Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of Asia Neosuchians Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera Fossil taxa described in 1924
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20McKay
Dr Christopher P. McKay (born 1954) is an American planetary scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, studying planetary atmospheres, astrobiology, and terraforming. McKay majored in physics at Florida Atlantic University, where he also studied mechanical engineering, graduating in 1975, and received his PhD in astrogeophysics from the University of Colorado in 1982. Career McKay has done research on planetary atmospheres, particularly the atmospheres of Titan and Mars, and on the origin and evolution of life. He is a co-investigator on the Huygens probe, the Mars Phoenix lander, and the Mars Science Laboratory. He also performed field research on extremophiles, in such locations as Death Valley, the Atacama Desert, Axel Heiberg Island, and ice-covered lakes in Antarctica. McKay is the Principal Investigator of the proposed Icebreaker Life astrobiology mission to Mars. In 2015 he received the Nevada Medal. He was a member of the board of directors of the Planetary Society and also works with the Mars Society, and has written and spoken on space exploration and terraforming. He is also an adviser for the Microbes Mind Forum. Ethics of terraforming McKay advocates a moderately biocentric position in the ethics of terraforming, arguing that we must thoroughly explore a planet such as Mars first to discover whether there is any microbial life before taking first steps toward terraforming, and that if indigenous alien life is found in an obscure niche or dormant on Mars, we s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taufik%20Akbar
Taufik Akbar (born 8 January 1951 in Medan) is an Indonesian engineer and former astronaut candidate. After graduating at the Bandung Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1975, he worked as a telecommunication engineer. While working for Telkom in the development of the Palapa telecommunication satellite system, he was selected to take part in the Space Shuttle mission STS-61-H as a Payload Specialist in October 1985. While Pratiwi Sudarmono was chosen to be in the flight crew, he was supposed to be her backup on the mission. However, after the Challenger disaster the deployment of commercial satellites like the Indonesian Palapa B-3 planned for that mission was canceled, thus the mission never took place. The satellite was later launched with a Delta rocket. After his astronaut career, he continued to work for Telkom. Within 1990-92, he was General Manager Telecommunication Planning, Executive General Manager for Palapa Satellites Operation (1992–1993), President Director of Aplikanusa Lintasarta (1994–2000). In 2000, he became Director of Human Resources for Sumber Daya Manusia Telkom. References NASA listing (Page 61) Jane's spaceflight directory By Reginald Turnill p364 Space Shuttle Log By Tim Furniss p126 1986 1951 births Bandung Institute of Technology alumni Living people People from Medan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20conditioning
In electronics and signal processing, signal conditioning is the manipulation of an analog signal in such a way that it meets the requirements of the next stage for further processing. In an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) application, signal conditioning includes voltage or current limiting and anti-aliasing filtering. In control engineering applications, it is common to have a sensing stage (which consists of a sensor), a signal conditioning stage (where usually amplification of the signal is done) and a processing stage (often carried out by an ADC and a micro-controller). Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are commonly employed to carry out the amplification of the signal in the signal conditioning stage. In some transducers, signal conditioning is integrated with the sensor, for example in Hall effect sensors. In power electronics, before processing the input sensed signals by sensors like voltage sensor and current sensor, signal conditioning scales signals to level acceptable to the microprocessor. Inputs Signal inputs accepted by signal conditioners include DC voltage and current, AC voltage and current, frequency and electric charge. Sensor inputs can be accelerometer, thermocouple, thermistor, resistance thermometer, strain gauge or bridge, and LVDT or RVDT. Specialized inputs include encoder, counter or tachometer, timer or clock, relay or switch, and other specialized inputs. Outputs for signal conditioning equipment can be voltage, current, frequency, tim
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive%20grammar
In computer science, a grammar is informally called a recursive grammar if it contains production rules that are recursive, meaning that expanding a non-terminal according to these rules can eventually lead to a string that includes the same non-terminal again. Otherwise it is called a non-recursive grammar. For example, a grammar for a context-free language is left recursive if there exists a non-terminal symbol A that can be put through the production rules to produce a string with A (as the leftmost symbol). All types of grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy can be recursive and it is recursion that allows the production of infinite sets of words. Properties A non-recursive grammar can produce only a finite language; and each finite language can be produced by a non-recursive grammar. For example, a straight-line grammar produces just a single word. A recursive context-free grammar that contains no useless rules necessarily produces an infinite language. This property forms the basis for an algorithm that can test efficiently whether a context-free grammar produces a finite or infinite language. References Formal languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Stone
Roy Stone (October 16, 1836 – August 5, 1905) was an American soldier, civil engineer, and inventor. He served in the American Civil War, distinguishing himself during the Battle of Gettysburg, and took part in the Spanish–American War. He pursued a civil engineering career in a peacetime and became in 1893 the first head of the Office of Road Inquiry, which was the Federal Highway Administration's predecessor. Early life and family Stone was born in Plattsburgh, New York, to Ithiel V. and Sarah Stone. His family had been among the early settlers of the region, and his father owned a large estate. As a young man, he was an engineer and lumberman before the Civil War. Stone married Mary Elizabeth Marker at the First Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh on August 14, 1862. They had two children, a son, Richmond and a daughter, Romaine (Mrs. L. Turnure Jr. and later Lady Monson). Civil War Stone served as a Union Army officer during the Civil War and became noted for his stubborn defense of the McPherson Farm during the Battle of Gettysburg. He first served as major of the 13th Pennsylvania Reserves, a regiment that saw action at several early war battles, including Antietam. Stone returned to Pennsylvania to help recruit new regiments; he was commissioned as colonel of the newly raised 149th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry in 1863. He commanded a brigade in the third division of I Corps of the Army of the Potomac in the Battle of Chancellorsville but did not see serious combat.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Gustave%20le%20Doulcet%2C%20Comte%20de%20Pont%C3%A9coulant
Philippe Gustave Doulcet, Comte de Pontécoulant (1795–1874) was a French astronomer. He was the younger son of Louis Gustave le Doulcet, Comte de Pontécoulant and was the brother of Louis-Adolphe Pontécoulant. After 1811 he served in the army until 1849. Following his retirement he dedicated himself to the study of mathematics and astronomy. In 1829 he used the mathematical methods of Poisson and Lagrange to successfully predict the return of Halley's comet with good precision. His prediction of the perihelion passage was correct to within two days. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences. The crater Pontécoulant on the Moon is named after him. Bibliography 1829-1846, "Théorie Analytique du Système du Monde", Paris. 1840, "Traité élémentaire de Physique Céleste", Paris, 2 volumes. 1864, "Notice sur la comète de Halley et ses apparitions successives de 1531 à 1910", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 58, 706-709 References External links Portrait of Gustave Pontecoulant from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections 1795 births 1874 deaths 19th-century French astronomers Members of the French Academy of Sciences Counts of Pontécoulant 19th-century French mathematicians French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART%20Defense%20Scholarship%20Program
The Science, Mathematics, And Research For Transformation (SMART) Defense Scholarship Program was tested as a program in 2005 under the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. SMART was fully established by the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2006, and was assigned to the Navy Postgraduate School (NPS) as the managing agency in late 2005-early 2006. The SMART Scholarship-for-Service Program is a Department of Defense (DoD) workforce development program created to address the growing gap between America and the rest of the world in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines. SMART facilitates this goal by recruiting and retaining some of the best and brightest STEM candidates in the nation. SMART is a DoD civilian scholarship-for-service program which is a part of the National Defense Education Program (NDEP). Like other NDEP programs, SMART is funded through the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Requirements The program is open to current and prospective students, including current DoD employees who meet the following requirements: U.S. citizen (exceptions include: UK, New Zealand, Australia and Canada) Minimum cumulative grade point average (GPA) of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale Pursuing a degree in one of the 21 STEM disciplines Able to participate in summer internships Able to accept post-graduation employment within the DoD Able to obtain and maintain a SECRET clearance While these are the minimum requirements, the av
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%20College
Cyprus College is a for-profit college in Nicosia, Cyprus. It was founded in 1961 by Ioannis Gregoriou as a business school, and thereafter it expanded into a number of other fields, including computer science, graduate studies, and social sciences. In 2006, when the college had an enrolment of 3,500, it submitted under the Deanship of Andreas G Orphanides an application to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Cyprus to establish a private university with the name European University Cyprus. Approval for this came in September 2007, and Cyprus College continued its operation independently of European University Cyprus. References External links Cyprus College Educational institutions established in 1961 For-profit universities and colleges in Europe Universities and colleges in Cyprus Education in Nicosia 1961 establishments in Cyprus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristol
Kristol is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Bill Kristol (born 1952), American neoconservative pundit David Kristol (born 1938), chemistry professor Irving Kristol (1920–2009), American neoconservative Ljuba Kristol (born 1944), Israeli chess champion See also Crystal (disambiguation) Kristel, given name and surname Krystal (disambiguation) Cristal (disambiguation) Chrystal (disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard%20hypothesis
In evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, the Trivers–Willard hypothesis, formally proposed by Robert Trivers and Dan Willard in 1973, suggests that female mammals adjust the sex ratio of offspring in response to maternal condition, so as to maximize their reproductive success (fitness). For example, it may predict greater parental investment in males by parents in "good conditions" and greater investment in females by parents in "poor conditions" (relative to parents in good conditions). The reasoning for this prediction is as follows: Assume that parents have information on the sex of their offspring and can influence their survival differentially. While selection pressures exist to maintain a 1:1 sex ratio, evolution will favor local deviations from this if one sex has a likely greater reproductive payoff than is usual. Trivers and Willard also identified a circumstance in which reproducing individuals might experience deviations from expected offspring reproductive value—namely, varying maternal condition. In polygynous species, males may mate with multiple females, and low-condition males will achieve fewer or no matings. Parents in relatively good condition would then be under selection for mutations causing production and investment in sons (rather than daughters), because of the increased chance of mating experienced by these good-condition sons. Mating with multiple females conveys a large reproductive benefit, whereas daughters could translate their cond
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyration%20tensor
In physics, the gyration tensor is a tensor that describes the second moments of position of a collection of particles where is the Cartesian coordinate of the position vector of the particle. The origin of the coordinate system has been chosen such that i.e. in the system of the center of mass . Where Another definition, which is mathematically identical but gives an alternative calculation method, is: Therefore, the x-y component of the gyration tensor for particles in Cartesian coordinates would be: In the continuum limit, where represents the number density of particles at position . Although they have different units, the gyration tensor is related to the moment of inertia tensor. The key difference is that the particle positions are weighted by mass in the inertia tensor, whereas the gyration tensor depends only on the particle positions; mass plays no role in defining the gyration tensor. Diagonalization Since the gyration tensor is a symmetric 3x3 matrix, a Cartesian coordinate system can be found in which it is diagonal where the axes are chosen such that the diagonal elements are ordered . These diagonal elements are called the principal moments of the gyration tensor. Shape descriptors The principal moments can be combined to give several parameters that describe the distribution of particles. The squared radius of gyration is the sum of the principal moments divided by the number of particles N: The asphericity is defined by which is al
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20B.%20Allyn
Lewis B. Allyn (Louis) (July 3, 1874 – May 7, 1940, in Westfield, Massachusetts) was an American chemistry professor and influential figure in the pure food movement at the time of his murder. He was teaching at Westfield Teachers College and contributing as a pure foods expert for McClure's magazines at the time of his shooting. His is the only unsolved murder in the history of Westfield, Massachusetts. The early investigation According to Thomas F. Moriarty, the District Attorney at the time, a witness reported that she was parked 300 feet away when he was murdered. He said she recalled that "a man, wearing dark glasses with his coat collar pulled up was seated behind the wheel of the car," and that a black sedan was involved. Authorities believed at the time that Professor Allyn was murdered because he refused to hand over a very important secret vitamin formula that was "a vitally important military factor." They added that the nation who was requesting it was "a European nation at war." At the moment of the murder, the only European nations at war with one another were Germany, France and the United Kingdom, though Germany had already occupied several other European nations. It was only three days after Professor Allyn's murder that Hitler began an invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, ending the phoney war. A friend of Professor Allyn's verified that an effort by the unnamed nation was made to convince the professor to take an all-expense paid trip
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20model
A molecular model is a physical model of an atomistic system that represents molecules and their processes. They play an important role in understanding chemistry and generating and testing hypotheses. The creation of mathematical models of molecular properties and behavior is referred to as molecular modeling, and their graphical depiction is referred to as molecular graphics. The term, "molecular model" refer to systems that contain one or more explicit atoms (although solvent atoms may be represented implicitly) and where nuclear structure is neglected. The electronic structure is often also omitted unless it is necessary in illustrating the function of the molecule being modeled. Molecular models may be created for several reasons – as pedagogic tools for students or those unfamiliar with atomistic structures; as objects to generate or test theories (e.g., the structure of DNA); as analogue computers (e.g., for measuring distances and angles in flexible systems); or as aesthetically pleasing objects on the boundary of art and science. The construction of physical models is often a creative act, and many bespoke examples have been carefully created in the workshops of science departments. There is a very wide range of approaches to physical modeling, including ball-and-stick models available for purchase commercially, to molecular models created using 3D printers. The main strategy, initially in textbooks and research articles and more recently on computers. Molecular g
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Mathematical%20Olympiad
The Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) is a mathematics competition organised by the Singapore Mathematical Society. It comprises three sections, Junior, Senior and Open, each of which is open to all pre-university students studying in Singapore who meet the age requirements for the particular section. The competition is held annually, and the first round of each section is usually held in late May or early June. The second round is usually held in late June or early July. History The Singapore Mathematical Society (SMS) has been organising mathematical competitions since the 1950's, launching the first inter-school Mathematical Competition in 1956. The Mathematical Competition was renamed to Singapore Mathematical Olympiad in 1995. In 2016, the SMS attempted to make the SMO more inviting to students by aligning questions more closely with school curriculum, although solutions still require considerable insight and creativity in addition to sound mathematical knowledge. In 2020 and 2021, the written round (Round 1) in all sections were postponed to September due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while the invitational round (Round 2) in all sections were cancelled. The normal competition timeline was resumed in 2022. Junior Section There are two rounds in the Junior Section: a written round (Round 1) and an invitational round (Round 2). The paper in Round 1 comprises 5 multiple-choice questions, each with five options, and 20 short answer questions. The Junior section is g
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20distribution
In physics and mechanics, mass distribution is the spatial distribution of mass within a solid body. In principle, it is relevant also for gases or liquids, but on Earth their mass distribution is almost homogeneous. Astronomy In astronomy mass distribution has decisive influence on the development e.g. of nebulae, stars and planets. The mass distribution of a solid defines its center of gravity and influences its dynamical behaviour - e.g. the oscillations and eventual rotation. Mathematical modelling A mass distribution can be modeled as a measure. This allows point masses, line masses, surface masses, as well as masses given by a volume density function. Alternatively the latter can be generalized to a distribution. For example, a point mass is represented by a delta function defined in 3-dimensional space. A surface mass on a surface given by the equation may be represented by a density distribution , where is the mass per unit area. The mathematical modelling can be done by potential theory, by numerical methods (e.g. a great number of mass points), or by theoretical equilibrium figures. Geology In geology the aspects of rock density are involved. Rotating solids Rotating solids are affected considerably by the mass distribution, either if they are homogeneous or inhomogeneous - see Torque, moment of inertia, wobble, imbalance and stability. See also Bouguer plate Gravity Mass function Mass concentration (astronomy) External links Mass distribution of the E
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Partington
Jonathan Richard Partington (born 4 February 1955) is an English mathematician who is Emeritus Professor of pure mathematics at the University of Leeds. Education Professor Partington was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he completed his PhD thesis entitled "Numerical ranges and the Geometry of Banach Spaces" under the supervision of Béla Bollobás. Career Partington works in the area of functional analysis, sometimes applied to control theory, and is the author of several books in this area. He was formerly editor-in-chief of the Journal of the London Mathematical Society, a position he held jointly with his Leeds colleague John Truss. Partington's extra-mathematical activities include the invention of the March March march, an annual walk starting at March, Cambridgeshire. He is also known as a writer or co-writer of some of the earliest British text-based computer games, including Acheton, Hamil, Murdac, Avon, Fyleet, Crobe, Sangraal, and SpySnatcher, which started life on the Phoenix computer system at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. These are still available on the IF Archive. Books External links Professor Jonathan R. Partington at the University of Leeds 1955 births Living people People from Holt, Norfolk 20th-century English mathematicians 21st-century English mathematicians Mathematical analysts People educated at Gresham's School Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20Boltzmann%20methods
The lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM), originated from the lattice gas automata (LGA) method (Hardy-Pomeau-Pazzis and Frisch-Hasslacher-Pomeau models), is a class of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for fluid simulation. Instead of solving the Navier–Stokes equations directly, a fluid density on a lattice is simulated with streaming and collision (relaxation) processes. The method is versatile as the model fluid can straightforwardly be made to mimic common fluid behaviour like vapour/liquid coexistence, and so fluid systems such as liquid droplets can be simulated. Also, fluids in complex environments such as porous media can be straightforwardly simulated, whereas with complex boundaries other CFD methods can be hard to work with. Algorithm Unlike CFD methods that solve the conservation equations of macroscopic properties (i.e., mass, momentum, and energy) numerically, LBM models the fluid consisting of fictive particles, and such particles perform consecutive propagation and collision processes over a discrete lattice. Due to its particulate nature and local dynamics, LBM has several advantages over other conventional CFD methods, especially in dealing with complex boundaries, incorporating microscopic interactions, and parallelization of the algorithm. A different interpretation of the lattice Boltzmann equation is that of a discrete-velocity Boltzmann equation. The numerical methods of solution of the system of partial differential equations then give rise to a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthocompact%20space
In mathematics, in the field of general topology, a topological space is said to be orthocompact if every open cover has an interior-preserving open refinement. That is, given an open cover of the topological space, there is a refinement that is also an open cover, with the further property that at any point, the intersection of all open sets in the refinement containing that point is also open. If the number of open sets containing the point is finite, then their intersection is definitionally open. That is, every point-finite open cover is interior preserving. Hence, we have the following: every metacompact space, and in particular, every paracompact space, is orthocompact. Useful theorems: Orthocompactness is a topological invariant; that is, it is preserved by homeomorphisms. Every closed subspace of an orthocompact space is orthocompact. A topological space X is orthocompact if and only if every open cover of X by basic open subsets of X has an interior-preserving refinement that is an open cover of X. The product X × [0,1] of the closed unit interval with an orthocompact space X is orthocompact if and only if X is countably metacompact. (B.M. Scott) Every orthocompact space is countably orthocompact. Every countably orthocompact Lindelöf space is orthocompact. See also References P. Fletcher, W.F. Lindgren, Quasi-uniform Spaces, Marcel Dekker, 1982, . Chap.V. Compactness (mathematics) Properties of topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Posner%20%28psychologist%29
Michael I. Posner (; born September 12, 1936) is an American psychologist who is a researcher in the field of attention, and the editor of numerous cognitive and neuroscience compilations. He is emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Oregon (Department of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences), and an adjunct professor at the Weill Medical College in New York (Sackler Institute). A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Posner as the 56th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Education and career In 1957, Posner received his BS in physics and in 1959, his MS in psychology from the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington. In 1962, he received his PhD in psychology from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Posner joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin as an assistant professor of psychology. In 1968, he joined the faculty of the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon as an associate professor of psychology. He retired from teaching at Oregon in 2000 with the rank of emeritus professor. In 2003, Posner founded and became coordinator of the Brain, Biology and Machine Initiative at the University of Oregon. Posner studied the role of attention in high-level human tasks such as visual search, reading, and number processing. More recently he investigated the development of attentional networks in infants and young children. A test of an individual's capabilit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercompact%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is called supercompact if there is a subbasis such that every open cover of the topological space from elements of the subbasis has a subcover with at most two subbasis elements. Supercompactness and the related notion of superextension was introduced by J. de Groot in 1967. Examples By the Alexander subbase theorem, every supercompact space is compact. Conversely, many (but not all) compact spaces are supercompact. The following are examples of supercompact spaces: Compact linearly ordered spaces with the order topology and all continuous images of such spaces Compact metrizable spaces (due originally to , see also ) A product of supercompact spaces is supercompact (like a similar statement about compactness, Tychonoff's theorem, it is equivalent to the axiom of choice.) Properties Some compact Hausdorff spaces are not supercompact; such an example is given by the Stone–Čech compactification of the natural numbers (with the discrete topology). A continuous image of a supercompact space need not be supercompact. In a supercompact space (or any continuous image of one), the cluster point of any countable subset is the limit of a nontrivial convergent sequence. Notes References Compactness (mathematics) Properties of topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonormal%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be pseudonormal if given two disjoint closed sets in it, one of which is countable, there are disjoint open sets containing them. Note the following: Every normal space is pseudonormal. Every pseudonormal space is regular. An example of a pseudonormal Moore space that is not metrizable was given by , in connection with the conjecture that all normal Moore spaces are metrizable. References Topology Properties of topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectionwise%20Hausdorff%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be collectionwise Hausdorff if given any closed discrete subset of , there is a pairwise disjoint family of open sets with each point of the discrete subset contained in exactly one of the open sets. Here a subset being discrete has the usual meaning of being a discrete space with the subspace topology (i.e., all points of are isolated in ). Properties Every T1 space that is collectionwise Hausdorff is also Hausdorff. Every collectionwise normal space is collectionwise Hausdorff. (This follows from the fact that given a closed discrete subset of , every singleton is closed in and the family of such singletons is a discrete family in .) Metrizable spaces are collectionwise normal and hence collectionwise Hausdorff. Remarks References Topology Properties of topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volterra%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be a Volterra space if any finite intersection of dense Gδ subsets is dense. Every Baire space is Volterra, but the converse is not true. In fact, any metrizable Volterra space is Baire. The name refers to a paper of Vito Volterra in which he uses the fact that (in modern notation) the intersection of two dense G-delta sets in the real numbers is again dense. References Cao, Jiling and Gauld, D, "Volterra spaces revisited", J. Aust. Math. Soc. 79 (2005), 61–76. Cao, Jiling and Junnila, Heikki, "When is a Volterra space Baire?", Topology Appl. 154 (2007), 527–532. Gauld, D. and Piotrowski, Z., "On Volterra spaces", Far East J. Math. Sci. 1 (1993), 209–214. Gruenhage, G. and Lutzer, D., "Baire and Volterra spaces", Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 128 (2000), 3115–3124. Volterra, V., "Alcune osservasioni sulle funzioni punteggiate discontinue", Giornale di Matematiche 19 (1881), 76–86. Properties of topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-paracompact%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be a-paracompact if every open cover of the space has a locally finite refinement. In contrast to the definition of paracompactness, the refinement is not required to be open. Every paracompact space is a-paracompact, and in regular spaces the two notions coincide. References Compactness (mathematics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door%20space
In mathematics, specifically in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be a door space if every subset is open or closed (or both). The term comes from the introductory topology mnemonic that "a subset is not like a door: it can be open, closed, both, or neither". Properties and examples Every door space is T0 (because if and are two topologically indistinguishable points, the singleton is neither open nor closed). Every subspace of a door space is a door space. So is every quotient of a door space. Every topology finer than a door topology on a set is also a door topology. Every discrete space is a door space. These are the spaces without accumulation point, that is, whose every point is an isolated point. Every space with exactly one accumulation point (and all the other point isolated) is a door space (since subsets consisting only of isolated points are open, and subsets containing the accumulation point are closed). Some examples are: (1) the one-point compactification of a discrete space (also called Fort space), where the point at infinity is the accumulation point; (2) a space with the excluded point topology, where the "excluded point" is the accumulation point. Every Hausdorff door space is either discrete or has exactly one accumulation point. (To see this, if is a space with distinct accumulations points and having respective disjoint neighbourhoods and the set is neither closed nor open in ) An example of door space with more
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20S.%20Kayne
Richard Stanley Kayne is Professor of Linguistics in the Linguistics Department at New York University. Born in 1944, after receiving an A.B. in mathematics from Columbia College, New York City in 1964, he studied linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, receiving his Ph.D. in 1969. He then taught at the University of Paris VIII (1969–1986), MIT (1986–1988) and the City University of New York (1988–1997), becoming Professor at New York University in 1997. He has made prominent contributions to the study of the syntax of English and the Romance languages within the framework of transformational grammar. His theory of Antisymmetry has become part of the canon of the Minimalist syntax literature. Publications Movement and Silence, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005 (with Thomas Leu & Raffaella Zanuttini) Lasting Insights and Questions: An Annotated Syntax Reader, Wiley/Blackwell, Malde, Mass., 2014 References External links Homepage Linguists from the United States Generative linguistics Syntacticians Living people Academic staff of Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis New York University faculty Year of birth missing (living people) Columbia College (New York) alumni Fellows of the Linguistic Society of America Silver professors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocompact%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be pseudocompact if its image under any continuous function to R is bounded. Many authors include the requirement that the space be completely regular in the definition of pseudocompactness. Pseudocompact spaces were defined by Edwin Hewitt in 1948. Properties related to pseudocompactness For a Tychonoff space X to be pseudocompact requires that every locally finite collection of non-empty open sets of X be finite. There are many equivalent conditions for pseudocompactness (sometimes some separation axiom should be assumed); a large number of them are quoted in Stephenson 2003. Some historical remarks about earlier results can be found in Engelking 1989, p. 211. Every countably compact space is pseudocompact. For normal Hausdorff spaces the converse is true. As a consequence of the above result, every sequentially compact space is pseudocompact. The converse is true for metric spaces. As sequential compactness is an equivalent condition to compactness for metric spaces this implies that compactness is an equivalent condition to pseudocompactness for metric spaces also. The weaker result that every compact space is pseudocompact is easily proved: the image of a compact space under any continuous function is compact, and every compact set in a metric space is bounded. If Y is the continuous image of pseudocompact X, then Y is pseudocompact. Note that for continuous functions g : X → Y and h : Y → R, th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realcompact%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be realcompact if it is completely regular Hausdorff and it contains every point of its Stone–Čech compactification which is real (meaning that the quotient field at that point of the ring of real functions is the reals). Realcompact spaces have also been called Q-spaces, saturated spaces, functionally complete spaces, real-complete spaces, replete spaces and Hewitt–Nachbin spaces (named after Edwin Hewitt and Leopoldo Nachbin). Realcompact spaces were introduced by . Properties A space is realcompact if and only if it can be embedded homeomorphically as a closed subset in some (not necessarily finite) Cartesian power of the reals, with the product topology. Moreover, a (Hausdorff) space is realcompact if and only if it has the uniform topology and is complete for the uniform structure generated by the continuous real-valued functions (Gillman, Jerison, p. 226). For example Lindelöf spaces are realcompact; in particular all subsets of are realcompact. The (Hewitt) realcompactification υX of a topological space X consists of the real points of its Stone–Čech compactification βX. A topological space X is realcompact if and only if it coincides with its Hewitt realcompactification. Write C(X) for the ring of continuous real-valued functions on a topological space X. If Y is a real compact space, then ring homomorphisms from C(Y) to C(X) correspond to continuous maps from X to Y. In particular the cate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20Hausdorff%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be locally Hausdorff if every point has a neighbourhood that is a Hausdorff space under the subspace topology. Examples and sufficient conditions Every Hausdorff space is locally Hausdorff. There are locally Hausdorff spaces where a sequence has more than one limit. This can never happen for a Hausdorff space. The line with two origins is locally Hausdorff (it is in fact locally metrizable) but not Hausdorff. The etale space for the sheaf of differentiable functions on a differential manifold is not Hausdorff, but it is locally Hausdorff. Let be a set given the particular point topology with particular point The space is locally Hausdorff at since is an isolated point in and the singleton is a Hausdorff neighbourhood of For any other point any neighbourhood of it contains and therefore the space is not locally Hausdorff at Properties A space is locally Hausdorff exactly if it can be written as a union of Hausdorff open subspaces. And in a locally Hausdorff space each point belongs to some Hausdorff dense open subspace. Every locally Hausdorff space is T1. The converse is not true in general. For example, an infinite set with the cofinite topology is a T1 space that is not locally Hausdorff. Every locally Hausdorff space is sober. If is a topological group that is locally Hausdorff at some point then is Hausdorff. This follows from the fact that if there exists a homeomorphi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocompact%20space
In mathematics, in the field of general topology, a topological space is said to be mesocompact if every open cover has a compact-finite open refinement. That is, given any open cover, we can find an open refinement with the property that every compact set meets only finitely many members of the refinement. The following facts are true about mesocompactness: Every compact space, and more generally every paracompact space is mesocompact. This follows from the fact that any locally finite cover is automatically compact-finite. Every mesocompact space is metacompact, and hence also orthocompact. This follows from the fact that points are compact, and hence any compact-finite cover is automatically point finite. Notes References Compactness (mathematics) Properties of topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinking%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be a shrinking space if every open cover admits a shrinking. A shrinking of an open cover is another open cover indexed by the same indexing set, with the property that the closure of each open set in the shrinking lies inside the corresponding original open set. Properties The following facts are known about shrinking spaces: Every shrinking space is normal. Every shrinking space is countably paracompact. In a normal space, every locally finite, and in fact, every point-finite open cover admits a shrinking. Thus, every normal metacompact space is a shrinking space. In particular, every paracompact space is a shrinking space. These facts are particularly important because shrinking of open covers is a common technique in the theory of differential manifolds and while constructing functions using a partition of unity. See also References General topology, Stephen Willard, definition 15.9 p. 104 Topology Properties of topological spaces Topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicompact%20space
In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be hemicompact if it has a sequence of compact subsets such that every compact subset of the space lies inside some compact set in the sequence. Clearly, this forces the union of the sequence to be the whole space, because every point is compact and hence must lie in one of the compact sets. Examples Every compact space is hemicompact. The real line is hemicompact. Every locally compact Lindelöf space is hemicompact. Properties Every hemicompact space is σ-compact and if in addition it is first countable then it is locally compact. If a hemicompact space is weakly locally compact, then it is exhaustible by compact sets. Applications If is a hemicompact space, then the space of all continuous functions to a metric space with the compact-open topology is metrizable. To see this, take a sequence of compact subsets of such that every compact subset of lies inside some compact set in this sequence (the existence of such a sequence follows from the hemicompactness of ). Define pseudometrics Then defines a metric on which induces the compact-open topology. See also Compact space Exhaustible by compact sets Locally compact space Lindelöf space Notes References Compactness (mathematics) Properties of topological spaces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster%3A%20Day%20of%20Crisis
is a 2008 action-adventure light gun shooter developed by Monolith Soft and published by Nintendo for the Wii. In it, the player must survive various natural disasters while also battling terrorists and rescuing civilians. According to Nintendo, the game features “cutting-edge physics and gripping visuals” to recreate the sheer terror of major catastrophes. Gameplay In Disaster, players control Ray from a third-person point of view during cinematic adventure sections, with the player taking on jumping puzzles and navigating hazards that can hurt or kill Ray.. In these sections, a number of Quick Time Events and minigames will be based around the motion controls of the Remote and Nunchuk. For example, the player can perform actions such as pressing buttons in rhythm to perform CPR, moving heavy objects and running from flood waters and lava flows by quickly moving the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, and driving a car by holding the Wii Remote on its side and tilting it left or right. The player may also come face to face with a peculiar man with a fedora and cane who will offer unique shooting range tickets. Disaster's core combat is primarily played out as a rail shooter, akin to that of Duck Hunt or Time Crisis, that use the Wii Remote's pointer function to target enemies. The player can hold up to three weapons of their choosing, along with one mandatory pistol with unlimited ammo cache and can swap freely using the Direction Pad. Shooting Range tickets can also grant unique we
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20Digital%20Data%20Systems
Applied Digital Data Systems (ADDS) was a supplier of video display computer terminals, founded in 1969 by Leeam Lowin and William J. Catacosinos. Lowin simultaneously founded Solid State Data Sciences (SSDS). SSDS was one of the first developers of the MOS/LSI integrated circuits that were key to ADDS's product line. It became a subsidiary of NCR Corporation in 1980, which sold the Mentor 2000 professional computer in the United States in 1986. The Mentor 2000 ran at 5 MHz using a Zilog processor, 640 KB RAM, and included one 60MB hard disk. It used the Pick operating system and database management system. It was able to manage 16 or 32 video terminals at once. ADDS (along with NCR) was later part of AT&T, then independent briefly before being acquired by SunRiver Data Systems. However, their version of the Pick operating system was acquired by Pick Systems Inc, now called TigerLogic. That version is now called mvBase. MvBase was sold to Rocket Software in 2013. See also Tandy 10 Business Computer System References External links Old-computers.com — ADDS Mentor 2000 ADDS Viewpoint News 1969 establishments in New York (state) 1980 disestablishments in New York (state) 1980 mergers and acquisitions American companies established in 1969 American companies disestablished in 1980 Computer companies established in 1969 Computer companies disestablished in 1980 Computer terminals Defunct computer companies of the United States Defunct computer companies based in New Yo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20tree%20grammar
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular tree grammar is a formal grammar that describes a set of directed trees, or terms. A regular word grammar can be seen as a special kind of regular tree grammar, describing a set of single-path trees. Definition A regular tree grammar G is defined by the tuple G = (N, Σ, Z, P), where N is a finite set of nonterminals, Σ is a ranked alphabet (i.e., an alphabet whose symbols have an associated arity) disjoint from N, Z is the starting nonterminal, with , and P is a finite set of productions of the form A → t, with , and , where TΣ(N) is the associated term algebra, i.e. the set of all trees composed from symbols in according to their arities, where nonterminals are considered nullary. Derivation of trees The grammar G implicitly defines a set of trees: any tree that can be derived from Z using the rule set P is said to be described by G. This set of trees is known as the language of G. More formally, the relation ⇒G on the set TΣ(N) is defined as follows: A tree can be derived in a single step into a tree (in short: t1 ⇒G t2), if there is a context S and a production such that: t1 = S[A], and t2 = S[t]. Here, a context means a tree with exactly one hole in it; if S is such a context, S[t] denotes the result of filling the tree t into the hole of S. The tree language generated by G is the language . Here, TΣ denotes the set of all trees composed from symbols of Σ, while ⇒G* denotes succes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an autapomorphy is a distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon. That is, it is found only in one taxon, but not found in any others or outgroup taxa, not even those most closely related to the focal taxon (which may be a species, family or in general any clade). It can therefore be considered an apomorphy in relation to a single taxon. The word autapomorphy, introduced in 1950 by German entomologist Willi Hennig, is derived from the Greek words αὐτός, autos "self"; ἀπό, apo "away from"; and μορφή, morphḗ = "shape". Discussion Because autapomorphies are only present in a single taxon, they do not convey information about relationship. Therefore, autapomorphies are not useful to infer phylogenetic relationships. However, autapomorphy, like synapomorphy and plesiomorphy is a relative concept depending on the taxon in question. An autapomorphy at a given level may well be a synapomorphy at a less-inclusive level. An example of an autapomorphy can be described in modern snakes. Snakes have lost the two pairs of legs that characterize all of Tetrapoda, and the closest taxa to Ophidia – as well as their common ancestors – all have two pairs of legs. Therefore, the Ophidia taxon presents an autapomorphy with respect to its absence of legs. The autapomorphic species concept is one of many methods that scientists might use to define and distinguish species from one another. This definition assigns species on the basis of amoun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurchatov%20Medal
The Kurchatov Medal, or the Gold Medal in honour of Igor Kurchatov is an award given for outstanding achievements in nuclear physics and in the field of nuclear energy. The USSR Academy of Sciences established this award on February 9, 1960 in honour of Igor Kurchatov and in recognition of his lifetime contributions to the fields of nuclear physics, nuclear energy and nuclear engineering. In the USSR, the Kurchatov Medal award was given every three years starting in 1962. Honorarium was included as part of the award through 1989. Later in Russia, the Kurchatov Gold Medal award has been resumed, and the medal has been given since 1998. Soviet award recipients Source: Russian Academy of Sciences 1962: Pyotr Spivak and Yuri Prokoviev 1965: Yuriy Prokoshkin, Vladimir Rykalin, Valentin Petruhin and Anatoly Danubians 1968: Anatoly Aleksandrov 1971: Isaak Kikoin 1974: Julii Khariton and Savely Moiseevich Feinberg 1977: Yakov Zeldovich and 1980: Isai Izrailevich Gurevich and Boris Nikolsky 1981: William d'Haeseleer 1983: Vladimir Mostovoy 1986: Venedikt Dzhelepov and Leonid Ponomarev 1989: Georgy Flyorov and Yuri Oganessian Russian awards 1998: Aleksey Ogloblin 2000: Nikolay Dollezhal 2003: Yuri Trutnev 2008: Oleg Gennadievich Filatov 2013: Yevgeny Avrorin 2018: Nikolay Evgenievich Kukharkin See also Awards and decorations of the Russian Federation Medal "For Merit in the Development of Nuclear Energy" List of physics awards External links Kurchatov Gold Medal. The Russ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearrangement
Rearrangement may refer to: Chemistry Rearrangement reaction Mathematics Rearrangement inequality The Riemann rearrangement theorem, also called the Riemann series theorem see also Lévy–Steinitz theorem A permutation of the terms of a conditionally convergent series Genetics Chromosomal rearrangements, such as: Translocations Ring chromosomes Chromosomal inversions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CellFactor%3A%20Revolution
CellFactor: Revolution is a first-person shooter video game developed by Timeline Interactive, Artificial Studios and Immersion Games. It was released on May 8, 2007, for Microsoft Windows. The game was designed to show off what AGEIA PhysX cards are capable of. The cards are designed for physics processing, which allows the video game that uses them to have a physics-based gameplay. Gameplay Designed to show the effects that can be supported with the AGEIA card, CellFactor: Revolution started out as a tech demo. After a positive response on E3 2008, the scope became closer to a full game. The game consists of three classes (Guardian, Black Ops and Bishop) and five maps to play on. Besides the main multiplayer mode, CellFactor: Revolution also has a campaign mode that serves as a tutorial where the players go through a series of challenges against bots. As a part of its specific AGEIA physics design, CellFactor: Revolution lets the environment to act as a weapon with psi powers. Using those character's powers, any of the smaller items can be lifted and targeted towards the enemies. Each class has their own set of special skills, like the gravity bomb (Black Ops), super jump (Guardian) and ability to part large masses of objects at high speeds (Bishop). When enough power is built, the player can push through a pile of items and use that to take out opponents, simply called a "PhysX Kill". There are four primary weapons included with their advantages and disadvantages: Leth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Renger-Patzsch
Albert Renger-Patzsch (June 22, 1897 – September 27, 1966) was a German photographer associated with the New Objectivity. Biography Renger-Patzsch was born in Würzburg and began making photographs by age twelve. After military service in the First World War he studied chemistry at the Königlich-Sächsisches Polytechnikum in Dresden. In the early 1920s he worked as a press photographer for the Chicago Tribune before becoming a freelancer and, in 1925, publishing a book, Das Chorgestühl von Kappenberg (The Choir Stalls of Cappenberg). He had his first museum exhibition in Lübeck in 1927. A second book followed in 1928, Die Welt ist schön (The World is Beautiful). This, his best-known book, is a collection of one hundred of his photographs in which natural forms, industrial subjects and mass-produced objects are presented with the clarity of scientific illustrations. The book's title was chosen by his publisher; Renger-Patzsch's preferred title for the collection was Die Dinge ("The Things"). In its sharply focused and matter-of-fact style, his work exemplifies the esthetic of the New Objectivity that flourished in the arts in Germany during the Weimar Republic. Like Edward Weston in the United States, Renger-Patzsch believed that the value of photography was in its ability to reproduce the texture of reality, and to represent the essence of an object. He wrote: "The secret of a good photograph—which, like a work of art, can have esthetic qualities—is its realism ... Let us t
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantities%2C%20Units%20and%20Symbols%20in%20Physical%20Chemistry
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, also known as the Green Book, is a compilation of terms and symbols widely used in the field of physical chemistry. It also includes a table of physical constants, tables listing the properties of elementary particles, chemical elements, and nuclides, and information about conversion factors that are commonly used in physical chemistry. The Green Book is published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is based on published, citeable sources. Information in the Green Book is synthesized from recommendations made by IUPAC, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), including recommendations listed in the IUPAP Red Book Symbols, Units, Nomenclature and Fundamental Constants in Physics and in the ISO 31 standards. History, list of editions, and translations to non-English languages The third edition of the Green Book () was first published by IUPAC in 2007. A second printing of the third edition was released in 2008; this printing made several minor revisions to the 2007 text. A third printing of the third edition was released in 2011. The text of the third printing is identical to that of the second printing. A Japanese translation of the third edition of the Green Book () was published in 2009. A French translation of the third edition of the Green Book () was published in 2012. A Portuguese translation (Brazil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical%20University%20of%20Liberec
The Technical University of Liberec () is a university in the city of Liberec, Czech Republic. The university has undergone great transformation in its over sixty-year history. When it was founded, it was called the Institute of Mechanical Engineering in Liberec, and its original classrooms were located in the attics of the F. X. Šalda Grammar School. These later served as accommodation for teachers, and it was here that the first plans and ideas arose concerning the later form and direction of the college. The first 259 students were admitted on October 1, 1953. Today, the university has seven faculties and one specialized institute: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Science-Humanities and Education, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Inter-Disciplinary Studies, Faculty of Health Studies, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation Academics The university offers courses in the humanities and sciences, as well as many technical subjects. Students can obtain bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degrees. The Technical University of Liberec is a medium-sized institution. Research The Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation has been a part of the Technical University of Liberec since 2012. Its 19 specialized laboratories aim to contribute to regional development and are traditionally oriented towards technical industries. R
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20compartment
Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane. These compartments are often, but not always, defined as membrane-bound organelles. The formation of cellular compartments is called compartmentalization. Both organelles, the mitochondria and chloroplasts (in photosynthetic organisms), are compartments that are believed to be of endosymbiotic origin. Other compartments such as peroxisomes, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the cell nucleus or the Golgi apparatus are not of endosymbiotic origin. Smaller elements like vesicles, and sometimes even microtubules can also be counted as compartments. It was thought that compartmentalization is not found in prokaryotic cells., but the discovery of carboxysomes and many other metabolosomes revealed that prokaryotic cells are capable of making compartmentalized structures, albeit these are in most cases not surrounded by a lipid bilayer, but of pure proteinaceous built. Types In general there are 4 main cellular compartments, they are: The nuclear compartment comprising the nucleus The intercisternal space which comprises the space between the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (which is continuous with the nuclear envelope) Organelles (the mitochondrion in all eukaryotes and the plastid in phototrophic eukaryotes) The cytosol Function Compartments have three main roles. One is to establish phy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent%20distribution
Countercurrent distribution (CCD, also spelled "counter current" distribution) is an analytical chemistry technique which was developed by Lyman C. Craig in the 1940s. Countercurrent distribution is a separation process that is founded on the principles of liquid–liquid extraction where a chemical compound is distributed (partitioned) between two immiscible liquid phases (oil and water for example) according to its relative solubility in the two phases. The simplest form of liquid-liquid extraction is the partitioning of a mixture of compounds between two immiscible liquid phases in a separatory funnel. This occurs in five steps: 1) preparation of the separatory funnel with the two phase solvent system, 2) introduction of the compound mixture into the separatory funnel, 3) vigorous shaking of the separatory funnel to mix the two layers and allow for mass transfer of compounds in and out of the phases, 4) The contents of the separatory funnel are allowed to settle back into two distinct phases and 5) the two phases are separated from each other by draining out the bottom phase. If a compound is insoluble in the lower phase it will distribute into the upper phase and stay in the separatory funnel. If a compound is insoluble in the upper phase it will distribute into the lower phase and be removed from the separatory funnel. If the mixture contains one or more compounds that are soluble in the upper phase and one or more compounds that are soluble in the lower phase, then an ex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20Barth
Wolf Paul Barth (20 October 1942, Wernigerode – 30 December 2016, Nuremberg) was a German mathematician who discovered Barth surfaces and whose work on vector bundles has been important for the ADHM construction. Until 2011 Barth was working in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany. Barth received a PhD degree in 1967 from the University of Göttingen. His dissertation, written under the direction of Reinhold Remmert and Hans Grauert, was entitled Einige Eigenschaften analytischer Mengen in kompakten komplexen Mannigfaltigkeiten (Some properties of analytic sets in compact, complex manifolds). Publications See also Barth surfaces Barth–Nieto quintic References External links 1942 births 2016 deaths People from Wernigerode 20th-century German mathematicians 21st-century German mathematicians Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Algebraic geometers University of Göttingen alumni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitopological%20space
In mathematics, a bitopological space is a set endowed with two topologies. Typically, if the set is and the topologies are and then the bitopological space is referred to as . The notion was introduced by J. C. Kelly in the study of quasimetrics, i.e. distance functions that are not required to be symmetric. Continuity A map from a bitopological space to another bitopological space is called continuous or sometimes pairwise continuous if is continuous both as a map from to and as map from to . Bitopological variants of topological properties Corresponding to well-known properties of topological spaces, there are versions for bitopological spaces. A bitopological space is pairwise compact if each cover of with , contains a finite subcover. In this case, must contain at least one member from and at least one member from A bitopological space is pairwise Hausdorff if for any two distinct points there exist disjoint and with and . A bitopological space is pairwise zero-dimensional if opens in which are closed in form a basis for , and opens in which are closed in form a basis for . A bitopological space is called binormal if for every -closed and -closed sets there are -open and -open sets such that , and Notes References Kelly, J. C. (1963). Bitopological spaces. Proc. London Math. Soc., 13(3) 71–89. Reilly, I. L. (1972). On bitopological separation properties. Nanta Math., (2) 14–25. Reilly, I. L. (1973). Zero dimensional bitopologic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20al-Buni
Sharaf al-Din or Shihab al-Din or Muḥyi al-Din Abu al-Abbas Aḥmad ibn Ali ibn Yusuf al-Qurashi al-Sufi, better known as Ahmad al-Buni (, ), was a mathematician and philosopher and a well known Sufi. Very little is known about him. His writings deal with the esoteric value of letters and topics relating to mathematics, sihr (sorcery) and spirituality. Born in Buna (present-day Annaba, Algeria), al-Buni lived in Egypt and learned from many eminent Sufi masters of his time. A contemporary of Ibn Arabi, he is best known for writing one of the most important books of his era; the Shams al-Ma'arif, a book that is still regarded as the foremost occult text on talismans and divination. Contributions Theurgy Instead of sihr (Sorcery), this kind of magic was called Ilm al-Hikmah (Knowledge of the Wisdom), Ilm al-simiyah (Study of the Divine Names) and Ruhaniyat (Spirituality). Most of the so-called mujarrabât ("time-tested methods") books on sorcery in the Muslim world are simplified excerpts from the Shams al-ma`ârif. The book remains the seminal work on Theurgy and esoteric arts to this day. Mathematics and science In c. 1200, Ahmad al-Buni showed how to construct magic squares using a simple bordering technique, but he may not have discovered the method himself. Al-Buni wrote about Latin squares and constructed, for example, 4 x 4 Latin squares using letters from one of the 99 names of Allah. His works on traditional healing remains a point of reference among Yoruba Muslim hea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinespring%20dilation%20theorem
In mathematics, Stinespring's dilation theorem, also called Stinespring's factorization theorem, named after W. Forrest Stinespring, is a result from operator theory that represents any completely positive map on a C*-algebra A as a composition of two completely positive maps each of which has a special form: A *-representation of A on some auxiliary Hilbert space K followed by An operator map of the form T ↦ V*TV. Moreover, Stinespring's theorem is a structure theorem from a C*-algebra into the algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space. Completely positive maps are shown to be simple modifications of *-representations, or sometimes called *-homomorphisms. Formulation In the case of a unital C*-algebra, the result is as follows: Theorem. Let A be a unital C*-algebra, H be a Hilbert space, and B(H) be the bounded operators on H. For every completely positive there exists a Hilbert space K and a unital *-homomorphism such that where is a bounded operator. Furthermore, we have Informally, one can say that every completely positive map can be "lifted" up to a map of the form . The converse of the theorem is true trivially. So Stinespring's result classifies completely positive maps. Sketch of proof We now briefly sketch the proof. Let . For , define and extend by semi-linearity to all of K. This is a Hermitian sesquilinear form because is compatible with the * operation. Complete positivity of is then used to show that this sesquilinear form is in fact po
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRC%20Laboratory%20of%20Molecular%20Biology
The Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) is a research institute in Cambridge, England, involved in the revolution in molecular biology which occurred in the 1950–60s. Since then it has remained a major medical research laboratory at the forefront of scientific discovery, dedicated to improving the understanding of key biological processes at atomic, molecular and cellular levels using multidisciplinary methods, with a focus on using this knowledge to address key issues in human health. A new replacement building constructed close by to the original site on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus was opened by Her Majesty the Queen in May 2013. The road outside the new building is named Francis Crick Avenue after the 1962 joint Nobel Prize winner and LMB alumnus, who co-discovered the helical structure of DNA in 1953. History Origins: 1947-61 Max Perutz, following undergraduate training in organic chemistry, left Austria in 1936 and came to the University of Cambridge to study for a PhD, joining the X-ray crystallographic group led by J.D. Bernal. Here, in the Cavendish laboratory, he started his lifelong work on hemoglobin. The death of Lord Rutherford led to his successor, Lawrence Bragg, a pioneer in X-ray crystallography, becoming the new Cavendish professor of physics in 1938. Bragg became a major supporter of Perutz and his group in those early days. After World War II, many scientists from the physical side of science turned to biology, bri
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond%20valence%20method
The bond valence method or mean method (or bond valence sum) (not to be mistaken for the valence bond theory in quantum chemistry) is a popular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the oxidation states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemical structures with localized bonds or used to predict some of their properties. This model is a development of Pauling's rules. Method The basic method is that the valence V of an atom is the sum of the individual bond valences vi surrounding the atom: The individual bond valences in turn are calculated from the observed bond lengths. Ri is the observed bond length, R0 is a tabulated parameter expressing the (ideal) bond length when the element i has exactly valence 1, and b is an empirical constant, typically 0.37 Å. Another formula for has also been used: Theory Introduction Although the bond valence model is mostly used for validating newly determined structures, it is capable of predicting many of the properties of those chemical structures that can be described by localized bonds In the bond valence model, the valence of an atom, V, is defined as the number of electrons the atom uses for bonding. This is equal to the number of electrons in its valence shell if all the valence shell electrons are used for bonding. If they are not, the remainder will form non-bonding electron pairs, usually known as lone pairs. The valence of a bond, S, is defined
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-standing%20Mathematics%20Qualifications
Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications (FSMQ) are a suite of mathematical qualifications available at levels 1 to 3 in the National Qualifications Framework – Foundation, Intermediate and Advanced. Educational standard They bridge a gap between GCSE and A-Level Mathematics. The advanced course is especially ideal for pupils who do not find GCSE maths particularly challenging and who often have extra time in their second year of GCSEs, having taken their Maths GCSE a year early. The qualification is commonly offered in private schools and is useful in allowing pupils to determine whether or not to pursue maths in subsequent stages of their schooling. The highest grade achievable is an A. An FSMQ Unit at Advanced level is roughly equivalent to a single AS module with candidates receiving 10 UCAS points for an A grade. Intermediate level is equivalent to a GCSE in Mathematics. Coursework is often a key part of the FSMQ, but is sometimes omitted depending on the examining board. Exam boards The only examining board currently offering FSMQs is OCR. Edexcel withdrew the qualification, the last exam being held in June 2004. AQA also withdrew the pilot advanced level FSMQ, the last exam being in June 2018, and a final re-sit opportunity in June 2019. Examples Additional Mathematics/AdMaths (OCR) (No coursework) References External links Edexcel Oxford, Cambridge and RSA (OCR) Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) E
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20process%20%28mathematics%29
The contact process is a stochastic process used to model population growth on the set of sites of a graph in which occupied sites become vacant at a constant rate, while vacant sites become occupied at a rate proportional to the number of occupied neighboring sites. Therefore, if we denote by the proportionality constant, each site remains occupied for a random time period which is exponentially distributed parameter 1 and places descendants at every vacant neighboring site at times of events of a Poisson process parameter during this period. All processes are independent of one another and of the random period of time sites remains occupied. The contact process can also be interpreted as a model for the spread of an infection by thinking of particles as a bacterium spreading over individuals that are positioned at the sites of , occupied sites correspond to infected individuals, whereas vacant correspond to healthy ones. The main quantity of interest is the number of particles in the process, say , in the first interpretation, which corresponds to the number of infected sites in the second one. Therefore, the process survives whenever the number of particles is positive for all times, which corresponds to the case that there are always infected individuals in the second one. For any infinite graph there exists a positive and finite critical value so that if then survival of the process starting from a finite number of particles occurs with positive probability,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20fusion
Vacuum fusion is an analytical chemistry technique, used for determining the oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes nitrogen content of metals. While ineffective when used on alkali or earth metals, vacuum fusion remains a viable means when applied to almost all other metals. Analytical chemistry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Robotics%20Challenge
The National Robotics Challenge is an annual robotics competition in the United States, established in 1986, in which robot contestants compete in one or more of a number of different disciplines. History The National Robotics Challenge was originally known as the Society of Manufacturing Engineers Robotic Technology and Engineering Challenge (SME-RTEC). SME-RTEC was established in 1986, one of the oldest robotics contests in the United States, by Tom Meravi, Associate Professor from Northern Michigan University and James Hannemann, co-chairman of the event. The first edition of the competition had two work cells and two pick-and-place competitions, and over the next 15 years, Meravi and Hannemann oversaw the growth of the competition to 17 different contests by 2002. Hannemann died in July 2001, after which the SME announced, at the 2003 awards ceremony in Rochester, New York, that it would discontinue its sponsorship of the event. Following this announcement, three educators from Marion, Ohio: Ed Goodwin, Ritch Ramey, and Tad Douce, took over the organization of the competition. The 2004 event was held at the Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Marion, with over 200 students participating from several states. The 2005 event grew in both participants and sponsors, and concluded with the addition of 2005 judge Brad Pottkotter, a teacher at Ridgedale High School, as a fourth committee member. The 2006 National Robotics Challenge included 300 students from five middle schools, 27
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidMiner
RapidMiner is a data science platform that analyses the collective impact of an organization's data. It was acquired by Altair Engineering in September 2022. History RapidMiner, formerly known as YALE (Yet Another Learning Environment), was developed starting in 2001 by Ralf Klinkenberg, Ingo Mierswa, and Simon Fischer at the Artificial Intelligence Unit of the Technical University of Dortmund. Starting in 2006, its development was driven by Rapid-I, a company founded by Ingo Mierswa and Ralf Klingenberg in the same year. In 2013, the company rebranded from Rapid-I to RapidMiner. Description RapidMiner uses a client/server model with the server offered either on-premises or in public or private cloud infrastructures. RapidMiner provides data mining and machine learning procedures including: data loading and transformation (ETL), data preprocessing and visualization, predictive analytics and statistical modeling, evaluation, and deployment. RapidMiner is written in the Java programming language. RapidMiner provides a GUI to design and execute analytical workflows. Those workflows are called “Processes” in RapidMiner and they consist of multiple “Operators”. Each operator performs a single task within the process, and the output of each operator forms the input of the next one. Alternatively, the engine can be called from other programs or used as an API. Individual functions can be called from the command line. RapidMiner provides learning schemes, models and algorithms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20August%20von%20Steinheil
Carl August von Steinheil (12 October 1801 – 14 September 1870) was a German physicist, inventor, engineer and astronomer. Biography Steinheil was born in Ribeauvillé, Alsace. He studied law in Erlangen since 1821. He then studied astronomy in Göttingen and Königsberg. He continued his studies in astronomy and physics while living in his father's manor in Perlachseck near Munich. From 1832 to 1849, Steinheil was professor for mathematics and physics at the University of Munich. In late 1838 or early 1839, Steinheil, along with Franz von Kobell, used silver chloride and a cardboard camera to make pictures in negative of the Frauenkirche and other Munich buildings, then taking another picture of the negative to get a positive, the actual black and white reproduction of a view on the object. The pictures produced were round with a diameter of 4 cm, the method was later named the “Steinheil method.” Several of these photographs were exhibited by Steinheil throughout April and Summer 1839. In July 1839, Steinheil demonstrated his photography method at Nymphenburg Palace in the presence of Queen Therese. Steinheil was also one of the first to use the daguerreotype in Germany. By December 1839, he made the first portable metal camera in the world. It was nineteen times smaller than the camera sold by Daguerre. At least ten of these cameras were manufactured. In 1846, Steinheil travelled to Naples to install a new system for weight and measure units. Three years later, he was a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Stewart%20%28mathematician%29
James Drewry Stewart, (March 29, 1941December 3, 2014) was a Canadian mathematician, violinist, and professor emeritus of mathematics at McMaster University. Stewart is best known for his series of calculus textbooks used for high school, college, and university level courses. Career Stewart received his master of science at Stanford University and his doctor of philosophy from the University of Toronto in 1967. He worked for two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of London, where his research focused on harmonic and functional analysis. His books are standard textbooks in universities in many countries. One of his most well-known textbooks is Calculus: Early Transcendentals (1995), a set of textbooks which is accompanied by a website for students. Stewart was also a violinist, and a former member of the Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra. Integral House From 2003 to 2009 a house designed by Brigitte Shim and Howard Sutcliffe was constructed for Stewart in the Rosedale neighbourhood of Toronto at a cost of $32 million. He paid an additional $5.4 million for the existing house and lot which was torn down to make room for his new home. Called Integral House (a reference to its curved walls, and their similarity to the mathematical integral symbol), the house includes a concert hall that seats 150. Stewart has said, "My books and my house are my twin legacies. If I hadn't commissioned the house I'm not sure what I would have spent the money on." Glenn Lowry, dir
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formylation
Formylation refers to any chemical processes in which a compound is functionalized with a formyl group (-CH=O). In organic chemistry, the term is most commonly used with regards to aromatic compounds (for example the conversion of benzene to benzaldehyde in the Gattermann–Koch reaction). In biochemistry the reaction is catalysed by enzymes such as formyltransferases. Formylation generally involves the use of formylation agents, reagents that give rise to the CHO group. Among the many formylation reagents, particularly important are formic acid and carbon monoxide. A formylation reaction in organic chemistry refers to organic reactions in which an organic compound is functionalized with a formyl group (-CH=O). The reaction is a route to aldehydes (C-CH=O), formamides (N-CH=O), and formate esters (O-CH=O). Formylation agents A reagent that delivers the formyl group is called a formylating agent. Formic acid Dimethylformamide and phosphorus oxychloride in the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. Hexamethylenetetramine in the Duff reaction and the Sommelet reaction Carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid in the Gattermann-Koch reaction Cyanides in the Gattermann reaction. This method synthesizes aromatic aldehydes using hydrogen chloride and hydrogen cyanide (or another metallic cyanide as such zinc cyanide) in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts: Chloroform in the Reimer-Tiemann reaction Dichloromethyl methyl ether in Rieche formylation A particularly important formylation process
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjul%20Bhargava
Manjul Bhargava (born 8 August 1974) is a Canadian-American mathematician. He is the Brandon Fradd, Class of 1983, Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University, the Stieltjes Professor of Number Theory at Leiden University, and also holds Adjunct Professorships at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, and the University of Hyderabad. He is known primarily for his contributions to number theory. Bhargava was awarded the Fields Medal in 2014. According to the International Mathematical Union citation, he was awarded the prize "for developing powerful new methods in the geometry of numbers, which he applied to count rings of small rank and to bound the average rank of elliptic curves". Education and career Bhargava was born to an Indian family in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, but grew up and attended school primarily in Long Island, New York. His mother Mira Bhargava, a mathematician at Hofstra University, was his first mathematics teacher. He completed all of his high school math and computer science courses by age 14. He attended Plainedge High School in North Massapequa, and graduated in 1992 as the class valedictorian. He obtained his AB from Harvard University in 1996. For his research as an undergraduate, he was awarded the 1996 Morgan Prize. Bhargava went on to pursue graduate studies at Princeton University, where he completed a doctoral dissertation titled "Higher composition laws" under the supervision of Andrew Wile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower%20Power
Tower Power was the 1994 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. Field The Playing Field was a carpeted regular dodecagon which measured across. The surface consists of a closed loop, low piled carpet. The perimeter of the field was defined by four-by-four boards. At the beginning of a match, there were 36 soccer balls (12 of each color: red, white or blue) arranged into 6 piles of 6 identical balls each. Each team was assigned a color and must collect only balls of their color during the game. Robots Each robot had to weigh no more than and fit, unconstrained, inside a cylinder that was tall. The robots used six motors which were powered by a MAW 23 volt battery. Scoring In each match, the three teams competed to place the 12 balls of their team color inside either the high goal, worth 3 points per ball, or the low goal, worth one point per ball. The winner was the team that had the highest total point value of soccer balls within the two goals at the end of the 2 minute match. In the case of a tie, the team with more balls in the upper goal won. References External links 1994 in robotics FIRST Robotics Competition games
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramp%20%27n%20Roll
Ramp n' Roll was the 1995 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. Field The playing field is a carpeted modified T-shaped area. The goal area is made up of three ramps and two slopes leading to a square platform. In each match, three teams compete to put their own balls over a field goal. Robots Each robot had to weigh no more than and fit, unconstrained, inside a cylinder with a diameter of and a height of . The robots used two 12 volt Milwaukee drill motors, four Delco car seat motors, and two Textron pneumatic pumps which, through a customized remote control system, were powered by two 12 volt Milwaukee Drill batteries. Scoring Two points are scored to score a diameter ball over the goal and three points are awarded for passing a diameter ball through the field goal. In the case of a tie, the higher large ball in the goal area breaks the tie. If no balls are within the goal area, the large ball closest to the center of the top of the platform wins. References External links 1995 in robotics FIRST Robotics Competition games
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagon%20Havoc
Hexagon Havoc was the 1996 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. Seeding games of 1-on-1-on-1 were played double-elimination to determine the teams for the finals rounds. In the finals, robots played 1-on-1 in a best 2 out of 3. Field The playing field was a carpeted, hexagon-shaped area with a central goal. Around the perimeter of the field were three stations for the human players who assisted the remote controlled robots on the field to score points. There were twelve diameter balls and two diameter balls per team, color-coded by team. At the start of each match, all of the small balls and three of the large balls are on the playing field, while the other three large balls are located on the triangular corners of the central goal. Robots Each robot had to weigh no more than and fit unconstrained inside a cube. The robots used two 12 volt Milwaukee drill motors, four Delco car seat motors, and two Textron pneumatic pumps which were operated through a customized remote-control system. Scoring In two-minute matches, the three robots, with their human partners, scored points by placing the balls in the central goal. The balls were carried, pushed or thrown into the goal by the robots. The human players could score by throwing balls into the central goal, but were not allowed on the playing field as they were seat-belted down at their stations. Points were awarded for balls located in the central goal at the conclusion of each two-minute match. Each small ball in or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroid%20Terror
Toroid Terror was the 1997 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. This was the first year that FRC had a regional event outside its origins in New Hampshire; in addition to Manchester, regionals were held in Chicago and New Brunswick, New Jersey, as well as the championship event at a complex set up in the Epcot parking lot. It was also the first year in which the scoring object was not a ball. Field The playing field is a carpeted, hexagon-shaped area with a central goal. Around the perimeter of the field are three stations for human players, who work with remote controlled robots on the field to score points. At the start of each match, each team has 3 colored inner tubes at their player station and six tubes on the field, located in stacks distributed evenly around the goal. Robots Each robot can weigh up to , and must start each match small enough to fit inside a 3' x 3' x 4' space. This had the disadvantage that robots couldn't fit through a standard doorway, and there were rumors of robots being assembled in a room, and when they tried to take it out to ship, it wouldn't fit through a door. The robots are powered by two Skil 12 volt rechargeable batteries and use motors from Skil, Delco, and Delphi Interior and Lighting, speed controllers from Tekin, pumps from McCord Winn Textron, air cylinders and valves from Numatics, Inc., and a programmable control system supplied by FIRST. Drivers use joysticks from CH Products and switches from Honeywell to remotely control
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder%20Logic
Ladder Logic was the game for the 1998 FIRST Robotics Competition. Field The playing field is a carpeted, hexagon-shaped area with an tall central goal. Three horizontal rail goals extend outward from the center. Each ball placed on the rail goals scores points and each ball in the center doubles the team's score. Around the perimeter of the field are three stations for human players, who work with remote controlled robots on the field to score points. At the start of each match, each team has 3 colored ball at their player station and three balls on the field, and three balls on the rails. Robots Each robot can weigh up to , and must start each match small enough to fit inside a 30" x 36" x 48" space. The robots are powered by two Skil 12 volt rechargeable batteries and use motors from Skil, Delco, and Delphi Interior and Lighting, speed controllers from Tekin, pumps from McCord Winn Textron, air cylinders and valves from Numatics, Inc., and a programmable control system supplied by FIRST. Drivers use joysticks from CH Products and switches from Honeywell to remotely control the robots via a radio link which uses RNet wireless modems from Motorola. Scoring In two-minute matches, the three robots and human players score points by putting rubber balls into the center goal and along the rails. The balls are color-coded to identify team ownership. Human players are not allowed onto the field, but they may handballs to the robots or throw balls directly into the center goal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20Trouble%20%28FIRST%29
Double Trouble was the 1999 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition, and the first game to feature alliances. Field The playing field is a carpeted, rectangular area. Alliances score points by positioning "floppies," their robots, and a "puck" on the playing field. "Floppies" are light-weight, pillow-like objects with Velcro-loop material located in its centre and around its perimeter. The "puck" is a short, octagonal platform that rolls freely on castor wheels. Around the perimeter of the field are four stations for human players, who may throw floppies to each other or onto the playing field. Two additional areas around the field are for the human players who control the robots. At the start of each match, each human player station contains three of the alliance's floppies. Four floppies per alliance are located on the playing field. The floppies are color-coded to identify alliance ownership. Robots Each robot can weigh up to , and must start each match small enough to fit inside a 30" x 36" x 48" space. The robots are powered by two Skil 12 volt rechargeable batteries and use motors from Skil, Delco, Fischer-Price, and Delphi Interior and Lighting, speed controllers from Tekin, pumps from McCord Winn Textron, air cylinders and valves from Numatics, Inc., and a programmable control system supplied by FIRST. Drivers use joysticks from CH Products and switches from Honeywell to remotely control the robots via a radio link which uses RNet wireless modems from Motorola. Sco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Opertition%20FIRST
Co-Opertition FIRST was the 2000 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. Field The playing field was a carpeted, rectangular area with two high goals located midfield, one goal for each alliance. There is a clearance bar under each goal. Between the goals is an wide ramp with a clearance bar, which robots may hang on to score points. Around the perimeter of the field are four stations for human players, who work with remote controlled robots on the field to score points. At the start of each match, each alliance station contains seven yellow balls and one black ball. Fifteen yellow balls and two black balls are located at the far end of the playing field. Robots Each robot can weigh up to , and must start each match small enough to fit inside a 30" x 36" x 5' space. The robots are powered by a sealed lead-acid battery from Yuasa Exide, Inc. and use motors from S-B Power Tool Company, ITT Automotive, Keyang, Globe Motor, and Delphi Interior and Lighting. They also use speed controllers and a programmable control system supplied by FIRST. Drivers use joysticks from CH Products and switches from Honeywell to remotely control the robots via a radio link which uses RNet wireless modems from Motorola. Scoring Each match is two minutes long. Alliances receive one point for each yellow ball and five points for each black ball in their goal, and not in contact with their robot. Robots that are completely on the ramp each earn five points for their alliance. A robot hanging fro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabolical%20Dynamics
Diabolical Dynamics was the 2001 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. Field The playing field is a carpeted, rectangular area. Dividing the field in half is an high railing with a central bridge, which can tilt to either side of the field or remain level. Two high movable goals begin on opposite sides of the field. Around the perimeter of the field are two stations for human players, who work with remote controlled robots on the field to score points. At the start of each match, the alliance station contains twenty small balls. An additional twenty small balls and four large balls are located at the far end of the playing field. Robots Each robot can weigh up to , and must start each match small enough to fit inside a 30" x 36" x 5' space (0.76 m x 0.91 m x 1.52 m). Scoring Each match is a maximum of two minutes long. Alliances can end the match at any time. Alliances score one point for each small ball in the goal, ten points for each large ball in the goal, ten points for each robot in the End Zone, and ten points if the stretcher is in the End Zone. The alliance doubles its score for each goal that is on the bridge if the bridge is balanced, and multiplies its score by a factor of up to three by ending the match before the two-minute time limit. Each team receives the alliance score. A team multiplies its score by 1.1 if its large ball is on top of a goal. Scores are rounded up to the nearest whole point after applying all multipliers. Reception While most par
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen%20Lindegaard
Jørgen Lindegaard (born 7 October 1948) is a Danish businessman who has held several major posts in large Danish and Scandinavian companies. Most famously, he was CEO of the SAS Group from May 2001 – late 2006. Education and career He graduated with a master's degree in civil engineering from the Technical University of Denmark in 1975 and started working for Philips Telekommunikation, a subsidiary of the Dutch Philips conglomerate, where he stayed until 1977. At that time he joined Fyns Telefon, a now defunct regional unit of the Danish national telecoms company TDC A/S. In 1991, after 14 years at Fyns Telefon, he joined KTAS the regional equivalent telecoms unit for Copenhagen where he stayed for 4 years until joining GN Store Nord. After more than 25 years in the telecoms industry he was headhunted to become the CEO of SAS, where he oversaw a turbulent time in the international aviation industry including 9/11 and the deadly crash at Milan Linate of Scandinavian Airlines flight SK686 on 8 October 2001. At the same time, rising oil prices and several staff disputes over pay, staff cuts and working conditions hampered his ability to institute the necessary turn-around at SAS. At the time of his departure, the company was still in severe financial difficulties. He left the company in 2006 to become the CEO of the world's largest facilities management company, and Denmark's largest global employer, ISS A/S. At the press conference in Stockholm announcing his resignation fro