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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEP%20subgroup
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to have the Congruence Extension Property or to be a CEP subgroup if every congruence on the subgroup lifts to a congruence of the whole group. Equivalently, every normal subgroup of the subgroup arises as the intersection with the subgroup of a normal subgroup of the whole group.
In symbols, a subgroup is a CEP subgroup in a group if every normal subgroup of can be realized as where is normal in .
The following facts are known about CEP subgroups:
Every retract has the CEP.
Every transitively normal subgroup has the CEP.
References
.
.
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retract%20%28group%20theory%29
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is termed a retract if there is an endomorphism of the group that maps surjectively to the subgroup and is the identity on the subgroup. In symbols, is a retract of if and only if there is an endomorphism such that for all and for all .
The endomorphism is an idempotent element in the transformation monoid of endomorphisms, so it is called an idempotent endomorphism or a retraction.
The following is known about retracts:
A subgroup is a retract if and only if it has a normal complement. The normal complement, specifically, is the kernel of the retraction.
Every direct factor is a retract. Conversely, any retract which is a normal subgroup is a direct factor.
Every retract has the congruence extension property.
Every regular factor, and in particular, every free factor, is a retract.
See also
Retraction (category theory)
Retraction (topology)
References
Group theory
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%20%28group%29
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, the norm of a group is the intersection of the normalizers of all its subgroups. This is also termed the Baer norm, after Reinhold Baer.
The following facts are true for the Baer norm:
It is a characteristic subgroup.
It contains the center of the group.
It is contained inside the second term of the upper central series.
It is a Dedekind group, so is either abelian or has a direct factor isomorphic to the quaternion group.
If it contains an element of infinite order, then it is equal to the center of the group.
References
Group theory
Functional subgroups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovations%20in%20Systems%20and%20Software%20Engineering
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Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering: A NASA Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of computer science covering systems and software engineering, including formal methods. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of NASA. The editors-in-chief are Michael Hinchey (University of Limerick) and Shawn Bohner (Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
References
External links
Academic journals established in 2005
Computer science journals
Systems engineering
Software engineering publications
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Formal methods publications
Quarterly journals
NASA mass media
Hybrid open access journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Gregory%20%28programmer%29
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Roger Everett Gregory is a US computer programmer, technologist, and scientist. Gregory's work in project Xanadu made him one of the earliest pioneers of hypertext technology, which helped lay the foundations for the hyperlink technology that underlies the World Wide Web.
Gregory attended the University of Michigan as a mathematics major. In the 1970s, he founded the Ann Arbor Computer Club, similar to the West Coast's Home Brew Computer Club.
In 1974 Gregory met Theodore Holm (Ted) Nelson, the author of Computer Lib/Dream Machines, and the thinker who coined the term "hypertext".
The pair became friends. In 1979 Nelson convinced Gregory to move from Michigan and join him in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, the small, sleepy college town outside of Philadelphia where Nelson earned his undergraduate degree, and first conceived the concept of a hypertext. Gregory's first summer in Swarthmore, characterized by Xanadu insiders as the "Swarthmore Summer", was a productive time, where Nelson and Gregory enjoyed the collaboration of other volunteers, including Stuart Greene and Mark S. Miller.
In 1988 Nelson, Gregory, and other members of their team, all moved to Sausalito, California, when Autodesk, a manufacturer of Computer aided design software, purchased a controlling interest in the Xanadu Project.
Later, as founder, CEO, CTO and Chairman of the Board of Xanadu Operating Company, Gregory led design and development of a hypertext technology that includes quotable documents w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20C.%20Boyd
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William Clouser Boyd (March 4, 1903 – February 19, 1983) was an American immunochemist. In the 1930s, with his wife Lyle, he made a worldwide survey of the distribution of blood types.
Biography
Born in Dearborn, Missouri, Boyd was educated at Harvard and Boston University. His career led to appointment as Professor of Immunochemistry at Boston University.
Boyd's signal contribution was to discover that human blood groups are inherited and not influenced by environment. By genetic analysis of blood groups he hypothesized that human races are populations that differ by alleles. On that basis, he divided the world population into 13 geographically distinct races with different blood group gene profiles. In 1955, Boyd co-published the book Races and People with Isaac Asimov; they were both then professors at Boston University School of Medicine.
Later, Boyd coined the term lectin. He also studied the blood groups of mummies.
Boyd also wrote and published several science fiction short stories in collaboration with his wife Lyle Boyd under the name "Boyd Ellanbee" (obviously standing for "Boyd, L and B", for Lyle and Bill). Once in 1957 he dared Asimov to invent a science-fiction story plot on the spot, and Asimov looked at Boyd's desk calculator and came up with the premise of "The Feeling of Power".
Boyd's papers were donated to the National Library of Medicine by Mrs. Cassandra Boyd in 1983.
Selected bibliography
Races and People, by Isaac Asimov and William C Boyd, 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20theory
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Classification theory may refer to:
For the practice and science of classification see Taxonomy and Library science
For the science of finding, describing and categorising organisms see alpha taxonomy
For classification theory in biology see Biological classification
For classification theory in mathematical model theory see stable theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPO
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LPO may refer to:
Lipid peroxidation
LPO-50, a flamethrower built by the Soviet Union
Law practice optimization
Landing Page Optimization
Leading Petty Officer
Legal Process Outsourcing
Lexicographic path ordering, a well-ordering in term rewriting (computer science)
Libertarian Party of Ohio
Libration point orbit
Licensed Post Office
Limited principle of omniscience
London Philharmonic Orchestra
Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra
Lactoperoxidase, an antibacterial protein present in milk and saliva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20Biology
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Advanced Placement (AP) Biology (also known as AP Bio) is an Advanced Placement biology course and exam offered by the College Board in the United States. For the 2012–2013 school year, the College Board unveiled a new curriculum with a greater focus on "scientific practices".
This course is designed for students who wish to pursue an interest in the life sciences. The College Board recommends successful completion of high school biology and high school chemistry before commencing AP Biology, although the actual prerequisites vary from school to school and from state to state. This course, nevertheless, is considered very challenging and one of the most difficult AP classes, as shown with AP Finals grade distributions.
Topic outline
The exam covers the following 8 units. The percentage indicates the portion of the multiple-choice section of the exam focused on each content area:
The course is based on and tests six skills, called scientific practices which include:
In addition to the topics above, students are required to be familiar with general lab procedure. Students should know how to collect data, analyze data to form conclusions, and apply those conclusions.
Exam
Students are allowed to use a four-function, scientific, or graphing calculator.
The exam has two sections: a 90 minute multiple choice section and a 90 minute free response section. There are 60 multiple choice questions and six free responses, two long and four short. Both sections are worth 50% of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20Physics%20B
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Advanced Placement (AP) Physics B was a physics course administered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. It was equivalent to a year-long introductory university course covering Newtonian mechanics, electromagnetism, fluid mechanics, thermal physics, waves, optics, and modern physics. The course was algebra-based and heavily computational; in 2015, it was replaced by the more concept-focused AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2.
Exam
The exam consisted of a 70 MCQ section, followed by a 6-7 FRQ section. Each section was 90 minutes and was worth 50% of the final score. The MCQ section banned calculators, while the FRQ allowed calculators and a list of common formulas. Overall, the exam was configured to approximately cover a set percentage of each of the five target categories:
Purpose
According to the College Board web site, the Physics B course provided "a foundation in physics for students in the life sciences, a pre medical career path, and some applied sciences, as well as other fields not directly related to science."
Discontinuation
Starting in the 2014–2015 school year, AP Physics B was no longer offered, and AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2 took its place. Like AP Physics B, both are algebra-based, and both are designed to be taught as year-long courses.
Grade distribution
The grade distributions for the Physics B scores from 2010 until its discontinuation in 2014 are as follows:
References
External links
College Board Course Description: Phys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20%28disambiguation%29
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Mathematics is a field of knowledge.
Mathematics may also refer to:
Music
Mathematics (album), a 1985 album by Melissa Manchester
"Mathematics" (Cherry Ghost song), a song by Cherry Ghost
"Mathematics" (Mos Def song), a song by Mos Def
Mathematics, an EP by The Servant
"Mathematics", a song by bbno$
"Mathematics", a song by Little Boots from Hands
"Mathematics", a song by Macintosh Plus from Floral Shoppe
Other uses
Mathematics (producer), a hip hop producer
Mathematics (UIL), an American student mathematics competition
Microsoft Mathematics, an educational program designed for Microsoft Windows
Mathematics Magazine, a publication of the Mathematical Association of America
See also
Math (disambiguation)
Mathematica (disambiguation)
:Category:Mathematics
Portal:Mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh%20Cambridge%20Survey
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The 7C Survey (7C) of radio sources was performed by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group using the Cambridge Low-Frequency Synthesis Telescope at Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory.
7
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet%20Spanel
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Harriet Rosa (née Albertsen) Spanel (January 15, 1939 – February 2, 2016) was an American politician and community volunteer.
Spanel was born in Audubon, Iowa and grew up on a farm. She graduated from Iowa State University with a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1961. She worked as a computer programmer for the Atomic Energy Commission at the Ames National Laboratory in Ames, Iowa. In 1964, Spanel, her husband, and their family moved to Bellevue, Washington. In 1968, Spanel, her husband, and their family moved to Bellingham, Washington. Spanel served on the Bellingham Planning Commission and on the Bellingham Parks and Recreation Commission. She was also involved with voter registration and studied at Fairhaven College at Western Washington University. Spanel served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1987 to 1993 and in the Washington State Senate from 1993 to 2009. She was a Democrat. Spanel died at her home in Bellingham, Washington.
References
1939 births
2016 deaths
People from Audubon, Iowa
People from Bellingham, Washington
Iowa State University alumni
Women state legislators in Washington (state)
Democratic Party members of the Washington House of Representatives
Democratic Party Washington (state) state senators
21st-century American women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint%20%28disambiguation%29
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A blueprint is a large-format reproduction, usually of an architectural or engineering plan.
Blueprint may also refer to
Books and print media
Blueprint (Plomin book), a 2018 book on human genetics by Robert Plomin
Blueprint (magazine), an architecture and design magazine
Blueprint (novel), a 1999 novel by Charlotte Kerner
Blueprint (yearbook), the yearbook of the Georgia Institute of Technology
Blueprint: Design Your Life, a defunct Martha Stewart magazine
Blueprint Newspaper, a Nigerian daily newspaper
Computing and engineering
Blueprint (CSS framework)
Blueprint (engine), a technique for tuning an engine for maximum performance
Blue Print (video game), a 1982 video game by Bally Midway
Blueprint 3D, a 2011 puzzle video game
Blueprints Visual Scripting, the visual scripting system in Unreal Engine
blueprintjs, a React-based UI toolkit
Music
Blueprint Records, record label, subsidiary of Voiceprint Records
Blueprint (rapper)
Albums
Blueprint (808 State album), 2011
Blueprint (Alice Bag album), 2018
Blueprint (Ferry Corsten album), 2017
Blueprint (Natalie MacMaster album), 2003
Blueprint (Rory Gallagher album), 1973
The Blueprint, by Jay-Z, 2001
The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse, by Jay-Z, 2002
The Blueprint 3, by Jay-Z, 2009
Blueprints (album), by Wage War, 2015
Songs
"blue print", a song by P-Model from Potpourri
"Blueprint", a 1987 song by the Rainbirds
Other uses
Blueprint (film), a 2003 German film by Rolf Schübel
Blueprint Skateboar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunomus
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Eunomus may refer to:
Biology
a bird, the dusky thrush (Turdus eunomus)
Geography
the ancient city also called Euromus
History
Eunomus, king of Sparta
Eunomus, an Athenian Admiral during the Corinthian War.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Neurath
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Hans Neurath (October 29, 1909 – April 2002) was a biochemist, a leader in protein chemistry, and the founding chairman of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Washington in Seattle. He was born in Vienna, Austria, and received his doctorate in 1933 from the University of Vienna. He then studied in London and at the University of Minnesota. In 1938, he was appointed professor at Duke University, where he established a research program on the physical chemistry of proteins.
Neurath was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a foreign member of the Max Planck Society of Germany.
Scientific research
Neurath had wide-ranging interests in the physical chemistry of proteins. He published seminal papers on protein structure and denaturation and debunked early models of protein structures, notably those of William Astbury. His research focused mainly on the proteolytic enzymes, which catalyze the hydrolysis of protein substrates.
Neurath's work on proteolytic enzymes included studies of trypsin, carboxypeptidase and thermolysin.
Neurath also studied other aspects of protein chemistry, such as protein denaturation and biological regulation.
Writing and editing
Neurath wrote more than 400 papers. He was founding editor of two journals: Biochemistry, which he edited from 1961 to 1991; and Protein Science, which he edited from 1991 to 1998. He also edited three volumes of "The Proteins," a reference work.
Wor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings%20of%20the%20American%20Mathematical%20Society
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Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics published by the American Mathematical Society. As a requirement, all articles must be at most 15 printed pages.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 0.813.
Scope
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society publishes articles from all areas of pure and applied mathematics, including topology, geometry, analysis, algebra, number theory, combinatorics, logic, probability and statistics.
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is indexed in the following databases:
Mathematical Reviews
Zentralblatt MATH
Science Citation Index
Science Citation Index Expanded
ISI Alerting Services
CompuMath Citation Index
Current Contents / Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences.
Other journals from the American Mathematical Society
Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society
Notices of the American Mathematical Society
Journal of the American Mathematical Society
Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
References
External links
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society on JSTOR
American Mathematical Society academic journals
Mathematics journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1950
1950 establishments in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Journal%20of%20Mathematics
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The American Journal of Mathematics is a bimonthly mathematics journal published by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
History
The American Journal of Mathematics is the oldest continuously published mathematical journal in the United States, established in 1878 at the Johns Hopkins University by James Joseph Sylvester, an English-born mathematician who also served as the journal's editor-in-chief from its inception through early 1884. Initially W. E. Story was associate editor in charge; he was replaced by Thomas Craig in 1880. For volume 7 Simon Newcomb became chief editor with Craig managing until 1894. Then with volume 16 it was "Edited by Thomas Craig with the Co-operation of Simon Newcomb" until 1898.
Other notable mathematicians who have served as editors or editorial associates of the journal include Frank Morley, Oscar Zariski, Lars Ahlfors, Hermann Weyl, Wei-Liang Chow, S. S. Chern, André Weil, Harish-Chandra, Jean Dieudonné, Henri Cartan, Stephen Smale, Jun-Ichi Igusa, and Joseph A. Shalika.
Fields medalist Cédric Villani has speculated that "the most famous article in its long history" may be a 1958 paper by John Nash, "Continuity of solutions of parabolic and elliptic equations".
Scope and impact factor
The American Journal of Mathematics is a general-interest (i.e., non-specialized) mathematics journal covering all the major areas of contemporary mathematics. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2009 impact factor is 1.337, ranking it 22nd out
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugacy-closed%20subgroup
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to be conjugacy-closed if any two elements of the subgroup that are conjugate in the group are also conjugate in the subgroup.
An alternative characterization of conjugacy-closed normal subgroups is that all class automorphisms of the whole group restrict to class automorphisms of the subgroup.
The following facts are true regarding conjugacy-closed subgroups:
Every central factor (a subgroup that may occur as a factor in some central product) is a conjugacy-closed subgroup.
Every conjugacy-closed normal subgroup is a transitively normal subgroup.
The property of being conjugacy-closed is transitive, that is, every conjugacy-closed subgroup of a conjugacy-closed subgroup is conjugacy-closed.
The property of being conjugacy-closed is sometimes also termed as being conjugacy stable. It is a known result that for finite field extensions, the general linear group of the base field is a conjugacy-closed subgroup of the general linear group over the extension field. This result is typically referred to as a stability theorem.
A subgroup is said to be strongly conjugacy-closed if all intermediate subgroups are also conjugacy-closed.
Examples and Non-Examples
Examples
Every subgroup of a commutative group is conjugacy closed.
Non-Examples
External links
Conjugacy-closed subgroup at the Group Properties Wiki
Central factor at the Group Properties Wiki
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Association%20of%20Volcanology%20and%20Chemistry%20of%20the%20Earth%27s%20Interior
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The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) is a learned society that focuses on research in volcanology, efforts to mitigate volcanic disasters, and research into closely related disciplines, such as igneous geochemistry and petrology, geochronology, volcanogenic mineral deposits, and the physics of the generation and ascent of magmas in the upper mantle and crust. It is one of eight constituent associations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).
IAVCEI is run by an executive committee whose membership changes every four years. The Executive determines policies for the Association, enacting them through a series of commissions and task groups. Bulletin of Volcanology is the journal of IAVCEI.
History
The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, a non-governmental organisation, was established in 1919. The Volcanology section of the IUGG, also founded in 1919, was the forerunner of the IAVCEI. It was formally constituted at the First General Assembly of the IUGG (Rome, 1922). The name was changed to International Association of Volcanology (IAV) at the Fourth General Assembly of the IUGG (Stockholm, 1930). IAV statutes and by-laws were adopted in Helsinki in 1960 and were revised in Zurich in 1967 and in Canberra in 1979. The association's present name was adopted in 1967 in order to harmonise with the name of the International Association of Seismology and the Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly%20normal%20subgroup
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to be weakly normal if whenever , we have .
Every pronormal subgroup is weakly normal.
References
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20format
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Data format in information technology may refer to:
Data type, constraint placed upon the interpretation of data in a type system
Signal (electrical engineering), a format for signal data used in signal processing
Recording format, a format for encoding data for storage on a storage medium
File format, a format for encoding data for storage in a computer file
Container format (digital), a format for encoding data for storage by means of a standardized audio/video codecs file format
Content format, a format for representing media content as data
Audio format, a format for encoded sound data
Video format, a format for encoded video data
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Goubeau
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Josef Goubeau (31 March 1901 in Augsburg, Germany – 18 October 1990 in Stuttgart) was a German chemist.
Life and work
Goubeau studied chemistry at the University of Munich starting from 1921 and attained a doctorate there 1926 on the atomic weight regulation of the potassiumin the group of Otto Hönigschmid under the supervision of Eduard Zintl. Subsequently, he worked at the University of Freiburg, the mountain academy Clausthal-Zellerfeld, where he made his postdoctoral lecture qualification in 1935 on the Raman effect in analytical chemistry. Starting from 1940 he became a university teacher at the University of Göttingen, and since 1951 professor at the technical University of Stuttgart. His focus of activity was the inorganic synthetic chemistry and spectroscopy of compounds of boron, silicon and phosphorus. Most important was his fundamental work about vibrational spectroscopy and to force constants as measure of the strength of chemical bonds.
Honours
Doctor HC of the Universities of Clausthal and Munich
Alfred Stock Memorial Prize of the Society of German Chemists
Member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
External links
Biographic note of the University of Stuttgart
References
19th-century German chemists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of the University of Stuttgart
1901 births
1990 deaths
Scientists from Augsburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Pelham%20Lee
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Henry Pelham Lee (1877–1953) was an English engine pioneer.
Biography
Lee was born in Putney the son of a London architect. Known as Horace by his family. Following his education at Bradfield College he studied electrical engineering in Kensington. He served with the Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars during the Boer War, and on his return to England he moved to Coventry to finish his engineering training with the Daimler Company.
In 1903, Lee left Daimler convinced that his future lay, not in electrical engineering, but in the development of the internal combustion engine. That year he, in partnership with Jens Stroyer, a Dane, founded the Lee Stroyer company in Coventry, producing petrol engines, and a limited number of cars.
Following the departure of Stroyer in 1905 Lee relocated and renamed the company Coventry Simplex. The company continued the production of engines which were used in many early cars including the Abbey, the Ashton-Evans, the Crouch 11/27 and Marendaz cars.
In 1917, Lee's engine company became Coventry Climax Engines, a company which, in the 1960s, produced championship Formula One and Two racing engines.
By the late 1930s, Lee had passed the running of Coventry Climax to his son, Leonard Pelham Lee.
References
1877 births
1953 deaths
British automotive engineers
People educated at Bradfield College
Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry officers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20Philosophy
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Quantum Philosophy is a 2002 book by the physicist Roland Omnès, in which he aims to show the non-specialist reader how modern developments in quantum mechanics allow the recovery of our common sense view of the world.
Book contents
Section I - a review of mathematics, epistemology and science from the classical to the early modern period.
Section II - a review of the ineluctable rise of formalism in mathematics and in fundamental physical science, which, Omnès argues, was not a choice, but was forced on researchers by the nature of the subject matter.
Section III - the central section of the book, in which the recovery of common sense, as outlined below, is presented.
Section IV - a short section of reflections on possible future steps.
Brief summary of Omnès' central argument
Omnès' project is not quite as it at first sounds. He is not trying to show that quantum mechanics itself can be understood in a common sense framework, quite the opposite. He argues that modern science has, necessarily, become more and more formal, and more and more remote from common sense, as it strives to make itself an accurate reflection of the physical world. But he argues that we have now come near enough to scaling the 'magnificent peaks' of the formal mathematics needed to describe reality for one thing to have finally become clear: it is now possible to demonstrate, formally, and starting from the underlying principles of quantum mechanics, that the laws of classical logic, classica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Griffiths%20%28physicist%29
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Robert B. Griffiths (February 25, 1937) is an American physicist at Carnegie Mellon University. He is the originator of the consistent histories approach to quantum mechanics, which has since been developed by himself, Roland Omnès, Murray Gell-Mann, and James Hartle.
Early life and education
Robert B. Griffiths was born in Etah, Uttar Pradesh in 1937 to Presbyterian missionaries. Griffiths attended Woodstock School, India from fourth standard to tenth, along with his brothers and sisters. Even during his Woodstock days, Griffiths' mathematical and scientific aptitude was apparent. The 1952 year book remarks that "Robert is famous for his long arguments (and unsurpassed knowledge) in chemistry class, his ability to 'recite' the log tables indelibly written in his brain, and his skill when it comes to fixing anything electrical." This knack for electrical systems kept Griffiths at Woodstock through part of 1953, working with the school's various wiring systems.
Academic career
Following his time at Woodstock, Griffiths attended Princeton University where he earned a BA in physics in 1957. He then earned both an MSc and PhD in physics from Stanford University in 1958 and 1962 respectively. He was a postdoctoral fellow of the University of California, San Diego, from 1962–1964, assistant professor at Carnegie Mellon University from 1964–1967, becoming associate professor in 1967 and professor in 1969. Since that time, Griffiths' academic contributions have been widely recogniz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiachra%20Trench
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Fiachra Terence Wilbrah Trench (born 7 September 1941, in Dublin, County Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish musician and composer from Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland.
Trench first studied Chemistry at Trinity College, Dublin, before moving on to the University of Georgia in 1963, and then the University of Cincinnati. From 1969 to 1991, he lived and worked in London. In 1972, he co-produced, and played keyboards on, the If album Waterfall, as well as appearing on Solid Gold Cadillac's eponymous first album. In 1973, he played piano on the If album Double Diamond.
He and his songwriting partner of the 1980s Ian Levine wrote and produced some popular hi-NRG club hits of the era for Miquel Brown, Barbara Pennington and Evelyn Thomas. It was through Levine that he came to co-write the theme tune for the 1981 BBC Doctor Who spin-off K-9 and Company. He is credited with the string arrangements on the Boomtown Rats' "I Don't Like Mondays" and "Fairytale of New York" by the Pogues. Other artists he has worked with include Van Morrison on his 1989 album Avalon Sunset, Elvis Costello, Art Garfunkel, Sinéad O'Connor, the Corrs, Phil Lynott (including the orchestral arrangements on Lynott's solo hit "Old Town"), Sweet (arrangement and piano on early hits), Joan Armatrading and Paul McCartney. His string arrangements on the Van Morrison song, Have I Told You Lately, are among his most beautiful works. He taught McCartney's late wife Linda to play the piano. In 1996, he conducted the Frenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Matthews%20%28inventor%29
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Gordon Matthews (July 26, 1936 – February 23, 2002) was an American inventor and businessman and started one of the first companies which pioneered the commercialization of voicemail.
History
Matthews was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. After graduating from the University of Tulsa in 1959, with a bachelor's degree in engineering physics, Matthews joined the U.S. Marine Corps as an aviator.
Matthews' involvement in trying to mesh human voices to technology was many years in the making. A fellow friend and pilot perished in a mid-air collision, which Matthews believed was caused when he momentarily took his eyes off of his plane's controls to adjust his radio frequency. After he was discharged from the military, Matthews went to work for IBM to help develop voice-activated cockpit controls which would help lessen similar types of catastrophic errors in the future. After IBM, Matthews went to work for Texas Instruments in 1966.
Inspiration and first commercial system
Matthews has said that the inspiration for his invention came in 1970, while visiting a client's office on business. He noticed a number of trash bins overflowing with message slips used by receptionists and secretaries to inform their bosses that someone tried to call him while he was in a meeting or otherwise unable to take the call himself. Very quickly, he developed a concept for an electronic system to store and receive messages. His first attempt, he said, "...required 64 telephone lines, 114 Intel 8086 micropro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degen%27s%20eight-square%20identity
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In mathematics, Degen's eight-square identity establishes that the product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of eight squares, is itself the sum of eight squares.
Namely:
First discovered by Carl Ferdinand Degen around 1818, the identity was independently rediscovered by John Thomas Graves (1843) and Arthur Cayley (1845). The latter two derived it while working on an extension of quaternions called octonions. In algebraic terms the identity means that the norm of product of two octonions equals the product of their norms: . Similar statements are true for quaternions (Euler's four-square identity), complex numbers (the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci two-square identity) and real numbers. In 1898 Adolf Hurwitz proved that there is no similar bilinear identity for 16 squares (sedenions) or any other number of squares except for 1,2,4, and 8. However, in the 1960s, H. Zassenhaus, W. Eichhorn, and A. Pfister (independently) showed there can be a non-bilinear identity for 16 squares.
Note that each quadrant reduces to a version of Euler's four-square identity:
and similarly for the other three quadrants.
Comment: The proof of the eight-square identity is by algebraic evaluation. The eight-square identity can be written in the form of a product of two inner products of 8-dimensional vectors, yielding again an inner product of 8-dimensional vectors: . This defines the octonion multiplication rule , which reflects Degen's 8-square identity and the mathematics of octonions.
By Pf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopa%20%28biology%29
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A scopa (plural scopae; Latin for "broom") is any of a number of different modifications on the body of a non-parasitic bee that form a pollen-carrying apparatus. In most species of bees, the scopa is simply a dense mass of elongated, often branched, hairs (or setae) on the hind leg. When present on the hind legs, the modified hairs are, at a minimum, on the tibia, but some bees also have modified hairs on the femur and/or trochanter. A few bees have, in addition to the leg hairs, many modified hairs on the ventral surface of the abdomen which are also used in pollen transport; one family of bees, the Megachilidae, lack modified leg hairs, but have an extensive scopa on the underside of the abdomen (see photo).
Honey bees and bumblebees have a more highly-developed structure than the scopa: the corbicula, or pollen basket. Various species of bees have other types of modified hairs that collect pollen, floral oils, or other chemicals from plants; such hairs may be borne on the face, mouthparts, or the front or middle legs, but such hairs are not called scopae. The term "scopa" is restricted to hairs adapted to the transport of pollen.
Some species of bees transport pollen internally in the crop, and they lack a scopa, as do kleptoparasitic bees, which do not gather their own pollen.
See also
Corbicula
References
Pollination
Bees
Arthropod anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Hyam%20Rubinstein
|
Joachim Hyam Rubinstein FAA (born 7 March 1948, in Melbourne) an Australian top mathematician specialising in low-dimensional topology; he is currently serving as an honorary professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Melbourne, having retired in 2019.
He has spoken and written widely on the state of the mathematical sciences in Australia, with particular focus on the impacts of reduced Government spending for university mathematics departments.
Education
In 1965, Rubinstein matriculated (i.e. graduated) from Melbourne High School in Melbourne, Australia winning the maximum of four exhibitions. In 1969, he graduated from Monash University in Melbourne, with a B.Sc.(Honours) degree in mathematics.
In 1974, Rubinstein received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley under the advisership of John Stallings. His dissertation was on the topic of Isotopies of Incompressible Surfaces in Three Dimensional Manifolds.
Research interests
His major contributions include results involving almost normal Heegaard splittings and the closely related joint work with Jon T. Pitts relating strongly irreducible Heegaard splittings to minimal surfaces, joint work with William Jaco on special triangulations of 3-manifolds (namely 0-efficient and 1-efficient triangulations), and joint work with Martin Scharlemann on the Rubinstein–Scharlemann graphic. He is a key figure in the algorithmic theory of 3-manifolds, and one of the initial develo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20McDonnell
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Eugene Edward McDonnell (October 18, 1926 – August 17, 2010) was a computer science pioneer and long-time contributor to the programming language siblings APL and J.
He was a graduate of Brooklyn Technical High School. After serving as an infantry corporal in the U.S. Army in World War II, he attended the University of Kentucky, graduating in 1949 summa cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He was awarded a First Year Graduate Fellowship to Harvard University, where he studied comparative literature, particularly Dante's Divine Comedy.
Studying the poems of Robert Frost, he noticed that the first two poems in Frost's book West-Running Brook, "Spring Pools" and "The Freedom of the Moon", not only discuss reflecting, but the rhyme schemes of the two reflect each other: AABCBC and CBCBAA. When he met Frost, he was delighted to find that they had both committed the 193 lines of John Milton's "Lycidas" to memory.
His first work at IBM was in the design of IBM's first time-sharing system, which became a very early host to IVSYS (for Iverson system), a predecessor of APL. In 1968, he became a colleague of Ken Iverson, used Iverson notation before APL was named, and was active in the very earliest days of APL. He holds (3 September 1968) "Information Transfer Control System" allowing communication between two users. In 1978, he left IBM and joined I. P. Sharp Associates, retiring therefrom in 1990.
At IBM, McDonnell devised the notation for the signum and circle function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20E.%20Gomory
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Ralph Edward Gomory (born May 7, 1929) is an American applied mathematician and executive. Gomory worked at IBM as a researcher and later as an executive. During that time, his research led to the creation of new areas of applied mathematics.
After his career in the corporate world, Gomory became the president of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, where he oversaw programs dedicated to broadening public understanding in three key areas: the economic importance of science and research; the effects of globalization on the United States; and the role of technology in education.
Gomory has written extensively on the nature of technology development, industrial competitiveness, models of international trade, social issues under current economics and law, and the function of the corporation in a globalizing world.
Biography
Gomory is the son of Andrew L. Gomory and Marian Schellenberg. He graduated from George School in Newtown, PA in 1946. He received his B.A. from Williams College in 1950, studied at Cambridge University, and received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1954.
He served in the U.S. Navy from 1954 to 1957. While serving in the Navy, he shifted his focus to applied mathematics in operations research. Among his mathematical achievements were founding contributions to the field of integer programming, an active area of research to this day. He was Higgins lecturer and assistant professor at Princeton University, 1957-59. He joined the Research Divis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procynosuchus
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Procynosuchus (Greek: "Before dog crocodile") is an extinct genus of cynodonts from the Late Permian. It is considered to be one of the earliest and most basal cynodonts. It was 60 cm (2 ft) long.
Remains of Procynosuchus have been found in Russia, Germany, Zambia and South Africa.
Paleobiology
As one of the earliest cynodonts, Procynosuchus has many primitive features, but it also has features that distinguish it from all other early therapsids. Some of these features were interpreted by Kemp (1980) as adaptations for a semi-aquatic lifestyle. For example, the wide zygapophyses of the vertebrae allow for a high degree of lateral flexibility, and Procynosuchus may have used anguilliform locomotion, or eel-like undulation, to swim through the water. The tail of Procynosuchus is also unusually long for a cynodont. The long haemal arches would have given the tail a large lateral surface area for greater propulsion through the water. Relatively flat foot bones may also have been an adaptation toward swimming, as the feet may have been used like paddles. Ridges on the femur are an indication of strong flexor muscles that could have stabilized the leg during limb-driven swimming. When the thigh is pulled back in the water, the lower leg tends to bend forward. Strong flexor muscles would have pulled the lower leg back with the femur, providing the powerful backward thrust that is needed to swim.
Discovery
Procynosuchus was named by South African paleontologist Robert Broom in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20I.%20Goldstein
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Joseph Irwin Goldstein (January 6, 1939 – June 27, 2015) was an American scientist and engineer, working mainly in the fields of materials science and mechanical engineering. He was a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and emeritus Dean of Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. His research into the nature of outer-space materials led to the naming of an asteroid after him in 2000, 4989 Joegoldstein.
His early research was at MIT, where he received a B.S. in 1960, an S.M. in 1962 and an Sc.D. in 1964.
From 1964 to 1983, Goldstein was a professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Lehigh University. During a sabbatical year in 1975, Goldstein discovered that analytical electron microscopy could resolve the solute profiles in synthetic meteoritic materials. He used the technique of AEM to supplement his extensive Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. He initiated the Lehigh University Summer Microscopy School in 1970 and these continue today, teaching both SEM and AEM microprobe techniques. Goldstein was the lead author, in collaboration with several fellow LUSMS faculty members, of four editions of Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. The text is used worldwide in electron microscopy seminars and graduate courses.
In 1983, Goldstein became Vice President for Graduate Studies and Research at Lehigh.
In 1990, Goldstein moved to UMass to become Dean of Engineering, a position he held until 2004.
In 1999 he received the Henry Cli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECA
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Meca or MECA may refer to:
Biology
mecA (gene), responsible for methicillin resistance in MRSA
Meca (moth), a snout moth genus in the subfamily Pyralinae
Places
Meca (Alenquer), Portugal, a parish
Los Caños de Meca, a seaside village in Spain
Maine College of Art
Middle East Center for the Arts, at Mana Contemporary in Jersey City, New Jersey
Other
Maritime E-Commerce Association
Marriage Equality California
Meca (footballer) (born 1978), Spanish footballer
Meca Tanaka, Japanese shojo manga artist,
See also
Mecca, a city in present-day Saudi Arabia
Mecca (disambiguation)
Mecha (disambiguation)
Meca astralis, a species of moth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination%20sphere
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In coordination chemistry, the first coordination sphere refers to the array of molecules and ions (the ligands) directly attached to the central metal atom. The second coordination sphere consists of molecules and ions that attached in various ways to the first coordination sphere.
First coordination sphere
The first coordination sphere refers to the molecules that are attached directly to the metal. The interactions between the first and second coordination spheres usually involve hydrogen-bonding. For charged complexes, ion pairing is important.
In hexamminecobalt(III) chloride ([Co(NH3)6]Cl3), the cobalt cation plus the 6 ammonia ligands comprise the first coordination sphere. The coordination sphere of this ion thus consists of a central MN6 core "decorated" by 18 N−H bonds that radiate outwards.
Second coordination sphere
Metal ions can be described as consisting of series of two concentric coordination spheres, the first and second. More distant from the second coordination sphere, the solvent molecules behave more like "bulk solvent." Simulation of the second coordination sphere is of interest in computational chemistry. The second coordination sphere can consist of ions (especially in charged complexes), molecules (especially those that hydrogen bond to ligands in the first coordination sphere) and portions of a ligand backbone. Compared to the first coordination sphere, the second coordination sphere has a less direct influence on the reactivity and chemical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone%20Zeal
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Zone Zeal was the 2002 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. In it, robots playing in alliances of two competed to move goals and balls into various zones within the playing field.
Playing Field
The playing field was divided into fifths called zones. At the beginning of the match, there were 40 balls arranged along the sides of the field in the center zone and the two adjacent zones. In the center zone were three mobile goals.
The zones were numbered 1 to 5. The Blue team could score by placing ball-filled goals in zones 4 or 5, and could score a bonus 10 points for every goal in zone 4. At the end of the match, for every robot Blue had in zone 1, Blue would score 10 points. For the red alliance, it was the opposite. Balls could be scored in zones 1 or 2, goals would receive bonus points for being in zone 2, and robots scored 10 points each for ending the match in zone 5.
Scoring
The primary source of points in Zone Zeal was placing balls in the mobile goals, then moving the goal into the appropriate zone. For every ball in a goal, an alliance received 1 point. For every goal in the alliance's goal zone at the end of the match, the alliance would receive 10 points. Further, the team received 10 points for every robot in the robot zone at the end of the match.
Events
The following regional events were held in 2002:
Buckeye Regional - Cleveland, Ohio
Canadian Regional - Mississauga, Ontario
Great Lakes Regional - Ypsilanti, Michigan
Johnson & Johnson Mid-Atlantic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20biology
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Forensic biology is the use of biological principles and techniques in the context of law enforcement investigations.
Forensic biology mainly focuses on DNA sequencing of biological matter found at crime scenes. This assists investigators in identifying potential suspects or unidentified bodies.
Forensic biology has many sub-branches, such as forensic anthropology, forensic entomology, forensic odontology, forensic pathology, and forensic toxicology.
Disciplines
History
The first known briefings of forensic procedures still used today are recorded as far back as the 7th century through the concept of utilizing fingerprints as a means of identification.
By the 7th century, forensic procedures were used to account criminals of guilt charges among other things.
Nowadays, the practice of autopsies and forensic investigations has seen a significant surge in both public interest and technological advancements. One of the early pioneers in employing these methods, which would later evolve into the field of forensics, was Alphonse Bertillon, who is also known as the "father of criminal identification". In 1879, he introduced a scientific approach to personal identification by developing the science of anthropometry. This method involved a series of body measurements for distinguishing one human individual from another.
Karl Landsteiner later made further significant discoveries in forensics. In 1901, he found out that blood could be categorized into different groups: A, B,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett%20equation
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In organic chemistry, the Hammett equation describes a linear free-energy relationship relating reaction rates and equilibrium constants for many reactions involving benzoic acid derivatives with meta- and para-substituents to each other with just two parameters: a substituent constant and a reaction constant. This equation was developed and published by Louis Plack Hammett in 1937 as a follow-up to qualitative observations in his 1935 publication.
The basic idea is that for any two reactions with two aromatic reactants only differing in the type of substituent, the change in free energy of activation is proportional to the change in Gibbs free energy. This notion does not follow from elemental thermochemistry or chemical kinetics and was introduced by Hammett intuitively.
The basic equation is:
where
= Reference constant
= Substituent constant
= Reaction rate constant
relating the equilibrium constant, , for a given equilibrium reaction with substituent R and the reference constant when R is a hydrogen atom to the substituent constant which depends only on the specific substituent R and the reaction rate constant ρ which depends only on the type of reaction but not on the substituent used.
The equation also holds for reaction rates k of a series of reactions with substituted benzene derivatives:
In this equation is the reference reaction rate of the unsubstituted reactant, and k that of a substituted reactant.
A plot of for a given equilibrium versus for a giv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMCS
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LMCS may refer to:
Lockheed Martin Control Systems, the former name of the Platform Solutions division of BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support
Logical Methods in Computer Science, a scientific journal in theoretical computer science
IEEE 802, the LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMCS)
See also
LMC (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFX
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KFX may refer to:
Computing
KFX (program), the kernel language of FX-87, a polymorphic typed functional language
Kameleon FireEx KFX, a computational fluid dynamics simulation program focusing on gas dispersion and fire simulation.
.kfx, a proprietary ebook format for the Amazon Kindle
Kofax (stock ticker: KFX), process automation software provider
Other uses
Kullui (ISO 639 language code: kfx)
KAI KF-X, a South Korean project for development of an indigenous fighter aircraft
KFX, a series of ATVs, see List of Kawasaki motorcycles
OMX Copenhagen 20, a stock market index for the Copenhagen Stock Exchange, formerly known as KFX
See also
KFXS radio station
KF (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Union%20of%20Geodesy%20and%20Geophysics
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The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG; , UGGI) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the scientific study of Earth and its space environment using geophysical and geodetic techniques.
The IUGG was established in Brussels, Belgium in 1919. Some areas within its scope are environmental preservation, reduction of the effects of natural hazards, and mineral resources.
The IUGG is a member of the International Science Council (ISC), which is composed of international scholarly and scientific institutions and national academies of sciences.
Objectives
IUGG's objectives are the promotion and coordination of studies related to Earth's physical, chemical and mathematical representation. This includes geometrical shape, internal structure, gravity and magnetic fields, seismicity, volcanism, hydrologic cycle, glaciers, oceans, atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere of Earth. It also includes solar, lunar and planetary studies.
Structures
The IUGG consists of eight semi-autonomous associations:
International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS)
International Association of Geodesy (IAG)
International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA)
International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)
International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS)
International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO)
International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging%20ligand
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In coordination chemistry, a bridging ligand is a ligand that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually all complex organic compounds can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually restricted to small ligands such as pseudohalides or to ligands that are specifically designed to link two metals.
In naming a complex wherein a single atom bridges two metals, the bridging ligand is preceded by the Greek letter mu, μ, with a subscript number denoting the number of metals bound to the bridging ligand. μ2 is often denoted simply as μ. When describing coordination complexes care should be taken not to confuse μ with η ('eta'), which relates to hapticity. Ligands that are not bridging are called terminal ligands.
List of bridging ligands
Virtually all ligands are known to bridge, with the exception of amines and ammonia. Common bridging ligands include most of the common anions.
Many simple organic ligands form strong bridges between metal centers. Many common examples include organic derivatives of the above inorganic ligands (R = alkyl, aryl): , , , (imido), (phosphido, note the ambiguity with the preceding entry), (phosphinidino), and many more.
Examples
Bonding
For doubly bridging (μ2-) ligands, two limiting representation are 4-electron and 2-electron bonding interactions. These cases are illustrated in main group chemistry by and . Complicating this analysis is the possibility of metal–metal bonding. Co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocchi%20number
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In mathematics, the Genocchi numbers Gn, named after Angelo Genocchi, are a sequence of integers that satisfy the relation
The first few Genocchi numbers are 0, −1, −1, 0, 1, 0, −3, 0, 17 , see .
Properties
The generating function definition of the Genocchi numbers implies that they are rational numbers. In fact, G2n+1 = 0 for n ≥ 1 and (−1)nG2n is an odd positive integer.
Genocchi numbers Gn are related to Bernoulli numbers Bn by the formula
Combinatorial interpretations
The exponential generating function for the signed even Genocchi numbers (−1)nG2n is
They enumerate the following objects:
Permutations in S2n−1 with descents after the even numbers and ascents after the odd numbers.
Permutations π in S2n−2 with 1 ≤ π(2i−1) ≤ 2n−2i and 2n−2i ≤ π(2i) ≤ 2n−2.
Pairs (a1,…,an−1) and (b1,…,bn−1) such that ai and bi are between 1 and i and every k between 1 and n−1 occurs at least once among the ai's and bi's.
Reverse alternating permutations a1 < a2 > a3 < a4 >…>a2n−1 of [2n−1] whose inversion table has only even entries.
See also
Euler number
References
Richard P. Stanley (1999). Enumerative Combinatorics, Volume 2, Exercise 5.8. Cambridge University Press.
Gérard Viennot, Interprétations combinatoires des nombres d'Euler et de Genocchi, Seminaire de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux, Volume 11 (1981-1982)
Serkan Araci, Mehmet Acikgoz, Erdoğan Şen, Some New Identities of Genocchi Numbers and Polynomials
Eponymous numbers in mathematics
Integer sequ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle%20of%20least%20effort
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The principle of least effort is a broad theory that covers diverse fields from evolutionary biology to webpage design. It postulates that animals, people, and even well-designed machines will naturally choose the path of least resistance or "effort." It is closely related to many other similar principles (see principle of least action or other articles listed below). This is perhaps best known, or at least documented, among researchers in the field of library and information science. Their principle states that an information-seeking client will tend to use the most convenient search method in the least exacting mode available. Information-seeking behavior stops as soon as minimally acceptable results are found. This theory holds true regardless of the user's proficiency as a searcher, or their level of subject expertise. Also, this theory takes into account the user's previous information-seeking experience. The user will use the tools that are most familiar and easy to use that find results. The principle of least effort is known as a "deterministic description of human behavior". The principle of least effort applies not only in the library context, but also to any information-seeking activity. For example, one might consult a generalist co-worker down the hall rather than a specialist in another building, so long as the generalist's answers were within the threshold of acceptability.
The principle of least effort is analogous to the path of least resistance.
History
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment%20matrix
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In mathematics, a moment matrix is a special symmetric square matrix whose rows and columns are indexed by monomials. The entries of the matrix depend on the product of the indexing monomials only (cf. Hankel matrices.)
Moment matrices play an important role in polynomial fitting, polynomial optimization (since positive semidefinite moment matrices correspond to polynomials which are sums of squares) and econometrics.
Application in regression
A multiple linear regression model can be written as
where is the explained variable, are the explanatory variables, is the error, and are unknown coefficients to be estimated. Given observations , we have a system of linear equations that can be expressed in matrix notation.
or
where and are each a vector of dimension , is the design matrix of order , and is a vector of dimension . Under the Gauss–Markov assumptions, the best linear unbiased estimator of is the linear least squares estimator , involving the two moment matrices and defined as
and
where is a square normal matrix of dimension , and is a vector of dimension .
See also
Design matrix
Gramian matrix
Projection matrix
References
External links
Matrices
Least squares
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20electrical%20engineering
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Forensic electrical engineering is a branch of forensic engineering, and is concerned with investigating electrical failures and accidents in a legal context. Many forensic electrical engineering investigations apply to fires suspected to be caused by electrical failures. Forensic electrical engineers are most commonly retained by insurance companies or attorneys representing insurance companies, or by manufacturers or contractors defending themselves against subrogation by insurance companies. Other areas of investigation include accident investigation involving electrocution, and intellectual property disputes such as patent actions. Additionally, since electrical fires are most often cited as the cause for "suspect" fires an electrical engineer is often employed to evaluate the electrical equipment and systems to determine whether the cause of the fire was electrical in nature.
Goals
The ultimate goal of these investigations is often to determine the legal liability for a fire or other accident for purposes of insurance subrogation or an injury lawsuit. Some examples include:
Defective appliances: If a property fire was caused by an appliance which had a manufacturing or design defect (for example, a coffee maker overheating and igniting), making it unreasonably hazardous, the insurance company might attempt to collect the cost of the fire damage ("subrogate") from the manufacturer; if the fire caused personal injury or death, the injured party might also attempt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiaki%20Huzita
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Humiaki Huzita (Japanese: 藤田文章, Hepburn romanization: Fujita Fumiaki) was a Japanese-born, mathematician and origami artist who later became an Italian citizen. He is also a geologist and a physicist that focuses specifically on nuclear physics. He is best known for formulating the first six Huzita–Hatori axioms, which are rules associated with origami, the mathematics behind it, and the operations that form when folding a paper.
Biography and education
Humiaki Huzita was born in 1924 in Japan. After his basic education, he moved to Italy to attend the University of Padua. Here he studied nuclear physics and was eventually granted Italian citizenship. Though because of Japan's nationality laws, which do not allow dual citizenship, he was unable to live permanently in Japan following his retirement. Huzita, having lived in Japan and Italy, spoke both Japanese and Italian, however, he also spoke proficient English. This was advantageous for him and his cause, allowing him to spread his knowledge of origami and the geometry and mathematics behind it to a larger range of people.
Scientific career and contributions
Apart from origami, Humiaki Huzita studied nuclear physics. He has several publications on these topics. Some examples include the article "On the Analysis of the Slow Particles Emitted from Cosmic-Ray Stars" written with Shigeo Nakagawa, Eiji Tamai, and Kiyoaki Okudaira. This article discusses the measured diameter of the six unique tracks of stars ending in the G5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Rynasiewicz
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Robert Rynasiewicz is a professor of philosophy at Johns Hopkins University and an adjunct professor in philosophy and the Committee on History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Maryland.
Rynasiewicz earned his ScB. in physics from Brown University, and his PhD from the University of Minnesota. He has held NSF, NEH, and Mellon fellowships.
His research interests include Philosophy of Physics, Logic, Philosophy of Language, and Philosophy of psychology. His publications have chiefly addressed the history and foundations of space-time physics.
References
External links
philpapers
Hole Argument
Page at the Johns Hopkins University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Philosophers of language
Brown University alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Philosophers of science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20Internet%20routing%20daemon
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BIRD (recursive acronym for BIRD Internet Routing Daemon) is an open-source implementation for routing Internet Protocol packets on Unix-like operating systems. It was developed as a school project at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, and is distributed under the GNU General Public License.
BIRD supports Internet Protocol version 4 and version 6 by running separate daemons. It establishes multiple routing tables, and uses BGP, RIP, and OSPF routing protocols, as well as statically defined routes. Its design differs significantly from GNU Zebra, Quagga and FRRouting. Currently BIRD is included in many Linux distributions, such as Debian, Ubuntu and Fedora.
BIRD is used in several Internet exchanges, such as the London Internet Exchange (LINX), LONAP, DE-CIX and MSK-IX as a route server, where it replaced Quagga because of its scalability issues. According to the 2012 Euro-IX survey, BIRD is the most used route server amongst European Internet exchanges.
In 2010, CZ.NIC, the current sponsor of BIRD development, received the LINX Conspicuous Contribution Award for contribution of BIRD to the advancement in route server technology.
Design
BIRD implements an internal routing table to which the supported protocols connect. Most of these protocols import network routes to this internal routing table and also export network routes from this internal routing table to the given protocol. This way information about network routes is exchanged amo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%20cube
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In mathematics, a Cantor cube is a topological group of the form {0, 1}A for some index set A. Its algebraic and topological structures are the group direct product and product topology over the cyclic group of order 2 (which is itself given the discrete topology).
If A is a countably infinite set, the corresponding Cantor cube is a Cantor space. Cantor cubes are special among compact groups because every compact group is a continuous image of one, although usually not a homomorphic image. (The literature can be unclear, so for safety, assume all spaces are Hausdorff.)
Topologically, any Cantor cube is:
homogeneous;
compact;
zero-dimensional;
AE(0), an absolute extensor for compact zero-dimensional spaces. (Every map from a closed subset of such a space into a Cantor cube extends to the whole space.)
By a theorem of Schepin, these four properties characterize Cantor cubes; any space satisfying the properties is homeomorphic to a Cantor cube.
In fact, every AE(0) space is the continuous image of a Cantor cube, and with some effort one can prove that every compact group is AE(0). It follows that every zero-dimensional compact group is homeomorphic to a Cantor cube, and every compact group is a continuous image of a Cantor cube.
References
Topological groups
Georg Cantor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Forman%20%28historian%29
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Paul Forman (born 1937) is a historian of science and is the retired curator of the Division of Medicine and Science at the National Museum of American History. Forman's primary research focus has been the history of physics, in which he has helped pioneer the application of cultural history to scientific developments.
Forman is especially known for two controversial historical theses. The first (often called "the Forman thesis") regards the influence of German culture on early interpretations of quantum mechanics; Forman argued that the culture of Weimar Germany, through its emphasis on acausality, individuality and visualizability (Anschaulichkeit), contributed to the acceptance and interpretation of quantum mechanics. Forman's second thesis regards the influence of military funding on the character and course of scientific research; he argued that during World War II and the Cold War, the massive scale of defense-related funding prompted a shift in physics from basic to applied research, spurring considerable historical research on the effects of the military funding of science. Forman's recent work focuses on "characterization of the modern/postmodern transition in science, society, and culture."
Forman thesis
Forman (1971) argued the remarkable scientific achievements in quantum physics in Weimar Germany in the 1920s involved the cross-product of the hostile intellectual atmosphere whereby many scientists rejected Weimar Germany as an illegitimate state and in which t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%20Kurepa
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Milan V. Kurepa (1933–2000) was a renowned Serbian atomic physicist.
Biography
Kurepa was born on 1 May 1933 in town of Bačka Palanka, Vojvodina, Serbia. In 1956, he began his working at the Vinca Nuclear Institute in Belgrade. Kurepa graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Mathematics under Aleksandar Milojević, and later electrical engineering in the United Kingdom, under J. D. Craggs. His thesis topic was slow electron scattering off atoms and molecules.
Kurepa then joined the University of Belgrade physics department as an assistant professor. He became a professor in 1981 and continued in that position until his retirement in 1998. Kurepa often worked at Universities abroad, including Germany and the UK. Kurepa's pedagogical work at the undergraduate and graduate levels was highly valued. He was a coauthor of 12 university and 4 high-school textbooks.
In 1964, Kurepa joined the newly founded Institute of Physics at the University of Belgrade as a research scientist. There, he started the Atomic Physics Laboratory. Due primarily to Kurepa's leadership, the Atomic Physics Laboratory gained an international reputation in the field of electron collisions with atoms or molecules. At present, about a dozen of Kurepa's students are scientists and professors at leading universities in Australia, Belgium, the UK, France, Germany, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United States.
He was an outstanding organizer, coordinating numerous domestic and international conferences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Hetling
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John R. Hetling is an associate professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago in the Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering and department of ophthalmology and visual sciences. He is also the director of undergraduate studies for the department of bioengineering and the director of the Neural Engineering Vision Laboratory at UIC, and chief science officer of RetMap, Inc. At UIC, Hetling developed the first undergraduate course track in neural engineering, and in 2008, he and his students authored a widely accepted definition of the field.
Education
After graduating from Bates College in 1989 with a degree in biology, Hetling worked for two years in the neuroelectrophysiology laboratory of Patsy Dickinson at Bowdoin College studying rhythmic motor pattern generation. He then began his PhD at UIC in 1991 in the laboratory of David R. Pepperberg, which he completed in 1997. Following his PhD he did a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at UIC before being named a visiting assistant professor in the department of bioengineering, also at UIC. Hetling began his tenure track faculty position as an assistant professor at UIC in 1998.
Career
Hetling is an expert on the electrophysiology of vision, with accomplishments in retinal prosthesis and electrical stimulation therapy for retinal disease, leading to invited book chapters in leading Neural Engineering textbooks and earning the Excellence in Neural Engineering Award e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McWhirter%20%28mathematician%29
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See John McWhirter (disambiguation) for other people of the same name.
John G. McWhirter FRS FREng FIMA FInstP FIEE FLSW is a British mathematician and engineer in the field of signal processing.
John McWhirter attended Newry High School. He graduated in mathematics from Queen's University Belfast in 1970, and did his PhD there in 1973 on "The Virial Theorem in Collision Theory" under Benjamin Moiseiwitsch. He started working in the Signal Processing Group at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, Great Malvern, in the late 1970s, and has worked there for RSRE's successor organizations, currently QinetiQ. Prof. McWhirter left QinetiQ on 31 August 2007 to take up his current post as Distinguished Research Professor in Engineering at Cardiff University.
His work has mainly been in military areas including radar, sonar and communications, recently branching into civil applications. A particular interest is "blind" signal detection in which one does not know whether a signal is present, or its nature.
Awards and honours
1986 honorary visiting professor at Queen's University Belfast
1988 visiting professor at Cardiff University
1996 Elected as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng)
1999 Elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.
2000 Honorary Doctorate from the Queen's University Belfast
2002 Honorary Doctorate from the University of Edinburgh
2003 EURASIP European Group Technical Achievement Award
He is also a Fellow of the Institute of Physics. He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor%20Garc%C3%ADa-Molina
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Héctor García-Molina (15 November 1954 – 25 November 2019) was a Mexican-American computer scientist and Professor in the Departments of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. He was the advisor to Google co-founder Sergey Brin from 1993 to 1997 when Brin was a computer science student at Stanford.
Biography
Born in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico, García-Molina graduated in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies (ITESM) and received both a master's degree in Electrical Engineering (1975) and a doctorate in Computer Science (1979) from Stanford University.
From 1979 to 1991, García-Molina worked as a professor of the Computer Science Department at Princeton University in New Jersey. In 1992 he joined the faculty of Stanford University as the Leonard Bosack and Sandra Lerner Professor in the Departments of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering and has served as Director of the Computer Systems Laboratory (August 1994 – December 1997) and as chairman of the Computer Science Department from (January 2001 – December 2004). During 1994–1998, he was Principal Investigator for the Stanford Digital Library Project, the project from which the Google search engine emerged.
García-Molina has served at the U.S. President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) from 1997 to 2001 and has been a member of Oracle Corporation's Board of Directors since October 2001.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Shain
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Irving Shain (January 2, 1926 – March 6, 2018) was a chemistry professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He served as Chancellor of the university from 1977 to 1986.
Born in Seattle, Washington, Shain served in the United States Army from 1943 to 1946. He then attended the University of Washington, where he received his BS in 1949 and his Ph.D. in 1952, both in chemistry. He began teaching chemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1952, and later served as the vice chancellor from 1970 to 1975. From 1975 to 1977, he went to the University of Washington in order to serve as the vice president of academic affairs, before returning to UW–Madison to become the chancellor in 1977. Shain retired from the university in 1986, and worked for the Olin Corporation until his retirement in 1992.
Shain died on March 6, 2018, after a brief illness.
References
External links
American chemists
Science teachers
1926 births
2018 deaths
Educators from Seattle
Military personnel from Seattle
Scientists from Madison, Wisconsin
University of Washington alumni
University of Washington faculty
Leaders of the University of Wisconsin-Madison
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinreb
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Weinreb is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Joseph Weinreb (1869–1943), first chief rabbi of Toronto, Canada.
Daniel Weinreb (1959–2012), American programmer
Friedrich Weinreb (1910–1988), Jewish theologian
Lloyd Weinreb (1936–2021), Harvard Law School Professor
Steven M. Weinreb (born 1941), Penn State University Chemistry Professor
Tzvi Hersh Weinreb (born 1940), Rabbi and Executive Vice President of the Orthodox Union
See also
Weinreb ketone synthesis
Weinrib (disambiguation)
German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPST%20instanton
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In theoretical physics, the BPST instanton is the instanton with winding number 1 found by Alexander Belavin, Alexander Polyakov, Albert Schwarz and Yu. S. Tyupkin. It is a classical solution to the equations of motion of SU(2) Yang–Mills theory in Euclidean space-time (i.e. after Wick rotation), meaning it describes a transition between two different topological vacua of the theory. It was originally hoped to open the path to solving the problem of confinement, especially since Polyakov had proven in 1987 that instantons are the cause of confinement in three-dimensional compact-QED. This hope was not realized, however.
Description
The instanton
The BPST instanton is an essentially non-perturbative classical solution of the Yang–Mills field equations. It is found when minimizing the Yang–Mills SU(2) Lagrangian density:
with Fμνa = ∂μAνa – ∂νAμa + gεabcAμbAνc the field strength. The instanton is a solution with finite action, so that Fμν must go to zero at space-time infinity, meaning that Aμ goes to a pure gauge configuration. Space-time infinity of our four-dimensional world is S3. The gauge group SU(2) has exactly the same structure, so the solutions with Aμ pure gauge at infinity are mappings from S3 onto itself. These mappings can be labelled by an integer number q, the Pontryagin index (or winding number). Instantons have q = 1 and thus correspond (at infinity) to gauge transformations which cannot be continuously deformed to unity. The BPST solution is thus topologi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20coordinates
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In mathematics, orthogonal coordinates are defined as a set of coordinates in which the coordinate hypersurfaces all meet at right angles (note that superscripts are indices, not exponents). A coordinate surface for a particular coordinate is the curve, surface, or hypersurface on which is a constant. For example, the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates is an orthogonal coordinate system, since its coordinate surfaces constant, constant, and constant are planes that meet at right angles to one another, i.e., are perpendicular. Orthogonal coordinates are a special but extremely common case of curvilinear coordinates.
Motivation
While vector operations and physical laws are normally easiest to derive in Cartesian coordinates, non-Cartesian orthogonal coordinates are often used instead for the solution of various problems, especially boundary value problems, such as those arising in field theories of quantum mechanics, fluid flow, electrodynamics, plasma physics and the diffusion of chemical species or heat.
The chief advantage of non-Cartesian coordinates is that they can be chosen to match the symmetry of the problem. For example, the pressure wave due to an explosion far from the ground (or other barriers) depends on 3D space in Cartesian coordinates, however the pressure predominantly moves away from the center, so that in spherical coordinates the problem becomes very nearly one-dimensional (since the pressure wave dominantly depends only on time and the dist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oring
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Oring may refer to:
O-ring, a gasket or seal with an O-shaped cross-section
O-ring chain, a specialized type of roller chain
Oring language, in Nigeria
Orienteering
Fox Oring
OR-ing as an operation of logical disjunction, in logic, electronics, or computer science
Ring of O, the BDSM jewelry
O-Ring theory of economic development
O-Ring failure as a cause of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
O ring (smoke), trick while exhaling smoke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf%20conjecture
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In mathematics, Hopf conjecture may refer to one of several conjectural statements from differential geometry and topology attributed to Heinz Hopf.
Positively or negatively curved Riemannian manifolds
The Hopf conjecture is an open problem in global Riemannian geometry. It goes back to questions of Heinz Hopf from 1931. A modern formulation is:
A compact, even-dimensional Riemannian manifold with positive sectional curvature has positive Euler characteristic. A compact, (2d)-dimensional Riemannian manifold with negative sectional curvature has Euler characteristic of sign .
For surfaces, these statements follow from the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. For four-dimensional manifolds, this follows from the finiteness of the fundamental group and Poincaré duality and Euler–Poincaré formula equating for 4-manifolds the Euler characteristic with and Synge's theorem, assuring that the orientation cover is simply connected, so that the Betti numbers vanish . For 4-manifolds, the statement also follows from the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem as noticed by John Milnor in 1955 (written down by Shiing-Shen Chern in 1955.). For manifolds of dimension 6 or higher the conjecture is open. An example of Robert Geroch had shown that the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet integrand can become negative for . The positive curvature case is known to hold however for hypersurfaces in (Hopf) or codimension two surfaces embedded in . For sufficiently pinched positive curvature manifolds, the Hopf conjecture (in the po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic%20cylindrical%20coordinates
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In mathematics, parabolic cylindrical coordinates are a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system that results from projecting the two-dimensional parabolic coordinate system in the
perpendicular -direction. Hence, the coordinate surfaces are confocal parabolic cylinders. Parabolic cylindrical coordinates have found many applications, e.g., the potential theory of edges.
Basic definition
The parabolic cylindrical coordinates are defined in terms of the Cartesian coordinates by:
The surfaces of constant form confocal parabolic cylinders
that open towards , whereas the surfaces of constant form confocal parabolic cylinders
that open in the opposite direction, i.e., towards . The foci of all these parabolic cylinders are located along the line defined by . The radius has a simple formula as well
that proves useful in solving the Hamilton–Jacobi equation in parabolic coordinates for the inverse-square central force problem of mechanics; for further details, see the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector article.
Scale factors
The scale factors for the parabolic cylindrical coordinates and are:
Differential elements
The infinitesimal element of volume is
The differential displacement is given by:
The differential normal area is given by:
Del
Let be a scalar field. The gradient is given by
The Laplacian is given by
Let be a vector field of the form:
The divergence is given by
The curl is given by
Other differential operators can be expressed in the coordinat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topicity
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In stereochemistry, topicity is the stereochemical relationship between substituents and the structure to which they are attached. Depending on the relationship, such groups can be heterotopic, homotopic, enantiotopic, or diastereotopic.
Homotopic
Homotopic groups in a chemical compound are equivalent groups. Two groups A and B are homotopic if the molecule remains achiral when the groups are interchanged with some other atom (such as bromine) while the remaining parts of the molecule stay fixed. Homotopic atoms are always identical, in any environment. Homotopic NMR-active nuclei have the same chemical shift in an NMR spectrum. For example, the four hydrogen atoms of methane (CH4) are homotopic with one another, as are the two hydrogens or the two chlorines in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2).
Enantiotopic
The stereochemical term enantiotopic refers to the relationship between two groups in a molecule which, if one or the other were replaced, would generate a chiral compound. The two possible compounds resulting from that replacement would be enantiomers.
For example, the two hydrogen atoms attached to the second carbon in butane are enantiotopic. Replacement of one hydrogen atom (colored blue) with a bromine atom will produce (R)-2-bromobutane. Replacement of the other hydrogen atom (colored red) with a bromine atom will produce the enantiomer (S)-2-bromobutane.
Enantiotopic groups are identical and indistinguishable except in chiral environments. For instance, the CH2 hydr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor%20Goldschmidt
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Carl Theodor Wilhelm Goldschmidt (4 June 1817 – 4 January 1875) was a German entrepreneur and chemist.
Goldschmidt was born in Berlin. He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin, and then trained as a colorist, a specialist in dyeing textiles. On 8 December 1847, he founded a chemical factory in Berlin. In 1911, it became "Th. Goldschmidt AG". Goldschmidt was a city councilor in Berlin, was interested in philosophy and maintained close contacts with the famous chemists of his time.
Karl Goldschmidt and Hans Goldschmidt were his sons.
He died in 1875 in Berlin and was buried there. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem'spaye Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor. F
References
External links
http://www.degussa-geschichte.de/geschichte/de/persoenlichkeiten/theodor_goldschmidt.html
* http://www.degussa-geschichte.de/geschichte/en/inventions/monopol_soap.html
http://www.degussa-geschichte.de/geschichte/en/predecessors/goldschmidt.print.html
http://www.degussa-geschichte.de/geschichte/en/inventions/monopol_soap.html
1817 births
1875 deaths
19th-century German chemists
Scientists from Berlin
19th-century German Jews
Converts to Protestantism from Judaism
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Businesspeople from Berlin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarkko%20Kari
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Jarkko J. Kari is a Finnish mathematician and computer scientist, known for his contributions to the theory of Wang tiles and cellular automata. Kari is currently a professor at the Department of Mathematics, University of Turku.
Biography
Kari received his Ph.D. in 1990 from the University of Turku; his dissertation, supervised by Arto Salomaa.
He married Lila Kari, a later mathematics student at Turku; they divorced, and afterwards Lila Kari became a professor of computer science at the University of Western Ontario in Canada.
Research
Wang tiles are unit squares with colored markings on each side; they may be used to tesselate the plane, but only with tiles that have matching colors on adjoining edges. The problem of determining whether a set of Wang tiles forms a valid tessellation is undecidable, and its undecidability rests on finding sets of Wang tiles that can only tesselate the plane aperiodically, in such a way that no translation of the plane is a symmetry of the tiling. The first set of aperiodic Wang tiles found, by Robert Berger, had over 20,000 different tiles in it. Kari reduced the size of this set to only 14, by finding a set of tiles that (when used to tile the plane) simulates the construction of a Beatty sequence by Mealy machines. The same approach was later shown to lead to aperiodic sets of 13 tiles, the minimum known. Kari has also shown that the Wang tiling problem remains undecidable in the hyperbolic plane, and has discovered sets of Wang tile
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuruichi%20Hayashi
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was a Japanese mathematician and historian of Japanese mathematics. He was born in Tokushima, Japan.
He was the founder of the Tohoku Mathematical Journal.
References
Further reading
External links
The Extremal Chords of an Oval, by TSURUICHI HAYASHI, Sendai.
A Remark on the integral Equation solved by Mr. Hirakawa, by TSURUICHI HAYASHI in Sendai.
1873 births
1935 deaths
19th-century Japanese mathematicians
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
Historians of mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Addison%20Porter
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John Addison Porter (March 15, 1822 – August 25, 1866) was an American professor of chemistry and physician. He is the namesake of the John Addison Porter Prize and was a founder of the Scroll and Key senior society of Yale University.
Academic life
Porter was born in Catskill, New York.
Porter graduated from Yale College in 1842. At Yale, he, along with William Kingsley, publisher of The New Englander, and eleven others, founded the senior or secret society Scroll and Key and incorporated the Kingsley Trust Association in 1841.
He and moved to Philadelphia for further study. In 1844 he became a professor at Delaware College and remained there until 1847 when he moved to Germany to study at the University of Giessen under Justus von Liebig.
In 1850 he returned to the United States and became a professor at Brown University. He left in 1852 to take the place of the retiring Professor John Pitkin Norton at Sheffield Scientific School (then Yale Scientific School). He was the Professor of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry from 1852 to 1856, and Professor of Organic Chemistry from 1856 to 1864. He remained at Yale until he had to resign for health reasons in 1864, two years before his death in New Haven. In 1872 the Kingsley Trust endowed at Yale a prize in his honor to be given annually.
Personal life
In 1855 he married Josephine Earl Sheffield, daughter of Joseph E. Sheffield, whose name was to eventually adorn the school where he was professor for 12 years.
On
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine%20and%20cosine
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In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that of the hypotenuse. For an angle , the sine and cosine functions are denoted simply as and .
More generally, the definitions of sine and cosine can be extended to any real value in terms of the lengths of certain line segments in a unit circle. More modern definitions express the sine and cosine as infinite series, or as the solutions of certain differential equations, allowing their extension to arbitrary positive and negative values and even to complex numbers.
The sine and cosine functions are commonly used to model periodic phenomena such as sound and light waves, the position and velocity of harmonic oscillators, sunlight intensity and day length, and average temperature variations throughout the year. They can be traced to the and functions used in Indian astronomy during the Gupta period.
Notation
Sine and cosine are written using functional notation with the abbreviations sin and cos.
Often, if the argument is simple enough, the function value will be written without parentheses, as rather than as .
Each of sine and cosine is a function of an angle, which is usually e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelling%20%28physics%29
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In condensed-matter physics, channelling (or channeling) is the process that constrains the path of a charged particle in a crystalline solid.
Many physical phenomena can occur when a charged particle is incident upon a solid target, e.g., elastic scattering, inelastic energy-loss processes, secondary-electron emission, electromagnetic radiation, nuclear reactions, etc. All of these processes have cross sections which depend on the impact parameters involved in collisions with individual target atoms. When the target material is homogeneous and isotropic, the impact-parameter distribution is independent of the orientation of the momentum of the particle and interaction processes are also orientation-independent. When the target material is monocrystalline, the yields of physical processes are very strongly dependent on the orientation of the momentum of the particle relative to the crystalline axes or planes. Or in other words, the stopping power of the particle is much lower in certain directions than others. This effect is commonly called the "channelling" effect. It is related to other orientation-dependent effects, such as particle diffraction. These relationships will be discussed in detail later.
History
The channelling effect was first discovered in pioneering binary collision approximation computer simulations in 1963 in order to explain exponential tails in experimentally observed ion range distributions that did not conform to standard theories of ion penetratio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20character%20formula
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In mathematics, the Weyl character formula in representation theory describes the characters of irreducible representations of compact Lie groups in terms of their highest weights. It was proved by . There is a closely related formula for the character of an irreducible representation of a semisimple Lie algebra. In Weyl's approach to the representation theory of connected compact Lie groups, the proof of the character formula is a key step in proving that every dominant integral element actually arises as the highest weight of some irreducible representation. Important consequences of the character formula are the Weyl dimension formula and the Kostant multiplicity formula.
By definition, the character of a representation of G is the trace of , as a function of a group element . The irreducible representations in this case are all finite-dimensional (this is part of the Peter–Weyl theorem); so the notion of trace is the usual one from linear algebra. Knowledge of the character of gives a lot of information about itself.
Weyl's formula is a closed formula for the character , in terms of other objects constructed from G and its Lie algebra.
Statement of Weyl character formula
The character formula can be expressed in terms of representations of complex semisimple Lie algebras or in terms of the (essentially equivalent) representation theory of compact Lie groups.
Complex semisimple Lie algebras
Let be an irreducible, finite-dimensional representation of a complex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarov%20cyclization%20reaction
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The Nazarov cyclization reaction (often referred to as simply the Nazarov cyclization) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of cyclopentenones. The reaction is typically divided into classical and modern variants, depending on the reagents and substrates employed. It was originally discovered by Ivan Nikolaevich Nazarov (1906–1957) in 1941 while studying the rearrangements of allyl vinyl ketones.
As originally described, the Nazarov cyclization involves the activation of a divinyl ketone using a stoichiometric Lewis acid or protic acid promoter. The key step of the reaction mechanism involves a cationic 4π-electrocyclic ring closure which forms the cyclopentenone product (See Mechanism below). As the reaction has been developed, variants involving substrates other than divinyl ketones and promoters other than Lewis acids have been subsumed under the name Nazarov cyclization provided that they follow a similar mechanistic pathway.
The success of the Nazarov cyclization as a tool in organic synthesis stems from the utility and ubiquity of cyclopentenones as both motifs in natural products (including jasmone, the aflatoxins, and a subclass of prostaglandins) and as useful synthetic intermediates for total synthesis. The reaction has been used in several total syntheses and several reviews have been published.
Mechanism
The mechanism of the classical Nazarov cyclization reaction was first demonstrated experimentally by Charles Shoppee to be an int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate%20test
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A nitrate test is a chemical test used to determine the presence of nitrate ion in solution. Testing for the presence of nitrate via wet chemistry is generally difficult compared with testing for other anions, as almost all nitrates are soluble in water. In contrast, many common ions give insoluble salts, e.g. halides precipitate with silver, and sulfate precipitate with barium.
The nitrate anion is an oxidizer, and many tests for the nitrate anion are based on this property. However, other oxidants present in the analyte may interfere and give erroneous results.
Nitrate can also be detected by first reducing it to the more reactive nitrite ion and using one of many nitrite tests.
Brown ring test
A common nitrate test, known as the brown ring test can be performed by adding iron(II) sulfate to a solution of a nitrate, then slowly adding concentrated sulfuric acid such that the acid forms a layer below the aqueous solution. A brown ring will form at the junction of the two layers, indicating the presence of the nitrate ion. Note that the presence of nitrite ions will interfere with this test.
The overall reaction is the reduction of the nitrate ion to nitric oxide by iron(II), which is oxidised to iron(III), followed by the formation of nitrosyl ferrous sulfate between the nitric oxide and the remaining iron(II), where nitric oxide is reduced to NO−.
2HNO3 + 3H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 → 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O
[Fe(H2O)6]SO4 + NO → [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]SO4 + H2O
This test is sensitive u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Wilson%20%28professor%29
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Geoffrey Victor Herbert Wilson (23 September 1938 – 9 January 2020) was an internationally distinguished nuclear physicist who made contributions to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and low temperature physics. His research team achieved the lowest temperature ever recorded in Australia. He was born in Mentone, Victoria.
He was National President of the Australian Institute of Physics and held appointments as Chair of the Victorian and Queensland Vice-Chancellors’ Committees, Vice President and Acting President of the Australian Vice-Chancellors’ Committee. He has been Chair of the Boards of Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre, Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre and the Graduate Careers Council of Australia.
Wilson had a distinguished career as a physicist with more than 100 published papers in international scientific journals. He was a member of the Australian College of Educators and a director of the Australian Institute of Management.
After retiring from Deakin University he carried out extensive consulting including the development of drafts of the new National Protocols on Higher Education Processes and was a member of the Cooperative Research Centres Committee. He chaired the Board of AMCSearch. Deakin University awards the Geoff Wilson Medal "to celebrate the career of Professor Geoffrey Victor Herbert Wilson AM".
Wilson died on 9 January 2020 in Geelong, Victoria at the age of 81.
Appointments
Vice-Chancellor and President of Deakin University, 199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Oates
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Edward A. Oates (born 1946) is an American businessman. He co-founded Software Development Labs in August 1977 with Larry Ellison, and Bob Miner. Software Development Labs later became Oracle Corporation.
Education and early employment
Ed Oates graduated with a BA in mathematics from San Jose State University in 1968, and worked at Singer, the US Army Personnel Information Systems Command (PERSINSCOM) (drafted), Ampex, and Memorex before co-founding Oracle.
Audible Difference
After retiring from Oracle in 1996 Oates purchased a high-end home theater store, Audible Difference. Oates' clients included his ex-partner Larry Ellison and Steve Jobs. In 1999 he sold Audible Difference.
Other affiliations
Oates volunteers time on the board of directors of the San Francisco Zoological Society and the Tower Foundation Board of San Jose State University.
Personal life
In his spare time Ed skis, builds H0 scale model railroads and does video work for the Woodside Priory School Theater. He also plays guitar in the band Choc'd, and participated at Rock and Roll Fantasy Camp.
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
American computer businesspeople
American technology chief executives
American technology company founders
Oracle employees
San Jose State University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo-
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Halo- is a Greek prefix meaning "salt." In biology, it is often used to indicate halotolerance and is a portion of many words:
Halobacteria
Haloclasty
Halophile
Halophyte
See also
Halo (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20type
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B type or Type B may refer to:
Astronomy
B-type asteroid, a type of relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid
B-type giant, a type of blue giant star
B-type star, a type of star
Biology
B type blood, a type in the ABO blood group system
B type inclusion, a type of inclusions in cells infected with poxvirus
B-type natriuretic peptide, a type of brain natriuretic peptides
B type proanthocyanidin, a specific type of flavanoids
Type B evaluation of uncertainty, an uncertainty in measurement inferred from scientific judgement or other information concerning the possible values of the quantity
Type B personality, a type in the Type A and Type B personality theory
Others
B-type warbird, a type of Romulan starship
Type B videotape, an open-reel videotape format
Curtiss-built B-type, a type of B class blimp
LGOC B-type, a model of double-decker bus that was introduced in London on 1910
Mann Egerton Type B, a 1910s British maritime patrol aircraft
Toyota Type B engine, an internal combustion engine
Vauxhall B-Type, a large car from 1911 to 1914
Type B ship, a U.S. designation for World War II barges
See also
B class (disambiguation)
Class B (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement%20condition%20index
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The pavement condition index (PCI) is a numerical index between 0 and 100, which is used to indicate the general condition of a pavement section. The PCI is widely used in transportation civil engineering and asset management, and many municipalities use it to measure the performance of their road infrastructure and their levels of service. It is a statistical measure and requires manual survey of the pavement. This index was originally developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as an airfield pavement rating system, but later modified for roadway pavements and standardized by the ASTM. The surveying processes and calculation methods have been documented and standardized by ASTM for both roads and airport pavements:
ASTM D6433 - 20: Standard Practice for Roads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition Index Surveys
ASTM D5340 - 20: Standard Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition Index Surveys
Calculation
The method is based on a visual survey of the number and types of distresses in a pavement. First, the type and extent of existing distresses, their severity level is collected. Next, distress density is calculated for each type of distress. The density values are translated into deduct value (DV) and corrected deduct value (CDV) using a set of curves proposed by the ASTM. The ASTM does not include the formulae of these curves, but they are recalculated by researchers. Finally, the value of the PCI is calculated in an iterative process. The result of the ana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%20of%20Science%20in%20Biomedical%20Engineering
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A Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering is a kind of bachelor's degree typically conferred after a four-year undergraduate course of study in biomedical engineering (BME). The degree itself is largely equivalent to a Bachelor of Science and many institutions conferring degrees in the fields of biomedical engineering and bioengineering do not append the field to the degree itself. Courses of study in BME are also extremely diverse as the field itself is relatively new and developing. In general, an undergraduate course of study in BME is likened to a cross between engineering and biological science with varying degrees of proportionality between the two.
Professional status
Engineers typically require a type of professional certification, such as satisfying certain education requirements and passing an examination to become a professional engineer. These certifications are usually nationally regulated and registered, but there are also cases where a self-governing body, such as the Canadian Association of Professional Engineers. In many cases, carrying the title of "Professional Engineer" is legally protected.
As BME is an emerging field, professional certifications are not as standard and uniform as they are for other engineering fields. For example, the Fundamentals of Engineering exam in the U.S. does not include a biomedical engineering section, though it does cover biology. Biomedical engineers often simply possess a university degree as their qualification. Ho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20pair
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In mathematics, a critical pair may refer to:
Critical pair (term rewriting), terms resulting from two overlapping rules in a term rewriting system
Critical pair (order theory), two incomparable elements of a partial order that could be made comparable without changing any other relation in the partial order
The pair of polynomials associated with an S-polynomial in Buchberger's algorithm for computing a Gröbner basis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-adaptation
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In biology, co-adaptation is the process by which two or more species, genes or phenotypic traits undergo adaptation as a pair or group. This occurs when two or more interacting characteristics undergo natural selection together in response to the same selective pressure or when selective pressures alter one characteristic and consecutively alter the interactive characteristic. These interacting characteristics are only beneficial when together, sometimes leading to increased interdependence. Co-adaptation and coevolution, although similar in process, are not the same; co-adaptation refers to the interactions between two units, whereas co-evolution refers to their evolutionary history. Co-adaptation and its examples are often seen as evidence for co-evolution.
Genes and Protein Complexes
At genetic level, co-adaptation is the accumulation of interacting genes in the gene pool of a population by selection. Selection pressures on one of the genes will affect its interacting proteins, after which compensatory changes occur.
Proteins often act in complex interactions with other proteins and functionally related proteins often show a similar evolutionary path. A possible explanation is co-adaptation. An example of this is the interaction between proteins encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA). MtDNA has a higher rate of evolution/mutation than nDNA, especially in specific coding regions. However, in order to maintain physiological functionality, selection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Woodell
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Stan Woodell (1928 – 24 April 2004) was a British botanist.
Stanley Reginald John Woodell was born in Shepherd's Bush, London.
He obtained a degree in Botany from Durham University. An undergraduate at Hatfield College, Woodell was a member of the Durham University Exploration Society. He studied the pollination biology of the genus Primula for his PhD at the same university.
Career
He was a University Lecturer in Botany at Oxford University (1959–88). At Wolfson College, Oxford, he was successively a Governing Body Fellow (1967–88), Supernumerary Fellow (1988–89) and Emeritus Fellow (1989–2004). From 1984 to 2004 he was also the Fellow Librarian of the College.
As a botanist, Woodell co-wrote the Flora of Oxfordshire published in 1998, to which his fellow botanist and colleague Humphry Bowen contributed.
Woodell died aged 75. A black poplar tree (Populus nigra) was planted at Wolfson College on 22 November 2004 in his memory.
References
External links
Oxford University Gazette notice
Wolfson College notice
1928 births
2004 deaths
English botanists
English librarians
English non-fiction writers
British nature writers
People from Shepherd's Bush
Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
English male non-fiction writers
Alumni of Hatfield College, Durham
20th-century English male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra%20Wilson
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Myra S. Wilson is a British computer scientist. She is a senior lecturer in computer science at Aberystwyth University, Wales. Her research interests are in the broad area of robotics, and she also teaches in the field.
Education and research
Myra S. Wilson received the B.Sc. degree from Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, U.K., and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.
She heads the Intelligent Robotics Group, as well as the Biologically Inspired Robotics Network (biro-net). Her interests include adaptive robotics and biologically inspired systems.
Media work
She was a judge on the BBC television robot combat programme Robot Wars for the fourth and fifth series in 2000–2001.
Selected publications
Walker, Joanne, Simon Garrett, and Myra Wilson. "Evolving controllers for real robots: A survey of the literature." Adaptive Behavior 11.3 (2003): 179-203.
J. H. Walker, S. M. Garrett and M. S. Wilson, "The balance between initial training and lifelong adaptation in evolving robot controllers," in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part B: Cybernetics, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 423–432, April 2006, doi: 10.1109/TSMCB.2005.859082.
Giagkos, Alexandros, and Myra S. Wilson. "BeeIP: Bee-inspired protocol for routing in mobile ad-hoc networks." International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
Burbidge, Robert, and Myra S. Wilson. "Vector-valued function estimation by grammati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20Excellence%20in%20Molecular%20Biology
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Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB) is a highly distinguished biological research institute in Asia, located on the West Bank of the picturesque Canal Road Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is an autonomous organization that is under administrative control of University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
History
On 1 November 1981, University of the Punjab announced the "birth" of the centre. In April, 1983 the Federal Government allocated a sum of 1.635 million rupees to create a nucleus laboratory of the centre. In November, 1985 the proposal to establish the Centre for Advanced Molecular Biology (CAMB) was approved at a cost of 24.55 million rupees. In 1986, the CAMB project was upgraded into a Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB) and the cost of setting it up was subsequently revised in January 1991, to 44.33 million rupees. In April 1987, the Federal Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST) approved the establishment of a Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), located back to back with the laboratory block of the Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB).
The CEMB established nucleus laboratories in March, 1985 in two student laboratories of the Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore. Construction work on the CEMB building started in 1987 on a site located in Lahore's southern suburb of Thokar Niaz Baig along the Canal. The scientific staff moved into the new building in late 1992–93.
Admission p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%20Loeb
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Abraham "Avi" Loeb (; born February 26, 1962) is an Israeli-American theoretical physicist who works on astrophysics and cosmology. Loeb is the Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University, where since 2007 he has been Director of the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Center for Astrophysics. He chaired the Department of Astronomy from 2011–2020, and founded the Black Hole Initiative in 2016.
Loeb is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, and the International Academy of Astronautics. In 2015, he was appointed as the science theory director for the Breakthrough Initiatives of the Breakthrough Prize Foundation.
Loeb has published popular science books including Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth (2021) and Interstellar: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life and Our Future in the Stars (2023).
In 2018, he suggested that alien space craft may be in the Solar System, using ʻOumuamua as an example. In 2023, he claimed to have recovered material from an interstellar meteor that could be evidence of an alien starship, claims some experts criticized as hasty and sensational.
Life and career
Loeb was born in Beit Hanan, Israel, in 1962. He took part in the national Talpiot program of the Israeli Defense Forces at age 18. While in Talpiot, he obtained a BSc degree in physics and mathematics in 1983, an MSc degree in physics in 1985, and a PhD in physics in 1986, all from the Heb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishfaq%20Ahmad%20Khan
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Ishfaq Ahmad Khan (3 November 1930 – 18 January 2018) , was a Pakistani nuclear physicist, emeritus professor of high-energy physics at the National Centre for Physics, and former science advisor to the Government of Pakistan.
A versatile theoretical physicist, Ahmad made significant contributions in the theoretical development of the applications and concepts involving the particle physics, and its relative extension to the quantum electrodynamics, while working as senior research scientist at the CERN in the 1960s and 1970s. Joining the PAEC in the late 1950s, Ahmad served as the director of the Nuclear Physics Division at the secret Pinstech Institute which developed the first designs of atomic bombs, a clandestine project during the post-1971 war. There, he played an influential role in leading the physics and mathematical calculations in the critical mass of the weapons, and did theoretical work on the implosion method used in the weapons.
Since the 1960s and onwards, he has been a high-ranking official at the IAEA as part of the Pakistan Government's official mission, working to make the peaceful use of nuclear power for the industrial development. Having chaired the PAEC from 1991 until 2001, he has been affiliated with the Pakistan Government as a Science adviser to the prime minister on strategic and scientific programs, with the status of Minister of State. A vehement supporter for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, he earned public and international fame in Ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency%20graph
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In mathematics, computer science and digital electronics, a dependency graph is a directed graph representing dependencies of several objects towards each other. It is possible to derive an evaluation order or the absence of an evaluation order that respects the given dependencies from the dependency graph.
Definition
Given a set of objects and a transitive relation with modeling a dependency "a depends on b" ("a needs b evaluated first"), the dependency graph is a graph with the transitive reduction of R.
For example, assume a simple calculator. This calculator supports assignment of constant values to variables and assigning the sum of exactly two variables to a third variable. Given several equations like "A = B+C; B = 5+D; C=4; D=2;", then and . You can derive this relation directly: A depends on B and C, because you can add two variables if and only if you know the values of both variables. Thus, B must be calculated before A can be calculated. However, the values of C and D are known immediately, because they are number literals.
Recognizing impossible evaluations
In a dependency graph, the cycles of dependencies (also called circular dependencies) lead to a situation in which no valid evaluation order exists, because none of the objects in the cycle may be evaluated first. If a dependency graph does not have any circular dependencies, it forms a directed acyclic graph, and an evaluation order may be found by topological sorting. Most topological sorting algo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Bell%20%28biologist%29
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Graham Arthur Charlton Bell (born 3 March 1949) is a British academic, writer, and evolutionary biologist with interests in the evolution of sexual reproduction and the maintenance of variation. He developed the "tangled bank" theory of evolutionary genetics after observing the asexual and sexual behaviour patterns of aphids as well as monogonont rotifers.
Early life and education
Bell was born on 3 March 1949 in Leicester, England, to Arthur Charlton Bell and Edna May Bell (). He was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys and St Peter's College, Oxford, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1970 followed by a Doctor of Philosophy degree in animal ecology in 1973 for research on smooth newts.
Career and research
Bell emigrated to Canada in 1975 where he worked as a biologist for the Alberta Civil Service until 1976. In 1976, he joined the faculty of McGill University as a temporary lecturer. He was appointed a Professor in 1989. In 1992, he was appointed Molson Chair of Genetics. He was Director of the Redpath Museum from 1995 to 2005.
He is the author of The Masterpiece of Nature which was described by Richard Dawkins as a 'beautifully written tour de force', Sex and Death in Protozoa: The History of Obsession and Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution first published in 1996 with a second edition in 2008. His other books include The Evolution of Life and The Basics of Selection.
Honours and awards
Bell was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20sulfide
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Aluminium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula Al2S3. This colorless species has an interesting structural chemistry, existing in several forms. The material is sensitive to moisture, hydrolyzing to hydrated aluminum oxides/hydroxides. This can begin when the sulfide is exposed to the atmosphere. The hydrolysis reaction generates gaseous hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Crystal structure
More than six crystalline forms of aluminium sulfide are known and only some are listed below. Most of them have rather similar, wurtzite-like structures, and differ by the arrangement of lattice vacancies, which form ordered or disordered sublattices.
The β and γ phases are obtained by annealing the most stable α-Al2S3 phase at several hundred degrees Celsius. Compressing aluminium sulfide to 2–65 bar results in the δ phase where vacancies are arranged in a superlattice of tetragonal symmetry.
Unlike Al2O3, in which the Al(III) centers occupy octahedral holes, the more expanded framework of Al2S3 stabilizes the Al(III) centers into one third of the tetrahedral holes of a hexagonally close-packed arrangement of the sulfide anions. At higher temperature, the Al(III) centers become randomized to give a "defect wurtzite" structure. And at still higher temperatures stabilize the γ-Al2S3 forms, with a structure akin to γ-Al2O3.
Molecular derivatives of Al2S3 are not known. Mixed Al-S-Cl compounds are however known. Al2Se3 and Al2Te3 are also known.
Preparation
Aluminium sulfide is readily p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers%20College
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Myer's College is a university-preparatory school located at Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. The college is affiliated with Cambridge International Examinations(PK 035:Myer's College) and offers Cambridge O-Level and A-level qualifications.
The O-level subjects on offer as of 2018, are English Language, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Islamiat, Pakistan Studies, Urdu (First Language) and Computer Science.
Myer's College is patterned after English public schools and owns over of land at Balkassar-Motorway Interchange near Chakwal. Classes are held at Kot Sarfraz Khan campus close to Central Chakwal city.
History
Myer's College was established on April 19, 1999, when classes were started in the colonial style historic bungalow built by the late Raja Muhammed Sarfraz Khan, a philanthropist and politician. It was founded by his grandson, Raja Yassir Humayun Sarfraz, and was named after a Rajput prince, Raja Mair, the first settler in this area and ancestor of the Mair-Minhas tribe, an offshoot of the Jamwal Dogra Rajputs.
The opening ceremony of the college was held on 18 November 2000 and the Amir of Bahawalpur, His Royal Highness Nawab Salahudin Abbasi was the chief guest.
Organization
Myer's College is divided into five schools:
Pre-School (Montessori-Prep)
Junior School (Grade 1–4)
Preparatory School (Grade 5–7)
Senior School (Grade 8–11)
College (Grade 12–13)
Each school's students are divided among houses. The houses promote inter-house competitions and me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado%20Model%20Content%20Standards
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The Colorado Model Content Standards were a set of curriculum standards for teaching civics, dance, economics, foreign language, geography, history, mathematics, music, physical education, reading and writing, science, theatre, and visual arts.
Of the 13 standards only three (mathematics, reading and writing, and science) were testing subjects included in the CSAP.
The standards were replaced by the Colorado Academic Standards in 2011.
External links
Colorado Department of Education: Colorado K-12 Academic Standards
Education in Colorado
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale%20Ricc%C3%B2
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Annibale Riccò (14 September 1844 – 23 September 1919) was an Italian astronomer.
Biography
He was born in Milan, Italy. In 1868 he was awarded a bachelor's degree from the Università di Modena, then an engineering degree from the Politecnico di Milano. Between 1868 and 1877 he worked as an assistant at the Modena Observatory, teaching mathematics and physics at the Università di Modena. He taught at Naples and then Palermo, where he also worked at the observatory.
In 1890 he was named to the chair of astrophysics at the Università di Catania, and became director of the observatory on Mount Etna as well as the first director of the Catania Observatory. Between 1898 and 1900 he was named chancellor of the university.
During his career he performed research into sunspots, and he participated in four solar eclipse expeditions, leading the expeditions in 1905 and 1914. He was president of the Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani and the Gioenia di Scienze Naturali di Catania. He also served as vice president of the International Astronomical Union. He was elected President of the volcanology section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) for the period 1919–1922.
Legacy
He discovered Ricco's Law, an important principle of vision science. The crater Ricco on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 18462 Ricco. Ricco was also awarded the Janssen Medal in 1906 by the French Academy of Sciences for his work in astrophysics. He was also awarded the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Poundstone
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William Poundstone is an American author, columnist, and skeptic. He has written a number of books including the Big Secrets series and a biography of Carl Sagan.
Early life and education
Poundstone attended MIT and studied physics.
Personal life
An enthusiast of Harry Stephen Keeler, he maintains the
Keeler homepage and contributed to the anthology A to Izzard: A Harry Stephen Keeler Companion (2002).
He is a cousin of comedian Paula Poundstone.
Bibliography
reprints Big Secrets and Biggest Secrets
Released as How to Predict Everything in the UK Description & arrow/scrollable preview. Also summarized in Poundstone's essay, "Math Says Humanity May Have Just 760 Years Left," Wall Street Journal, updated June 27, 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
References
External links
Fortune's Formula official site
William Poundstone's talk at Skeptics Distinguished Lecture Series (Video)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American columnists
American biographers
American information and reference writers
American skeptics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdonald%20identities
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In mathematics, the Macdonald identities are some infinite product identities associated to affine root systems, introduced by . They include as special cases the Jacobi triple product identity, Watson's quintuple product identity, several identities found by , and a 10-fold product identity found by .
and pointed out that the Macdonald identities are the analogs of the Weyl denominator formula for affine Kac–Moody algebras and superalgebras.
References
Lie algebras
Mathematical identities
Infinite products
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Wesely
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David Wesely (born 1945) is a wargamer, board game designer, and video game developer. Wesely's developments, inspired by Kriegsspiel wargames, were important and influential in the early history of role-playing games.
Early life and education
Dave Wesely was born in 1945.
Wesely studied physics at Hamline University, in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Strategos
In 1967, Wesely rediscovered the 19th-century professional wargame Strategos, by Charles A. L. Totten, at the University of Minnesota library. An avid hobby wargamer and reader of wargaming literature, Wesely seized upon these rules and incorporated their principles into the miniature wargames played by the Midwest Military Simulation Association (MMSA). These included the role of the referee, and the principle of free kriegsspiel that players could attempt anything, although not always successfully, and that the referee should be able to make judgements to cover anything not ordinarily covered by the rules. Totten's Strategos became the cornerstone text for the Twin Cities gamers.
Strategos N
The incorporation of Totten's Strategos into MMSA wargaming culminated with the 1968 development of Strategos N, a compact set of Napoleonic wargaming rules devised by Wesely and other MMSA members. Dave Wesely developed Strategos N as the first MMSA Strategos variant for the first time in 1968. It was later self-published in 1970, and again in 1984.
Strategos C
Dave Wesely developed Strategos C for wargames set during the A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Ozsv%C3%A1th
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Peter Steven Ozsváth (born October 20, 1967) is a professor of mathematics at Princeton University. He created, along with Zoltán Szabó, Heegaard Floer homology, a homology theory for 3-manifolds.
Education
Ozsváth received his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1994 under the supervision of John Morgan; his dissertation was entitled On Blowup Formulas For SU(2) Donaldson Polynomials.
Awards
In 2007, Ozsváth was one of the recipients of the Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry. In 2008 he was named a Guggenheim Fellow. In July 2017, he was a plenary lecturer in the Mathematical Congress of the Americas. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2018.
Selected publications
Grid Homology for Knots and Links, American Math Society, (2015)
References
External links
Personal homepage
Living people
1967 births
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
Princeton University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Topologists
Mathematicians from Texas
People from Dallas
Princeton University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suslin%20tree
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In mathematics, a Suslin tree is a tree of height ω1 such that
every branch and every antichain is at most countable. They are named after Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin.
Every Suslin tree is an Aronszajn tree.
The existence of a Suslin tree is independent of ZFC, and is equivalent to the existence of a Suslin line (shown by ) or a Suslin algebra. The diamond principle, a consequence of V=L, implies that there is a Suslin tree, and Martin's axiom MA(ℵ1) implies that there are no Suslin trees.
More generally, for any infinite cardinal κ, a κ-Suslin tree is a tree of height κ such that every branch and antichain has cardinality less than κ. In particular a Suslin tree is the same as a ω1-Suslin tree. showed that if V=L then there is a κ-Suslin tree for every infinite successor cardinal κ. Whether the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis implies the existence of an ℵ2-Suslin tree, is a longstanding open problem.
See also
Glossary of set theory
Kurepa tree
List of statements independent of ZFC
List of unsolved problems in set theory
Suslin's problem
References
Thomas Jech, Set Theory, 3rd millennium ed., 2003, Springer Monographs in Mathematics,Springer,
erratum, ibid. 4 (1972), 443.
Trees (set theory)
Independence results
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole%20physics
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Wormhole Physics may refer to:
Wormhole, the scientific study of wormholes
Wormhole physics (Stargate), the fictional laws that govern wormhole travel in Stargate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompressibility
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Incompressibility may refer to:
a property in thermodynamics and fluid dynamics, see Compressibility or Incompressible flow
a property of a vector field, see Solenoidal vector field
a topological property, see Incompressible surface
a proof method in mathematics, see Incompressibility method
a property of strings in computer science, see Incompressible string
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