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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20abelian%20group
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In mathematics, specifically in group theory, an elementary abelian group is an abelian group in which all elements other than the identity have the same order. This common order must be a prime number, and the elementary abelian groups in which the common order is p are a particular kind of p-group. A group for which p = 2 (that is, an elementary abelian 2-group) is sometimes called a Boolean group.
Every elementary abelian p-group is a vector space over the prime field with p elements, and conversely every such vector space is an elementary abelian group.
By the classification of finitely generated abelian groups, or by the fact that every vector space has a basis, every finite elementary abelian group must be of the form (Z/pZ)n for n a non-negative integer (sometimes called the group's rank). Here, Z/pZ denotes the cyclic group of order p (or equivalently the integers mod p), and the superscript notation means the n-fold direct product of groups.
In general, a (possibly infinite) elementary abelian p-group is a direct sum of cyclic groups of order p. (Note that in the finite case the direct product and direct sum coincide, but this is not so in the infinite case.)
In the rest of this article, all groups are assumed finite.
Examples and properties
The elementary abelian group (Z/2Z)2 has four elements: . Addition is performed componentwise, taking the result modulo 2. For instance, . This is in fact the Klein four-group.
In the group generated by the symmetric d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Kronrod
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Aleksandr Semyonovich Kronrod (; October 22, 1921 – October 6, 1986) was a Soviet mathematician and computer scientist, best known for the Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula which he published in 1964. Earlier, he worked on computational solutions of problems emerging in theoretical physics. He is also known for his contributions to economics, specifically for proposing corrections and calculating price formation for the USSR. Later, Kronrod gave his fortune and life to medicine to care for terminal cancer patients. Kronrod is remembered for his captivating personality and was admired as a student, teacher and leader.
He is the author of several well known books, including "Nodes and weights of quadrature formulas. Sixteen-place tables" and "Conversations on Programming". A biographer wrote Kronrod gave ideas "away left and right, quite honestly being convinced that the authorship belongs to the one who implements them."
Education
Kronrod was born in Moscow. Growing up, he studied math with D. O. Shklyarsky in school and in 1938 entered the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University. He did his first independent mathematical work as a freshman with Professor Alexander Gelfond. Kronrod was honored as a student with the first prize of the Moscow Mathematical Society and was the only person to win the prize twice.
During World War II he was rejected for military service because at the time graduate level students were exempt. They did help to build trenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullpower%20Technologies
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Fullpower is a Santa Cruz, California-based privately held developer of cloud-based IoT and wearable product technology used for activity tracking and sleep monitoring. Fullpower specializes in wireless technology, microelectromechanical systems, and nanotechnology. The company holds over 125 patents for its intellectual property, which it licenses to manufacturers.
The company was founded in 2005 by entrepreneurs Philippe Kahn and Sonia Lee.
History
2005-2009
Fullpower was founded in Santa Cruz, California in 2005 by entrepreneurs Philippe Kahn and Sonia Lee, who had previously founded and sold technology companies Starfish Software and LightSurf. The inspiration behind some of the key Fullpower technology came from Kahn's passion for sailing; he created prototype sleep trackers using biosensors that optimized 26-minute power naps to maximize sleep benefits and sail time.
In 2008, the company launched its MotionX Platform tracking technology, which included licensing deals to include the technology on third party devices. Later in 2008, the company launched iOS gaming apps MotionX Poker and MotionX Dice, along with handheld GPS app MotionX-GPS, targeted to outdoor enthusiasts.
In September 2009, the company released MotionX-GPS Drive for the iPhone, a door-to-door pedestrian and driving navigation application. The company later released customized versions of its navigation application for the iPad.
2010-2016
In September 2010, Nike released the Nike+ Running App (now
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovero
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The Tovero (also known as Tobero) coloration is a mix of tobiano and overo colorations in Pinto horses and American Paint Horses. The genetics of pinto coloration are not always fully understood, and some horses have a combination of patterns that does not fit cleanly in either category.
Some characteristics of a Tovero colored horse include:
Dark pigmentation around the ears, sometimes called a "Medicine Hat" or a "War bonnet"
Dark pigmentation around the ears, expanding to cover the forehead and/or eyes.
Isolated "shield" dark markings completely surrounded by white, particularly on the face or chest.
One or both eyes blue.
Dark pigmentation around the mouth, which may extend up the sides of the face and form spots.
Chest spot(s) in varying sizes. These may also extend up the neck.
Flank spot(s) ranging in size. These are often accompanied by smaller spots that extend forward across the barrel, and up over the loin.
Spots, varying in size, at the base of the tail.
See also
Pinto horse
American Paint Horse
Equine coat color
References
Paul D. Vrotsos RVT and Elizabeth M. Santschi DVM. University of Minnesota Genetics Group. "Stalking the Lethal White Syndrome". Paint Horse Journal. July 1998.
"Horse coat color tests" from the UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Lab
"Introduction to Coat Color Genetics" from Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Web Site accessed January 12, 2008
External links
American Paint Ho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Webb%20%28Hong%20Kong%20activist%29
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David Michael Webb (born 29 August 1965) is an activist investor, share market analyst and retired investment banker based in Hong Kong.
Early life
Webb graduated in Mathematics from Exeter College, Oxford in 1986. From 1981 to 1986 he was also an author of books and games for early home computers, particularly the ZX Spectrum. He authored the Pac Man type game Spookyman and went on to create the acclaimed 3D Vector graphics game Starion on the Spectrum.
After graduation he became an investment banker in London. He moved to Hong Kong in 1991. He was a director in the corporate finance department of Barclays de Zoete Wedd (Asia) Limited (later Barclays Capital Asia Limited), the Hong Kong subsidiary of investment bank Barclays, until 31 March 1994,, when he moved to become an in-house adviser to Wheelock and Company Limited. He retired from Wheelock on 31 March 1998 at the age of 32 and in the same year, founded Webb-site.com, a non-profit platform to advocate better corporate and economic governance in Hong Kong.
Webb was appointed a Deputy Chairman of the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission's Takeover and Mergers Panel on 1 April 2013, having commenced serving as member on 1 April 2001.
Activism
Webb has been referred to as the "'Long Hair' of the financial markets" (in an allusion to Leung Kwok-hung), but his activism is not purely restricted to the finance sector. He uses his eponymous webb-site.com as his official mouthpiece on all matters commercial and po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Bartels
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Julius Bartels (17 August 1899, Magdeburg – 6 March 1964) was a German geophysicist and statistician who made notable contributions to the physics of the Sun and Moon; to geomagnetism and meteorology; and to the physics of the ionosphere. He also made fundamental contributions to statistical methods for geophysics. Bartels was the first President of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA). With Sydney Chapman, he wrote the influential book Geomagnetism.
Life and career
Bartels was awarded his Ph.D. from Göttingen in 1923, then worked at the Potsdam magnetic observatory as a post-doctorate. In 1928, he was named professor at Eberswalde, teaching meteorology. He became full professor at Berlin University in 1936, and director of the Potsdam Geophysical Institute. From 1931 until the second year of World War II, he was also a research associate at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He collaborated with Sydney Chapman to publish the two-volume work Geomagnetism, a definitive reference on geophysics.
In 1933, Bartels signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State.
Following the war in 1946, he became professor in Göttingen. He was also a director at the Max Planck Institute for Physics of the Stratosphere (today Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research) between 1955 and 1964. When, in 1958 International Council for Science, created the Committee on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim%20Nitsche
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Joachim A. Nitsche (September 2, 1926, Nossen – January 12, 1996) was a German mathematician and professor of mathematics in Freiburg, known for his important contributions to the mathematical and numerical analysis of partial differential equations. The duality argument for estimating the error of the finite element method and a scheme for the weak enforcement of Dirichlet boundary conditions for Poisson's equation bear his name.
Biography
Education
Nitsche graduated from school at Bischofswerda in 1946. Starting in summer 1947, he studied mathematics the University of Göttingen, where he received his Diplom (under supervision of Franz Rellich) after only six semesters. In 1951, he received his degree (Dr. rer. nat.) at the Technical University of Berlin-Charlottenburg (nowadays TU Berlin). After only two years, he received his Habilitation at the Free University of Berlin.
Marriage and children
In 1952, Nitsche married Gisela Lange, with whom he had three children.
Professional career
From 1955 to 1957, Nitsche held a teaching position at the Free University of Berlin, which he left for a position at IBM in Böblingen. He became professor at the Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg in 1958 and received the chair for applied mathematics there in 1962. He remained in this position until he became emeritus in 1991.
Works
Contributions
Quasi-optimal error estimates for the finite element method
Point-wise error estimates for the finite element method
Publications
Prak
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20electric%20dipole%20moment
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The electron electric dipole moment is an intrinsic property of an electron such that the potential energy is linearly related to the strength of the electric field:
The electron's electric dipole moment (EDM) must be collinear with the direction of the electron's magnetic moment (spin). Within the Standard Model of elementary particle physics, such a dipole is predicted to be non-zero but very small, at most , where e stands for the elementary charge. The discovery of a substantially larger electron electric dipole moment would imply a violation of both parity invariance and time reversal invariance.
Implications for Standard Model and extensions
In the Standard Model, the electron EDM arises from the CP-violating components of the CKM matrix. The moment is very small because the CP violation involves quarks, not electrons directly, so it can only arise by quantum processes where virtual quarks are created, interact with the electron, and then are annihilated.
If neutrinos are Majorana particles, a larger EDM (around ) is possible in the Standard Model.
Many extensions to the Standard Model have been proposed in the past two decades. These extensions generally predict larger values for the electron EDM. For instance, the various technicolor models predict that ranges from 10−27 to 10−29 e⋅cm. Some supersymmetric models predict that but some other parameter choices or other supersymmetric models lead to smaller predicted values. The present experimental limit therefor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight-balanced%20tree
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In computer science, weight-balanced binary trees (WBTs) are a type of self-balancing binary search trees that can be used to implement dynamic sets, dictionaries (maps) and sequences. These trees were introduced by Nievergelt and Reingold in the 1970s as trees of bounded balance, or BB[α] trees. Their more common name is due to Knuth.
A well known example is a Huffman coding of a corpus.
Like other self-balancing trees, WBTs store bookkeeping information pertaining to balance in their nodes and perform rotations to restore balance when it is disturbed by insertion or deletion operations. Specifically, each node stores the size of the subtree rooted at the node, and the sizes of left and right subtrees are kept within some factor of each other. Unlike the balance information in AVL trees (using information about the height of subtrees) and red–black trees (which store a fictional "color" bit), the bookkeeping information in a WBT is an actually useful property for applications: the number of elements in a tree is equal to the size of its root, and the size information is exactly the information needed to implement the operations of an order statistic tree, viz., getting the 'th largest element in a set or determining an element's index in sorted order.
Weight-balanced trees are popular in the functional programming community and are used to implement sets and maps in MIT Scheme, SLIB and implementations of Haskell.
Description
A weight-balanced tree is a binary search tre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein%20inequality
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In mathematics, Bernstein inequality, named after Sergei Natanovich Bernstein, may refer to:
Bernstein's inequality (mathematical analysis)
Bernstein inequalities (probability theory)
Mathematics disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico%20Fermi%20Prize
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The Enrico Fermi Prize, first awarded in 2001, is given by the Italian Physical Society (Società Italiana di Fisica). It is a yearly award of €30,000 honoring one or more Members of the Society who have "particularly honoured physics with their discoveries."
Recipients
See also
List of physics awards
References
Awards established in 2001
Italian science and technology awards
Physics awards
Enrico Fermi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork%20bifurcation
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In bifurcation theory, a field within mathematics, a pitchfork bifurcation is a particular type of local bifurcation where the system transitions from one fixed point to three fixed points. Pitchfork bifurcations, like Hopf bifurcations, have two types – supercritical and subcritical.
In continuous dynamical systems described by ODEs—i.e. flows—pitchfork bifurcations occur generically in systems with symmetry.
Supercritical case
The normal form of the supercritical pitchfork bifurcation is
For , there is one stable equilibrium at . For there is an unstable equilibrium at , and two stable equilibria at .
Subcritical case
The normal form for the subcritical case is
In this case, for the equilibrium at is stable, and there are two unstable equilibria at . For the equilibrium at is unstable.
Formal definition
An ODE
described by a one parameter function with satisfying:
(f is an odd function),
has a pitchfork bifurcation at . The form of the pitchfork is given
by the sign of the third derivative:
Note that subcritical and supercritical describe the stability of the outer lines of the pitchfork (dashed or solid, respectively) and are not dependent on which direction the pitchfork faces. For example, the negative of the first ODE above, , faces the same direction as the first picture but reverses the stability.
See also
Bifurcation theory
Bifurcation diagram
References
Steven Strogatz, Non-linear Dynamics and Chaos: With applications to Physics, Biology,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%27s%20principle
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In physics, Hamilton's principle is William Rowan Hamilton's formulation of the principle of stationary action. It states that the dynamics of a physical system are determined by a variational problem for a functional based on a single function, the Lagrangian, which may contain all physical information concerning the system and the forces acting on it. The variational problem is equivalent to and allows for the derivation of the differential equations of motion of the physical system. Although formulated originally for classical mechanics, Hamilton's principle also applies to classical fields such as the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, and plays an important role in quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and criticality theories.
Mathematical formulation
Hamilton's principle states that the true evolution of a system described by generalized coordinates between two specified states and at two specified times and is a stationary point (a point where the variation is zero) of the action functional
where is the Lagrangian function for the system. In other words, any first-order perturbation of the true evolution results in (at most) second-order changes in . The action is a functional, i.e., something that takes as its input a function and returns a single number, a scalar. In terms of functional analysis, Hamilton's principle states that the true evolution of a physical system is a solution of the functional equation
That is, the system takes a path
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTCL%20%28disambiguation%29
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PTCL is the acronym for Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited, a telecommunications company in Pakistan.
PTCL may also refer to:
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannie%20Heineman%20Prize%20for%20Mathematical%20Physics
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Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics is an award given each year since 1959 jointly by the American Physical Society and American Institute of Physics. It is established by the Heineman Foundation in honour of Dannie Heineman. As of 2010, the prize consists of US$10,000 and a certificate citing the contributions made by the recipient plus travel expenses to attend the meeting at which the prize is bestowed.
Past Recipients
Source: American Physical Society
2023 Nikita Nekrasov
2022 Antti Kupiainen and Krzysztof Gawędzki
2021 Joel Lebowitz
2020 Svetlana Jitomirskaya
2019 T. Bill Sutherland, Francesco Calogero and Michel Gaudin
2018 Barry Simon
2017 Carl M. Bender
2016 Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa
2015 Pierre Ramond
2014 Gregory W. Moore
2013 Michio Jimbo and Tetsuji Miwa
2012 Giovanni Jona-Lasinio
2011 Herbert Spohn
2010 Michael Aizenman
2009 Carlo Becchi, Alain Rouet, Raymond Stora and Igor Tyutin
2008 Mitchell Feigenbaum
2007 Juan Maldacena and Joseph Polchinski
2006 Sergio Ferrara, Daniel Z. Freedman and Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
2005 Giorgio Parisi
2004 Gabriele Veneziano
2003 Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat and James W. York
2002 Michael B. Green and John Henry Schwarz
2001 Vladimir Igorevich Arnold
2000 Sidney R. Coleman
1999 Barry M. McCoy, Tai Tsun Wu and Alexander B. Zamolodchikov
1998 Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten
1997 Harry W. Lehmann
1996 Roy J. Glauber
1995 Roman W. Jackiw
1994 Richard Arnowitt, Stanley Deser and Charles W. Misner
1993 Martin C. Gutzwille
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node%20%28circuits%29
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In electrical engineering, a node is any region on a circuit between two circuit elements. In circuit diagrams, connections are ideal wires with zero resistance, so a node consists of the entire section of wire between elements, not just a single point.
Details
According to Ohm's law, , the voltage across any two points of a node with negligible resistance is
showing that the electric potential at every point of a node is the same.
There are some notable exceptions where the voltage difference is large enough to become significant:
High-precision resistance measurements using a Kelvin connection
The difference in voltage between ground and neutral, between the neutral wire and the ground in domestic AC power plugs and sockets, can be fatal. A properly installed electrical system connects them together at only one location, leading many people to the fatally incorrect conclusion that they are at "the same" voltage, or that the safety ground is "redundant and unnecessary"
The Seebeck effect and the Peltier effect
Joints involving aluminium wire
Dots used to mark nodes on a circuit diagram are sometimes referred to as meatballs.
References
Electricity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%20Rappaport
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Saul Rappaport is a professor emeritus of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rappaport became assistant professor in the MIT Department of Physics in 1969 and became a full professor in 1981. From 1993 to 1995, he was head of the Astrophysics Division.
He received his A.B. from Temple University in 1963 and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1968.
His main research interest is in binary systems containing collapsed stars—white dwarfs, neutron stars (including pulsars), and black holes. He has authored numerous papers regarding the discovery of astronomical phenomena, such as the discovery of transiting exocomets and the discovery of a quadruple star system containing two strongly interacting eclipsing binaries.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1989 "for major contributions to our understanding of the evolution of binary stellar systems containing a compact member and for the determination of the masses of neutron stars"
Selected publications
Some of his publications in the Astrophysical Journal, one of the major astrophysics journals, are:
"A New Technique for Calculations of Binary Stellar Evolution, with Application to Magnetic Braking Rappaport S, et al. Astrophysical Journal 275 (2): 713-731 1983.
"On the Evolutionary Status of Bright, Low-Mass X-ray Sources," Webrink, RF, Rappaport S, Savonije GJ, Astrophysical Journal 270 (2): 678-693 1983.
"The Evolution of Highly Compact Binary Stellar-Systems," Rappaport S, et al. Astrophysical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerv%C3%A9lo
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Cervélo Cycles is a Canadian manufacturer of racing and track bicycles. Cervélo uses CAD, computational fluid dynamics, and wind tunnel testing at a variety of facilities including the San Diego Air and Space Technology Center, in California, US, to aid its designs. Frame materials include carbon fibre. Cervélo currently makes 5 series of bikes: the C series and R series of road bikes, the latter featuring multi-shaped, "Squoval" frame tubes; the S series of road bikes and P series of triathlon/time trial bikes, both of which feature airfoil shaped down tubes; and the T series of track bikes. In professional competition, cyclists have ridden Cervélo bicycles to victory in all three of road cycling's grand tours: the Tour de France; the Giro d'Italia; and the Vuelta a España.
History
Gerard Vroomen, one of the two founders of the company, started researching bike dynamics at the Eindhoven University of Technology. He took his knowledge to Canada to continue the research in McGill University. In 1995, Vroomen and Phil White founded Cervélo Cycles. The name Cervélo is a portmanteau of cervello, the Italian word for brain, and vélo, the French word for bike.
In May 2011, Vroomen sold his stake in Cervélo to pursue new projects, although he is nominally still involved with the company at the board level. Cervélo is now owned by Pon Holdings, a Dutch company that also owns Gazelle, and Derby Cycle. The company makes or has marketing rights to bicycles from Raleigh, Kalkhoff, U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Fararo
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Thomas J. Fararo (February 11, 1933 - August 20, 2020) was Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at the University of Pittsburgh. After earning a Ph.D. in sociology at Syracuse University in 1963, he received a three-year postdoctoral fellowship for studies in pure and applied mathematics at Stanford University (1964–1967). In 1967, he joined the faculty of University of Pittsburgh; during 1972-1973, he was visiting professor at the University of York in England.
Fararo is listed in American Men and Women of Science, Who's Who in America, and Who's Who in Frontier Science and Technology. In 1998, he received the Distinguished Career Award from the Mathematical Sociology section of the American Sociological Association.
In addition to over a dozen books, Fararo has published over two dozen book chapters, over one dozen articles in reference works, and over 50 journal articles. Some of his books are edited works that relate to his career-long interest in making mathematical ideas relevant to the development of sociological theory.
Fararo has served on the editorial boards of the American Journal of Sociology, the American Sociological Review, the Journal of Mathematical Sociology, Social Networks, Sociological Forum, and Sociological Theory.
Fararo has been both an originator and an explicator of ideas and methods relating to the use of formal methods in sociological theory. In his original work, he has employed theories and methods relating to social networks in combina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion%20%28chemistry%29
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A dispersion is a system in which distributed particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. The two phases may be in the same or different states of matter.
Dispersions are classified in a number of different ways, including how large the particles are in relation to the particles of the continuous phase, whether or not precipitation occurs, and the presence of Brownian motion. In general, dispersions of particles sufficiently large for sedimentation are called suspensions, while those of smaller particles are called colloids and solutions.
Structure and properties
Dispersions do not display any structure; i.e., the particles (or in case of emulsions: droplets) dispersed in the liquid or solid matrix (the "dispersion medium") are assumed to be statistically distributed. Therefore, for dispersions, usually percolation theory is assumed to appropriately describe their properties.
However, percolation theory can be applied only if the system it should describe is in or close to thermodynamic equilibrium. There are only very few studies about the structure of dispersions (emulsions), although they are plentiful in type and in use all over the world in innumerable applications (see below).
In the following, only such dispersions with a dispersed phase diameter of less than 1 µm will be discussed. To understand the formation and properties of such dispersions (incl emulsions), it must be considered that the dispersed phase exhibits a "sur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEAR
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SPEAR (originally Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Rings, now simply a name) was a collider at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. It began running in 1972, colliding electrons and positrons with an energy of . During the 1970s, experiments at the accelerator played a key role in particle physics research, including the discovery of the meson (awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in physics), many charmonium states, and the discovery of the tau (awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in physics).
Today, SPEAR is used as a synchrotron radiation source for the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL). The latest major upgrade of the ring in that finished in 2004 rendered it the current name SPEAR3.
References
External links
Brief explanation of the acronym in SLACspeak
25th Anniversary Info from SLAC
SPEAR3 status
Buildings and structures in San Mateo County, California
Particle physics facilities
Stanford University
Particle accelerators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction%20tree%20algorithm
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The junction tree algorithm (also known as 'Clique Tree') is a method used in machine learning to extract marginalization in general graphs. In essence, it entails performing belief propagation on a modified graph called a junction tree. The graph is called a tree because it branches into different sections of data; nodes of variables are the branches. The basic premise is to eliminate cycles by clustering them into single nodes. Multiple extensive classes of queries can be compiled at the same time into larger structures of data. There are different algorithms to meet specific needs and for what needs to be calculated. Inference algorithms gather new developments in the data and calculate it based on the new information provided.
Junction tree algorithm
Hugin algorithm
If the graph is directed then moralize it to make it un-directed.
Introduce the evidence.
Triangulate the graph to make it chordal.
Construct a junction tree from the triangulated graph (we will call the vertices of the junction tree "supernodes").
Propagate the probabilities along the junction tree (via belief propagation)
Note that this last step is inefficient for graphs of large treewidth. Computing the messages to pass between supernodes involves doing exact marginalization over the variables in both supernodes. Performing this algorithm for a graph with treewidth k will thus have at least one computation which takes time exponential in k. It is a message passing algorithm. The Hugin algorithm take
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Whitehead%20%28public%20servant%29
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John Henry Whitehead is a New Zealand economist. He served as Secretary of the Treasury between April 2003 and May 2011. He has been chancellor and board chair of St John New Zealand since June 2020.
Early career
Whitehead graduated in 1970 with a Bachelor of Science with Honours degree in Mathematics and later completed a Master of Commerce with First Class Honours in Economics in 1975, both from the University of Canterbury. Before joining Treasury, Whitehead worked in the Statistics Department and was Deputy Director of the Labour Party Research Unit (1977–82).
Treasury
Whitehead joined Treasury in 1982, subsequently filling positions as Director of Macroeconomic Policy and Director of Tax Policy and International Economics. He was appointed Deputy Secretary and Branch Manager of Corporate Services in 1996.
Between 1985 and 1992, he worked as an Economic Adviser in the Prime Minister's Office and David Lange's government (1985–88), and as a Minister (Economic) at the New Zealand High Commission in London. After acting in the role, Whitehead was appointed as Treasury Secretary and chief executive on 8 April 2003 and served in that role until 31 May 2011.
In the 2011 Queen's Birthday Honours, Whitehead was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services as Secretary to the Treasury.
World Bank
Whitehead was a World Bank Executive Director from August 2011 to July 2013 for Australia, Cambodia, Kiribati, Republic of Korea, Marshall Islands, Federate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20hydrogenation
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In chemistry, transfer hydrogenation is a chemical reaction involving the addition of hydrogen to a compound from a source other than molecular . It is applied in laboratory and industrial organic synthesis to saturate organic compounds and reduce ketones to alcohols, and imines to amines. It avoids the need for high-pressure molecular used in conventional hydrogenation. Transfer hydrogenation usually occurs at mild temperature and pressure conditions using organic or organometallic catalysts, many of which are chiral, allowing efficient asymmetric synthesis. It uses hydrogen donor compounds such as formic acid, isopropanol or dihydroanthracene, dehydrogenating them to , acetone, or anthracene respectively. Often, the donor molecules also function as solvents for the reaction. A large scale application of transfer hydrogenation is coal liquefaction using "donor solvents" such as tetralin.
Organometallic catalysts
In the area of organic synthesis, a useful family of hydrogen-transfer catalysts have been developed based on ruthenium and rhodium complexes, often with diamine and phosphine ligands. A representative catalyst precursor is derived from (cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer and the tosylated diphenylethylenediamine. These catalysts are mainly employed for the reduction of ketones and imines to alcohols and amines, respectively. The hydrogen-donor (transfer agent) is typically isopropanol, which converts to acetone upon donation of hydrogen. Transfer hydrogenations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Raeburn
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Paul Raeburn (born November 26, 1950) is an American author and science expositor, known for his book Do Fathers Matter? (2014) concerning the paternal influence on language acquisition and adolescent sexuality, among other topics.
Raeburn is the 2012 American Chemical Society (ACS) Grady-Stack Award Winner for Interpreting Chemistry for the Public. He has been the science editor and a senior writer at Business Week, and the science editor and chief science correspondent of The Associated Press. He writes for The New York Times Sunday Magazine, Scientific American, Psychology Today, The Washington Post, Discover, Popular Science, Child, Self, Technology Review and other newspapers and magazines.
Raeburn is a past president of the National Association of Science Writers and a recipient of its Science in Society Journalism Award.
A native of Detroit, Raeburn now lives and works in New York City with his wife, writer Elizabeth DeVita and their sons Henry and Luke.
Works
His book Do Fathers Matter? was published June 3, 2014 by Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux. His book Acquainted with the Night is a memoir that tells of raising children with depression and bipolar disorder. In 2016, Raeburn and coauthor Kevin Zollman published The Game Theorist's Guide to Parenting. His previous books include Mars, published by the National Geographic Society in 1998, and The Last Harvest, published by Simon & Schuster in 1995.
See also
Elizabeth DeVita-Raeburn
External li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virasoro
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Virasoro can refer to:
People
Miguel Ángel Virasoro (philosopher) (1900–1966)
Miguel Ángel Virasoro (physicist) (1940–2021)
Places
Gobernador Virasoro, a city in Argentina
Science and mathematics
Virasoro algebra in mathematics and physics
Virasoro conjecture in mathematics
Virasoro element of a vertex operator algebra
Virasoro minimal model in physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrish%20reaction
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A Norrish reaction in organic chemistry is a photochemical reaction taking place with ketones and aldehydes. Such reactions are subdivided into Norrish type I reactions and Norrish type II reactions. The reaction is named after Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. While of limited synthetic utility these reactions are important in the photo-oxidation of polymers such as polyolefins, polyesters, certain polycarbonates and polyketones.
Type I
The Norrish type I reaction is the photochemical cleavage or homolysis of aldehydes and ketones into two free radical intermediates (α-scission). The carbonyl group accepts a photon and is excited to a photochemical singlet state. Through intersystem crossing the triplet state can be obtained. On cleavage of the α-carbon bond from either state, two radical fragments are obtained. The size and nature of these fragments depends upon the stability of the generated radicals; for instance, the cleavage of 2-butanone largely yields ethyl radicals in favor of less stable methyl radicals.
Several secondary reaction modes are open to these fragments depending on the exact molecular structure.
The fragments can simply recombine to the original carbonyl compound, with racemisation at the α-carbon.
The acyl radical can lose a molecule of carbon monoxide, forming a new carbon radical at the other α-carbon, followed by formation of a new carbon–carbon bond between the radicals. The ultimate effect is simple extraction of the carbonyl unit from the carb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milnor%27s%20sphere
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In mathematics, specifically differential and algebraic topology, during the mid 1950's John Milnorpg 14 was trying to understand the structure of -connected manifolds of dimension (since -connected -manifolds are homeomorphic to spheres, this is the first non-trivial case after) and found an example of a space which is homotopy equivalent to a sphere, but was not explicitly diffeomorphic. He did this through looking at real vector bundles over a sphere and studied the properties of the associated disk bundle. It turns out, the boundary of this bundle is homotopically equivalent to a sphere , but in certain cases it is not diffeomorphic. This lack of diffeomorphism comes from studying a hypothetical cobordism between this boundary and a sphere, and showing this hypothetical cobordism invalidates certain properties of the Hirzebruch signature theorem.
See also
Exotic sphere
Oriented cobordism
References
Differential topology
Algebraic topology
Topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20aether%20theory
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In physics the Einstein aether theory, also called aetheory, is a generally covariant modification of general relativity which describes a spacetime endowed with both a metric and a unit timelike vector field named the aether. The theory has a preferred reference frame and hence violates Lorentz invariance.
History
Einstein-aether theories were popularized by Maurizio Gasperini in a series of papers, such as Singularity Prevention and Broken Lorentz Symmetry in the 1980s. In addition to the metric of general relativity these theories also included a scalar field which intuitively corresponded to a universal notion of time. Such a theory will have a preferred reference frame, that in which the universal time is the actual time. The dynamics of the scalar field is identified with that of an aether which is at rest in the preferred frame. This is the origin of the name of the theory, it contains Einstein's gravity plus an aether.
Einstein aether theories returned to prominence at the turn of the century with the paper Gravity and a Preferred Frame by Ted Jacobson and David Mattingly. Their theory contains less information than that of Gasperini, instead of a scalar field giving a universal time it contains only a unit vector field which gives the direction of time. Thus observers who follow the aether at different points will not necessarily age at the same rate in the Jacobson–Mattingly theory.
The existence of a preferred, dynamical time vector breaks the Lorentz sy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor%20of%20Mathematics%20%28Glasgow%29
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The Chair of Mathematics in the University of Glasgow in Scotland was established in 1691. Previously, under James VI's Nova Erectio, the teaching of Mathematics had been the responsibility of the Regents.
List of Mathematics Professors
George Sinclair MA (1691-1696)
Robert Sinclair MA MD (1699)
Robert Simson MA MD (1711)
Rev Prof James Williamson FRSE MA DD (1761)
James Millar MA (1796)
James Thomson MA LLD (1832)
Hugh Blackburn MA (1849)
William Jack MA LLD (1879)
George Alexander Gibson MA LLD (1909)
Thomas Murray MacRobert MA DSc LLD (1927)
Robert Alexander Rankin MA PhD DSc FRSE (1954-1982)
Robert Winston Keith Odoni BSc PhD FRSE (1989-2001)
Peter Kropholler (2003-2013)
Michael Wemyss (2016-)
References
Who, What and Where: The History and Constitution of the University of Glasgow. Compiled by Michael Moss, Moira Rankin and Lesley Richmond)
https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1773&type=P
https://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~mwemyss/
See also
List of Professorships at the University of Glasgow
Mathematics
Glasgow
1691 establishments in Scotland
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20asymmetry
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In mathematics and physics, the spectral asymmetry is the asymmetry in the distribution of the spectrum of eigenvalues of an operator. In mathematics, the spectral asymmetry arises in the study of elliptic operators on compact manifolds, and is given a deep meaning by the Atiyah-Singer index theorem. In physics, it has numerous applications, typically resulting in a fractional charge due to the asymmetry of the spectrum of a Dirac operator. For example, the vacuum expectation value of the baryon number is given by the spectral asymmetry of the Hamiltonian operator. The spectral asymmetry of the confined quark fields is an important property of the chiral bag model. For fermions, it is known as the Witten index, and can be understood as describing the Casimir effect for fermions.
Definition
Given an operator with eigenvalues , an equal number of which are positive and negative, the spectral asymmetry may be defined as the sum
where is the sign function. Other regulators, such as the zeta function regulator, may be used.
The need for both a positive and negative spectrum in the definition is why the spectral asymmetry usually occurs in the study of Dirac operators.
Example
As an example, consider an operator with a spectrum
where n is an integer, ranging over all positive and negative values. One may show in a straightforward manner that in this case obeys for any integer , and that for we have . The graph of is therefore a periodic sawtooth curve.
Discussion
Relat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20number
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In mathematics, specifically in number theory, a binomial number is an integer which can be obtained by evaluating a homogeneous polynomial containing two terms. It is a generalization of a Cunningham number.
Definition
A binomial number is an integer obtained by evaluating a homogeneous polynomial containing two terms, also called a binomial. The form of this binomial is , with and . However, since is always divisible by , when studying the numbers generated from the version with the negative sign, they are usually divided by first. Binomial numbers formed this way form Lucas sequences. Specifically:
and
Binomial numbers are a generalization of a Cunningham numbers, and it will be seen that the Cunningham numbers are binomial numbers where . Other subsets of the binomial numbers are the Mersenne numbers and the repunits.
Factorization
The main reason for studying these numbers is to obtain their factorizations. Aside from algebraic factors, which are obtained by factoring the underlying polynomial (binomial) that was used to define the number, such as difference of two squares and sum of two cubes, there are other prime factors (called primitive prime factors, because for a given they do not factorize with ) which occur seemingly at random, and it is these which the number theorist is looking for.
Some binomial numbers' underlying binomials have Aurifeuillian factorizations, which can assist in finding prime factors. Cyclotomic polynomials are also helpful in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Syed%20College%20%28Taliparamba%29
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Sir Syed College is a postgraduate institution situated in Taliparamba, Kerala, India. The college is affiliated to the Kannur University. The college runs post-graduate courses in science, commerce and arts. The college offers research facilities in botany and chemistry. The college is recognized under 2f of the UGC Act and reaccredited by NAAC at the A level.
Location
The college campus is located on a hillock at Karimbam, Taliparamba. The campus is away from Kannur railway station.
History
The college was established in 1967 by Cannanore District Muslim Educational Association (CDMEA) which is a Thalassery based NGO. The college began in a temporary building at Karimbam junction. The new campus at Pranthan Kunnu has more facilities like football and basketball grounds and a botanic garden. The college has laboraties for the students of physics, botany and chemistry.
Attached institutions
Sir Syed Institute for Technical Studies
Keyi Sahib Training College
Sir Syed Higher Secondary School
Affiliation
Sir Syed College, Taliparamba is affiliated to the Kannur University.
Notable alumni
Dr. Justice Kauser Edappagath, judge of Kerala High Court
John Brittas
Nikhila Vimal
P. K. Kunhalikutty
Mohammed Faizal P. P
See also
Krishna Menon Women's College
Payyannur College
References
Arts and Science colleges in Kerala
Colleges affiliated to Kannur University
Universities and colleges in Kannur district
Taliparamba
Educational institutions established in 1967
1967 es
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauri%20S.%20Pelto
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Mauri S. Pelto is a professor of environmental science at Nichols College in Dudley, Massachusetts and director of the North Cascades Glacier Climate Project.
Work
Mauri Pelto has been studying the glaciers in the North Cascades located in the U.S. state of Washington since 1984. Pelto's research team has recorded the mass balance of numerous glaciers, all of which are retreating due to global warming, which has raised temperatures and decreased the amount of snowfall in the accumulation zone of the North Cascade glaciers. More recently, Pelto has used Landsat imagery from the past and compared it to more recent imagery to make comparisons between the extent of glacial coverage over periods spanning decades.
Pelto has stated that of the 756 glaciers that were identified in the North Cascades by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1971, 53 of them had disappeared completely by 2006. Another nine are also expected to disappear if current climate patterns continue. In addition, three glaciers in particular pose economic and environmental risks if they retreat much further.
References
American glaciologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformable%20mirror
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Deformable mirrors (DM) are mirrors whose surface can be deformed, in order to achieve wavefront control and correction of optical aberrations. Deformable mirrors are used in combination with wavefront sensors and real-time control systems in adaptive optics. In 2006 they found a new use in femtosecond pulse shaping.
The shape of a DM can be controlled with a speed that is appropriate for compensation of dynamic aberrations present in the optical system. In practice the DM shape should be changed much faster than the process to be corrected, as the correction process, even for a static aberration, may take several iterations.
A DM usually has many degrees of freedom. Typically, these degrees of freedom are associated with the mechanical actuators and it can be roughly taken that one actuator corresponds to one degree of freedom.
Deformable mirror parameters
Number of actuators determines the number of degrees of freedom (wavefront inflections) the mirror can correct. It is very common to compare an arbitrary DM to an ideal device that can perfectly reproduce wavefront modes in the form of Zernike polynomials. For predefined statistics of aberrations a deformable mirror with M actuators can be equivalent to an ideal Zernike corrector with N (usually N < M) degrees of freedom. For correction of the atmospheric turbulence, elimination of low-order Zernike terms usually results in significant improvement of the image quality, while further correction of the higher-order ter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoxyl
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In organic chemistry, indoxyl is a nitrogenous substance with the chemical formula: C8H7NO. Indoxyl is isomeric with oxindol and is obtained as an oily liquid.
Indoxyl is obtained from indican, which is a glycoside. The hydrolysis of indican yields β-D-glucose and indoxyl.
Indigo dye is a product of the reaction of indoxyl with a mild oxidizing agent such as atmospheric oxygen.
Indoxyl can be found in urine and is titrated with Obermayer's reagent, which is a dilute solution of ferric chloride (FeCl3) in hydrochloric acid (HCl).
References
Indoles
Enols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20chemistry
|
Spin chemistry is a sub-field of chemistry positioned at the intersection of chemical kinetics, photochemistry, magnetic resonance and free radical chemistry, that deals with magnetic and spin effects in chemical reactions. Spin chemistry concerns phenomena such as chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP), chemically induced electron polarization (CIDEP), magnetic isotope effects in chemical reactions, and it is hypothesized to be key in the underlying mechanism for avian magnetoreception and consciousness.
Radical-pair mechanism
The radical-pair mechanism explains how a magnetic field can affect reaction kinetics by affecting electron spin dynamics. Most commonly demonstrated in reactions of organic compounds involving radical intermediates, a magnetic field can speed up a reaction by decreasing the frequency of reverse reactions.
History
The radical-pair mechanism emerged as an explanation to CIDNP and CIDEP and was proposed in 1969 by Closs; Kaptein and Oosterhoff.
Radicals and radical-pairs
A radical is a molecule with an odd number of electrons, and is induced in a variety of ways, including ultra-violet radiation. A sun burn is largely due to radical formation from this radiation. The radical-pair, however, is not simply two radicals. This is because radical-pairs (specifically singlets) are quantum entangled, even as separate molecules. More fundamental to the radical-pair mechanism, however, is the fact that radical-pair electrons both have spi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSMB%20%28mathematics%29
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NSMB is a computer system for solving Navier–Stokes equations using the finite volume method. It supports meshes built of several blocks (multi-blocks) and supports parallelisation. The name stands for "Navier–Stokes multi-block". It was developed by a consortium of European scientific institutions and companies, between 1992 and 2003.
References
Numerical software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomanganate
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In chemistry, hypomanganate, also called manganate(V) or tetraoxidomanganate(3−), is a trivalent anion (negative ion) composed of manganese and oxygen, with formula .
Hypomanganates are usually bright blue. Potassium hypomanganate is the best known salt, but sodium hypomanganate , barium hypomanganate , and the mixed potassium-barium salt is also known. The anion can replace phosphate in synthetic variants of the minerals apatite<ref name=Dardenne>K. Dardenne, D. Vivien, and D. Huguenin (1999): "Color of Mn(V)-substituted apatites A10((B, Mn)O4)6F2, A = Ba, Sr, Ca; B= P, V". Journal of Solid State Chem.istry, volume 146, issue 2, pages 464-472. </ref> and brownmillerite.
History
The manganate(V) anion was first reported in 1946 by Hermann Lux, who synthesized the intensely blue sodium hypomanganate by reacting sodium oxide and manganese dioxide in fused sodium nitrite at 500 °C. He also crystalized the salt from strong (50%) sodium hydroxide solutions as the decahydrate ·10.
Structure and properties
Manganate(V) is a tetrahedral oxyanion structurally similar to sulfate, manganate, and permanganate. As expected for a tetrahedral complex with a d2 configuration, the anion has a triplet ground state.
The anion is a bright blue species with a visible absorption maximum at wavelength λmax = 670 nm (ε = )..
Stability
Hypomanganate is unstable towards disproportionation to manganate(VI) and manganese dioxide: The estimated electrode potentials at pH 14 are:.
MnO +
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Smith%20%28academic%29
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Martin Smith is a former Professor of Robotics at Middlesex University in north London, UK. He is also a former President of the Cybernetics Society in the UK (1999 - 2020).
Smith was awarded Freedom of the City of London, and was awarded the Public Awareness of Physics Award by the Institute of Physics.
Television appearances
Smith has appeared on many television programmes: as a technical presenter on the BBC television programme Techno Games and as a judge on Robot Wars from the third series having previously competed in the first series. He was a judge and programme consultant on Channel 4's Scrapheap Challenge and technical presenter on Granada TV's Mutant Machines. He has also appeared on Tomorrow's World, Tomorrow's World Live at the NEC, and the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures series entitled The Rise of Robots.
Editorships
Smith is a member of the editorial boards of Kybernetes: The International Journal of Cybernetics and Systems, The International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, The International Journal of Applied Systemic Studies, the International Journal of General Systems, and The International Journal of Social Robotics. He is a Director of the World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetics.
Former posts
He has held posts as Visiting Research Professor in Robotics at the Open University, Professor at the University of Central England UK, (now Birmingham City University) and at the University of East London (UK) where he was founder and Head
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20Rao%20Kosaraju
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Sambasiva Rao Kosaraju is an Indian-American professor of computer science at Johns Hopkins University, and division director for Computing & Communication Foundations at the National Science Foundation. He has done extensive work in the design and analysis of parallel and sequential algorithms.
Education
He was born in India, and he did his bachelor's degree in engineering from Andhra University, Masters from IIT Kharagpur, and holds a PhD from University of Pennsylvania.
Career
In 1978, he wrote a paper describing a method to efficiently compute strongly connected members of a directed graph, a method later called Kosaraju's algorithm. Along with Paul Callahan, he published many articles on efficient algorithms for computing the well-separated pair decomposition of a point set. His research efforts include efficient algorithms for pattern matching, data structure simulations, universal graphs, DNA sequence assembly, derandomization and investigations of immune system responses.
In 1995, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He is also a fellow of the IEEE. A common saying at Johns Hopkins University, "At some point, the learning stops and the pain begins." has been attributed to him. There used to be a shrine in the CS Undergraduate Lab in his honour.
References
External links
.
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Indian emi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermite%27s%20identity
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In mathematics, Hermite's identity, named after Charles Hermite, gives the value of a summation involving the floor function. It states that for every real number x and for every positive integer n the following identity holds:
Proofs
Proof by algebraic manipulation
Split into its integer part and fractional part, . There is exactly one with
By subtracting the same integer from inside the floor operations on the left and right sides of this inequality, it may be rewritten as
Therefore,
and multiplying both sides by gives
Now if the summation from Hermite's identity is split into two parts at index , it becomes
Proof using functions
Consider the function
Then the identity is clearly equivalent to the statement for all real . But then we find,
Where in the last equality we use the fact that for all integers . But then has period . It then suffices to prove that for all . But in this case, the integral part of each summand in is equal to 0. We deduce that the function is indeed 0 for all real inputs .
References
Mathematical identities
Articles containing proofs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%20Rubin
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Aviel David "Avi" Rubin (born November 8, 1967) is an expert in systems and networking security. He is a graduate of the University of Michigan and Professor of Computer Science at Johns Hopkins University, Technical Director of the Information Security Institute at Johns Hopkins, Director of ACCURATE, and President and co-founder of Independent Security Evaluators. In 2002, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the USENIX Association for a two-year term.
Rubin is credited with bringing to light vulnerabilities in Premier Election Solutions' (formerly Diebold Election Systems) AccuVote electronic voting machines. In 2006, he published a book on his experiences since this event.
In 2012, drawing on his experience as an expert witness in high-tech litigation, Rubin founded the consultancy Harbor Labs "to provide expertise in legal cases, including testimony, reports, source code review and analysis."
As of 2015, Rubin is Director of the Health and Medical Security Lab at Johns Hopkins.
Rubin is a self-professed "poker fanatic" and has competed against professional players on the Poker Night in America television show.
Education
1994, Ph.D., Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
1991, M.S.E., Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
1989, B.S., Computer Science (Honors), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
References
External links
Avi Rubin's JHU home page
Avi Rubin's research papers
Living people
Jo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Numbers%20characters
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This article contains character information for the television show NUMB3RS. The focus of the show is the relationship between brothers Don and Charlie Eppes. Don is an FBI agent, and Charlie is a mathematics professor who consults with Don's team. The show's regular and recurring cast of characters consists primarily of FBI personnel and the faculty and students of Charlie's fictitious workplace, the California Institute of Science (CalSci), and also includes Don and Charlie's father, retired urban planner Alan Eppes.
Overview
Main characters
Don Eppes
Charlie Eppes
Alan Eppes
David Sinclair
Terry Lake
Terry Lake (portrayed by Sabrina Lloyd) was a forensic psychologist and often acted as a profiler for Don Eppes' FBI team. Even though she did not understand the intricacies of what Charlie Eppes does for a living, she was more open to the mathematician's antics than her partner, Don.
Sabrina Lloyd did not return for the second season, and Terry did not appear in the last two episodes of the first season. CBS officially stated that her contract had an option to leave after the first season, and she chose to do so. Lloyd wanted to return to New York. The role was not recast; instead, the new character of Megan Reeves replaced Terry, who was written out as having been reassigned to Washington.
Robert Bianco of USA Today considered Lloyd a standout in the supporting cast but criticized the characters making up Don's team as lacking in originality.
Larry Fleinhardt
Ami
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional%20reduction
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Dimensional reduction is the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero. In physics, a theory in D spacetime dimensions can be redefined in a lower number of dimensions d, by taking all the fields to be independent of the location in the extra D − d dimensions.
For example, consider a periodic compact dimension with period L. Let x be the coordinate along this dimension. Any field can be described as a sum of the following terms:
with An a constant. According to quantum mechanics, such a term has momentum nh/L along x, where h is Planck's constant. Therefore, as L goes to zero, the momentum goes to infinity, and so does the energy, unless n = 0. However n = 0 gives a field which is constant with respect to x. So at this limit, and at finite energy, will not depend on x.
This argument generalizes. The compact dimension imposes specific boundary conditions on all fields, for example periodic boundary conditions in the case of a periodic dimension, and typically Neumann or Dirichlet boundary conditions in other cases. Now suppose the size of the compact dimension is L; then the possible eigenvalues under gradient along this dimension are integer or half-integer multiples of 1/L (depending on the precise boundary conditions). In quantum mechanics this eigenvalue is the momentum of the field, and is therefore related to its energy. As L → 0 all eigenvalues except zero go to infinity, and so does the energy. Therefore, at this limit, wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Leibler
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Richard A. Leibler (March 18, 1914, Chicago, Illinois – October 25, 2003, Reston, Virginia) was an American mathematician and cryptanalyst. Richard Leibler was born in March 1914. He received his A.M. in mathematics from Northwestern University and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1939. While working at the National Security Agency, he and Solomon Kullback formulated the Kullback–Leibler divergence, a measure of similarity between probability distributions which has found important applications in information theory and cryptology. Leibler is also credited by the NSA as having opened up "new methods of attack" in the celebrated VENONA code-breaking project during 1949-1950; this may be a reference to his joint paper with Kullback, which was published in the open literature in 1951 and was immediately noted by Soviet cryptologists.
He was director of the Communications Research Division at the Institute for Defense Analyses from 1962 to 1977. He was inducted into the NSA Hall of Honor for his efforts against the VENONA code.
References
External links
Biography in NSA's Cryptologic Hall of Honor.
1914 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American cryptographers
Modern cryptographers
Northwestern University alumni
University of Illinois alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20logarithm
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In mathematics, a complex logarithm is a generalization of the natural logarithm to nonzero complex numbers. The term refers to one of the following, which are strongly related:
A complex logarithm of a nonzero complex number , defined to be any complex number for which . Such a number is denoted by . If is given in polar form as , where and are real numbers with , then is one logarithm of , and all the complex logarithms of are exactly the numbers of the form for integers . These logarithms are equally spaced along a vertical line in the complex plane.
A complex-valued function , defined on some subset of the set of nonzero complex numbers, satisfying for all in . Such complex logarithm functions are analogous to the real logarithm function , which is the inverse of the real exponential function and hence satisfies for all positive real numbers . Complex logarithm functions can be constructed by explicit formulas involving real-valued functions, by integration of , or by the process of analytic continuation.
There is no continuous complex logarithm function defined on all of . Ways of dealing with this include branches, the associated Riemann surface, and partial inverses of the complex exponential function. The principal value defines a particular complex logarithm function that is continuous except along the negative real axis; on the complex plane with the negative real numbers and 0 removed, it is the analytic continuation of the (real) natura
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20separation
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In fluid dynamics, flow separation or boundary layer separation is the detachment of a boundary layer from a surface into a wake.
A boundary layer exists whenever there is relative movement between a fluid and a solid surface with viscous forces present in the layer of fluid close to the surface. The flow can be externally, around a body, or internally, in an enclosed passage. Boundary layers can be either laminar or turbulent. A reasonable assessment of whether the boundary layer will be laminar or turbulent can be made by calculating the Reynolds number of the local flow conditions.
Separation occurs in flow that is slowing down, with pressure increasing, after passing the thickest part of a streamline body or passing through a widening passage, for example.
Flowing against an increasing pressure is known as flowing in an adverse pressure gradient. The boundary layer separates when it has travelled far enough in an adverse pressure gradient that the speed of the boundary layer relative to the surface has stopped and reversed direction. The flow becomes detached from the surface, and instead takes the forms of eddies and vortices. The fluid exerts a constant pressure on the surface once it has separated instead of a continually increasing pressure if still attached. In aerodynamics, flow separation results in reduced lift and increased pressure drag, caused by the pressure differential between the front and rear surfaces of the object. It causes buffeting of aircraft st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2-irreducible%20manifold
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:P2-irreducible manifold}}
In mathematics, a P2-irreducible manifold is a 3-manifold that is irreducible and contains no 2-sided (real projective plane). An orientable manifold is P2-irreducible if and only if it is irreducible. Every non-orientable P2-irreducible manifold is a Haken manifold.
References
3-manifolds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2062001%E2%80%9363000
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62001–62100
|-id=071
| 62071 Voegtli || || Christian Voegtli (born 1959), also spelt Vögtli, is a Swiss physicist who studied theoretical physics in Basel. For many years he has been interested in evolutionary processes and he is very happy now to watch his two funny daughters developing their fitness for the next generation. ||
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62101–62200
|-id=190
| 62190 Augusthorch || || August Horch (1868–1951), German engineer and automobile pioneer. The first Horch automobile was built in 1901. ||
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62201–62300
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62301–62400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
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62401–62500
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
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62501–62600
|-id=503
| 62503 Tomcave || || Thomas Roland Cave III (1923–2003) was an American amateur astronomer and persistent observer with a special interest in Mars. His planetary observations covered more than half a century. He shared his observatory in California willingly and helped numerous astronomy enthusiasts in the building of their own telescopes (Src). ||
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62601–62700
|-id=666
| 62666 Rainawessen || 2000 TA || Raina Wessen (born 1994) has been the Key Club Treasurer and Associated Student Body Treasurer at Marshall Fundamental High School. She has held positions in her community for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Huntington Memorial Hospital and the Pasadena Humane Society. ||
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62701–62800
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| 62701 Davidrankin || || David Rankin (born 1984) is an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative%20recombination
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Dissociative recombination is a chemical process in which a positive polyatomic ion recombines with an electron, and as a result, the neutral molecule dissociates. This reaction is important for interstellar and atmospheric chemistry. On Earth, dissociative recombination rarely occurs naturally, as free electrons react with any molecule (even neutral molecules) they encounter. Even in the best laboratory conditions, dissociative recombination is hard to observe, but it is an important reaction in systems which have large populations of ionized molecules such as atmospheric-pressure plasmas.
In astrophysics, dissociative recombination is one of the main mechanisms by which molecules are broken down, and other molecules are formed. The existence of dissociative recombination is possible due to the vacuum of the interstellar medium. A typical example of dissociative recombination in astrophysics is:
CH3+ + e- -> CH2 + H
See also
Astrochemistry
Ionization
References
Astrophysics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISTP
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ISTP may refer to:
a Myers–Briggs Type Indicator personality type
a Socionics personality type
International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative, an international research collaboration
International School of the Peninsula, in Palo Alto, California
Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings, a scholarly literature database
See also
ITSP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics%20and%20the%20Book%20of%20Mormon
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The Book of Mormon, the founding document of the Latter Day Saint movement and one of the four books of scripture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is an account of three groups of people. According to the book, two of these groups originated from ancient Israel. There is generally no direct support amongst mainstream historians and archaeologists for the historicity of the Book of Mormon.
Since the late 1990s pioneering work of Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and others, scientists have developed techniques that attempt to use genetic markers to indicate the ethnic background and history of individual people. The data developed by these mainstream scientists tell us that the Native Americans have very distinctive DNA markers and that some of them are most similar, among old world populations, to the DNA of people anciently associated with the Altay Mountains area of central Asia. These evidences from a genetic perspective agree with a large body of archaeological, anthropological, and linguistic conclusions that Native American peoples' ancestors migrated from Asia at the latest 16,500–13,000 years ago. (See Settlement of the Americas and Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas).
The mainstream scientific consensus about the origin of the ancient Americans is at odds with the claims put forth in the Book of Mormon, though Mormon apologists have made efforts to reconcile these contradictions. The LDS Church released an essay on their w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Reh
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Thomas A. Reh is an American scientist and author.
He received his B.Sc. in biochemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1977 and his Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1981. He went on to postdoctoral studies at Princeton University in the lab of Martha Constantine-Paton. He is currently professor of biological structure and former director of the Neurobiology and Behavior Program at the University of Washington.
The overall goal of Reh’s research is to understand the cell and molecular biology of regeneration in the eye. He has worked at the interface between development and regeneration, focusing on the retina. The lab is currently divided into a team that studies retinal development and a team that studies retinal regeneration, with the goal of applying the principles learned from developmental biology to design rationale strategies for promoting retinal regeneration in the adult mammalian retina.
His research has been funded through numerous grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and many private foundations, and he has served on several national and international grant review panels, including NIH study sections, and is currently a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Foundation Fighting Blindness and of a start-up biotechnology company, Acucela. He has received several awards for his work, including the AHFMR and Sloan Scholar awards. He has published over 100 journal articles, reviews and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah%20Meigs
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Josiah Meigs (August 21, 1757 – September 4, 1822) was an American academic, journalist, and government official. He was the first acting president of the University of Georgia in Athens, where he implemented the university's first physics curriculum in 1801, and also president of the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences.
Early life and education
Meigs was the 13th and last child of Jonathan Meigs and Elizabeth Hamlin Meigs. His older brother was Return J. Meigs, Sr., whose son (Josiah's nephew) was Return J. Meigs, Jr., who served as a United States Senator and Governor of Ohio.
After graduating from Yale University in 1778 with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degree, Meigs studied law and was a Yale tutor in mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy from 1781 to 1784. He was admitted to the bar in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1783, and served as New Haven city clerk from 1784 to 1789. During this period, he and Eleutheros Dana established and published The New Haven Gazette, later known as The New Haven Gazette and The Connecticut, a magazine. In 1788, Meigs published the first American Medical Journal.
Career
In 1789, Meigs left New Haven, Connecticut, for St. George, Bermuda, where he practiced law and was involved in defending the owners of U.S. vessels that had been captured by British privateers. In 1794 he returned to the United States and took the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy at Yale. As a Republican, he was in conflict with the Fe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Roy%20Whinnery
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John Roy Whinnery (July 26, 1916 – February 1, 2009) was an American electrical engineer and educator who worked in the fields of microwave theory and laser experimentation.
Biography
Whinnery received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1937, and the Ph.D. from the same institution in 1948. Throughout World War II, he was active in war training classes, held a part-time lectureship at Union College(1945–46), and earned his doctoral degree while working 6 days a week in microwaves at General Electric, Schenectady, New York, working on problems in waveguide discontinuities, microwave tubes, and applications to radar. He continued his career working on He-Ne laser modulation, the transmission of laser light for optical communication and photo thermal effects. His research evolved to include quantum electronics and opto-electronics as well.
Whinnery was on the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley, beginning in 1946, holding appointment as Lecturer, Associate Professor, and Professor. From 1952 to 1956, he directed the Electronics Research Laboratory; from 1956 to 1959, he was Chairman of the Electric Engineering Department; from 1959 to 1963, he was Dean of the College of Engineering at Berkeley. During Whinnery's terms, many of the most successful young faculty were hired to the College of Engineering, Berkeley, specifically in Electrical Engineering, contributing significantly to Berkeley's reputation as one
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafast%20molecular%20process
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An ultrafast molecular process is any technology that relies on properties of molecules that are only extant for a very short period of time (less than 1e-9 seconds). Such processes are very important in areas such as combustion chemistry and in the study of proteins.
References
Ultrafast molecular processes from Sandia National Laboratories
Chemical reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20the%20wall
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In fluid dynamics, the law of the wall (also known as the logarithmic law of the wall) states that the average velocity of a turbulent flow at a certain point is proportional to the logarithm of the distance from that point to the "wall", or the boundary of the fluid region. This law of the wall was first published in 1930 by Hungarian-American mathematician, aerospace engineer, and physicist Theodore von Kármán. It is only technically applicable to parts of the flow that are close to the wall (<20% of the height of the flow), though it is a good approximation for the entire velocity profile of natural streams.
General logarithmic formulation
The logarithmic law of the wall is a self similar solution for the mean velocity parallel to the wall, and is valid for flows at high Reynolds numbers — in an overlap region with approximately constant shear stress and far enough from the wall for (direct) viscous effects to be negligible:
with and
where
{| border="0"
|-
||| is the wall coordinate: the distance y to the wall, made dimensionless with the friction velocity uτ and kinematic viscosity ν,
|-
||| is the dimensionless velocity: the velocity u parallel to the wall as a function of y (distance from the wall), divided by the friction velocity uτ,
|-
||| is the wall shear stress,
|-
||| is the fluid density,
|-
||| is called the friction velocity or shear velocity,
|-
||| is the Von Kármán constant,
|-
||| is a constant, and
|-
||| is the natural logarithm.
|}
From exp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%20of%20elements
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the category of elements of a presheaf is a category associated to that presheaf whose objects are the elements of sets in the presheaf.
The category of elements of a simplicial set is fundamental in simplicial homotopy theory, a branch of algebraic topology. More generally, the category of elements plays a key role in the proof that every weighted colimit can be expressed as an ordinary colimit, which is in turn necessary for the basic results in theory of pointwise left Kan extensions, and the characterization of the presheaf category as the free cocompletion of a category.
Definition
Let be a category and let be a set-valued functor. The category of elements of (also denoted ) is the category whose:
Objects are pairs where and .
Morphisms are arrows of such that .
An equivalent definition is that the category of elements of is the comma category , where is a singleton (a set with one element).
The category of elements of is naturally equipped with a projection functor that sends an object to , and an arrow to its underlying arrow in .
As a functor from presheaves to small categories
For small , this construction can be extended into a functor from to , the category of small categories. Using the Yoneda lemma one can show that , where is the Yoneda embedding. This isomorphism is natural in and thus the functor is naturally isomorphic to .
See also
Grothendieck construction
References
External li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynmor%20Jones%20Library
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The Brynmor Jones Library (BJL) is the main library at the University of Hull, England. In 1967 it was named after Sir Brynmor Jones (1903-1989) who initiated research in the field of Liquid Crystals (LCD) at Hull and became Head of the Department of Chemistry in 1947. He was the Vice-Chancellor of the University from 1956 to 1972.
The building consists of two main sections, the older Art Deco style entrance and front section, built in the 1950s, which is five floors high (originally three which were later subdivided by mezzanines) and the newer extension, completed in 1970, which consists of eight floors plus a basement. The older section has two exterior bas-relief sculptures by Willi Soukop, one is of an owl, the other shows a human figure representing the light of knowledge and is positioned directly over the main entrance. The new section has views over the Humber with three lifts for student use and a fourth lift for staff. It contains over a million books, plus other reference materials, mainly for use by students at the university. There are also a large number of open access computers within the library which are connected to the University network.
The poet Philip Larkin served as Librarian here for thirty years from 1955 until his death in 1985.
The library serves as home to the university's Art Collection, started in 1963 the collection's focus is British art from 1890 to 1940, including works by the Bloomsbury and Camden Town Groups.
References
External lin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minh%20Quang%20Tran
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Minh-Quảng Trần (born in Saigon (Vietnam) on 30 May 1951) is a professor at the EPFL.
He graduated in physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in 1973, where he did his doctoral thesis in 1977, and where he has worked as a professor since 1980. He works at the Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), with the Tokamak à configuration variable.
He was nominated Leader of EFDA (the European Fusion Development Agreement), the organisation which manages JET (Joint European Torus), the largest fusion experiment in the world, sited in England. It also supervises numerous technology programmes in Europe in support of ITER, the international experimental fusion reactor project, as well as research for future industrial reactors.
Notes and references
1951 births
Living people
Vietnamese scientists
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
People from Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnamese emigrants to Switzerland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20stress
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In materials science the flow stress, typically denoted as Yf (or ), is defined as the instantaneous value of stress required to continue plastically deforming a material - to keep it flowing. It is most commonly, though not exclusively, used in reference to metals. On a stress-strain curve, the flow stress can be found anywhere within the plastic regime; more explicitly, a flow stress can be found for any value of strain between and including yield point () and excluding fracture (): .
The flow stress changes as deformation proceeds and usually increases as strain accumulates due to work hardening, although the flow stress could decrease due to any recovery process. In continuum mechanics, the flow stress for a given material will vary with changes in temperature, , strain, , and strain-rate, ; therefore it can be written as some function of those properties:
The exact equation to represent flow stress depends on the particular material and plasticity model being used. Hollomon's equation is commonly used to represent the behavior seen in a stress-strain plot during work hardening:
Where
is flow stress,
is a strength coefficient,
is the plastic strain, and
is the strain hardening exponent. Note that this is an empirical relation and does not model the relation at other temperatures or strain-rates (though the behavior may be similar).
Generally, raising the temperature of an alloy above 0.5 Tm results in the plastic deformation mechanisms being controlled by str
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20HUBO
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Albert HUBO is a humanoid robot, based on the HUBO, but with an animatronic head in the likeness of Albert Einstein. Introduced in 2005, Albert HUBO is the world's first walking humanoid robot with an android head. It was developed by Joon-Ho Oh of KAIST in conjunction with Hanson Robotics, who developed the head. Albert HUBO served as the ambassador of "DYNAMIC KOREA", an initiative by the government of South Korea to rebrand and promote its technology internationally. Albert HUBO is capable of making many facial expressions and interacting with people.
Albert HUBO is 1.37 m tall and weighs 57 kg. Its walking speed is 1.25 km per hour, walking cycle is 0.95 seconds per step, and stride is 32 cm per step. Albert HUBO runs on Windows XP and RTX.
References
External links
HUBO Lab
Hanson Robotics
Movie of Albert Hubo
Bipedal humanoid robots
Robots of South Korea
2005 robots
Cultural depictions of Albert Einstein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20D.%20Meindl
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James Donald Meindl (April 20, 1933 – June 7, 2020) was director of the Joseph M. Pettit Microelectronics Research Center and the Marcus Nanotechnology Research Center and Pettit Chair Professor of Microelectronics at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia. He won the 2006 IEEE Medal of Honor "for pioneering contributions to microelectronics, including low power, biomedical, physical limits and on-chip interconnect networks.”
Education
He received his Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Electrical Engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1955, 1956 and 1958 respectively.
Career
From 1965 to 1967, he was the founding Director of the Integrated Electronics Division at the Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, US Army Electronics Laboratories. In 1967 he was appointed John M. Fluke Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University before becoming vice provost of research.
He went on to serve as Associate Dean for Research in the School of Engineering; Director of the Center for Integrated Systems; and was the founding Director of the Integrated Circuits Laboratory. He was appointed Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1986 and served in there until 1993.
Meindl's fellowships include the IEEE and the AAAS and he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1978.
He is also a co-founder of Telesensory Systems, Inc., a manufacturer of electroni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20Randall
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Dana Randall is an American computer scientist. She works as the ADVANCE Professor of Computing, and adjunct professor of mathematics at the Georgia Institute of Technology. She is also an External Professor of the Santa Fe Institute. Previously she was executive director of the Georgia Tech Institute of Data Engineering and Science (IDEaS) that she co-founded, and director of the Algorithms and Randomness Center. Her research include combinatorics, computational aspects of statistical mechanics, Monte Carlo stimulation of Markov chains, and randomized algorithms.
Education
Randall was born in Queens, New York. She graduated from New York City's Stuyvesant High School in 1984. She received her A.B. in Mathematics from Harvard University in 1988 and her Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1994 under the supervision of Alistair Sinclair.
Her sister is theoretical physicist Lisa Randall.
Research
Her primary research interest is analyzing algorithms for counting problems (e.g. counting matchings in a graph) using Markov chains. One of her important contributions to this area is a decomposition theorem for analyzing Markov chains.
Accolades
In 2012 she became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
She delivered her Arnold Ross Lecture on October 29, 2009, an honor previously conferred on Barry Mazur, Elwyn Berlekamp, Ken Ribet, Manjul Bhargava, David Kelly and Paul Sally.
Publications
Clustering in interfering models of binary m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20factor
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Shape factor refers to a value that is affected by an object's shape but is independent of its dimensions.
It may refer to one of number of values in physics, engineering, image analysis, or statistics.
In physics:
Shape factor, or shaping factor, a performance measure for filters such as band-pass filters
Shape factor of crystallites, a term in the Scherrer equation used in X-ray diffraction
The view factor in the field of radiative heat transfer
In engineering:
Shape factor (boundary layer flow)
Structural indices derived from falling weight deflectometer data
In image analysis:
Shape factor (image analysis and microscopy) including:
The compactness measure of a shape
In statistics:
The shape parameter, sometimes referred to as the shape factor, of some probability distributions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Hölder's theorem states that the gamma function does not satisfy any algebraic differential equation whose coefficients are rational functions. This result was first proved by Otto Hölder in 1887; several alternative proofs have subsequently been found.
The theorem also generalizes to the -gamma function.
Statement of the theorem
For every there is no non-zero polynomial such that
where is the gamma function.
For example, define by
Then the equation
is called an algebraic differential equation, which, in this case, has the solutions and — the Bessel functions of the first and second kind respectively. Hence, we say that and are differentially algebraic (also algebraically transcendental). Most of the familiar special functions of mathematical physics are differentially algebraic. All algebraic combinations of differentially algebraic functions are differentially algebraic. Furthermore, all compositions of differentially algebraic functions are differentially algebraic. Hölder’s Theorem simply states that the gamma function, , is not differentially algebraic and is therefore transcendentally transcendental.
Proof
Let and assume that a non-zero polynomial exists such that
As a non-zero polynomial in can never give rise to the zero function on any non-empty open domain of (by the fundamental theorem of algebra), we may suppose, without loss of generality, that contains a monomial term having a non-zero power of one of the indeterminates .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage%20High%20School%20%28Newport%20News%2C%20Virginia%29
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Heritage High School, established in 1996, is a public school in Newport News, Virginia. The school is home to the Heritage Hurricanes, and its colors are maroon and silver. The school is also home to the Newport News Public Schools Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) magnet program, as well as the University magnet program. The school is located in the South East End area of the city (Downtown) at 5800 Marshall Avenue. The current principal is Earling Hunter. The school has a twin school, Woodside High School, that was built simultaneously and designed by the same architects.
2021 shooting
On September 20, 2021, a shooting occurred at the school, injuring two people. The shooter, 15-year-old Jacari Taylor, was arrested and has since pleaded guilty to malicious wounding and four gun charges. Taylor, who showed remorse for his actions, was ultimately sentenced to 10 years for the shooting.
Demographics
As of October 2009
Athletics
The hurricanes compete in the peninsula region, division 4A.
In 2000, The Heritage football team won the Virginia state championship with a 14-0 overall record. In 2008, the girls basketball team also won the Virginia state title, defeating Forest Park.
Notable alumni
Darryl Blackstock NFL Player
References
Educational institutions established in 1996
High schools in Newport News, Virginia
Public high schools in Virginia
Magnet schools in Virginia
1996 establishments in Virginia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco%20Ronchi
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Vasco Ronchi (; December 19, 1897 – October 31, 1988) was an Italian physicist known for his work in optics. He was born on 19 December 1897 in Florence, Italy. Along with Enrico Fermi, he was a student of Luigi Puccianti. He studied at the Faculty of Physics of the University of Pisa from 1915 to 1919.
In 1922 Ronchi published work describing testing methods for optics using simple equipment. The Ronchi test is widely used in amateur telescope making. The Ronchi ruling also bears his name.
He served numerous terms as the President of the 'Union Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences' within the UNESCO.
Ronchi authored 900 papers and 30 books.
External links
Ronchi, Vasco (1897-1988)
1897 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Italian physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfer%20group
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In mathematics, specifically in group theory, the Prüfer p-group or the p-quasicyclic group or p∞-group, Z(p∞), for a prime number p is the unique p-group in which every element has p different p-th roots.
The Prüfer p-groups are countable abelian groups that are important in the classification of infinite abelian groups: they (along with the group of rational numbers) form the smallest building blocks of all divisible groups.
The groups are named after Heinz Prüfer, a German mathematician of the early 20th century.
Constructions of Z(p∞)
The Prüfer p-group may be identified with the subgroup of the circle group, U(1), consisting of all pn-th roots of unity as n ranges over all non-negative integers:
The group operation here is the multiplication of complex numbers.
There is a presentation
Here, the group operation in Z(p∞) is written as multiplication.
Alternatively and equivalently, the Prüfer p-group may be defined as the Sylow p-subgroup of the quotient group Q/Z, consisting of those elements whose order is a power of p:
(where Z[1/p] denotes the group of all rational numbers whose denominator is a power of p, using addition of rational numbers as group operation).
For each natural number n, consider the quotient group Z/pnZ and the embedding Z/pnZ → Z/pn+1Z induced by multiplication by p. The direct limit of this system is Z(p∞):
If we perform the direct limit in the category of topological groups, then we need to impose a topology on each of the , and take
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20%28marine%20biology%29
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Stream substrate (sediment) is the material that rests at the bottom of a stream. There are several classification guides. One is:
Mud – silt and clay.
Sand – Particles between 0.06 and 2 mm in diameter.
Granule – Between 2 and 4 mm in diameter.
Pebble – Between 4 – 64 mm in diameter.
Cobble – between 6.4 and 25.6 cm in diameter
Boulder – more than 25.6 cm in diameter.
Stream substrate can affect the life found within the stream habitat. Muddy streams generally have more sediment in the water, reducing clarity. Clarity is one guide to stream health.
Marine substrate can be classified geologically as well. See Green et al., 1999 for a reference.
Mollusks and clams that live in areas with substrate, and need them to survive, use their silky byssal threads to cling to it. See Cteniodes Ales for reference.
See also
Grain size
Substrate (biology)
Aquatic ecology
Marine biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%E2%80%93Aaron%20pair
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In mathematics, a Ruth–Aaron pair consists of two consecutive integers (e.g., 714 and 715) for which the sums of the prime factors of each integer are equal:
714 = 2 × 3 × 7 × 17,
715 = 5 × 11 × 13,
and
2 + 3 + 7 + 17 = 5 + 11 + 13 = 29.
There are different variations in the definition, depending on how many times to count primes that appear multiple times in a factorization.
The name was given by Carl Pomerance for Babe Ruth and Hank Aaron, as Ruth's career regular-season home run total was 714, a record which Aaron eclipsed on April 8, 1974, when he hit his 715th career home run. Pomerance was a mathematician at the University of Georgia at the time Aaron (a member of the nearby Atlanta Braves) broke Ruth's record, and the student of one of Pomerance's colleagues noticed that the sums of the prime factors of 714 and 715 were equal.
Examples
If only distinct prime factors are counted, the first few Ruth–Aaron pairs are:
(5, 6), (24, 25), (49, 50), (77, 78), (104, 105), (153, 154), (369, 370), (492, 493), (714, 715), (1682, 1683), (2107, 2108)
(The lesser of each pair is listed in ).
Counting repeated prime factors (e.g., 8 = 2×2×2 and 9 = 3×3 with 2+2+2 = 3+3), the first few Ruth–Aaron pairs are:
(5, 6), (8, 9), (15, 16), (77, 78), (125, 126), (714, 715), (948, 949), (1330, 1331)
(The lesser of each pair is listed in ).
The intersection of the two lists begins:
(5, 6), (77, 78), (714, 715), (5405, 5406).
(The lesser of each pair is listed in ).
Any Ruth–Aaro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Signal
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is a manga series written by Sachi Oshimizu. It was later animated into a 3 episode anime OVA series in 1996. Both the manga and the OVA have been licensed by Media Blasters for distribution in the USA.
It follows the story of a humanoid created by a robotics expert named Dr. Otoi for his grandson, Nobuhiko. But in the process of writing and applying the programming, an unfortunate mishap took place when Nobuhiko sneezed. Now, whenever Nobuhiko sneezes, the humanoid (named Signal) transforms from a temperamental adult robot into a chocolate-loving baby version of himself.
Despite this, the days spent with the Otoi family are usually fun. Animals, people, and robots all live in harmony.
One day, Signal is attacked by Pulse, a robot created by Dr. Otoi some time ago as Signal's prototype. Pulse is incredibly nearsighted, but makes up for what he lacks in vision with firepower. Dr. Otoi's mysterious rival has packed him to the brim with amazing weaponry, with the intent of stealing the Doctor's most recent technology.
Characters
Signal
The namesake of the series, Signal is the newest HFR (Human Form Robot) to be created by Professor Otoi. He is unique because of the MIRA and SIRIUS technology in him, which sometimes makes him a target of those wishing to steal his data. He is programmed to be a fighter and an older brother to Professor Otoi's grandson, Nobuhiko. Due to an accident in the lab during his creation, when Nobuhiko sneezes, it transforms Signal into a much small
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetted%20perimeter
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The wetted perimeter is the perimeter of the cross sectional area that is "wet". The length of line of the intersection of channel wetted surface with a cross sectional plane normal to the flow direction. The term wetted perimeter is common in civil engineering, environmental engineering, hydrology, geomorphology, and heat transfer applications; it is associated with the hydraulic diameter or hydraulic radius. Engineers commonly cite the cross sectional area of a river.
The wetted perimeter can be defined mathematically as
where li is the length of each surface in contact with the aqueous body.
In open channel flow, the wetted perimeter is defined as the surface of the channel bottom and sides in direct contact with the aqueous body. Friction losses typically increase with an increasing wetted perimeter, resulting in a decrease in head. In a practical experiment, one is able to measure the wetted perimeter with a tape measure weighted down to the river bed to get a more accurate measurement.
When a channel is much wider than it is deep, the wetted perimeter approximates the channel width.
See also
Hydrological transport model
Manning formula
Hydraulic radius
References
Earth sciences
Environmental engineering
Environmental science
Fluid dynamics
Geomorphology
Hydraulic engineering
Hydrology
Length
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence%20de%20l%27innovation%20industrielle
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The Agence de l'innovation industrielle was a French governmental agency created in 2005 to support technological projects. As of 2006, it was supporting seven projects:
BioHub, a chemistry projects to create products with cereals, without using oil
HOMES, a project of housing with ultra-low use of energy
Nanosmart, a project of substrate
Quaero, a search engine
TVMSL, a project of creating a standard of hybrid terrestrial and satellite mobile television based on DVB-H
NeoVal, a small automated subway system to replace the VAL
VHD (Hybrid Diesel Vehicle), which involves PSA Peugeot Citroën.
The agency was headed by Jean-Louis Beffa and Robert Havas. In January 2008, the French government decided to merge the agency with the French small and medium enterprises support public agency, OSEO.
External links
Official web site
The six projects
VHD and Nanosmart
Chirac unveils his grand plan to restore French pride
Government agencies of France
Research and development organizations
Government agencies established in 2005
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLL
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VLL may refer to:
Virtual leased line, an Ethernet-based communication over IP/MPLS networks
Visual Light Link, a component of a Lego robotics kit
Valladolid Airport's IATA code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Campbell%20School%20of%20Technology
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George Campbell School of Technology is a public high school specialising in technical education, located in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The school was founded as George Campbell Technical High School in 1963 and today has a co-educational student body of over 1100 pupils. The curriculum includes the compulsory subjects of Mathematics, Physical Science & Chemistry, Engineering Graphics and Design, English and Afrikaans or IsiZulu.
Electives offered are:
Woodworking
Civil Construction
Civil Services
Fitting and Machining
Automotive
Welding
Electrical Technology (Light Current)
Electrical Technology (Heavy Current)
Digital Electronics
Facilities
The Media Centre is available to all students to use during breaks and after school. Besides books, there are computers connected to the Internet, printers and photocopy facilities. The school employs a full-time librarian.
The swimming pool is 25m long and is used extensively by the school swimming and water polo teams.
The Information Technology Centre is divided into two sections so that two classes can be accommodated at the same time. One section has 32 computers and the other 34. In 2006 a third computer room was added with 34 computers. The computers in the centre are networked, linked to high speed printers and the Internet. All students do ICDL or Computer Literacy classes in grades 8 and 9 where they learn about the parts, construction and development of the computer, the Internet, and programs.
In Grade 10 lear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%2C3%27%2C5%2C5%27-Tetramethylbenzidine
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3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine or TMB is a chromogenic substrate used in staining procedures in immunohistochemistry as well as being a visualising reagent used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). TMB is a white solid that forms a pale blue-green liquid in solution with ethyl acetate. TMB is degraded by sunlight and by fluorescent lights. Used to detect hematuria as it turns blue in contact with hemoglobin.
Enzymatic assay
TMB can act as a hydrogen donor for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water by peroxidase enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase.
The resulting one-electron oxidation product is a diimine-diamine complex, which causes the solution to take on a blue colour, and this colour change can be read on a spectrophotometer at the wavelengths of 370 and 650 nm.
The reaction can be halted by addition of acid or another stop reagent. Using sulfuric acid turns TMB yellow, with a peak absorbance of 450 nm. The amount of converted TMB may be indexed by the amount of 450 nm light it absorbs.
Material safety
TMB should be kept out of direct sunlight as it is photosensitive. It is not known if TMB is carcinogenic and the evidence is contradictory: TMB is not mutagenic by the Ames test, and did not induce formation of tumors in a single-arm study of 24 rats. On that evidence, it has been used as a replacement for carcinogenic compounds such as benzidine and o-phenylenediamine.
References
Biphenyls
Anilines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl%20group
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In organic chemistry, benzoyl (, ) is the functional group with the formula and structure . It can be viewed as benzaldehyde missing one hydrogen. The benzoyl group has a mass of 105 amu.
The term "benzoyl" should not be confused with benzyl, which has the formula . The benzoyl group is given the symbol "Bz" whereas benzyl is commonly abbreviated "Bn".
Sources
Benzoyl chloride is a favored source of benzoyl groups, being used to prepare benzoyl ketones, benzamides (benzoyl amides), and benzoate esters. The source of many naturally occurring benzoyl compounds is the thioester benzoyl-CoA. Irradiation of benzil generates benzoyl radicals, which have the formula PhCO.
Benzoyl compounds
Many ketones contain the benzoyl group. They have the formula C6H5CO–R, an important example being benzophenone.
Benzoyl esters and amides are common in organic chemistry. The esters are used as a protecting groups in organic synthesis, which can be easily removed by hydrolysis in dilute basic solution. Benzoyl-β-D-glucoside is a natural substance that can be found in Pteris ensiformis.
References
Acyl groups
Phenyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Poincar%C3%A9%20Prize
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The Henri Poincaré Prize is awarded every three years since 1997 for exceptional achievements in mathematical physics and foundational contributions
leading to new developments in the field. The prize is sponsored by the Daniel Iagolnitzer Foundation and is awarded to approximately three scientists at the International Congress on Mathematical Physics. The prize was also established to support promising young researchers that already made outstanding contributions in mathematical physics.
Prize recipients
See also
Henri Poincaré
List of physics awards
List of mathematics awards
References
External links
Webpage of the prize
Daniel Iagolnitzer Foundation
Physics awards
Research awards
Mathematical physics
Triennial events
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20C%20%28disambiguation%29
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Vitamin C is an essential nutrient, the compound L-ascorbic acid.
Vitamin C may also refer to:
Vitamin C (singer), an American pop music singer, dancer and actress
Vitamin C (album), her debut album
"Vitamin C" (song), a song by Can
See also
Chemistry of ascorbic acid
Vitamin C and the common cold
Vitamin C deficiency or scurvy
Vitamin C megadosage, high doses used in an attempt to obtain specific therapeutic effects
sv:Vitamin C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20Seminars
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The Poincaré Seminars, named for the mathematician and theoretical physicist Henri Poincaré, were founded in 2001. They are nicknamed Bourbaphy for their inspiration by the Bourbaki Seminars.
The goal of this seminar is to provide information on topics of current interest in physics. Its way of working is directly inspired by the Bourbaki Seminar in mathematics. A series of pedagogical talks aims at explaining a topic of current interest both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view, possibly complemented by a historical introduction. A booklet with the contributions of the speakers is distributed on the day of the seminar. The seminar aims at a general audience of mathematicians and physicists and does not require any specialized knowledge.
Publications
External links
English pages about Bourbaphy at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Physics conferences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales%20Henri%20Poincar%C3%A9
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The Annales Henri Poincaré (A Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which collects and publishes original research papers in the field of theoretical and mathematical physics. The emphasis is on "analytical theoretical and mathematical physics" in a broad sense. The journal is named in honor of Henri Poincaré and it succeeds two former journals, Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré, physique théorique and Helvetica Physical Acta (). It is published by Birkhäuser Verlag. Its first Chief Editor was Vincent Rivasseau, followed by Krzysztof Gawedzki, and the current Chief Editor is Claude-Alain Pillet.
Abstracting and indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 1.550. The journal is published as one volume of 12 issues per year and is abstracted or indexed in the following databases: Academic OneFile, Academic Search, Current Abstracts, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, Digital Mathematics Registry, Gale, Google Scholar, Inspec, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Mathematical Reviews, OCLC, Science Citation Index, Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch), SCOPUS, Summon by Serial Solutions, TOC Premier, VINITI - Russian Academy of Science, Zentralblatt Math
See also
Institut Henri Poincaré
References
External links
SpringerLink: Annales Henri Poincaré (2000–)
Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré (1930–1964)
Annales de l'Institut Henri Poinca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon%20%28disambiguation%29
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Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86.
Radon may also refer to:
Radon, Orne, a town in France
Johann Radon, Austrian mathematician
Radon transform, a type of mathematical transform
Radon measure, a type of mathematical measure
Radon space, a metric space in mathematics
Rodan, known as Radon in Japanese, a fictional monster in the manner of Godzilla
MSBS Radon, Polish assault rifle
Jaroslav Radoň (born 1986), Czech canoeist
Radon Labs, video game developer in Germany
Nova Radon, an Austrian paraglider design
See also
Rn (disambiguation)
Isotopes of radon
Raydon, a village and civil parish in Suffolk, England
Radeon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawed%20Siddiqi
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Jawed Siddiqi FBCS is a Pakistani British computer scientist and software engineer. He is professor emeritus of software engineering at Sheffield Hallam University, England. He is the president of NCUP National Council of University Professors in the UK.
Education and academic career
Siddiqi received a BSc degree in mathematics from the University of London, followed by an MSc and PhD in computer science at the University of Aston, Birmingham. During 1991–1993, he was a visiting researcher at the Centre for Requirements and Foundation at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science), working with Professor Joseph Goguen in the area of requirements engineering. Siddiqi has been involved with the BCS Formal Aspects of Computing Science (FACS) Specialist Group for many years. Currently he is chair of the group. Siddiqi is also an executive member of the IEEE Technical Council on Software Engineering (TCSE). Siddiqi is a British computer scientist, fellow of the British Computer Society, a member of the IEEE, and a member of the ACM. He is a co-editor of Formal Methods: State of the Art and New Directions.
Fighting racism
Siddiqi has for three decades has been involved in countering racism and fighting for social justice. He was a founding member and chair of the North Staffordshire Racial Equality Council, executive member of the West Midlands Regional Board for Commission for Racial Equality, secretary of the Black Ju
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20W.%20Hawkes
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Albert Wahl Hawkes (November 20, 1878May 9, 1971) was a United States senator from New Jersey.
Studies
He was born in Chicago on November 20, 1878. He attended the public schools and graduated from Chicago College of Law in 1900, gaining admission to the bar the same year. He studied chemistry at Lewis Institute (now the Illinois Institute of Technology) for two years and engaged in the chemical business.
Businessman
During the First World War, Albert Hawkes served as director of the Chemical Alliance in Washington, D.C. (1917–1918). From 1927 to 1942, Hawkes served as president of Congoleum-Nairn, Inc., at Kearny, New Jersey. He assumed chairmanship of the corporation board in 1937. He was president and director of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States in 1941 and 1942, a member of the Newark Labor Board, and a member of the Board to Maintain Industrial Peace in New Jersey 1941-1942. Hawkes was a member of the National War Labor Board, Washington, D.C., in 1942.
Senator
In 1942, Albert Hawkes was elected in New Jersey as a Republican to the U.S. Senate and served from January 3, 1943, to January 3, 1949. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1948, and resumed former business activities in Montclair, New Jersey, until 1961, when he moved to Pasadena, California.
Hawkes was a trustee of the Freedoms Foundation, where the Hawkes Library (in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania) was named after him. He died on May 9, 1971, in Palm Desert, California. He was interred in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown%20of%20Thorns%20%28disambiguation%29
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Crown of thorns was worn by Jesus of Nazareth during the Passion.
Crown of Thorns may also refer to:
Biology and botany
Crown-of-thorns starfish
Euphorbia milii (Euphorbiaceae), a species of spurge
Koeberlinia (Koeberliniaceae), a species of shrub
Paliurus spina-christi (Rhamnaceae), also known as Christ's Thorn or Jerusalem Thorn
See also: Gundelia tournefortii (a thistle-like plant)
Music
Crown of Thorns (album), an album by Rakaa, a member of the Dilated Peoples
The Crown (band), Swedish death metal band formerly known as Crown of Thorns
"Chloe Dancer/Crown of Thorns", a 1990 song by Mother Love Bone
"Crown of Thorns" (Clark Datchler song), 1990
"Thorn of Crowns", a song by Echo & the Bunnymen from the 1984 album Ocean Rain
"Crown of Thorns", a song by Erasure from the 1989 album Wild!
"Crown of Thorns", a song by Social Distortion from the 1996 album White Light, White Heat, White Trash
"Crown of Thorns", a song by Nebula from the 2009 album Heavy Psych
"Crown of Thorns", a song by Black Veil Brides from the 2014 album Black Veil Brides
Other
Crown of Thorns' Church, an Anglican church in Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui
Crown of Thorns (woodworking), a technique of self-supported interlocking pieces
"Crown of Thorns" (short story), a short story by Poppy Z. Brite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl
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Curl or CURL may refer to:
Science and technology
Curl (mathematics), a vector operator that shows a vector field's rate of rotation
Curl (programming language), an object-oriented programming language designed for interactive Web content
cURL, a program and application library for transferring data with URLs
Antonov An-26, an aircraft, NATO reporting name CURL
Sports and weight training
Curl (association football), is spin on the ball, which will make it swerve when kicked
Curl, in the sport of curling, the curved path a stone makes on the ice or the act of playing; see Glossary of curling
Biceps curl, a weight training exercises
Leg curl, a weight training exercises
Wrist curl, a weight training exercises
Other uses
Curl (Japanese snack), a brand of corn puffs
Curl or ringlet, a lock of hair that grows in a curved, rather than straight, direction
Consortium of University Research Libraries, an association of UK academic and research libraries
Executive curl, the ring above a naval officer's gold lace or braid rank insignia
People with the surname
Kamren Curl (born 1999), American football player
Martina Gangle Curl (1906–1994), American artist and activist
Robert Curl (1933–2022), Nobel Laureate and emeritus professor of chemistry at Rice University
Rod Curl (born 1943), American professional golfer
Phil Curls (1942–2007), American politician
See also
Curling (disambiguation)
Overlap (disambiguation)
Spiral
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toray%20Industries
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is a multinational corporation headquartered in Japan that specializes in industrial products centered on technologies in organic synthetic chemistry, polymer chemistry, and biochemistry.
Its founding business areas were fibers and textiles, as well as plastics and chemicals. The company has also diversified into areas such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and R&D, medical products, reverse osmosis big membranes, electronics, IT-products, housing and engineering, as well as advanced composite materials.
The company is listed on the first section of Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX 100 and Nikkei 225 stock market indices.
History
Toray Industries had been originally established as Toyo Rayon in 1926 by Mitsui Bussan, one of the two largest Japanese trading companies (sogo shosha) of the time (the other being Mitsubishi Shoji). The fact that Mitsui did not allow the company to be named as a Mitsui company indicates their skepticism of the risk on the business. Risk arose from the fact that, when it was established, the company did not have the right technology to produce Rayon. It had approached Courtaulds and then Du Pont to buy the technology but, because the price was too high, it decided to buy equipment from a German engineering company and hire about twenty foreign engineers to start the operation.
When Nylon was invented in 1935 by Wallace Carothers of DuPont, Toray immediately got hold of a sample product through the New York City branch of M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaaf%20Adolf%20Frederik%20Molengraaff
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Gustaaf Adolf Frederik Molengraaff (27 February 1860 – 26 March 1942) was a Dutch geologist, biologist and explorer. He became an authority on the geology of South Africa and the Dutch East Indies.
Gustaaf Molengraaff studied mathematics and physics at Leiden University. From 1882 he studied at Utrecht University. As a student he made his first journey overseas when he joined the 1884–1885 expedition to the Dutch Antilles led by Willem Frederik Reinier Suringar and Karl Martin. He became PhD with a thesis on the geology of Sint Eustatius. He studied crystallography in Munich, where he also took the opportunity to study the geology of the Alps nearby.
In 1888 Molengraaff took a job as a teacher at the University of Amsterdam. Before his assignment courses in geology were given by the chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. During his assignment in Amsterdam, Molengraaff travelled to South Africa to study gold deposits (1891) and to Borneo (1894) where he explored large parts of the inland. Teaching at Amsterdam was not to his liking, because there were too little materials and students available.
In 1897 Molengraaff became "state geologist" of the Transvaal Republic. His task was to start the geological survey of the Transvaal. While mapping the Transvaal he discovered the Bushveld complex. In 1900 he got involved in the Second Boer War and had to return to the Netherlands. This gave him time to write a report on the geology of the Transvaal, and travel to Celebes, where he (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic%20%28disambiguation%29
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Plastic is a polymerized material. It may also refer to:
Science and technology
Plastic SCM, a distributed revision control tool
Plasticity (physics), a material that has high plasticity may be called plastic
Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment
Arts, entertainment, and media
Plastic (2011 film), American horror film
Plastic (2014 film), a British crime film
Plastics (band) (1976–1981), a Japanese new wave band
Plastic (Mitsuki Aira album), 2009
Plastic (Joey Tafolla album), 2001
"Plastic" (New Order song), a song by New Order from the album Music Complete
"Plastic" (Spiderbait song), a 1999 single by Australian alt-rock band, Spiderbait
"Plastic", a song by Prefuse 73 from the 2003 album One Word Extinguisher
"Plastic", a single by Alanis Morissette from the 1991 album Alanis
"Plastic", a song by Pussy Riot from Matriarchy Now
Plastic (comic book), a comic book series published by the American company Image Comics
Plastic arts, art forms involving physical manipulation of a plastic medium, such as sculpture or ceramics
Plastic.com, a community-driven message board
Other uses
Plastic, Polish video game developer most notable for Linger in Shadows
Plastic, a colloquial term for a credit card or debit card
Plastics Industry Association, a trade group, sometimes stylized as PLASTICS
See also
Plastik, 1999 album by Oomph!
Plastique (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil%20%28chemistry%29
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A coil, in chemistry, is a tube, frequently in spiral form, used commonly to cool steam originating from a distillation and thus to condense it in liquid form. Usually it is of copper or another material that conducts heat easily. However copper is mostly used as a material, when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy such as brass or bronze.
Coils are often used in chemical processes in batch reaction or mixing tank as internal source of heat transfer.
References
Laboratory glassware
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo%20Church%20%28college%20president%29
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Alonzo Church (April 9, 1793 – May 18, 1862) was the sixth president of the University of Georgia (UGA). He served in that capacity from 1829 until his resignation in 1859.
Church was born on April 9, 1793, in Brattleboro, Vermont. He was an 1816 graduate of Middlebury College. He initially joined the UGA faculty as a Professor of Mathematics and served in that capacity for ten years before assuming the presidency.
Although Church served longer than any president of the University, there were numerous clashes with student and faculty during his tenure which resulted in declines in enrollment and faculty upheaval.
During Church's tenure, the following campus buildings were erected: Classroom/Library (Southern half of current Academic Building, 1831), the Chapel (1832), Phi Kappa Hall (1836), Lumpkin House (Rock House, 1844), Lustrat House (1847), Garden Club House (1857) and The Arch (1858) (funded through sale of the University Botanical Garden for $1,000).
President Church's son, Alonzo Webster Church, was Librarian of the United States Senate. President Church's great-grandson, Alonzo Church, was a renowned Professor of Mathematics; he taught at both Princeton University (his alma mater) and UCLA.
President Church's daughter, Julia, married George Alexander Croom, owner of Casa de Laga Plantation in Tallahassee, Florida, Father of Alonzo Church Croom, Comptroller of the State of Florida from 1900 until his death on December 7, 1912, and brother of Hardy Bryan Croom,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-bialgebra
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In mathematics, quasi-bialgebras are a generalization of bialgebras: they were first defined by the Ukrainian mathematician Vladimir Drinfeld in 1990. A quasi-bialgebra differs from a bialgebra by having coassociativity replaced by an invertible element which controls the non-coassociativity. One of their key properties is that the corresponding category of modules forms a tensor category.
Definition
A quasi-bialgebra is an algebra over a field equipped with morphisms of algebras
along with invertible elements , and such that the following identities hold:
Where and are called the comultiplication and counit, and are called the right and left unit constraints (resp.), and is sometimes called the Drinfeld associator. This definition is constructed so that the category is a tensor category under the usual vector space tensor product, and in fact this can be taken as the definition instead of the list of above identities. Since many of the quasi-bialgebras that appear "in nature" have trivial unit constraints, ie. the definition may sometimes be given with this assumed. Note that a bialgebra is just a quasi-bialgebra with trivial unit and associativity constraints: and .
Braided quasi-bialgebras
A braided quasi-bialgebra (also called a quasi-triangular quasi-bialgebra) is a quasi-bialgebra whose corresponding tensor category is braided. Equivalently, by analogy with braided bialgebras, we can construct a notion of a universal R-matrix which controls the non-c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Aitchison
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John Aitchison (22 July 1926 – 23 December 2016) was a Scottish statistician.
Career
John Aitchison studied at the University of Edinburgh after being uncomfortable explaining to his headmaster that he didn’t plan to attend university. He graduated in 1947 with an MA in mathematics.
After two years wherein he did actuarial work, he also attended Trinity College, Cambridge. He had a scholarship to do so, and graduated in 1951 with a BA focused on statistics. The year after he graduated, he joined the Department of Applied Economics at Cambridge as a statistician. He continued his work at Cambridge until 1956, when he was offered the position of Lecturer of Statistics at the University of Glasgow. During his time at Glasgow, he wrote The Lognormal Distribution, With Special Reference to its Uses in Economics (1957) with J A C Brown (who he met at Cambridge).
However, he left Glasgow in 1962, when the University of Liverpool offered him the positions of Senior Lecturer and head of Mathematical Statistics. In 1964, he was promoted to Reader.
From 1966 to 1976 he was Titular Professor of Statistics and Mitchell Lecturer in Statistics at the University of Glasgow. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1968. He began writing student level books, Solving Problems in Statistics (Volume 1 in 1968, Volume 2 in 1972) and Choice Against Chance: An Introduction to Statistical Decision Theory (1970).
In 1976 he joined the University of Hong Kong as a Chaired Profe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segal%27s%20conjecture
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Segal's Burnside ring conjecture, or, more briefly, the Segal conjecture, is a theorem in homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics. The theorem relates the Burnside ring of a finite group G to the stable cohomotopy of the classifying space BG. The conjecture was made in the mid 1970s by Graeme Segal and proved in 1984 by Gunnar Carlsson. , this statement is still commonly referred to as the Segal conjecture, even though it now has the status of a theorem.
Statement of the theorem
The Segal conjecture has several different formulations, not all of which are equivalent. Here is a weak form: there exists, for every finite group G, an isomorphism
Here, lim denotes the inverse limit, S* denotes the stable cohomotopy ring, B denotes the classifying space, the superscript k denotes the k-skeleton, and the subscript + denotes the addition of a disjoint basepoint. On the right-hand side, the hat denotes the completion of the Burnside ring with respect to its augmentation ideal.
The Burnside ring
The Burnside ring of a finite group G is constructed from the category of finite G-sets as a Grothendieck group. More precisely, let M(G) be the commutative monoid of isomorphism classes of finite G-sets, with addition the disjoint union of G-sets and identity element the empty set (which is a G-set in a unique way). Then A(G), the Grothendieck group of M(G), is an abelian group. It is in fact a free abelian group with basis elements represented by the G-sets G/H, where H varies over the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planisphaerium
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The Planisphaerium is a work by Ptolemy. The title can be translated as "celestial plane" or "star chart". In this work Ptolemy explored the mathematics of mapping figures inscribed in the celestial sphere onto a plane by what is now known as stereographic projection. This method of projection preserves the properties of circles.
Publication
Originally written in Ancient Greek, Planisphaerium was one of many scientific works which survived from antiquity in Arabic translation. One reason why Planisphaerium attracted interest was that stereographic projection was the mathematical basis of the plane astrolabe, an instrument which was widely used in the medieval Islamic world. In the 12th century the work was translated from Arabic into Latin by Herman of Carinthia, who also translated commentaries by Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti. The oldest known translation is in Arabic done by an unknown scholar as part of the Translation Movement in Baghdad.
Planisphere
The word planisphere (Latin planisphaerium) was originally used in the second century by Ptolemy to describe the representation of a spherical Earth by a map drawn in the plane.
Planisphere
Editions and translations
References
External links
"Ptolemy on Astrolabes"
Ancient Greek mathematical works
Astronomy books
Works by Ptolemy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Gaudet
|
Daniel Gaudet (born August 16, 1959), also known as Dan Gaudet, is a Canadian former artistic gymnast. He was born in Moncton, New Brunswick, raised in Toronto, and educated at Agincourt Collegiate Institute and York University. Gaudet currently teaches mathematics at the United World College of South East Asia in Singapore. He previously taught at the American British Academy in Muscat. He is married (his wife is a teacher who used to work at the same school), and has two daughters.
Career
Gaudet was a skilled gymnast. He competed for Canada in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, in the category of Artistic Gymnastics. He took part in all six events: Floor, Pommel Horse, Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, High Bar. He placed 9th in Rings. In Individual All-Around, he placed 33rd.
His scores were as below:
Score: 114.600
He was selected to the hall of fame in 2002. At the national finals, Gaudet collected 10 individual medals including three all-round championships. At the OUAA Championships, he collected a total of 21 medals including four all-round titles.
'A two-time national champion'
References
External links
1984 Olympics Results
UWCSEA website - see staff photos
1959 births
Living people
Canadian academics
Canadian male artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts for Canada
Sportspeople from Moncton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize%20Craze
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Maize Craze was the game in the inaugural year, 1992, of the FIRST Robotics Competition. This game was played by four individual robots trying to collect tennis balls into their starting base. An impediment to the robots was that the entire playing field was covered in a layer of corn 1-2 inches thick.
Game overview
Field
The field was a 16-inch by 16-inch square piece of plywood, 2.5 feet above the floor, covered in a 1-2-inch-thick layer of corn. The field's perimeter was rimmed with 8-inch-high Plexiglas walls. The four home bases measured 20 inches square and were centered on each side of the field at its edge.
There were five posts on the field, one in each corner and one in the center. The center post was 12 inches tall and was capped by a 25-point tennis ball. Two diagonally opposed corner posts were 24 inches tall and capped by 10-point tennis balls. The remaining two posts were 36 inches tall and capped by 25-point tennis balls. 150 1-point tennis balls surround the center post.
25 feet above the floor was a structure to support the electrical umbilicals for the robots.
Scoring
In each match, four robots played individually to earn the highest score, starting on the four home bases. Each robot had 2 minutes to shepherd tennis balls into their home base. The robot with the highest score of balls in base at the end won. In the event of a tie, the robot that finished earlier won.
Robots
Robots were powered through 'umbilicals' hanging from the overhead beams and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predrag%20Cvitanovi%C4%87
|
Predrag Cvitanović (; born April 1, 1946) is a theoretical physicist regarded for his work in nonlinear dynamics, particularly his contributions to periodic orbit theory.
Life
Cvitanović earned his B.S. from MIT in 1969 and his Ph.D. at Cornell University in 1973. Before joining the physics department at the Georgia Institute of Technology he was the director of the Center for Chaos and Turbulence Studies of the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen.
Cvitanović is a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, a corresponding member of Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, a recipient of the Research Prize of the Danish Physical Society, and a fellow of the American Physical Society.
In 2009 Cvitanović was the recipient of the prestigious Alexander von Humboldt Prize for his work in turbulence theory.
He currently holds the Glen P. Robinson Chair in Non-Linear Science in from Georgia Institute of Technology.
Scientific work
Perhaps his best-known work is his introduction of cycle expansions— that is, expansions based on using periodic orbit theory—to approximate chaotic dynamics in a controlled perturbative way. This technique has proven to be widely useful for diagnosing and quantifying chaotic dynamics in problems ranging from atomic physics to neurophysiology. This theory has been applied by Cvitanović and others to fluid turbulence. Another well-known result is the Feigenbaum-Cvitanović functional equation.
Books
P. Cvitanović, R. Artuso, R. Mainieri
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