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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsa%20wood%20bridge
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The building of balsa-wood bridges is often used as an educational technology. It may be accompanied by a larger project involving varying areas of study.
Typically classes which would include a balsa wood bridge cover the subject areas of physics, engineering, static equilibrium, or building trades, although it may be done independently of any of these subjects. Building a balsa wood bridge can be done after completing a section or unit covering a related topic or the process of design and building can be used to guide students to a better understanding of the desired subject area.
Requirements
Although there is great variety between different balsa wood bridge projects, students are in general trying to build a bridge that can withstand the greatest weight before it fails. Other restrictions are often applied, but these vary widely from one contest to another.
Sample requirements include:
restricting the maximum mass of the bridge
requiring a minimum span
requiring a minimum height of the roadway
restricting the physical dimensions of the bridge
restricting the size of individual pieces of balsa wood
limiting the amount of glue or balsa wood that can be used
requiring a driveable roadway that allows passage of a vehicle of specified size
restricting the way pieces are placed on the bridge (for example no parallel joining pieces)
Testing
Bridges are usually tested by applying a downward force on the bridge. How and where the force is applied varies from one contest to th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft%20f%C3%BCr%20Angewandte%20Mathematik%20und%20Mechanik
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Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik ("Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics"), often referred to by the acronym GAMM, is a German society for the promotion of science, founded in 1922 by the physicist Ludwig Prandtl and the mathematician Richard von Mises. The society awards the Richard von Mises prize annually. The society publishes the journal GAMM-Mitteilungen (Surveys for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics) and Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics) through Wiley.
According to the statutes, GAMM aims "to maintain and promote scientific work and international cooperation in applied mathematics as well as in all sub-areas of mechanics and physics that are part of the fundamentals the engineerings count." The GAMM pursues this goal primarily by organizing scientific conferences. The GAMM's most important event is the annual conference, which takes place annually in Germany or neighboring countries and is attended by hundreds of scientists, primarily because of its scientific program. The proceedings volume (PAMM) is published every year at the conference. In addition, further conferences on specific areas from the spectrum of disciplines represented in the GAMM take place.
In 1958 the GAMM and the ACM together worked out the "ALGOL 58 Report" at a meeting in Zurich.
Executive board members
Presidents and vice-presidents of the society since inception:
External links
Official site (German
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren%20S.%20McCready
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Rear Admiral Lauren S. McCready (July 26, 1915 – November 15, 2007) was one of the builders and founders of the United States Merchant Marine Academy, "Kings Point."
He graduated from New York University in 1937 with a degree in mechanical engineering, soon after he received his marine engineers license. He continued to work as a ship's third engineer until 1940 when he entered the Maritime Officers Training School at Fort Trumbull. Shortly after graduation he joined the Washington, D.C. staff of the United States Maritime Commission as a Cadet Training Instructor.
In February 1942 he was assigned to partake in the acquisition and conversion of the Walter P. Chrysler estate on Long Island into the newly commissioned Kings Point Merchant Marine Academy. He was the first head of the Engineering Department, and created the Engineering Department virtually from scratch while overseeing the design and construction of Fulton Hall. Over a 29 year period he brought the Engineering Department its first accreditation, founded a nuclear engineering curriculum, led the officer training for the first nuclear-powered cargo ship, the NS Savannah, and earned his own Senior Nuclear Reactor Operator's License. He retired from full-time teaching in 1970, but continued to teach as an adjunct until 1975.
In 1971, McCready was appointed the first director of the National Maritime Research Center at Kings Point, a department he helped establish. He served there for three years before retiring f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey%20Barz
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Monkey Barz is the debut solo studio album by American Brooklyn-based rapper Sean Price of Heltah Skeltah. It was released on May 31, 2005 through Duck Down Records as a part of the label's "Triple Threat Campaign", followed by Buckshot's Chemistry and Tek & Steele's Smif 'n' Wessun: Reloaded. The cover art is based on the Planet of the Apes series. Production was handled by Khrysis, TY Deals, Agallah, 9th Wonder, Ayatollah, Dub Z, Edward Maximillion III, Justice, Kleph Dollaz, MoSS, P.F. Cuttin', Phat Babyz, Star.com and Tone Mason, with Buckshot and Drew "Dru-Ha" Friedman serving as executive producers. It features guest appearances from fellow Boot Camp Clik members Buckshot, Louieville Sluggah, Rock, Starang Wondah, Steele, Tek, and affiliate Ruste Juxx.
Despite being charted only at number 70 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number 46 on the Independent Albums in the United States, the album was met with generally favorable reviews. Its lead single, "Boom Bye Yeah", peaked at number 68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales.
Music videos were shot for the songs "Peep My Words", "Onionhead", "Heartburn", "Boom Bye Yeah", "Monkey Barz" and "Slapboxing", which were included on Price's DVD Passion of Price. The album's bonus track "Rising to the Top" was included in the soundtrack to 2001 video game Grand Theft Auto III and can be heard on its fictional radio station Game Radio FM.
Track listing
Notes
Track 9 featured additional vocals by 5ft
Track 16 is listed as bonus t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20%28Buckshot%20and%209th%20Wonder%20album%29
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Chemistry is the first collaborative studio album by American rapper Buckshot and record producer 9th Wonder. It was released on June 21, 2005 through Duck Down Music as a part of the label's "Triple Threat Campaign", preceded by Sean Price's Monkey Barz and followed by Tek & Steele's Smif 'n' Wessun: Reloaded. Recording sessions took place at Missie Ann Studios in Raleigh, North Carolina. Production was handled entirely by 9th Wonder, with Buckshot and Drew "Dru-Ha" Friedman serving as executive producers. It features guest appearances from Keisha Shontelle, Big Pooh, Joe Scudda, L.E.G.A.C.Y., Phonte, Sean Price and Starang Wondah. This album is paralleled by the Black Moon album Alter the Chemistry, which was basically a remix album produced by Da Beatminerz.
The album peaked at number 69 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, 34 on the Independent Albums and 25 on the Heatseekers Album.
Critical reception
Chemistry was met with generally favorable reviews from critics. At Album of the Year, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77 based on four reviews.
Track listing
All Tracks Produced by 9th Wonder
Personnel
Kenyatta "Buckshot" Blake – main artist, vocals (tracks: 2-14), executive producer
Patrick "9th Wonder" Douthit – main artist, producer, mixing, recording (tracks: 1-8, 10-14)
Keisha Shontelle – featured artist, vocals (tracks: 10, 13)
Phonte Coleman – featured artist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Colombo%2C%20Centre%20for%20Instrument%20Development
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Centre for Instrument Development (aka CID) is a multidisciplinary research group / centre that is part of the department of physics, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. It offers technical courses in certificate, diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
History
CID is founded by Professor T R Ariyaratne in 2000, with the financial support from the International Science Programs, Uppsala University, Sweden, and Prof. D U J Sonnadara, Dr. M K Jayananda, Dr. R Lelwala were the first members of the CID while Prof. T R Ariyaratne becomes the first and current director of the CID.
The first major activity of the CID, "Microcontroller Training Course [MTC]" was initiated by Dr. R Lelwala [coordinater], Mr. Prasan Hettiarachchi and Mr. Navinda Kottege in 2004. Later, the course was renamed as "Training Course in Microcontroller Programming and its applications", and still uses the code name MTC followed by the year. The first research activity of the CID was started by Prof. Sonnadara and Dr. M K Jayananda with Mr. Wasantha [the first M.Phil. degree holder from the CID], on reconfigurable computing.
In 2004, Mr. D I Amarasinghe [the second M.Phil. degree holder] started research work on Computational Physics with Prof. D U J Sonnadara, while Mr. Prasan Hettiarachchi and Mr. Nishshanka Jayawantha started research project on grain drying under low humid environment. In 2005, CID was moved to the second floor of the Physics Department Building [the current location]. Mr. Asang
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20for%20Mathematical%20Sciences
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The International Society for Mathematical Sciences is a mathematics society, primarily based in Japan. It was formerly known as the Japanese Association of Mathematical Sciences, and was founded in 1948 by Tatsujiro Shimizu.
The ISMS publishes a bimonthly scientific journal, Scientiae Mathematicae Japonicae (), which was formed in 2001 from the merger of two journals previously published by the same society, Mathematica Japonica, founded in 1948, and Scientiae Mathematicae, which published nine issues over three volumes in 1998, 1999, and 2000. In addition the ISMS holds an annual meeting and publishes a Japanese language mathematics magazine, Kaiho, and a monthly newsletter, Notices from the ISMS.
References
External links
International Society for Mathematical Sciences
Mathematical societies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Biological%20Sciences
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The Journal of Biological Sciences is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering research relating to general biology, biochemistry, genetics, and biotechnology. It was established in 2001 and is published by Science Alert on behalf of the Asian Network for Scientific Information. The publisher Science Alert has been designated as predatory by Jeffrey Beall. The editor-in-chief is Mehmet Ozaslan (Gaziantep University).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service and in Scopus from 2006 until it was dropped in 2018.
References
External links
Biology journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alireza%20Tahmasbi
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Alireza Tahmasebi (, born 1961) is Iran's former Minister of Industry and Mines. He resigned on the 10 of August 2007.
He holds a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Université Laval. His master's degree was from Shiraz University.
External links
Presidential Bio
Government ministers of Iran
Shiraz University alumni
Université Laval alumni
1961 births
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Jihad of Construction personnel of the Iran–Iraq War
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20map
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A finite map can be one of the following:
In computer science, finite map is a synonym for an associative array.
A finite map in algebraic geometry is a regular map such that the preimage of any point is a finite set, plus a closedness property.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange%20force
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In physics the term exchange force has been used to describe two distinct concepts which should not be confused.
Exchange of force carriers in particle physics
The preferred meaning of exchange force is in particle physics, where it denotes a force produced by the exchange of force carrier particles, such as the electromagnetic force produced by the exchange of photons between electrons and the strong force produced by the exchange of gluons between quarks. The idea of an exchange force implies a continual exchange of virtual particles which accompany the interaction and transmit the force, a process that receives its operational justification through the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
With this notion, one can think about the operation of forces as being analogous to the following situation:
Two people are standing on an ice pond. One person moves their arm and is pushed backwards; a moment later the other person grabs at an invisible object and is driven backwards (repulsed). Even though you cannot see a basketball, you can assume that one person threw a basketball to the other person because you see its effect on the people.
ANIMATION
Another crude analogy which is often used to explain attraction instead of repulsion is two people on an ice pond throwing boomerangs at each other. The boomerang is thrown away from the catcher but it circles to the catcher in the thrower's direction, both the thrower and the catcher are impulsed toward each other by the throwing a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuret%20test
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In chemistry, the Biuret test (IPA: , ), also known as Piotrowski's test, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of at least two peptide bonds in a molecule. In the presence of peptides, a copper(II) ion forms mauve-colored coordination complexes in an alkaline solution. The reaction was first observed in 1833; In Poland, the biuret test is also known as Piotrowski's test in honor of the Polish physiologist who independently rediscovered it in 1857. Several variants on the test have been developed, such as the BCA test and the Modified Lowry test.
The biuret reaction can be used to assess the concentration of proteins because peptide bonds occur with the same frequency per amino acid in the peptide. The intensity of the color, and hence the absorption at 540 nm, is directly proportional to the protein concentration, according to the Beer–Lambert law.
Despite its name, the reagent does not in fact contain biuret . The test is named so because it also gives a positive reaction to the peptide-like bonds in the biuret molecule.
In this assay, the copper(II) binds with nitrogen atoms present in the peptides of proteins. In a secondary reaction, the copper(II) is reduced to copper(I). Buffers, such as Tris and ammonia interfere with this assay, therefore rendering this assay inappropriate for protein samples purified from ammonium sulfate precipitation. Due to its insensitivity and little interference by free amino acids, this assay is most useful for whole tissue s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamm%20equation
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The Lamm equation describes the sedimentation and diffusion of a solute under ultracentrifugation in traditional sector-shaped cells. (Cells of
other shapes require much more complex equations.) It was named after Ole Lamm, later professor of physical chemistry at the Royal Institute of Technology, who derived it during his Ph.D. studies under Svedberg at Uppsala University.
The Lamm equation can be written:
where c is the solute concentration, t and r are the time and radius, and the parameters D, s, and ω represent the solute diffusion constant, sedimentation coefficient and the rotor angular velocity, respectively. The first and second terms on the right-hand side of the Lamm equation are proportional to D and sω2, respectively, and describe the competing processes of diffusion and sedimentation. Whereas sedimentation seeks to concentrate the solute near the outer radius of the cell, diffusion seeks to equalize the solute concentration throughout the cell. The diffusion constant D can be estimated from the hydrodynamic radius and shape of the solute, whereas the buoyant mass mb can be determined from the ratio of s and D
where kBT is the thermal energy, i.e.,
Boltzmann's constant kB multiplied by
the temperature T in kelvins.
Solute molecules cannot pass through the inner and outer walls of the
cell, resulting in the boundary conditions on the Lamm equation
at the inner and outer radii, ra and rb, respectively. By spinning samples at constant angular velocity ω an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenje%20Dialog
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Dialog was a microcomputer system developed by Gorenje in 1980s. It was based on the 8-bit 4 MHz Zilog Z-80A microprocessor. The primary operating system was FEDOS (CP/M 2.2 compatible), developed by Computer Structures and Systems Laboratory (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana) and Gorenje.
There were 3 variants of the Dialog microcomputer system, distinguished only by minor changed: home, laboratory and personal (PC) (in Slovene: hišni, laboratorijski, osebni). Three types of external memory can be connected with Dialog: cassette recorder, floppy drive (5,25" and 8") and hard drive. The home variant of Dialog used resident FEBASIC (a variant of BASIC).
References
Mikroračunalnik DIALOG, Tehnično navodilo-uporaba, Gorenje procesna oprema.
FEBASIC, priročnik za uporabnike sistema DIALOG, T. Žitko, Ljubljana, 1985.
Microcomputers
Gorenje
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Genetics%20and%20Society
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The Center for Genetics and Society (CGS) is a non-profit information and public affairs organization based in Berkeley, California, United States. It encourages responsible use and regulation of new human genetic and reproductive technologies.
CGS provides analysis and educational materials; furthermore, they organize conferences, workshops, and briefings. This organization tends to particularly criticize proposals concerning reproductive human cloning and germline genetic modification — both uses of technology colloquially considered 'socially irresponsible.'
CGS is a politically progressive and pro-choice organization. Its key areas of concern include: genetic modification of humans, stem cell research, DNA forensics, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, commercial and cross-border surrogacy, race and genetics, race-based medicines, egg retrieval, designer babies, human cloning, social sex selection, genetics and disability rights, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, human applications of synthetic biology, and the legacy of the US eugenics movement.
The executive director of CGS is Marcy Darnovsky. The organization's advisory board includes Francine Coeytaux, Dorothy Roberts, Kavita Ramdas, Milton Reynolds, and Alexandra Stern. As of March 2023, CGS’s current research fellows are Osagie Obasogie (Senior Fellow), Lisa Ikemoto, Gina Maranto, and Brendan Parent. Previously, Diane Beeson was a research fellow.
History
The Center for Genetics and Society was founded in Octo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Darr
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Lisa Darr (born April 21, 1963) is an American actress.
Life and career
Darr was born Lisa Darr Grabemann in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of Mollie, an actress, and Karl Grabemann, a lawyer. She attended Stanford University and graduated in 1985 with a degree in biology. She went on to receive an MFA in Acting from UCLA.
She played Annie Whitman on ABC's Life as We Know It. Darr's previous television appearances include the 1991 short-lived sitcom Flesh 'n' Blood as Rachel Brennan, The WB's teenage drama Popular as Jane McPherson, as well as the short-lived but critically acclaimed 1996 Fox series Profit as Gail Koner. In the fifth season of the sitcom Ellen, she played Laurie Manning, the girlfriend of the title character Ellen Morgan; In "Four for the Seasaw", an episode of Frasier, she and Megan Mullally played love interests for the Crane brothers. She played archaeologist Ginny Will on an episode of Quantum Leap.
Darr also made an appearance on the Fox drama House in 2006, playing a victim's mother in the episode "Distractions". She has made an appearance on the third season of The Office in the episode "Product Recall". Darr appeared in the fourth season of Weeds (on Showtime) as Ann Carilli. She also made a guest appearance in Nip/Tuck.
Her film work includes the Oscar-award-winning Gods and Monsters (1998), in which she appeared as Dana Boone (the wife of Brendan Fraser's character), Pomegranate (2005), as Julia (the mother of Leah Pipes's character) in the soc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Morrison
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Ron Morrison was the head of School of the computer science department of the University of St. Andrews where he worked on programming languages, inventing S-algol, and coinventing PS-algol and Napier88. He had graduated from St. Andrews with a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in 1979. He is also heavily involved with local athletics, coaching the University Cross-Country team, and young, up and coming local athletes. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the current President of Scottish Athletics.
He retired from St. Andrews in January 2008.
Selected publications
Coaching and officiating
Morrison has coached many athletes, including Andrew Lemoncello and Derek Rae. He received the Endurance Official of the Year award at British Athletics 16th annual Officials Conference in April 2019.
References
External links
, St. Andrews
Keynes Without Debt
Scottish Athletics staff page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Guralnik
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Gerald Stanford "Gerry" Guralnik (; September 17, 1936 – April 26, 2014) was the Chancellor’s Professor of Physics at Brown University. In 1964 he co-discovered the Higgs mechanism and Higgs boson with C. R. Hagen and Tom Kibble (GHK). As part of Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration, the journal recognized this discovery as one of the milestone papers in PRL history. While widely considered to have authored the most complete of the early papers on the Higgs theory, GHK were controversially not included in the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 2010, Guralnik was awarded the American Physical Society's J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for the "elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses".
Guralnik received his BS degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1958 and his PhD degree from Harvard University in 1964. He went to Imperial College London as a postdoctoral fellow supported by the National Science Foundation and then became a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Rochester. In the fall of 1967 Guralnik went to Brown University and frequently visited Imperial College and Los Alamos National Laboratory where he was a staff member from 1985 to 1987. While at Los Alamos, he did extensive work on the development and application of computational methods for lattice QCD.
Guralnik died of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Waugh%20%28historian%29
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Daniel C. Waugh is a historian based at the University of Washington. He did his undergraduate work at Yale University, and in 1963 graduated with a B.A. in Physics. In 1965, he finished his Master's on the Regional Studies of the Soviet Union at Harvard University, and seven years later he completed his Ph.D. at the same institution. The same year, 1972, he began his employment at the University of Washington, and has remained there ever since. He taught in three different departments, namely the departments of History, International Studies, and Slavic and East European Languages and Literature until 2006. His main academic interests are Central Asia and medieval and early modern Russia, although he once focused on Ottoman history. He is the director of the Silk Road Seattle project and editor of the annual journal of the Silkroad Foundation.
Publications
Books
Slavianskie rukopisi Sobraniia grafa F. A. Tolstogo: Materialy k istorii sobraniia i ukazateli nyneshnikh i prezhnikh shifrov (The Slavic Manuscripts in the Collection of Count F. A. Tolstoi: Materials on the History of the Collection and Indexes to the Current and Former Code Numbers), (Zug, Switzerland: Inter Documentation Company, 1977; 2nd ed., Leningrad: Biblioteka Akademii nauk SSSR, 1980)
The Great Turkes Defiance: On the History of the Apocryphal Correspondence of the Ottoman Sultan in Its Muscovite and Russian Variants, with a foreword by Academician Dmitrii Sergeevich Likhachev, (Columbus, Ohio: Slavica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arend%20Joan%20Rutgers
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Arend Joan Rutgers (20 October 1903 – 2 September 1998) was a Dutch-Belgian physical chemist.
Arend Joan Rutgers went to high school in Almelo, after which he studied chemistry at the University of Amsterdam. He later obtained his master's degree in 1926 he went to Leiden, where he studied theoretical physics under Paul Ehrenfest. In 1930, he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Leiden and completed a thesis titled "Bijdrage tot de theorie der thermoelectriciteit in kristallen." (Contribution to the theory of thermo-electricity in crystals). In 1931, he returned to Amsterdam and worked as a research assistant.
In 1933, he became a lecturer at Ghent University in Belgium. In 1938, he was promoted to full professor, and he remained in Ghent until his retirement in 1974. Most of his scientific research was on colloids and surface chemistry, focussing on electrokinetics.
Rutgers was elected a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1948.
References
Citations
Sources
J.Th.G. Overbeek, Obituary Arend Joan Rutgers
1903 births
1998 deaths
Dutch physical chemists
Belgian physical chemists
University of Amsterdam alumni
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Ghent University
People from Almelo
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%20Aloud%3A%20Off%20the%20Record
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Girls Aloud: Off the Record is a six-part series recorded by Girls Aloud for E4 that started on 11 April 2006 at 10:30pm. The show was produced by E4 and Monkey Kingdom Productions for Channel Four Television Corporation.
The series follows Girls Aloud in the buildup to their 2006 Chemistry arena tour, from appearing on TV shows to filming the "Whole Lotta History" video in Paris, promoting in Australia and New Zealand, doing promotional appearances in Ibiza and Greece, and going on an ambassadorial trip to China. The series also follows a selection of Girls Aloud's fans, including two Australian fans who spent all their money on tickets to Girls Aloud's Wembley show. The girls' personal lives were featured too – Ashley Cole appears in the first episode.
Girls Aloud: Off the Record was repeated on Channel 4 as of 3 September 2006. A DVD of the series was released on 28 August 2006. It was originally planned to be released on 16 July (as stated on Amazon.co.uk and HMV.co.uk), but was delayed to September, as stated on the Girls Aloud official site.
Background and production
In February 2006, it was announced that Girls Aloud were already in the process of filming a reality show. The programme was part of a partnership between Channel Four Television Corporation and Universal Music, created by E4 and Monkey Kingdom Productions for Channel Four. The series was produced by Vicky Crawley, while David Granger and Will Macdonald served as executive producers.
Cast
Regulars
Sar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Tahoe%E2%80%93Nevada%20State%20Park
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Lake Tahoe–Nevada State Park is a state park comprising multiple management units and public recreation areas on the northeast shores of Lake Tahoe in the U.S. state of Nevada. The park covers approximately . The Marlette Lake Water System, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, lies within park boundaries.
Park units
Sand Harbor
Sand Harbor features a large sandy beach, picnicking facilities, nature trail, boat launch, and visitors center and is the site of the Lake Tahoe Shakespeare Festival. The Sand Harbor unit covers .
Cave Rock
Cave Rock is a day-use area along U.S. 50 with boat launch, picnic areas, and sandy beach. The site, located beneath Cave Rock and the Cave Rock Tunnel, measures slightly more than .
Spooner Lake
Spooner Lake is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 at "Spooner Summit." The unit's are used for hiking, picnicking, fishing, and wildlife viewing. The site is the primary starting point for the Marlette/Hobart Backcountry trails and the main vehicle entrance to both areas. Snow Valley Peak may be reached by hiking along North Canyon Creek from Spooner Lake north almost to Marlett Lake and then east to the summit.
Marlette/Hobart backcountry
The Marlette/Hobart backcountry covers in the Carson Range. Among the area's multiple trails are the Flume Trail, which has views of Lake Tahoe, and a portion of the Tahoe Rim Trail. The area encompasses M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Rabinow
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Paul M. Rabinow (June 21, 1944 – April 6, 2021) was a professor of anthropology at the University of California (Berkeley), director of the Anthropology of the Contemporary Research Collaboratory (ARC), and former director of human practices for the Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC). He is perhaps most famous for his widely influential commentary and expertise on the French philosopher Michel Foucault.
His major works include Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco (1977 and 2007), Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (1983) (with Hubert Dreyfus), The Foucault Reader (1984), French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (1989), Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology (1993), Essays on the Anthropology of Reason (1996), Anthropos Today: Reflections on Modern Equipment (2003), and Marking Time: On the Anthropology of the Contemporary (2007).
Biographical details
Rabinow was born in Florida but raised in New York City from a young age. His grandparents were all Russian Jewish immigrants. He lived in Sunnyside, Queens. He stated that at the time, the neighborhood was a garden city and a socialist and communist 'zone'. He attended Stuyvesant High. School. Rabinow received his B.A. (1965), M.A. (1967), and Ph.D. (1970) in anthropology from the University of Chicago. He studied at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris (1965–66). He received a Guggenheim Fellowship (1980), was a visiting Fulbright Professor at the National Museum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Institute%20for%20Theoretical%20Astrophysics
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The Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (CITA) is a national research institute funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, located at the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. CITA's mission is "to foster interaction within the Canadian theoretical Astrophysics community and to serve as an international center of excellence for theoretical studies in astrophysics." CITA was incorporated in 1984.
CITA has close administrative and academic relations with the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); several CITA faculty also serve as members of CIFAR.
History
The concept of a nationally supported institute for theoretical astrophysics dates back to discussions within the Canadian Astronomical Society in the early 1980s. A series of committees advocated a model of a university‑based institute governed by a council of Canadian astrophysicists. Proposals were solicited from universities across the country to host this institute, which by now had been named the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics/Institut Canadien d'astrophysique theorique (CITA/ICAT). The University of Toronto won the resulting spirited competition, and CITA (University of Toronto) was established as an institute within the School of Graduate Studies in June 1984, with staff consisting of a single professor (Peter G. Martin) as the acting director and a visiting professor from Queen's University (Richard Henriksen) and a temporary administrative
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebiotic
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Prebiotic may refer to:
Prebiotic (chemistry), inorganic or organic chemistry in the natural environment before the advent of life on Earth
Prebiotic (nutrition), non-digestible food ingredients
See also
Probiotic, live microorganisms claimed provide health benefits when consumed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20chemistry
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Soil chemistry is the study of the chemical characteristics of soil. Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors. In the early 1870s a consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society in England, named J. Thomas Way, performed many experiments on how soils exchange ions, and is considered the father of soil chemistry. Other scientists who contributed to this branch of ecology include Edmund Ruffin, and Linus Pauling.
History
Until the late 1960s, soil chemistry focused primarily on chemical reactions in the soil that contribute to pedogenesis or that affect plant growth. Since then, concerns have grown about environmental pollution, organic and inorganic soil contamination and potential ecological health and environmental health risks. Consequently, the emphasis in soil chemistry has shifted from pedology and agricultural soil science to an emphasis on environmental soil science.
Environmental soil chemistry
A knowledge of environmental soil chemistry is paramount to predicting the fate of contaminants, as well as the processes by which they are initially released into the soil. Once a chemical is exposed to the soil environment, myriad chemical reactions can occur that may increase or decrease contaminant toxicity. These reactions include adsorption/desorption, precipitation, polymerization, dissolution, hydrolysis, hydration, complexation and oxidation/reduction. These reactions are often disregarded by scientists and e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stressed%20skin
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In mechanical engineering, stressed skin is a type of rigid construction, intermediate between monocoque and a rigid frame with a non-loaded covering. A stressed skin structure has its compression-taking elements localized and its tension-taking elements distributed. Typically, the main frame has rectangular structure and is triangulated by the covering.
Description
A framework box can be distorted from being square, so it isn't rigid by itself, however adding diagonals that take either tension or compression fixes this, because the box cannot deviate from right angles without altering the diagonals.
Sometimes flexible members like wires are used to provide tension, or rigid compression frames are used, as with a Warren or Pratt truss, however both these are full frame structures.
When the skin or outer covering is in tension so that it provides a significant portion of the rigidity, the structure is said to have a stressed skin design. This may also be referred to as semi-monocoque, and overlaps with monocoque, which has less framing, sometimes only including longitudinal or lateral members, and also overlaps with rigid frame structures where a minor portion of the overall stiffness may be derived from the skin. This method of construction is lighter than a full frame structure and not as complex to design as a full monocoque.
Examples
Examples include nearly all modern all-metal airplanes, as well as some railway vehicles, buses and motorhomes. The London Transport AE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition%20%28biology%29
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Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory). Competition lowers the fitness of both organisms involved since the presence of one of the organisms always reduces the amount of the resource available to the other.
In the study of community ecology, competition within and between members of a species is an important biological interaction. Competition is one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure, species diversity, and population dynamics (shifts in a population over time).
There are three major mechanisms of competition: interference, exploitation, and apparent competition (in order from most direct to least direct). Interference and exploitation competition can be classed as "real" forms of competition, while apparent competition is not, as organisms do not share a resource, but instead share a predator. Competition among members of the same species is known as intraspecific competition, while competition between individuals of different species is known as interspecific competition.
According to the competitive exclusion principle, species less suited to compete for resources must either adapt or die out, although competitive exclusion is rarely found in natural ecosystems. According to evolutionary theory, competition within and between species for resources is important in natural selection. More recently, however, researc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogiji%20Maharaj
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Yogiji Maharaj (23 May 1892 – 23 January 1971), born Jina Vasani, was a Hindu swami and the fourth spiritual successor of Swaminarayan in the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS), a major branch of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya. According to the metaphysics of BAPS, Yogiji Maharaj is considered to be the next iteration of Akshar after Shastriji Maharaj in the guru parampara, an unbroken line of "perfect devotees" who provide "authentication of office through Gunatitanand Swami and back to Swaminarayan himself." Together with Pramukh Swami Maharaj, who acted as the administrative head of BAPS, he was instrumental in nurturing the growth of BAPS "through new programs, expansion into new areas, and the construction of temples". As guru, he consecrated over 60 temples and visited over 4000 towns and villages. He was particularly effective in attracting the devotion of youths and initiated a large number of them as ascetics. Furthermore, his multiple tours to Britain and East Africa were integral in the overseas expansion of BAPS. He died on 23 January 1971 after appointing Pramukh Swami Maharaj as his successor.
Early life
He was born as Jina Vasani on 23 May 1892 in the small town of Dhari, Gujarat, India to father Devchandbhai and mother Puribai. Jina was a diligent student and his work-ethic made him popular among his childhood contemporaries. He took a distinct interest in spirituality, often engaging in devotional service by performing the daily worship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Emmanuel%20%28mathematician%29
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David Emmanuel (31 January 1854 – 4 February 1941) was a Romanian Jewish mathematician and member of the Romanian Academy, considered to be the founder of the modern mathematics school in Romania.
Born in Bucharest, Emmanuel studied at Gheorghe Lazăr and Gheorghe Șincai high schools. In 1873 he went to Paris, where he received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Paris (Sorbonne) in 1879 with a thesis on Study of abelian integrals of the third species, becoming the second Romanian to have a Ph.D. in mathematics from the Sorbonne (the first one was Spiru Haret). The thesis defense committee consisted of Victor Puiseux (advisor), Charles Briot, and Jean-Claude Bouquet.
In 1882, Emmanuel became a professor of superior algebra and function theory at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Bucharest. Here, in 1888, he held the first courses on group theory and on Galois theory, and introduced set theory in Romanian education. Among his students were Anton Davidoglu, Alexandru Froda, Traian Lalescu, Grigore Moisil, , Miron Nicolescu, Octav Onicescu, Dimitrie Pompeiu, Simion Stoilow, and Gheorghe Țițeica. Emmanuel had an important role in the introduction of modern mathematics and of the rigorous approach to mathematics in Romania.
Emmanuel was the president of the first Congress of Romanian Mathematicians, held in 1929 in Cluj. He died in Bucharest in 1941.
A street in the Dorobanți neighborhood of Bucharest is named after him.
Publications
References
1854 bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM%20%28disambiguation%29
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GSM is the Global System for Mobile communications, a standard for networking mobile devices such as mobile telephones.
GSM may also refer to:
Education
GSM London, a higher education provider in England
Guildhall School of Music and Drama, formerly Guildhall School of Music, England
Graduate Studies in Mathematics, textbooks by the American Mathematical Society
Military
Garrison sergeant major, in the British Army
General Service Medal (disambiguation), several campaign medals
Gas turbine system technician (mechanical), a U.S. Navy rating
Organisations
Glass Sport Motors, a former South African car company
Flyglobespan (ICAO airline code), a former airline based in Scotland
Ginebra San Miguel, a subsidiary of San Miguel Corporation
Green and Smart Mobility Joint Stock Company, a sub company of Vingroup
Places
Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge or Great St Mary's, England
Qeshm International Airport (IATA code), Qeshm Island, Iran
Għajnsielem (postcode), Gozo, Malta
Other uses
Grams per square metre (non-standard for g/m2), a measure of paper density or grammage
Grams per square metre (g/m2), a measure of thermal insulation for example sleeping bags; see Tog (unit)
Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre, blends in Rhône wine and Australian wine
Gender and Sexual Minorities, an alternative term to LGBT
Guatemalan Sign Language (ISO 639 language code: gsm)
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20representation
|
A mental representation (or cognitive representation), in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality or its abstractions.
Mental representation is the mental imagery of things that are not actually present to the senses. In contemporary philosophy, specifically in fields of metaphysics such as philosophy of mind and ontology, a mental representation is one of the prevailing ways of explaining and describing the nature of ideas and concepts.
Mental representations (or mental imagery) enable representing things that have never been experienced as well as things that do not exist. Think of yourself traveling to a place you have never visited before, or having a third arm. These things have either never happened or are impossible and do not exist, yet our brain and mental imagery allows us to imagine them. Although visual imagery is more likely to be recalled, mental imagery may involve representations in any of the sensory modalities, such as hearing, smell, or taste. Stephen Kosslyn proposes that images are used to help solve certain types of problems. We are able to visualize the objects in question and mentally represent the images to solve it.
Mental representations also allow people to experience things right in front of them—however, the process of how the brain interprets and stores the representational content is debated.
Representational theories of mind
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropatterning
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Micropatterning is the art of miniaturisation of patterns. Especially used for electronics, it has recently become a standard in biomaterials engineering and for fundamental research on cellular biology by mean of soft lithography. It generally uses photolithography methods but many techniques have been developed.
In cellular biology, micropatterns can be used to control the geometry of adhesion and substrate rigidity. This tool helped scientists to discover how the environment influences processes such as the orientation of the cell division axis, organelle positioning, cytoskeleton rearrangement cell differentiation and directionality of cell migration.
Micropatterns can be made on a wide range of substrates, from glass to polyacrylamide and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The polyacrylamide and PDMS in particular come into handy because they let scientists specifically regulate the stiffness of the substrate, and they allow researchers to measure cellular forces (traction force microscopy). Advanced custom micropatterning allow precise and relatively rapid experiments controlling cell adhesion, cell migration, guidance, 3D confinement and microfabrication of microstructured chips. Using advanced tools, protein patterns can be produced in virtually unlimited numbers (2D/ 3D shapes and volumes).
Nanopatterning of proteins has been achieved through using top-down lithography techniques.
Aerosol micropatterning for biomaterials uses spray microscopic characteristics to obtain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%20Vaidman
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Lev Vaidman (born 4 September 1955) is a Russian-Israeli physicist and Professor at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He is noted for his theoretical work in the area of fundamentals of quantum mechanics, which includes quantum teleportation, the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester, and the weak values. He was a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of The American Journal of Physics from 2007 to 2009. In 2010, the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester was chosen as one of the "Seven Wonders of the Quantum World" by New Scientist Magazine.
Personal life
He attended 45th Physics-Mathematics School in Saint Petersburg and was twice among the winners of the All-Soviet high school students Physics Olympiad (first place in 1971 and second place in 1972), and in 1972 scored 26th in the International Physics Olympiad in Bucharest. Vaidman emigrated with his family to Israel at the age of 18. Prior to that, he studied for one year at Saint Petersburg University (then Leningrad University).
The Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester
This thought experiment, subsequently conducted in the lab, is an example of interaction-free measurement (IFM). IFM is the detection of the property of an object or its presence without any physical interaction between the observer and the object. Obtaining information from an object in such a manner is paradoxical.
The bomb tester works by employing an interferometer. When a photon is fired into the device, it encounters a half-silvered mirror positioned so as reflect the photo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%20spectral%20sequence
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In mathematics, the Adams spectral sequence is a spectral sequence introduced by which computes the stable homotopy groups of topological spaces. Like all spectral sequences, it is a computational tool; it relates homology theory to what is now called stable homotopy theory. It is a reformulation using homological algebra, and an extension, of a technique called 'killing homotopy groups' applied by the French school of Henri Cartan and Jean-Pierre Serre.
Motivation
For everything below, once and for all, we fix a prime p. All spaces are assumed to be CW complexes. The ordinary cohomology groups are understood to mean .
The primary goal of algebraic topology is to try to understand the collection of all maps, up to homotopy, between arbitrary spaces X and Y. This is extraordinarily ambitious: in particular, when X is , these maps form the nth homotopy group of Y. A more reasonable (but still very difficult!) goal is to understand the set of maps (up to homotopy) that remain after we apply the suspension functor a large number of times. We call this the collection of stable maps from X to Y. (This is the starting point of stable homotopy theory; more modern treatments of this topic begin with the concept of a spectrum. Adams' original work did not use spectra, and we avoid further mention of them in this section to keep the content here as elementary as possible.)
The set turns out to be an abelian group, and if X and Y are reasonable spaces this group is finitely gener
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle%20index
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In combinatorial mathematics a cycle index is a polynomial in several variables which is structured in such a way that information about how a group of permutations acts on a set can be simply read off from the coefficients and exponents. This compact way of storing information in an algebraic form is frequently used in combinatorial enumeration.
Each permutation π of a finite set of objects partitions that set into cycles; the cycle index monomial of π is a monomial in variables a1, a2, … that describes the cycle type of this partition: the exponent of ai is the number of cycles of π of size i. The cycle index polynomial of a permutation group is the average of the cycle index monomials of its elements. The phrase cycle indicator is also sometimes used in place of cycle index.
Knowing the cycle index polynomial of a permutation group, one can enumerate equivalence classes due to the group's action. This is the main ingredient in the Pólya enumeration theorem. Performing formal algebraic and differential operations on these polynomials and then interpreting the results combinatorially lies at the core of species theory.
Permutation groups and group actions
A bijective map from a set X onto itself is called a permutation of X, and the set of all permutations of X forms a group under the composition of mappings, called the symmetric group of X, and denoted Sym(X). Every subgroup of Sym(X) is called a permutation group of degree |X|. Let G be an abstract group with a group h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%20Libeskind-Hadas
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Ran Libeskind-Hadas is the founding chair of the Department of Integrated Sciences at Claremont McKenna College. He was previously a professor of computer science at Harvey Mudd College where he served as chair of that department and associate dean of faculty. His research interests lie in the area of algorithms for computational biology.
Libeskind-Hadas graduated from Harvard University with a degree in applied mathematics in 1987. He went on to complete an M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1993. In August of that year, he was hired into the Department of Mathematics at Harvey Mudd College and, the following year, moved to the Department of Computer Science.
Libeskind-Hadas serves on the Executive Board of the Computing Research Association, the editorial board of the Communications of the ACM, and the National Science Foundation CISE Advisory Council.
Reference line notes
External links
Ran Libeskind-Hadas at the Harvey Mudd College website
Harvey Mudd College faculty
American computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Levine
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Jerome Paul Levine (May 4, 1937 – April 8, 2006) was a mathematician who contributed to the understanding of knot theory.
Education and career
Born in New York City, Levine received his B.S. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1958, and his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1962, studying under Norman Steenrod. He began his career as an instructor at M.I.T., after which he spent a year at the University of Cambridge under a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellowship. He became a professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1964, and in 1966 he left for Brandeis University. His early work helped to develop surgery as a powerful tool in knot theory and in geometric topology. In 1970 he was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice.
Jerome Levine died after a long and hard-fought battle with lymphatic cancer at the age of 68. He was an active mathematician at Brandeis until his death, with his last paper, Labeled binary planar trees and quasi-Lie algebras, published four months after he died.
References
External links
Obituary notice at the American Mathematical Society
Brandeis Justice
In Memory of Jerry Levine
1937 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Deaths from lymphoma
Scientists from New York City
Topologists
Mathematicians from New York (state)
Princeton University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Massachusetts In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20Klein%20bottle
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In mathematics, a solid Klein bottle is a three-dimensional topological space (a 3-manifold) whose boundary is the Klein bottle.
It is homeomorphic to the quotient space obtained by gluing the top disk of a cylinder to the bottom disk by a reflection across a diameter of the disk.
Alternatively, one can visualize the solid Klein bottle as the trivial product , of the möbius strip and an interval . In this model one can see that
the core central curve at 1/2 has a regular neighborhood which is again a trivial cartesian product: and whose boundary is a Klein bottle.
References
3-manifolds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Sterling
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Professor Leon Sterling is a career academic with a distinguished academic record. After completing a PhD at the Australian National University, he worked for 15 years at universities in the UK, Israel and the United States. He returned to Australia as Professor of Computer Science at the University of Melbourne in 1995. He served as Head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering for 6 years. After stepping down as Head, he took up an industry-sponsored chair becoming the Adacel Professor of Software Innovation and Engineering. In 2010, he moved to Swinburne where he served as Dean of the Faculty of Information and Communication Technologies for 4 years and Pro Vice-Chancellor (Digital Frontiers) for two years. He has been a prominent figure in IT in Australia, serving as Head of the Council of Deans of ICT from 2012 to 2014, been on a number of national committees, and been a strong advocate for coding in schools through public lectures, blogs, and committee memberships. His current research is in incorporating emotions in technology development, where motivational models are an essential element.
Professor Sterling is the co-author, along with Ehud Shapiro, of the computer science textbook The Art of Prolog.
External links
Leon's home page (Swinburne University of Technology)
Australian computer scientists
Scientists from Melbourne
Australian textbook writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Jewish scientists
Australian Jews
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order%20partial%20differential%20equation
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In mathematics, a first-order partial differential equation is a partial differential equation that involves only first derivatives of the unknown function of n variables. The equation takes the form
Such equations arise in the construction of characteristic surfaces for hyperbolic partial differential equations, in the calculus of variations, in some geometrical problems, and in simple models for gas dynamics whose solution involves the method of characteristics. If a family of solutions
of a single first-order partial differential equation can be found, then additional solutions may be obtained by forming envelopes of solutions in that family. In a related procedure, general solutions may be obtained by integrating families of ordinary differential equations.
General solution and complete integral
The general solution to the first order partial differential equation is a solution which contains an arbitrary function. But, the solution to the first order partial differential equations with as many arbitrary constants as the number of independent variables is called the complete integral. The following n-parameter family of solutions
is a complete integral if . The below discussions on the type of integrals are based on the textbook A Treatise on Differential Equations (Chaper IX, 6th edition, 1928) by Andrew Forsyth.
Complete integral
The solutions are described in relatively simple manner in two or three dimensions with which the key concepts are trivially extended to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20inequality
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In mathematics, the Poincaré inequality is a result in the theory of Sobolev spaces, named after the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. The inequality allows one to obtain bounds on a function using bounds on its derivatives and the geometry of its domain of definition. Such bounds are of great importance in the modern, direct methods of the calculus of variations. A very closely related result is Friedrichs' inequality.
Statement of the inequality
The classical Poincaré inequality
Let p, so that 1 ≤ p < ∞ and Ω a subset bounded at least in one direction. Then there exists a constant C, depending only on Ω and p, so that, for every function u of the Sobolev space W01,p(Ω) of zero-trace (a.k.a. zero on the boundary) functions,
Poincaré–Wirtinger inequality
Assume that 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and that Ω is a bounded connected open subset of the n-dimensional Euclidean space ℝn with a Lipschitz boundary (i.e., Ω is a Lipschitz domain). Then there exists a constant C, depending only on Ω and p, such that for every function u in the Sobolev space ,
where
is the average value of u over Ω, with |Ω| standing for the Lebesgue measure of the domain Ω. When Ω is a ball, the above inequality is
called a -Poincaré inequality; for more general domains Ω, the above is more familiarly known as a Sobolev inequality.
The necessity to subtract the average value can be seen by considering constant functions for which the derivative is zero while, without subtracting the average, we can have the inte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Wilson
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Robin Wilson may refer to:
R. N. D. Wilson (1899–1953), Irish poet
Robin Wilson (author) (1928–2013), science fiction author
Robin Wilson (mathematician) (born 1943), head of pure mathematics at the Open University, UK
Robin Wilson (field hockey) (born 1957), New Zealand field hockey player
Robin Wilson (musician) (born 1965), American singer and guitarist, lead vocalist of the Gin Blossoms
Robin Wilson (eco-designer) (born 1969), eco-friendly lifestyle expert
Robin Wilson (curler), Canadian curler
Robin Wilson (psychologist), Canadian-American psychologist
Robin Lee Wilson (1933–2019), British civil engineer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20points%20of%20the%20elements%20%28data%20page%29
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Critical point
References
CRC.a-d
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Critical Constants. Also agrees with Celsius values from Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds, Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements
Estimated accuracy for Tc and Pc is indicated by the number of digits. Above 750 K Tc values may be in error by 10 K or more. Vc values are not assumed accurate more than to a few percent. Parentheses indicate extrapolated values. From these sources:
(a) D. Ambrose, Vapor-Liquid Constants of Fluids, in R.M. Stevenson, S. Malanowski, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, (1987).
(b) I.G. Dillon, P.A. Nelson, B.S. Swanson, J. Chem. Phys. 44, 4229, (1966).
(c) O. Sifner, J. Klomfar, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 63, (1994).
(d) N.B. Vargaftik, Int. J. Thermophys. 11, 467, (1990).
LNG
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6; Table 6.5 Critical Properties
KAL
National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; D. Ambrose, M.B. Ewing, M.L. McGlashan, Critical constants and second virial coefficients of gases (retrieved Dec 2005)
SMI
W.E. Forsythe (ed.), Smithsonian Physical Tables 9th ed., online version (1954; Knovel 2003). Table 259, Critical Temperatures, Pressures, and Densiti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20physics
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Space physics, also known as solar-terrestrial physics or space-plasma physics, is the study of plasmas as they occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (aeronomy) and within the Solar System. As such, it encompasses a far-ranging number of topics, such as heliophysics which includes the solar physics of the Sun, the solar wind, planetary magnetospheres and ionospheres, auroras, cosmic rays, and synchrotron radiation. Space physics is a fundamental part of the study of space weather and has important implications in not only to understanding the universe, but also for practical everyday life, including the operations of communications and weather satellites.
Space physics is distinct from astrophysical plasma and the field of astrophysics, which studies similar plasma phenomena beyond the Solar System. Space physics utilizes in situ measurements from high altitude rockets and spacecraft, in contrast to astrophysical plasma that relies deduction of theory and astronomical observation.
History
Space physics can be traced to the Chinese who discovered the principle of the compass, but did not understand how it worked. During the 16th century, in De Magnete, William Gilbert gave the first description of the Earth's magnetic field, showing that the Earth itself is a great magnet, which explained why a compass needle points north. Deviations of the compass needle magnetic declination were recorded on navigation charts, and a detailed study of the declination near London by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege%27s%20theorem
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In metalogic and metamathematics, Frege's theorem is a metatheorem that states that the Peano axioms of arithmetic can be derived in second-order logic from Hume's principle. It was first proven, informally, by Gottlob Frege in his 1884 Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (The Foundations of Arithmetic) and proven more formally in his 1893 Grundgesetze der Arithmetik I (Basic Laws of Arithmetic I). The theorem was re-discovered by Crispin Wright in the early 1980s and has since been the focus of significant work. It is at the core of the philosophy of mathematics known as neo-logicism (at least of the Scottish School variety).
Overview
In The Foundations of Arithmetic (1884), and later, in Basic Laws of Arithmetic (vol. 1, 1893; vol. 2, 1903), Frege attempted to derive all of the laws of arithmetic from axioms he asserted as logical (see logicism). Most of these axioms were carried over from his Begriffsschrift; the one truly new principle was one he called the Basic Law V (now known as the axiom schema of unrestricted comprehension): the "value-range" of the function f(x) is the same as the "value-range" of the function g(x) if and only if ∀x[f(x) = g(x)]. However, not only did Basic Law V fail to be a logical proposition, but the resulting system proved to be inconsistent, because it was subject to Russell's paradox.
The inconsistency in Frege's Grundgesetze overshadowed Frege's achievement: according to Edward Zalta, the Grundgesetze "contains all the essential steps of a val
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization%20%28computer%20science%29
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In computer science, synchronization is the task of coordinating multiple of processes to join up or handshake at a certain point, in order to reach an agreement or commit to a certain sequence of action.
Motivation
The need for synchronization does not arise merely in multi-processor systems but for any kind of concurrent processes; even in single processor systems. Mentioned below are some of the main needs for synchronization:
Forks and Joins: When a job arrives at a fork point, it is split into N sub-jobs which are then serviced by n tasks. After being serviced, each sub-job waits until all other sub-jobs are done processing. Then, they are joined again and leave the system. Thus, parallel programming requires synchronization as all the parallel processes wait for several other processes to occur.
Producer-Consumer: In a producer-consumer relationship, the consumer process is dependent on the producer process until the necessary data has been produced.
Exclusive use resources: When multiple processes are dependent on a resource and they need to access it at the same time, the operating system needs to ensure that only one processor accesses it at a given point in time. This reduces concurrency.
Requirements
Thread synchronization is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as critical section. Processes' access to critical section is controlled by using
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly%20linked%20list
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In computer science, a doubly linked list is a linked data structure that consists of a set of sequentially linked records called nodes. Each node contains three fields: two link fields (references to the previous and to the next node in the sequence of nodes) and one data field. The beginning and ending nodes' previous and next links, respectively, point to some kind of terminator, typically a sentinel node or null, to facilitate traversal of the list. If there is only one sentinel node, then the list is circularly linked via the sentinel node. It can be conceptualized as two singly linked lists formed from the same data items, but in opposite sequential orders.
The two node links allow traversal of the list in either direction. While adding or removing a node in a doubly linked list requires changing more links than the same operations on a singly linked list, the operations are simpler and potentially more efficient (for nodes other than first nodes) because there is no need to keep track of the previous node during traversal or no need to traverse the list to find the previous node, so that its link can be modified.
Nomenclature and implementation
The first and last nodes of a doubly linked list for all practical applications are immediately accessible (i.e., accessible without traversal, and usually called head and tail) and therefore allow traversal of the list from the beginning or end of the list, respectively: e.g., traversing the list from beginning to end, or fr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saha%20Institute%20of%20Nuclear%20Physics
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The Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) is an institution of basic research and training in physical and biophysical sciences located in Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India. The institute is named after the famous Indian physicist Meghnad Saha.
Previous Directors
Gautam Bhattacharyya
Ajit Mohanty
Bikas Chakrabarti
Milan K. Sanyal [2009 to 2014]
Bikash Sinha
Manoj K. Pal
D. N. Kundu
B. D. Nag Chowdhury
Meghnad Saha
See also
Education in India
List of colleges in West Bengal
Education in West Bengal
References
External links
Research institutes in West Bengal
Research institutes in Kolkata
Homi Bhabha National Institute
Physics research institutes
University of Calcutta affiliates
Research institutes established in 1949
1949 establishments in West Bengal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand%20isomerism
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In coordination chemistry, ligand isomerism is a type of structural isomerism in coordination complexes which arises from the presence of ligands which can adopt different isomeric forms. 1,2-Diaminopropane and 1,3-Diaminopropane are the examples that each feature a different isomer would be ligand isomers.
Chemical bonding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Selmi
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Francesco Selmi (7 April 1817 – 13 August 1881) was an Italian chemist and patriot, one of the founders of colloid chemistry.
Selmi was born in Vignola, then part of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio. He became head of a chemistry laboratory in Modena in 1840, and a professor of chemical pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Bologna in 1867. He published the first systematic study of inorganic colloids, in particular silver chloride, Prussian blue, and sulfur, in the period 1845–50.
He died in Vignola on 13 August 1881.
References
External links
Fondo Documentario Francesco Selmi, Biblioteca Comunale di Vignola
Francesco Selmi, books and articles, Google Book Search
Celebri Vignolesi
1817 births
1881 deaths
Italian chemists
People from Vignola
Colloid chemists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Bialik
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Carl Bialik is an American journalist and YouGov America's vice president of data science and U.S. politics editor. Earlier, Bialik was known for his work for The Wall Street Journal. In 2013, Bialik was hired by Nate Silver at FiveThirtyEight.com. In 2017 he was named data science editor of Yelp, working on Yelpblog.
Career
At the Wall Street Journal, Bialik was the creator and writer of the weekly Numbers Guy column, about the use and (particularly) misuse of numbers and statistics in the news and advocacy. It launched in 2005.
He was also the co-writer on the Journal's blog-like Daily Fix column, which billed itself as "a daily look at the best sportswriting on the Web."
His regular column at Gelf, which skewed toward a meta-journalism focus, was Blurb Racket, which pulled back the curtains on the critic quotes in movie and book advertisements, mainly by comparing them directly with the reviews they come from.
He is also the host of the tennis podcast "Thirty Love," in which he interviews various figures from the world of professional tennis including players, coaches, executives, and journalists. Bialik is also a recurring guest on the data-driven tennis podcast, "The Tennis Abstract Podcast."
He has also written for The Monitor (Uganda), Media Life Magazine, Yale Alumni Magazine, Arabies Trends, Sports Illustrated, The Yale Herald, Yale Scientific Magazine, CareerBuilder, and Student.com, and has published 5 scientific papers .
At FiveThirtyEight, Bialik wrote on a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppe%20sequence
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In mathematics, the Puppe sequence is a construction of homotopy theory, so named after Dieter Puppe. It comes in two forms: a long exact sequence, built from the mapping fibre (a fibration), and a long coexact sequence, built from the mapping cone (which is a cofibration). Intuitively, the Puppe sequence allows us to think of homology theory as a functor that takes spaces to long-exact sequences of groups. It is also useful as a tool to build long exact sequences of relative homotopy groups.
Exact Puppe sequence
Let be a continuous map between pointed spaces and let denote the mapping fibre (the fibration dual to the mapping cone). One then obtains an exact sequence:
where the mapping fibre is defined as:
Observe that the loop space injects into the mapping fibre: , as it consists of those maps that both start and end at the basepoint . One may then show that the above sequence extends to the longer sequence
The construction can then be iterated to obtain the exact Puppe sequence
The exact sequence is often more convenient than the coexact sequence in practical applications, as Joseph J. Rotman explains:
(the) various constructions (of the coexact sequence) involve quotient spaces instead of subspaces, and so all maps and homotopies require more scrutiny to ensure that they are well-defined and continuous.
Examples
Example: Relative homotopy
As a special case, one may take X to be a subspace A of Y that contains the basepoint y0, and f to be the inclusion of A i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20cut
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In mathematics, specifically in symplectic geometry, the symplectic cut is a geometric modification on symplectic manifolds. Its effect is to decompose a given manifold into two pieces. There is an inverse operation, the symplectic sum, that glues two manifolds together into one. The symplectic cut can also be viewed as a generalization of symplectic blow up. The cut was introduced in 1995 by Eugene Lerman, who used it to study the symplectic quotient and other operations on manifolds.
Topological description
Let be any symplectic manifold and
a Hamiltonian on . Let be any regular value of , so that the level set is a smooth manifold. Assume furthermore that is fibered in circles, each of which is an integral curve of the induced Hamiltonian vector field.
Under these assumptions, is a manifold with boundary , and one can form a manifold
by collapsing each circle fiber to a point. In other words, is with the subset removed and the boundary collapsed along each circle fiber. The quotient of the boundary is a submanifold of of codimension two, denoted .
Similarly, one may form from a manifold , which also contains a copy of . The symplectic cut is the pair of manifolds and .
Sometimes it is useful to view the two halves of the symplectic cut as being joined along their shared submanifold to produce a singular space
For example, this singular space is the central fiber in the symplectic sum regarded as a deformation.
Symplectic description
The preceding de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier%20%28computer%20science%29
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In parallel computing, a barrier is a type of synchronization method. A barrier for a group of threads or processes in the source code means any thread/process must stop at this point and cannot proceed until all other threads/processes reach this barrier.
Many collective routines and directive-based parallel languages impose implicit barriers. For example, a parallel do loop in Fortran with OpenMP will not be allowed to continue on any thread until the last iteration is completed. This is in case the program relies on the result of the loop immediately after its completion. In message passing, any global communication (such as reduction or scatter) may imply a barrier.
In concurrent computing, a barrier may be in a raised or lowered state. The term latch is sometimes used to refer to a barrier that starts in the raised state and cannot be re-raised once it is in the lowered state. The term count-down latch is sometimes used to refer to a latch that is automatically lowered once a pre-determined number of threads/processes have arrived.
Implementation
The basic barrier has mainly two variables, one of which records the pass/stop state of the barrier, the other of which keeps the total number of threads that have entered in the barrier. The barrier state was initialized to be "stop" by the first threads coming into the barrier. Whenever a thread enters, based on the number of threads already in the barrier, only if it is the last one, the thread sets the barrier state to b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTB%20mechatronics
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KTB mechatronics GmbH is the former name of qfix robotics GmbH, located in Senden, near Ulm, in the southern part of Germany.
The company develops and produces industrial products in the mechatronics and robotics field.
The main product is the qfix family of robot kits.
References
External links
qfix robotics GmbH homepage (formerly KTB mechatronics)
qfix robot kits by qfix robotics GmbH
Engineering companies of Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAR%201
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NAR 1 or just NAR (Serbian Nastavni Računar, en. Educational Computer) was a theoretical model of a computer created by Faculty of Mathematics of University of Belgrade professor Nedeljko Parezanović (In Serbian:Недељко Парезановић). It was used for Assembly language and Computer architecture courses.
Specifications
NAR 1 processor has a 5-bit address bus (32 bytes of addressable memory) and 8-bit data bus. Machine instructions were single-byte with three most significant bits specifying the opcode and 5 least significant bits the parameter - memory address. A single 8-bit accumulator register was available and there were no flags or flag registers. Only absolute addressing mode was available and all others were achieved by self-modifying code.
Even though this is only a theoretical computer the following physical characteristics were given:
Memory cycle: 1μs
Arithmetic operation (SABF) cycle: 0.9μs (900ns)
Control panel facilitates power on and off, memory data entry and readout, instruction counter entry and selection of either program execution mode or control panel mode.
Instruction coding and set
SABF (001aaaaa, sr. , en. Add Fixed point) loads the content of memory location specified by the address parameter, adds it to the current value of the accumulator and stores the result into the accumulator
PZAF (010xxxxx, sr. , en. Change the sign of the accumulator in fixed point) Negates the fixed point (such as integer) value in the accumulator
AUM (011aaaaa, sr.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAR%202
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NAR 2 (Serbian Nastavni Računar 2, en. Educational Computer 2) is a theoretical model of a 32-bit word computer created by Faculty of Mathematics of University of Belgrade professor Nedeljko Parezanović as an enhancement to its predecessor, NAR 1. It was used for Assembly language and Computer architecture courses. The word "nar" means Pomegranate in Serbian. Many NAR 2 simulators have been created — for instance, one was named "Šljiva" (en. plum) as that fruit grows in Serbia, while "nar" does not.
Instruction structure
The NAR 2 processor uses 32-bit machine words. Each Machine instruction contains:
opcode in 8 most significant bits (bits 24 to 31)
4 bits (20 to 23) specifying the Index register to use with indexed addressing modes
4 bits (16 to 19) containing address mode flags:
bit 19: P (sr. Posredno, en. mediated) - indexed
bit 18: R (sr. Relativno) - relative to program counter
bit 17: I (sr. Indirektno) - multi-level memory indirect (note: the address is loaded from specified location and, should it also specify "I" flag the indirect address calculation continues)
bit 16: N (sr. Neposredno) - immediate
16 bit signed parameter value
Registers
NAR 2 has four registers:
a Program counter called BN (sr. Brojač Naredbi, en. Counter of Instructions)
Single 32-bit accumulator that can be treated either as integer (fixed point) or real (floating point) number
Up to 16 Index registers are specifiable, X0 to X15. However, X0 was never used, possibly because it w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambros%20D.%20Callimahos
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Lambros Demetrios Callimahos (December 16, 1910 – October 28, 1977) was a US Army cryptologist and a flute player.
Early life and education
Callimahos was born in Alexandria of Greek parents; the family emigrated to the United States when he was four. His father was a journalist.
His main interests at school were in chemistry, physics and medicine. He did not show interest in music until the age of fourteen when he entered high school in Asbury Park.
Callimahos earned a degree in law from Rutgers in accord with his fathers' wishes, but attended Juilliard music school at the age of nineteen and graduated with a degree in 1933. While he started at the bottom of the class, he became head of his class in his second year after encouragement from his teacher, Arthur Lora. After graduation, he continued study in Europe.
Musical career
His musical debut was in Munich in 1935 and was heralded as Meisterfloetist. He also played in Vienna and that autumn played an all-Bach programme in Munich, consisting of the seven sonatas and his own transcription for flute and harpsichord of the B-Minor suite. He had a two-year tour of recitals in Europe and was appointed to a professorship in the Mozarteum. Two CDs of his performances were recorded and released.
In April 1937, he had his first United States debut in The Town Hall. He continued to tour both in Europe and the United States.
World War II
He joined the United States Army in 1941, hoping his interest in cryptology could be put to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motosaburo%20Masuyama
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was a Japanese statistician who championed the ideas of R.A. Fisher and went on to influence the fields of quality control and biometrics.
Life
Born Otaru, Hokkaidō, Masuyama graduated in physics from the Imperial University of Tokyo in 1937 and earned his doctorate in 1943. Characterising Fisher's approach to statistics as the science of inference and planning, Masuyama worked across a wide range of agencies including: the Japan Meteorological Agency; the University of Tokyo School of Medicine; the Institute of Statistical Mathematics; the Indian Statistical Institute, where he collaborated with Fisher, another frequent visitor; the Ministry of Public Health and Welfare, where his teaching in design of experiments profoundly influenced the young Genichi Taguchi; the University of North Carolina, and The Catholic University of America. In 1970, he joined the applied mathematics department at the University of Tokyo and remained there until his retirement in 1988.
Masuyama held many radical views on the application of statistics to human biology.
Honours
Asahi Prize, (1948)
Deming Prize, (1951)
External links
Obituary by Manabu Iwasaki, in Biometric, Bulletin of the International Biometric Society (pdf)
1912 births
2005 deaths
Japanese statisticians
Catholic University of America people
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-silicon%20effect
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The beta-silicon effect in organosilicon chemistry, also called silicon hyperconjugation, is a special type of hyperconjugation that describes the stabilizing influence of a silicon atom on the development of positive charge at a carbon atom one position removed (β) from the silicon atom. The C-Si σ orbital is said to partially overlap with the σ* anti-bonding orbital of the C-leaving group, lowering the energy of the transition state leading to the formation of a carbocation. A prerequisite for the hyperconjugation to occur is an antiperiplanar relationship between the Si group and the leaving group. This allows for the maximum overlap between the C-Si σ orbital and the σ* anti-bonding orbital of the leaving group. Silicon hyperconjugation explains specific observations regarding chemical kinetics and stereochemistry of organic reactions with reactants containing silicon.
The picture below shows the partial overlap of the C-Si σ orbital with the C-X (leaving group) σ*orbital (2b). This donation of electron density into the anti-bonding orbital weakens the C-X bonding orbital, lowering the energy barrier to breakage of the C-X bond as indicated in transition state 3. This stabilization of the transition state leads to favorable formation of carbenium ion 4. This becomes manifest in the increased rates of reactions that have positive charge developing on carbon atoms β to the silicon.
The alpha-silicon effect is the destabilizing effect a silicon atom has on the development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/189%20%28number%29
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189 (one hundred [and] eighty-nine) is the natural number following 188 and preceding 190.
In mathematics
189 is a centered cube number and a heptagonal number.
The centered cube numbers are the sums of two consecutive cubes, and 189 can be written as sum of two cubes in two ways: and The smallest number that can be written as the sum of two positive cubes in two ways is 1729.
There are 189 zeros among the decimal digits of the positive integers with at most three digits.
The largest prime number that can be represented in 256-bit arithmetic is the "ultra-useful prime" used in quasi-Monte Carlo methods and in some cryptographic systems.
See also
The year AD 189 or 189 BC
List of highways numbered 189
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20M.%20Cover
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Thomas M. Cover [ˈkoʊvər] (August 7, 1938 – March 26, 2012) was an American information theorist and professor jointly in the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Statistics at Stanford University. He devoted almost his entire career to developing the relationship between information theory and statistics.
Early life and education
He received his B.S. in Physics from MIT in 1960 and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1964.
Career
Cover was President of the IEEE Information Theory Society and was a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He received the Outstanding Paper Award in Information Theory for his 1972 paper "Broadcast Channels"; he was selected in 1990 as the Shannon Lecturer, regarded as the highest honor in information theory; in 1997 he received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal; and in 2003 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
During his 48-year career as a professor of Electrical Engineering and Statistics at Stanford University, he graduated 64 PhD students, authored over 120 journal papers in learning, information theory, statistical complexity, pattern recognition, and portfolio theory; and he partnered with Joy A. Thomas to coauthor the book Elements of Information Theory, which has become the most widely used textbook as an introduction to the topic since the publication of its first edition in 1991. He was also coeditor of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans%20instability
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In stellar physics, the Jeans instability causes the collapse of interstellar gas clouds and subsequent star formation, named after James Jeans. It occurs when the internal gas pressure is not strong enough to prevent gravitational collapse of a region filled with matter. For stability, the cloud must be in hydrostatic equilibrium, which in case of a spherical cloud translates to
where is the enclosed mass, is the pressure, is the density of the gas (at radius ), is the gravitational constant, and is the radius. The equilibrium is stable if small perturbations are damped and unstable if they are amplified. In general, the cloud is unstable if it is either very massive at a given temperature or very cool at a given mass; under these circumstances, the gas pressure gradient cannot overcome gravitational force, and the cloud will collapse.
The Jeans instability likely determines when star formation occurs in molecular clouds.
Jeans mass
The Jeans mass is named after the British physicist Sir James Jeans, who considered the process of gravitational collapse within a gaseous cloud. He was able to show that, under appropriate conditions, a cloud, or part of one, would become unstable and begin to collapse when it lacked sufficient gaseous pressure support to balance the force of gravity. The cloud is stable for sufficiently small mass (at a given temperature and radius), but once this critical mass is exceeded, it will begin a process of runaway contraction until some oth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E0
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E0 or E00 can refer to :
ε0, in mathematics, the smallest member of the epsilon numbers, a type of ordinal number
ε0, in physics, vacuum permittivity, the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum
E0 (cipher), a cipher used in the Bluetooth protocol
E0 (robot), a 1986 humanoid robot by Honda
Eo, in electrochemistry, the standard electrode potential, measuring individual potential of a reversible electrode at standard state
E0, the digital carrier for audio, specified in G.703
E0, Eos Airlines IATA code
E0, ethanol-free gasoline, see REC-90
e0, in demographics, the life expectancy of an individual at birth (age zero)
E00, Cretinism ICD-10 code
E00, ECO code for certain variations of the Queen's Pawn Game chess opening
Enemy Zero, a 1996 Japanese horror video game for the Sega Saturn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%20loop
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In mathematics and abstract algebra, a Bol loop is an algebraic structure generalizing the notion of group. Bol loops are named for the Dutch mathematician Gerrit Bol who introduced them in .
A loop, L, is said to be a left Bol loop if it satisfies the identity
, for every a,b,c in L,
while L is said to be a right Bol loop if it satisfies
, for every a,b,c in L.
These identities can be seen as weakened forms of associativity, or a strengthened form of (left or right) alternativity.
A loop is both left Bol and right Bol if and only if it is a Moufang loop. Alternatively, a right or left Bol loop is Moufang if and only if it satisfies the flexible identity a(ba) = (ab)a . Different authors use the term "Bol loop" to refer to either a left Bol or a right Bol loop.
Properties
The left (right) Bol identity directly implies the left (right) alternative property, as can be shown by setting b to the identity.
It also implies the left (right) inverse property, as can be seen by setting b to the left (right) inverse of a, and using loop division to cancel the superfluous factor of a. As a result, Bol loops have two-sided inverses.
Bol loops are also power-associative.
Bruck loops
A Bol loop where the aforementioned two-sided inverse satisfies the automorphic inverse property, (ab)−1 = a−1 b−1 for all a,b in L, is known as a (left or right) Bruck loop or K-loop (named for the American mathematician Richard Bruck). The example in the following section is a Bruck loop.
Bruc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity%20%28mutual%20inductance%29
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In electrical engineering, dot marking convention, or alphanumeric marking convention, or both, can be used to denote the same relative instantaneous polarity of two mutually inductive components such as between transformer windings. These markings may be found on transformer cases beside terminals, winding leads, nameplates, schematic and wiring diagrams.
The convention is that current entering a transformer at the end of a winding marked with a dot, will tend to produce current exiting other windings at their dotted ends.
Maintaining proper polarity is important in power system protection, measurement and control systems. A reversed instrument transformer winding may defeat protective relays, give inaccurate power and energy measurements, or result in display of negative power factor. Reversed connections of paralleled transformer windings will cause circulating currents or an effective short circuit. In signal circuits, reversed connections of transformer windings can result in incorrect operation of amplifiers and speaker systems, or cancellation of signals that are meant to add.
Polarity
Leads of primary and secondary windings are said to be of the same polarity when instantaneous current entering the primary winding lead results in instantaneous current leaving the secondary winding lead as though the two leads were a continuous circuit.
In the case of two windings wound around the same core in parallel, for example, the polarity will be the same on the same ends:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Statistical%20Mathematics
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The Institute of Statistical Mathematics is Japan's national research institute for statistical science. In October 2009, it relocated from the Azabu district of Tokyo to Tachikawa. Founded in 1944, since 2004 it has been part of the Research Organization of Information and Systems ().
The Institute is represented on the national Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction.
Notable faculty
Hirotugu Akaike
Motosaburo Masuyama
Joichi Suetsuna
Genichi Taguchi
Publications
The Institute publishes the scientific journal Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics and the time series analysis software package TIMSAC.
References
External links
Official website
Mathematical institutes
Research institutes in Japan
National statistical services
1944 establishments in Japan
Organizations established in 1944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20linkage
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In electrical engineering the term flux linkage is used to define the interaction of a multi-turn inductor with the magnetic flux as described by the Faraday's law of induction. Since the contributions of all turns in the coil add up, in the over-simplified situation of the same flux passing through all the turns, the flux linkage (also known as flux linked) is , where is the number of turns. The physical limitations of the coil and the configuration of the magnetic field make some flux to leak between the turns of the coil, forming the leakage flux and reducing the linkage. The flux linkage is measured in webers (Wb), like the flux itself.
Relation to inductance and reactance
In a typical application the term "flux linkage" is used when the flux is created by the electric current flowing through the coil itself. Per Hopkinson's law, , where is the magnetomotive force and is the total reluctance of the coil. Since , where is the current, the equation can be rewritten as , where is called the inductance. Since the electrical reactance of an inductor , where is the AC frequency, .
In circuit theory
In circuit theory, flux linkage is a property of a two-terminal element. It is an extension rather than an equivalent of magnetic flux and is defined as a time integral
where is the voltage across the device, or the potential difference between the two terminals. This definition can also be written in differential form as a rate
Faraday showed that the magnitude of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Fangguo
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Zhang Fangguo is an associate professor at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering of the School of Information Science and Technology at Sun Yat-sen University in P.R. China. His main research interests include Pairings Based Cryptosystems, Elliptic Curve and Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography, Provable Security and Design and Analysis of New Public Key Cryptosystems.
His main contributions include ID-based ring signature schemes (joint work with Kwangjo Kim) - Asiacrypt 2003, short signature schemes (joint work with Rei Safavi-Naini and Willy Susilo) - PKC 2004 and ID-based short signature schemes (joint work with Willy Susilo and Yi Mu) - Financial Cryptography 2005, and restrictive partial blind signature schemes (joint work with Xiaofeng Chen, Yi Mu and Willy Susilo) - Financial Cryptography 2006.
External links
Fangguo Zhang's homepage
Academic staff of Sun Yat-sen University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20Theory%20of%20Crystal%20Lattices
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Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices is a book in solid state physics, authored collaboratively by Max Born and Kun Huang. The book was originally started by Born in c. 1940, and was finished in the 1950s by Huang in consultation with Born. The text is considered a classical treatise on the subject of lattice dynamics, phonon theory, and elasticity in crystalline solids, but excluding metals and other complex solids with order/disorder phenomena. J. D. Eshelby, Melvin Lax, and A. J. C. Wilson reviewed the book in 1955, among several others.
See also
Bibliography of Max Born
Introduction to Solid State Physics
References
External links
1954 non-fiction books
Physics textbooks
Max Born
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advancing%20Physics
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Advancing Physics is an A-level physics course examined by OCR which was developed in association with the Institute of Physics (IOP) with assessment through written examinations and teacher-assessed coursework. It may also be referred to Physics 'B' to distinguish it from OCR's other A-Level Physics course.
Assessment
Legacy AS/A2
The legacy course consists of six modules. The first three make up the AS Level, and the last three represent the A2 section of the course. All six are required in order to obtain the full A-level qualification. The modules are, in the order they are studied:
Physics In Action (AS, assessed via. 1h examination)
Understanding Processes (AS, assessed via. 2h examination)
Physics In Practice (AS, teacher-assessed coursework module)
Rise and Fall of the Clockwork Universe (A2, assessed via a 1h 15m examination)
Field and Particle Physics (A2, assessed via. 2h examination)
Advances In Physics (A2, teacher-assessed coursework module)
Current AS Level
The current AS Level course is linear and consists of two examination papers. All content is assessed across both papers, as opposed to being split into individual modules. The assessments are as follows:
Foundations of Physics (assessed via a 1h 30m examination)
Physics in Depth (assessed via a 1h 30m examination)
Current A Level
The current A Level course is linear and consists of three examination papers, in addition to a practical endorsement. All content is assessed across the three papers and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Szydlo
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Andrew Zbigniew Szydlo ( ; born 1949) is a British chemist and chemistry teacher, best known for his talks and lectures on chemistry.
Biography
Szydlo was born in London, England to Polish parents, and attended Latymer Upper School, and then Imperial College London and University College London. He currently teaches – since September 1972 – chemistry at Highgate School, a private school in North London. He holds MSc, PhD, DIC, ACGI, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, of which he is also a CChem. In 2020, Szydlo was awarded a Pearson National Teaching award for Lifetime Achievement.
An expert on the history of alchemy, Szydlo is the author of the standard work on the Polish alchemist, Michael Sendivogius. The thesis of his book "Water that does not wet hands": The Alchemy of Michael Sendivogius, which argues that Sendivogius' role in the discovery of oxygen has not received proper attention, has won widespread acceptance within the academic community. He advanced this argument in a leading article for History Today, co-authored with Richard Brzezinski, entitled "A New Light on Alchemy". His work on seventeenth-century science is an ongoing project to which he hopes to devote further attention. In 2015 he published Schoolmaster's Diary, a photo diary celebrating four decades of school life seen through his chemistry teacher's lens.
He frequently gives public lectures in the United Kingdom on topics including the History of Chemistry. Recent performances at Ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ke%20Pleijel
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Åke Vilhelm Carl Pleijel (10 August 1913 – 24 September 1989) was a Swedish mathematician.
He completed his Ph.D. in mathematics at Stockholm University in 1940 (with Torsten Carleman as supervisor), and later became Professor of Mathematics at Uppsala University.
Åke Vilhelm Carl Pleijel published the paper in which the Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function was introduced.
References
External links
1913 births
1989 deaths
Stockholm University alumni
20th-century Swedish mathematicians
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20half-exact%20functor
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In mathematics, a topological half-exact functor F is a functor from a fixed topological category (for example CW complexes or pointed spaces) to an abelian category (most frequently in applications, category of abelian groups or category of modules over a fixed ring) that has a following property: for each sequence of spaces, of the form:
X → Y → C(f)
where C(f) denotes a mapping cone, the sequence:
F(X) → F(Y) → F(C(f))
is exact. If F is a contravariant functor, it is half-exact if for each sequence of spaces as above,
the sequence F(C(f)) → F(Y) → F(X) is exact.
Homology is an example of a half-exact functor, and
cohomology (and generalized cohomology theories) are examples of contravariant half-exact functors.
If B is any fibrant topological space, the (representable) functor F(X)=[X,B] is half-exact.
Homotopy theory
Homological algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminal
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In chemistry, the descriptor geminal () refers to the relationship between two atoms or functional groups that are attached to the same atom. A geminal diol, for example, is a diol (a molecule that has two alcohol functional groups) attached to the same carbon atom, as in methanediol. Also the shortened prefix gem may be applied to a chemical name to denote this relationship, as in a gem-dibromide for "geminal dibromide".
The concept is important in many branches of chemistry, including synthesis and spectroscopy, because functional groups attached to the same atom often behave differently from when they are separated. Geminal diols, for example, are easily converted to ketones or aldehydes with loss of water.
The related term vicinal refers to the relationship between two functional groups that are attached to adjacent atoms. The relative arrangement of two functional groups can also be described by the descriptors α and β.
1H NMR spectroscopy
In 1H NMR spectroscopy, the coupling of two hydrogen atoms on the same carbon atom is called a geminal coupling. It occurs only when two hydrogen atoms on a methylene group differ stereochemically from each other. The geminal coupling constant is referred to as 2J since the hydrogen atoms couple through two bonds. Depending on the other substituents, the geminal coupling constant takes values between −23 and +42 Hz.
Synthesis
The following example shows the conversion of a cyclohexyl methyl ketone to a gem-dichloride through a r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Sophus%20Epstein
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Paul Sophus Epstein (; Warsaw, Vistula Land, Russian Empire, March 20, 1883 – Pasadena, California, United States, February 8, 1966) was a Russian-American mathematical physicist. He was known for his contributions to the development of quantum mechanics, part of a group that included Lorentz, Einstein, Minkowski, Thomson, Rutherford, Sommerfeld, Röntgen, von Laue, Bohr, de Broglie, Ehrenfest and Schwarzschild.
Paul Epstein's parents, Siegmund Simon Epstein and Sarah Sophia (Lurie) Epstein were of a middle class Jewish family. He said that his mother recognized his potential at the age of four years and predicted that he would be a mathematician. He went to the Hochschule in Minsk, and from 1901 to 1905 studied mathematics and physics at the Imperial University of Moscow under Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev. In 1909 he graduated, and became a Privatdozent at the University of Moscow. In 1910 he went to Munich, Germany, to do research under Arnold Sommerfeld, who was his advisor, and Epstein was granted a Ph.D. on a problem in the theory of diffraction of electromagnetic waves. from the Technische Universität München, in 1914. At the outbreak of World War I he was in Munich, and considered an "enemy alien". Thanks to Sommerfeld's intervention he was allowed to stay in Munich as a private citizen, and could continue with his research. By that time Epstein became interested in the quantum theory of atomic structure. In 1916, he published a seminal paper explaining the Stark effect u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20multipole%20moments
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In physics, spherical multipole moments are the coefficients in a series expansion of a potential that varies inversely with the distance to a source, i.e., as Examples of such potentials are the electric potential, the magnetic potential and the gravitational potential.
For clarity, we illustrate the expansion for a point charge, then generalize to an arbitrary charge density Through this article, the primed coordinates such as refer to the position of charge(s), whereas the unprimed coordinates such as refer to the point at which the potential is being observed. We also use spherical coordinates throughout, e.g., the vector has coordinates where is the radius, is the colatitude and is the azimuthal angle.
Spherical multipole moments of a point charge
The electric potential due to a point charge located at is given by
where is the distance between the charge position and the observation point and is the angle between the vectors and . If the radius of the observation point is greater than the radius of the charge, we may factor out 1/r and expand the square root in powers of using Legendre polynomials
This is exactly analogous to the axial multipole expansion.
We may express in terms of the coordinates of the observation point and charge position using the spherical law of cosines (Fig. 2)
Substituting this equation for into the Legendre polynomials and factoring the primed and unprimed coordinates yields the important formula known as the spherical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20H.%20Swannack%20Jr.
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Charles Henry "Chuck" Swannack Jr. (born March 9, 1949) is a former general officer in the United States Army who, once retired, called for the resignation of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.
Swannack is a 1971 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He later earned an M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and became a Registered Professional Engineer in Virginia.
As a lieutenant colonel in the late 1980s, Swannack commanded the 2nd battalion (2/9) of the 9th Infantry Regiment garrisoned at Fort Ord, California. During his command, the unit deployed as part of the 7th Infantry Division (Light) for Operation Just Cause in Panama.
On February 12, 2004 Fallujah insurgents attacked a convoy carrying Swannack and General John Abizaid, commander of US forces in the Middle East, firing on the vehicles from nearby rooftops with RPGs, after seemingly infiltrating the Iraqi security forces.
Swannack's last position within the Army was Deputy Commanding General of the 18th Airborne Corps and Fort Bragg. Prior to this assignment he served as the commander of the Army's 82nd Airborne Division. His last rank was major general. On April 13, 2006, and after retirement, Swannack called for the dismissal of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. In an interview with The New York Times, Swannack said:
We need to continue to fight the global war on terror and keep it off our shores, But I do not believe Secretary Rumsfeld is the r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku%20State%20University
|
Baku State University (BSU) () is a public university located in Baku, Azerbaijan. Established on 1 September 1919 by the Parliament of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the university started with faculties of history and philology, physics and mathematics, and law and medicine, with an initial enrollment of 1094. The first rector of BSU was V.I.Razumovsky, a former professor of surgery at Kazan University.
In 1930, the government of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ordered the university shut down in accordance with a reorganization of higher education, and the university was replaced with the Supreme Pedagogical Institute. However, in 1934 the university was reestablished again and continued to work through the difficult years of World War II experiencing a shortage of faculty members.
By its 40th anniversary in 1959, the university already had 13 faculties. The Azerbaijan Medical University and Azerbaijan State Economic University were both spun-offs of the original respective faculties at BSU.
Among the graduates of BSU were two former presidents of Azerbaijan, Abulfaz Elchibey and Heydar Aliyev. The former graduated from the Faculty of Arabic Language and Literature, while the latter, who dominated Azerbaijan's political life for over 30 years, from the Faculty of History. Nobel Prize-winning physicist Lev Landau studied at BSU between 1922 and 1924.
BSU is the only university from Azerbaijan ranked by international ranking organizations, such as University Ra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical%20solipsism
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In metaphysics, metaphysical solipsism is the variety of idealism which asserts that nothing exists externally to this one mind, and since this mind is the whole of reality then the "external world" was never anything more than an idea. It can also be expressed by the assertion "there is nothing external to these present experiences", in other words, no reality exists beyond whatever is presently being sensed. The aforementioned definition of solipsism entails the non-existence of anything presently unperceived including the external world, causation, other minds (including God's mind or a subconscious mind), the past or future, and a subject of experience. Despite their ontological non-existence, these entities may nonetheless be said to "exist" as useful descriptions of the various experiences and thoughts that constitute 'this' mind.
Overview
The solipsistic self is described by Ludwig Wittgenstein in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP): "The self of solipsism shrinks to a point without extension and there remains the reality co-ordinated with it" (TLP 5.64).
There are weaker versions of metaphysical solipsism, such as Caspar Hare's egocentric presentism (or perspectival realism), in which other persons are conscious but their experiences are simply not present. Similarly, J. J. Valberg develops a concept of one's personal horizon and discusses how it is in a sense the (preeminent) horizon, stating that "we are all solipsists" in his sense of solipsism.
Argument
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Tes%C3%A1nek
|
Jan Tesánek () (1728–1788) was a Bohemian scholar and author of scientific literature.
Biography
Tesánek studied at a gymnasium (school) in Prague and later at Faculty of Philosophy of Charles University. In 1745, he became a Jesuit and studied mathematics, physics and astronomy under Joseph Stepling, a student of Ignatz Mühlwenzel. Stepling introduced Tesánek to the works of Isaac Newton. After finishing under the Faculty of Philosophy, Tesánek continued with study of theology. He was then ordained a priest and became professor of physics at Charles University. Later, he taught mathematics at the University of Olomouc. Two years later he returned to Prague to assume a professorship of high mathematics at the University. He remained at the University after the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 and assumed the position of head of the Department of Mathematics and Physics in 1778. Tesánek is known for his many writings on the science of the day, helping to spread knowledge of scientific findings throughout Europe.
Major works
Miscellanea mathematica (1764, 1769)
Sectiones conoidum (1764)
Pertractatio quorundam modorum quaestiones geometricas resolvendi (1770)
Pertractatio elementorum calculi integralis (1771)
Isaaci Newtoni Libri I. principiorum mathematicorum philosophiae naturalis Sect. I-V exposita (1769)
Betrachtungen über eine Stelle der allgmeinen Arithmetik Isaac Newtons (1784)
Versuch über einige Stellen in Newtons Principiis (1776)
Algebraische Behandlung der X
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeep%20Sindhu
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Pradeep Sindhu is an Indian-American business executive. He is the chairman, chief development officer (CDO) and co-founder of data center technology company Fungible. Previously, he co-founded Juniper Networks, where he was the chief scientist and served as CEO until 1996.
Biography
Sindhu holds a B.Tech. in electrical engineering (1974) from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, M.S. in electrical engineering (1976) from the University of Hawaiʻi, and a PhD (1982) in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University where he studied under Bob Sproull.
Work
Sindhu had worked at the Computer Science Lab of Xerox PARC for 11 years. Sindhu worked on design tools for very-large-scale integration (VLSI) of integrated circuits and high-speed interconnects for shared memory architecture multiprocessors.
Sindhu founded Juniper Networks along with Dennis Ferguson and Bjorn Liencres in February 1996 in California. The company was subsequently reincorporated in Delaware in March 1998 and went public on 25 June 1999.
Sindhu worked on the architecture, design, and development of the Juniper M40 data router.
Sindhu's earlier work subsequently influenced the architecture, design, and development of Sun Microsystems' first high-performance multiprocessor system family, which included systems such as the SS1000 and SC2000.
Sindhu is the founder and CEO of data center technology company Fungible.
References
External links
Pradeep Sindhu's entry on the Juniper Networks Website
Int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting%20oscillation
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Hunting oscillation is a self-oscillation, usually unwanted, about an equilibrium. The expression came into use in the 19th century and describes how a system "hunts" for equilibrium. The expression is used to describe phenomena in such diverse fields as electronics, aviation, biology, and railway engineering.
Railway wheelsets
A classical hunting oscillation is a swaying motion of a railway vehicle (often called truck hunting or bogie hunting) caused by the coning action on which the directional stability of an adhesion railway depends. It arises from the interaction of adhesion forces and inertial forces. At low speed, adhesion dominates but, as the speed increases, the adhesion forces and inertial forces become comparable in magnitude and the oscillation begins at a critical speed. Above this speed, the motion can be violent, damaging track and wheels and potentially causing derailment. The problem does not occur on systems with a differential because the action depends on both wheels of a wheelset rotating at the same angular rate, although differentials tend to be rare, and conventional trains have their wheels fixed to the axles in pairs instead. Some trains, like the Talgo 350, have no differential, yet they are mostly not affected by hunting oscillation, as most of their wheels rotate independently from one another. The wheels of the power car, however, can be affected by hunting oscillation, because the wheels of the power car are fixed to the axles in pairs like i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%3A%20The%20Modern%20Synthesis
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Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, a popularising 1942 book by Julian Huxley (grandson of T.H. Huxley), set out his vision of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology of the mid-20th century. It was enthusiastically reviewed in academic biology journals.
Significance
In the book, Huxley tackles the subject of evolution at full length, in what became the defining work of his life. His role was that of a synthesiser rather than a researcher, and it helped that he had met many of the other participants. His book was written whilst he was Secretary to the Zoological Society of London, and made use of his remarkable collection of reprints covering the first part of the century. It was published in 1942.
Publication history
Allen & Unwin, London. (1942, reprinted 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1955; 2nd ed, with new introduction and bibliography by the author, 1963; 3rd ed, with new introduction and bibliography by nine contributors, 1974). U.S. first edition by Harper, 1943.
Reception
Contemporaneous
Reviewing the book for American Scientist in 1943, the geologist Kirtley Mather wrote that the book provided "an admirable digest" of decades of work by many scientists. Mather commented "Of general interest is Huxley’s defense of the Darwinian concept of evolution, under attack by Hogben, Bateson and other biologists, amusingly reminiscent of bygone days when another Huxley championed the cause of evolution in a wholly different battle." Mather noted, too, that Huxley emphasises
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20acoustics
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In physics, quantum acoustics is the study of sound under conditions such that quantum mechanical effects are relevant. For most applications, classical mechanics are sufficient to accurately describe the physics of sound. However very high frequency sounds, or sounds made at very low temperatures may be subject to quantum effects.
Quantum acoustics can also refer to attempts within the scientific community to couple superconducting qubits to acoustic waves. One particularly successful method involves coupling a superconducting qubit with a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Resonator and placing these components on different substrates to achieve a higher signal to noise ratio as well as controlling the coupling strength of the components. This allows quantum experiments to verify that the phonons within the SAW Resonator are in quantum fock states by using Quantum tomography. Similar attempts have been made by using bulk acoustic resonators. One consequence of these developments is that it is possible to explore the properties of atoms with a much larger size than found conventionally by modelling them using a superconducting qubit coupled with a SAW Resonator.
See also
Superfluid
Phonon
References
External links
Handbook of Acoustics by Malcolm Crocker has a chapter on quantum acoustics.
Condensed matter physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%20Jiazhen
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Tan Jiazhen (15 September 1909 – 1 November 2008), also known as C. C. Tan, was a Chinese geneticist. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a foreign member of United States National Academy of Sciences. Tan was a main founder of modern Chinese genetics.
Biography
Tan was born in Cixi, Ningbo, Zhejiang. His father was a local postman. From 1926 to 1930, Tan did his undergraduate study at Soochow University. In 1932, Tan received M.Sc from Yenching University. Tan continued his study in the United States and received PhD from the California Institute of Technology in 1937, under the supervision of Theodosius Dobzhansky. Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Henry Sturtevant also were his professors. He later taught at Columbia University.
After Tan returned to China, he became a professor at the Department of Biology of Zhejiang University in Hangzhou. In 1952, Tan was transferred to Fudan University in Shanghai. Tan founded the first department of genetics in China at Fudan University.
"As part of the Morgan group in the 1930s, Tan helped make Drosophila pseudoobscura the leading species for evolutionary studies and did pioneering work in insect genetics. In spite of interruptions by Lysenkoism and by the Cultural Revolution, Tan was still scientifically active in China."
Tan died on 1 November 2008 of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome at the age of 99 in Shanghai.
Main academic positions
At Fudan University:
Founding Chair of the Department of Genetic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight%20%28disambiguation%29
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Weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object.
Weight or The Weight may also refer to:
Mathematics
Weight (graph theory) a number associated to an edge or to a vertex of a graph
Weight (representation theory), a type of function
Weight (strings), the number of times a letter occurs in a string
Weight, an integer associated to each variable of a quasi-homogeneous polynomial
Weight of a topological space; see base
Weighting, making some data contribute to a result more than others
Weight function
Weighted mean and weighted average, the importance can vary on each piece of data
Weighting filter
Science and technology
Weight (unit), a former English unit
Weight, a connection strength, or coefficient in a linear combination, as in an artificial neural network
Weight, a measure of paper density
Body weight, a commonly used term for the mass of an organism's body
Font weight
Line weight in contour line construction in cartography
Specific weight, the weight per unit volume of a material
In underwater diving, a dense object used for ballast in a diving weighting system
Balance weights, part of a weighing scale
Weight (object), object whose chief task is to exert weight
Film and television
The Weight (film), a 2012 South Korean film
"Weight" (Justified), a 2014 television episode
"The Weight" (The Sopranos), a 2002 television episode
Music
Weight (album), by Rollins Band, 1994
Weight (EP), by the Kindred, 2017
"Weight" (song), by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20of%20wonder
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A sense of wonder (sometimes jokingly written sensawunda) is an intellectual and emotional state frequently invoked in discussions of science and biology, higher consciousness, science fiction, and philosophy.
Definitions
This entry focuses on one specific use of the phrase "sense of wonder." This phrase is widely used in contexts that have nothing to do with science fiction. The following relates to the use of "sense of wonder" within the context of science fiction. In Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction the term sense of wonder is defined as follows:
Jon Radoff has characterised a sense of wonder as an emotional reaction to the reader suddenly confronting, understanding, or seeing a concept anew in the context of new information.
In the introductory section of his essay 'On the Grotesque in Science Fiction', Istvan Csicsery-Ronay Jr., Professor of English, DePauw University, states:
John Clute and Peter Nicholls associate the experience with that of the "conceptual breakthrough" or "paradigm shift" (Clute & Nicholls 1993). In many cases, it is achieved through the recasting of previous narrative experiences in a larger context. It can be found in short scenes (e.g., in Star Wars (1977), it can be found, in a small dose, inside the line "That's no moon; it's a space station.") and it can require entire novels to set up (as in the final line to Iain Banks's Feersum Endjinn.)
George Mann defines the term as "the sense of inspired awe that is a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD50
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Rad50 may refer to:
RADIX-50, a character encoding scheme in computing
RAD50 (gene), in biology, encodes a DNA repair protein involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA
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In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs and small nuclear RNAs. There are two main classes of snoRNA, the C/D box snoRNAs, which are associated with methylation, and the H/ACA box snoRNAs, which are associated with pseudouridylation.
SnoRNAs are commonly referred to as guide RNAs but should not be confused with the guide RNAs that direct RNA editing in trypanosomes or the guide RNAs (gRNAs) used by Cas9 for CRISPR gene editing.
snoRNA guided modifications
After transcription, nascent rRNA molecules (termed pre-rRNA) undergo a series of processing steps to generate the mature rRNA molecule. Prior to cleavage by exo- and endonucleases, the pre-rRNA undergoes a complex pattern of nucleoside modifications. These include methylations and pseudouridylations, guided by snoRNAs.
Methylation is the attachment or substitution of a methyl group onto various substrates. The rRNA of humans contain approximately 115 methyl group modifications. The majority of these are 2′O-ribose-methylations (where the methyl group is attached to the ribose group).
Pseudouridylation is the conversion (isomerisation) of the nucleoside uridine to a different isomeric form pseudouridine (Ψ). This modification consists of a 180º rotation of the uridine base around its glycosyl bond to the ribose of the RNA backbone. After this rotation, the nitrogenous base contrib
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuddhashuddha%20tattvas
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The Shuddhashuddha tattvas or "Pure-Impure" tatwas, in Shaivite and Shakta Tantric metaphysics, refer to the seven of the 36 tattvas from maya to purusha. It is also one of the five main divisions (kala) or stages of Involution of the supreme consciousness, in Kashmir Shaivite cosmology.
The tattvas are:
Māyā tattva: Maya is the universally formative and limiting principle, the "material" cause of the "impure sphere." Maya brings into being under the influence of the Sadvidya-Tattwa(atman) the following five tattvas, known as the "five sheaths," pancha kanchuka, which restrict the universal Self to being and the individual soul, the purusha.
Kalā tattva limitation of authority or efficacy - the Self, which is an All Doer, becomes a Little Doer. Can also refer to creativity, aptitude, the power which draws the soul toward spiritual knowledge. Its energy partially removes the veil of anava-mala which clouds the inherent powers of the soul.
Vidyā tattva: limited knowledge, the Self which is an all-knower becomes a little knower. Knowledge in accord with its present life experiences.
Rāga tattva: attachment, inclination, limitation of fullness, giving rise to desire for various objects.
Kāla tattva: limitation of eternity, giving rise to the phenomenon of time, which divides all experience into past, present, and future.
Niyati tattva: restriction or limitation of freedom, giving rise to karma (cause and effect), necessity, and order. (more on Niyati).
Purusha tatt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20University%20of%20Iowa%20shooting
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The University of Iowa shooting was a mass shooting that occurred in Iowa City, Iowa, on November 1, 1991. Gang Lu, a 28-year-old former graduate student at the University of Iowa, killed three members of the Physics and Astronomy Department faculty, an Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs, and a fellow student, then seriously injured another student working at the university's campus, before committing suicide.
Perpetrator and motives
Gang Lu (; – November 1, 1991), was a 28-year-old Chinese graduate student at the University of Iowa who had received his doctoral degree in physics and astronomy from the university in May 1991. The 18-year-old Lu began studying physics at Peking University in Beijing, where he passed the CUSPEA exam in 1984 and was admitted to study in the United States, becoming a graduate student at the University of Iowa. As a graduate student, Lu was primarily a loner who was perceived by at least one other graduate student to have a psychological problem if challenged and was reported to have had abusive tantrums. Lu was infuriated because his dissertation, titled Study of the "Critical Ionization Velocity" Effect by Particle-in-Cell Simulation, did not receive the prestigious D. C. Spriestersbach Dissertation Prize, which included a monetary award of $2,500. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 led many Chinese students to become eager to stay in the United States, and Lu believed that winning the prize would have made it easier for him to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20addition
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The Standard addition method, often used in analytical chemistry, quantifies the analyte present in an unknown. This method is useful for analyzing complex samples where a matrix effect interferes with the analyte signal. In comparison to the calibration curve method, the standard addition method has the advantage of the matrices of the unknown and standards being nearly identical. This minimizes the potential bias arising from the matrix effect when determining the concentration.
Variations
Standard addition involves adding known amounts of analyte to an unknown sample, a process known as spiking. By increasing the number of spikes, the analyst can extrapolate for the analyte concentration in the unknown that has not been spiked. There are multiple approaches to the standard addition. The following section summarize each approach.
Single standard addition used in polarography
In classic polarography, the standard addition method involves creating two samples – one sample without any spikes, and another one with spikes. By comparing the current measured from two samples, the amount of analyte in the unknown is determined. This approach was the first reported use of standard addition, and was introduced by a German mining chemist, Hans Hohn, in 1937. In his polarography practical book, titled Chemische Analysen mit dem Polargraphen, Hohn referred this method as Eizhusatzes, which translates to "calibration addition" in English. Later in the German literature, this method w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20T.%20Bielby
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William T. Bielby is a professor of sociology at the University of Illinois at Chicago and is Distinguished Research Scholar at the School of Sociology at the University of Arizona. He was the President of the American Sociological Association in 2002–2003. He studied electrical engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and earned his doctorate in sociology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was on the faculty of University of California, Santa Barbara from 1977 to 2004, where he served as chair of the Department of Sociology for six years. From 2005 to 2007 he was Undergraduate Chair in the Department of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.
He has used the social framework analysis methodology to conclude that two aspects of Wal-Mart's culture, centralized personnel policy and managerial subjective decision making in the field, led to “decisions about compensation and promotion" to be vulnerable to gender bias.
External links
Profile of William T. Bielby by the American Sociological Association
William Bielby, Ph.D.: Professor of Sociology - University of Illinois at Chicago faculty page
New York Times article about Bielby's expert testimony in Dukes v. Wal-Mart
Bielby's band, Thin Vitae, at the American Sociological Association Meetings, August 2003
American sociologists
Presidents of the American Sociological Association
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20fundamental%20physics%20discoveries
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This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process. Multiple discovery sometimes occurs when multiple research groups discover the same phenomenon at about the same time, and scientific priority is often disputed. The listings below include some of the most significant people and ideas by date of publication or experiment.
Antiquity
6th century BCE - Ionian school of Greek philosophers: Inception of cosmology and natural philosophy
610-546 BCE - Anaximander: Concept of Earth floating in space
585 BCE - Thales of Miletus: Solar eclipse predicted
460-370 BCE - Democritus: Atomism via thought experiment
384-322 BCE - Aristotle: Aristotelian physics, earliest effective theory of physics
367-282 BCE - Ptolemy: Ptolemaic geocentric system, a phenomenological model of the solar system
300 BCE - Euclid: Euclidean geometry
250 BCE - Archimedes: Archimedes' principle
310-230 BCE - Aristarchos of Samos proposes a Heliocentric model
276-194 BCE - Eratosthenes: Circumference of the Earth measured
190-150 BCE - Seleucus of Seleucia: Support of Heliocentrism based on reasoning
220-150 BCE - Apollonius of Perga and Hipparchus: Invention of Astrolabe
205-86 BCE - Hipparchus or unknown: Antikythera mechanism an ana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard%20Heinrich%20Dieke
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Gerhard Heinrich Dieke (1901 in Rheda, Germany – August 26, 1965 in Aberdeen, Scotland) was a German/U.S. physicist. He was a pioneer in investigating the structure of atoms and molecules by spectroscopic methods.
Dieke studied at the University of Leiden under Paul Ehrenfest, and received a Ph.D. in physics at the University of California in 1926. After completing his graduate studies, he worked at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in Tokyo and in 1929 he was Dirk Coster's assistant at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. Dieke joined the department of physics at Johns Hopkins University in 1930 as an associate professor, and he later served as chairman of the department, 1950-1965.
Dieke was a man of wide interests, and was an expert on the taxonomy of lady beetles (Coccinellidae). In 1947 he authored a review of the genus Epilachna based on the collections of the Smithsonian Museum and others.
Dieke was elected a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1952.
References
External links
Biographical note at the Johns Hopkins University
1901 births
1965 deaths
Leiden University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Academic staff of the University of Groningen
Johns Hopkins University faculty
20th-century American physicists
20th-century German physicists
People from Rheda-Wiedenbrück
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20sociology
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Mathematical sociology or the sociology of mathematics is an interdisciplinary field of research concerned both with the use of mathematics within sociological research as well as research into the relationships that exist between maths and society.
Because of this, mathematical sociology can have a diverse meaning depending on the authors in question and the kind of research being carried out. This creates contestation over whether mathematical sociology is a derivative of sociology, an intersection of the two disciplines, or a discipline in its own right. This is a dynamic, ongoing academic development that leaves mathematical sociology sometimes blurred and lacking in uniformity, presenting grey areas and need for further research into developing its academic merit.
History
Starting in the early 1940s, Nicolas Rashevsky, and subsequently in the late 1940s, Anatol Rapoport and others, developed a relational and probabilistic approach to the characterization of large social networks in which the nodes are persons and the links are acquaintanceship. During the late 1940s, formulas were derived that connected local parameters such as closure of contacts – if A is linked to both B and C, then there is a greater than chance probability that B and C are linked to each other – to the global network property of connectivity.
Moreover, acquaintanceship is a positive tie, but what about negative ties such as animosity among persons? To tackle this problem, graph theory, which is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehrden
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Gehrden is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately southwest of Hanover.
Notable people
Werner von Siemens (1816-1892), inventor, founder of electrical engineering and industrialist
Carl Wilhelm Siemens (1823-1883), industrialist
Werner Lueg (1931-2014), athlete, Olympic champion 1952
Hans-Joachim Frey (born 1965), theater director
Maria Schrader (born 1965), actress and director
Tim Pritlove (born 1967), eventmanager, media artist and member of Chaos Computer Club
Wolfgang Kreißig (born 1970), high jumper
Grischa Niermann (born 1975), racing cyclist
Marc Bator (born 1972), newsreader at the Tagesschau 2000–2013, since then at Sat.1
Christian Pampel (born 1979), volleyball national player
Carolina Bartczak (born 1980), actress
Nils Pfingsten-Reddig (born 1982), soccer player
Kristin Demann (born 1993), soccer player
Grant-Leon Ranos (born 2003), Armenian soccer player
References
Towns in Lower Saxony
Hanover Region
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K12
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K–12 refers to primary and secondary education in the United States, Canada, and Australia.
K12 may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
K–12 (album), by Melanie Martinez
K–12 (film), the accompanying film
Sonata in A, K. 12, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
A fictional ski slope in the film Better Off Dead
Science and mathematics
E. coli K-12, a bacterial strain
Keratin 12, a protein
Coxeter–Todd lattice K12, a 12-dimensional lattice
Technology
21 cm K 12 (E) German World War II railway gun
AMD K12, a CPU microarchitecture
Curtiss K-12, an aircraft engine
S&T Motiv K12, a South Korean machine gun
K-12, an obsolete process for Kodachrome photographic film
Vehicles
Aircraft
Kalinin K-12, a Soviet proof-of-concept aircraft
Kawanishi K-12 Sakura, an experimental Japanese aircraft
Automobiles
Kandi K12, a Chinese microcar
Nissan Micra (K12), a Japanese subcompact car
Ships
, a corvette of the Royal Navy
, a submarine of the Royal Navy
, a submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy
, a corvette of the Swedish Navy
Other uses
K-12 (Kansas highway), a former highway in Kansas
K12 (mountain)
K12 Inc., now Stride, Inc., an American education company
See also
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