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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeation
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In physics and engineering, permeation (also called imbuing) is the penetration of a permeate (a fluid such as a liquid, gas, or vapor) through a solid. It is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeate, a material's intrinsic permeability, and the materials' mass diffusivity. Permeation is modeled by equations such as Fick's laws of diffusion, and can be measured using tools such as a minipermeameter.
Description
The process of permeation involves the diffusion of molecules, called the permeant, through a membrane or interface. Permeation works through diffusion; the permeant will move from high concentration to low concentration across the interface. A material can be semipermeable, with the presence of a semipermeable membrane. Only molecules or ions with certain properties will be able to diffuse across such a membrane. This is a very important mechanism in biology where fluids inside a blood vessel need to be regulated and controlled. Permeation can occur through most materials including metals, ceramics and polymers. However, the permeability of metals is much lower than that of ceramics and polymers due to their crystal structure and porosity.
Permeation is something that must be considered carefully in many polymer applications, due to their high permeability. Permeability depends on the temperature of the interaction as well as the characteristics of both the polymer and the permeant component. Through the process of sorption, molecules of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20health%20informatics
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Public health informatics has been defined as the systematic application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, and learning. It is one of the subdomains of health informatics.
Definition
Public health informatics is defined as the use of computers, clinical guidelines, communication and information systems, which apply to vast majority of public health, related professions, such as nursing, clinical/ hospital care/ public health and medical research.
United States
In developed countries like the United States, public health informatics is practiced by individuals in public health agencies at the federal and state levels and in the larger local health jurisdictions. Additionally, research and training in public health informatics takes place at a variety of academic institutions.
At the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in US states like Atlanta, Georgia, the Public Health Surveillance and Informatics Program Office (PHSIPO) focuses on advancing the state of information science and applies digital information technologies to aid in the detection and management of diseases and syndromes in individuals and populations.
The bulk of the work of public health informatics in the United States, as with public health generally, takes place at the state and local level, in the state departments of health and the county or parish departments of health. At a state health department the activities may include: col
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Kuenen
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Philip Henry Kuenen (22 July 1902, in Dundee – 17 December 1976, in Leiden) was a Dutch geologist.
Kuenen spent his earliest youth in Scotland, as his father (Johannes Petrus Kuenen) was professor of physics at University College, Dundee until 1906. He studied geology at Leiden University, where he was a pupil of K. Martin and B.G. Escher. He finished his studies in 1925 and then became assistant to Escher. He worked on paleontology and experimental geology.
In 1929-1930 Kuenen participated in the Snellius expedition to the seas surrounding the Sunda Islands of the Dutch East Indies. In 1934 he became lecturer at Groningen University. Because the Dutch government had decided that geology would not be a major subject at Groningen University Kuenen was able to dedicate most of his time to research. Only in 1946 he became a full professor, during the German occupation in World War II the nazis had prevented this because he had British ancestors. The same year he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Kuenen is known particularly for his work on marine geology and he published a book on the subject. Some of his other contributions to geology were geochemical calculations about sediments and the water cycle and research on absolute and relative sea level changes, the rounding of sediment particles, normal faulting in the continental slope domain and especially turbidites and turbidity currents. He studied many geological and sedimentological topics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20%28aquarium%29
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The substrate of an aquarium refers to the material used on the tank bottom. It can affect water chemistry, filtration, and the well-being of the aquarium's inhabitants, and is also an important part of the aquarium's aesthetic appeal. The appropriate substrate depends on the type of aquarium; the most important parameter is whether the aquarium contains fresh water or saltwater.
Functions and considerations
Substrates are added to most aquaria principally for the increase in beneficial bacteria this provides. However, substrates can also have a variety of direct effects on water quality by releasing substances into the water, absorbing substances from the water, or reacting chemically with substances from other sources. Substrates can also have indirect effects on a system's health; dark-colored substrates, for example, are considered by some to be better for fish, as the fish display more colorfully by comparison, and are less likely to behave timidly. Apart from all other considerations, substrates are frequently chosen for their aesthetic qualities.
Some substrates are used to alter water chemistry. Crushed coral and coral sand both contain calcium carbonate, which will raise the carbonate hardness and buffer the pH. Peat may be used in some aquaria to mimic some soft water habitats.
Substrate may also be used as part of a biological filtration system. Beneficial bacteria colonize all aquarium surfaces that are exposed to aerated water, including the substrate. Becaus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Breiman
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Leo Breiman (January 27, 1928 – July 5, 2005) was a distinguished statistician at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the recipient of numerous honors and awards, and was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
Breiman's work helped to bridge the gap between statistics and computer science, particularly in the field of machine learning. His most important contributions were his work on classification and regression trees and ensembles of trees fit to bootstrap samples. Bootstrap aggregation was given the name bagging by Breiman. Another of Breiman's ensemble approaches is the random forest.
See also
Shannon–McMillan–Breiman theorem
Further reading
Leo Breiman obituary, from the University of California, Berkeley
Richard Olshen "A Conversation with Leo Breiman," Statistical Science Volume 16, Issue 2, 2001
Random Forests
External links
Leo Breiman from PORTRAITS OF STATISTICIANS
A video record of a Leo Breiman's lecture about one of his machine learning techniques
Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author)
1928 births
2005 deaths
American statisticians
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Machine learning researchers
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Computational statisticians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Carroll%20%28astronomer%29
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Sir John Anthony Carroll (8 January 1899 – 2 May 1974) was a British astronomer and physicist. In the 1920s he worked at the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge, UK with F.J.M. Stratton and Richard van der Riet Woolley. He made major technological advances, inventing a high resolution spectrometer, and (with C G Fraser) a coronal camera.
Life
He was born near Manchester and educated at King's School in Chester, before winning a scholarship to Cambridge University in 1917.
However, he decided to postpone Cambridge, and instead enlisted for service in the First World War, finding an interesting role in the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough, to serve doing applied aeronautical science alongside George Paget Thomson.
Returning to Cambridge after the war he graduated MA and then continued as a postgraduate, receiving a PhD from Imperial College in 1924. He next travelled to California to work at the Mount Wilson Observatory with Robert Millikan for two years.
Aged only 30 he received the post of Professor of Natural Philosophy at Aberdeen University.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1931.
His interest in solar eclipses and especially the sun's corona during an eclipse, led to several foreign expeditions for observation purposes: including Norway, Malaya, Canada and a politically complex trip to Omsk in Siberia in 1936. A 1947 eclipse expedition to Brazil resulted in the loss of three staff due to a plane crash near Dakar in West Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug%20Rage
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Rug Rage was the 1993 game of the FIRST Robotics Competition. In it, teams competed individually to score as many balls as possible in their goal.
Game overview
Field
Rug Rage was played on a , rectangular, carpeted field. The edge of the field was lined with PVC pipe. There were four scoring areas, two on each long side of the field set from the ends. The four robots started in the corners of the field and scored in the goal in the same corner. The goals had horizontal cross bars at their entrances creating an opening. This allowed the small balls to roll in easily but kept out the balls.
Gameplay
Four robots played individually in each 2-minute match. In the center of the field were five, , red balls worth 5 points and twenty, , water-filled, blue balls worth 1 point. The goal was to ferry balls into a team's respective goal and earn the most points. As the large balls couldn't fit under the goals' cross bar, they had to be lifted over. In the event of a tie, the team with the most large balls scored in its goal won.
Robots
Robots had to fit within a cube and weigh no more than . Unlike the previous year, robots were powered by an on-board battery and not an umbilical. Robots were controlled by an on-board Motorola micro controller. Commands were sent by the drivers through an 8 position joystick and a Termiflex keypad controller.
Awards
The following awards were presented at the competition:
Chairman's Award
Most Creative Design
Best Offensive Round
Outstanding D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20J.%20M.%20Stratton
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Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick John Marrian Stratton PRAS (16 October 1881 – 2 September 1960) was a British astrophysicist, Professor of Astrophysics (1909) at the University of Cambridge from 1928 to 1947 and a decorated British Army officer.
Early life
The youngest of six sons and two daughters, Stratton was born at Edgbaston in Birmingham, to Stephen Samuel Stratton, a music critic and historian, and Mary Jane Marrian. He remembered Dvorak and Ebenezer Prout visiting his father. In 1891, he received a scholarship to King Edward's Grammar School in Five Ways, Birmingham, advanced to Mason College in 1897 (which later became the University of Birmingham) and won an entrance scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1900, entering the university in October 1901. He took a London BA (External) in Greek, Latin and maths in 1903, and graduated in 1904 with the distinction of Third Wrangler in Part I of the Mathematical Tripos (Arthur Eddington was Senior Wrangler that year). He was placed in Class I, Division II of the second part of the Tripos the following year, also receiving the Tyson Medal in astronomy and an Isaac Newton Studentship. In 1906 he won a Smith's Prize and was elected a Fellow of his college, which he remained until his death.
Military service
In 1901, Statton had joined the Caius Company of the Cambridge University Rifle Volunteers, which became the Cambridge University Officers Training Corps in 1908. Partly instrumental in forming the Commu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTAC
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MTAC may refer to:
Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Republic of China's Executive Yuan
Multiple Threat Alert Center of the United States' Naval Criminal Investigative Service
Middle Tennessee Anime Convention
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, technical journal renamed Mathematics of Computation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD72
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CD72 (Cluster of Differentiation 72), also known in murine biology as Lyb-2, is a protein active in the immune system of animals. It consists of two identical halves, each of about 39-43 kD, and is a C-type lectin. Its primarily locus of expression is B-cells (from the pro-B through the mature B-cell stage), where it appears to mediate aspects of B-cell - T-cell interaction. It is a ligand for CD5.
CD72 is a regulatory protein on B lymphocytes. The cytoplasmic tail of CD72 contains two potential immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, one of which has been shown to recruit the tyrosine phosphatase SHP- 1. These features suggest a negative regulatory role for CD72. CD72 is a nonredundant regulator of B-cell development and a negative regulator of B-cell responsiveness.
See also
Cluster of differentiation
References
External links
Dr. Jane Parnes lab at Stanford University
Clusters of differentiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip%20Siegel
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Keeve Milton (Kip) Siegel (January 9, 1924 – March 14, 1975) was an American physicist. He was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, MI, and the founder of Conductron Corporation, a high-tech producer of electronic equipment which was absorbed by McDonnell Douglas Corporation; KMS Industries and KMS Fusion. KMS Fusion was the first and only private sector company to pursue controlled thermonuclear fusion research through use of laser technology.
Early life
Keeve Milton Siegel was born on January 9, 1924, in New York City to David Porter Siegel, Chief of the Criminal Division of the US Attorney's office for the Southern District of New York, and Rose Siegel (née Jelin). His uncle, Isaac Siegel, was a member of Congress.
He graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1948 with a Bachelor of Science degree. He joined Michigan's Upper Atmospheric Physics Group, which had been set up that year, as a research associate and became the head of the group a year later. He continued in this position until early 1952, by which time he had completed his Master of Science degree from RPI (1950). Due to the importance of their work to what would become NORAD, it was renamed the Theory and Analysis Group in early 1952. Siegel chaired the Organizing Committee of the URSI-sponsored Symposium on Electromagnetic Wave Theory held at the University of Michigan, 20–25 June 1955. In June 1957, he became professor of electrical engineering. At the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monge%E2%80%93Amp%C3%A8re%20equation
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In mathematics, a (real) Monge–Ampère equation is a nonlinear second-order partial differential equation of special kind. A second-order equation for the unknown function u of two variables x,y is of Monge–Ampère type if it is linear in the determinant of the Hessian matrix of u and in the second-order partial derivatives of u. The independent variables (x,y) vary over a given domain D of R2. The term also applies to analogous equations with n independent variables. The most complete results so far have been obtained when the equation is elliptic.
Monge–Ampère equations frequently arise in differential geometry, for example, in the Weyl and Minkowski problems in differential geometry of surfaces. They were first studied by Gaspard Monge in 1784 and later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. Important results in the theory of Monge–Ampère equations have been obtained by Sergei Bernstein, Aleksei Pogorelov, Charles Fefferman, and Louis Nirenberg. More recently, Alessio Figalli and Luis Caffarelli were recognized for their work on the regularity of the Monge–Ampère equation, with the former winning the Fields Medal in 2018 and the latter the Abel Prize in 2023.
Description
Given two independent variables x and y, and one dependent variable u, the general Monge–Ampère equation is of the form
where A, B, C, D, and E are functions depending on the first-order variables x, y, u, ux, and uy only.
Rellich's theorem
Let Ω be a bounded domain in R3, and suppose that on Ω A, B, C, D, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Christ
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Norman Howard Christ (; born 22 December 1943 in Pittsburgh) is a physicist and professor at Columbia University, where he holds the Ephraim Gildor Professorship of Computational Theoretical Physics. He is notable for his research in Lattice QCD.
Work and life
Norman Christ graduated as Salutatorian with a B.A. in physics from Columbia in 1965, and received his Ph.D. from the same institution in 1966 under Nobel Laureate Tsung-Dao Lee. Christ became a professor at Columbia after graduation, and has remained there since. He is also a leading researcher at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Norman's research lies in the field of lattice quantum chromodynamics, simulating the strong interaction among quarks and gluons with Monte Carlo methods. He has worked on various topics in this field, such as the phenomenon of quark confinement, the spontaneous chiral magnetization of the vacuum, and the quark-gluon plasma. In recent years, he has focused on problems in Kaon physics, such as the kaon mass difference, the rare kaon decay, and both direct and indirect CP violation parameter.
Supercomputer and physics
Lattice QCD is extremely computationally intensive. These simulations are usually performed on state-of-the-art supercomputers. Instead of purchasing commercial machines, Norman chose to build supercomputers with his colleagues at Columbia University. The lattice group at Columbia pioneered the construction of highly parallel machines dedicated to QCD calculations in 1982, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechwood%20School%2C%20Royal%20Tunbridge%20Wells
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Beechwood School is a co-educational independent day and boarding school for children aged 3–18, which comprises a Nursery, Preparatory School and Senior School, with boarding for children aged 11–18. Beechwood is situated on a 23-acre campus in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Admission to the Senior School is via assessment in mathematics, English, non-verbal reasoning, and creative writing. Ages of admission are at 11+, 13+ and 16+. The School serves the local area in West Kent and East Sussex, but welcomes boarders from many different nations.
History
The origins of Beechwood House date back to 1855, located on Calverley Mile Road (now Pembury Road) amid a number of other Italian style Victorian villas of the time. The School celebrated its centenary in 2015. This was marked by alumni events and the collation of artifacts for a time capsule to be opened in 2065. Founded by the Society of the Sacred Heart in 1915, Beechwood retains its founders' traditions but today welcomes pupils of all faiths.
Beechwood's Headmaster is Mr Justin Foster-Gandey.
Notable former pupils
Fatima Akilu, Nigerian psychologist and author
Deirdre Clancy, costume designer
Julia Cumberlege, Baroness Cumberlege (nee Camm), politician
Miatta Fahnbulleh, economist
Pauline Gower, aviator
Louise Mensch, author and former MP
Libby Purves, journalist
References
External links
Profile on the Independent Schools Council website
Schools in Royal Tunbridge Wells
Private schools in Kent
Educational instit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midy%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Midy's theorem, named after French mathematician E. Midy, is a statement about the decimal expansion of fractions a/p where p is a prime and a/p has a repeating decimal expansion with an even period . If the period of the decimal representation of a/p is 2n, so that
then the digits in the second half of the repeating decimal period are the 9s complement of the corresponding digits in its first half. In other words,
For example,
Extended Midy's theorem
If k is any divisor of h (where h is the number of digits of the period of the decimal expansion of a/p (where p is again a prime)), then Midy's theorem can be generalised as follows. The extended Midy's theorem states that if the repeating portion of the decimal expansion of a/p is divided into k-digit numbers, then their sum is a multiple of 10k − 1.
For example,
has a period of 18. Dividing the repeating portion into 6-digit numbers and summing them gives
Similarly, dividing the repeating portion into 3-digit numbers and summing them gives
Midy's theorem in other bases
Midy's theorem and its extension do not depend on special properties of the decimal expansion, but work equally well in any base b, provided we replace 10k − 1 with bk − 1 and carry out addition in base b.
For example, in octal
In duodecimal (using inverted two and three for ten and eleven, respectively)
Proof of Midy's theorem
Short proofs of Midy's theorem can be given using results from group theory. However, it is al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Rzepa
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Henry Stephen Rzepa (born 1950) is a chemist and Emeritus Professor of Computational chemistry at Imperial College London.
Education
Rzepa was born in London in 1950, was educated at Wandsworth Comprehensive School, and then entered the chemistry department at Imperial College London where he graduated in 1971. He stayed to do a Ph.D. on the physical organic chemistry of indoles supervised by Brian Challis.
Career and research
After spending three years doing postdoctoral research at the University of Texas at Austin, Texas with Michael Dewar in the then emerging field of computational chemistry, he returned to Imperial College after being appointed a lecturer. He was one of the first to be appointed in the UK in the emerging subject of computational organic chemistry. he is Emeritus Professor of Computational Chemistry.
His research interests directed towards combining different types of chemical information tools for solving structural, mechanistic and stereochemical problems in organic, bioorganic, organometallic chemistry and catalysis, using techniques such as semiempirical molecular orbital methods (the MNDO family), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and ab initio quantum theories. Aware of the complex semantic issues involved in converging different areas of chemistry to address modern multidisciplinary problems, he started investigating the use of the Internet as an information and integrating medium around 1987, focusi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20scattering%20transform
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In mathematics, the inverse scattering transform is a method for solving some non-linear partial differential equations. The method is a non-linear analogue, and in some sense generalization, of the Fourier transform, which itself is applied to solve many linear partial differential equations. The name "inverse scattering method" comes from the key idea of recovering the time evolution of a potential from the time evolution of its scattering data: inverse scattering refers to the problem of recovering a potential from its scattering matrix, as opposed to the direct scattering problem of finding the scattering matrix from the potential.
The inverse scattering transform may be applied to many of the so-called exactly solvable models, that is to say completely integrable infinite dimensional systems.
Overview
The inverse scattering transform was first introduced by for the Korteweg–de Vries equation, and soon extended to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the Sine-Gordon equation, and the Toda lattice equation. It was later used to solve many other equations, such as the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, the Ishimori equation, the Dym equation, and so on. A further family of examples is provided by the Bogomolny equations (for a given gauge group and oriented Riemannian 3-fold), the solutions of which are magnetic monopoles.
A characteristic of solutions obtained by the inverse scattering method is the existence of solitons, solutions resembling both particles and waves,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuymazy
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Tuymazy (; , Tuymazı) is a town in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located from Ufa. Population: It is an industrial town, with petroleum and natural gas industries and mechanical engineering being the most important economic assets.
History
It was founded in 1912 as a railway station and was granted town status in 1960.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tuymazy serves as the administrative center of Tuymazinsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of republic significance of Tuymazy—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Tuymazy is incorporated within Tuymazinsky Municipal District as Tuymazy Urban Settlement.
Demographics
According to the 2002 Census, ethnic composition of the town was:
Tatars: 44.6%
Bashkirs: 25.3%
Russians: 27.7%
other ethnicities include the Chuvash people, the Mari people, Ukrainians, and others
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Official website of the Tuymazy Pedagogical College
1912 establishments in the Russian Empire
Cities and towns in Bashkortostan
Populated places established in 1912
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Murray-Rust
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Peter Murray-Rust is a chemist currently working at the University of Cambridge. As well as his work in chemistry, Murray-Rust is also known for his support of open access and open data.
Education
He was educated at Bootham School, a private school in York, and at Balliol College, Oxford. After obtaining a Doctor of Philosophy with a thesis entitled A structural investigation of some compounds showing charge-transfer properties, he became lecturer in chemistry at the (new) University of Stirling and was first warden of Andrew Stewart Hall of Residence. In 1982, he moved to Glaxo Group Research at Greenford to head Molecular Graphics, Computational Chemistry and later protein structure determination. He was Professor of Pharmacy in the University of Nottingham from 1996 to 2000, setting up the Virtual School of Molecular Sciences. He is now Reader Emeritus in Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge and Senior Research Fellow Emeritus at Churchill College, Cambridge.
Research
His research interests have involved the automated analysis of data in scientific publications, creation of virtual communities, e.g. The Virtual School of Natural Sciences in the Globewide Network Academy, and the Semantic Web. With Henry Rzepa, he has extended this to chemistry through the development of markup languages, especially Chemical Markup Language. He campaigns for open data, particularly in science, and is on the advisory board of the Open Knowledge International and a co-author
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body%20simulation
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In physics and astronomy, an N-body simulation is a simulation of a dynamical system of particles, usually under the influence of physical forces, such as gravity (see n-body problem for other applications). N-body simulations are widely used tools in astrophysics, from investigating the dynamics of few-body systems like the Earth-Moon-Sun system to understanding the evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe. In physical cosmology, N-body simulations are used to study processes of non-linear structure formation such as galaxy filaments and galaxy halos from the influence of dark matter. Direct N-body simulations are used to study the dynamical evolution of star clusters.
Nature of the particles
The 'particles' treated by the simulation may or may not correspond to physical objects which are particulate in nature. For example, an N-body simulation of a star cluster might have a particle per star, so each particle has some physical significance. On the other hand, a simulation of a gas cloud cannot afford to have a particle for each atom or molecule of gas as this would require on the order of particles for each mole of material (see Avogadro constant), so a single 'particle' would represent some much larger quantity of gas (often implemented using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics). This quantity need not have any physical significance, but must be chosen as a compromise between accuracy and manageable computer requirements.
Dark Matter Simulation
Dark matter p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate%20Loll
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Renate Loll (born 19 June 1962, Aachen) Is a German physicist. She is a Professor in Theoretical Physics at the Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics of the Radboud University in Nijmegen, Netherlands. She previously worked at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of Utrecht University. She received her Ph.D. from Imperial College, London, in 1989. In 2001 she joined the permanent staff of the ITP, after spending several years at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Golm, Germany. With Jan Ambjørn and Polish physicist Jerzy Jurkiewicz she helped develop a new approach to nonperturbative quantization of gravity, that of Causal Dynamical Triangulations.
She has been a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2015.
References
External links
Prof Loll's website
1962 births
20th-century German physicists
20th-century German women scientists
21st-century German physicists
21st-century German women scientists
Alumni of Imperial College London
German women physicists
Living people
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Aachen
Academic staff of Radboud University Nijmegen
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Potsdam alumni
Academic staff of Utrecht University
20th-century German women
21st-century German women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Brahe
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Sophia (or Sophie) Thott Lange (; 24 August 1559 or 22 September 1556 – 1643), known by her maiden name, was a Danish noblewoman and horticulturalist with knowledge of astronomy, chemistry, and medicine. She worked alongside her brother Tycho Brahe in making astronomical observations.
Life
She was born in Knudstrup Castle, Denmark as the youngest of ten children, to Otte Brahe, the rigsråd, or advisor, to the King of Denmark; and Beate Bille Brahe, leader of the royal household for Queen Sophie. Sophia's oldest brother was astronomer Tycho Brahe. Though he was both more than a decade her senior and raised in a separate household, the pair became quite close by the time Sophia was a teenager. The brother and sister were united by their work in science, and by their family's opposition to science as an appropriate activity for members of the aristocracy. They both desired a life filled with science and knowledge instead of the duties of a noble person.
She married Otto Thott in 1579, when he was 33 and she was at least twenty, though possibly older. They had one child before he died on 23 March 1588. Their son was , born in 1580. Upon her husband's death, Sophie Thott managed his property in Eriksholm (today Trolleholm Castle), running the estate to keep it profitable until her son came of age. During this time, she also became a horticulturalist, in addition to her studies in chemistry and medicine. The gardens she created in Eriksholm were said to be exceptional. Sophie was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Levin%20%28philosopher%29
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Michael Levin (; born 21 May 1943) is an American philosopher and writer. A professor emeritus of philosophy at City College of New York, he has published on metaphysics, epistemology, race, homosexuality, animal rights, the philosophy of archaeology, the philosophy of logic, philosophy of language, and the philosophy of science.
Levin's central research interests are in epistemology (reliabilism and Gettier problems) and in philosophy of race.
Education
Levin graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1960, earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Michigan State University in 1964, and studied at Columbia University where he received a doctoral degree in 1969. His dissertation was titled "Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics".
Philosophical views
Levin advocates reliabilism in epistemology and the theory of compatibilism in free will.
Political and social views
Torture
In the 1982 article "The Case for Torture", Levin argued that "there are situations where torture is not merely permissible but morally mandatory." Levin reiterated this view in 2009.
Economics
For Christmas 2000, Levin published a libertarian critique of Dickens's popular novella A Christmas Carol in which he defends Scrooge as "an entrepreneur whose ideas and practices benefit his employees, society at large, and himself."
Homosexuality
Levin has questioned the morality, wisdom, and naturalness of homosexuality. He argues that homosexual acts are abnormal because their participants are not using thei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Guttag
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John Vogel Guttag (born March 6, 1949) is an American computer scientist, professor, and former head of the department of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT.
Education and career
John Guttag was raised in Larchmont, New York, the son of Irwin Guttag (1916–2005) and Marjorie Vogel Guttag.
John Vogel Guttag received a bachelor's degree in English from Brown University in 1971, and a master's degree in applied mathematics from Brown in 1972. In 1975, he received a doctorate in Computer Science from the University of Toronto. He was a member of the faculty at the University of Southern California from 1975 to 1978, and joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty in 1979.
From 1993 to 1998, he served as associate department head for computer science of MIT's electrical engineering and computer science Department. From January 1999 through August 2004, he served as head of that department. EECS, with approximately 2000 students and 125 faculty members, is the largest department at MIT.
He helped student Vanu Bose start a company with software-defined radio technology developed at MIT.
Guttag also co-heads the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory's Networks and Mobile Systems Group. This group studies issues related to computer networks, applications of networked and mobile systems, and advanced software-based medical instrumentation and decision systems. He has also done research, published, and lectured in the areas of softw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20factor
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In condensed matter physics and crystallography, the static structure factor (or structure factor for short) is a mathematical description of how a material scatters incident radiation. The structure factor is a critical tool in the interpretation of scattering patterns (interference patterns) obtained in X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction experiments.
Confusingly, there are two different mathematical expressions in use, both called 'structure factor'. One is usually written ; it is more generally valid, and relates the observed diffracted intensity per atom to that produced by a single scattering unit. The other is usually written or and is only valid for systems with long-range positional order — crystals. This expression relates the amplitude and phase of the beam diffracted by the planes of the crystal ( are the Miller indices of the planes) to that produced by a single scattering unit at the vertices of the primitive unit cell. is not a special case of ; gives the scattering intensity, but gives the amplitude. It is the modulus squared that gives the scattering intensity. is defined for a perfect crystal, and is used in crystallography, while is most useful for disordered systems. For partially ordered systems such as crystalline polymers there is obviously overlap, and experts will switch from one expression to the other as needed.
The static structure factor is measured without resolving the energy of scattered photons/electrons/neutrons. Energy-r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Allen%20%28chemist%29
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Sir Geoffrey Allen (29 October 1928 – 15 March 2023) was a British chemist who also served as a Vice-President of the Royal Society. He was primarily known for his work on the physics and chemistry of polymers. Allen was especially well known for his work on the thermodynamics of rubber elasticity. He inspired a generation of physical chemists as a result of his research interests, and he had a passion for fostering links between academia and industry.
Career
Born in Clay Cross, Derbyshire on 29 October 1928, Allen was educated at Tupton Hall Grammar School and the University of Leeds. He was Lecturer (1955–65) and Professor of Chemical Physics (1965–75) at the University of Manchester. Moving to London, he became Professor of Polymer Science (1975–76), Professor of Chemical Technology (1976–81) at Imperial College London. He chaired the Science Research Council from 1977–81.
Allen was Head of Research at Unilever from 1981–90, and a Director of Unilever from 1982–90. Since 1990 he has been an Adviser to Kobe Steel Ltd. He was Vice-President of the Royal Society from 1991–93, and Chancellor of the University of East Anglia from 1993–2003. He was a member of the Royal Commission on Environmental Protection from 1994–2000, and President of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, (formerly the Institute of Materials) from 1994–95. He is an Honorary Fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge.
Allen was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Essex in 1986, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moult%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Moulting is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body (usually an outer layer or covering).
Moult or molt may also refer to:
Biology
Ecdysis, the shedding of the exoskeleton in arthropods and other invertebrates
Exuvia, the old skeleton shed during ecdysis
MOLT-4, a human cancer cell line
People
Ailill Molt, (died c. 482), High King of Ireland
Emil Molt (1876–1936), German industrialist, social reformer and anthroposophist
Molt Taylor (1912–1995), American aeronautical engineer
Theodore Frederic Molt (1795–1856), German-born music teacher, composer and organist
Daniel Moult (born 1973), English organist and educator
Louis Moult (born 1992), English footballer
Philippe Le Molt (1895–1976), French painter
Roger Moult (born 1963), South African cricketer
Ted Moult (1926–1986), British farmer who became a radio and television personality
Thomas Moult (1893–1974), English journalist and writer, and one of the Georgian poets
Places
Molt, Montana, United States
Moult, Calvados, France
Fictional characters
Molt, a grasshopper in the 1998 animated film A Bug's Life
See also
Moult-Chicheboville, Calvados, France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20M.%20Haynes
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Joe Mann Haynes (October 8, 1936 – January 26, 2018) was a Democratic state senator from 1984 to 2012 from the 20th district, which comprises part of Davidson County.
Biography
Joe M. Haynes graduated from the University of Tennessee in Knoxville with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering, and with a J.D. from Nashville School of Law. He was a member and former chairman of the Davidson County Legislative Delegation. He was vice mayor of the City of Goodlettsville from 1986 to 1988, and commissioner from 1976 to 1978. He worked as an attorney and founded his own firm in Goodlettsville, Haynes Freeman & Bracey and was a member of the Nashville Bar Association, as well as one of its former presidents and directors. He was married to Barbara Haynes, Judge of the Third Circuit Court in Davidson County. https://www.nashvillepost.com/politics/people/article/20990456/former-sen-joe-haynes-dies
Career
Haynes served as a state senator since the 94th General Assembly and was chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus and a past chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. He also served on the Senate Finance, Ways, and Means Committee, the Senate State and Local Government Committee, the Senate Judiciary Committee, and the Senate Ethics Committee.
During his tenure, he served as Senate Democratic Caucus chair for 10 years. He also held positions as caucus treasurer and secretary and caucus majority whip. According to The Tennessean, when Haynes retired, "the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Centre%20for%20Field%20Robotics
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The Australian Centre for Field Robotics (ACFR) is dedicated to the research and teaching of concepts relating to intelligent autonomous systems, at The University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Originally established as an ARC Key Centre of Teaching and Research in 1999, it now forms part of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Autonomous Systems, along with groups at the University of Technology, Sydney and the University of New South Wales.
Research direction
The Centre undertakes research in a broad range of areas related to the perception, control and learning capabilities of land, air and sea-based autonomous systems. Work at the ACFR is directed to the perception and systems aspects of this larger research area, specifically:
Perception
Sensor Construction and Deployment
Sensor Representation
Measurement in the presence of uncertainty
Decentralised fusion (DDF) of data from disparate and/or dislocated sensors
Systems
Modelling of large-scale systems
Design
See also
University of Sydney
University of New South Wales
University of Technology, Sydney
Australian Research Council
References
External links
The Australian Centre for Field Robotics (outdated)
Centre for Autonomous Systems
Centre Publications
Robotics organizations
Robotics in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Antonio%20de%20Artigas%20Sanz
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José Antonio de Artigas Sanz (born 1887) was a Spanish engineer who contributed to the standardization of terminology in the field of electrical engineering.
Achievements
He earned his doctorate in engineering in 1907, and became a member of the Royal Spanish Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences. Even before graduating, he had used noble gases to create luminescence for the first time and set up a system that improved the performance of incandescent lighting. When the Spanish Permanent Commission for Electricity was set up in 1912 to represent Spain at the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), De Artigas was appointed President of the Spanish Electrotechnical Committee, a post he held for the remainder of his life. At this period, an IEC Technical Committee had already started work on nomenclature, and De Artigas made an important contribution to the preparation of the first edition of the "International Electrotechnical Vocabulary", which contained 2,000 terms divided into 14 groups, and was completed in 1938. In 1952, the Spanish branch of the Committee, under his direction, prepared the Spanish-language version of the Vocabulary, as well as a special version intended for institutes of higher learning in Latin America, containing definitions in Spanish with translations into French, English, German and Italian. He was appointed Honorary President of the IEC at the council meeting held in Madrid in 1959. His work with various international organization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMM
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TMM may refer to:
Science
Transfer-matrix method, a statistical mechanics method
Transfer-matrix method (optics), a method to describe wave propagation through stratified media
Trimethylenemethane, a reactive organic compound and a ligand in organometallic chemistry
Software and business
Tell Me More (software), French language-learning software from Auralog
Testing Maturity Model, a software process improvement model
Too Much Media, an American software company based in New Jersey
Traffic Management Microkernel, a product of F5 Networks
Translation memory manager, a software program to aid human translators
Other uses
Tell Me More, an American radio show on National Public Radio hosted by Michel Martin
Texas Memorial Museum, a museum at the University of Texas at Austin in the United States
Textbook of Military Medicine, a U.S. Army publication
Theresa May, a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from her full name Theresa Mary May
TMM, the former ISO 4217 code of the Turkmenistani manat, the currency of Turkmenistan
The Maybe Man, fifth studio album by American indie pop band, AJR
TMM-1 mine, an anti-tank landmine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perron%27s%20formula
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In mathematics, and more particularly in analytic number theory, Perron's formula is a formula due to Oskar Perron to calculate the sum of an arithmetic function, by means of an inverse Mellin transform.
Statement
Let be an arithmetic function, and let
be the corresponding Dirichlet series. Presume the Dirichlet series to be uniformly convergent for . Then Perron's formula is
Here, the prime on the summation indicates that the last term of the sum must be multiplied by 1/2 when x is an integer. The integral is not a convergent Lebesgue integral; it is understood as the Cauchy principal value. The formula requires that c > 0, c > σ, and x > 0.
Proof
An easy sketch of the proof comes from taking Abel's sum formula
This is nothing but a Laplace transform under the variable change Inverting it one gets Perron's formula.
Examples
Because of its general relationship to Dirichlet series, the formula is commonly applied to many number-theoretic sums. Thus, for example, one has the famous integral representation for the Riemann zeta function:
and a similar formula for Dirichlet L-functions:
where
and is a Dirichlet character. Other examples appear in the articles on the Mertens function and the von Mangoldt function.
Generalizations
Perron's formula is just a special case of the Mellin discrete convolution
where
and
the Mellin transform. The Perron formula is just the special case of the test function for the Heaviside step function.
References
Page 243
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz%20Microtron
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The Mainz Microtron (German name: Mainzer Mikrotron), abbreviated MAMI,
is a microtron (particle accelerator) which provides a continuous wave, high intensity, polarized electron beam with an energy up to 1.6 GeV. MAMI is the core of an experimental facility for particle, nuclear and X-ray radiation physics at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz (Germany). It is one of the largest campus-based accelerator facilities for basic research in Europe. The experiments at MAMI are performed by about 200 physicists of many countries organized in international collaborations.
Research goals
The scientific research at MAMI focusses on the investigation of the
structure and dynamics of hadrons, particles consisting of quarks and gluons
bound by the strong force.
The most important hadrons
are protons and neutrons, the basic constituents
of atomic nuclei and, therefore, the building blocks of ordinary matter.
Electrons and photons interact with the electric charges
and the magnetization of quarks inside a hadron in a relatively weak and
well understood way providing undistorted information about
basic hadronic properties like (transverse) size, magnetic moments,
distribution of charge and magnetism, flavor structure, polarizabilities and
excitation spectrum.
At MAMI the full potential of electroweak probes is explored in an
energy region characteristic for the first hadronic excitations and with a
spatial resolution in the order of the typical hadron size of about 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology%20of%20multiple%20sclerosis
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Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS in which activated immune cells invade the central nervous system and cause inflammation, neurodegeneration, and tissue damage. The underlying cause is currently unknown. Current research in neuropathology, neuroimmunology, neurobiology, and neuroimaging, together with clinical neurology, provide support for the notion that MS is not a single disease but rather a spectrum.
There are three clinical phenotypes: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), characterized by periods of neurological worsening following by remissions; secondary-progressive MS (SPMS), in which there is gradual progression of neurological dysfunction with fewer or no relapses; and primary-progressive MS (MS), in which neurological deterioration is observed from onset.
Pathophysiology is a convergence of pathology with physiology. Pathology is the medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during a disease state; whereas physiology is the biological discipline that describes processes or mechanisms operating within an organism. Referring to MS, the physiology refers to the different processes that lead to the development of the lesions and the pathology refers to the condition associated with the lesions.
Pathology
Multiple sclerosis can be pathologically defined as the presence of distributed glial scars (or sclerosis) in the central nervous system disseminated in time (DIT) and space (DIS). The gold standard for MS diag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg%20Laboratory
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The Carlsberg Research Laboratory is a private scientific research center in Copenhagen, Denmark under the Carlsberg Group. It was founded in 1875 by J. C. Jacobsen, the founder of the Carlsberg brewery, with the purpose of advancing biochemical knowledge, especially relating to brewing. It featured a Department of Chemistry and a Department of Physiology. In 1972, the laboratory was renamed the Carlsberg Research Center and was transferred to the brewery.
Overview
The Carlsberg Laboratory was known for isolating Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, the species of yeast responsible for lager fermentation, as well as introducing the concept of pH in acid-base chemistry. The Danish chemist Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen introduced the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and basicity of substances. While working at the Carlsberg Laboratory, he studied the effect of ion concentration on proteins, and understood the concentration of hydrogen ions was particularly important. To express the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration in a solution, he devised a logarithmic scale known as the pH scale.
Directors
See also
Emil Christian Hansen
Kirstine Smith
Carsten Olsen
Carlsberg
J. C. Jacobsen
Carlsberg Foundation
Søren Anton van der Aa Kühle
Morten P. Meldal
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links
Carlsberg Research Laboratory
Research institutes in Denmark
Organizations established in 1875
1875 establishments in Denmark
Organizations based in Copenhagen
Carlsbe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transignification
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Transignification is an idea originating from the attempts of Roman Catholic theologians, especially Edward Schillebeeckx, to better understand the mystery of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist in light of a new philosophy of the nature of reality that is more in line with contemporary physics.
Description
Transignification suggests that although Christ's body and blood are not physically present in the Eucharist, they are really and objectively so, as the elements take on, at the consecration, the real significance of Christ's body and blood which thus become sacramentally present. As Joseph Martos articulates, "The basic philosophical idea behind it was that significance or meaning is a constitutive element of reality as it is known to human beings, and this is especially true of human realities like attitudes and relationships. Such human realities . . . are known through the meaning those actions have for people". Thus, "the reality of the bread and wine is changed during the mass not in any physical way but in a way which is nonetheless real, for as soon as they signify the body and blood of Christ they become sacramental, embodying and revealing Christ's presence in a way which is experienceably real. In other words, when the meaning of the elements changes, their reality changes for those who have faith in Christ and accept the new meaning that he gave them, whereas for those without faith and who are unaware of their divinely given meaning, they appear to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer%20Louis%20Anson
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Mortimer (Tim) Louis Anson (1901 – 16 October 1968) was the protein chemist who proposed that protein folding was a
reversible, two-state reaction. He was the founding
editor of Advances in Protein Chemistry.
Protein folding studies
Together with Alfred Mirsky, Anson was the first to propose
that conformational protein folding was a reversible process. He
later proposed that it was essentially a two-state process, i.e.,
that the folded and unfolded states were well-defined thermodynamic
states separated by a large activation energy barrier. He also
was the first to note that the energy barrier typical of folding
(5 kcal/mol, 20 kJ/lmol) was small compared to the absolute magnitudes of the
energies and entropies involved (~100 kcal/mol, 400 kJ/mol) and, hence,
proposed that energy and entropy were continuously traded off
during the folding process.
Anson moved to the Rockefeller Institute in 1927, where he remained
for fifteen years (1927–1942). He worked closely with John H. Northrop.
In 1937, Anson first purified and crystallized carboxypeptidase A, a
classic model system of protein science.
Advances in Protein Chemistry
In 1944 Anson was, with J. T. Edsall, the founding editor of Advances in Protein Chemistry, which remains one of the leading journals for reviewing the state
of biochemical problems. Anson conceived the journal in long
discussions with Kurt Jacoby, who had fled Nazi Germany
and had once headed the Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft in
Leipzig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Joseph%20Cohn
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Edwin Joseph Cohn (December 17, 1892 – October 1, 1953) was a protein scientist. A graduate of Phillips Academy, Andover [1911], and the University of Chicago [1914, PhD 1917], he made important advances in the physical chemistry of proteins, and was responsible for the blood fractionation project that saved thousands of lives in World War II.
Liver juice fractionation and concentration for treatment of pernicious anemia
In 1928, as group leader at Harvard Medical School, Cohn was able to concentrate, by a factor of 50 to 100 times, the vital factor in raw liver juice which had been shown by Minot and Murphy to be the only known specific treatment for pernicious anemia.
Cohn's contribution allowed practical treatment of this previously incurable and fatal illness, for the next 20 years.
Blood fractionation project
Cohn became famous for his work on blood fractionation during World War II.
In particular, he worked out the techniques for isolating the serum albumin fraction of blood plasma, which is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure in the blood vessels, preventing their collapse. Transfusions with purified albumin on the battlefield rescued thousands of soldiers from shock.
After the war, Cohn worked to develop systems by which every component of donated blood would be used, so that nothing would be wasted.
On Cohn's office blackboard was inscribed a quotation from Goethe's Faust: "Das Blut ist ein ganz besonderer Saft." (Blood is a very special juice.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Walter
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Peter Walter (born December 5, 1954) is a German-American molecular biologist and biochemist. He is currently the Director of the Bay Area Institute of Science at Altos Labs and an emeritus professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). He was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Investigator until 2022.
Early life and education
Walter was born and raised in West Berlin in 1954. His parents owned a pharmacy, and he was drawn to chemistry at a young age. He entered the Free University of Berlin in 1973 to study chemistry, but the rigid way of teaching science did not engage him. Instead, Walter became interested in biochemistry, which studies the chemistry of cells.
In the last year of his Vordiplom (equivalent to a BSc) in 1976, he went on exchange to Vanderbilt University and conducted research under Thomas M. Harris at the Department of Chemistry on the biosynthetic pathway of slaframine, a fungal alkaloid that is toxic to cows. Eventually, Walter completed his MSc in Vanderbilt in 1977.
At the encouragement of Stanford Moore, a biochemistry professor at Rockefeller University and a trustee of Vanderbilt, Walter applied for the PhD programme at Rockefeller. He was placed on the waiting list, but after an accepted student went to Harvard University instead, was offered his place in 1977. He took his PhD under Günter Blobel, and obtained the degree in 1981.
Career
After receiving his PhD, Walter stay
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Gragg
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Christopher Scott Gragg (born February 28, 1972) is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Montana, where he majored in mathematics and made 82 knockdown blocks while grading 89 percent for blocking consistency as a senior. He was drafted in the 1995 NFL Draft by the New York Giants and later played for the San Francisco 49ers and the New York Jets.
He coached varsity football and taught math at his alma mater Silverton High School from 2006-2010. Scott earned his Master of Arts in Teaching degree in 2008 at George Fox University. He became the tight ends coach and recruiting coordinator at his other alma mater, the University of Montana, in 2010.
He became principal at McNary High School in Keizer, Oregon on August 3, 2023. He was previously an assistant principal and athletic director at McNary High School.https://www.keizertimes.com/2023/08/03/jespersen-announces-departure-from-mcnary-for-district-position/
References
1972 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Montana Grizzlies football players
New York Jets players
New York Giants players
San Francisco 49ers players
People from Silverton, Oregon
Players of American football from Oregon
George Fox University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization%20%28materials%20science%29
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Characterization, when used in materials science, refers to the broad and general process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. It is a fundamental process in the field of materials science, without which no scientific understanding of engineering materials could be ascertained. The scope of the term often differs; some definitions limit the term's use to techniques which study the microscopic structure and properties of materials, while others use the term to refer to any materials analysis process including macroscopic techniques such as mechanical testing, thermal analysis and density calculation. The scale of the structures observed in materials characterization ranges from angstroms, such as in the imaging of individual atoms and chemical bonds, up to centimeters, such as in the imaging of coarse grain structures in metals.
While many characterization techniques have been practiced for centuries, such as basic optical microscopy, new techniques and methodologies are constantly emerging. In particular the advent of the electron microscope and secondary ion mass spectrometry in the 20th century has revolutionized the field, allowing the imaging and analysis of structures and compositions on much smaller scales than was previously possible, leading to a huge increase in the level of understanding as to why different materials show different properties and behaviors. More recently, atomic force microscopy has further increased the maximum p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside%20ring
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In mathematics, the Burnside ring of a finite group is an algebraic construction that encodes the different ways the group can act on finite sets. The ideas were introduced by William Burnside at the end of the nineteenth century. The algebraic ring structure is a more recent development, due to Solomon (1967).
Formal definition
Given a finite group G, the generators of its Burnside ring Ω(G) are the formal sums of isomorphism classes of finite G-sets. For the ring structure, addition is given by disjoint union of G-sets and multiplication by their Cartesian product.
The Burnside ring is a free Z-module, whose generators are the (isomorphism classes of) orbit types of G.
If G acts on a finite set X, then one can write (disjoint union), where each Xi is a single G-orbit. Choosing any element xi in Xi creates an isomorphism G/Gi → Xi, where Gi is the stabilizer (isotropy) subgroup of G at xi. A different choice of representative yi in Xi gives a conjugate subgroup to Gi as stabilizer. This shows that the generators of Ω(G) as a Z-module are the orbits G/H as H ranges over conjugacy classes of subgroups of G.
In other words, a typical element of Ω(G) is
where ai in Z and G1, G2, ..., GN are representatives of the conjugacy classes of subgroups of G.
Marks
Much as character theory simplifies working with group representations, marks simplify working with permutation representations and the Burnside ring.
If G acts on X, and H ≤ G (H is a subgroup of G), then the mark of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-shared%20key
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In cryptography, a pre-shared key (PSK) is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it needs to be used.
Key
To build a key from shared secret, the key derivation function is typically used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. The term PSK is used in Wi-Fi encryption such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), where the method is called WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK, and also in the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), where it is known as EAP-PSK. In all these cases, both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients share the same key.
The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it; some system designs require that such keys be in a particular format. It can be a password, a passphrase, or a hexadecimal string. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.
Crypto systems rely on one or more keys for confidentiality. One particular attack is always possible against keys, the brute force key space search attack. A sufficiently long, randomly chosen, key can resist any practical brute force attack, though not in principle if an attacker has sufficient computational power (see password strength and password cracking for more discussion). Unavoidably, however, pre-shared keys are held by both parties to the communication, and so can be compromis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Beverage
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Harold Henry "Bev" Beverage (October 14, 1893 – January 27, 1993) was an inventor and researcher in electrical engineering. He is known for his invention and development of the wave antenna, which came to be known as the Beverage antenna. Less widely known (outside of the community of science history researchers) is that Bev was a pioneer of radio engineering and his engineering research paralleled the development of radio transmission technology throughout his professional career with significant contributions not only in the field of radio frequency antennas but also radio frequency propagation and systems engineering.
Biography
Harold Beverage was born on October 14, 1893, in North Haven, Maine, to Fremont Beverage and his wife, Lottie Smith. He received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Maine in 1915, and went to work for General Electric Company the following year as a radio-laboratory assistant to Dr. Ernst Alexanderson. In 1920, he was placed in charge of developing receivers for transoceanic communications at the Radio Corporation of America in Riverhead, New York. Three years later, at the age of 30, he received the IRE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Prize "for his work on directional antennas."
RCA named Beverage chief research engineer of communications in 1929, a position he held until 1940. At that time, he was promoted to vice president in charge of research and development at RCA Communications Inc., a subsidiary of the Radio Corporation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsen
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Ipsen is a French biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris, France, with a focus on transformative medicines in three therapeutic areas: oncology, rare disease and neuroscience. Ipsen is one of the world's top 15 biopharmaceutical companies in terms of oncology sales.
Ipsen, founded by Henri Beaufour in 1929, has approximately 5000 employees worldwide. Ipsen's medicines are registered in more than 100 countries with direct commercial presence in over 30 countries. Ipsen has 4 global R&D hubs and 3 pharmaceutical development centers around the world. Ipsen has been a family-owned business for the past 90 years and is publicly traded on the Euronext Paris as part of the SBF 120 index (2005),. The Beaufour family owns 57% of its shares and 73% of its voting rights, and two of its members, Anne Beaufour and Henri Beaufour, sit on its board of directors.
History
In 1929, Dr. Henri Beaufour founded the Beaufour Laboratories in Dreux. The first product marketed was Romarene, a rosemary-based medicine intended for the treatment of digestive disorders, discontinued from the market in 2011.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Laboratoires Beaufour underwent a phase of expansion. In 1954, the group launched betaine citrate, used in the symptomatic treatment of dyspepsia. Henri Beaufour's two sons, Albert and Gérard Beaufour, joined the company. The group opened a factory in Dreux in 1961, and another in L'Isle- sur-la-Sorgue in 1965. A research center opened in Plessis-Robinson the same
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter%20%28disambiguation%29
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Adapter or adaptor may refer to:
Adapter a device used to match the physical or electrical characteristics of two different objects
AC adapter, an electric power supply device
Adapter (genetics), a small DNA molecule used in genetic engineering
Adapter (rocketry), a segment between rocket stages
Adapter (computing), used to connect various hardware devices
Adapter (piping), a short length of pipe with two different ends
Adapter pattern, a software design pattern used for computer programming
Signal transducing adaptor protein, a type of protein involved in cell signalling
Blank-firing adaptor, a device which enables automatic firearms to fire blanks
Diving cylinder adapter, a diving accessory for interfacing different equipment
Adapter, a type of hand movement in nonverbal communication
See also
Gender of connectors and fasteners, relevant to adapters with male and female connections
Coupling, a mechanical connection between two objects
Electrical connector, often the subject of an electrical adapter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%20theory%20of%20the%20real%20line
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Set theory of the real line is an area of mathematics concerned with the application of set theory to aspects of the real numbers.
For example, one knows that all countable sets of reals are null, i.e. have Lebesgue measure 0; one might therefore ask the least possible size of a set
which is not Lebesgue null. This invariant is called the uniformity of the ideal of null sets, denoted . There are many such invariants associated with this and other ideals, e.g. the ideal of meagre sets, plus more which do not have a characterisation in terms of ideals. If the continuum hypothesis (CH) holds, then all such invariants are equal to , the least uncountable cardinal. For example, we know is uncountable, but being the size of some set of reals under CH it can be at most .
On the other hand, if one assumes Martin's Axiom (MA) all common invariants are "big", that is equal to , the cardinality of the continuum. Martin's Axiom is consistent with . In fact one should view Martin's Axiom as a forcing axiom that negates the need to do specific forcings of a certain class (those satisfying the ccc, since the consistency of MA with large continuum is proved by doing all such forcings (up to a certain size shown to be sufficient). Each invariant can be made large by some ccc forcing, thus each is big given MA.
If one restricts to specific forcings, some invariants will become big while others remain small. Analysing these effects is the major work of the area, seeking to determine which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitively%20normal%20subgroup
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to be transitively normal in the group if every normal subgroup of the subgroup is also normal in the whole group. In symbols, is a transitively normal subgroup of if for every normal in , we have that is normal in .
An alternate way to characterize these subgroups is: every normal subgroup preserving automorphism of the whole group must restrict to a normal subgroup preserving automorphism of the subgroup.
Here are some facts about transitively normal subgroups:
Every normal subgroup of a transitively normal subgroup is normal.
Every direct factor, or more generally, every central factor is transitively normal. Thus, every central subgroup is transitively normal.
A transitively normal subgroup of a transitively normal subgroup is transitively normal.
A transitively normal subgroup is normal.
References
See also
Normal subgroup
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20subgroup
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is termed central if it lies inside the center of the group.
Given a group , the center of , denoted as , is defined as the set of those elements of the group which commute with every element of the group. The center is a characteristic subgroup. A subgroup of is termed central if .
Central subgroups have the following properties:
They are abelian groups (because, in particular, all elements of the center must commute with each other).
They are normal subgroups. They are central factors, and are hence transitively normal subgroups.
References
.
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-function
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In mathematics, c-function may refer to:
Smooth function
Harish-Chandra's c-function in the theory of Lie groups
List of C functions for the programming language C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-group
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In mathematics, in the area of abstract algebra known as group theory, an A-group is a type of group that is similar to abelian groups. The groups were first studied in the 1940s by Philip Hall, and are still studied today. A great deal is known about their structure.
Definition
An A-group is a finite group with the property that all of its Sylow subgroups are abelian.
History
The term A-group was probably first used in , where attention was restricted to soluble A-groups. Hall's presentation was rather brief without proofs, but his remarks were soon expanded with proofs in . The representation theory of A-groups was studied in . Carter then published an important relationship between Carter subgroups and Hall's work in . The work of Hall, Taunt, and Carter was presented in textbook form in . The focus on soluble A-groups broadened, with the classification of finite simple A-groups in which allowed generalizing Taunt's work to finite groups in . Interest in A-groups also broadened due to an important relationship to varieties of groups discussed in . Modern interest in A-groups was renewed when new enumeration techniques enabled tight asymptotic bounds on the number of distinct isomorphism classes of A-groups in .
Properties
The following can be said about A-groups:
Every subgroup, quotient group, and direct product of A-groups are A-groups.
Every finite abelian group is an A-group.
A finite nilpotent group is an A-group if and only if it is abelian.
The symm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-group
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In mathematics, especially in the field of group theory, the term M-group may refer to a few distinct concepts:
monomial group, in character theory, a group whose complex irreducible characters are all monomial
Iwasawa group or modular group, in the study of subgroup lattices, a group whose subgroup lattice is modular
virtually polycyclic group, in infinite group theory, a group with a polycyclic subgroup of finite index
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HN%20group
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a HN group or hypernormalizing group is a group with the property that the hypernormalizer of any subnormal subgroup is the whole group.
For finite groups, this is equivalent to the condition that the normalizer of any subnormal subgroup be subnormal.
Some facts about HN groups:
Subgroups of solvable HN groups are solvable HN groups.
Metanilpotent A-groups are HN groups.
References
Finite Soluble Hypernormalizing Groups by Alan R. Camina in Journal of Algebra Vol 8 (362–375), 1968
Properties of groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s%20test
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Cauchy's test may refer to:
Cauchy's root test
Cauchy's condensation test
the integral test for convergence, sometimes known as the Maclaurin–Cauchy test
These topics are named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, a French mathematician.
Mathematics disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component%20%28group%20theory%29
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a component of a finite group is a quasisimple subnormal subgroup. Any two distinct components commute. The product of all the components is the layer of the group.
For finite abelian (or nilpotent) groups, p-component is used in a different sense to mean the Sylow p-subgroup, so the abelian group is the product of its p-components for primes p. These are not components in the sense above, as abelian groups are not quasisimple.
A quasisimple subgroup of a finite group is called a standard component if its centralizer has even order, it is normal in the centralizer of every involution centralizing it, and it commutes with none of its conjugates. This concept is used in the classification of finite simple groups, for instance, by showing that under mild restrictions on the standard component one of the following always holds:
a standard component is normal (so a component as above),
the whole group has a nontrivial solvable normal subgroup,
the subgroup generated by the conjugates of the standard component is on a short list,
or the standard component is a previously unknown quasisimple group .
References
Group theory
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20core
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, the perfect core (or perfect radical) of a group is its largest perfect subgroup. Its existence is guaranteed by the fact that the subgroup generated by a family of perfect subgroups is again a perfect subgroup. The perfect core is also the point where the transfinite derived series stabilizes for any group.
A group whose perfect core is trivial is termed a hypoabelian group. Every solvable group is hypoabelian, and so is every free group. More generally, every residually solvable group is hypoabelian.
The quotient of a group G by its perfect core is hypoabelian, and is called the hypoabelianization of G.
References
Functional subgroups
Group theory
Solvable groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect%20group
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In mathematics, in the area of algebra known as group theory, an imperfect group is a group with no nontrivial perfect quotients. Some of their basic properties were established in . The study of imperfect groups apparently began in .
The class of imperfect groups is closed under extension and quotient groups, but not under subgroups. If G is a group, N, M are normal subgroups with G/N and G/M imperfect, then G/(N∩M) is imperfect, showing that the class of imperfect groups is a formation. The (restricted or unrestricted) direct product of imperfect groups is imperfect.
Every solvable group is imperfect. Finite symmetric groups are also imperfect. The general linear groups PGL(2,q) are imperfect for q an odd prime power. For any group H, the wreath product H wr Sym2 of H with the symmetric group on two points is imperfect. In particular, every group can be embedded as a two-step subnormal subgroup of an imperfect group of roughly the same cardinality (2|H|2).
References
Properties of groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20finite%20group
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a locally finite group is a type of group that can be studied in ways analogous to a finite group. Sylow subgroups, Carter subgroups, and abelian subgroups of locally finite groups have been studied. The concept is credited to work in the 1930s by Russian mathematician Sergei Chernikov.
Definition and first consequences
A locally finite group is a group for which every finitely generated subgroup is finite.
Since the cyclic subgroups of a locally finite group are finitely generated hence finite, every element has finite order, and so the group is periodic.
Examples and non-examples
Examples:
Every finite group is locally finite
Every infinite direct sum of finite groups is locally finite (Although the direct product may not be.)
Omega-categorical groups
The Prüfer groups are locally finite abelian groups
Every Hamiltonian group is locally finite
Every periodic solvable group is locally finite .
Every subgroup of a locally finite group is locally finite. (Proof. Let G be a locally finite group and S a subgroup. Every finitely generated subgroup of S is a (finitely generated) subgroup of G.)
Hall's universal group is a countable locally finite group containing each countable locally finite group as subgroup.
Every group has a unique maximal normal locally finite subgroup
Every periodic subgroup of the general linear group over the complex numbers is locally finite. Since all locally finite groups are periodic, thi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanilpotent%20group
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a metanilpotent group is a group that is nilpotent by nilpotent. In other words, it has a normal nilpotent subgroup such that the quotient group is also nilpotent.
In symbols, is metanilpotent if there is a normal subgroup such that both and are nilpotent.
The following are clear:
Every metanilpotent group is a solvable group.
Every subgroup and every quotient of a metanilpotent group is metanilpotent.
References
J.C. Lennox, D.J.S. Robinson, The Theory of Infinite Soluble Groups, Oxford University Press, 2004, . P.27.
D.J.S. Robinson, A Course in the Theory of Groups, GTM 80, Springer Verlag, 1996, . P.150.
Solvable groups
Properties of groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noga%20Alon
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Noga Alon (; born 1956) is an Israeli mathematician and a professor of mathematics at Princeton University noted for his contributions to combinatorics and theoretical computer science, having authored hundreds of papers.
Education and career
Alon was born in 1956 in Haifa, where he graduated from the Hebrew Reali School in 1974. He graduated summa cum laude from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1979, earned a master's degree in mathematics in 1980 from Tel Aviv University, and received his Ph.D. in Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1983 with the dissertation Extremal Problems in Combinatorics supervised by Micha Perles.
After postdoctoral research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology he returned to Tel Aviv University as a senior lecturer in 1985, obtained a permanent position as an associate professor there in 1986, and was promoted to full professor in 1988. He was head of the School of Mathematical Science from 1999 to 2001, and was given the Florence and Ted Baumritter Combinatorics and Computer Science Chair, before retiring as professor emeritus and moving to Princeton University in 2018.
He was editor-in-chief of the journal Random Structures and Algorithms beginning in 2008.
Research
Alon has published more than five hundred research papers, mostly in combinatorics and in theoretical computer science, and one book, on the probabilistic method. He has also published under the pseudonym "A. Nilli", based on the name of h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Computer%20Studies%2C%20Yangon
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The University of Computer Studies, Yangon (UCSY) ( ), located in the outskirts of Yangon in Hlawga, is the leading IT and computer science university of Myanmar. The university, administered by the Ministry of Education, offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs in computer science and technology. The language of instruction at UCSY is English. Along with the University of Computer Studies, Mandalay, UCSY is one of two premier universities specializing in computer studies, and also one of the most selective universities in the country.
Many of the country's middle and upper level personnel in government and industry are graduates of
UCSY.
History
UCSY's origins trace back to the founding of the Universities' Computer Center (UCC) in 1971 at the Hlaing Campus of Yangon University. Equipped with ICL ICL 1902S and with the help of distinguished visiting professors from US, UK and Europe, UCC provided computer education and training to university and government employees. In 1973, it began offering a master's degree program (MSc in Computer Science), and a graduate diploma program (Diploma in Automated Computing) in cooperation with the Mathematics Department of Yangon University. The center added DEC PDP-11/70 mini-computers in 1983, and personal computers in 1990. In 1986, the center added B.C.Sc. (Bachelor of Computer Science) and B.C.Tech. (Bachelor of Computer Technology) degree programs.
In March 1988, the Institute of Computer Science and Technology (ICST) was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20pKa%20calculations
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Protein pKa calculations}}
In computational biology, protein pKa calculations are used to estimate the pKa values of amino acids as they exist within proteins. These calculations complement the pKa values reported for amino acids in their free state, and are used frequently within the fields of molecular modeling, structural bioinformatics, and computational biology.
Amino acid pKa values
pKa values of amino acid side chains play an important role in defining the pH-dependent characteristics of a protein. The pH-dependence of the activity displayed by enzymes and the pH-dependence of protein stability, for example, are properties that are determined by the pKa values of amino acid side chains.
The pKa values of an amino acid side chain in solution is typically inferred from the pKa values of model compounds (compounds that are similar to the side chains of amino acids). See Amino acid for the pKa values of all amino acid side chains inferred in such a way. There are also numerous experimental studies that have yielded such values, for example by use of NMR spectroscopy.
The table below lists the model pKa values that are often used in a protein pKa calculation, and contains a third column based on protein studies.
The effect of the protein environment
When a protein folds, the titratable amino acids in the protein are transferred from a solution-like environment to an environment determined by the 3-dimensional structure of the protein. For example, in an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20point
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In mathematics, in the study of iterated functions and dynamical systems, a periodic point of a function is a point which the system returns to after a certain number of function iterations or a certain amount of time.
Iterated functions
Given a mapping from a set into itself,
a point in is called periodic point if there exists an >0 so that
where is the th iterate of . The smallest positive integer satisfying the above is called the prime period or least period of the point . If every point in is a periodic point with the same period , then is called periodic with period (this is not to be confused with the notion of a periodic function).
If there exist distinct and such that
then is called a preperiodic point. All periodic points are preperiodic.
If is a diffeomorphism of a differentiable manifold, so that the derivative is defined, then one says that a periodic point is hyperbolic if
that it is attractive if
and it is repelling if
If the dimension of the stable manifold of a periodic point or fixed point is zero, the point is called a source; if the dimension of its unstable manifold is zero, it is called a sink; and if both the stable and unstable manifold have nonzero dimension, it is called a saddle or saddle point.
Examples
A period-one point is called a fixed point.
The logistic map
exhibits periodicity for various values of the parameter . For between 0 and 1, 0 is the sole periodic point, with period 1 (giving the sequence which attrac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Rinaldo
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Kenneth E. Rinaldo (born 1958) is an American neo-conceptual artist and arts educator, known for his interactive robotics, 3D animation, and BioArt installations. His works include Autopoiesis (2000), and Augmented Fish Reality (2004), a fish-driven robot.
Biography
Rinaldo was born in Queens and raised in Long Island. He attended Ward Melville High School in East Setauket, New York. He moved to California and earned an Associate of Science degree in Computer Science from Cañada College, 1982. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts in communications from The University of California, Santa Barbara; 1984 and a Master of Fine Arts in Conceptual Information Arts from San Francisco State University, 1996. At San Francisco State he studied with artists Steve Wilson, Brian Rogers, George LeGrady and Paul DeMarinis.
In 2000 he received the first prize at the VIDA 3.0 International Artificial Life Competition for Autopoiesis; in 2001 the same piece received an honorable mention at the Ars Electronica Festival. In 2004 Rinaldo's Augmented Fish Reality, a fish-driven robot, won an award of distinction at the same festival.
In 2020 he was selected for the 2020 edition of The New Art Fest, an annual art and technology festival in Lisbon.
Rinaldo directs the Art and Technology Program in the Department of Art at Ohio State University.
References
Further reading
Aloi, Giovanni. (2012) Art and Animals. London: Tauris. p. 108.
BEAP: Biennale of Electronic Arts Perth. (2002). Austr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromfield%20School
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The Bromfield School is a public school located in Harvard, Massachusetts. Founded in 1878 by Margaret Bromfield Blanchard, the school's student population is approximately 750, in grades 6–12. There are 57 teachers, with a student/faculty ratio of about 1 to 13.
Bromfield's academic program includes core courses in mathematics, English, social studies, and science, as well as music, world languages, physical education, and the arts. Students in grades 9–12 fulfill graduation requirements in these core courses and may also take advantage of Advanced Placement courses. The school has a 4-year graduation rate of 98%, sending nearly all graduates on to four-year higher-learning institutions. In 2011, U.S. News & World Report ranked Bromfield School as 87th High School in the nation. Most recently, in 2023, U.S. News & World Report High School rankings had it 154th in the nation, and third within Massachusetts.
Athletics
The Bromfield School also has celebrated athletic teams, especially in soccer and girls cross country/track. The boys varsity soccer team was crowned Division III state champion in 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1996, 2005, 2007, 2008, and Division IV State Champion in 2017, 2018, and 2019. The Boys were undefeated in the 1986 and 2008 seasons. The boys varsity soccer team were state champions in 2017. The girls varsity soccer team was a Division III state finalist in 2007, while the girls cross country team has been ranked by Nike at one point as the 17th best team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally%20disconnected%20group
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In mathematics, a totally disconnected group is a topological group that is totally disconnected. Such topological groups are necessarily Hausdorff.
Interest centres on locally compact totally disconnected groups (variously referred to as groups of td-type, locally profinite groups, or t.d. groups). The compact case has been heavily studied – these are the profinite groups – but for a long time not much was known about the general case. A theorem of van Dantzig from the 1930s, stating that every such group contains a compact open subgroup, was all that was known. Then groundbreaking work by George Willis in 1994, opened up the field by showing that every locally compact totally disconnected group contains a so-called tidy subgroup and a special function on its automorphisms, the scale function, giving a quantifiable parameter for the local structure. Advances on the global structure of totally disconnected groups were obtained in 2011 by Caprace and Monod, with notably a classification of characteristically simple groups and of Noetherian groups.
Locally compact case
In a locally compact, totally disconnected group, every neighbourhood of the identity contains a compact open subgroup. Conversely, if a group is such that the identity has a neighbourhood basis consisting of compact open subgroups, then it is locally compact and totally disconnected.
Tidy subgroups
Let G be a locally compact, totally disconnected group, U a compact open subgroup of G and a continuous autom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff%20rearrangement
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The Wolff rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an α-diazocarbonyl compound is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen with accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. The Wolff rearrangement yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivatives or undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions to form four-membered rings. The mechanism of the Wolff rearrangement has been the subject of debate since its first use. No single mechanism sufficiently describes the reaction, and there are often competing concerted and carbene-mediated pathways; for simplicity, only the textbook, concerted mechanism is shown below. The reaction was discovered by Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement has great synthetic utility due to the accessibility of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, variety of reactions from the ketene intermediate, and stereochemical retention of the migrating group. However, the Wolff rearrangement has limitations due to the highly reactive nature of α-diazocarbonyl compounds, which can undergo a variety of competing reactions.
The Wolff rearrangement can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis, or transition metal catalysis. In this last case, the reaction is sensitive to the transition metal; silver (I) oxide or other Ag(I) catalysts work well and are generally used. The Wolff rearrangement has been used in many total synth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20olefination
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The Julia olefination (also known as the Julia–Lythgoe olefination) is the chemical reaction used in organic chemistry of phenyl sulfones (1) with aldehydes (or ketones) to give alkenes (olefins)(3) after alcohol functionalization and reductive elimination using sodium amalgam or SmI2. The reaction is named after the French chemist Marc Julia.
The utility of this connective olefination reaction arises from its versatility, its wide functional group tolerance, and the mild reaction conditions under which the reaction proceeds.
All four steps can be carried out in a single reaction vessel, and use of R3X is optional. However, purification of the sulfone intermediate 2 leads to higher yield and purity. Most often R3 is acetyl or benzoyl, with acetic anhydride or benzoyl chloride used in the preparation of 2.
History
In 1973, Marc Julia and Jean-Marc Paris reported a novel olefin synthesis in which β-acyloxysulfones were reductively eliminated to the corresponding di-, tri-, or tetrasubstituted alkenes. Basil Lythgoe and Philip J. Kocienski explored the scope and limitation of the reaction, and today this olefination is formally known as the Julia-Lythgoe olefination. The reaction involves the addition of a sulfonyl-stabilized carbanion to a carbonyl compound, followed by elimination to form an alkene. In the initial versions of the reactions, the elimination was done under reductive conditions. More recently, a modified version that avoids this step was developed. The former
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Wigglesworth%20Clarke
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Frank Wigglesworth Clarke (March 19, 1847 – May 23, 1931) of Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, D.C. was an American scientist and chemist. Sometimes known as the "Father of Geochemistry," Clarke is credited with determining the composition of the Earth's crust. He was a founder of The American Chemical Society and served as its President, 1901.
Expertise
Clarke was the first theorist to advance a hypothesis regarding the evolution of elements. This concept emerged early in his intellectual career. His "Evolution and the Spectroscope" (1873) appear in Popular Science Monthly. It noted a parallel evolution of minerals, accompanying that of plant life.
He was known for pushing mineral analysis beyond analytical results. He sought compilations of the associations, alterations, and syntheses of each mineral sample. His study "Constants of Nature" (Smithsonian Institution 1876) was one of the first collections of both physical and chemical constants. The USGS's Atomic Weights series became standard references for the chemistry and geochemistry professions and academic fields. Clarke was also an academic collaborator. His Data on Geochemistry became a means of collecting peer professional efforts for common use across five successive editions.
Beginning with his Constitution of silicates (1895), Clarke advanced a methodology of geochemical analysis which described a mineral's composition through fact coordination. Priority was placed on contextualizing the resea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoire%20d%27informatique%20pour%20la%20m%C3%A9canique%20et%20les%20sciences%20de%20l%27ing%C3%A9nieur
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The Computer Science Laboratory for Mechanics and Engineering Sciences (LIMSI) was a CNRS pluri-disciplinary science laboratory in Orsay, France.
LIMSI academics and scholars come primarily from the Engineering and Information Sciences fields, but also from Cognitive Science and Linguistics. LIMSI is associated with the Paris-Sud University. LIMSI also collaborates with other universities and engineering schools within the University Paris-Saclay.
History
LIMSI was created in 1972 under the leadership of Lucien Malavard, with an initial focus on numerical fluid mechanics, acoustics, and signal processing. Its research themes have progressively been expanded to Speech and Image Processing, then to a growing number of themes related to human-computer communication and interaction on the one hand; to thermics and energetics on the other hand.
In January 2021, LIMSI was merged with the Laboratory for Research in Computer Science (LRI) into the new Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Numerical Sciences.
Research themes
LIMSI research is organized in four main themes, spanning the activities of nine research groups:
Fluid Mechanics remains one of LIMSI's main research areas, with an expertise in the development of advanced numerical methodologies associated to experiments in academic configurations: the AERO and ETCM groups both contribute activities related to large-scale numerical simulations, to uncertainty quantification, to the characterization of fluid dynamics (instabilit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20biology
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Membrane biology is the study of the biological and physiochemical characteristics of membranes, with applications in the study of cellular physiology.
Membrane bioelectrical impulses are described by the Hodgkin cycle.
Biophysics
Membrane biophysics is the study of biological membrane structure and function using physical, computational, mathematical, and biophysical methods. A combination of these methods can be used to create phase diagrams of different types of membranes, which yields information on thermodynamic behavior of a membrane and its components. As opposed to membrane biology, membrane biophysics focuses on quantitative information and modeling of various membrane phenomena, such as lipid raft formation, rates of lipid and cholesterol flip-flop, protein-lipid coupling, and the effect of bending and elasticity functions of membranes on inter-cell connections.
See also
References
Biophysics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknotting%20problem
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In mathematics, the unknotting problem is the problem of algorithmically recognizing the unknot, given some representation of a knot, e.g., a knot diagram. There are several types of unknotting algorithms. A major unresolved challenge is to determine if the problem admits a polynomial time algorithm; that is, whether the problem lies in the complexity class P.
Computational complexity
First steps toward determining the computational complexity were undertaken in proving that the problem is
in larger complexity classes, which contain the class P. By using normal surfaces to describe the Seifert surfaces of a given knot, showed that the unknotting problem is in the complexity class NP. claimed the weaker result that unknotting is in AM ∩ co-AM; however, later they retracted this claim. In 2011, Greg Kuperberg proved that (assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis) the unknotting problem is in co-NP, and in 2016, Marc Lackenby provided an unconditional proof of co-NP membership.
The unknotting problem has the same computational complexity as testing whether an embedding of an undirected graph in Euclidean space is linkless.
Unknotting algorithms
Several algorithms solving the unknotting problem are based on Haken's theory of normal surfaces:
Haken's algorithm uses the theory of normal surfaces to find a disk whose boundary is the knot. Haken originally used this algorithm to show that unknotting is decidable, but did not analyze its complexity in more detail.
Hass, L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta%20Arithmetica
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Acta Arithmetica is a scientific journal of mathematics publishing papers on number theory. It was established in 1935 by Salomon Lubelski and Arnold Walfisz. The journal is published by the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
References
External links
Online archives (Library of Science, Issues: 1935–2000)
1935 establishments in Poland
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1935
Polish Academy of Sciences academic journals
Multilingual journals
Biweekly journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poinsot%27s%20spirals
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In mathematics, Poinsot's spirals are two spirals represented by the polar equations
where csch is the hyperbolic cosecant, and sech is the hyperbolic secant. They are named after the French mathematician Louis Poinsot.
Examples of the two types of Poinsot's spirals
See also
References
Spirals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVP
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LVP may refer to:
Science, mathematics, and computing
Laser voltage prober, a tool for analysing integrated circuits
Left ventricular pressure, blood pressure in the heart
Large volume parenterals, a type of injectable pharmaceutical product
Lithium vanadium phosphate battery, a proposed type of lithium ion battery
Low voltage programming, see
LView Pro, a bitmap graphics editor for Microsoft Windows
Political parties
Liberal Vannin Party, a political party on the Isle of Man founded in 2006
Lithuanian Peasants Party (1990–2001), a former party
Latvian Unity Party (1992–2001), a former party
Other
LView, image editing software
Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, a palace
An abbreviation for works by Dutch composer Leopold van der Pals
An abbreviation for actress and television personality Lisa Vanderpump
Limited Validity Passport, a type of Australian passport
Learner Variability Project, an education research translation initiative of Digital Promise that focuses on whole learner education practices
Luxury vinyl plank, vinyl composition tile with a wood-like appearance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Clark%20Rogers
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Jonathan Clark Rogers (September 7, 1885 – October 24, 1967) was President of the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens from 1949 until 1950.
Early life
Born in 1885 in Richmond, Indiana, Rogers earned his B.S. at Piedmont College in 1906 and his civil engineering degree (B.S.C.E) from Earlham College the following year. He also earned an M.A. from Columbia University in 1927. In 1934 he received an honorary EdD degree from Piedmont College.
Service in education
Rogers taught at Oakwood Seminary in Union Springs, New York until 1911 when he joined Piedmont College . There he taught and served as Dean until 1934 when he became President of North Georgia College in Dahlonega. Rogers assumed the presidency at NGC shortly after it was reduced to a junior college in 1933. During his presidency, enrollment at North Georgia rose from 160 to 702, thus making it the largest junior college in Georgia at the time. In January 1949 he was selected as the President of UGA.
Rogers' tenure at UGA was very brief due to a power struggle with some members of the Georgia Board of Regents over whether the College of Agriculture should remain a part of the University or become its own institution. UGA kept the school; however, the clash cost Rogers his job. After leaving the University in 1950, Rogers directed Tallulah Falls School (1951–1953) and worked at Reinhardt College as a math professor and counselor from 1957 to 1962.
On October 24, 1967, Rogers died in Gainesville, Georgia and was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%3A%20A%20European%20Journal
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Chemistry: A European Journal is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers all areas of chemistry and related fields. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe. The editor-in-chief is Haymo Ross.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.020.
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Wiley-VCH academic journals
Weekly journals
English-language journals
Chemistry Europe academic journals
Academic journals established in 1995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20Letters
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Chemistry Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Chemical Society of Japan. It specializes in the rapid publication of reviews and letters on all areas of chemistry. The editor-in-chief is Mitsuhiko Shionoya (University of Tokyo). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.23.
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1972
English-language journals
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies
Monthly journals
Chemical Society of Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin%20of%20the%20Chemical%20Society%20of%20Japan
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is a scientific journal, which was founded in 1926 by the Chemical Society of Japan. It publishes accounts, articles, and short articles in the fields of theoretical and physical chemistry, analytical and inorganic chemistry, organic and biological chemistry, and applied and materials chemistry.
Due to World War II publication was suspended between 1945 and 1946. It is published in both a print edition and an online edition.
External links
Homepage of the Chemical Society of Japan
References
Chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1926
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies
Chemical Society of Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA%20Suite%20A%20Cryptography
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NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released." "Suite A will be used for the protection of some categories of especially sensitive information (a small percentage of the overall national security-related information assurance market)."
Incomplete list of Suite A algorithms:
ACCORDION
BATON
CDL 1
CDL 2
FFC
FIREFLY
JOSEKI
KEESEE
MAYFLY
MEDLEY
MERCATOR
SAVILLE
SHILLELAGH
WALBURN
WEASEL
See also
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
NSA Suite B Cryptography
References
General
NSA Suite B Cryptography / Cryptographic Interoperability
Cryptography standards
National Security Agency cryptography
Standards of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetica%20Chimica%20Acta
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Helvetica Chimica Acta is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of chemistry established by the Swiss Chemical Society. It is published online by John Wiley & Sons. The journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.164.
History
August 6, 1901: Founding of the Swiss Chemical Society
1911: IUPAC refused SCG as a member, no own journal
September 11, 1917: SCG founded HCA
1917–1948: First editor-in-chief: Friedrich Fichter (1869–1952)
Spring 1918: Fasciculus I of Volume I of HCA was issued
1948–1971: Emile Cherbuliez (1891–1985)
1970: English allowed as fourth language
1971–1983: Edgardo Giovannini (1909–2004)
1983–2015: M. Volkan Kisakürek
2015-2016: Richard J. Smith
2016–2021: Jeffrey W. Bode and Christophe Copéret
2022–present: Eva Hevia and Jérôme Waser
References
External links
Chemistry journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Chemistry
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The Canadian Journal of Chemistry (fr. Revue canadienne de chimie) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by NRC Research Press. It was established in 1951 as the continuation of Canadian Journal of Research, Section B: Chemical Sciences. Papers are loaded to the web in advance of the printed issue and are available in both pdf and HTML formats.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed by the following services: Chemical Abstracts, ChemInform, Chemistry Citation Index, Compendex, Current Contents, Derwent Biotechnology Abstracts, GeoRef, INIS Atomindex, Methods in Organic Synthesis, Referativny Zhurnal, and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2022 impact factor is 1.1.
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Monthly journals
Multilingual journals
English-language journals
French-language journals
Academic journals established in 1951
Canadian Science Publishing academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Schwarz%20%28philosopher%29
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See also Silesia-born mathematician Hermann Amandus Schwarz.
Hermann Schwarz (December 22, 1864 in Düren, Rhenish Prussia – December 1951 in Darmstadt, West Germany) was a German philosopher. Educated at Halle, where he devoted himself to mathematics and to philosophy, he became professor at Marburg in 1908 and at Greifswald in 1910. His philosophy was not unlike that of Goswin Uphues. He edited the Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik.
Works
Das Wahrnehmungsproblem (1892)
Was will der kritische Realismus? (1894)
Grundzüge der Ethik (1896)
Psychologie des Willens zur Grundlegung der Ethik (1900)
Das Sittliche Leben (1901)
Glück und Sittlichkeit (1902)
Der moderne Materialismus (1904; second edition, 1912)
Der Gottesgedanke in der Geschichte der Philosophie (1913)
Das Ungegebene. Eine Religions- und Werthphilosophie. Tübingen, Mohr-Siebeck Verlag (1921)
Gott, Jenseits von Theismus und Pantheismus. (1928)
Nationalsozialistische Weltanschauung. Freie Beitrage zur Philosophie d. Nationalsozialismus aus d. Jahren 1919-1933. Berlin: Junker u. Dunnhaupt (1933)
Ekkehard der Deutsche. Völkische Religion im Aufgang. Berlin: Junker u. Dunnhaupt, (1935)
Deutscher Glaube am Scheidewege. Berlin: Junker u Dunnhaupt (1936)
Die Irminsul als Sinnbild deutschvölkischen Gottesglaubens. Junker u. Dunnhaupt (1937)
Grundzuge einer Geschichte der artdeutschen Philosophie. Berlin: Junker u. Dunnhaupt (1937)
Deutsche Gotteserkenntnis einst und jetzt. Stu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua%27s%20lemma
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In mathematics, Hua's lemma, named for Hua Loo-keng, is an estimate for exponential sums.
It states that if P is an integral-valued polynomial of degree k, is a positive real number, and f a real function defined by
then
,
where lies on a polygonal line with vertices
References
Lemmas
Analytic number theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Journal%20of%20Chemical%20Physics
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The Journal of Chemical Physics is a scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics that carries research papers on chemical physics. Two volumes, each of 24 issues, are published annually. It was established in 1933 when Journal of Physical Chemistry editors refused to publish theoretical works.
The editors have been:
2019–present: Tim Lian
2008–2018: Marsha I. Lester
2007–2008: Branka M. Ladanyi
1998–2007: Donald H. Levy
1983–1997: John C. Light
1960–1982: J. Willard Stout
1958–1959: Clyde A. Hutchison Jr.
1956–1957 (Acting): Joseph Edward Mayer
1953–1955: Clyde A. Hutchison Jr.
1942–1952: Joseph E. Mayer
1933–1941: Harold Urey
Highlights
According to the Web of Science database, as to 15 March 2018, a total of 132,435 articles have been published in the Journal of Chemical Physics. The number of articles published per year was about 180 in the 1930s and decreased to about 120 during second world war. After the war the number of articles increased steadily, reaching about 1800 articles/year in 1970. The publishing rate remained fairly stable at this level until about 1990, when it climbed up again reaching a maximum of 2871 articles published in 2014. It has since decreased somewhat to 2300 articles/year in the period 2015–2017.
As to 15 March 2018 and according to Web of Science, the ten most cited articles published in the Journal of Chemical Physics are:
A. D. Becke, Density Functional Thermochemistry. 3. The role of exact exchange, 98(7), 5648-5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingdingshan%20University
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Pingdingshan University (), founded in 1977, is in Pingdingshan City, Henan Province, China.
Academics
The university includes the School of Chinese Language; the School of Foreign Languages; Math and Information Science College; Economics and Management College; School of Chemistry Art; College of Information Science and Technology; Teachers' College; Political Science Department; Environment and Geography Department; Physical Education Department; and Music and Arts Department.
Besides these, the school offers a Department of English for General Teaching, Adult Education College, Politics Education Department and an Education Artificial Department.
External links
Universities and colleges in Henan
Educational institutions established in 1977
1977 establishments in China
Pingdingshan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltinism
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Voltinism is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year. The term is most often applied to insects, and is particularly in use in sericulture, where silkworm varieties vary in their voltinism.
Univoltine (monovoltine) – (adjective) referring to organisms having one brood or generation per year
Bivoltine (divoltine) – (adjective) referring to organisms having two broods or generations per year
Trivoltine – (adjective) referring to organisms having three broods or generations per year
Multivoltine (polyvoltine) – (adjective) referring to organisms having more than two broods or generations per year
Semivoltine – There are two meanings:
(biology) Less than univoltine; having a brood or generation less often than once per year
or (adjective) referring to organisms whose generation time is more than one year.
Examples
The speckled wood butterfly is univoltine in the northern part of its range, e.g. northern Scandinavia. Adults emerge in late spring, mate, and die shortly after laying eggs; their offspring will grow until pupation, enter diapause in anticipation of the winter, and emerge as adults the following year – thus resulting in a single generation of butterflies per year. In southern Scandinavia, the same species is bivoltine – here, the offspring of spring-emerging adults will develop directly into adults during the summer, mate, and die. Their offspring in turn constitute a second generation, which is the gener
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Biological%20Chemistry
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The Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925, it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in areas of biochemistry and molecular biology. The editor is Alex Toker. the journal is fully open access. In press articles are available free on its website immediately after acceptance.
Editors
The following individuals have served as editors of the journal:
1906–1909: John Jacob Abel and Christian Archibald Herter
1909–1910: Christian Archibald Herter
1910–1914: Alfred Newton Richards
1914–1925: Donald D. Van Slyke
1925–1936: Stanley R. Benedict. After Benedict died, John T. Edsall served as temporary editor until the next editor was appointed.
1937–1958: Rudolph J. Anderson
1958–1967: John T. Edsall
1968–1971: William Howard Stein
1971–2011: Herbert Tabor
2011–2015: Martha Fedor
2016–2021: Lila Gierasch
2021–Present: Alex Toker
Ranking and criticism of impact factor
The editors of the Journal of Biological Chemistry have criticized the modern reliance upon the impact factor for ranking journals, noting that review articles, commentaries, and retractions are included in the calculation. Further, the denominator of total articles published encourages journals to be overly selective in what they publish, and preferentially publish articles which will receive more attention and citations.
Due to these factors, the journal's practice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir%20%28journal%29
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Langmuir is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1985 and is published by the American Chemical Society. It is the leading journal focusing on the science and application of systems and materials in which the interface dominates structure and function. Research areas covered include surface and colloid chemistry.
The total number of citations in 2021 is 129,693 and the 2021 Impact Factor is 4.331. Langmuir publishes original research articles, invited feature articles, perspectives, and editorials.
The title honors Irving Langmuir, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The founding editor-in-chief was Arthur W. Adamson.
Abstracting and indexing
Langmuir is indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Scopus, EBSCOhost, British Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and SwetsWise.
References
External links
American Chemical Society academic journals
Weekly journals
Academic journals established in 1985
English-language journals
Surface science
1985 establishments in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic%20Chemistry%20%28journal%29
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Inorganic Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society since 1962. It covers research in all areas of inorganic chemistry.
The current editor-in-chief is Stefanie Dehnen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.436.
See also
Organometallics
References
External links
American Chemical Society academic journals
Biweekly journals
Academic journals established in 1962
English-language journals
Inorganic chemistry journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20W.%20Valentine
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James William Valentine (November 10, 1926 – April 7, 2023) was an American evolutionary biologist, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and curator at the University of California Museum of Paleontology.
Valentine was born in Los Angeles, California on November 10, 1926. He was educated at Phillips University, (B.A., 1951) and the University of California, Los Angeles (M.A., 1954, Ph.D., 1958). Valentine married Diane Mondragon in 1987 and had 3 children. He died in Walnut Creek, California, on April 7, 2023, at the age of 96.
Books
Valentine published widely, and in addition to peer-reviewed publications wrote several books:
Evolutionary Paleoecology of the Marine Biosphere 1973
Evolution 1977 with Theodosius Dobzhansky, G. Ledyard Stebbins and Ayala
Evolving : The Theory And Processes Of Organic Evolution 1979 , with Francisco J. Ayala
Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns : Profiles In Macroevolution 1985 , editor
On the Origin of Phyla 2004
The Cambrian Explosion: The Construction of Animal Biodiversity, 2013 , with Douglas Erwin
References
External links
Homepage
1926 births
2023 deaths
Evolutionary biologists
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of California, Davis faculty
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Missouri faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American As
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison%20Wong
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Alison Wong (born 1960) is a New Zealand poet and novelist of Chinese heritage. Her background in mathematics comes across in her poetry, not as a subject, but in the careful formulation of words to white space and precision. She has a half-Chinese son with New Zealand poet Linzy Forbes. She now lives in Geelong.
Career and awards
Wong's first novel As the Earth Turns Silver was published in late June 2009 by Penguin NZ and won the fiction award at the 2010 New Zealand Post Book Awards, and was shortlisted for the Australian Prime Minister's Literary Awards.
Wong has received various other awards for her fiction and poetry including the 2002 Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago, a Reader's Digest - New Zealand Society of Authors Fellowship at the Stout Research Centre and a NZ Founders Society Research Award. She has been a finalist in several poetry competitions and received grants from Creative NZ and the Willi Fels Memorial Trust.
Her first poetry collection, Cup, was released in February 2006 by Steele Roberts.
It was shortlisted for a poetry prize in the Montana Book awards.
In 2003 she was a guest writer at the Auckland Writers and Readers Festival and the Wordstruck! Festival in Dunedin, as well as a speaker for the Stout Research Centre Chinese New Zealand Seminar Series. In 2001 together with Linzy Forbes, she received a Porirua City Council Civic Honour Award for co-founding and running Poetry Cafe.
References
External links
Alison Wong Biogr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendant%20subgroup
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to be ascendant if there is an ascending series starting from the subgroup and ending at the group, such that every term in the series is a normal subgroup of its successor.
The series may be infinite. If the series is finite, then the subgroup is subnormal. Here are some properties of ascendant subgroups:
Every subnormal subgroup is ascendant; every ascendant subgroup is serial.
In a finite group, the properties of being ascendant and subnormal are equivalent.
An arbitrary intersection of ascendant subgroups is ascendant.
Given any subgroup, there is a minimal ascendant subgroup containing it.
See also
Descendant subgroup
References
Subgroup properties
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal%20Process%20Language
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In theoretical computer science, Temporal Process Language (TPL) is a process calculus which extends Robin Milner's CCS with the notion of multi-party synchronization, which allows multiple process to synchronize on a global 'clock'. This clock measures time, though not concretely, but rather as an abstract signal which defines when the entire process can step onward.
Informal definition
TPL is a conservative extension of CCS, with the addition of a special action called σ representing the passage of time by a process - the ticking of an abstract clock. As in CCS, TPL features action prefix and it can be described as being patient, that is to say a process will idly accept the ticking of the clock, written as
Key to the use of abstract time is the timeout operator, which presents two processes, one to behave as if the clock ticks, one to behave as if it can't, i.e.
provided process E does not prevent the clock from ticking.
provided E can perform action a to become E'.
In TPL, there are two ways to prevent the clock from ticking. First is via the presence of the ω operator, for example in process the clock is prevented from ticking. It can be said that the action a is insistent, i.e. it insists on acting before the clock can tick again.
The second way in which ticking can be prevented is via the concept of maximal-progress, which states that silent actions (i.e. τ actions) always take precedence over and thus suppress σ actions. Thus is two parallel processes are ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristically%20simple%20group
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a group is said to be characteristically simple if it has no proper nontrivial characteristic subgroups. Characteristically simple groups are sometimes also termed elementary groups. Characteristically simple is a weaker condition than being a simple group, as simple groups must not have any proper nontrivial normal subgroups, which include characteristic subgroups.
A finite group is characteristically simple if and only if it is the direct product of isomorphic simple groups. In particular, a finite solvable group is characteristically simple if and only if it is an elementary abelian group. This does not hold in general for infinite groups; for example, the rational numbers form a characteristically simple group that is not a direct product of simple groups.
A minimal normal subgroup of a group G is a nontrivial normal subgroup N of G such that the only proper subgroup of N that is normal in G is the trivial subgroup. Every minimal normal subgroup of a group is characteristically simple. This follows from the fact that a characteristic subgroup of a normal subgroup is normal.
References
Properties of groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly%20simple%20group
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a group is said to be strictly simple if it has no proper nontrivial ascendant subgroups. That is, is a strictly simple group if the only ascendant subgroups of are (the trivial subgroup), and itself (the whole group).
In the finite case, a group is strictly simple if and only if it is simple. However, in the infinite case, strictly simple is a stronger property than simple.
See also
Serial subgroup
Absolutely simple group
References
Simple Group Encyclopedia of Mathematics, retrieved 1 January 2012
Properties of groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely%20simple%20group
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a group is said to be absolutely simple if it has no proper nontrivial serial subgroups. That is, is an absolutely simple group if the only serial subgroups of are (the trivial subgroup), and itself (the whole group).
In the finite case, a group is absolutely simple if and only if it is simple. However, in the infinite case, absolutely simple is a stronger property than simple. The property of being strictly simple is somewhere in between.
See also
Ascendant subgroup
Strictly simple group
References
Properties of groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersolvable%20group
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In mathematics, a group is supersolvable (or supersoluble) if it has an invariant normal series where all the factors are cyclic groups. Supersolvability is stronger than the notion of solvability.
Definition
Let G be a group. G is supersolvable if there exists a normal series
such that each quotient group is cyclic and each is normal in .
By contrast, for a solvable group the definition requires each quotient to be abelian. In another direction, a polycyclic group must have a subnormal series with each quotient cyclic, but there is no requirement that each be normal in . As every finite solvable group is polycyclic, this can be seen as one of the key differences between the definitions. For a concrete example, the alternating group on four points, , is solvable but not supersolvable.
Basic Properties
Some facts about supersolvable groups:
Supersolvable groups are always polycyclic, and hence solvable.
Every finitely generated nilpotent group is supersolvable.
Every metacyclic group is supersolvable.
The commutator subgroup of a supersolvable group is nilpotent.
Subgroups and quotient groups of supersolvable groups are supersolvable.
A finite supersolvable group has an invariant normal series with each factor cyclic of prime order.
In fact, the primes can be chosen in a nice order: For every prime p, and for π the set of primes greater than p, a finite supersolvable group has a unique Hall π-subgroup. Such groups are sometimes called ordered Sylow tower g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC-group
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, an FC-group is a group in which every conjugacy class of elements has finite cardinality.
The following are some facts about FC-groups:
Every finite group is an FC-group.
Every abelian group is an FC-group.
The following property is stronger than the property of being FC: every subgroup has finite index in its normal closure.
Notes
References
. Reprint of Prentice-Hall edition, 1964.
Infinite group theory
Properties of groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully%20normalized%20subgroup
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In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to be fully normalized if every automorphism of the subgroup lifts to an inner automorphism of the whole group. Another way of putting this is that the natural embedding from the Weyl group of the subgroup to its automorphism group is surjective.
In symbols, a subgroup is fully normalized in if, given an automorphism of , there is a such that the map , when restricted to is equal to .
Some facts:
Every group can be embedded as a normal and fully normalized subgroup of a bigger group. A natural construction for this is the holomorph, which is its semidirect product with its automorphism group.
A complete group is fully normalized in any bigger group in which it is embedded because every automorphism of it is inner.
Every fully normalized subgroup has the automorphism extension property.
Subgroup properties
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