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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward%27s%20Science
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Ward's Science is a supplier of science education materials for K-12 and college-level studies in Rochester, New York. It was founded by Henry Augustus Ward in 1862 as Ward's Natural Science and was renamed in 2012.
Current areas of focus include: geology, earth science, biology, chemistry, environmental science, forensic science, and physical science.
Ward's Science and its affiliates, Boreal Science and Sargent-Welch, provide science education materials for elementary through college classrooms.
External links
Ward's Science
Ward's Science History
Ward's World (Free resources for science teachers, from Ward's Science)
References
Companies based in Rochester, New York
Science education in the United States
1862 establishments in New York (state)
Companies established in 1862
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap%20%28term%20rewriting%29
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In mathematics, computer science and logic, overlap, as a property of the reduction rules in term rewriting system, describes a situation where a number of different reduction rules specify potentially contradictory ways of reducing a reducible expression, also known as a redex, within a term.
More precisely, if a number of different reduction rules share function symbols on the left-hand side, overlap can occur. Often we do not consider trivial overlap with a redex and itself.
Examples
Consider the term rewriting system defined by the following reduction rules:
The term can be reduced via ρ1 to yield , but it can also be reduced via ρ2 to yield . Note how the redex is contained in the redex . The result of reducing different redexes is described in a what is known as a critical pair; the critical pair arising out of this term rewriting system is .
Overlap may occur with fewer than two reduction rules.
Consider the term rewriting system defined by the following reduction rule:
The term has overlapping redexes, which can be either applied to the innermost occurrence or to the outermost occurrence of the term.
References
Rewriting systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Computational%20Innovations
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The Center for Computational Innovations (CCI), (formerly the Computational Center for Nanotechnology Innovations) is a supercomputing center located at the Rensselaer Technology Park in Troy, New York.
Motivation
The center is the result of a $100 million collaboration between RPI, IBM, and New York State to further nanotechnology innovations. The center's main focus is on reducing the cost associated with the development of nanoscale materials and devices, such as used in the semiconductor industry. The university has also stated the center will also be used for interdisciplinary research in biotechnology, medicine, energy, and other fields.
Capabilities
At the release of the TOP500 supercomputer rankings in June 2010 the CCI was ranked the 80th most powerful supercomputer in the world, with a peak processing power of 91.75 Teraflops or 91.75 trillion floating point operations per second. When finished, all of the systems at the center will have a combined power surpassing 100 teraflops.
Hardware
The original supercomputer consisted of a series of IBM BlueGene/L systems which contain a total of 32,768 PowerPC 440 700 MHz processors. There is also a heterogeneous array of Power-based Linux machines and AMD Opteron processor-based clusters running on a common file system with the main supercomputer. Together, these systems created over 100 TeraFLOPS of computational power with associated high-speed networking and storage. In April 2013, the CCI Blue Gene/L was decommission
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%20Amarel
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Saul Amarel (1928 – December 18, 2002) was a professor of computer science at Rutgers University, and best known for his pioneering work in artificial intelligence (AI). He also had a career as a scientist, engineer, and teacher. He was a contributor to advanced computing and AI methodologies, both applied to scientific inquiry as well as engineering practice.
Biography
Amarel was born into a Thessaloniki, Greek Jewish family in 1928. He served in the Greek Resistance movement during World War II as the Germans invaded Greece. He was forced to flee with his family to Gaza, which was then in British Palestine.
Amarel graduated from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in engineering and worked for the Israeli Ministry of Defense before heading to the United States. There he obtained his master's degree in 1953 and then a doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1955 from Columbia University in New York.
From 1958 to 1969, Amarel led the Computer Theory Research Group at RCA Sarnoff Labs.
In 1969, Amarel founded the Department of Computer Science at Livingston College of Rutgers University, in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
From 1985 to 1988, Amarel served as Director of the Information Sciences and Technology Office for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
In 1988, Amarel returned to Rutgers and was appointed the Alan M. Turing Professor of Computer Science, pioneering research in the field of AI.
Amarel received the All
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence%20Parr
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Terence John Parr (born 1964 in Los Angeles) is a professor of computer science at the University of San Francisco. He is best known for his ANTLR parser generator and contributions to parsing theory. He also developed the StringTemplate engine for Java and other programming languages.
Education
Parr holds a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, a Master's degree in Engineering, and a PhD in Computer Engineering from Purdue University. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the Army High-Performance Computing Research Center (also known as AHPCRC), located in the University of Minnesota.
Books
References
External links
Personal homepage
American computer scientists
University of San Francisco faculty
1964 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber%27s%20theorem%20%28Algebraic%20curves%29
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In mathematics, Weber's theorem, named after Heinrich Martin Weber, is a result on algebraic curves. It states the following.
Consider two non-singular curves C and having the same genus g > 1. If there is a rational correspondence φ between C and , then φ is a birational transformation.
References
Further reading
External links
Algebraic curves
Theorems in algebraic geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamella%20%28cell%20biology%29
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A lamella (: lamellae) in biology refers to a thin layer, membrane or plate of tissue. This is a very broad definition, and can refer to many different structures. Any thin layer of organic tissue can be called a lamella and there is a wide array of functions an individual layer can serve. For example, an intercellular lipid lamella is formed when lamellar disks fuse to form a lamellar sheet. It is believed that these disks are formed from vesicles, giving the lamellar sheet a lipid bilayer that plays a role in water diffusion.
Another instance of cellular lamellae can be seen in chloroplasts. Thylakoid membranes are actually a system of lamellar membranes working together, and are differentiated into different lamellar domains. This lamellar system allows plants to convert light energy into chemical energy. Chloroplasts are characterized by a system of membranes embedded in a hydrophobic proteinaceous matrix, or stroma. The basic unit of the membrane system is a flattened single vesicle called the thylakoid; thylakoids stack into grana. All the thylakoids of a granum are connected with each other, and the grana are connected by intergranal lamellae.
It is placed between the two primary cell walls of two plant cells and made up of intracellular matrix. The lamella comprises a mixture of polygalacturons (D-galacturonic acid) and neutral carbohydrates. It is soluble in the pectinase enzyme.
Lamella, in cell biology, is also used to describe the leading edge of a motile cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunocytochemistry
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Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is a common laboratory technique that is used to anatomically visualize the localization of a specific protein or antigen in cells by use of a specific primary antibody that binds to it. The primary antibody allows visualization of the protein under a fluorescence microscope when it is bound by a secondary antibody that has a conjugated fluorophore. ICC allows researchers to evaluate whether or not cells in a particular sample express the antigen in question. In cases where an immunopositive signal is found, ICC also allows researchers to determine which sub-cellular compartments are expressing the antigen.
Immunocytochemistry vs. immunohistochemistry
Immunocytochemistry differs from immunohistochemistry in that the former is performed on samples of intact cells that have had most, if not all, of their surrounding extracellular matrix removed. This includes individual cells that have been isolated from a block of solid tissue, cells grown within a culture, cells deposited from suspension, or cells taken from a smear. In contrast, immunohistochemical samples are sections of biological tissue, where each cell is surrounded by tissue architecture and other cells normally found in the intact tissue.
Immunocytochemistry is a technique used to assess the presence of a specific protein or antigen in cells (cultured cells, cell suspensions) by use of a specific antibody, which binds to it, thereby allowing visualization and examination under a microscope. I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel%20Scherer
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Axel Scherer is the Bernard Neches Professor of Electrical Engineering, Physics, and Applied Physics at the California Institute of Technology. He is also a distinguished visiting professor at Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College. He is known for fabricating the world's first semiconducting vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) at Bell Labs. In 2006, Scherer was named the director of the Kavli Nanoscience Institute. He graduated from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in 1985. At Caltech he teaches a very popular freshman lab course on semiconductor device fabrication, Applied Physics 9ab, for which he wrote the textbook for the course.
Research
His research focuses on the design and microfabrication of optical, magnetic and fluidic devices. In the 1980s, he pioneered the development of the first monolithic vertical cavity lasers (VCSELs), now widely used in data communications systems. More recently, his group developed electromagnetic design tools and fabrication techniques for the definition of lithographically integrated optical devices. This led to pioneering work in photonic bandgap lasers, silicon photonic circuits, as well as tunable microfluidic dye lasers, leading to new classes of integrated optics. The first demonstration of strong coupling between single quantum dots and optical nanocavities recently emerged from a collaboration between Axel Scherer and Hyatt Gibbs. Collaborations with Larry Dalton (University of Washington)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroclinic%20cycle
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In mathematics, a heteroclinic cycle is an invariant set in the phase space of a dynamical system. It is a topological circle of equilibrium points and connecting heteroclinic orbits. If a heteroclinic cycle is asymptotically stable, approaching trajectories spend longer and longer periods of time in a neighbourhood of successive equilibria.
In generic dynamical systems heteroclinic connections are of high co-dimension, that is, they will not persist if parameters are varied.
Robust heteroclinic cycles
A robust heteroclinic cycle is one which persists under small changes in the underlying dynamical system. Robust cycles often arise in the presence of symmetry or other constraints which force the existence of invariant hyperplanes. A prototypical example of a robust heteroclinic cycle is the Guckenheimer–Holmes cycle. This cycle has also been studied in the context of rotating convection, and as three competing species in population dynamics.
See also
Heteroclinic bifurcation
Heteroclinic network
References
Guckenheimer J and Holmes, P, 1988, Structurally Stable Heteroclinic Cycles, Math. Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 103: 189-192.
F. M. Busse and K. E. Heikes (1980), Convection in a rotating layer: A simple case of turbulence, Science, 208, 173–175.
R. May and W. Leonard (1975), Nonlinear aspects of competition between three species, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 29, 243–253.
External links
Dynamical systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%20Harr%C3%A9
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Horace Romano "Rom" Harré (; 18 December 1927 – 17 October 2019) was a New Zealand-British philosopher and psychologist.
Biography
Harré was born in Āpiti, in northern Manawatu, near Palmerston North, New Zealand, but held British citizenship. He studied chemical engineering and later graduated with a BSc in mathematics (1948) and a Master's in Philosophy (1952), both at the University of New Zealand, now the University of Auckland.
He taught mathematics at King's College, Auckland (1948–1953) and the University of Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan (1953–54). He then studied at University College, Oxford, where he completed a B.Phil. under the supervision of J. L. Austin in 1956. After a fellowship at the University of Birmingham he was lecturer at the University of Leicester from 1957 to 1959.
He returned to Oxford as the successor to Friedrich Waismann as University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science in 1960. At Oxford, where he was a Fellow of Linacre College, he was active in the founding of the Honours School of Physics and Philosophy. He also played an important part in the discursive turn in social psychology, a field he came to in the middle of his career. After his retirement from Oxford in 1995, he joined the psychology department of Georgetown University (having previously taught at that university during Spring Semesters). There he continued as Distinguished Research Professor until he retired in 2016.
Harré gave yearly short courses as an Adjunct Professor at Bingh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20chemistry
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Agricultural chemistry is the study of chemistry, especially organic chemistry and biochemistry, as they relate to agriculture. This includes agricultural production, the use of ammonia in fertilizer, pesticides, and how plant biochemistry can be used to genetically alter crops. Agricultural chemistry is not a distinct discipline, but a common thread that ties together genetics, physiology, microbiology, entomology, and numerous other sciences that impinge on agriculture.
Agricultural chemistry studies the chemical compositions and reactions involved in the production, protection, and use of crops and livestock. Its applied science and technology aspects are directed towards increasing yields and improving quality, which comes with multiple advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The goals of agricultural chemistry are to expand understanding of the causes and effects of biochemical reactions related to plant and animal growth, to reveal opportunities for controlling those reactions, and to develop chemical products that will provide the desired assistance or control. Agricultural chemistry is therefore used in processing of raw products into foods and beverages, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. It is also used to make feed supplements for animals, as well as medicinal compounds for the prevention or control of disease. When agriculture is considered with ecology, the sustainablility of an operation is considered.
However, modern agr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proving%20a%20negative
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Proving a negative or negative proof may refer to:
Proving a negative, in the philosophic burden of proof
Evidence of absence in general, such as evidence that there is no milk in a certain bowl
Modus tollens, a logical proof
Proof of impossibility, mathematics
Russell's teapot, an analogy: inability to disprove does not prove
Sometimes it is mistaken for an argument from ignorance, which is non-proof and a logical fallacy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Lengyel
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Eric Lengyel is a computer scientist specializing in game engine development, computer graphics, and geometric algebra. He holds a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Davis and a master's degree in mathematics from Virginia Tech.
Lengyel is an expert in font rendering technology for 3D applications and is the inventor of the Slug font rendering algorithm, which allows glyphs to be rendered directly from outline data on the GPU with full resolution independence. Lengyel is also the inventor of the Transvoxel algorithm, which is used to seamlessly join multiresolution voxel data at boundaries between different levels of detail that have been triangulated with the Marching cubes algorithm.
Among his many written contributions to the field of game development, Lengyel is the author of the four-volume book series Foundations of Game Engine Development. The first volume, covering the mathematics of game engines, was published in 2016 and is now known for its unique treatment of Grassmann algebra. The second volume, covering a wide range of rendering topics, was published in 2019. Lengyel is also the author of the textbook Mathematics for 3D Game Programming and Computer Graphics and the editor for the three-volume Game Engine Gems book series.
Lengyel founded Terathon Software in 2000 and is currently President and Chief Technology Officer at the company, where he leads development of the C4 Engine. He has previously worked in the advanced technology gr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Petavel
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Sir Joseph Ernest Petavel KBE FRS D.Sc. (14 August 1873 – 31 March 1936) was a British physicist.
He was born in London and educated at Lausanne, Geneva, before he joined University College, London, in 1893, where he studied mechanical and electrical engineering. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907.
He was the second director of the NPL in Bushy Park from 1919 to 1936, living in Bushy House. During his time there he devised the Petavel gauge for the measurement of the pressures within exploding gases.
He was invested Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours for his wartime work as Chairman of Aerodynamics Sub-Committee of the Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.
He died at Bushy House and was buried in the west side of Highgate Cemetery.
References
External links
Sir Joseph Ernest Petavel
1873 births
1936 deaths
Scientists from London
Alumni of University College London
Scientists of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Jackson%20Holmes
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Samuel Jackson Holmes (March 7, 1868 – March 5, 1964) was an American zoologist and eugenicist. He was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley from 1912 to 1938. He was a genetics researcher who studied animal behavior, heredity, and evolution. Over the course of his career he migrated from studying animals to humans, taking the behaviors and traits learned in the former and looking for them in the latter.
Career
After attending Chaffey College in Ontario, California, he obtained his Bachelor of Science (1893) and Master of Science (1895) from the University of California, Berkeley. His biological research at Berkeley earned him a fellowship to the University of Chicago in 1895, where he received his Ph.D in 1897.
After teaching at San Diego High School for the academic year 1897–1898, between 1898 and 1906 he was an instructor of zoology at the University of Michigan. From there he moved to the Stevens Point Normal School (University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point), 1906 to 1912. In 1912, he returned to Berkeley as an associate professor, and then in 1916 was promoted to full professor. At Berkeley, his teaching and research focused on experimental morphogenesis, genetics, animal behavior, and eugenics. He was named faculty research lecturer in 1929. He retired in 1939 but continued on as professor emeritus until his death in 1964.
Zoology
Holmes' initial research focused on animals and animal behavior. His proximity to the California coast allowed him to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester%20Foundation%20for%20Biomedical%20Research
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The Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research (WFBR) was a non-profit biomedical research institute based in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, United States.
History
The foundation was established as an independent research center under the name Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology (WFEB) in 1944 by Hudson Hoagland and Gregory Pincus. It was best known for the development of the combined oral contraceptive pill by Pincus and Min Chueh Chang, an important development in modern birth control, and for pioneering research on in vitro fertilization by Chang. In the 1970s, WFEB scientists undertook the first systematic study of anti-tumor effects of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen led by 2003 Kettering Prize recipient V. Craig Jordan and initial studies of aromatase inhibitors by 2005 Kettering prize recipient Angela Brodie, two important classes of drugs to treat breast cancer.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the WFEB sponsored a Pre-Collegiate Science Summer Program, similar to, but shorter-lived than, the Jackson Laboratory's Summer Student Program in Maine. Selected high school juniors and seniors spent several weeks living in the dormitories of nearby Saint Mark's School and doing advanced biochemical lab work under the guidance of St. Mark's teachers, Frederick R. Avis and Anna Pliscz. After studying the anatomy of mice in Avis' textbook, About Mice and Man, they performed surgery on them, using anesthesia and sterile techniques similar to those used in human surgery. They also tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typed%20assembly%20language
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In computer science, a typed assembly language (TAL) is an assembly language that is extended to include a method of annotating the datatype of each value that is manipulated by the code. These annotations can then be used by a program (type checker) that processes the assembly language code in order to analyse how it will behave when it is executed. Specifically, such a type checker can be used to prove the type safety of code that meets the criteria of some appropriate type system.
Typed assembly languages usually include a high-level memory management system based on garbage collection.
A typed assembly language with a suitably expressive type system can be used to enable the safe execution of untrusted code without using an intermediate representation like bytecode, allowing features similar to those currently provided by virtual machine environments like Java and .NET.
See also
Proof-carrying code
Further reading
Greg Morrisett. "Typed assembly language" in Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages. Editor: Benjamin C. Pierce.
External links
TALx86, a research project from Cornell University which has implemented a typed assembler for the Intel IA-32 architecture.
Assembly languages
Computer security
Programming language theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg%20Sushkov
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Oleg Sushkov is a professor at the University of New South Wales and a leader in the field of high temperature super-conductors. Educated in Russia in quantum mechanics and nuclear physics, he now teaches in Australia.
Education
1974 MSc, Novosibirsk State University, Russia
1978 PhD in Physics, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
1984 Doctor of Science (Habilitation), Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
Awards and recognition
Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow, 2011 - 2015, University of New South Wales
Alexander von Humbold Research Award (Germany), 2006
Lenin Komsomol State Prize in Science (Soviet Union), 1982
Selected publications
, Google Scholar estimates that Sushkov's h-index is 53.
References
External links
Google Scholar list for Oleg Sushkov
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Russian physicists
Russian nuclear physicists
Australian physicists
Australian nuclear physicists
Australian people of Russian descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocontainment
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One use of the concept of biocontainment is related to laboratory biosafety and pertains to microbiology laboratories in which the physical containment of pathogenic organisms or agents (bacteria, viruses, and toxins) is required, usually by isolation in environmentally and biologically secure cabinets or rooms, to prevent accidental infection of workers or release into the surrounding community during scientific research.
Another use of the term relates to facilities for the study of agricultural pathogens, where it is used similarly to the term "biosafety", relating to safety practices and procedures used to prevent unintended infection of plants or animals or the release of high-consequence pathogenic agents into the environment (air, soil, or water).
Terminology
The World Health Organization's 2006 publication, Biorisk management: Laboratory biosecurity guidance, defines laboratory biosafety as "the containment principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent the unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release". It defines biorisk management as "the analysis of ways and development of strategies to minimize the likelihood of the occurrence of biorisks".
The term "biocontainment" is related to laboratory biosafety. Merriam-Webster's online dictionary reports the first use of the term in 1966, defined as "the containment of extremely pathogenic organisms (such as viruses) usually by isolation in secure facilities to preve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben%20Hersh
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Reuben Hersh (December 9, 1927 – January 3, 2020) was an American mathematician and academic, best known for his writings on the nature, practice, and social impact of mathematics. Although he was generally known as Reuben Hersh, late in life he sometimes used the name Reuben Laznovsky in recognition of his father's ancestral family name. His work challenges and complements mainstream philosophy of mathematics.
Education
After receiving a B.A. in English literature from Harvard University in 1946, Hersh spent a decade writing for Scientific American and working as a machinist. After losing his right thumb when working with a band saw, he decided to study mathematics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. In 1962, he was awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics from New York University; his advisor was P.D. Lax. He was affiliated with the University of New Mexico since 1964, where he was professor emeritus.
Academic career
Hersh wrote a number of technical articles on partial differential equations, probability, random evolutions (example), and linear operator equations. He was the co-author of four articles in Scientific American, and 12 articles in the Mathematical Intelligencer.
Hersh was best known as the co-author with Philip J. Davis of The Mathematical Experience (1981), which won a National Book Award in Science. Hersh and Martin Davis won the 1984 Chauvenet Prize for their Scientific American article on Hilbert's tenth problem.
Hersh advocated what he called a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombineering
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Recombineering (recombination-mediated genetic engineering) is a genetic and molecular biology technique based on homologous recombination systems, as opposed to the older/more common method of using restriction enzymes and ligases to combine DNA sequences in a specified order. Recombineering is widely used for bacterial genetics, in the generation of target vectors for making a conditional mouse knockout, and for modifying DNA of any source often contained on a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), among other applications.
Development
Although developed in bacteria, much of the inspiration for recombineering techniques came from methods first developed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae where a linear plasmid was used to target genes or clone genes off the chromosome. In addition, recombination with single-strand oligonucleotides (oligos) was first shown in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombination was observed to take place with oligonucleotides as short as 20 bases.
Recombineering is based on homologous recombination in Escherichia coli mediated by bacteriophage proteins, either RecE/RecT from Rac prophage or Redαβδ from bacteriophage lambda. The lambda Red recombination system is now most commonly used and the first demonstrations of Red in vivo genetic engineering were independently made by Kenan Murphy and Francis Stewart. However, Murphy's experiments required expression of RecA and also employed long homology arms. Consequently, the implications for a new DNA enginee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20S.%20Lee
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David S. Lee (李信麟; pinyin: Lǐ Xìnlín) is the CEO, president and Chairman of the Board of eOn Communications Corporation, a telecom services company based in Kennesaw, Georgia. Lee was born in China around 1938.
Education
Lee received a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Montana State University in 1960. He obtained an M.S. in the same field from North Dakota State University. He has received an honorary doctorate from Montana State University in 1993.
Career
Lee has served as the CEO of eOn Communications Corporation since 2003 and has performed as the Chairman of the board of that company since 1991. From 1985 to 1988, Lee was President and Chairman of Data Technology Corporation, a computer peripheral company. Prior to 1985, he was Group Executive and Chairman of the Business Information Systems Group of ITT Corporation. He was also President of ITT subsidiary ITT Qume, formerly Qume Corporation, a computer systems peripherals company which Lee co-founded in 1973 prior to its acquisition by ITT Corporation in 1978.
Lee serves on the corporate boards of ESS Technology, Inc., Linear Technology, iBassis and Daily Wellness Company.
Public service
Lee was appointed to the board of the Regents of the University of California in 1994 and served his full term which ended 2006. He has also been a member of the Board of Governors for California Community Colleges.
He was an advisor to Presidents Bush and Clinton on the Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiation (O
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20algebra
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In theoretical physics, a constraint algebra is a linear space of all constraints and all of their polynomial functions or functionals whose action on the physical vectors of the Hilbert space should be equal to zero.
For example, in electromagnetism, the equation for the Gauss' law
is an equation of motion that does not include any time derivatives. This is why it is counted as a constraint, not a dynamical equation of motion. In quantum electrodynamics, one first constructs a Hilbert space in which Gauss' law does not hold automatically. The true Hilbert space of physical states is constructed as a subspace of the original Hilbert space of vectors that satisfy
In more general theories, the constraint algebra may be a noncommutative algebra.
See also
First class constraints
References
Quantum mechanics
Quantum field theory
String theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan%20Malik
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Kenan Malik (born 26 January 1960) is an Indian-born British writer, lecturer and broadcaster, trained in neurobiology and the history of science. As an academic author, his focus is on the philosophy of biology, and contemporary theories of multiculturalism, pluralism, and race. These topics are core concerns in The Meaning of Race (1996), Man, Beast and Zombie (2000) and Strange Fruit: Why Both Sides Are Wrong in the Race Debate (2008).
Malik's work contains a forthright defence of the values of the 18th-century Enlightenment, which he sees as having been distorted and misunderstood in more recent political and scientific thought. He was shortlisted for the Orwell Prize in 2010.
Career
Malik was born in Secunderabad, Telangana, India and brought up in Manchester, England. He studied neurobiology at the University of Sussex and History of Science at Imperial College, London. In between, he was a research psychologist at the Centre for Research into Perception and Cognition (CRPC) at the University of Sussex.
He has given lectures or seminars at a number of universities, including University of Cambridge (Department of Biological Anthropology); University of Oxford (St. Antony's College, Blavatnik School of Government and the Department for Continuing Education); the Institute of Historical Research, London; Goldsmiths College, University of London (Department of Social Anthropology); University of Liverpool (Department of Politics); Nottingham Trent University; University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran%20HaCohen
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Ran HaCohen (; born 1964) is an Israeli scholar, university teacher, and translator known for his strong criticism of Israel's policies. Having graduated from university with a B.A. in Computer Science, an M.A. in Comparative Literature and a Ph.D. in Jewish Studies, he works as a literary translator of German, English and Dutch and Ethiopic. Occasionally, he writes for the Antiwar.com website.
Awards and recognition
In 2010, HaCohen was awarded the Tchernichovsky Prize for exemplary translation for his Hebrew translation of the Ethiopian national epic, Kebra Nagast.
In 2020, HaCohen was awarded the Dutch Foundation for Literature’s Translation Prize in recognition of his excellent translations of both classic and contemporary Dutch fiction into Hebrew, and his important role as an intermediary on behalf of Dutch literature in Israel.
References
External links
Tel Aviv University page
Letter from Israel
1964 births
Living people
Israeli political writers
Israeli literary critics
Israeli translators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze%20operator
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In quantum physics, the squeeze operator for a single mode of the electromagnetic field is
where the operators inside the exponential are the ladder operators. It is a unitary operator and therefore obeys , where is the identity operator.
Its action on the annihilation and creation operators produces
The squeeze operator is ubiquitous in quantum optics and can operate on any state. For example, when acting upon the vacuum, the squeezing operator produces the squeezed vacuum state.
The squeezing operator can also act on coherent states and produce squeezed coherent states. The squeezing operator does not commute with the displacement operator:
nor does it commute with the ladder operators, so one must pay close attention to how the operators are used. There is, however, a simple braiding relation,
Application of both operators above on the vacuum produces squeezed coherent states:
.
Derivation of action on creation operator
As mentioned above, the action of the squeeze operator on the annihilation operator can be written as To derive this equality, let us define the (skew-Hermitian) operator , so that .
The left hand side of the equality is thus . We can now make use of the general equality which holds true for any pair of operators and . To compute thus reduces to the problem of computing the repeated commutators between and .
As can be readily verified, we haveUsing these equalities, we obtain
so that finally we get
See also
Squeezed coherent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodobenzene
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Iodobenzene is an organoiodine compound consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one iodine atom. It is useful as a synthetic intermediate in organic chemistry. It is a volatile colorless liquid, although aged samples appear yellowish.
Preparation
Iodobenzene is commercially available, or it can be prepared in the laboratory from aniline via the diazotization reaction. In the first step, the amine functional group is diazotized with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. Potassium iodide is added to the resultant phenyldiazonium chloride, causing nitrogen gas to evolve. The product is separated by steam distillation.
Alternatively, it can be produced by refluxing iodine and nitric acid with benzene.
Reactions
Since the C–I bond is weaker than C–Br or C–Cl, iodobenzene is more reactive than bromobenzene or chlorobenzene. Iodobenzene reacts readily with magnesium to form the Grignard reagent, phenylmagnesium iodide. Phenylmagnesium iodide, like the bromide analog, is a synthetic equivalent for the phenyl anion synthon. Iodobenzene reacts with chlorine to give the complex, iodobenzene dichloride, which is used as a solid source of chlorine.
Iodobenzene can also serve as a substrate for the Sonogashira coupling, Heck reaction, and other metal-catalyzed couplings. These reactions proceed via the oxidative addition of iodobenzene.
See also
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Bromobenzene
References
Further reading
Gattermann-Wieland, "Laboratory Methods of Organic Chemistry," p.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20tangent
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In mathematics, particularly calculus, a vertical tangent is a tangent line that is vertical. Because a vertical line has infinite slope, a function whose graph has a vertical tangent is not differentiable at the point of tangency.
Limit definition
A function ƒ has a vertical tangent at x = a if the difference quotient used to define the derivative has infinite limit:
The first case corresponds to an upward-sloping vertical tangent, and the second case to a downward-sloping vertical tangent. The graph of ƒ has a vertical tangent at x = a if the derivative of ƒ at a is either positive or negative infinity.
For a continuous function, it is often possible to detect a vertical tangent by taking the limit of the derivative. If
then ƒ must have an upward-sloping vertical tangent at x = a. Similarly, if
then ƒ must have a downward-sloping vertical tangent at x = a. In these situations, the vertical tangent to ƒ appears as a vertical asymptote on the graph of the derivative.
Vertical cusps
Closely related to vertical tangents are vertical cusps. This occurs when the one-sided derivatives are both infinite, but one is positive and the other is negative. For example, if
then the graph of ƒ will have a vertical cusp that slopes up on the left side and down on the right side.
As with vertical tangents, vertical cusps can sometimes be detected for a continuous function by examining the limit of the derivative. For example, if
then the graph of ƒ will have a vertical cusp at x =
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grob%20fragmentation
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In chemistry, a Grob fragmentation is an elimination reaction that breaks a neutral aliphatic chain into three fragments: a positive ion spanning atoms 1 and 2 (the "electrofuge"), an unsaturated neutral fragment spanning positions 3 and 4, and a negative ion (the "nucleofuge") comprising the rest of the chain.
For example, the positive ion may be a carbenium, carbonium or acylium ion; the neutral fragment could be an alkene, alkyne, or imine; and the negative fragment could be a tosyl or hydroxyl ion:
The reaction is named for the Swiss chemist .
Alternately, atom 1 could begin as an anion, in which case it becomes neutral rather than going from neutral to cationic.
History
An early instance of fragmentation is the dehydration of di(tert-butyl)methanol yielding 2-methyl-2-butene and isobutene, a reaction described in 1933 by Frank C. Whitmore. This reaction proceeds by formation of a secondary carbocation followed by a rearrangement reaction to a more stable tertiary carbocation and elimination of a t-butyl cation:
Albert Eschenmoser in 1952 investigated the base catalysed fragmentation of certain beta hydroxy ketones:
The original work by Grob (1955) concerns the formation of 1,5-hexadiene from cis- or trans-1,4-dibromocyclohexane by sodium metal:
According to reviewers Prantz and Mulzer (2010), the name Grob fragmentation was chosen "in more or less glaring disregard of the earlier contributions".
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism varies with reactant and r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge%20Godard
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Serge Godard (born 25 March 1936) is a French politician. He represented the French department of Puy-de-Dôme in the French Senate from September 1998 to September 2001 and again from March 2010 to September 2011.
Born in Gerzat, Puy-de-Dôme, he studied in Clermont-Ferrand, Sedan, Lille then Paris and in 1966, he received the diploma of physics doctorate. Between 1971 and 1976, he was the headmaster of "observatoire de physique" in Clermont-Ferrand and become a professor in Blaise Pascal University until 1996.
When Godard was eight, his mother Simone was sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
From 4 July 1997 to 22 April 2014, he was the mayor of Clermont-Ferrand, succeeding Roger Quilliot and preceding Olivier Bianchi.
Godard was defeated when he ran for reelection to the Senate in 2001. He did not run for reelection in 2011. He was a member of the French Socialist Party.
References
1936 births
Living people
People from Puy-de-Dôme
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Puy-de-Dôme
French general councillors
Mayors of Clermont-Ferrand
Academic staff of Blaise Pascal University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Gauthier
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Jacques Armand Gauthier (born June 7, 1948, in New York City) is an American vertebrate paleontologist, comparative morphologist, and systematist, and one of the founders of the use of cladistics in biology.
Life and career
Gauthier is the son of Edward Paul Gauthier and Patricia Marie Grogan. He received a B.S. degree in zoology at San Diego State University in 1973, a master's in biological science at the same institute in 1980, and a PhD in paleontology from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1984. Currently he is a professor of geology and geophysics and ecology and evolutionary biology and curator of vertebrate paleontology and vertebrate zoology at Yale University. His master's thesis, the content of which was published in 1982, is a classic work on the paleontology and phylogeny of the lizard clade Anguimorpha that remains a core reference for morphological research on Xenosauridae and Anguidae in particular. His PhD thesis constituted the first major cladistic analysis of Diapsida, as well as arguing for the monophyly of the dinosaurs. He followed this with an important paper on the origin of birds from theropods. This was the first detailed cladistic analysis of the theropod dinosaurs, and initiated a revolution in dinosaur phylogenetics, in which cladistics replaced the Linnaean system in the classification and phylogenetic understanding of the dinosaurs.
Gauthier's corpus contributed the foundational phylogenetic studies of Archosauria and Lepidosauria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement%20operator
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In the quantum mechanics study of optical phase space, the displacement operator for one mode is the shift operator in quantum optics,
,
where is the amount of displacement in optical phase space, is the complex conjugate of that displacement, and and are the lowering and raising operators, respectively.
The name of this operator is derived from its ability to displace a localized state in phase space by a magnitude . It may also act on the vacuum state by displacing it into a coherent state. Specifically,
where is a coherent state, which is an eigenstate of the annihilation (lowering) operator.
Properties
The displacement operator is a unitary operator, and therefore obeys
,
where is the identity operator. Since , the hermitian conjugate of the displacement operator can also be interpreted as a displacement of opposite magnitude (). The effect of applying this operator in a similarity transformation of the ladder operators results in their displacement.
The product of two displacement operators is another displacement operator whose total displacement, up to a phase factor, is the sum of the two individual displacements. This can be seen by utilizing the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula.
which shows us that:
When acting on an eigenket, the phase factor appears in each term of the resulting state, which makes it physically irrelevant.
It further leads to the braiding relation
Alternative expressions
The Kermack-McCrae identity gives two alternative ways to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexibility%20%28engineering%29
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Flexibility is used as an attribute of various types of systems. In the field of engineering systems design, it refers to designs that can adapt when external changes occur. Flexibility has been defined differently in many fields of engineering, architecture, biology, economics, etc. In the context of engineering design one can define flexibility as the ability of a system to respond to potential internal or external changes affecting its value delivery, in a timely and cost-effective manner. Thus, flexibility for an engineering system is the ease with which the system can respond to uncertainty in a manner to sustain or increase its value delivery. Uncertainty is a key element in the definition of flexibility. Uncertainty can create both risks and opportunities in a system, and it is with the existence of uncertainty that flexibility becomes valuable.
Flexible Manufacturing System
Flexibility has been especially thoroughly studied for manufacturing systems. For manufacturing science eleven different classes of flexibility have been identified [Browne, 1984], [Sethi and Sethi, 1990]:
Machine flexibility - The different operation types that a machine can perform.
Material handling flexibility - The ability to move the products within a manufacturing facility.
Operation flexibility - The ability to produce a product in different ways.
Process flexibility - The set of products that the system can produce.
Product flexibility - The ability to add new products in the syste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specht%20module
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In mathematics, a Specht module is one of the representations of symmetric groups studied by .
They are indexed by partitions, and in characteristic 0 the Specht modules of partitions of n form a complete set of irreducible representations of the symmetric group on n points.
Definition
Fix a partition λ of n and a commutative ring k. The partition determines a Young diagram with n boxes. A Young tableau of shape λ is a way of labelling the boxes of this Young diagram by distinct numbers .
A tabloid is an equivalence class of Young tableaux where two labellings are equivalent if one is obtained from the other by permuting the entries of each row. For each Young tableau T of shape λ let be the corresponding tabloid. The symmetric group on n points acts on the set of Young tableaux of shape λ. Consequently, it acts on tabloids, and on the free k-module V with the tabloids as basis.
Given a Young tableau T of shape λ, let
where QT is the subgroup of permutations, preserving (as sets) all columns of T and is the sign of the permutation σ. The Specht module of the partition λ is the module generated by the elements ET as T runs through all tableaux of shape λ.
The Specht module has a basis of elements ET for T a standard Young tableau.
A gentle introduction to the construction of the Specht module may be found in Section 1 of "Specht Polytopes and Specht Matroids".
Structure
The dimension of the Specht module is the number of standard Young tableaux of shape .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate%20Palaeontology%20%28book%29
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Vertebrate Palaeontology is a basic textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Michael J. Benton, published by Blackwell's. It has so far appeared in four editions, published in 1990, 1997, 2005, and 2015. It is designed for paleontology graduate courses in biology and geology as well as for the interested layman.
The book is widely used, and has received excellent reviews:
"This book is a ′must′ for a biology or geology student and researcher concerned by palaeontology. It perfectly succeeds in showing how palaeobiological information is obtained". Review of 3rd edition, Zentrallblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie, 2007.
"One anticipates that Benton's Vertebrate Palaeontology will become the 'industry standard', and as such it should occupy space on the shelves of all involved in undergraduate teaching". Ivan Sansom, School of Earth Sciences, University of Birmingham. Review of the 2nd edition for the Micropalaeontological Society.
"... his expertise in a range of problems of vertebrate paleontology is amazing. As a result the contents of his book [are] very well balanced". Jerzy Dzik, Instytut Palaeobiologii PAN, Warsaw. Review of the 3rd edition for the Journal of Sedimentary Research.
The book gives an overall account of every major group of living and fossil vertebrate. At the rear of the book is a phylogenetic classification which combines both the Linnaean hierarchy and the cladistic arrangement, and has been used as a guideline for the Wikipedia pages on living an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda%20Lapidot
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Yehuda Lapidot (born August 13, 1928) is an Israeli historian, former professor of biochemistry, and veteran of the Zionist militia Irgun.
Yehuda Lapidot was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1928. At age 15, he joined Irgun, taking the nom de guerre "Nimrod". He was active in the Irgun's Combat Corps (Hayil Kravi), and was responsible for maintaining weapons arsenals in Ramat Gan and Bnei Brak.
During the Jewish insurgency in Palestine, he took part in anti-British operations. In April 1946, he participated in a major operation to sabotage the railway network in southern Palestine, and was severely wounded in the arm. While recuperating from his injury, which prevented him from using a gun, he worked in the Irgun's propaganda department, where he was director of its foreign press section. In 1947, he was transferred to Jerusalem, and served as a commander during the 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. Initially, his role was to train new recruits. His most notable action during this period was taking part in a joint Irgun-Lehi attack on the Arab village of Deir Yassin, it what would later become known as the Deir Yassin massacre. After Benzion Cohen, the overall Irgun commander of the operation, was wounded, he took charge of the Irgun force and led it through most of the fighting.
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, he served as a company commander, and took part in fighting at Ramat Rachel and in Operation Kedem, during which he led a unit that was part of the final
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout%20%28well%20drilling%29
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A blowout is the uncontrolled release of crude oil and/or natural gas from an oil well or gas well after pressure control systems have failed. Modern wells have blowout preventers intended to prevent such an occurrence. An accidental spark during a blowout can lead to a catastrophic oil or gas fire.
Prior to the advent of pressure control equipment in the 1920s, the uncontrolled release of oil and gas from a well while drilling was common and was known as an oil gusher, gusher or wild well.
History
Gushers were an icon of oil exploration during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During that era, the simple drilling techniques, such as cable-tool drilling, and the lack of blowout preventers meant that drillers could not control high-pressure reservoirs. When these high-pressure zones were breached, the oil or natural gas would travel up the well at a high rate, forcing out the drill string and creating a gusher. A well which began as a gusher was said to have "blown in": for instance, the Lakeview Gusher blew in in 1910. These uncapped wells could produce large amounts of oil, often shooting or higher into the air. A blowout primarily composed of natural gas was known as a gas gusher.
Despite being symbols of new-found wealth, gushers were dangerous and wasteful. They killed workmen involved in drilling, destroyed equipment, and coated the landscape with thousands of barrels of oil; additionally, the explosive concussion released by the well when it pierces an oil/ga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg-eating%20snake
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Egg-eating snake can refer to six different species of snake, found within two genera:
Dasypeltis, the group of African egg-eating snakes
Indian egg-eating snake (Elachistodon westermanni)
Animal common name disambiguation pages
Biology disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary%20ring
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In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as module theory, a ring R is called hereditary if all submodules of projective modules over R are again projective. If this is required only for finitely generated submodules, it is called semihereditary.
For a noncommutative ring R, the terms left hereditary and left semihereditary and their right hand versions are used to distinguish the property on a single side of the ring. To be left (semi-)hereditary, all (finitely generated) submodules of projective left R-modules must be projective, and similarly to be right (semi-)hereditary all (finitely generated) submodules of projective right R-modules must be projective. It is possible for a ring to be left (semi-)hereditary but not right (semi-)hereditary and vice versa.
Equivalent definitions
The ring R is left (semi-)hereditary if and only if all (finitely generated) left ideals of R are projective modules.
The ring R is left hereditary if and only if all left modules have projective resolutions of length at most 1. This is equivalent to saying that the left global dimension is at most 1. Hence the usual derived functors such as and are trivial for .
Examples
Semisimple rings are left and right hereditary via the equivalent definitions: all left and right ideals are summands of R, and hence are projective. By a similar token, in a von Neumann regular ring every finitely generated left and right ideal is a direct summand of R, and so von Neumann reg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliated%20operator
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In mathematics, affiliated operators were introduced by Murray and von Neumann in the theory of von Neumann algebras as a technique for using unbounded operators to study modules generated by a single vector. Later Atiyah and Singer showed that index theorems for elliptic operators on closed manifolds with infinite fundamental group could naturally be phrased in terms of unbounded operators affiliated with the von Neumann algebra of the group. Algebraic properties of affiliated operators have proved important in L2 cohomology, an area between analysis and geometry that evolved from the study of such index theorems.
Definition
Let M be a von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space H. A closed and densely defined operator A is said to be affiliated with M if A commutes with every unitary operator U in the commutant of M. Equivalent conditions
are that:
each unitary U in M should leave invariant the graph of A defined by .
the projection onto G(A) should lie in M2(M).
each unitary U in M''' should carry D(A), the domain of A, onto itself and satisfy UAU* = A there.
each unitary U in M should commute with both operators in the polar decomposition of A.
The last condition follows by uniqueness of the polar decomposition. If A has a polar decomposition
it says that the partial isometry V should lie in M and that the positive self-adjoint operator |A| should be affiliated with M. However, by the spectral theorem, a positive self-adjoint operator commutes with a unitary opera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcobalamin
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Methylcobalamin (mecobalamin, MeCbl, or MeB) is a cobalamin, a form of vitamin B. It differs from cyanocobalamin in that the cyano group at the cobalt is replaced with a methyl group. Methylcobalamin features an octahedral cobalt(III) centre and can be obtained as bright red crystals. From the perspective of coordination chemistry, methylcobalamin is notable as a rare example of a compound that contains metal–alkyl bonds. Nickel–methyl intermediates have been proposed for the final step of methanogenesis.
Methylcobalamin is equivalent physiologically to vitamin B, and can be used to prevent or treat pathology arising from a lack of vitamin B intake (vitamin B12 deficiency).
Methylcobalamin is also used in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and as a preliminary treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Methylcobalamin that is ingested is not used directly as a cofactor, but is first converted by MMACHC into cob(II)alamin. Cob(II)alamin is then later converted into the other two forms, adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin for use as cofactors. That is, methylcobalamin is first dealkylated and then regenerated.
According to one author, it is important to treat vitamin B deficiency with hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin or a combination of adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin, and not methylcobalamin alone.
Production
Methylcobalamin can be produced in the laboratory by reducing cyanocobalamin with sodium borohydride in alkaline solution, f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Whitman%20Bailey
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Jacob Whitman Bailey (1811–1857) was an American naturalist, known as the pioneer in microscopic research in America.
Biography
Jacob Whitman Bailey was born in Auburn, Massachusetts on April 29, 1811, and in 1832 graduated at West Point, where, after 1834, he was successively assistant professor, acting professor, and professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. At West Point he studied with John Torrey. He devised various improvements in the construction of the microscope and made an extensive collection of microscopic objects and of algae, which he left to the Boston Society of Natural History. In 1857 he was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as well as a member of the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, a precursor to the Smithsonian Institution. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) in 1845. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1852.
Bailey and his son William were survivors of the steamboat Henry Clay disaster on July 28, 1852, though his wife and daughter, both named Maria, were among the casualties.
He wrote many articles on scientific subjects for the American Journal of Science and for scientific societies, a report on the infusorial fossils of California, and a valuable volume of Microscopical Sketches, containing 3000 original figures.
Bailey died on February 26, 1857, at the beginning of his term of office as President of the AAAS. On Au
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20Caswell
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Alexis Caswell (January 29, 1799 – January 8, 1877) was an American educator, born in Taunton, Massachusetts. He graduated Brown University in 1822, and entered the Baptist ministry.
Career
Caswell was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Brown University from 1828 to 1850, and of mathematics and astronomy from 1850 to 1864. Professor Caswell was president of Brown University from 1868 to 1872. He was one of the founders of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and served as its President in 1857.
Besides several papers on meteorology in the Reports of the Smithsonian Institution, he wrote The Life of Francis Wayland, a Textbook on Astronomy, and a Memorial of John Barstow (1864).
Family
Caswell was the son of Samuel (1760–1851) and Polly Foster Seaver Caswell (1768–1818). Through his father, he is a direct descendant of Peregrine White, the first baby boy born aboard the Mayflower while it was anchored at the Massachusetts harbor.
On May 17, 1830, Caswell married Esther Lois Thompson (September 1, 1802 – June 25, 1850) of Providence, the daughter of Edward Kinnicutt Thompson and his wife, Sarah Kuhn Swope/Swoope Thompson. She was a 3rd great-granddaughter of Roger Kinnicutt, who was born in England and emigrated to America around 1635. Her distant cousins include G. Hermann Kinnicutt and Chevy Chase.
They had at least six children:
Sarah Swope Caswell (1831–1903), who married James Burrill Angell
Mary Thompson Caswell (1832–1832)
Edw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorotation
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In chemistry, a pseudorotation is a set of intramolecular movements of attached groups (i.e., ligands) on a highly symmetric molecule, leading to a molecule indistinguishable from the initial one. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines a pseudorotation as a "stereoisomerization resulting in a structure that appears to have been produced by rotation of the entire initial molecule", the result of which is a "product" that is "superposable on the initial one, unless different positions are distinguished by substitution, including isotopic substitution."
Well-known examples are the intramolecular isomerization of trigonal bipyramidal compounds by the Berry pseudorotation mechanism, and the out-of-plane motions of carbon atoms exhibited by cyclopentane, leading to the interconversions it experiences between its many possible conformers (envelope, twist). Note, no angular momentum is generated by this motion. In these and related examples, a small displacement of the atomic positions leads to a loss of symmetry until the symmetric product re-forms (see image example below), where these displacements are typically along low-energy pathways. The Berry mechanism refers to the facile interconversion of axial and equatorial ligand in types of compounds, e.g. D3h-symmetric (shown). Finally, in a formal sense, the term pseudorotation is intended to refer exclusively to dynamics in symmetrical molecules, though mechanisms of the same type are invoked for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve%20%28category%20theory%29
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In category theory, a discipline within mathematics, the nerve N(C) of a small category C is a simplicial set constructed from the objects and morphisms of C. The geometric realization of this simplicial set is a topological space, called the classifying space of the category C. These closely related objects can provide information about some familiar and useful categories using algebraic topology, most often homotopy theory.
Motivation
The nerve of a category is often used to construct topological versions of moduli spaces. If X is an object of C, its moduli space should somehow encode all objects isomorphic to X and keep track of the various isomorphisms between all of these objects in that category. This can become rather complicated, especially if the objects have many non-identity automorphisms. The nerve provides a combinatorial way of organizing this data. Since simplicial sets have a good homotopy theory, one can ask questions about the meaning of the various homotopy groups πn(N(C)). One hopes that the answers to such questions provide interesting information about the original category C, or about related categories.
The notion of nerve is a direct generalization of the classical notion of classifying space of a discrete group; see below for details.
Construction
Let C be a small category. There is a 0-simplex of N(C) for each object of C. There is a 1-simplex for each morphism f : x → y in C. Now suppose that f: x → y and g : y → z are morphisms in C. Then w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advantage
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Advantage may refer to:
Advantage (debate), an argument structure in competitive debate
Mechanical advantage, in engineering, the ratio of output force to input force on a system
Advantage of terrain, in military use, a superiority in elevation over an opposing force
Advantage (cryptography), a measure of the effectiveness of an enemy's code-breaking effort
Sport
Advantage, in tennis terminology, when one player needs one more point to win the game
Advantage in football and rugby; decision made by officials in a game not to stop play after a rule infringement, because the opposing side has a better position if play continues normally. See, for example, entries in glossaries of association football, rugby union, and rugby league terms
Arts and entertainment
Advantage (film), a 1977 Bulgarian film
The Advantage : Why Organizational Health Trumps Everything Else in Business, book by Patrick Lencioni
Music
Advantage (album), a 1983 post-punk album by the English band Clock DVA
Advantage (band), an English brass rock band (fl. 2000s)
The Advantage (band)
The Advantage (album)
Ships
HMS Advantage, one of three ships of the British Navy
Brands
Advantage Database Server, a database product from Sybase iAnywhere
Imidacloprid (Advantage or Advantage Flea Killer), a flea poison for pets
Gillig Advantage, a low-floor transit bus
Advantage, later known as Alpen Wheat Flakes, a breakfast cereal
Advantage Rent a Car, a car rental company
GP Advantage, a brand of printe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochirality
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In stereochemistry, cryptochirality is a special case of chirality in which a molecule is chiral but its specific rotation is non-measurable. The underlying reason for the lack of rotation is the specific electronic properties of the molecule. The term was introduced by Kurt Mislow in 1977.
For example, the alkane 5-ethyl-5-propylundecane found in certain species of Phaseolus vulgaris is chiral at its central quaternary carbon, but neither enantiomeric form has any observable optical rotation:
It is still possible to distinguish between the two enantiomers by using them in asymmetric synthesis of another chemical whose stereochemical nature can be measured. For example, the Soai reaction of 2-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde with diisopropylzinc performed in the presence of 5-ethyl-5-propylundecane forms a secondary alcohol with a high enantiomeric excess based on the major enantiomer of the alkane that was used.
Even a slight enantiomeric excess of the alkane is rapidly amplified due to the autocatalytic nature of this reaction.
Cryptochirality also occurs in polymeric systems growing from chiral initiators, for example in dendrimers having lobes of different sizes attached to a central core.
The term is also used to describe a situation where an enantiomeric excess lies far below the observational horizon, but is still relevant, e.g. in highly enantiosensitive, self-amplifying reactions.
References
Stereochemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIC
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FIC may refer to:
Federazione Italiana Canottaggio (Italian Rowing Federation)
Falkland Islands Company
Fascia iliaca block
Family Institute of Connecticut
Family integrated church
Federation of Irish Cyclists
Feline idiopathic cystitis
Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry
Fellowship for Intentional Community, in the United States
Fiction
Fanfiction
First International Computer a Taiwanese electronics manufacturer
Flight Information Centre, in Canada
Focused information criterion
Fortifications Interpretation Centre, in Malta
Forum international de la cybersécurité, in France
Found in collection
Fox International Channels
Fraser International College, in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
John E. Fogarty International Center, part of the United States National Institutes of Health
Fully industrialised country (FIC)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliahu%20I.%20Jury
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Eliahu Ibrahim Jury (May 23, 1923 – September 20, 2020) was an Iraqi-born American engineer. He received his the E.E. degree from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Mandatory Palestine (now, Israel), in 1947, the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, in 1949, and the Sc.D. degree degree from Columbia University of New York City in 1953. He was professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Miami.
He developed the advanced Z-transform, used in digital control systems and signal processing. He was the creator of the Jury stability criterion, which is named after him.
He was a Life Fellow of the IEEE and received the Rufus Oldenburger Medal from the ASME, the First Education Award of IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and the IEEE Millennium Medal. In 1993 he received the AACC's Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award.
Bibliography
Theory and Application of the z-Transform Method, John Wiley and Sons, 1964.
Inners and stability of dynamic systems, John Wiley & Sons, 1974
References
1923 births
2020 deaths
21st-century American engineers
Academics from Baghdad
Iraqi emigrants to the United States
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Control theorists
Iraqi engineers
People of Iraqi-Jewish descent
Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award recipients
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
University of Miami faculty
Technion – Israel Inst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Devlin%20%28entrepreneur%29
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Mike Devlin is a U.S. entrepreneur who co-founded Rational Software Corporation, a software development company based in Lexington, Massachusetts.
Devlin graduated from the United States Air Force Academy 1977 after studying electrical engineering and computer science. He completed an M.S. in computer science at Stanford University the following year.
As CEO of Rational, Devlin oversaw the acquisition of several companies, including Objectory AB (1995), and Catapulse (2001), a start-up which was funded by Rational, in conjunction with Benchmark Capital.
In 2003, Rational Software was acquired by IBM for 2.1 billion dollars (U.S), a move that saw Devlin become general manager with IBM. He retired from the company two years later.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Favis-Mortlock
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David T. Favis-Mortlock is an English geomorphologist and musician.
Born David Mortlock on 27 August 1953, he grew up in Barking, Essex, UK, later moving to Basildon New Town, where he attended Barstable School. He studied environmental sciences at Lancaster University, graduating in 1975. After several years as a musician, he commenced a PhD study on soil erosion modeling at Brighton Polytechnic, under the supervision of geomorphologist John Boardman. Subsequently, he worked with Boardman at the University of Oxford's Environmental Change Unit (now the Environmental Change Institute).
Publications include the first quantitative study of the impact of climate change on soil erosion by water, and a novel modelling study of soil erosion in prehistory together with archaeologist Martin Bell. In 1996 he developed a self-organising systems model for rill initiation and development, RillGrow. He is also responsible for the Soil Erosion website. Favis-Mortlock was elected a Council Member for the British Society of Soil Science, 2001–2003, and a member of the Executive Committee of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 2003-2006. Until 2010 he was a lecturer at Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland. He then returned to the Environmental Change Institute until 2020, and is currently a visiting researcher at the British Geological Survey.
He is married to fellow musician and painter Joanna Davies; they live near Crickadarn, Powys. His stepson Reuben Beau Davies is an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Lawrence%20Smith%20%28chemist%29
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John Lawrence Smith (December 17, 1818 – October 12, 1883) was an American chemist and mineralogist.
He published extensively on analytical chemistry and mineralogy, including Mineralogy and Chemistry, Original Researches (1873; enlarged with biographical sketches, 1884). His collection of meteorites was the finest in the United States, and upon his death, he passed it to Harvard.
The J. Lawrence Smith Medal is named in his honor.
Education
J. Lawrence Smith was reportedly born either near Charleston, South Carolina, or in Louisville, Kentucky.
He was educated at the University of Virginia, he entered the Medical College of South Carolina, receiving a medical degree in 1840. His graduation thesis was an essay on the "Compound Nature of Nitrogen."
He then went to Europe to continue his studies. In Paris he studied widely, taking classes in chemistry, toxicology, physics, mineralogy and geology. His teachers there included Théophile-Jules Pelouze. After meeting Justus von Liebig in Giessen, Germany, he spent his summers studying in Giessen and his winters studying in Paris.
Career
By 1843, he had returned to the United States.
In 1844 he began the practice of medicine at Charleston. In 1846, he helped to establish the Medical and Surgical Journal of South Carolina.
His tastes, however, clearly tended more towards chemical analysis than towards medicine. He spent much of his time improving methods for analytical chemistry, and applying them to problems in che
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fej%C3%A9r%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Fejér's theorem, named after Hungarian mathematician Lipót Fejér, states the following:
Explanation of Fejér's Theorem's
Explicitly, we can write the Fourier series of f as
where the nth partial sum of the Fourier series of f may be written as
where the Fourier coefficients are
Then, we can define
with Fn being the nth order Fejér kernel.
Then, Fejér's theorem asserts that
with uniform convergence. With the convergence written out explicitly, the above statement becomes
Proof of Fejér's Theorem
We first prove the following lemma:
Proof: Recall the definition of , the Dirichlet Kernel:We substitute the integral form of the Fourier coefficients into the formula for above
Using a change of variables we get
This completes the proof of Lemma 1.
We next prove the following lemma:
Proof: Recall the definition of the Fejér Kernel
As in the case of Lemma 1, we substitute the integral form of the Fourier coefficients into the formula for
This completes the proof of Lemma 2.
We next prove the 3rd Lemma:
This completes the proof of Lemma 3.
We are now ready to prove Fejér's Theorem. First, let us recall the statement we are trying to prove
We want to find an expression for . We begin by invoking Lemma 2:
By Lemma 3a we know that
Applying the triangle inequality yields
and by Lemma 3b, we get
We now split the integral into two parts, integrating over the two regions and .
The motivation for doing so is that we want to prove that . We can do th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion
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Cohesion may refer to:
Cohesion (chemistry), the intermolecular attraction between like-molecules
Cohesion (computer science), a measure of how well the lines of source code within a module work together
Cohesion (geology), the part of shear strength that is independent of the normal effective stress in mass movements
Cohesion (linguistics), the linguistic elements that make a discourse semantically coherent
Cohesion (social policy), the bonds between members of a community or society and life
Cohesion (album), the fourth studio album by Australian band Gyroscope
Cohesion (band), a musical group from Surrey, England
See also
Community cohesion
Structural cohesion
Cohesion number
Adhesion (disambiguation)
Coherence (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Lovering
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Joseph Lovering (25 December 1813 – 18 January 1892) was an American scientist and educator.
Biography
Lovering graduated from Harvard in 1833. In 1838, he was named Hollis Professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Harvard. He held this chair until 1888, when he was appointed Professor Emeritus, after 50 years service. He was acting regent of the university (1853–1854) and succeeded Felton as regent.
He was director of Jefferson Physical Laboratory from 1884 to 1888, and was associated with the Harvard College Observatory, especially in the joint observations of the United States and the London Royal Society on terrestrial magnetism.
From 1869 to 1873 he served as corresponding secretary, from 1873 to 1880 vice president, and from 1880 to 1881 president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
He contributed to numerous scientific publications, prepared a volume on The Aurora Borealis (1873), and edited a new edition of Professor John Farrar's Electricity and Magnetism (1842).
In 1837, several Yale professors - Denison Olmsted, Alexander Twining, Elias Loomis, along with Edward Herrick had published papers supporting the existence of an annual meteor storm in August (which peaks around the 9th/10th of the month). Lovering was a strong opponent of this idea. He believed that meteor showers were related to the weather rather than "the Earth in its revolution had encroached upon a nest of meteors". He also did not believe that meteor showers r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2%20Cacciatore
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Niccolò Cacciatore (; 26 January 1770 – 28 January 1841) was an Italian astronomer.
Cacciatore was born at Casteltermini, in Sicily. While studying mathematics and physics in Palermo, he became acquainted with Giuseppe Piazzi, head of the Palermo Astronomical Observatory, and became a graduate student assistant at the observatory in 1798. Two years later, in 1800, the year before Piazzi discovered Ceres, Cacciatore was formally put on staff.
Cacciatore helped Piazzi compile the second edition of the Palermo Star Catalogue (1814). He did the bulk of the work, in fact heading the project starting in 1807. He also published works on the comets of 1807 and 1819.
Cacciatore succeeded Piazzi as director of the Palermo Observatory in 1817. As such, his most notable observation was the discovery of globular cluster NGC 6541 on 19 March 1826. The observatory was attacked, and he was imprisoned, during the Sicilian Revolution of 1820, but he survived to restore the facility and lead it for two more decades.
In addition to astronomy, he was an expert on meteorology, and wrote a number of books on the subject. Further, after the political troubles of 1820, he served as a member of the legislature of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Cacciatore was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1837.
He married Emmanuela Martini in 1812, with whom he had five children. His son, Gaetano, succeeded him as director of the observatory.
Sualocin and Rota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Frederick%20Barker
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George Frederick Barker (July 14, 1835, in Charlestown, Massachusetts – May 24, 1910) was an American physician and scientist. He graduated from the Yale Scientific School in 1858. He was successively chemical assistant in Harvard Medical School in 1858–1859 and 1860–1861, professor of chemistry and geology in Wheaton (Ill.) College. In 1864 he became the Professor of Natural Science at the Western University of Pennsylvania, now known as the University of Pittsburgh, where he undertook experiments to produce electric light by passing the current through a resisting filament which he claimed was "the first steady electric light generated in Pittsburgh, if not in the country". He subsequently went to Yale as a professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology, and later was a professor of physics at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1879–1900, when he became emeritus professor. He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1879; president of the American Chemical Society; vice-president of the American Philosophical Society (elected 1873) for 10 years; a member of the United States Electrical Commission; and for several years an associate editor of the American Journal of Science. He lectured in many cities and wrote a Text-Book of Elementary Chemistry (1870); a Physics (1892); and more.
In a history of the University of Pennsylvania published upon its bicentennial in 1940, the historian Edward Potts Cheyney recalled the piecemeal e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lerner
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Richard Alan Lerner (August 26, 1938 – December 2, 2021) was an American research chemist. He was best known for his work on catalytic antibodies and combinatorial antibody libraries. Lerner served as President of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) from 1987 until January 1, 2012, and was a member of its Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, in La Jolla, California.
Biography
Lerner grew up on the South Side of Chicago and excelled at chemistry and wrestling as a schoolboy. He attended Hirsch High School. After attending Northwestern University as an undergraduate, Lerner obtained an MD from Stanford Medical School in 1964, then undertook postdoctoral training at Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, an early incarnation of the institute he would eventually lead. In the 1970s Lerner carried out research at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia then returned to La Jolla to the now renamed Research Institute of Scripps Clinic. In 1982 he was appointed chairman of the Department of Molecular Biology, then five years later assumed the directorship. In 1991, when the TSRI was established as a nonprofit entity, Lerner became its first president.
Lerner's research into catalytic antibodies provided a method of catalyzing chemical reactions thought impossible using classical techniques. He was one of the pioneers in developing the field of combinatorial libraries, and in 1992, together with Sydney Brenner, he published a sentinel paper launching the field of DNA-encoded lib
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20Poisson%20equation
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In mathematics, the discrete Poisson equation is the finite difference analog of the Poisson equation. In it, the discrete Laplace operator takes the place of the Laplace operator. The discrete Poisson equation is frequently used in numerical analysis as a stand-in for the continuous Poisson equation, although it is also studied in its own right as a topic in discrete mathematics.
On a two-dimensional rectangular grid
Using the finite difference numerical method to discretize
the 2-dimensional Poisson equation (assuming a uniform spatial discretization, ) on an grid gives the following formula:
where and . The preferred arrangement of the solution vector is to use natural ordering which, prior to removing boundary elements, would look like:
This will result in an linear system:
where
is the identity matrix, and , also , is given by:
and is defined by
For each equation, the columns of correspond to a block of components in :
while the columns of to the left and right of each correspond to other blocks of components within :
and
respectively.
From the above, it can be inferred that there are block columns of in . It is important to note that prescribed values of (usually lying on the boundary) would have their corresponding elements removed from and . For the common case that all the nodes on the boundary are set, we have and , and the system would have the dimensions , where and would have dimensions .
Example
For a 3×3 ( and ) grid with a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfiability%20modulo%20theories
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In computer science and mathematical logic, satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) is the problem of determining whether a mathematical formula is satisfiable. It generalizes the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) to more complex formulas involving real numbers, integers, and/or various data structures such as lists, arrays, bit vectors, and strings. The name is derived from the fact that these expressions are interpreted within ("modulo") a certain formal theory in first-order logic with equality (often disallowing quantifiers). SMT solvers are tools that aim to solve the SMT problem for a practical subset of inputs. SMT solvers such as Z3 and cvc5 have been used as a building block for a wide range of applications across computer science, including in automated theorem proving, program analysis, program verification, and software testing.
Since Boolean satisfiability is already NP-complete, the SMT problem is typically NP-hard, and for many theories it is undecidable. Researchers study which theories or subsets of theories lead to a decidable SMT problem and the computational complexity of decidable cases. The resulting decision procedures are often implemented directly in SMT solvers; see, for instance, the decidability of Presburger arithmetic. SMT can be thought of as a constraint satisfaction problem and thus a certain formalized approach to constraint programming.
Basic terminology
Formally speaking, an SMT instance is a formula in first-order logic, where some funct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20H.%20Golub
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Gene Howard Golub (February 29, 1932 – November 16, 2007), was an American numerical analyst who taught at Stanford University as Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science and held a courtesy appointment in electrical engineering.
Personal life
Born in Chicago, he was educated at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, receiving his B.S. (1953), M.A. (1954) and Ph.D. (1959) all in mathematics. His M.A. degree was more specifically in Mathematical Statistics. His PhD dissertation was entitled "The Use of Chebyshev Matrix Polynomials in the Iterative Solution of Linear Equations Compared to the Method of Successive Overrelaxation" and his thesis adviser was Abraham Taub. Gene Golub succumbed to acute myeloid leukemia on the morning of 16 November 2007 at the Stanford Hospital.
Stanford University
He arrived at Stanford in 1962 and became a professor there in 1970. He advised more than thirty doctoral students, many of whom have themselves achieved distinction. Gene Golub was an important figure in numerical analysis and pivotal to creating the NA-Net and the NA-Digest, as well as the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
One of his best-known books is Matrix Computations,
co-authored with Charles F. Van Loan. He was a major contributor to algorithms for matrix decompositions. In particular he published an algorithm together with William Kahan in 1970 that made the computation of the singular value decomposition (SVD) feasible and that is st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admissible%20set
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In set theory, a discipline within mathematics, an admissible set is a transitive set such that is a model of Kripke–Platek set theory (Barwise 1975).
The smallest example of an admissible set is the set of hereditarily finite sets. Another example is the set of hereditarily countable sets.
See also
Admissible ordinal
References
Barwise, Jon (1975). Admissible Sets and Structures: An Approach to Definability Theory, Perspectives in Mathematical Logic, Volume 7, Springer-Verlag. Electronic version on Project Euclid.
Set theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn%20%28biochemistry%29
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A turn is an element of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain reverses its overall direction.
Definition
According to one definition, a turn is a structural motif where the Cα atoms of two residues separated by a few (usually 1 to 5) peptide bonds are close (less than ). The proximity of the terminal Cα atoms often correlates with formation of an inter main chain hydrogen bond between the corresponding residues. Such hydrogen bonding is the basis for the original, perhaps better known, turn definition. In many cases, but not all, the hydrogen-bonding and Cα-distance definitions are equivalent.
Types of turns
Turns are classified according to the separation between the two end residues:
In an α-turn the end residues are separated by four peptide bonds (i → i ± 4).
In a β-turn (the most common form), by three bonds (i → i ± 3).
In a γ-turn, by two bonds (i → i ± 2).
In a δ-turn, by one bond (i → i ± 1), which is sterically unlikely.
In a π-turn, by five bonds (i → i ± 5).
Turns are classified by their backbone dihedral angles (see Ramachandran plot). A turn can be converted into its inverse turn (in which the main chain atoms have opposite chirality) by changing the sign on its dihedral angles. (The inverse turn is not a true enantiomer since the Cα atom chirality is maintained.) Thus, the γ-turn has two forms, a classical form with (φ, ψ) dihedral angles of roughly (75°, −65°) and an inverse form with dihedral angles (−75°, 65°). At least eig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapticity
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In coordination chemistry, hapticity is the coordination of a ligand to a metal center via an uninterrupted and contiguous series of atoms. The hapticity of a ligand is described with the Greek letter η ('eta'). For example, η2 describes a ligand that coordinates through 2 contiguous atoms. In general the η-notation only applies when multiple atoms are coordinated (otherwise the κ-notation is used). In addition, if the ligand coordinates through multiple atoms that are contiguous then this is considered denticity (not hapticity), and the κ-notation is used once again. When naming complexes care should be taken not to confuse η with μ ('mu'), which relates to bridging ligands.
History
The need for additional nomenclature for organometallic compounds became apparent in the mid-1950s when Dunitz, Orgel, and Rich described the structure of the "sandwich complex" ferrocene by X-ray crystallography where an iron atom is "sandwiched" between two parallel cyclopentadienyl rings. Cotton later proposed the term hapticity derived from the adjectival prefix hapto (from the Greek haptein, to fasten, denoting contact or combination) placed before the name of the olefin, where the Greek letter η (eta) is used to denote the number of contiguous atoms of a ligand that bind to a metal center. The term is usually employed to refer to ligands containing extended π-systems or where agostic bonding is not obvious from the formula.
Historically important compounds where the ligands are descri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20F.%20Van%20Loan
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Charles Francis Van Loan (born September 20, 1947) is an emeritus professor of computer science and the Joseph C. Ford Professor of Engineering at Cornell University, He is known for his expertise in numerical analysis, especially matrix computations.
In 2016, Van Loan became the Dean of Faculty at Cornell University.
Biography
Originally from Orange, New Jersey, Van Loan attended the University of Michigan, where he obtained the B.S. in applied mathematics (1969) and the M.A. (1970) and Ph.D. (1973) in mathematics. His PhD dissertation was entitled "Generalized Singular Values with Algorithms and Applications" and his thesis adviser was Cleve Moler. Following a postdoctorate at the University of Manchester, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Cornell University in 1975, and served as the Department Chair from 1999 to 2006.
During the 1988–1989 academic year, Van Loan taught at Oxford University for his sabbatical.
Van Loan ran the Computer Science Graduate Program from 1982 to 1987 at Cornell and was the Director of the Undergraduate Studies from 1994 to 1998 and 1999–2003. He was awarded the Ford chair in 1998. He held the position of chairman from July 1999 to June 2006.
In the spring of 2016, Van Loan retired from the Computer Science Department and was promoted to Dean of Faculty, replacing Joseph Burns. Van Loan is the first emeritus professor to hold the position of Dean of Faculty.
Honors and awards
Van Loan won the Robert Paul Advising Award in 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh%20Report
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Walsh Report may refer to
Walsh Report (cryptography), an Australian cryptography policy review
The Commission on Industrial Relations (also known as the Walsh Commission)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagata%27s%20conjecture%20on%20curves
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In mathematics, the Nagata conjecture on curves, named after Masayoshi Nagata, governs the minimal degree required for a plane algebraic curve to pass through a collection of very general points with prescribed multiplicities.
History
Nagata arrived at the conjecture via work on the 14th problem of Hilbert, which asks whether the invariant ring of a linear group action on the polynomial ring over some field is finitely generated. Nagata published the conjecture in a 1959 paper in the American Journal of Mathematics, in which he presented a counterexample to Hilbert's 14th problem.
Statement
Nagata Conjecture. Suppose are very general points in and that are given positive integers. Then for any curve in that passes through each of the points with multiplicity must satisfy
The condition is necessary: The cases and are distinguished by whether or not the anti-canonical bundle on the blowup of at a collection of points is nef. In the case where , the cone theorem essentially gives a complete description of the cone of curves of the blow-up of the plane.
Current status
The only case when this is known to hold is when is a perfect square, which was proved by Nagata. Despite much interest, the other cases remain open. A more modern formulation of this conjecture is often given in terms of Seshadri constants and has been generalised to other surfaces under the name of the Nagata–Biran conjecture.
References
.
.
.
Algebraic curves
Conjectures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongabay
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Mongabay (mongabay.com) is a conservation news web portal that reports on environmental science, energy, and green design, and features extensive information on tropical rainforests, including pictures and deforestation statistics for countries of the world. It was founded in 1999 by economist Rhett Ayers Butler in order to increase "interest in and appreciation of wildlands and wildlife, while examining the impact of emerging local and global trends in technology, economics, and finance on conservation and development". In recent years, to complement its US-based team, Mongabay has opened bureaus in Indonesia, Latin America, and India, reporting daily in Indonesian, Spanish, and English respectively. Mongabay's reporting is available in nine languages.
History
In an interview with Conjour, Butler said his passion for rainforests drove him to start Mongabay: "I was intrigued by the complexity of these ecosystems and how every species seemed to play a part. As I became more passionate about rainforests, I grew more concerned about their fate, including the threats they face."
Etymology
The founder of the website explains that "mongabay" originated from an anglicized spelling and pronunciation of Nosy Mangabe, an island off the coast of Madagascar. He goes on to note that it is best known as "a preserve for the aye-aye, a rare and unusual lemur famous for its bizarre appearance".
Business model
Mongabay.com is independent and unaffiliated with any organization. The site has
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville%27s%20algorithm
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In mathematics, Neville's algorithm is an algorithm used for polynomial interpolation that was derived by the mathematician Eric Harold Neville in 1934. Given n + 1 points, there is a unique polynomial of degree ≤ n which goes through the given points. Neville's algorithm evaluates this polynomial.
Neville's algorithm is based on the Newton form of the interpolating polynomial and the recursion relation for the divided differences. It is similar to Aitken's algorithm (named after Alexander Aitken), which is nowadays not used.
The algorithm
Given a set of n+1 data points (xi, yi) where no two xi are the same, the interpolating polynomial is the polynomial p of degree at most n with the property
p(xi) = yi for all i = 0,…,n
This polynomial exists and it is unique. Neville's algorithm evaluates the polynomial at some point x.
Let pi,j denote the polynomial of degree j − i which goes through the points (xk, yk) for k = i, i + 1, …, j. The
pi,j satisfy the recurrence relation
{|
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This recurrence can calculate
p0,n(x),
which is the value being sought. This is Neville's algorithm.
For instance, for n = 4, one can use the recurrence to fill the triangular tableau below from the left to the right.
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This process yields
p0,4(x),
the value of the polynomial going through the n + 1 data points (xi, yi) at the point x.
Thi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Salvesen
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Guy Salvesen is a South African-born biochemist, best known for his work in the field of apoptosis. His research focuses on proteases and their inhibitors in humans, with particular emphasis on the caspases of the apoptotic cell death pathway.
His PhD in biochemistry is from the University of Cambridge, studying under Alan Barrett (1981). His first posts were at the Strangeways Research Laboratory and MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. In 1985, Salvesen moved to the USA, taking up a position at the University of Georgia. He joined the faculty of Duke University in 1987, and moved his laboratory to the Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California in 1996.
As of 2007, Salvesen is the Program Director in Apoptosis and Cell Death Research at the Sanford-Burnham Institute. He also holds an Assistant Professorship at Duke University.
He served as the Vice-Chair (the Americas) of the Biochemical Journal.
Key recent publications
Pop C, Timmer J, Sperandio S, Salvesen GS. (2006) The apoptosome activates caspase-9 by dimerization. Mol Cell 22: 269–275
Eckelman BP, Salvesen GS. (2006) The human anti-apoptotic proteins cIAP1 and cIAP2 bind but do not inhibit caspases. J Biol Chem 281: 3254–3260
Pop C, Salvesen GS. (2005) The nematode death machine in 3D. Cell 123: 192–193
Scott FL, Denault JB, Riedl SJ, Shin H, Renatus M, Salvesen GS. (2005) XIAP inhibits caspase-3 and -7 using two binding sites: evolutionarily conserved mechanism of IAPs. EMBO
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissiveness
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Permissiveness may refer to:
Permissiveness (biology), between hormones and cells
Permissive society, liberalization of social norms in a society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miodrag%20Stojkovi%C4%87
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Miodrag Stojković () (born July 5, 1964, in Leskovac, Serbia, then Yugoslavia) is a Serbian researcher in genetics with the Institute of Human Genetics at Newcastle University. He holds a PhD from the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich. As of January 2006, he is serving as a deputy director and head of Cellular Reprogramming Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.
According to TIME magazine, Stojković has attempted to create human embryos by injecting a patient's own DNA into an ovum with the genetic material removed. He hopes to harvest stem cells—which can develop into almost any organ—and coax them to produce insulin in diabetics. This research could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and heart disease.
On the German TV show "Menschen bei Maischberger" (June 2006), he claimed that stem cell therapy would allow paraplegic patients to walk in three years.
Biography
Stojković earned his Veterinary Medicine Degree from the University of Belgrade, then in Yugoslavia, in 1990. He then moved to Munich for several years, where he gained his Veterinary Medicine Equivalency from LMU, worked there as a Post-Doctoral Fellow responsible for in vitro production of bovine embryos and later served as head of the IVF Laboratory for LMU's Dept. of Molecular Animal Breeding & Biotechnology. In January 2001, he co-founded the European College for Animal Reproduction (ECAR) and served as a scientific adviser to Therapeutic Human Polyclonals in Tu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Simpson%20Woodward
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Robert Simpson Woodward (July 21, 1849 – June 29, 1924) was an American civil engineer, physicist and mathematician.
Biography
He was born at Rochester, Michigan, on July 21, 1849, to Lysander Woodward and Peninah A. Simpson.
He graduated with a degree in civil engineering at the University of Michigan in 1872. He was appointed assistant engineer on the United States Lake Survey. In 1882 he became assistant astronomer for the United States Transit of Venus Commission. In 1884 he became astronomer to the United States Geological Survey, serving until 1890, when he was hired by Thomas Corwin Mendenhall as assistant in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. In 1893 he was called to Columbia as professor of mechanics and subsequently became professor of mathematical physics as well. He was dean of the faculty of pure science at Columbia from 1895 to 1905, when he became president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, whose reputation and usefulness as a means of furthering scientific research was widely extended under his direction. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1896. In 1898-1900 he was president of the American Mathematical Society, and in 1900 he became President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1902, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. In 1915 he was appointed to the Naval Consulting Board.
He died on June 29, 1924, in Washington, D.C.
Legacy
Professor Woodward carried on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Miller%20%28physicist%29
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George H. Miller Ph.D. served as director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) from 2007 until 2011. Dr. Miller, an employee of the Laboratory for 34 years, replaced Michael Anastasio, who left LLNL to head Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Dr. Miller received his B.S. with high honors in physics in 1967, his M.S. in physics in 1969 and his Ph.D. in physics in 1972, all from the College of William and Mary.
Dr. Miller joined the LLNL staff in 1972, as a physicist. In 1985, he became associate director for nuclear design. He left LLNL in 1989, to serve as the special scientific adviser on weapons activities to the U.S. Department of Energy. In 1990 he returned to LLNL to serve as associate director for defense and nuclear technologies, associate director for national security, and associate director for National Ignition Facility programs. Prior to being named the LLNL Director, he had been associate director at large for LLNL since June 2005. He retired as LLNL director in December 2011.
References
External links
Living people
College of William & Mary alumni
21st-century American physicists
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, Birch's theorem, named for Bryan John Birch, is a statement about the representability of zero by odd degree forms.
Statement of Birch's theorem
Let K be an algebraic number field, k, l and n be natural numbers, r1, ..., rk be odd natural numbers, and f1, ..., fk be homogeneous polynomials with coefficients in K of degrees r1, ..., rk respectively in n variables. Then there exists a number ψ(r1, ..., rk, l, K) such that if
then there exists an l-dimensional vector subspace V of Kn such that
Remarks
The proof of the theorem is by induction over the maximal degree of the forms f1, ..., fk. Essential to the proof is a special case, which can be proved by an application of the Hardy–Littlewood circle method, of the theorem which states that if n is sufficiently large and r is odd, then the equation
has a solution in integers x1, ..., xn, not all of which are 0.
The restriction to odd r is necessary, since even degree forms, such as positive definite quadratic forms, may take the value 0 only at the origin.
References
Diophantine equations
Analytic number theory
Theorems in number theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Benjamin%20Prescott
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Albert Benjamin Prescott (December 12, 1832, Hastings, New York – February 25, 1905) was an American chemist. He graduated in medicine at the University of Michigan in 1864, and was made assistant professor of organic and applied chemistry, dean of the school of pharmacy, and director of the chemical laboratory over the years. Professor Prescott served as president of the American Chemical Society in 1886, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1891, and president of the American Pharmacists Association in 1900. During his tenure as Dean at the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Prescott encouraged the foundation of what is now the Phi Delta Chi professional pharmacy fraternity. He is buried with his wife and children at Forest Hill Cemetery, adjacent to the University of Michigan Central Campus.
Early life
Professor Prescott was born on December 12, 1832, in Hasting, New York. He was the youngest of four children in Benjamin Prescott and Experience Huntley Prescott’s household. His ancestor John Prescott migrated from England to Boston in 1640. William Hickling Prescott, the prominent historian, and Colonel William Prescott, the commander in the battle of Bunker Hill, were also of the same lineage as Albert Prescott. With so many influential figures in his family, Prescott undoubtedly showed a desire to succeed at an early age. Unfortunately, at the age of nine, he suffered a critical injury to his right knee from a major fall that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Parker%20%28inventor%29
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William P. Parker is an American artist, scientist, and entrepreneur, best known for inventing the modern design of the plasma globe. The invention occurred in 1971, when Parker was working as a student in a physics laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and accidentally filled a test chamber to a greater-than-usual pressure with ionized neon and argon. Three years later, Parker was artist-in-residence at the Exploratorium in San Francisco and created two installations using this technology, entitled Quiet Lightning and AM Lightning.
Parker has also exhibited at the MIT Museum, the New York Hall of Science, and the Housatonic Museum at Housatonic Community College in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He was the youngest Fellow at the MIT Center for Advanced Visual Studies. Plasma globes based on his designs were commercially popular in the 1980s and “are found in nearly every science museum in the world".
In the 1980s, Parker founded Diffraction Ltd, a defense electro-optics developer that was purchased by the O'Gara Group in 2005. and in 2006 he spun off another company, Creative MicroSystems, focusing on microfluidics. He maintains a studio in Waitsfield, Vermont, and in 2008 he was elected to the Waitsfield select board.
Patents
References
External links
Diffraction Ltd
Creative MicroSystems
Speaker profile from InventVermont
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American inventors
American installation artists
Neon artists
Massachusetts Inst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairman%20Rogers
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Fairman Rogers (November 15, 1833 – August 22, 1900) was an American civil engineer, educator, and philanthropist.
Early life
Fairman Rogers was born in Philadelphia on November 15, 1833. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1853, and taught civil engineering there from 1855 to 1871. He was one of four professors who founded its Department of Mines, Arts and Manufacturers (1855), and he served as a University Trustee (1871–86). As an undergraduate, he was a founding member of its Zeta Psi fraternity, Sigma chapter (1850).
Career
At age 24, Rogers was elected to the American Philosophical Society, was a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and a charter member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was the author of Terrestrial Magnetism and the Magnetism of Iron Ships (1877, revised 1883).
He served in the Union Cavalry during the American Civil War, and on the engineering staffs of General John F. Reynolds and General William F. Smith. As a volunteer officer in the United States Army Corps of Engineers, he completed an 1862 survey mapping the Potomac River. As a member of the Pennsylvania militia, he fought at Antietam and Gettysburg.
He was one of the founders of the Union League of Philadelphia. He was a member of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry and, following the war, was elected its captain.
Furness and Eakins
As chairman of the Building Committee for the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, he ran the 1871 design competition for th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Norman%20Hugh%20Long
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Cyril Norman Hugh Long (June 19, 1901 – July 6, 1970) was an English-American biochemist and academic administrator. He was Sterling Professor of physiological chemistry at Yale University for 31 years during the middle part of the 20th century.
Background
Cyril Long was born in Burton, Nettleton, Wiltshire, the first of two sons of John Edward Long and Rose Fanny Long, née Langward. As a young man, he did not plan to study to become a scientist. He instead experimented with diverse areas such as perfume making and working with wood. Long devoted much of his time to literature and history. As a child he enjoyed playing soccer and cricket and many times his father needed to remind him to come back home to study. He always performed well during his school years and was ranked among the best of his graduating class. He appeared to have a natural talent for chemistry and once said, "I was attracted from an early age to chemistry, largely by my own fortunate contact in an English school with a science master ... whose ways of teaching it was so effective that a large number of his students have become scientists".
Long studied organic chemistry under Robert Robinson and Arthur Lapworth at the University of Manchester, where he received his BSc. Shortly after his graduation in 1921, he began assisting Nobel laureate A. V. Hill in his work on the biophysics of muscle contraction. After working for two years at University College London, Long sailed on 4 September 1925 on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parwan%20University
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Parwan University () is located in Charikar, capital of Parwan province, central Afghanistan. It was established in 2006. Parwan university has faculties of Economics, Agriculture, Engineering, Computer Science, Islamic Shariia, Language & Literature, Journalism, Social Sciences, Law, and Education.
It Has About 6-7 Thousands Students, With Around 300 Lecturers. 10 Faculties with 31 Departments.
It Has A Mosque, a Research Farm (Agricultural Activities), an Internet Club, IT Center, Library, Conference Halls, a cafeteria, a publication office, separated hostels for boys and girls and other facilities.
Departments of Faculty of Computer Science:
IT (Information technology)
IS (Information System)
Departments of Faculty Of Engineering:
Civil Engineering
Construction of Cities
Departments of Faculty of Language & Literature:
Pashto
Dari (Persian)
Arabic
English
French
Departments of Faculty of Journalism:
Radio & Television
Press (News)Departments of Faculty of Economics:
Banking
Management and Administration
Departments of Faculty of Agriculture:
Horticulture
Agri-economics and extension
Animal Sciences
Plant Sciences
Departments of Faculty of Education:
Biology
Chemistry
Maths
Geography
History
Islamic Culture
Arts
Vocational Studies
See also
List of universities in Afghanistan
Computer science faculty
- Information technology
- Information System
References
Universities in Afghanistan
University
2006 establishments in Afgha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Leamington%20Nichols
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Edward Leamington Nichols (September 14, 1854 – November 10, 1937) was an American scientist. He was a physicist and astronomer, professor of physics at Cornell University.
Biography
He was born of American parentage at Leamington, England, and received his education at Cornell University, graduating in 1875. After Studying at Leipzig, Berlin, and Göttingen (Ph.D., 1879) he was appointed fellow in physics at Johns Hopkins. He then spent some time in the Thomas Edison laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey, and subsequently became professor of physics and chemistry in the Central University of Kentucky (1881), professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Kansas (1883), and professor of physics at Cornell University (1887).
In 1904, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1907) and of the American Physical Society (1907–08), and served as a member of the visiting committee of the United States Bureau of Standards. The degrees of LL.D. and Sc.D. were conferred on Professor Nichols by the University of Pennsylvania and Dartmouth College respectively. He was the author of several college textbooks on physics. In 1927 he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal. In 1929 he was awarded the Frederic Ives Medal by the OSA.
He was adviser of numerous outstanding scientists in Cornell University in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhj%C3%A1lmur%20%C3%81rnason
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Vilhjálmur Árnason (born in Neskaupstaður, Iceland 1953) is professor of philosophy at the University of Iceland. Internationally, he is best known for his research on ethical aspects of controversial genetic research in Iceland by deCODE Genetics.
Books
Hugsmíðar: Um siðferði, stjórnmál og samfélag [Fantasies: On Ethics, Politics and Sociecty], 2014
With Ástríður Stefánsdóttir Sjálfræði og aldraðir í ljósi íslenskra aðstæðna [Autonomy and Senior Citizens in Light of their Situation in Icelandic], (2004)
Broddflugur: Siðferðilegar ádeilur og samfélagsgagnrýni [Gadflies: Moral and Social Criticisms], (1997)
Siðfræði lífs og dauða [Ethics of Life and Death], (1993, 2nd ed. 2003. German transl. 2005: Dialog und Menschenwürde. Ethik im Gesundheitswesen''')Þættir úr sögu siðfræðinnar [Themes From the History of Moral Philosophy], (1990)Siðfræði heilbrigðisþjónustu'' [Ethics in Health Care], (1990)
Sources
1953 births
Vilhjalmur Arnason
Vilhjalmur Arnason
Living people
Vilhjalmur Arnason
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Edley
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Joseph Edley (born 1947) is a professional Scrabble player and author, and the first player to win the National Scrabble Championship three times.
Pre-Scrabble life
Joe Edley grew up in Detroit, Michigan and attended Wayne State University, where he concentrated in mathematics and philosophy. In 1969, he moved to San Francisco, California, where he claims to have been influenced by the works of Jane Roberts. There, he gained the idea that simply from belief and doing all the proper practice and learning and maintaining that goal mentally, and keeping emotionally confident, that he could do it: he could manifest his desired reality. Realizing that he was a good game player and reading about the growth of the Scrabble tournament scene, he decided to manifest being a Scrabble champion.
Scrabble career
Having taken the job of a night security guard for the free time it afforded, Edley systematically memorized the first edition of the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, a feat that only a small minority of top players have accomplished. He played in his first tournaments in California in 1978, performing well but not dominating. Edley has claimed that in preparing for his first national championship, the final key to his success was "controlling my breathing."
Edley won his first National Scrabble Championship in 1980 with a 14–3 record, half a game ahead of Jim Neuberger, although Neuberger had a much higher point spread (which would have been the tiebreaker.) He won additio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa%20Brune
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Elisa Brune (15 July 1966 – 29 November 2018) was a Belgian writer and journalist. She held a doctorate in environmental science.
Works
Fissures. Paris : L’Harmattan, 1996 (lauréat du prix de la Première Œuvre et du prix Maeterlinck) ; Ancrage, 2000
Petite révision du ciel. Paris : Ramsay, 1999 (récompensé par le prix Emma du Cayla-Martin et le Grand Prix France/Wallonie Bruxelles) ; J'ai lu 2000
Blanche Cassé. Paris : Ramsay, 2000 (prix de la rédaction du magazine Gaël)
La Tournante. Paris : Ramsay 2001 ; J'ai Lu, 2003
Les Jupiter chauds. Paris: Belfond 2002 ; Labor, 2006
La Tentation d'Edouard. Paris : Belfond, 2003
Le goût piquant de l'univers : Récit de voyage en apesanteur. Paris : Le Pommier, 2004
Relations d'incertitude (avec Edgard Gunzig). Paris : Ramsay, 2004 (Prix Victor-Rossel des jeunes) ; Labor 2006
Un homme est une rose. Paris : Ramsay, 2005
De la transe à l'hypnose: récit de voyage en terrain glissant. Éditions Bernard Gilson, 2006
Le Quark, le neurone et le psychanalyste. Paris : Le Pommier, 2006
Séismes et volcans - Qu'est-ce qui fait palpiter la Terre?, (avec Monica Rotaru). Paris, Le Pommier, 2007
Alors heureuse... croient-ils! La vie sexuelle des femmes normales. Paris : Le Rocher, 2008
Bonnes nouvelles des étoiles, avec Jean-Pierre Luminet, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2009
Prix Manlev-Bendall de l'Académie Nationale des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Bordeaux
Le secret des femmes, Voyage au coeur du plaisir et de la jouissance, avec Yves F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium%20anomaly
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The europium anomaly is the phenomenon whereby the europium (Eu) concentration in a mineral is either enriched or depleted relative to some standard, commonly a chondrite or mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). In geochemistry a europium anomaly is said to be "positive" if the Eu concentration in the mineral is enriched relative to the other rare-earth elements (REEs), and is said to be "negative" if Eu is depleted relative to the other REEs.
While all lanthanides form relatively large trivalent (3+) ions, Eu and cerium (Ce) have additional valences, europium forms 2+ ions, and Ce forms 4+ ions, leading to chemical reaction differences in how these ions can partition versus the 3+ REEs. In the case of Eu, its reduced divalent (2+) cations are similar in size and carry the same charge as Ca2+, an ion found in plagioclase and other minerals. While Eu is an incompatible element in its trivalent form (Eu3+) in an oxidizing magma, it is preferentially incorporated into plagioclase in its divalent form (Eu2+) in a reducing magma, where it substitutes for calcium (Ca2+).
Enrichment or depletion is generally attributed to europium's tendency to be incorporated into plagioclase preferentially over other minerals. If a magma crystallizes stable plagioclase, most of the Eu will be incorporated into this mineral, causing a higher than expected concentration of Eu in the mineral versus other REE in that mineral (a positive anomaly). The rest of the magma will then be relatively depleted in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie%20Bell
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Ronald Percy Bell FRS FRSC FRSE (24 November 1907 – 9 January 1996) was a leading British physical chemist who worked in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford.
Life
Ronald Percy Bell was the eldest child of Edwin Alfred Bell and his wife Beatrice Annie (née Ash), teachers at an elementary school. He was born on 24 November 1907 at Willowfield, Court House Road, Maidenhead; he had a brother, Kenneth, and an adopted sister, Margaret.
From age 11 Bell attended Maidenhead County Boys’
School, where F. Sherwood Taylor was chemistry master, and a great influence on Bell; from there he went up to Balliol to read chemistry in 1924. Bell obtained a first-class honours degree in 1928. Unusually, he published two papers as sole author in his final year.
Bell was awarded an Oxford University senior studentship in 1928 to work with Brønsted in Copenhagen, and in 1930 the Goldsmiths' Company gave him a senior studentship, enabling him to work on the thermodynamic and kinetic behaviour of non-aqueous solutions. He fell in love with Denmark and it language and became proficient enough to translate books in later life, and to be of value to the Scandinavian Section of the Foreign Research and Press Service during the war.
Bell returned to Balliol in the autumn of 1932 and was awarded a tutorial fellowship there in the following year. He stayed until 1966, having missed election to be Master of Balliol by a narrow margin. Bell's career continued as Professor of Chem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20and%20Theoretical%20Chemistry%20Laboratory%20%28Oxford%29
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The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory (PTCL) is a major chemistry laboratory at the University of Oxford, England. It is located in the main Science Area of the university on South Parks Road. Previously it was known as the Physical Chemistry Laboratory.
History
The original Physical Chemistry Laboratory was built in 1941 and at that time also housed the inorganic chemistry laboratory. It replaced the Balliol-Trinity Laboratories. The east wing of the building was completed in 1959 and inorganic chemistry, already in its own building on South Parks Road, then became a separate department in 1961. In 1972, the Department of Theoretical Chemistry was established in a house on South Parks Road, and in 1994, the amalgamation of the physical and theoretical chemistry departments took place. This was followed shortly by the theoretical group moving into the PTCL annexe in 1995.
The university is in the early planning stages of the demolition of the PTCL building, to be replaced by a second chemistry research laboratory.
Selected chemists
The following Oxford Physical and Theoretical chemists are of note:
John Albery
Peter Atkins
Ronnie Bell
E. J. Bowen
Richard G. Compton
Charles Coulson
Frederick Dainton
Cyril Hinshelwood
Peter J. Hore
Graham Richards
Rex Richards
Timothy Softley
Robert K. Thomas
Harold Thompson
See also
Balliol-Trinity Laboratories, a forerunner of the PTCL
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Frankel
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Stanley Phillips Frankel (1919 – May, 1978) was an American computer scientist. He worked in the Manhattan Project and developed various computers as a consultant.
Early life
He was born in Los Angeles, attended graduate school at the University of Rochester, received his PhD in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, and began his career as a post-doctoral student under J. Robert Oppenheimer at University of California, Berkeley in 1942.
Career
Frankel helped develop computational techniques used in the nuclear research taking place at the time, notably making some of the early calculations relating to the diffusion of neutrons in a critical assembly of uranium with Eldred Nelson. He joined the T (Theoretical) Division of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos in 1943. His wife Mary Frankel was also hired to work as a human computer in the T Division. While at Los Alamos, Frankel and Nelson organized a group of scientists' wives, including Mary, to perform some of the repetitive calculations using Marchant and Friden desk calculators to divide the massive calculations required for the project. This became Group T-5 under New York University mathematician Donald Flanders when he arrived in the late summer of 1943.
Mathematician Dana Mitchell noticed that the Marchant calculators broke under heavy use and persuaded Frankel and Nelson to order IBM 601 punched card machines. This experience led to Frankel' interest in the then-dawning field of digital computers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Parks%20Road
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South Parks Road is a road in Oxford, England. It runs east–west past the main Science Area of the University of Oxford. Many of the university science departments are located nearby or face the road, including parts of the geography, zoology, chemistry, psychology and physiology departments. Also on the road is Rhodes House.
To the west, the road adjoins Parks Road at a T junction with the Radcliffe Science Library just to the north. To the east, the road bends sharply south at Linacre College and becomes St Cross Road. A cycle route continues east towards New Marston, crossing the River Cherwell. About halfway along South Parks Road, Mansfield Road adjoins to the south. Mansfield College is close to South Parks Road in this section.
In December 2018 it was announced that the proposed new graduate college of the university, Parks College, opening in September 2020, will be located on South Parks Road.
The road has been the scene of protests by animal rights protesters because of a new animal testing facility that has been built here. Pro-Test has been formed in reaction to the activities of the animal rights movement.
Halifax House
Halifax House was located at 8 South Parks Road on the corner with Mansfield Road from 1961, a social club for people associated with Oxford University. The building has since been demolished to make way for new science facilities for the university. Evidence of Bronze Age barrows together with later prehistoric and early Roman field systems h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto%20High%20School%20%28South%20Carolina%29
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Palmetto High School is a high school in Williamston, South Carolina, United States. It serves an average of about 900 students.
Academy
Ninth graders are placed in the Freshman Academy, separating them from the rest of the student body for their core classes. The Academy's courses include English II Honors, Biology Honors, A.P. Human Geography, and Geometry Honors.
Athletics
Palmetto's athletic teams are known as the Mustangs.
State championships
Baseball: 1985, 1987
Competitive Cheer: 2005, 2016, 2017, 2018
Cross Country - Boys: 2000
Cross Country - Girls: 2016
Football: 1970
Golf - Boys: 1990, 1992
Softball: 2012
Notable alumni
Derek Watson, former National Football League running back
References
External links
Public high schools in South Carolina
Schools in Anderson County, South Carolina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%20F.%20Gmachl
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Claire F. Gmachl is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University. She is best known for her work in the development of quantum cascade lasers.
Education and honors
Gmachl earned her M.Sc. in physics from the University of Innsbruck in 1991. She went on to receive her Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Vienna in 1995, graduating sub auspiciis Praesidentis (with special honors by the president of the Austrian republic). Her studies focused on integrated optical modulators and tunable surface-emitting lasers in the near infrared. From 1996 to 1998, she was a postdoctoral member of technical staff at Bell Laboratories. In 1998, she became a formal member of technical staff at Bell Labs and in 2002 she was named a distinguished member of technical staff, in part due to her work on the development of the quantum cascade laser. In 2003, she left Bell Labs and took a position as associate professor in the department of electrical engineering at Princeton University, where she is currently working as a full professor since 2007.
In 2004, Popular Science named Gmachl in its "Class of 2004 - Brilliant 10," its list of the 10 most promising scientists under 40. She went on, in September 2005, to win the MacArthur Foundation's "genius grant." Recently, she was named the director of the new Mid-InfraRed Technologies for Health and the Environment (MIRTHE) Center, funded by the National Science Foundation.
Gmachl succ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence%20Waddell
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Lieutenant Colonel Laurence Austine Waddell, CB, CIE, F.L.S., L.L.D, M.Ch., I.M.S. RAI, F.R.A.S (29 May 1854 – 19 September 1938) was a Scottish explorer, Professor of Tibetan, Professor of Chemistry and Pathology, Indian Army surgeon, collector in Tibet, and amateur archaeologist. Waddell also studied Sumerian and Sanskrit; he made various translations of seals and other inscriptions. His reputation as an Assyriologist gained little to no academic recognition and his books on the history of civilization have caused controversy. Some of his book publications however were popular with the public, and he is regarded by some today to have been a real-life precursor of the fictional character Indiana Jones.
Life
Laurence Waddell was born on 29 May 1854, and was the son of Rev. Thomas Clement Waddell, a Doctor of Divinity at Glasgow University and Jean Chapman, daughter of John Chapman of Banton, Stirlingshire. Laurence Waddell obtained a bachelor's degree in Medicine followed by a master's degree in both Surgery and Chemistry at Glasgow University in 1878. His first job was as a resident surgeon near the university and was also the President of Glasgow University's Medical Society. In 1879 he visited Ceylon and Burma and was 'irresistibly attracted' towards Buddhism which in later years led him to study the tenets, history and art of Buddhism. In 1880 Waddell joined the British Indian Army and served as a medical officer with the Indian Medical Service (I.M.S), subsequently he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara%20Davis
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Tamara Maree Davis is an Australian astrophysicist. , she is a professor in the School of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Queensland, where she has been employed since 2008.
The Australian Academy of Science awarded her their Nancy Millis Medal in 2015,
and she was awarded an Australian Laureate Fellowship in 2018,.
She received the Astronomical Society of Australia's Louise Webster Prize in 2009, and their Robert Ellery Lectureship in 2021. She became a Member of the Order of Australia in 2020.
As an athlete, Davis has competed for Australia at an international level in Ultimate Frisbee.
Education
Davis completed her Ph.D. in astrophysics at the University of New South Wales in 2004. She also has a BSc in physics and a BA in philosophy.
References
External links
Tamara Davis on Twitter
Interview with Martine Harte about Ruby Payne-Scott for Engaging Women.
Living people
Australian astrophysicists
University of New South Wales alumni
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian women academics
21st-century Australian women scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Symbolic%20Species
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The Symbolic Species is a 1997 book by biological anthropologist Terrence Deacon on the evolution of language. Combining perspectives from neurobiology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, and semiotics, Deacon proposes that language, along with the unique human capacity for symbolic thought, co-evolved with the brain.
The Symbolic Species is a multi-disclipinary book that at the time of publishing was seen as groundbreaking. It is considered to have bound together a wide array of ideas in a way that advanced the understanding of professionals in several fields.
Symbolic thought and language
The reasons for the unique cognitive capacity of humans are explored, along with those for the large number of human activities impossible for animals. The human use of language is said to be responsible for both.
Co-evolution
A chicken-and-egg problem is shown to exist between the emergence of symbolic thought and language: language is said to be the medium of symbolic thought, but it is reasoned that mastery of language would first require the ability to think symbolically. The solution of this chicken-and-egg problem, according to Deacon, is the subtle evolutionary process of co-evolution.
Reference
1997 non-fiction books
Books about cognition
Books about evolutionary psychology
English-language books
Human evolution books
Science books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics%20of%20terraforming
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The ethics of terraforming has constituted a philosophical debate within biology, ecology, and environmental ethics as to whether terraforming other worlds is an ethical endeavor.
Support
On the pro-terraforming side of the argument, there are those like Robert Zubrin and Richard L. S. Taylor who believe that it is humanity's moral obligation to make other worlds suitable for Terran life, as a continuation of the history of life transforming the environments around it on Earth. They also point out that Earth will eventually be destroyed as nature takes its course, so that humanity faces a very long-term choice between terraforming other worlds or allowing all Earth life to become extinct. Dr. Zubrin further argues that even if native microbes have arisen on Mars, for example, the fact that they have not progressed beyond the microbe stage by this point, halfway through the lifetime of the Sun, is a strong indicator that they never will; and that if microbial life exists on Mars, it is likely related to Earth life through a common origin on one of the two planets, which spread to the other as an example of panspermia. Since Mars life would then not be fundamentally unrelated to Earth life, it would not be unique, and competition with such life would not be fundamentally different from competing against microbes on Earth. Zubrin summed up this view:
Richard Taylor more succinctly exemplified this point of view with the slogan, "move over microbe".
Some human critics label th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Veizer
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Ján Veizer (born 22 June 1941) is the Distinguished University Professor (emeritus) of Earth Sciences at the University of Ottawa and Institute for Geology, Mineralogy und Geophysics, of Bochum Ruhr University. He held the NSERC/Noranda/CIFAR Industrial Chair in Earth System Isotope and Environmental Geochemistry until 2004. He is an isotope geochemist; his research interests have included the use of chemical and isotopic techniques in determining Earth's climatic and environmental history.
Born in Pobedim, Slovakia, Veizer has received the Killam Award (Canada Council, 1986), the 1987 W.W. Hutchison Medal for young individuals making exceptional advances in Canadian earth science research; the 1991 Willet G. Miller Medal for outstanding contributions in geology; the 1992 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, which carried a 1.55 million euro value, awarded for understanding of the geochemistry of sediments; the 1995 Logan Medal which is the Geological Association of Canada's highest honour; the 2000 Bancroft Award for contributions furthering the public understanding of the Earth sciences.
Cosmic rays and climate change
In a letter to Nature, Veizer et al.(2000), compared the reconstruction of tropical sea surface temperatures throughout the Phanerozoic eon (the past ~550 Myr) with the variable galactic cosmic rays and concluded that their results can be reconciled if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were not the principal driver of climate variability on geological
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20B.%20Cohen
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Julius Berend Cohen FRS (6 May 1859 in Eccles – 14 June 1935 in Coniston) was an English chemist. He studied chemistry with Hans von Pechmann at the University of Munich. One of his students was Henry Drysdale Dakin.
Biography
Julius Berend Cohen and his twin brother Adolf were the only boys of ten children of Sigismund Cohen, a cotton merchant born in Hamburg, and Zena, née Berend, from South Shields, who were married in Manchester. Julius was born on 6 May 1859 in Eccles. Adolf fulfilled his father's hope that he would join the family business. Julius tried it for a year but then switched to chemistry. From 1878 to 1880 he studied at Owens College, where Arthur Smithells was also working; the two were to become lifelong friends.
After an unhappy spell in industry at the Clayton Aniline Company, Cohen joined Smithells in moving to Baeyer's laboratory in Munich in 1882, where he worked with Hans von Pechmann. He remained for two years and gained his PhD. Back in Manchester he was appointed as a Demonstrator in chemistry at Owens College. In 1890 he joined Smithells at Yorkshire College, Leeds; he had been there since 1885. When the college gained full university status in 1904, Cohen was appointed professor of organic chemistry. When he retired in 1924 he was made Emeritus Professor and the University awarded him the honorary degree of D.Sc.
Cohen was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society in 1885, served on its Council from 1920- 1922 and from 1925 to 1928, in which t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Inglis
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Mark Joseph Inglis (born 27 September 1959) is a New Zealand mountaineer, researcher, winemaker and motivational speaker. He holds a degree in Human Biochemistry from Lincoln University, New Zealand, and has conducted research on leukaemia. He is also an accomplished cyclist and, as a double leg amputee, won a silver medal in the 1 km time trial event at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney. He is the first double amputee to reach the summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world above sea level.
In addition to being a goodwill ambassador for the Everest Rescue Trust, Inglis has created a New Zealand-based charitable trust Limbs4All. He has also created a range of sports drinks and energy gels named PeakFuel.
Mountaineering
Born in Geraldine, Inglis began work as a professional mountaineer in 1979 as a search and rescue mountaineer for Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park. In 1982 Inglis and climbing partner Philip Doole were stuck in a snow cave on Aoraki / Mount Cook for 13 days due to an intense blizzard. The rescue of the two climbers was a major media event in New Zealand. Both men's legs became badly frostbitten while awaiting rescue. Following Inglis's rescue, both his legs were amputated 14 cm below the knee. He returned to Mt. Cook in 2002 and reached the summit successfully on 7 January of that year, after a previous attempt was thwarted by problems with his legs. The summit assault in January 2002 was documented by the film No Mean Feat: The Mark Ing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%20circle
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A math circle is a learning space where participants engage in the depths and intricacies of mathematical thinking, propagate the culture of doing mathematics, and create knowledge. To reach these goals, participants partake in problem-solving, mathematical modeling, the practice of art, and philosophical discourse. Some circles involve competition, while others do not.
Characteristics
Math circles can have a variety of styles. Some are very informal, with the learning proceeding through games, stories, or hands-on activities. Others are more traditional enrichment classes but without formal examinations. Some have a strong emphasis on preparing for Olympiad competitions; some avoid competition as much as possible. Models can use any combination of these techniques, depending on the audience, the mathematician, and the environment of the circle. Athletes have sports teams through which to deepen their involvement with sports; math circles can play a similar role for kids who like to think. Two features all math circles have in common are (1) that they are composed of students who want to be there - either like math, or want to like math, and (2) that they give students a social context in which to enjoy mathematics.
History
Mathematical enrichment activities in the United States have been around since sometime before 1977, in the form of residential summer programs, math contests, and local school-based programs. The concept of a math circle, on the other hand, with its em
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