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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MM2
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mm² is a short form for square millimeter, an international unit of area.
Mm² is a short form for square megameter, also an international unit of area.
MM2 may refer to:
MM2, a class of force fields; see force field (chemistry)
MM2 (MMS), an interface utilized by the Multimedia Messaging Service standard
Mega Man 2, a 1988 video game for the NES
Mega Man II (Game Boy), a 1991 video game for the Game Boy
Midtown Madness 2, a 2000 video game for the PC
Motocross Madness 2, a 2000 video game for the PC
Might and Magic II: Gates to Another World, a 1988 video game
Metal Max 2, a 1993 video game for the SNES
MM2 register, a CPU register used by the MMX extension
Modigliani–Miller theorem (proposition 2), a theorem on capital structure
Mario Maker 2, a 2019 video game for the Nintendo Switch
Murder Mystery 2, a Roblox game
mm2 Entertainment, an Asian media production and distribution company
Maybach Music 2, a Rick Ross Song from his 2009 Album Deeper Than Rap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Shenk
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Thomas Eugene Shenk (born 1947) is an American virologist. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Life Sciences in the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University.
Career
Shenk received a BS in biology from the University of Detroit, and earned a Ph.D. in Microbiology under the mentorship of Victor Stollar from Rutgers University. He then trained as a postdoctoral fellow with Paul Berg at Stanford University School of Medicine.
He was Assistant Professor of Microbiology at the University of Connecticut Health Science Center (1975–80) and Professor of Microbiology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook (1980–84).
In 1984, Shenk moved to Princeton University as the James A. Elkins Jr. Professor of Life Sciences and a founding member of the Department of Molecular Biology. He served as Chair of that department (1996-2004), and as a founding Co-Director of the Princeton University Program in Global Health and Health Policy (2008–15). Shenk was named an American Cancer Society Research Professor (1986-), and was appointed an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (1989–99) during his years at Princeton.
Shenk is a virologist whose work has focused on the DNA tumor virus, adenovirus, and the herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus. In the adenovirus system, he developed technologies for introducing mutations into the viral genome and employed that technology to elucidate the functions of viral genes and their oncogenic impact on the infected cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20F.%20Lyon
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Richard "Dick" Francis Lyon (born 1952) is an American inventor, scientist, and engineer. He is one of the two people who independently invented the first optical mouse devices in 1980. He has worked in signal processing and was a co-founder of Foveon, Inc., a digital camera and image sensor company.
Early life and education
Lyon grew up in El Paso, Texas, as the third of nine children. His father, an engineer for the El Paso Electric Company, brought home an early Fortran programming manual to encourage his family's members to explore their interests in electronics.
Lyon attended Caltech to earn a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, graduating in 1974. While at Caltech, Lyon worked with Carver Mead and John Pierce. He took a summer internship at Bell Labs, where he developed digital signal processing hardware for audio applications. He then enrolled in the graduate program at Stanford University intending to earn a PhD, but left with a master's degree in 1975 to work in Silicon Valley.
Career
After Stanford, Lyon worked at Stanford Telecommunications, a small start up company developing signal sets for navigation satellites and Space Shuttle communication systems. During a return visit to Caltech around two and a half years after graduating, he ran into Carver Mead, who was hosting Ivan Sutherland and Bert Sutherland to develop some collaborations between Caltech and Xerox PARC and to develop a computer science department. Lyon joined Xerox PARC in 1977 after int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Tasc%C3%B3n
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Luis Tascón Gutiérrez (27 August 1968, Capacho, Táchira – 12 August 2010, Caracas) was a Venezuelan politician and member of the National Assembly.
Biography
The son of Colombian-born parents, Tascón studied Electrical Engineering at the Universidad de los Andes in Mérida, Venezuela. He was a member of the political party Desobediencia Popular (Popular Disobedience) of Mérida from 1986 to 1992, and in 1998, founded the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) chapter of the Táchira municipality, Independencia.
He was a member of the National Assembly since 1999, and became regional director of the Táchira state MVR in 1999. Tascón became a recognized public figures of the MVR after the events of 11 April 2002, when he helped charge some of the suspects in the Assembly with participation in the brief ousting of President Hugo Chávez.
Tascón became part of a national scandal when he published on his website the signers of 2004 referendum to recall President Chávez, which became known as the Tascón List. Tascón said he posted the list in order to support the verification of signatures. He later removed the list from his website, after widespread accusations that it was being used to discriminate against those who had signed the petition, noting that it was a crime to "persecute" people for signing. Years after Tascón published his list, President Chávez, during a national act transmitted live via television and radio, urged his ministers and any person of his administration in any po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuvro%20Dev
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Shuvro Dev () is a Bangladeshi musician.
Background
Born in Sylhet, Dev passed the matriculation exam from Sylhet Government Pilot High School. He completed his MSc in biochemistry from the University of Dhaka. He received the President's Award in music on BTV's "Nutun Kuri" contest in 1978.
Career
Dev started his career in the mid 1980s and sang modern romantic songs. He released his first music album Hemiloner Bashiwala in 1984. He also performed duet songs with another Bangladeshi singer, Shakila Zafar. He has sung with duet with Indian singer Alka Yagnik. He was one of the first Bangladeshi artists chosen to have music videos produced by MTV. His telefilm Strir Potro won the best telefilm award at the 2003 Uro Binodon Bichitra Awards.
Discography
As of June 2014, Dev released total 25 albums. Some of them are “Hamiloner Banshiwala”, “Jewel Shmoroney”, “Jey Banshi Bhengey Gechhey”, “Kono Ek Shondhaye”, “Chhowa”, “Shesh Chithi”, “Shada Kagoj”, “Amar Bhalobasha”, “Buk-er Jomin”, “Priyojon”, “Bondhon”, “Bhabtey Parina”, “Mon-e Porey”, “Chompaboti”, “Mon-er Thikana”, “Lolita”, “Swapnolokey Tumi”, “Sharthopor”, and “Tumi Aar Ami”.
His album Lolita was composed by Bidit Lal Das.
References
External links
Some Songs
Living people
20th-century Bangladeshi male singers
20th-century Bangladeshi singers
Bangladeshi Hindus
21st-century Bangladeshi male singers
21st-century Bangladeshi singers
Date of birth missing (living people)
1966 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Shlain
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Leonard Shlain (August 28, 1937 – May 11, 2009) was an American surgeon, author, and inventor. He was chairperson of laparoscopic surgery at the California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco, and was an associate professor of surgery at University of California, San Francisco.
His books include Art & Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time, and Light (1991), The Alphabet Versus the Goddess (1998), Sex, Time and Power: How Women's Sexuality Shaped Human Evolution (2003), and Leonardo's Brain: Understanding da Vinci's Creative Genius (2014).
Biography
Shlain was a native of Detroit who graduated from high school at the age of 15. After attending the University of Michigan, he earned an MD from Wayne State University School of Medicine at the age of 23. He served in the United States Army as a military base doctor in Saumur, France. Prior to his internship at UCSF Medical Center at Mount Zion in San Francisco, he worked for a short time at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. He also contributed to Academic Press' Encyclopedia of Creativity (1999), edited by Mark Runco and Steven Pritzker.
Personal life
Shlain had three children with Carole Lewis Jaffe: Kimberly Brooks (who is married to actor/comedian Albert Brooks), Jordan L. Shlain, and Tiffany Shlain, filmmaker and founder of the Webby Awards.
After he and Carole divorced, Shlain met and married his second wife, Superior Court Judge Ina Levin Gyemant. They lived in Mill Valley, California where he died on May 11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss%20Prize
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The Carl Friedrich Gauss Prize for Applications of Mathematics is a mathematics award, granted jointly by the International Mathematical Union and the German Mathematical Society for "outstanding mathematical contributions that have found significant applications outside of mathematics". The award receives its name from the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. With its premiere in 2006, it is to be awarded every fourth year, at the International Congress of Mathematicians.
The previous laureate was presented with a medal and a cash purse of EUR10,000 funded by the International Congress of Mathematicians 1998 budget surplus.
The official announcement of the prize took place on 30 April 2002, the 225th anniversary of the birth of Gauss. The prize was developed specifically to give recognition to mathematicians; while mathematicians influence the world outside of their field, their studies are often not recognized. The prize aims to honour those who have made contributions and effects in the fields of business, technology, or even day-to-day life.
Laureates
See also
Fields Medal
Chern Medal
List of mathematics awards
References
Awards established in 2006
Awards of the International Mathematical Union
Prize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanabe%E2%80%93Sugano%20diagram
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In coordination chemistry, Tanabe–Sugano diagrams are used to predict absorptions in the ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) electromagnetic spectrum of coordination compounds. The results from a Tanabe–Sugano diagram analysis of a metal complex can also be compared to experimental spectroscopic data. They are qualitatively useful and can be used to approximate the value of 10Dq, the ligand field splitting energy. Tanabe–Sugano diagrams can be used for both high spin and low spin complexes, unlike Orgel diagrams, which apply only to high spin complexes. Tanabe–Sugano diagrams can also be used to predict the size of the ligand field necessary to cause high-spin to low-spin transitions.
In a Tanabe–Sugano diagram, the ground state is used as a constant reference, in contrast to Orgel diagrams. The energy of the ground state is taken to be zero for all field strengths, and the energies of all other terms and their components are plotted with respect to the ground term.
Background
Until Yukito Tanabe and Satoru Sugano published their paper "On the absorption spectra of complex ions", in 1954, little was known about the excited electronic states of complex metal ions. They used Hans Bethe's crystal field theory and Giulio Racah's linear combinations of Slater integrals, now called Racah parameters, to explain the absorption spectra of octahedral complex ions in a more quantitative way than had been achieved previously. Many spectroscopic experiments later, they estimat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frey%20curve
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In mathematics, a Frey curve or Frey–Hellegouarch curve is the elliptic curve
associated with a (hypothetical) solution of Fermat's equation
The curve is named after Gerhard Frey and (sometimes) .
History
came up with the idea of associating solutions of Fermat's equation with a completely different mathematical object: an elliptic curve.
If ℓ is an odd prime and a, b, and c are positive integers such that
then a corresponding Frey curve is an algebraic curve given by the equation
or, equivalently
This is a nonsingular algebraic curve of genus one defined over Q, and its projective completion is an elliptic curve over Q.
called attention to the unusual properties of the same curve as Hellegouarch, which became called a Frey curve. This provided a bridge between Fermat and Taniyama by showing that a counterexample to Fermat's Last Theorem would create such a curve that would not be modular. The conjecture attracted considerable interest when suggested that the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture implies Fermat's Last Theorem. However, his argument was not complete. In 1985, Jean-Pierre Serre proposed that a Frey curve could not be modular and provided a partial proof of this. This showed that a proof of the semistable case of the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture would imply Fermat's Last Theorem. Serre did not provide a complete proof and what was missing became known as the epsilon conjecture or ε-conjecture. In the summer of 1986, Ribet (1990) proved the epsilon conject
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20de%20Jaucourt
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Chevalier Louis de Jaucourt (; 16 September 1704 – 3 February 1779) was a French scholar and the most prolific contributor to the Encyclopédie. He wrote about 18,000 articles on subjects including physiology, chemistry, botany, pathology, and political history, or about 25% of the entire encyclopaedia, all done voluntarily. In the generations after the Encyclopédie's, mainly due to his aristocratic background, his legacy was largely overshadowed by the more bohemian Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and others, but by the mid-20th century more scholarly attention was being paid to him.
Biography
Jaucourt was born in Paris, the youngest son of an aristocratic family. The Jaucourt family belonged to the Burgundian peasant nobility and had become Huguenots, and was therefore regarded with suspicion by the powers of Catholic France. As he could not entirely rely on inheritance or status to support himself, Jaucourt became a scholar. He studied theology in Geneva, natural sciences at the University of Cambridge, and medicine in Leiden. Upon returning to France, he spent the next 20 years writing the Lexicon medicum universale, a six-volume work on anatomy. He sent it to be published in Amsterdam to avoid French censorship but the ship carrying the sole manuscript sank, and 20 years of labour was lost. He also wrote a biography of Leibniz.
He practiced medicine and was a Fellow of the Royal Society in London and member of the academies of Berlin, Stockholm (elected a foreign
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20set
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A chemistry set is an educational toy allowing the user (typically a teenager) to perform simple chemistry experiments.
History
Forerunners
The forerunners of the chemistry set were 17th century books on "natural magick", "which all excellent wise men do admit and embrace, and worship with great applause; neither is there any thing more highly esteemed, or better thought of, by men of learning." Authors such as Giambattista della Porta included chemical magic tricks and scientific puzzles along with more serious topics.
The earliest chemistry sets were developed in the 18th century in England and Germany to teach chemistry to adults. In 1791, Description of a portable chest of chemistry : or, Complete collection of chemical tests for the use of chemists, physicians, mineralogists, metallurgists, scientific artists, manufacturers, farmers, and the cultivators of natural philosophy by Johann Friedrich August Göttling, translated from German, was published in English. Friedrich Accum of London, England also sold portable chemistry sets and materials to refill them. Primarily used for training druggists and medical students, they could also be carried and used in the field.
Scientific kits also attracted well-educated members of the upper class who enjoyed experimenting and demonstrating their results. James Woodhouse of Philadelphia presented a Young Chemist's Pocket Companion (1797) with an accompanying portable laboratory, specifically targeted ladies and gentlemen.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20of%20formation%20group%20additivity
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Heat of formation group additivity methods in thermochemistry enable the calculation and prediction of heat of formation of organic compounds based on additivity. This method was pioneered by S. W. Benson.
Benson model
Starting with simple linear and branched alkanes and alkenes the method works by collecting a large number of experimental heat of formation data (see: Heat of Formation table) and then divide each molecule up into distinct groups each consisting of a central atom with multiple ligands:
X-(A)i(B)j(C)k(D)l
To each group is then assigned an empirical incremental value which is independent on its position inside the molecule and independent of the nature of its neighbors:
P primary C-(C)(H)3 -10.00
S secondary C-(C)2(H)2 -5.00
T tertiary C-(C)3(H) -2.40
Q quaternary C-(C)4 -0.10
gauche correction +0.80
1,5 pentane interference correction +1.60
in kcal/mol and 298 K
The following example illustrates how these values can be derived.
The experimental heat of formation of ethane is -20.03 kcal/mol and ethane consists of 2 P groups. Likewise propane (-25.02 kcal/mol) can be written as 2P+S, isobutane (-32.07) as 3P+T and neopentane (-40.18 kcal/mol) as 4P+Q. These four equations and 4 unknowns work out to estimations for P (-10.01 kcal/mol), S (-4.99 kcal/mol), T (-2.03 kcal/mol) and Q (-0.12 kcal/mol). Of course the accuracy will increase when the dataset increases.
the data allow the calculation of heat of formation for isomers. For example, the pen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Earnest
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Lester Donald Earnest (born December 17, 1930) is an American computer scientist.
Education and career
After receiving his B.S. in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1953, he began his career as a computer programmer in 1954 during a stint as a U.S. Navy Aviation Electronics Officer & Digital Computer Project Officer at the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) in Johnsville, Pennsylvania. In 1956, he joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s Lincoln Laboratory to help design the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air defense system.
In 1959, the focus of his career shifted to innovations within the field of word processing. During this time, he was responsible for developing the "first pen-based computer system that reliably recognized cursive writing" and the first spell checker. From 1959 to 1965, he was a subdepartment head at the MITRE Corporation in Bedford, Massachusetts and Arlington, Virginia. While at MITRE, he received an M.S. in electrical engineering from MIT in 1960.
In 1965, Earnest became a lecturer in computer science at Stanford University and the chief administrative officer of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL). Under founding director John McCarthy, he became involved with the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPAnet) startup committee. This association would lead him to the one innovation he has received the most acclaim for: the invention of the Finger proto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Goldberg
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Deborah Esther Goldberg is an American ecologist and Margaret B. Davis Distinguished University Professor Emerita and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Emerita in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Michigan.
Life
Prior to becoming the Margaret B. Davis Distinguished University Professor, she was the Elzada U. Clover Collegiate Professor. In April 2015, the Journal of Ecology published a virtual issue of the journal in her honor, reprinting 10 papers that she had previously contributed to the journal.
She is known for her study of competitive interactions in plant communities. Goldberg is a member of the board of This is My Earth, a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving biodiversity.
Awards
2014, Fellow of the Ecological Society of America
2014, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
2015, Journal of Ecology Eminent Ecologist Virtual Issue In Honor of Deborah Goldberg
2018 Margaret B. Davis Distinguished University Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
External links
Personal Website at University of Michigan Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
References
Living people
American ecologists
Women ecologists
University of Arizona alumni
Barnard College alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the Ecological Society of America
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-partition%20problem
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The 3-partition problem is a strongly NP-complete problem in computer science. The problem is to decide whether a given multiset of integers can be partitioned into triplets that all have the same sum. More precisely:
The input to the problem is a multiset S of n = 3 positive integers. The sum of all integers is .
The output is whether or not there exists a partition of S into m triplets S1, S2, …, Sm such that the sum of the numbers in each one is equal to T. The S1, S2, …, Sm must form a partition of S in the sense that they are disjoint and they cover S.
The 3-partition problem remains strongly NP-complete under the restriction that every integer in S is strictly between T/4 and T/2.
Example
The set can be partitioned into the four sets , each of which sums to T = 90.
The set can be partitioned into the two sets each of which sum to T = 15.
(every integer in S is strictly between T/4 and T/2): , thus m=2, and T=15. There is feasible 3-partition .
(every integer in S is strictly between T/4 and T/2): , thus m=2, and T=15. There is no feasible solution.
Strong NP-completeness
The 3-partition problem remains NP-complete even when the integers in S are bounded above by a polynomial in n. In other words, the problem remains NP-complete even when representing the numbers in the input instance in unary. i.e., 3-partition is NP-complete in the strong sense or strongly NP-complete. This property, and 3-partition in general, is useful in many reductions whe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual%20%28musician%29
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Manual is the performing name of electronic musician Jonas Munk Jensen, (born 1981 or 1982), from Odense, Denmark. He makes music in the style of ambient dream pop and indietronica. His sound tends to contain a mix of software synthesizers, guitars (sometimes sampled or heavily processed), and various digital signal processing effects. Mixing elements of pop, glitch, and indie music, Manual is compared to artists ranging from IDM artists, such as Boards of Canada, as well as shoegazer groups like Blonde Redhead.
Munk's output as Manual is strongly associated with the aesthetic of Morr Music, the label that released his first two albums. He also is featured on the Morr Music compilation Blue Skied an' Clear, which was a Slowdive tribute.
In 2004 he joined the American label Darla. Simultaneously, Munk started a psychedelic band called Causa Sui, and they released their self-titled debut album in December 2005.
He composed the soundtrack for the 2012 Danish-American road trip film Searching for Bill.
Influences
In an interview with Pitchforkmedia, Munk mentions some of his sources of musical inspiration. They include: Talk Talk, Simple Minds, Japan, David Sylvian, Brian Eno, Cocteau Twins, U2, Philip Glass, Coil, Jimi Hendrix and Led Zeppelin.
Discography
Albums
Until Tomorrow (2001)
Ascend (2002)
Into Forever (2003) (collaboration with Icebreaker International)
The North Shore (2004)
Golden Sun (2004)
Azure Vista (2005)
Bajamar (2006)
Lost Days, Open Skies and Streaming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona%20Brinkman
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Fiona Brinkman (née Lawson) is a Professor in Bioinformatics and Genomics in the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada, and is a leader in the area of microbial bioinformatics. She is interested in developing "more sustainable, holistic approaches for infectious disease control and conservation of microbiomes".
Education
Brinkman received her B.Sc. in Biochemistry from the University of Waterloo in 1990 and earned her Ph.D. under the supervision of Dr. Jo-Anne Dillon at the University of Ottawa in 1996. She completed two post-doctorate fellowships at the University of British Columbia under the guidance of Drs Robert (Bob) Hancock and Ann Rose. Though originally trained as a microbiologist, she developed an interest in bioinformatics throughout her graduate and postdoctoral studies, combining the fields when she started her own group focused on pathogen/microbial bioinformatics at Simon Fraser University in 2001.
Research
Brinkman's current research interests center around improving understanding of how microbes evolve and improving computational methods that aid the analysis of microbes and the development of new vaccines, drugs and diagnostics for infectious diseases. Increasingly her methods have been applied for more environmental applications. She is noted for developing PSORTb, the most precise method available for computational protein subcellular localization prediction and the first computational me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioesterase
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In biochemistry, thioesterases are enzymes which belong to the esterase family. Esterases, in turn, are one type of the several hydrolases known.
Thioesterases exhibit esterase activity (splitting of an ester into an acid and an alcohol, in the presence of water) specifically at a thiol group ().
Thioesterases or thiolester hydrolases are identified as members of EC 3.1.2.
Family
The thioesterase activity is performed by members of the acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) family. The regulatory role of ACOT in fatty acid metabolism depends on their substrate specificity, tissue expression and subcellular localization. For example, deactivation of fatty acids at the ER may traffic fatty acids away from pathways associated with the ER membrane, such as glycerolipid biosynthesis. Two structurally different ACOT types lead to a similar enzymatic activity in vitro, dividing the family into type I and type II ACOTs.
Type I ACOTs (ACOT1–6) contain the α/β-hydrolase domain, which is also present in many lipases and esterases .
Type II ACOTs (ACOT7–15) have a characteristic structural motif called the ‘Hotdog fold’ domain .
Examples
Acetyl-CoA hydrolase, palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, succinyl-CoA hydrolase, formyl-CoA hydrolase, acyl-CoA hydrolase are a few examples of this group of enzymes.
Ubiquitin thiolesterase is a well-known example, whose structure has been analyzed.
Humans genes which encode thioesterases include:
ACOT1, ACOT2, ACOT4, ACOT6, ACOT7, ACOT8, ACOT9, ACOT11 (STARD14),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier%E2%80%93Bessel%20series
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In mathematics, Fourier–Bessel series is a particular kind of generalized Fourier series (an infinite series expansion on a finite interval) based on Bessel functions.
Fourier–Bessel series are used in the solution to partial differential equations, particularly in cylindrical coordinate systems.
Definition
The Fourier–Bessel series of a function with a domain of satisfying
is the representation of that function as a linear combination of many orthogonal versions of the same Bessel function of the first kind Jα, where the argument to each version n is differently scaled, according to
where uα,n is a root, numbered n associated with the Bessel function Jα and cn are the assigned coefficients:
Interpretation
The Fourier–Bessel series may be thought of as a Fourier expansion in the ρ coordinate of cylindrical coordinates. Just as the Fourier series is defined for a finite interval and has a counterpart, the continuous Fourier transform over an infinite interval, so the Fourier–Bessel series has a counterpart over an infinite interval, namely the Hankel transform.
Calculating the coefficients
As said, differently scaled Bessel Functions are orthogonal with respect to the inner product
according to
(where: is the Kronecker delta). The coefficients can be obtained from projecting the function onto the respective Bessel functions:
where the plus or minus sign is equally valid.
For the inverse transform, one makes use of the following representation of the Dirac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20of%20Molecular%20Cell%20Biology%20and%20Genetics
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The Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG) is a biology research institute located in Dresden, Germany. It was founded in 1998 and was fully operational in 2001. Research groups in the institute work in molecular biology, cell biology, developmental biology, biophysics, and systems biology supported by various facilities.
Research
The research theme of research at MPI-CBG lies in the fundamental scientific questions pertaining to organisation of biology at various scales: How do biomolecules organize in a functioning cell? How do cells form tissues? and How do tissues form organisms? The research in the institute encompasses many topics from molecular, cellular, and developmental biology as well as from biophysics. An incomplete list of individual topics follows: phase separation, neural development, cell division, lipid rafts, endocytosis, embryogenesis, regeneration, tissue and organoid development.
Organisation
The MPI-CBG is headed by five tenured directors or group leaders – Anthony Hyman (UK) as managing director, Marino Zerial (Italy), Anne Grapin-Botton (France), Stephan Grill (Germany), Eugene Myers (US), – and a chief operating officer (Ivan Baines). Together with the directors' groups, 23 independent research groups led by untenured principal investigators and about 21 facilities make up the work force of the institute. In total, the institute employs around 550 people of whom about half are not German. The flat organisation an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Briefer%20History%20of%20Time%20%28Hawking%20and%20Mlodinow%20book%29
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A Briefer History of Time is a 2006 popular-science book by the English physicist Stephen Hawking and the American physicist Leonard Mlodinow.
Overview
The book is an update and rewrite of Hawking's 1988 A Brief History of Time. In this book Hawking and Mlodinow present quantum mechanics, string theory, the big bang theory, and other topics in a more accessible fashion to the general public. The book is updated with newly discovered topics, and informs of recurring subjects throughout the book in greater detail.
References
2005 non-fiction books
Collaborative non-fiction books
Books by Stephen Hawking
Popular physics books
Cosmology books
Bantam Books books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%BD%20Kub%C3%ADn%20District
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Dolný Kubín District (okres Dolný Kubín) is a district in
the Žilina Region of central Slovakia. District is located in a hilly area north of Malá Fatra mountain range. Core of the district economy represent engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgy and wood processing industry. In the district are several middle-sized construction companies. Its seat and center is its largest town Dolný Kubín.
Municipalities
References
External links
http://www.dolnykubin.sk
Districts of Slovakia
Žilina Region
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Wiseman
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Jennifer J. Wiseman is Senior Project Scientist on the Hubble Space Telescope, and an American astronomer, born in Mountain Home, Arkansas. She earned a bachelor's degree in physics from MIT and a Ph.D. in Astronomy from Harvard University in 1995. Wiseman discovered periodic comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff while working as an undergraduate search assistant in 1987. Wiseman is a senior astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, where she serves as the Senior Project Scientist for the Hubble Space Telescope. She previously headed the Laboratory for Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics. She studies star forming regions of our galaxy using radio, optical, and infrared telescopes, with a particular interest in molecular cloud cores, protostars, and outflows. She led a major study that mapped a star forming region in the constellation Orion.
Wiseman is also interested in science policy and public science outreach and engagement. She has served as a congressional science fellow of the American Physical Society, an elected councilor of the American Astronomical Society and a public dialogue leader for the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She gives talks on the excitement of astronomy and scientific discovery, and has appeared in many science and news venues including The New York Times, The Washington Post, NOVA and National Public Radio. She was recently featured in the John Templeton Foundation funded project, The Purposeful Universe.
Wiseman is a C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine%20guidance%20sensor
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A fine guidance sensor (FGS) is an instrument on board a space telescope that provides high-precision pointing information as input to the telescope's attitude control systems. Interferometric FGSs have been deployed on the Hubble Space Telescope; a different technical approach is used for the James Webb Space Telescope's FGSs.
In some specialized cases, such as astrometry, FGSs can also be used as scientific instruments.
Hubble Space Telescope FGS
The Hubble Space Telescope has three fine guidance sensors (FGSs). Two are used to point and lock the telescope onto the target, and the third can be used for position measurements - also known as astrometry. Because the FGSs are so accurate, they can be used to measure stellar distances and also to investigate binary star systems.
The three FGSs are located at 90-degree intervals around the circumference of the telescope's field of view. To achieve the very high pointing accuracy Hubble needs, the FGSs have been constructed as interferometers to exploit the wavelike features of the in-coming starlight. With this kind of accuracy and precision, the sensors can search for a wobble in the motion of nearby stars that could indicate the presence of a planetary companion, determine if certain stars really are double stars, measure the angular diameter of stars, galaxies, etc.
Due to the sensitivity of the FGS they can not be used whilst the HST is pointed within 50 degrees of the Sun.
James Webb Space Telescope FGS
A guiding syste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20plane
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In geophysical fluid dynamics, an approximation whereby the Coriolis parameter, f, is set to vary linearly in space is called a beta plane approximation.
On a rotating sphere such as the Earth, f varies with the sine of latitude; in the so-called f-plane approximation, this variation is ignored, and a value of f appropriate for a particular latitude is used throughout the domain. This approximation can be visualized as a tangent plane touching the surface of the sphere at this latitude.
A more accurate model is a linear Taylor series approximation to this variability about a given latitude :
, where is the Coriolis parameter at , is the Rossby parameter, is the meridional distance from , is the angular rotation rate of the Earth, and is the Earth's radius.
In analogy with the f-plane, this approximation is termed the beta plane, even though it no longer describes dynamics on a hypothetical tangent plane. The advantage of the beta plane approximation over more accurate formulations is that it does not contribute nonlinear terms to the dynamical equations; such terms make the equations harder to solve. The name 'beta plane' derives from the convention to denote the linear coefficient of variation with the Greek letter β.
The beta plane approximation is useful for the theoretical analysis of many phenomena in geophysical fluid dynamics since it makes the equations much more tractable, yet retains the important information that the Coriolis parameter varies in space. I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual%20nucleus
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In the substance of the formatio reticularis are two small nuclei of gray matter. The one near the dorsal aspect of the hilus of the inferior olivary nucleus is called the Sublingual nucleus (inferior central nucleus, nucleus of Roller.)
References
External links
NIF Search - Sublingual Nucleus via the Neuroscience Information Framework
Medulla oblongata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%20University%20Physics%20Department
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The Columbia University Physics Department includes approximately 40 faculty members teaching and conducting research in the areas of astrophysics, high energy nuclear physics, high energy particle physics, atomic-molecular-optical physics, condensed matter physics, and theoretical physics.
This research is conducted in Pupin Hall and the Shapiro Center for Engineering and Physical Sciences Research (CEPSR), both on the university's Morningside Heights campus, Nevis Labs upstate, and at a number of other affiliated institutions. The department is connected with research conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratories and at CERN.
Columbia has approximately 20 undergraduate physics majors and is home to about 100 graduate students.
History
The roots of graduate physics can be traced back to the opening of the School of Mines in 1864 although the department was only formally established in 1892. In 1899 the American Physical Society was founded at a meeting at Columbia. Several years later, the Earnest Kempton Adams Fund enabled the department to invite distinguished scientists to the school. Among the distinguished EKA lecturers were Hendrik Lorentz (1905-1906) and Max Planck (1909). During Lorentz's stay at Columbia he wrote one of his most important works, the Theory of Electrons.
By 1931, Pupin Labs was a leading research center. During this time Harold Urey (Nobel laureate in Chemistry) discovered deuterium and George B. Pegram was investigating the phenomena associated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Novak
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Kate Novak is an American fantasy author.
Biography
Novak grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where she graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with a BS in Chemistry.
She primarily published in the Forgotten Realms and Ravenloft shared worlds.
She is married to writer and game designer Jeff Grubb. Novak and Grubb are co-authors of the best-selling Finder's Stone Trilogy, and collaborated on the book Azure Bonds. The success of the book resulted in the creation of the computer game, Curse of the Azure Bonds.
Bibliography
The Finder's Stone Trilogy (with Jeff Grubb)
Azure Bonds (1988),
The Wyvern's Spur (1990),
Song of the Saurials (1991),
The Harpers (with Jeff Grubb)
Book 10: Masquerades (1995),
Book 15: Finder's Bane (1997),
The Lost Gods (with Jeff Grubb)
Tymora's Luck (1997), sequel to Finder's Bane,
References
Further reading
External links
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women
American fantasy writers
American women novelists
Living people
Role-playing game writers
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonally%20dominant%20matrix
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In mathematics, a square matrix is said to be diagonally dominant if, for every row of the matrix, the magnitude of the diagonal entry in a row is larger than or equal to the sum of the magnitudes of all the other (non-diagonal) entries in that row. More precisely, the matrix A is diagonally dominant if
where aij denotes the entry in the ith row and jth column.
This definition uses a weak inequality, and is therefore sometimes called weak diagonal dominance. If a strict inequality (>) is used, this is called strict diagonal dominance. The unqualified term diagonal dominance can mean both strict and weak diagonal dominance, depending on the context.
Variations
The definition in the first paragraph sums entries across each row. It is therefore sometimes called row diagonal dominance. If one changes the definition to sum down each column, this is called column diagonal dominance.
Any strictly diagonally dominant matrix is trivially a weakly chained diagonally dominant matrix. Weakly chained diagonally dominant matrices are nonsingular and include the family of irreducibly diagonally dominant matrices. These are irreducible matrices that are weakly diagonally dominant, but strictly diagonally dominant in at least one row.
Examples
The matrix
is diagonally dominant because
since
since
since .
The matrix
is not diagonally dominant because
since
since
since .
That is, the first and third rows fail to satisfy the diagonal dominance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Zernike%20polynomials
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In mathematics, pseudo-Zernike polynomials are well known and widely used in the analysis of optical systems. They are also widely used in image analysis as shape descriptors.
Definition
They are an orthogonal set of complex-valued polynomials
defined as
where and orthogonality on the unit disk is given as
where the star means complex conjugation, and
, ,
are the standard transformations between polar and Cartesian coordinates.
The radial polynomials are defined as
with integer coefficients
Examples
Examples are:
Moments
The pseudo-Zernike Moments (PZM) of order and repetition are defined as
where , and takes on positive and negative integer
values subject to .
The image function can be reconstructed by expansion of the pseudo-Zernike coefficients on the unit disk as
Pseudo-Zernike moments are derived from conventional Zernike moments and shown
to be more robust and less sensitive to image noise than the Zernike moments.
See also
Zernike polynomials
Image moment
References
Orthogonal polynomials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Levoy
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Marc Levoy is a computer graphics researcher and Professor Emeritus of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, a vice president and Fellow at Adobe Inc., and (until 2020) a Distinguished Engineer at Google. He is noted for pioneering work in volume rendering, light fields, and computational photography.
Education and early career
Levoy first studied computer graphics as an architecture student under Donald P. Greenberg at Cornell University. He received his B.Arch. in 1976 and M.S. in architecture in 1978. He developed a 2D computer animation system as part of his studies, receiving the Charles Goodwin Sands Memorial Medal for this work. Greenberg and he suggested to Disney that they use computer graphics in producing animated films, but the idea was rejected by several of the Nine Old Men who were still active. Following this, they were able to convince Hanna-Barbera Productions to use their system for television animation. Despite initial opposition by animators, the system was successful in reducing labor costs and helping to save the company, and was used until 1996. Levoy worked as director of the Hanna-Barbera Animation Laboratory from 1980 to 1983.
He then did graduate study in computer science under Henry Fuchs at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and received his Ph.D. in 1989. While there, he published several important papers in the field of volume rendering, developing new algorithms (such as volume ray tracing),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupin%20Hall
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Pupin Physics Laboratories , also known as Pupin Hall, is home to the physics and astronomy departments of Columbia University in New York City. The building is located on the south side of 120th Street, just east of Broadway. In 1965, Pupin was named a National Historic Landmark for its association with experiments relating to the splitting of the atom, achieved in connection with the later Manhattan Project. In 2009 the American Physical Society named Pupin Hall a historic site and honored Isidor Isaac Rabi for his work in the field of magnetic resonance.
History
Pupin Hall was built in 1925–1927 to provide more space for the Physics Department which had originally been housed in Fayerweather Hall. In 1935, it was renamed after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin (also known as Michael I. Pupin), a Serbian scientist and graduate of Columbia. Returning to the university's engineering school as a faculty member, he played a key role in establishing the department of electrical engineering. Pupin was also a brilliant inventor, developing methods for rapid x-ray photography and the "Pupin coil," a device for increasing the range of long-distance telephones. After his death in 1935, the university trustees named the newly constructed physics building the "Pupin Physics Laboratories" in his honor.
By 1931, the building which later became Pupin Hall was a leading research center. During this time Harold Urey (Nobel laureate in Chemistry) discovered deuterium and George B. Pegram was investig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Steiner
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Mark Steiner (May 6, 1942 – April 6, 2020) was an American-born Israeli professor of philosophy. He taught philosophy of mathematics and physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Steiner died after contracting COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Biography
Mark Steiner was born in the Bronx, New York. He graduated from Columbia University in 1965 and studied at the University of Oxford as a Fulbright Fellow. He then received his Ph.D. in philosophy from Princeton University in 1972 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "On mathematical knowledge." Steiner taught at Columbia from 1970 to 1977.
Steiner died on April 6, 2020, in Shaare Zedek Medical Center, after contracting the COVID-19 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel.
Academic career
Steiner is best known for his book The Applicability of Mathematics as a Philosophical Problem, in which he attempted to explain the historical utility of mathematics in physics. The book may be considered an extended meditation on the issues raised by Eugene Wigner's article "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences". Steiner is also the author of the book Mathematical Knowledge.
Steiner also translated Reuven Agushewitz's philosophical work Emune un Apikorses from Yiddish.
References
External links
Faculty address page
1942 births
2020 deaths
Writers from the Bronx
American emigrants to Israel
Israeli people of American-Jewish descent
Jewish American academics
Jewish philosophe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarenflurbil
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Tarenflurbil, Flurizan or R-flurbiprofen, is the single enantiomer of the racemate NSAID flurbiprofen. For several years, research and trials for the drug were conducted by Myriad Genetics, to investigate its potential as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease; that investigation concluded in June 2008 when the company announced it would discontinue development of the compound.
Mechanism of action
At proposed therapeutic concentrations, this molecule lacks anti-inflammatory activity, and does not inhibit either cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) or cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzymes. Only the S-enantiomers of arylpropionic acid NSAID can potently inhibit COX, whereas the R-enantiomers exert almost no COX activity. R-Flurbiprofen is inefficiently converted into S-flurbiprofen, with 1.5% of the R-enantiomer undergoing bioinversion to the S-form. Although this compound lacks activity against COX, studies have shown that this drug is a potent reducer of levels of beta amyloid, the main constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and therefore there was interest in this drug as a therapeutic agent.
Clinical trials
In 2005, Myriad Genetics reported the results of its Phase II clinical trial of Flurizan; it was the largest ever Alzheimer's drug treatment trial using R-flurbiprofen. Patients were split into three treatment groups, receiving placebo, 400 or 800 mg R-flurbiprofen twice daily for a year. Result from this trial showed that the drug was well tolerated, and positive trend
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Little
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John R. Little is best known as a writer of horror and dark fantasy fiction. He was born in London, Ontario, Canada on August 16, 1955, and he currently resides in Ayr, ON Canada. John R. Little has an Honours Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Western Ontario where his major was Computer Science and he minored in Math. He has been publishing fiction since 1982 with his work "Volunteers Needed" published in the February, 1982 issue of Cavalier magazine. John R. Little's short story "Tommy's Christmas," first published in Twilight Zone Magazine in 1983, was chosen by Isaac Asimov, Terry Carr, and Martin Greenberg to appear in their 1984 anthology 100 Great Fantasy Short Short Stories. "Tommy's Christmas" has since been published in many different countries and languages. John R. Little continues to currently write novels, novellas, and short stories. His recent work has received many award nominations including the Black Quill and Bram Stoker Award.
Awards and honors
2007 Bram Stoker Award nomination "Superior Achievement in a First Novel" - The Memory Tree
1st Annual Black Quill Award nomination "Best Small Press Chill" - Placeholders
2nd Annual Black Quill Award winner "Best Small Press Chill" - Miranda
2008 Bram Stoker Award winner "Superior Achievement in Long Fiction" - Miranda
2009 President’s Richard Laymon Award for volunteer work on behalf of the Horror Writers Association
Selected bibliography
The Memory Tree (Nocturne Press, 2007)
Placeholders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative%20Computational%20Project%20Number%204
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The Collaborative Computational Project Number 4 in protein crystallography (CCP4) was set up in 1979 in the United Kingdom to support collaboration between researchers working in software development and assemble a comprehensive collection of software for structural biology. The CCP4 core team is located at the Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH) at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in Didcot, near Oxford, UK.
CCP4 was originally supported by the UK Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC), and is now supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). The project is coordinated at CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory. The results of this effort gave rise to the CCP4 program suite, which is now distributed to academic and commercial users worldwide.
Projects
CCP4i – CCP4 Graphical User Interface
CCP4MG – CCP4 Molecular Graphics Project
Coot – Graphical Model Building
HAPPy – automated experimental phasing
MrBUMP – automated Molecular Replacement
PISA – Protein Interfaces, Surfaces and Assemblies
MOSFLM GUI – building a modern interface to MOSFLM
See also
CCP4 (file format)
External links
CCP4 Documentation wiki — concentrates only on CCP4
CCP4 Community wiki — general X-ray crystallography topics related to CCP4
References
Crystallography
Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
Science and technology in Oxfordshire
Vale of White Horse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Thomson%20%28botanist%29
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Thomas Thomson (4 December 1817 – 18 April 1878) was a British surgeon with the British East India Company before becoming a botanist. He was a friend of Joseph Dalton Hooker and helped write the first volume of Flora Indica.
He was born in Glasgow the son of Thomas Thomson, chemistry professor at Glasgow University. He qualified as an M.D. at Glasgow University in 1839, as was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the Bengal Army 21 December 1839.
He served during the campaign in Afghanistan 1839-1842 being present at the capture of Ghazni in 1839 and was taken prisoner at Ghazni in March 1842 but was released 21 September 1842. He served in the Sutlej campaign, 1845–46, being present at Firuzshahr, and in the second Sikh war, 1848–49.
During 1847–48, Thomson served on the Kashmir Boundary Commission under the leadership of Alexander Cunningham. (Henry Strachey was the other commissioner.) Thomson explored the northern frontier of Kashmir, along the Karakoram Range.
He was promoted Surgeon on 1 December 1853 and Surgeon Major on 21 December 1859.
He became Superintendent of the Honourable East India Company's Botanic Garden at Calcutta and was the Naturalist to and Member of the Tibet Mission. He was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1855 and retired 25 September 1863. In 1866 he was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal.
He died in London, England, on 18 April 1878.
References
External links
www.unb.ca/herbarium/notes.html
Scottish naturalists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Mazoka
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Anderson K. Mazoka (22 March 1943 – 24 May 2006) was a Zambian politician and President of the United Party for National Development (UPND), the current ruling party.
Life
Mazoka was born in Monze. He attended Union College, where he graduated in 1969 with a degree in mechanical engineering. For his senior thesis, Mazoka designed and built a wind tunnel in 10 weeks. The tunnel, whose construction attracted attention from the media, filled the basement of the college's Science and Engineering department and would be used for three decades.
In the presidential election held on 27 December 2001, he finished second behind Levy Mwanawasa of the ruling Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) party, winning 27.2% of the vote.
On 24 May 2006, Mazoka died from kidney complications in Johannesburg, South Africa. He was 63 years old. He was succeeded as leader of the UPND by Hakainde Hichilema.
He was married to Mutinta and had three children with her: Mutinta, Pasina and Anderson Jr. His eldest daughter Macenje was from his first marriage to Zenobia Lewis.
References
External links
Photograph
1943 births
2006 deaths
People from Monze District
United Party for National Development politicians
Deaths from kidney failure
Union College (New York) alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoire%20d%27Informatique%20de%20Paris%206
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The LIP6, the computer science laboratory of Sorbonne University's Faculty of Science and Engineering is a joint research laboratory of Sorbonne University and CNRS, the French national research organization. The current name comes from the acronym of its historical name, Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6. It was founded in January, 1997, with the fusion of three smaller laboratories: LAFORIA, LITP, and MASI. Employing over 150 permanent professors and research scientists, LIP6 is one of the largest computer science laboratories in France.
Research activities
LIP6's research activities are organized around five general areas of research:
Embedded systems
Scientific computation
Networking and Distributed systems
Databases and Machine learning
Decision making and Optimization
See also
References and sources
Rapport du comité d'experts. Report on LIP6 by a committee of independent experts. Published by AERES (Agence de l'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur), France's independent research evaluation agency. February 2008. This report states: "Sa notoriété scientifique nationale et européenne est globalement très bonne" ("Its national and international scientific reputation is overall very good"). Retrieved 2013-03-02.
External links
Research institutes in France
Computer science institutes in France
French National Centre for Scientific Research
1997 establishments in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Environmental%20Sciences%20and%20Engineering
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The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE) is located at Islamabad, Federal Capital Territory, Pakistan. It is affiliated with the National University of Sciences and Technology. It is a teaching and research institute offering BS, MS, and PhD programs in Environmental Engineering and Sciences along with consultancy, and testing services for the public and private sectors.
Facilities
A separate building of IESE is in NUST campus in the H-12 sector, Islamabad, and comprises an auditorium, classrooms, various research labs, computer lab, conference room, library, and faculty offices.
Research labs
The institute features a range of specialized research laboratories, each dedicated to distinct areas of study. These include the Environmental Microbiology Lab, Environmental Chemistry Lab, Air, Noise & Solid Waste Lab, Environmental Biotechnology Lab, Water & Wastewater Lab, Advanced Analytical Lab, Environmental Agriculture Lab, and a well-equipped Computer Lab.
Library and Information Resource Centre (LIRC)
The library offers a comprehensive collection of resources including course books, encyclopedias, journals, newspapers, and full-text databases accessible through the HEC digital library.
Ranking
The IESE Environmental Science program has secured a prominent position, being ranked within the top 351-400 environmental science programs globally in the QS Subject Wise Rankings 2023. Furthermore, the university itself has achieved a noteworthy rank of #33
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Klein%20%28philosopher%29
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Jacob Klein (March 3, 1899 – July 16, 1978) was a Russian-American philosopher and interpreter of Plato, who worked extensively on the nature and historical origin of modern symbolic mathematics.
Biography
Klein was born in Libava, Russian Empire. He studied at Berlin and Marburg, where he received his Ph.D. in 1922. A student of Nicolai Hartmann, Martin Heidegger, and Edmund Husserl, he later taught at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland from 1938 until his death. He served as dean from 1949 to 1958.
Klein was affectionately known as Jasha (pronounced "Yasha"). He was one of the world's preeminent interpreters of Plato and the Platonic tradition. As one of many Jewish scholars who were no longer safe in Europe, he fled the Nazis. He was a friend of fellow émigré and German-American philosopher Leo Strauss. Of Klein's first book Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra, Strauss said: The work is much more than a historical study. But even if we take it as a purely historical work, there is not, in my opinion, a contemporary work in the history of philosophy or science or in "the history of ideas" generally speaking which in intrinsic worth comes within hailing distance of it.Russian born French philosopher Alexandre Kojève counted Klein as one of the two people (along with Strauss) from whom he could learn anything.
The central thesis of his work Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra is that the modern concept of mathematics is based on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher%20category%20theory
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In mathematics, higher category theory is the part of category theory at a higher order, which means that some equalities are replaced by explicit arrows in order to be able to explicitly study the structure behind those equalities. Higher category theory is often applied in algebraic topology (especially in homotopy theory), where one studies algebraic invariants of spaces, such as their fundamental weak ∞-groupoid. In higher category theory, the concept of higher categorical structures, such as (∞-categories), allows for a more robust treatment of homotopy theory, enabling one to capture finer homotopical distinctions, such as differentiating two topological spaces that have the same fundamental group, but differ in their higher homotopy groups. This approach is particularly valuable when dealing with spaces with intricate topological features, such as the Eilenberg-MacLane space.
Strict higher categories
An ordinary category has objects and morphisms, which are called 1-morphisms in the context of higher category theory. A 2-category generalizes this by also including 2-morphisms between the 1-morphisms. Continuing this up to n-morphisms between (n − 1)-morphisms gives an n-category.
Just as the category known as Cat, which is the category of small categories and functors is actually a 2-category with natural transformations as its 2-morphisms, the category n-Cat of (small) n-categories is actually an (n + 1)-category.
An n-category is defined by induction on n by:
A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%20Holyszewski
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Frédéric Holyszewski (Paris, 1970), also known as Dado and Deedrah is a French music producer mostly known his psytrance projects such as Deedrah, Transwave, Krome Angels and Synthetic.
Biography
He learned classical music since his childhood, playing piano and transverse flute, yet wanted to be a biology teacher. He got a masters in biology and geology (PARIS 6) but stopped his studies when he was 25 years old to produce the early Transwave tracks with fellow music producer Christophe Drouillet, aka Absolum.
He has been releasing his trance productions under the name Deedrah since 1995.
Collaborating with other people such as Sid Shanti, Bamboo Forest, and others, Dado has founded a broad and diverse spectrum of music in projects such as Transwave, Kaledoid, Synthetic, Cypher, The Digital Avengers, Dandandado, and The Good The Bad and the Ugly to name a few. He also heads another solo project with the name Federico Baltimore, with a more lounge/house style. He is known for having a high standard for his music productions and for his solid production quality. He is now living in Ibiza, producing music or touring the world. His newest projects are the fourth album of Transwave and the Krome Angels. Krome Angels is an EDM project, which includes Dino Psaras, Dado (Deedrah), and Shanti Matkin. Their debut album, Modern Day Classics, was released in February 2009 on the BOA Group label. Their second long-awaited album Sexy, Freaky, Nasty is due for release in April 2014.
Disc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASM
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CASM may refer to:
Education
Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music, an educational unit of the University of Adelaide, South Australia
Certificate of Advanced Study in Mathematics, a former qualification gained from Cambridge University
Galleries and museums
Canada Aviation and Space Museum, the national aviation history museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Canadian Air and Space Conservancy, formerly Canadian Air and Space Museum, a former aviation museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Centre d'Art Santa Mònica, an art gallery in Barcelona, Spain
Other uses
Centre for the Analysis of Social Media, a research unit of the UK think tank Demos
Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, an organization affiliated with the defunct State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping
Collaborative group on Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining, an association for artisanal mining
Cost per Available Seat Mile, a measure of unit cost in the airline industry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Chalke
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Stephen Chalke (born 5 June 1948) is an English author and publisher, particularly of books on cricket and cricketers.
Chalke was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire. He has two undergraduate degrees – one in Drama, English and Philosophy, the other in Mathematics – and a postgraduate degree in English Literature. He has taught in adult, further and higher education, but since the late 1990s he has increasingly concentrated on writing and publishing. For many years he worked for the Open University. In an article in the 2010 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack he is identified as "an author, publisher and captain of the Winsley Third XI". He retired from playing cricket in 2013 at the age of 65.
Chalke's cricket-writing career began after he received some coaching from the former Somerset player Ken Biddulph in the early 1990s. He wrote down some of Biddulph's reminiscences, then interviewed other players from the 1950s and collected their cricket memories into his first book, Runs in the Memory. None of the publishers he approached thought the book was commercially viable, so he formed his own publishing firm, Fairfield Books, and published it himself. Its first review was in The Guardian where Frank Keating named it as his Sports Book of the Year.
Through Fairfield Books, Chalke has written and published several biographical and historical cricket books. His collaboration with Geoffrey Howard, At the Heart of English Cricket, won the 2002 Cricket Society Book of the Year Aw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Barton%20%28biologist%29
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Michael Barton is an ichthyologist, the H. W. Stodghill Jr. and Adele H. Stodghill Professor of Biology at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky.
He is the author of the third edition of Bond's Biology of Fishes. In 2008 he was recognized for two articles, the first one is "Pupfishes of the Bahamas" which became the cover article for the Journal of American Killifish Association and the second article, "Reproductive isolation among endemic pupfishes (Cyprinodon) on San Salvador Island, Bahamas: Microsatellite evidence," appeared in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.
References
American ichthyologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Centre College faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon%20gas
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In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is the black-body radiation.
Photons are part of a family of particles known as bosons, particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics and with integer spin. A gas of bosons with only one type of particle is uniquely described by three state functions such as the temperature, volume, and the number of particles. However, for a black body, the energy distribution is established by the interaction of the photons with matter, usually the walls of the container. In this interaction, the number of photons is not conserved. As a result, the chemical potential of the black-body photon gas is zero at thermodynamic equilibrium. The number of state variables needed to describe a black-body state is thus reduced from three to two (e.g. temperature and volume).
Thermodynamics of a black body photon gas
In a classical ideal gas with massive particles, the energy of the particles is distributed according to a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. This distribution is established as the particles collide with each other, exchanging energy (and momentum) in the process. In a photon gas, there will also be an equilibrium distribution, but photons do not collide with each other (except under very extreme conditions, see two-photon physics), so the equilib
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieb
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Lieb may refer to:
As a surname
R. Eric Lieb, American writer and book editor
Eli Lieb (born 1979), American singer and songwriter
Elliott H. Lieb (born 1932), American mathematical physicist and professor of mathematics
Ernst Lieb, American business executive
Fred Lieb (1888–1980), American sportswriter and baseball historian
Oliver Lieb (born 1969), German electronic music producer and DJ
Marc Lieb (born 1980), German motor-racing driver
Other uses
Lieb is a character from The Lingo Show, a kids' TV show.
See also
Mihály Munkácsy (1844–1900), Hungarian painter, born Michael von Lieb
Liebe, a surname
Leeb, a surname
Surnames from nicknames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinde
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Grinde may refer to:
Places
Grinde, Rogaland, a village in Tysvær municipality in Rogaland county, Norway
Grinde, Vestland, a village in Sogndal municipality in Vestland county, Norway
Geography
Grinde (landform), a type of treeless, wet heathland in the Black Forest of Germany
People
Bjørn Grinde, a biologist working in the fields of genetics and evolution
Nick Grinde (1893-1979), an American film director and screenwriter
Wanda Grinde, an American politician with the Democratic Party of Montana
Åslaug Grinde (born 1931), a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedden%20Iron%20Construction%20Company
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Hedden Iron Construction Company was a manufacturer of iron and steel components founded in 1889 and sold in 1931 to the Bethlehem Steel Company.
History
Eugene Bleything Hedden, son of Viner J. Hedden, president of V.J. Hedden and Sons Construction Co., graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1885 with a degree in civil engineering. He took employment first with The Riverside Bridge and Iron Works of Paterson, New Jersey, where he could study steel and iron construction. After about a year, he accepted a similar position with Wallis Iron Works, of New Jersey.
In 1889 he established himself in steel and iron construction work, with offices at 35 Broadway, New York City, NY. In 1892 a plant was constructed at Bloomfield Center, with railroad facilities on the Delaware, Lakawanna, and Western railroad, for the manufacture of all kinds of constructional iron and steel. The company was incorporated in 1903 under the name of Hedden Iron Construction Co., with offices at 22 Clinton St., Newark, New Jersey. The company was incorporated with an authorized capital of $100,000 and Mr. Hedden was named president.
In 1910 the Bloomfield plant was abandoned, and a new plant was erected on at Lyons Farms, on the Irvington branch of the Lehigh Valley railroad. The main shop of the new plant was 110 x , and had switching facilities for twenty-three cars on a double end switch. This plant was equipped with the most modern machinery, capable of manufacturing any kind of construct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresol%20Red
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Cresol red (full name: o-cresolsulfonephthalein) is a triarylmethane dye frequently used for monitoring the pH in aquaria.
Molecular biology
Cresol red can be used in many common molecular biology reactions in place of other loading dyes. Cresol Red does not inhibit Taq polymerase to the same degree as other common loading dyes.
Color marker
Cresol red can also be used as an electrophoretic color marker to monitor the process of agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In a 1% agarose gel, it runs approximately at the size of a 125 base pair (bp) DNA molecule (it depends on the concentration of buffer and other component). Bromophenol blue and xylene cyanol can also be used for this purpose.
References
External links
Cresol Red at OpenWetWare life scientists' wiki
Triarylmethane dyes
Phenol dyes
Benzoxathioles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament%20of%20the%20Towns
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The Tournament of the Towns (International Mathematics Tournament of the Towns, Турнир Городов, Международный Математический Турнир Городов) is an international mathematical competition for school students originating in Russia.
The contest was created by mathematician Nikolay Konstantinov and has participants from over 100 cities in many different countries.
Organization
There are two rounds in this contest: Fall (October) and Spring (February–March) of the same academic year.
Both have an O-Level (Basic) paper and an A-Level (Advanced) paper separated by 1–2 weeks.
The O-Level contains around 5 questions and the A-Level contains around 7 questions.
The duration of the exams is 5 hours for both Levels.
The A-Level problems are more difficult than O-Level but have a greater maximum score.
Participating students are divided into two divisions;
Junior (usually grades 7–10) and Senior (two last school grades, usually grades 11–12).
To account for age differences inside of each division, students in different grades have different loadings (coefficients). A contestant's final score is his/her highest score from the four exams. It is not necessary albeit recommended to write all four exams.
Different towns are given handicaps to account for differences in population. A town's score is the average of the scores of its N best students, where its population is N hundred thousand. It is also worth noting that the minimum value of N is 5.
Philosophy
Tournament of Towns di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalizations%20of%20Pauli%20matrices
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In mathematics and physics, in particular quantum information, the term generalized Pauli matrices refers to families of matrices which generalize the (linear algebraic) properties of the Pauli matrices. Here, a few classes of such matrices are summarized.
Multi-qubit Pauli matrices (Hermitian)
This method of generalizing the Pauli matrices refers to a generalization from a single 2-level system (qubit) to multiple such systems. In particular, the generalized Pauli matrices for a group of qubits is just the set of matrices generated by all possible products of Pauli matrices on any of the qubits.
The vector space of a single qubit is and the vector space of qubits is . We use the tensor product notation
to refer to the operator on that acts as a Pauli matrix on the th qubit and the identity on all other qubits. We can also use for the identity, i.e., for any we use . Then the multi-qubit Pauli matrices are all matrices of the form
,
i.e., for a vector of integers between 0 and 4. Thus there are such generalized Pauli matrices if we include the identity and if we do not.
Higher spin matrices (Hermitian)
The traditional Pauli matrices are the matrix representation of the Lie algebra generators , , and in the 2-dimensional irreducible representation of SU(2), corresponding to a spin-1/2 particle. These generate the Lie group SU(2).
For a general particle of spin , one instead utilizes the -dimensional irreducible representation.
Generalized Gell-Mann
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamicist
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In thermodynamics, a thermodynamicist is someone who studies thermodynamic processes and phenomena, i.e. the physics that deal with mechanical action and relations of heat.
Among the well-known number of famous thermodynamicists, include Sadi Carnot, Rudolf Clausius, Willard Gibbs, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Max Planck.
History of term
Although most consider the French physicist Nicolas Sadi Carnot to be the first true thermodynamicist, the term thermodynamics itself wasn't coined until 1849 by Lord Kelvin in his publication An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.
The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, a civil and mechanical engineering professor at the University of Glasgow.
See also
References
Thermodynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerwein%E2%80%93Ponndorf%E2%80%93Verley%20reduction
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The Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reduction in organic chemistry is the reduction of ketones and aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols utilizing aluminium alkoxide catalysis in the presence of a sacrificial alcohol. The advantages of the MPV reduction lie in its high chemoselectivity, and its use of a cheap environmentally friendly metal catalyst.
The MPV reduction was independently discovered by Albert Verley and the team of Hans Meerwein and Rudolf Schmidt in 1925. They found that a mixture of aluminium ethoxide and ethanol could reduce aldehydes to their alcohols. Ponndorf applied the reaction to ketones and upgraded the catalyst to aluminium isopropoxide in isopropanol.
Mechanism
The MPV reduction is believed to go through a catalytic cycle involving a six-member ring transition state as shown in Figure 2. Starting with the aluminium alkoxide 1, a carbonyl oxygen is coordinated to achieve the tetra coordinated aluminium intermediate 2. Between intermediates 2 and 3 the hydride is transferred to the carbonyl from the alkoxy ligand via a pericyclic mechanism. At this point the new carbonyl dissociates and gives the tricoordinated aluminium species 4. Finally, an alcohol from solution displaces the newly reduced carbonyl to regenerate the catalyst 1.
Each step in the cycle is reversible and the reaction is driven by the thermodynamic properties of the intermediates and the products. This means that given time the more thermodynamically stable product will be favored.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Lutz
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Jack Lutz is an American theoretical computer scientist best known for developing the concepts of resource bounded measure and effective dimension; he has also published research on DNA computing and self-assembly. He is a professor of computer science and mathematics at Iowa State University.
Education and career
Lutz was a student at the University of Kansas, graduating in 1976 and earning master's degrees in mathematics and in computer science there in 1979 and 1981 respectively. He went to the California Institute of Technology for doctoral study in mathematics, and completed his Ph.D. in 1987, with the dissertation Resource-Bounded Category and Measure in Exponential Complexity Classes supervised by Alexander S. Kechris.
He has spent the rest of his career at Iowa State University, as an assistant professor from 1987 to 1992, associate professor from 1992 to 1996, and full professor since 1996. At Iowa State, he directs the Laboratory for Molecular Programming.
Personal life
Lutz is married to Robyn Lutz, a professor of computer science at Iowa State University; their son Neil Lutz is also a computer scientist and a visiting assistant professor of computer science at Swarthmore College. They have published together on algorithmic game theory in DNA computing.
References
External links
Homepage of Jack Lutz at Iowa State University
American computer scientists
University of Kansas alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Iowa State University faculty
Living
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Wiechert
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Emil Johann Wiechert (26 December 1861 – 19 March 1928) was a German physicist and geophysicist who made many contributions to both fields, including presenting the first verifiable model of a layered structure of the Earth and being among the first to discover the electron. He went on to become the world's first Professor of Geophysics at the University of Göttingen.
Early years
Wiechert was born in Tilsit, Province of Prussia, the son of Johann and Emilie Wiechert. After his father died, his mother, Emilie, moved to Königsberg so that Emil could study at the University of Königsberg. Owing to financial difficulties, he took longer than normal to complete his education and was finally awarded a Ph.D. on 1 February 1889. In October 1890 he received his Habilitation in Physics and by 1896, he had achieved the title of Professor. In 1898, he was appointed to the world's first Chair of Geophysics at the University of Göttingen.
Career
Whilst at Königsberg, Wiechert was investigating the nature of X-rays and became one of the first to discover that cathode rays are made up of particle streams. He correctly measured the Mass-to-charge ratio of these particles but failed to take the final step and explain that these particles were a new type of elementary particle - the electron. Wiechert was also interested in fields outside of fundamental physics and in 1896, he published the first verifiable model of the Earth's interior as a series of shells. Here he concluded that the d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Haig%20%28biologist%29
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David Addison Haig (born 28 June 1958) is an Australian evolutionary biologist, geneticist, and professor in Harvard University's Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. He is interested in intragenomic conflict, genomic imprinting and parent–offspring conflict, and wrote the book Genomic Imprinting and Kinship. His major contribution to the field of evolutionary theory is the kinship theory of genomic imprinting.
Significant papers
Haig, D. (1993). Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Quarterly Review of Biology, 68, 495-532.
Haig, D. (1997). The social gene. In Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (editors) Behavioural Ecology: an Evolutionary Approach, pp. 284-304. Blackwell Publishers, London.
Haig, D. (2000). The kinship theory of genomic imprinting. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 9-32.
Wilkins, J. F. & Haig, D. (2003) .What good is genomic imprinting: the function of parent-specific gene expression. Nature Reviews Genetics, 4, 359-368.
Haig, D. (2004). Genomic imprinting and kinship: how good is the evidence? Annual Review of Genetics, 38, 553-585.
Books
Haig, D. (2002) Genomic Imprinting and Kinship. Rutgers University Press, Piscataway, NJ.
Haig, D. (2020) From Darwin to Derrida: Selfish Genes, Social Selves, and the Meanings of Life. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
References
External links
Official site at Harvard University
Harvard Gazette news about David Haig
1958 births
Living people
Evolutionary biologists
Harvard Unive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20Society
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The Biochemical Society is a learned society in the United Kingdom in the field of biochemistry, including all the cellular and molecular biosciences.
Structure
It currently has around 7000 members, two-thirds in the UK. It is affiliated with the European body, Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS). The Society's current President (2016) is Sir David Baulcombe. The Society's headquarters are in London.
History
The society was founded in 1911 by Benjamin Moore, W.D. Halliburton and others, under the name of the Biochemical Club. It acquired the existing Biochemical Journal in 1912.
The society name changed to the Biochemical Society in 1913.
In 2005, the headquarters of the society moved from Portland Place to purpose-built offices in Holborn.
In 2009, the headquarters moved again to Charles Darwin House, near Gray's Inn Road.
Past presidents include Professor Ron Laskey, Sir Philip Cohen, and Sir Tom Blundell.
Awards
The society makes a number of merit awards, four annually and others either biennially or triennially, to acknowledge excellence and achievement in both specific and general fields of science. The annual awards comprise the Morton Lecture, the Colworth Medal, the Centenary Award and the Novartis Medal and Prize.
Publishing
The Society's wholly owned publishing subsidiary, Portland Press, publishes books, a magazine, The Biochemist, and several print and online academic journals:
Biochemical Journal
Biochemical Society Symposium (online onl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional%20object
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Many branches of mathematics study objects of a given type and prove a classification theorem. A common theme is that the classification results in a number of series of objects and a finite number of exceptions — often with desirable properties — that do not fit into any series. These are known as exceptional objects. In many cases, these exceptional objects play a further and important role in the subject. Furthermore, the exceptional objects in one branch of mathematics often relate to the exceptional objects in others.
A related phenomenon is exceptional isomorphism, when two series are in general different, but agree for some small values. For example, spin groups in low dimensions are isomorphic to other classical Lie groups.
Regular polytopes
The prototypical examples of exceptional objects arise in the classification of regular polytopes: in two dimensions, there is a series of regular n-gons for n ≥ 3. In every dimension above 2, one can find analogues of the cube, tetrahedron and octahedron. In three dimensions, one finds two more regular polyhedra — the dodecahedron (12-hedron) and the icosahedron (20-hedron) — making five Platonic solids. In four dimensions, a total of six regular polytopes exist, including the 120-cell, the 600-cell and the 24-cell. There are no other regular polytopes, as the only regular polytopes in higher dimensions are of the hypercube, simplex, orthoplex series. In all dimensions combined, there are therefore three series and five excep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Filippenko
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Alexei Vladimir "Alex" Filippenko (; born July 25, 1958) is an American astrophysicist and professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley. Filippenko graduated from Dos Pueblos High School in Goleta, California. He received a Bachelor of Arts in physics from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1979 and a Ph.D. in astronomy from the California Institute of Technology in 1984, where he was a Hertz Foundation Fellow. He was a postdoctoral Miller Fellow at Berkeley from 1984 to 1986 and was appointed to Berkeley's faculty in 1986. In 1996 and 2005, he a Miller Research Professor, and he is currently a Senior Miller Fellow. His research focuses on supernovae and active galaxies at optical, ultraviolet, and near-infrared wavelengths, as well as on black holes, gamma-ray bursts, and the expansion of the Universe.
Research
Filippenko is the only person who was a member of both the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-z Supernova Search Team, which used observations of extragalactic Type Ia supernovae to discover the accelerating universe and its implied existence of dark energy. The discovery was voted the top science breakthrough of 1998 by Science magazine and resulted in the 2011 Nobel prize for physics being awarded to the leaders of the two project teams.
Filippenko developed and runs the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope (KAIT), a fully robotic telescope which conducts the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS). During the years 1998–2008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20A.%20Noyes
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William Albert Noyes (November 6, 1857 – October 24, 1941) was an American analytical and organic chemist. He made pioneering determinations of atomic weights, chaired the chemistry department at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign from 1907 to 1926, was the founder and editor of several important chemical journals, and received the American Chemical Society's highest award, the Priestley Medal, in 1935.
Early life and education
Noyes was born on November 6, 1857, near Independence, Iowa, son of Spencer W. and Mary Noyes, née Packard. He earned A.B. and B.S. degrees from Grinnell College in 1879 (having originally enrolled in 1875 in classical studies, with chemistry as a side subject). As an undergraduate, in the winter quarters Noyes taught school full-time in the countryside. On graduating he studied and taught analytical chemistry at Grinnell, until he began graduate school at Johns Hopkins University in January 1881. There, working with Ira Remsen, Noyes earned his Ph.D. in 1882. His doctoral dissertation "On the oxidation of benzene with chromic acid" was completed in only one and a half years (despite his also having to do water analyses to earn a living). Grinnell also awarded him an A.M. degree for this work.
Career
After receiving his doctorate, Noyes taught a year as an instructor at the University of Minnesota. He was next a professor of chemistry at the University of Tennessee, followed by seventeen years at Rose Polytechnic Institute in Terre Haute, In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Blundell
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Sir Thomas Leon Blundell, (born 7 July 1942) is a British biochemist, structural biologist, and science administrator. He was a member of the team of Dorothy Hodgkin that solved in 1969 the first structure of a protein hormone, insulin. Blundell has made contributions to the structural biology of polypeptide hormones, growth factors, receptor activation, signal transduction, and DNA double-strand break repair, subjects important in cancer, tuberculosis, and familial diseases. He has developed software for protein modelling and understanding the effects of mutations on protein function, leading to new approaches to structure-guided and Fragment-based lead discovery. In 1999 he co-founded the oncology company Astex Therapeutics, which has moved ten drugs into clinical trials. Blundell has played central roles in restructuring British research councils and, as President of the UK Science Council, in developing professionalism in the practice of science.
Education
Born in Brighton in 1942, Blundell was educated at Steyning Grammar School. He was the first in his family to attend university, winning an Open Scholarship to the University of Oxford. He earned a First Class degree in Natural Sciences in 1964, then moved to research in the Department of Chemical Crystallography, first with Herbert Marcus Powell FRS for his Doctor of Philosophy degree and later working on insulin with Dorothy Hodgkin. He was a Junior Research Fellow at Linacre College, University of Oxford, where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclator
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Nomenclator may refer to:
Nomenclator omnium rerum propria nomina variis linguis explicata indicans, 16th century book written by Hadrianus Junius
Nomenclator, in cryptography, a kind of substitution cypher
Nomenclator (nomenclature) as a noun meaning: a book listing names or terms; someone providing names to another person; an official announcing people at a public gathering; a person who applies names.
Nomenclator of Leiden University Library, the first printed institutional library catalog
See also
Nomenclature, a system of names or terms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Abell
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Christopher Abell (11 November 1957 – 26 October 2020) was a British biological chemist who was a professor of biological chemistry at the Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry and Todd-Hamied Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. On his 2016 election to the Royal Society, Abell's research was described as having "changed the face of drug discovery."
Education
Abell was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, gaining an Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences in 1979 followed by PhD on the topic of polyketide biosynthesis for research supervised by James Staunton in 1982.
Career and research
Abell held a research fellowship in the laboratory of David E. Cane at Brown University, Providence, USA, studying terpene biosynthesis (1982–83). In 1984, Abell joined the department of chemistry of the University of Cambridge, successively holding the positions of demonstrator, lecturer and reader in chemical biology, and becoming professor in biological chemistry in 2002. He held visiting professorships at the Australian National University in Canberra, University of Santiago de Compostela, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, and the Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse. He was a fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, from 1986; and was the college's Todd-Hamied Fellow. In 2013 he was appointed the first director of postdoctoral affairs at the University of Cambridge, and in 2016 was appointed pro-vice-chancellor for research.
Abell published over 200 papers. His research i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhard%20E.%20Mayer
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Meinhard Edwin Mayer (March 18, 1929 – December 11, 2011) was a Romanian–born American Professor Emeritus of Physics and Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine, which he joined in 1966.
Biography
He was born on March 18, 1929, in Cernăuți. He experienced both the Soviet occupation of Northern Bukovina and, as a Jew, deportation to the Transnistria Governorate. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Bucharest in 1957, where he taught until 1961.
He then taught at Brandeis University and Indiana University before moving to the University of California, Irvine (UCI) in 1966, where he taught until his retirement. He also took sabbaticals to various institutes, including the Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques and MIT.
He had a deep interest in music, and in Yiddish language and literature.
He died in Newport Beach, California, on December 11, 2011. He was survived by his wife Ruth, his children Elma Mayer and Niels Mayer, and his grandchildren Jonathan Mayer, Juniper Woodbury, and Moss Woodbury.
Research
His research interests ranged from geometric methods in gauge theory, to the application of wavelets in turbulence. He was an early contributor (1958) to the theory of vector-bosons (W and Z bosons) and electro-weak unification, which later became the Standard model, and an early advocate of the use of fiber bundles in gauge theory.
He was a co-author (with Gerald Jay Sussman and Jack Wisdom) of Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics, MI
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Si-chen
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Lee Si-chen (; born 13 August 1952 in Gangshan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan), is a Taiwanese engineer specializing in semiconductors, a researcher in amorphous silicon in the early development in Taiwan, and an IEEE Fellow. He has been a professor of electrical engineering since 1982 and the president of National Taiwan University from 2005 to 2013.
Biography
Education
He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University (1974) and a master's degree (1977) and PhD (1981), both in electrical engineering, from Stanford University.
Present positions
He is the current president of National Taiwan University (2005 – ), president of the Association of National Universities of Taiwan (2006 – ) and chair of the University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific (2005 – ). He is also a professor of electrical engineering at the National Taiwan University (1985 - ).
Experiences and Trainings
IEEE Fellow (2002)
Dean of academic affairs, National Taiwan University (1996–2002)
Assistant to the Minister of National Defense (1993–1994)
Director, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (1989–1992)
Vice Directorate, IEEE Taipei section (2001–2002)
Directorate, Chinese Association of Electromagnetism in Life Science (1999–2004)
Associate editor, Materials Chemistry and Physics (1992–2004)
Associate professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (1982–1985)
Researcher, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc., Troy, M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litman
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Litman is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Daniel Litman (born 1990), Israeli actor
David Litman (born 1957), American technology chief executive
Diane Litman, American professor of computer science
Ellen Litman (born 1973), American novelist
Eric Litman (born 1973), American entrepreneur and angel investor
Harry Litman (born 1958), American lawyer
Jack Litman (1943–2010), American criminal defense lawyer
Jessica Litman, American copyright law expert
Juliet Litman, American journalist, editor, and media personality
June Margaret Litman (1926–1991), New Zealand journalist
Leah Litman (born 1984), American legal scholar
Pepi Litman (c. 1874–1930), Yiddish vaudeville singer
Roslyn Litman (1928-2016), American lawyer
Scott Litman (born 1966), American entrepreneur from Minnesota
See also
Littmann
Littman
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhan%20Tao
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Zhan Tao (; born April 1963) is a Chinese mathematician who served as president of Jilin University from 2008 to 2011 and president of Shandong University from 2000 to 2008.
Biography
Zhan was born in April 1963, in Yanzhou County (now Yanzhou District of Jining), Shandong. He graduated from the Department of Mathematics of Shandong University with a Ph.D. degree in mathematics under the supervision of Pan Chengdong in 1987. After graduation he became a professor of pure mathematics.
He was deputy dean of the Department of Mathematics and vice president of Shandong University, and was the president of Shandong University from July 2000 until November 2008. He is now a standing member of the Chinese Association of Mathematics, deputy director of the Young Scientist Association of China, a standing member of the All China Youth Federation, vice president of the Shandong Youth Federation, and board chairman of the Shandong Association of Mathematics.
Since joining the faculty of Shandong University in 1987, he has been working on classical problems in number theory such as estimates of exponential sums over primes, mean-value theorems for arithmetic progressions, and Goldbach's conjecture. In particular, he has solved the quadratic almost Goldbach conjecture, and has successfully proved a new form of the Three-Prime theorem in arithmetic progressions to large moduli. His results have been generalized by Trevor Wooley in various directions.
Zhan also participated in a co-rese
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadmilling
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In molecular biology, treadmilling is a phenomenon observed within protein filaments of the cytoskeletons of many cells, especially in actin filaments and microtubules. It occurs when one end of a filament grows in length while the other end shrinks, resulting in a section of filament seemingly "moving" across a stratum or the cytosol. This is due to the constant removal of the protein subunits from these filaments at one end of the filament, while protein subunits are constantly added at the other end. Treadmilling was discovered by Wegner, who defined the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints. Wegner recognized that: “The equilibrium constant (K) for association of a monomer with a polymer is the same at both ends, since the addition of a monomer to each end leads to the same polymer.”; a simple reversible polymer can’t treadmill; ATP hydrolysis is required. GTP is hydrolyzed for microtubule treadmilling.
Detailed process
Dynamics of the filament
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic part of a cell and cytoskeletal filaments constantly grow and shrink through addition and removal of subunits. Directed crawling motion of cells such as macrophages relies on directed growth of actin filaments at the cell front (leading edge).
Microfilaments
The two ends of an actin filament differ in their dynamics of subunit addition and removal. They are thus referred to as the plus end (with faster dynamics, also called barbed end) and the minus end (with slower dynamics, also calle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escolar
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The escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, a species of fish in the family Gempylidae, is found in deep (200–885 metres, or 656–2,904 ft) tropical and temperate waters around the world. It is also known as snake mackerel, (Hawaiian, sometimes written ), and is sometimes sold as "butterfish" or "white tuna".
Biology
The escolar is dark brown, growing darker with age until it is quite black. It is a fast-swimming fish with a prominent lateral keel and four to six finlets after the anal and second dorsal fins. Escolar can grow to over in length. Like its relative the oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus), escolar cannot metabolize the wax esters (gempylotoxin) naturally found in its diet. This gives the escolar an oil content of 14–25% in its flesh.
Health effects
The escolar's wax ester content can cause keriorrhea (Greek: flow of wax), also called gempylotoxism or gempylid fish poisoning.
Symptoms range from stomach cramps to rapid loose bowel movements, occurring 30 minutes to 36 hours following consumption. This condition may also be referred to as steatorrhea.
Two known ways to reduce the likelihood of escolar-induced keriorrhea are to limit portions to or less and to consume portions close to the tail, which typically have a lower wax ester content. Reports conflict on whether deep skinning, freezing or grilling will reduce the likelihood of keriorrhea.
Mislabeling
Escolar can be mislabeled in both restaurants and at fish markets. In 2009, tuna samples from sushi resta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Hansen%20connectedness%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem is a result from intersection theory in algebraic geometry, for the case of subvarieties of projective space with codimension large enough to make the intersection have components of dimension at least 1. It is named after William Fulton and Johan Hansen, who proved it in 1979.
The formal statement is that if V and W are irreducible algebraic subvarieties of a projective space P, all over an algebraically closed field, and if
in terms of the dimension of an algebraic variety, then the intersection U of V and W is connected.
More generally, the theorem states that if is a projective variety and is any morphism such that , then is connected, where is the diagonal in . The special case of intersections is recovered by taking , with the natural inclusion.
See also
Zariski's connectedness theorem
Grothendieck's connectedness theorem
Deligne's connectedness theorem
References
External links
PDF lectures with the result as Theorem 15.3 (attributed to Faltings, also)
Intersection theory
Theorems in algebraic geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Buchstaber
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Victor Matveevich Buchstaber (, born 1 April 1943, Tashkent, Soviet Union) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician known for his work on algebraic topology, homotopy theory, and mathematical physics.
Work
Buchstaber's first research work was in cobordism theory. He calculated the differential in the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence in K-theory and complex cobordism theory, constructed Chern-Dold characters and the universal Todd genus in cobordism, and gave an alternative effective solution of the Milnor-Hirzebruch problem. He went on to develop a theory of double-valued formal groups that led to the calculation of cobordism rings of complex manifolds having symplectic coverings and to the explicit construction of what are now known as Buchstaber manifolds. He devised filtrations in Hopf algebras and the Buchstaber spectral sequence, which were successfully applied to the calculation of stable homotopy groups of spheres.
He worked on the deformation theory for mappings to groups, which led to the solution of the Novikov problem on multiplicative subgroups in operator doubles, and to construction of the quantum group of complex cobordisms. He went on to treat problems related both with algebraic geometry and integrable systems. He is also well known for his work on sigma-functions on universal spaces of Jacobian varieties of algebraic curves that give effective solutions of important integrable systems. Buchstaber created an algebro-functional theory of symmetric products
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Ulm
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Ulm University () is a public university in Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The University was founded in 1967 and focuses on natural sciences, medicine, engineering sciences, mathematics, economics and computer science. With 9,891 students (summer semester 2018), it is one of the youngest public universities in Germany. The campus of the university is located north of the city on a hill called Oberer Eselsberg, while the university hospital has additional sites across the city.
History
The university is the youngest public university in the state of Baden-Württemberg, which boasts several old, renowned universities in Heidelberg (founded in 1386), Freiburg (1457) and Tübingen (1477). The idea was to create a university with a new approach in both research and teaching. An important concept since the foundation of the university has always been to promote interdisciplinarity. In the decades following the foundation, the spectrum of subjects has steadily been extended, and the university has grown significantly.
An important step in combining the strength of industrial and academic research was the realization of the idea of a science park around the main university campus. Research centers of companies like Daimler, BMW, Siemens and in the past also Nokia, AEG, have been established at the site, in addition to institutes of the university focusing on applied research. Among other large research projects, the university features four Collaborative Research Centers (German:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%27s%20reagent
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Schwartz's reagent is the common name for the organozirconium compound with the formula (C5H5)2ZrHCl, sometimes called zirconocene hydrochloride or zirconocene chloride hydride, and is named after Jeffrey Schwartz, a chemistry professor at Princeton University. This metallocene is used in organic synthesis for various transformations of alkenes and alkynes.
Preparation
The complex was first prepared by Wailes and Weigold. It can be purchased or readily prepared by reduction of zirconocene dichloride with lithium aluminium hydride:
(C5H5)2ZrCl2 + LiAlH4 → (C5H5)2ZrHCl + LiAlCl4
This reaction also affords (C5H5)2ZrH2, which is treated with methylene chloride to give Schwartz's reagent LiAl(O-t-Bu)3H can be used in place of LiAlH4.
An alternative procedure that generated Schwartz's reagent from dihydride has also been reported. Moreover, it's possible to perform an in situ preparation of (C5H5)2ZrHCl from zirconocene dichloride by using LiH. This method can also be used to synthesize isotope-labeled molecules, like olefines by employing Li2H or Li3H as reducing agents.
Schwartz's reagent has a low solubility in common organic solvents. The trifluoromethanesulfonate (C5H5)2ZrH(OTf) is soluble in THF.
Structure
The complex adopts the usual "clam-shell" structure seen for other Cp2MXn complexes. The dimetallic structure has been confirmed by Microcrystal electron diffraction. The results are consistent with FT-IR spectroscopy, which established that the hydrides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszul%E2%80%93Tate%20resolution
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In mathematics, a Koszul–Tate resolution or Koszul–Tate complex of the quotient ring R/M is a projective resolution of it as an R-module which also has a structure of a dg-algebra over R, where R is a commutative ring and M ⊂ R is an ideal. They were introduced by as a generalization of the Koszul resolution for the quotient R/(x1, ...., xn) of R by a regular sequence of elements. used the Koszul–Tate resolution to calculate BRST cohomology. The differential of this complex is called the Koszul–Tate derivation or Koszul–Tate differential.
Construction
First suppose for simplicity that all rings contain the rational numbers Q. Assume we have a graded supercommutative ring X, so that
ab = (−1)deg(a)deg (b)ba,
with a differential d, with
d(ab) = d(a)b + (−1)deg(a)ad(b)),
and x ∈ X is a homogeneous cycle (dx = 0). Then we can form a new ring
Y = X[T]
of polynomials in a variable T, where the differential is extended to T by
dT=x.
(The polynomial ring is understood in the super sense, so if T has odd degree then T2 = 0.) The result of adding the element T is to kill off the element of the homology of X represented by x, and Y is still a supercommutative ring with derivation.
A Koszul–Tate resolution of R/M can be constructed as follows. We start with the commutative ring R (graded so that all elements have degree 0). Then add new variables as above of degree 1 to kill off all elements of the ideal M in the homology. Then keep on adding more and more new variables (pos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottontail%20%28disambiguation%29
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Cottontail may refer to:
Biology
Cottontail rabbit
Dice's cottontail, Sylvilagus dicei
Omilteme cottontail, Sylvilagus insonus
Desert cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii
Manzano mountain cottontail, Sylvilagus cognatus
Mexican cottontail, Sylvilagus cunicularis
Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus
Mountain cottontail, Sylvilagus nuttallii
Appalachian cottontail or rarely Allegheny cottontail, Sylvilagus obscurus
New England cottontail, Sylvilagus transitionalis
Other uses
Cottontail (film), a 2022 film
Peter Cottontail, a character in the works of Thornton W. Burgess
"Cotton Tail", a 1940 composition by Duke Ellington
Cotton-tail, a character in Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit stories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP%20array
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In molecular biology, SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect polymorphisms within a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a variation at a single site in DNA, is the most frequent type of variation in the genome. Around 335 million SNPs have been identified in the human genome, 15 million of which are present at frequencies of 1% or higher across different populations worldwide.
Principles
The basic principles of SNP array are the same as the DNA microarray. These are the convergence of DNA hybridization, fluorescence microscopy, and solid surface DNA capture. The three mandatory components of the SNP arrays are:
An array containing immobilized allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes.
Fragmented nucleic acid sequences of target, labelled with fluorescent dyes.
A detection system that records and interprets the hybridization signal.
The ASO probes are often chosen based on sequencing of a representative panel of individuals: positions found to vary in the panel at a specified frequency are used as the basis for probes. SNP chips are generally described by the number of SNP positions they assay. Two probes must be used for each SNP position to detect both alleles; if only one probe were used, experimental failure would be indistinguishable from homozygosity of the non-probed allele.
Applications
An SNP array is a useful tool for studying slight variations between whole genomes. The most important clinical applications of SNP a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne%20van%20Heerden
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Etienne van Heerden, born 3 December 1954, is a South African author.
Biography
Van Heerden was born in 1954, six years after the official advent of apartheid. His mother was an English speaking mathematics teacher. His father, an Afrikaans speaking merino stud breeder, farmed the family farm in the Karoo. Van Heerden was reared Afrikaans, with English reserved for use at home on Tuesdays, and learned from comics ordered from London.
Due to being born blind in the right eye, he was not called up for combat duty, but served as a dog handler, playing his alsatian at major festivals.
Van Heerden initially studied law, and was admitted to the South African Side Bar as attorney. He freelanced as deputy sheriff for the Civil Court, and moved about in the townships around Cape Town, dispensing civil summonses and learning a great deal about life in these suppressed communities. As a young practitioner, his clients were mostly from the black and coloured crime-ridden communities around Cape Town.
Van Heerden also lectured Legal Practice at the Peninsula Technikon and spent two years in advertising. At age thirty, with the birth of his eldest daughter, Van Heerden left the routine of a budding Cape Town advertising agency. He and his family relocated to northern Natal where he started out on his academic career in Literature at the University of Zululand. His PhD was a study on engagement and postmodernism.
During the 1980s he was member of a group of Afrikaans writers secretly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSMB
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NSMB may refer to:
NSMB (mathematics), a Navier-Stokes finite volume solver
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, an academic journal
New Super Mario Bros. (series), a series of 2D platform games by Nintendo consisting of new revivals of classic Mario platformers
New Super Mario Bros., the first game in the series, released in 2006 for the Nintendo DS
, Server Message Block implementation on FreeBSD and other BSD systems including macOS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA%20Space%20Science%20Data%20Coordinated%20Archive
|
The NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA) serves as the permanent archive for NASA space science mission data. "Space science" includes astronomy and astrophysics, solar and space plasma physics, and planetary and lunar science. As the permanent archive, NSSDCA teams with NASA's discipline-specific space science "active archives" which provide access to data to researchers and, in some cases, to the general public. NSSDCA also serves as NASA's permanent archive for space physics mission data. It provides access to several geophysical models and to data from some non-NASA mission data. NSSDCA was called the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) prior to March 2015.
NSSDCA supports active space physics and astrophysics researchers. Web-based services allow the NSSDCA to support the general public. This support is in the form of information about spacecraft and access to digital versions of selected imagery. NSSDCA also
provides access to portions of their database contains information about data archived at NSSDCA (and, in some cases, other facilities), the spacecraft which generate space science data and experiments which generate space science data. NSSDCA services also included are data management standards and technologies.
NSSDCA is part of the Solar System Exploration Data Services Office (SSEDSO) in the Solar System Exploration Division at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. NSSDCA is sponsored by the Heliophysics Division of NASA's Science Mission
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl%20nitrite
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In organic chemistry, alkyl nitrites are a group of organic compounds based upon the molecular structure , where R represents an alkyl group. Formally they are alkyl esters of nitrous acid. They are distinct from nitro compounds ().
The first few members of the series are volatile liquids; methyl nitrite and ethyl nitrite are gaseous at room temperature and pressure. The compounds have a distinctive fruity odor. Another frequently encountered nitrite is amyl nitrite (3-methylbutyl nitrite).
Alkyl nitrites were initially, and largely still are, used as medications and chemical reagents, a practice which began in the late 19th century. In their use as medicine, they are often inhaled for relief of angina and other heart-related symptoms of disease. However, when referred to as "poppers", alkyl nitrites represent recreational drugs.
Synthesis and properties
Organic nitrites are prepared from alcohols and sodium nitrite in sulfuric acid solution. They decompose slowly on standing, the decomposition products being oxides of nitrogen, water, the alcohol, and polymerization products of the aldehyde. They are also prone to undergo homolytic cleavage to form alkyl radicals, the nitrite C–O bond being very weak (on the order of 40–50 kcal ⋅ mol−1).
Reactions
tert-Butyl nitrite has been shown to be an effective reagent for the selective nitration of phenols and aryl sulfonamides
n-Butyl nitrite and ammonia convert phenylhydroxylamine to its nitrosamine derivative cupferron. L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2S
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In mathematics, S2S is the monadic second order theory of the infinite complete binary tree.
S2S may also refer to:
Server-to-server, protocol exchange between servers
Site-to-site VPN
S2S Pte Ltd, a Japanese record label
Ski to Sea Race, a race in Whatcom County, Washington
Sister2Sister, Christine and Sharon Muscat, Maltese-Australian singers
Sales to Support, type of transfer on Call Center lines, Sales to Technical Support Transfer
In woodworking or lumber terms S2S= surfaced two sides, while S3S = surfaced three sides and s4s = surfaced four sides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowling%20geometry
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In combinatorial mathematics, a Dowling geometry, named after Thomas A. Dowling, is a matroid associated with a group. There is a Dowling geometry of each rank for each group. If the rank is at least 3, the Dowling geometry uniquely determines the group. Dowling geometries have a role in matroid theory as universal objects (Kahn and Kung, 1982); in that respect they are analogous to projective geometries, but based on groups instead of fields.
A Dowling lattice is the geometric lattice of flats associated with a Dowling geometry. The lattice and the geometry are mathematically equivalent: knowing either one determines the other. Dowling lattices, and by implication Dowling geometries, were introduced by Dowling (1973a,b).
A Dowling lattice or geometry of rank n of a group G is often denoted Qn(G).
The original definitions
In his first paper (1973a) Dowling defined the rank-n Dowling lattice of the multiplicative group of a finite field F. It is the set of all those subspaces of the vector space Fn that are generated by subsets of the set E that consists of vectors with at most two nonzero coordinates. The corresponding Dowling geometry is the set of 1-dimensional vector subspaces generated by the elements of E.
In his second paper (1973b) Dowling gave an intrinsic definition of the rank-n Dowling lattice of any finite group G. Let S be the set {1,...,n}. A G-labelled set (T, α) is a set T together with a function α: T → G. Two G-labelled sets, (T, α) and (T, β), are equi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9418O
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:δ18O}}
In geochemistry, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography δ18O or delta-O-18 is a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18 (18O) and oxygen-16 (16O).
It is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation, as a measure of groundwater/mineral interactions, and as an indicator of processes that show isotopic fractionation, like methanogenesis.
In paleosciences, 18O:16O data from corals, foraminifera and ice cores are used as a proxy for temperature.
The definition is, in "per mil" (‰, parts per thousand):
‰
where the standard has a known isotopic composition, such as Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW). The fractionation can arise from kinetic, equilibrium, or mass-independent fractionation.
Mechanism
Foraminifera shells are composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and are found in many common geological environments. The ratio of 18O to 16O in the shell is used to indirectly determine the temperature of the surrounding water at the time the shell was formed. The ratio varies slightly depending on the temperature of the surrounding water, as well as other factors such as the water's salinity, and the volume of water locked up in ice sheets.
also reflects local evaporation and freshwater input, as rainwater is 16O-enriched—a result of the preferential evaporation of the lighter 16O from seawater. Consequently, the surface ocean contains greater proportions of 18O around the subtropics and tropics where there is more evapor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio%20Morales
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Gregorio Morales (7 July 1952 – 22 June 2015), was a Spanish novelist.
Gregorio Morales represents a movement named quantum aesthetics that aims to look at human difficulties of all ages from a new perspective that solely derives from modern sciences such as particle physics, astronomy or psychology. In this way, Puerta del Sol (The Sun Door) (2002) is about love and genre violence. These themes are developed in a plot in which the boy representing the main character, faces the great assassin that he himself will be; and the adult murderer will face the little boy he was. These actions occur in a turbulent simultaneity of time and space. In Nómadas del Tiempo (Nomads of Time) (2005), Morales deals with the same problems, but this time inquires whether love is necessarily bound to age and space. He develops the story by having two couples travel to parallel dimensions, in which they change their ages and circumstances.
Although it may not seem so at first glance, quantum aesthetics has no relation with science fiction. The latter emphasizes different realities, while authors like Gregorio Morales are more interested in understanding humankind. This does not mean that they do not write about virtual worlds as in the case of Ptawardya in Morales’novel Nómadas del Tiempo (Nomads of Time).
Morales has also written essays, the most important of which is El Cadáver de Balzac (Balzac’s Corpse) (1998), in which – with respect to the great French novelist - Morales censures repetit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20McGoveran
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David McGoveran (born 1952) is an American computer scientist and physicist, software industry analyst, and inventor. In computer science, he is recognized as one of the pioneers of relational database theory.
Education
David McGoveran majored in physics and mathematics, and minored in cognition and communication at the University of Chicago from 1973 to 1976, with graduate studies in physics and psycholinguistics. He pursued additional graduate studies from 1976 to 1979 at Stanford University.
Career
While a student he was employed by the Enrico Fermi Institute's Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (Chicago 1973-4), Dow Chemical Company's Western Applied Science and Technology Laboratories (Walnut Creek, CA 1974), and University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics (1975-6). After graduation from University of Chicago, he founded the consulting firm of Alternative Technologies(Menlo Park, CA 1976) under the mentoring of H. Dean Brown and Cuthbert Hurd. While starting his consulting practice, he worked at SRI International (1976-9), his first consulting client.
Between 1979 and 1981, he taught electronics engineering in the Professional Engineering Institute at Menlo College (Redwood City, CA) and was Chairman of the Computer Science and Business Departments at Condie College (San Jose, CA), developing the schools bachelor program in computer science.
Alternative Technologies has provided consulting on the design and development of numerous software systems, spe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Kleitman
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Daniel J. Kleitman (born October 4, 1934) is an American mathematician and professor of applied mathematics at MIT. His research interests include combinatorics, graph theory, genomics, and operations research.
Biography
Kleitman was born in 1934 in Brooklyn, New York, the younger of Bertha and Milton Kleitman's two sons. His father was a lawyer who after WWII became a commodities trader and investor. In 1942 the family moved to Morristown, New Jersey, and he graduated from Morristown High School in 1950.
Kleitman then attended Cornell University, from which he graduated in 1954, and received his PhD in Physics from Harvard University in 1958 under Nobel Laureates Julian Schwinger and Roy Glauber. He is the "k" in G. W. Peck, a pseudonym for a group of six mathematicians that includes Kleitman. Formerly a physics professor at Brandeis University, Kleitman was encouraged by Paul Erdős to change his field of study to mathematics. Perhaps humorously, Erdős once asked him, "Why are you only a physicist?"
Kleitman joined the applied mathematics faculty at MIT in 1966, and was promoted to professor in 1969.
Kleitman coauthored at least six papers with Erdős, giving him an Erdős number of 1.
He was a math advisor and extra for the film Good Will Hunting. Since Minnie Driver, who appeared in Good Will Hunting, also appeared in Sleepers with Kevin Bacon, Kleitman has a Bacon number of 2. Adding the two numbers results in an Erdős–Bacon number of 3, which is a tie with Bruce Rezn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Shaw%20%28writer%29
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Sandy Shaw (formerly Sandy Shakocius) (born 1943) is an American writer on health. She is an advocate of life extension.
Education
Sandy Shaw's father was an engineer and her mother a housewife. She received her degree from U.C.L.A. in 1966, with a double major in chemistry and zoology and a minor in mathematics.
Writing and media appearances
Shaw is the co-author with Durk Pearson of several books on "life extension", emphasizing megadoses of antioxidants. They have appeared on many television programs, including several appearances on Larry King Live. They have appeared in many TV documentaries about aging, including two by the BBC, one by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and on Japanese TV. During the period of 1978 to 1986, they appeared over 30 times on The Merv Griffin Show, including the final "goodbye" program. They have been featured in interviews and articles in The Wall Street Journal (a front-page story on them), Omni, Penthouse, Playgirl, Forbes, Newsweek, People, US Weekly, Fit, The American Druggist, PSA Magazine, Longevity, Men's Journal, as well as magazines in France, Germany, and Japan.
Shaw and Pearson wrote, designed the stunts, and acted as technical advisers for an episode of The Wonderful World of Disney, which aired in 1978, called "Black Holes, Monsters That Eat Space and Time." They acted as scientific and technical advisors and received screen credits for the Clint Eastwood movie Firefox, designing special effects for all the scenes aft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Weiss%20%28philosopher%29
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Paul Weiss (; May 19, 1901 – July 5, 2002) was an American philosopher. He was the founder of The Review of Metaphysics and the Metaphysical Society of America.
Early life and education
Paul Weiss grew up on the Lower East Side of New York City. His father, Samuel Weiss (d. 1917), was a Jewish emigrant who moved from Europe in the 1890s. He worked as a tinsmith, a coppersmith, and a boilermaker. Paul Weiss's mother, Emma Rothschild (Weiss) (d. 1915), was a Jewish emigrant who worked as a servant until she married Samuel. Born into a Jewish family, Paul lived among other Jewish families in a working-class neighborhood in the Yorkville section of Manhattan. Originally given the Hebrew name "Peretz," Weiss says in his autobiography that the name "Paul" was his "registered name" and "part of his mother's attempt to move upward in the American world." He had three brothers, two older and one younger.
Weiss graduated from Public School #77. He later enrolled at the High School of Commerce where he learned shorthand and how to type; however, he felt that he did not benefit much from the available courses. His grades began to fall, and with a little encouragement from his mother, he eventually dropped out of high school. After working many odd jobs, Weiss enrolled at the College of the City of New York in 1924. He took free night classes in philosophy, graduating cum laude in 1927. At the College of the City of New York, he studied with Morris R. Cohen, who awakened in him an inter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB06
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BB06 might refer to:
Big Brother Australia 2006, the sixth season of the Australian television series Big Brother Australia
Big Brother Suomi 2006, the second season of the Finnish reality television series Big Brother Suomi
Branch Barks 2006: The Lost Generation
Cryptography: the signature forgery attack created by Daniel Bleichenbacher
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regehr
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Regehr is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Duncan Regehr (born 1952), Canadian stage, film and television actor
Ernie Regehr, Canadian peace researcher
John Regehr, American computer science professor
Kaitlyn Regehr, Canadian ethnographer and broadcaster
Richie Regehr (born 1983), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
Robyn Regehr (born 1980), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
Wade Regehr, Canadian neurobiology professor
See also
Reger, surname
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKB%20%28disambiguation%29
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The WKB approximation is a method for solving equations in applied mathematics.
WKB may also refer to:
Warracknabeal Airport (IATA: WKB), in Warracknabeal, Victoria, Australia
Well-known binary, a language for marking up vector geometry objects on a map
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium%28I%29%20iodide
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Thallium(I) iodide is a chemical compound with the formula TlI. It is unusual in being one of the few water-insoluble metal iodides, along with AgI, CuI, SnI2, SnI4, PbI2 and HgI2.
Chemistry
TlI can be formed in aqueous solution by metathesis of any soluble thallium salt with iodide ion. It is also formed as a by-product in thallium-promoted iodination of phenols with thallium(I) acetate.
Attempts to oxidise TlI to thallium(III) iodide fail, since oxidation produces thallium(I) triiodide, .
Physical properties
The room temperature form of TlI is yellow and has an orthorhombic structure which can be considered to be a distorted NaCl structure. The distorted structure is believed to be caused by favourable thallium-thallium interactions, the closest Tl-Tl distance is 383 pm. At 175 °C the yellow form transforms to a red CsCl form. This phase transition is accompanied by about two orders of magnitude jump in electrical conductivity. The CsI structure can be stabilized down to room temperature by doping with other halides such as RbI, CsI, KI, AgI, TlBr and TlCl. Thus, presence of impurities might be responsible for coexistence of the cubic and orthorhombic phases at ambient conditions. Under high pressure, 160 kbar, becomes a metallic conductor. Nanometer-thin films grown on LiF, NaCl or KBr substrates exhibit the cubic rocksalt structure.
Applications
Thallium(I) iodide was initially added to mercury arc lamps to improve their performance The light produced was mainly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20anticoincidence
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Electronic anticoincidence is a method (and its associated hardware) widely used to suppress unwanted, "background" events in high energy physics, experimental particle physics, gamma-ray spectroscopy, gamma-ray astronomy, experimental nuclear physics, and related fields.
In the typical case, a desired high-energy interaction or event occurs and is detected by some kind of detector, creating a fast electronic pulse in the associated nuclear electronics. But the desired events are mixed up with a significant number of other events, produced by other particles or processes, which create indistinguishable events in the detector. Very often it is possible to arrange other physical photon or particle detectors to intercept the unwanted background events, producing essentially simultaneous pulses that can be used with fast electronics to reject the unwanted background.
Gamma-ray astronomy
Early experimenters in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy found that their detectors, flown on balloons or sounding rockets, were corrupted by the large fluxes of high-energy photon and cosmic-ray charged-particle events. Gamma-rays, in particular, could be collimated by surrounding the detectors with heavy shielding materials made of lead or other such elements, but it was quickly discovered that the high fluxes of very penetrating high-energy radiation present in the near-space environment created showers of secondary particles that could not be stopped by reasonable shielding masses. To sol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano%20Osorio
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Mariano de Osorio (; 1777–1819) was a Spanish general and Governor of Chile, from 1814 to 1815.
Early career
Osorio was born in Seville, Spain. He joined the Spanish army and as many of his contemporaries, his military career began during the Spanish Peninsular War in 1808 as an artillery general, as well as the professor for mathematics in the military school. In 1810, was appointed head of the military factory of Catalonia. In 1812, was destined to the Royal Army in Peru.
In 1812 he resettled in Peru, where he married Joaquina de la Pezuela, daughter of Peruvian Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela. In the Disaster of Rancagua (1814) he was able to defeat the forces of Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera. In the same year he became the Governor of Chile.
Chile
With Osorio's victory at Rancagua, the period known as "reconquest" (Reconquista) of Chile had begun. Osorio sought to reinstate order and justice and with military measures he prevented the onslaught of the insurgents.
In 1816 he returned to Lima and Francisco Marcó del Pont was made new Governor of Chile. When the Spaniards lost the Battle of Chacabuco, he returned to Chile. There he succeeded in securing victory in the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada on March 18, 1818. At this battle O'Higgins's arm was injured.
The Battle of Maipu, however, was a major defeat for the Spaniards, and it signified the end of the Spanish authority in almost all of Chile, with the exception of the island of Chiloé and the city of V
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef%20T.%20Devreese
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Jozef T. Devreese was a Belgian scientist, with a long career in condensed matter physics. He was Professor Emeritus of Theoretical Physics at the University of Antwerp. He died on November 1st, 2023.
Academic career
Jozef T. Devreese graduated in 1960 from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven where he received his PhD in Science, group Physics in 1964. From 1961 till 1966 he worked at the Solid State Physics Department of the Research Centre for Nuclear Energy (SCK-CEN) in Mol (Belgium). In 1966 he started his work as lecturer and then full professor (from 1969) at the University of Antwerp, where he founded the research group TFVS (Theoretische Fysica van de Vaste Stoffen). From 1977 he became also 'professor extraordinarius' at the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (the Netherlands).
Scientific research
He contributed to the theory of polarons (see reviews in particular their optical and magnetooptical properties, quantum theory of solid matter, superconductivity and superfluidity, Feynman path integrals and mathematical methods structures with reduced dimension and dimensionality nanophysics).
The results of his research are published in about 500 articles in international scientific journals. According to the Web of Knowledge, there are more than 8300 citations of these publications in about 4300 citing papers.
Cultural interests
As amateur of classical music, he contributed to the realization on the Metzler organ in the Our Lady Cathedral in Antwerp (1993) and he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angewandte
|
Angewandte may refer to:
Angewandte Chemie, a peer-reviewed chemistry journal
University of Applied Arts Vienna, a university of higher education in Austria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology%20of%20ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians
|
This is a chronology of ancient Greek mathematicians.
See also
References
Ancient Greek mathematicians
Greek mathematics
History of geometry
History of mathematics
Mathematics timelines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorn%27s%20Law
|
Zorn's law is a maxim coined by Chicago Tribune columnist Eric Zorn as an English Wikipedia prank. It stated that, in any debate, the first person to hurl the insult, "get a life!" is the loser.
Zorn's lemma is a proposition used in many areas of theoretical mathematics.
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