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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20von%20Bezold
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Johann Friedrich Wilhelm von Bezold (June 21, 1837 – February 17, 1907) was a German physicist and meteorologist born in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria. He is best known for discovering the Bezold effect and the Bezold–Brücke shift.
Bezold studied mathematics and physics at the University of Munich and the University of Göttingen. He taught meteorology in Munich from 1861, becoming a professor in 1866. In 1868 he began teaching at the Technical University of Munich. In 1875, he was named a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.
From 1885 to 1907 director of the Prussian Institute of Meteorology at the University of Berlin. As a scientist, he was mainly interested in the physics of the atmosphere, and he contributed much to the theory of electrical storms.
Bezold was one of the early researchers of atmospheric thermodynamics. He considered pseudo-adiabatic processes describing air as it is lifted, expands, cools, and eventually condenses and precipitates its water vapor.
It was Bezold's investigations of Lichtenberg dust figures that were useful to Heinrich Rudolf Hertz during his attempt to physically validate Maxwell's mathematical analysis of electromagnetic waves.
References
W. von Bezold, Zur Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre. Pts. I, II. Sitz. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, pp. 485–522, 1189–1206; Gesammelte Abhandlugen, pp. 91–144. English translation by Abbe, C. The mechanics of the Earth's atmosphere. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, no 843, 1893, 212–242
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taper%20pin
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A taper pin is a fastener used in mechanical engineering. They are steel rods with one end having a slightly larger diameter than the other.
Metric taper pins have a taper of 1:50. A 1:50 taper means that one end of a 50 mm long bar will be 1 mm smaller in diameter than the other end. Inch-sized taper pins have a slightly smaller taper taper on diameter of 1:48 A 1:48 taper means that one end of a 4-foot-long bar (48 inches) will be 1 inch smaller in diameter than the other end, or a -inch taper over a 1-foot length.
Threaded pins
Some taper pins have a male screw thread on the small end that is designed to project through the hole and retain the pin with a washer and a nut. Other pins are threaded on both ends, on the thick end to pull the pin out with the same nut that holds the pin in place.
Taper pin reamers
Taper pin reamers are designed to prepare the hole for taper pins. Metric taper reamers are designated by the small diameter. For example, a 2 mm taper pin reamer has a 1.9 mm small end (2 mm nominal size) and a 2.86 mm large end.
Clock pins
A form of taper pin that precedes these standards is the clock pin, used to accurately and repeatably register parts of a clock to one another. Clock pins do not have a standardised taper, but they generally have a more pronounced taper than the standard engineering pins. The size or gauge is defined by diameter at each end, and the length. The holes are not reamed, but are prepared using a clockmakers' cutting broach to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20seal
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In mechanical engineering, a face seal is a seal in which the sealing surfaces are normal to the axis of the seal. Face seals are typically used in static applications and are used to prevent leakage in the radial direction with respect to the axis of the seal. Face seals are often located in a groove or cavity on a flange. Face seals are a category of products where there is no dynamic movement on the part of either the seal or the hardware surface.
ISO 8434 specifies the general and dimensional requirements for the design and performance of O-ring face seal connectors made of steel for tube outside diameters or hose inside diameters of 6 mm through 38 mm, inclusive.
These connectors are for use in fluid power and general applications where elastomeric seals can be used to prevent fluid leakage, including leakage caused by variations in assembly procedures. They are intended for the connection of tubes and hose fittings to ports in accordance with ISO 6149-1.
Types of face seals
O-rings
E rings
C rings
Gaskets
End face mechanical seal
References
Seals (mechanical)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryll-Nardzewski%20fixed-point%20theorem
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In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Ryll-Nardzewski fixed-point theorem states that if is a normed vector space and is a nonempty convex subset of that is compact under the weak topology, then every group (or equivalently: every semigroup) of affine isometries of has at least one fixed point. (Here, a fixed point of a set of maps is a point that is fixed by each map in the set.)
This theorem was announced by Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski. Later Namioka and Asplund gave a proof based on a different approach. Ryll-Nardzewski himself gave a complete proof in the original spirit.
Applications
The Ryll-Nardzewski theorem yields the existence of a Haar measure on compact groups.
See also
Fixed-point theorems
Fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces
Markov-Kakutani fixed-point theorem - abelian semigroup of continuous affine self-maps on compact convex set in a topological vector space has a fixed point
References
Andrzej Granas and James Dugundji, Fixed Point Theory (2003) Springer-Verlag, New York, .
A proof written by J. Lurie
Fixed-point theorems
Theorems in functional analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles%20Gasser
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Achilles Pirmin Gasser (3 November 1505 – 4 December 1577) was a German physician and astrologer. He is now known as a well-connected humanistic scholar, and supporter of both Copernicus and Rheticus.
Life
Born in Lindau, he studied mathematics, history and philosophy as well as astronomy. He was a student in Sélestat under Johannes Sapidus; he also attended universities in Wittenberg, Vienna, Montpellier, and Avignon.
In 1528, German cartographer Sebastian Münster appealed to scientists across the Holy Roman Empire to assist him with his description of Germany. Gassar accepted this and was later recognized by Münster as a close collaborator for his cartography of the country.
Rheticus lost his physician father Georg Iserin in 1528, executed on sorcery charges. Gasser later took over the practice in Feldkirch, in 1538; he taught Rheticus some astrology, and helped his education, in particular by writing to the University of Wittenberg on his behalf.
When Rheticus printed his Narratio prima—the first published account of the Copernican heliocentric system—in 1540 (Danzig), he sent Gasser a copy. Gasser then undertook a second edition (1541, Basel) with his own introduction, in the form of a letter from Gasser to Georg Vogelin of Konstanz. The second edition (1566, Basel) of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium contained the Narratio Prima with this introduction by Gasser.
Gasser died in Augsburg, leaving over 2,900 literary works that are now stored at the Vatican Library
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Thoday
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John Marion Thoday FRS (30 August 1916 – 25 August 2008) was a British geneticist. He was the son of the botanist David Thoday. He was Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics at Cambridge University between 1959 and 1983 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1965.
Thoday was born in Chinley, Derbyshire, and educated at Bootham School, York, followed by University College of North Wales at Bangor, and then Trinity College, Cambridge. During World War II he served in the RAF as a photographic intelligence officer.
His research from 1947 has been largely concerned with the causes and functions of intraspecific genetic variation, on the nature of continuous genetic variation and on the effects of selection on such variation. He has published an important thesis on the meaning of biological progress in evolution and the role of genetic variation in determining long term fitness. He has pioneered a method for the location on chromosomes of genes mediating continuous variation, and showed (contrary to accepted theory) that the genes at different loci affected the quantitative character in qualitatively different ways. He has pioneered experiments into disruptive selection (selection in the same population for both extremes and against intermediates), and (again contrary to theoretical expectation), showed such selection could be extremely effective, increasing variance, establishing and maintaining polymorphisms, and, if the selected individuals were allowed to choose th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fincham
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John Robert Stanley Fincham FRS FRSE (11 August 1926 – 9 February 2005) was a noted British geneticist who made important contributions to biochemical genetics and microbial genetics.
Education and personal life
Fincham was a son of Robert Fincham (b. 26 November 1898) and Winifred Emily Western (b. 16 July 1899). His father was a self-employed Hertfordshire nurseryman, through whom Fincham developed his interest in botany. He was educated at Hertford Grammar School, then at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he read Natural Sciences. He earned his PhD in the Botany School at Cambridge and then did a year's postgraduate research at the California Institute of Technology with Sterling Howard Emerson, whose daughter Ann he married.
Career and research
Fincham laboratory was among the first to demonstrate "intragenic complementation" through finding "pseudowild" progeny from am1 × am2 crosses. He obtained the first direct evidence for the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis, using mutants of Neurospora crassa deficient in a specific enzyme called glutamate dehydrogenase.
Fincham was appointed first as lecturer in botany (1950–1954) and then as reader (1954–1960) at University of Leicester. A year as an associate professor in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology preceded his appointment as head of the Genetics Division of the John Innes Centre (JIC) in 1961. Fincham's appointment at the JIC is an acknowledgement that much really progressive work in biology is now done with micro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20signature
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In cryptography, a ring signature is a type of digital signature that can be performed by any member of a set of users that each have keys. Therefore, a message signed with a ring signature is endorsed by someone in a particular set of people. One of the security properties of a ring signature is that it should be computationally infeasible to determine which of the set's members' keys was used to produce the signature. Ring signatures are similar to group signatures but differ in two key ways: first, there is no way to revoke the anonymity of an individual signature; and second, any set of users can be used as a signing set without additional setup.
Ring signatures were invented by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman Kalai, and introduced at ASIACRYPT in 2001. The name, ring signature, comes from the ring-like structure of the signature algorithm.
Definition
Suppose that a set of entities each have public/private key pairs, (P1, S1), (P2, S2), ..., (Pn, Sn). Party i can compute a ring signature σ on a message m, on input (m, Si, P1, ..., Pn). Anyone can check the validity of a ring signature given σ, m, and the public keys involved, P1, ..., Pn. If a ring signature is properly computed, it should pass the check. On the other hand, it should be hard for anyone to create a valid ring signature on any message for any set without knowing any of the private keys for that set.
Applications and modifications
In the original paper, Rivest, Shamir, and Tauman describ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoel%20Rephaeli
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Yoel Rephaeli is an Israeli-American cosmologist. He is a Professor of Physics at Tel Aviv University, Israel. Rephaeli studies the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and the astrophysics of galaxy clusters.
References
External links
Y. Rephaeli, "Comptonization Of The Cosmic Microwave Background: The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 33, 1995, pp. 541–580., Volume 33, 1995, pp. 541–580.
Israeli educators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh%20Mathematical%20Olympiad
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The Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad is an annual mathematical competition arranged for school and college students to nourish their interest and capabilities for mathematics. It has been regularly organized by the Bangladesh Math Olympiad Committee since 2001. Bangladesh Math Olympiad activities started in 2003 formally. The first Math Olympiad was held in Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Mohammad Kaykobad, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal and Munir Hasan were instrumental in its establishment.
With the endeavor of the members of the committee, the daily newspaper Prothom Alo and the Dutch Bangla Bank Limited, the committee promptly achieved its primary goal – to send a team to the International Mathematical Olympiad. Bangladeshi students have participated in the International Mathematical Olympiad since 2005.
Besides arranging Divisional and National Math Olympiads, the committee extends its cooperation to all interested groups and individuals who want to arrange a Mathematics Olympiad. The Bangladesh Math Olympiad and the selection of the Bangladeshi national team for the International Mathematical Olympiad is bounded by rules set by the Olympiad Committee. The Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad is open for school and college students from the country. The competitions usually take place around December–January–February. In the 2014 International Mathematical Olympiad, the Bangladesh team achieved one silver, one bronze and four honorable mentions, placing the country a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Haisch
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Bernard Haisch is a German-born American astrophysicist who has done research in solar-stellar astrophysics and stochastic electrodynamics. He has developed with Alfonso Rueda a speculative theory that the non-zero lowest energy state of the vacuum, as predicted by quantum mechanics, might provide a physical explanation for the origin of inertia, and might someday be used for spacecraft propulsion. Haisch has advocated the serious scientific study of phenomena outside the traditional scope of science and is known for his interest in the UFO phenomenon as well as a variety of other unorthodox topics.
Since 2002 Haisch has been involved with ManyOne Networks and related Digital Universe projects which aim to produce, among other things, a multimedia online encyclopedia. In 2006 Haisch published a popular book in which he attempted to reconcile modern scientific belief with traditional religious belief. He attributes his spiritual interests to his educational experience at the Latin School of Indianapolis (a high school affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church), and at the St. Meinrad Seminary and Archabbey.
Scientific career
Haisch was born in Stuttgart, Germany and earned a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1975 and thereafter spent three years as a postdoctoral fellow at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics at the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado.
Haisch has worked at the Solar & Astrophysics Laboratory at Lockheed Marti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tavares%20%28lacrosse%29
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John Tavares (born September 4, 1968, in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional box lacrosse player and current head coach of the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) and Six Nations Chiefs of the Major Series Lacrosse League. He is the NLL's all-time leading scorer and also a mathematics teacher at Philip Pocock Catholic Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. He attended D'Youville University in Buffalo, New York.
Tavares played his entire National Lacrosse League (NLL) career with the Buffalo Bandits, starting in their inaugural season in 1992. He was acquired from the Detroit Turbos in exchange for Brian Nikula in October 1991. Tavares was also the Professional Lacrosse Players' Association representative for the Bandits.
Tavares is the NLL's all-time leader in games played (306), goals (815), assists (934), and points (1,749). His 2,191 loose balls recovered is the second most all-time.
Tavares is the uncle of John Tavares, the captain and star forward of the Toronto Maple Leafs.
John Tavares was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame on May 12, 2022.
National Lacrosse League
On Saturday February 18, 2006, the Buffalo Bandits defeated the Minnesota Swarm by a score of 14–9 in front of 12,458 fans at HSBC Arena in Buffalo, New York. In that game, John Tavares tied the NLL Career Points (goals + assists) record at 1,091 points held by Gary Gait, who had retired after the 2005 season.
On Saturday March 4, 2006, 10,961 fans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicarbazone
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In organic chemistry, a semicarbazone is a derivative of imines formed by a condensation reaction between a ketone or aldehyde and semicarbazide. They are classified as imine derivatives because they are formed from the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with the terminal -NH2 group of semicarbazide, which behaves very similarly to primary amines.
Formation
For ketones
H2NNHC(=O)NH2 + RC(=O)R → R2C=NNHC(=O)NH2
For aldehydes
H2NNHC(=O)NH2 + RCHO → RCH=NNHC(=O)NH2
For example, the semicarbazone of acetone would have the structure (CH3)2C=NNHC(=O)NH2.
Properties and uses
Some semicarbazones, such as nitrofurazone, and thiosemicarbazones are known to have anti-viral and anti-cancer activity, usually mediated through binding to copper or iron in cells. Many semicarbazones are crystalline solids, useful for the identification of the parent aldehydes/ketones by melting point analysis.
A thiosemicarbazone is an analog of a semicarbazone which contains a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom.
See also
Carbazone
Carbazide
Thiosemicarbazone
References
External links
Compounds Containing a N-CO-N-N or More Complex Group
Functional groups
Semicarbazones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0th
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0th or zeroth may refer to:
Mathematics, science and technology
0th or zeroth, an ordinal for the number 0
0th dimension, a topological space
0th element, of a data structure in computer science
0th law of Thermodynamics
Zeroth (software), deep learning software for mobile devices
Other uses
0th grade, another name for kindergarten
January 0 or , an alternate name for December 31
0 Avenue, a road in British Columbia straddling the Canada-US border
See also
OTH (disambiguation) (with a letter O)
Zeroth law (disambiguation)
Zeroth-order (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim%20Gerasimov
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Vadim Viktorovich Gerasimov (, born 15 June 1969) is an engineer at Google. From 1994 to 2003, Vadim worked and studied at the MIT Media Lab. Vadim earned a BS/MS in applied mathematics from Moscow State University in 1992 and a Ph.D. from MIT in 2003.
At age 16 he was one of the original co-developers of the famous video game Tetris: he ported Alexey Pajitnov's original game to the IBM PC architecture and the two later added features to the game.
References
External links
Vadim Gerasimov personal webpage
Russian video game designers
Russian computer programmers
Russian inventors
Google employees
Moscow State University alumni
Living people
1969 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcev%20algebra
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In mathematics, a Malcev algebra (or Maltsev algebra or Moufang–Lie algebra) over a field is a nonassociative algebra that is antisymmetric, so that
and satisfies the Malcev identity
They were first defined by Anatoly Maltsev (1955).
Malcev algebras play a role in the theory of Moufang loops that generalizes the role of Lie algebras in the theory of groups. Namely, just as the tangent space of the identity element of a Lie group forms a Lie algebra, the tangent space of the identity of a smooth Moufang loop forms a Malcev algebra. Moreover, just as a Lie group can be recovered from its Lie algebra under certain supplementary conditions, a smooth Moufang loop can be recovered from its Malcev algebra if certain supplementary conditions hold. For example, this is true for a connected, simply connected real-analytic Moufang loop.
Examples
Any Lie algebra is a Malcev algebra.
Any alternative algebra may be made into a Malcev algebra by defining the Malcev product to be xy − yx.
The 7-sphere may be given the structure of a smooth Moufang loop by identifying it with the unit octonions. The tangent space of the identity of this Moufang loop may be identified with the 7-dimensional space of imaginary octonions. The imaginary octonions form a Malcev algebra with the Malcev product xy − yx.
See also
Malcev-admissible algebra
Notes
References
Non-associative algebras
Lie algebras
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo%20Jang-choon
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Woo Jang-choon, U Nagaharu in Japanese, (April 8, 1898 – August 10, 1959) was an agricultural scientist and botanist active in Korea under Japanese rule and later in South Korea, famous for his discoveries in the genetics and breeding of plants.
Woo was born and raised in Japan, overcoming poverty and discrimination in Imperial Japan to become a prominent researcher and teacher. When Japanese rule over Korea ended in 1945 Woo left his mother, his wife and his children in Japan and settled in what would become South Korea to lead the country's efforts in botany and agriculture. There is a memorial museum in the port city of Busan where he lived and worked in Korea, honoring his life and accomplishments.
Woo is credited in scientific literature as Nagaharu U, a Japanese reading of the Chinese characters of his Korean name (the pronunciation of his family name 禹 can be Romanized as U in both Japanese (う) and Korean (우)).
Early life
Woo was born on April 8, 1898, in Akasaka, Tokyo and raised in Kure, Hiroshima, he was the first son of a Japanese mother, Sakai Naka (사카이 나카, 酒井ナカ) and a Korean father, Woo Beom-seon (禹範善, 우범선) of the Danyang U clan (본관: 단양 우씨, 丹陽 禹氏). Woo Beom-seon served as the commander of the first battalion of the Hullyeondae (a Japanese-trained Korean military force) during the late period of the Joseon dynasty and had sought political asylum in Japan. He was involved in the Gaehwapa movement (a modernization faction) and was suspected of involvement in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioisostere
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In medicinal chemistry, bioisosteres are chemical substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties which produce broadly similar biological properties in the same chemical compound. In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bioisostere for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound without making significant changes in chemical structure. The main use of this term and its techniques are related to pharmaceutical sciences. Bioisosterism is used to reduce toxicity, change bioavailability, or modify the activity of the lead compound, and may alter the metabolism of the lead.
Examples
Classical bioisosteres
Classical bioisosterism was originally formulated by James Moir and refined by Irving Langmuir as a response to the observation that different atoms with the same valence electron structure had similar biological properties.
For example, the replacement of a hydrogen atom with a fluorine atom at a site of metabolic oxidation in a drug candidate may prevent such metabolism from taking place. Because the fluorine atom is similar in size to the hydrogen atom the overall topology of the molecule is not significantly affected, leaving the desired biological activity unaffected. However, with a blocked pathway for metabolism, the drug candidate may have a longer half-life.
Procainamide, an amide, has a longer duration of action than Procaine, an ester, because of the isosteric replacement of the ester oxygen with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrohalogenation
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In chemistry, dehydrohalogenation is an elimination reaction which removes a hydrogen halide from a substrate. The reaction is usually associated with the synthesis of alkenes, but it has wider applications.
Dehydrohalogenation from alkyl halides
Traditionally, alkyl halides are substrates for dehydrohalogenations. The alkyl halide must be able to form an alkene, thus halides having no C–H bond on an adjacent carbon are not suitable substrates. Aryl halides are also unsuitable. Upon treatment with strong base, chlorobenzene dehydrohalogenates to give phenol via a benzyne intermediate.
Base-promoted reactions to alkenes
When treated with a strong base many alkyl chlorides convert to corresponding alkene. It is also called a β-elimination reaction and is a type of elimination reaction. Some prototypes are shown below:
Here ethyl chloride reacts with potassium hydroxide, typically in a solvent such as ethanol, giving ethylene. Likewise, 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane give propene.
Zaitsev's rule helps to predict regioselectivity for this reaction type.
In general, the reaction of a haloalkane with potassium hydroxide can compete with an SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction by OH− a strong, unhindered nucleophile. Alcohols are however generally minor products. Dehydrohalogenations often employ strong bases such as potassium tert-butoxide (K+ [CH3]3CO−).
Base-promoted reactions to alkynes
Upon treatment with strong base, vicinal dihalides convert to alkynes.
Thermal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Hooley
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Christopher Hooley (7 August 1928 – 13 December 2018) was a British mathematician, professor of mathematics at Cardiff University.
He did his PhD under the supervision of Albert Ingham. He won the Adams Prize of Cambridge University in 1973. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1983. He was also a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.
He showed that the Hasse principle holds for non-singular cubic forms in at least nine variables.
References
External links
1928 births
2018 deaths
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Academics of Cardiff University
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Fellows of the Royal Society
Number theorists
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosl%20Hasslacher
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Brosl Hasslacher (May 13, 1941 – November 11, 2005) was a theoretical physicist.
Brosl Hasslacher was born in New York City in 1941 and obtained a bachelor's in physics from Harvard University in 1962. He did his Ph.D. with D.Z. Freeman and C.N. Yang at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. After having several postdoctoral and research positions at Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, Caltech, ENS in Paris, and CERN, he settled for more than twenty years at the Theoretical Division of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. There he was involved in theoretical, experimental, and numerical work in theoretical physics, high-energy physics, nonlinear dynamics, fluid dynamics, nanotechnology, and robotics.
In the 1970s, he worked on the extended hadron model, collaborating with A. Neveu.
During the 1980s, Hasslacher pioneered with Uriel Frisch and Yves Pomeau the lattice-gas method for discrete simulation of fluid flow.
As part of the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Center for Nonlinear Studies, Hasslacher worked with Mitchell Feigenbaum and contributed ideas to chaos theory.
In the 1990s, Hasslacher worked with Mark Tilden on several papers concerning Biomorphic engineering. He is largely credited for using nonlinear dynamics to describe and design Tilden's BEAM robotics.
In 1994, Hasslacher's UNIX account (bhass) at Los Alamos National Laboratory was used by hacker Kevin Mitnick to break into computer security expert Tsutomu Shimomura's comput
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20reflection%20group
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In mathematics, a complex reflection group is a finite group acting on a finite-dimensional complex vector space that is generated by complex reflections: non-trivial elements that fix a complex hyperplane pointwise.
Complex reflection groups arise in the study of the invariant theory of polynomial rings. In the mid-20th century, they were completely classified in work of Shephard and Todd. Special cases include the symmetric group of permutations, the dihedral groups, and more generally all finite real reflection groups (the Coxeter groups or Weyl groups, including the symmetry groups of regular polyhedra).
Definition
A (complex) reflection r (sometimes also called pseudo reflection or unitary reflection) of a finite-dimensional complex vector space V is an element of finite order that fixes a complex hyperplane pointwise, that is, the fixed-space has codimension 1.
A (finite) complex reflection group is a finite subgroup of that is generated by reflections.
Properties
Any real reflection group becomes a complex reflection group if we extend the scalars from
R to C. In particular, all finite Coxeter groups or Weyl groups give examples of complex reflection groups.
A complex reflection group W is irreducible if the only W-invariant proper subspace of the corresponding vector space is the origin. In this case, the dimension of the vector space is called the rank of W.
The Coxeter number of an irreducible complex reflection group W of rank is defined as where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Smarr
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Larry Lee Smarr is a physicist and leader in scientific computing, supercomputer applications, and Internet infrastructure from Missouri. He currently works at the University of California, San Diego. Smarr has been among the most important synthesizers and conductors of innovation, discovery, and commercialization of new technologies – including areas as disparate as the Web browser and personalized medicine. In his career, Smarr has made pioneering breakthroughs in research on black holes, spearheaded the use of supercomputers for academic research, and presided over some of the major innovations that created the modern Internet. For nearly 20 years, he has been building a new model for academic research based on interdisciplinary collaboration.
Education
Larry Smarr received his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Science degrees from the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri and received a PhD in physics from the University of Texas at Austin in 1975.
Research
After graduating, Smarr did research at Princeton, Yale, and Harvard, and then joined the faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1979. He is a professor of Computer Science and Information Technologies at the University of California, San Diego.
While at Illinois, Larry Smarr wrote an ambitious proposal to address the future needs of scientific research. Seven other University of Illinois professors joined as co-Principal Investigators, and many others provided descriptions of what could
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20mathematics
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Engineering mathematics is a branch of applied mathematics concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are typically used in engineering and industry. Along with fields like engineering physics and engineering geology, both of which may belong in the wider category engineering science, engineering mathematics is an interdisciplinary subject motivated by engineers' needs both for practical, theoretical and other considerations outside their specialization, and to deal with constraints to be effective in their work.
Description
Historically, engineering mathematics consisted mostly of applied analysis, most notably: differential equations; real and complex analysis (including vector and tensor analysis); approximation theory (broadly construed, to include asymptotic, variational, and perturbative methods, representations, numerical analysis); Fourier analysis; potential theory; as well as linear algebra and applied probability, outside of analysis. These areas of mathematics were intimately tied to the development of Newtonian physics, and the mathematical physics of that period. This history also left a legacy: until the early 20th century subjects such as classical mechanics were often taught in applied mathematics departments at American universities, and fluid mechanics may still be taught in (applied) mathematics as well as engineering departments.
The success of modern numerical computer methods and software has led to the emergence of computational mathematic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroidal%20wave%20equation
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In mathematics, the spheroidal wave equation is given by
It is a generalization of the Mathieu differential equation.
If is a solution to this equation and we define , then is a prolate spheroidal wave function in the sense that it satisfies the equation
See also
Wave equation
References
Bibliography
M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical function (US Gov. Printing Office, Washington DC, 1964)
H. Bateman, Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics (Dover Publications, New York, 1944)
Ordinary differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester%20Products%20Division
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Rochester Products Division (RPD) was a division of General Motors that manufactured carburetors, and related components including emissions control devices and cruise control systems in Rochester, New York. In 1995 Rochester became part of Delphi, which in turn became a separate company four years later, and continues to manufacture fuel injection systems in Rochester, now part of General Motors Automotive Components Holdings- Rochester Operations.
History
The company began as the Rochester Coil Company founded by Edward A. Halbleib in 1908, becoming the North East Electric Company the following year. In 1916 the company was located at 348 Whitney Street, Rochester.
In 1929 Alfred P. Sloan announced the acquisition of the company on behalf of General Motors. "For some years this Company has been an outstanding manufacturer of starters, ignition systems and other electrical equipment." "It was consolidated with GM's former Delco-Light Company in 1930 and later renamed Delco Appliance Division." In 1937 Rochester Products was founded, planned as a second plant for Delco Appliance, but achieving Division status by 1939. In 1953 an advertisement in Life stated: "Rochester builds original equipment carburetors for Chevrolet starting with 1950, Oldsmobile from 1949 and Cadillac from 1951. Also, Rochester supplies replacement carburetors for Chevrolets from 1932." Rochester also supplied Pontiac, while using the Power Jet name in the replacement market.
In 1952 the Oregonian rep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Orton
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David E. Orton (born 1955) is an American engineering executive and the CEO of GEO Semiconductor Inc.
Orton earned a BS in mathematics and economics at Wake Forest University, and a MS in electrical engineering from Duke University. He worked in the graphics and semiconductor industry as an engineer at Bell Laboratories in 1979 to 1983 and then General Electric through December 1988. He joined Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 1990, and was senior vice president of visual computing and advanced systems through 1999. In 1996 SGI bought Cray Research and Orton had to deal with merging the companies' overlapping technologies.
Orton joined ATI Technologies as a result of an acquisition of ArtX in April 2000, where he was president and CEO. ATI posted losses after the dot-com bubble collapsed, although losses were reduced by June 2001.
He was named CEO of ATI in March 2004.
Though ATI's principal location was in Markham, Ontario, Canada, Orton spent a portion of his time in California where he resided.
After the announced merger of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) with ATI on July 24, 2006, as ATI Technologies became a subsidiary of AMD, Orton became an executive vice-president of AMD, reporting to AMD CEO Hector Ruiz and COO Dirk Meyer. On July 10, 2007, AMD announced the resignation of Orton as executive vice president. One trade journalist rated Orton as the top of the "CEOs that went in 2007".
From 2007 to 2009, he served as CEO of the startup DSM Solutions. On July 15, 2009, Orton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BME
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BME may refer to:
Medicine
Biomedical engineering
Bone marrow examination
Music
Bachelor of Music Education
BME Recordings, a record label founded by Lil Jon
Bad Meets Evil, a hip hop duo from Detroit consisting of rappers Royce da 5'9" and Eminem
Organic chemistry
Methyl tert-butyl ether, an organic solvent
2-Mercaptoethanol, an antioxidant also known as β-mercaptoethanol
Transport
Beaver, Meade and Englewood Railroad, a railroad in Oklahoma, US, which became a subsidiary of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad.
Bergisch-Markisch Railway Company (Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft), in 19th-century Germany
Broome railway station, National Rail code BME
Broome International Airport, IATA code BME
Other
Best Moonsault Ever, the name of a signature move used by pro-wrestler Christopher Daniels
BMEzine, an online magazine devoted to body modification
Black and Minority Ethnic, a term commonly used in the UK to describe people of non-white descent
Bolsas y Mercados Españoles, owner of Bolsa de Madrid and other Spanish exchanges
British Methodist Episcopal Church, Protestant church in Canada
Budapest University of Technology and Economics (Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20Hoheisel
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Guido Karl Heinrich Hoheisel (14 July 1894 – 11 October 1968) was a German mathematician and professor of mathematics at the University of Cologne.
Academic life
He did his PhD in 1920 from the University of Berlin under the supervision of Erhard Schmidt.
During World War II Hoheisel was required to teach classes simultaneously at three universities, in Cologne, Bonn, and Münster. His doctoral students include Arnold Schönhage.
Hoheisel contributed to the journal Deutsche Mathematik.
Selected results
Hoheisel is known for a result on gaps between prime numbers:
He proved that if π(x) denotes the prime-counting function, then there exists a constant θ < 1 such that
π(x + xθ) − π(x) ~ xθ/log(x),
as x tends to infinity, implying that if pn denotes the n-th prime number then
pn+1 − pn < pnθ,
for all sufficiently large n. He showed that one may take
θ = 32999/33000 = 1 - 0.000(03),
with (03) denoting periodic repetition.
Selected works
Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen 1926; 2nd edition 1930; 7th edition 1965
Partielle Differentialgleichungen 1928; 3rd edition 1953
Aufgabensammlung zu den gewöhnlichen und partiellen Differentialgleichungen 1933
Integralgleichungen 1936; revised and expanded 2nd edition 1963
Existenz von Eigenwerten und Vollständigkeitskriterium 1943
Integral equations translated by A. Mary Tropper [1968, c1967]
References
20th-century German mathematicians
1968 deaths
1894 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lederberg
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Lederberg is a surname meaning "leather mountain" in German and may refer to:
Esther Lederberg (1922-2006), American microbiologist and a pioneer of bacterial genetics
Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008), American molecular biologist
Victoria Lederberg (1937-2002), American judge, Justice of Rhode Island Supreme Court
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alireza%20Nobari
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Ali Reza Nobari is the former Governor of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Bank Markazi Iran). At the time of his appointment, he was the youngest person, at thirty two years old, to ever have served as a central banker.
Education
Ali Reza held graduate degrees from Ecole Polytechnique and Stanford in mathematics, physics, economics and operations research. He was also the first person from Iran in thirty five years to receive a full scholarship to Ecole Polytechnique which was granted after he received the highest score in the country on his high school comprehensive exams.
Career
He was appointed to the position of Governor of the Central Bank by newly elected President Abolhassan Banisadr in late 1979 and served as Iran's Central Banker until he was forcibly ousted in the coup of June 1981 (which also ousted President Banisadr and other members of Banisadr's government).
Ali Reza Nobari served as Iran's Central Banker during the Iran Hostage Crisis. And during that time, he appeared on American ABC television channel programme Nightline with Ted Koppel. He worked tirelessly to unfreeze Iran's funds in the American banks and bring about a speedy release of American hostages. His position was supported by then President Banisadr but opposed by others close to Khomeini.
Immediately following the impeachment that removed Ali Reza and Banisadr, Banisadr's and Ali's supporters were arrested and either executed or tortured.
Ali managed to survive by using
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge%20of%20Heaven
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Forge of Heaven is a science fiction novel by American science fiction and fantasy author . It was first published in June 2004 in the United States by HarperCollins under its Eos Books imprint.
Forge of Heaven is the second of two novels set in Cherryh's Gene Wars universe, and concerns gene manipulation using nanotechnology, and contact with an alien race, the ondat. The first novel, Hammerfall was published in June 2001.
Backstory
Human territory consisted of the Inner Worlds, governed by Earth Federation, who maintained strict control on the use of biotech and frowned on genetic manipulation, and Outsider Space, near the edge of human space, who openly used biotech for their own benefit. In Outsider Space a group called the Movement broke away from local authority, and by joining nanotech and biotech, bioengineered humans, livestock and agriculture for the colonizing other planets. Fearing contamination, Earth severed all direct contact with Outsider Space, but assisted the moderate Outsider governments, who themselves feared runaway biochange, in tracking down and destroying Movement bases.
The outlawed Movement moved their biotech beyond Outsider Space and onto worlds, unbeknown to them, in space occupied by an unknown alien species, the ondat. The ondat came into contact with the Movement's aggressively adaptive nanisms and unwittingly spread it to their homeworld. Unable to distinguish between the Movement, Outsiders and Earth, the aliens went to war with humankin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20J.%20Salzman
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Peter J. Salzman was a computer hacker and former senior member of the hacking group, Legion of Doom, in the 1980s. He was the first hacker apprehended during Operation Sundevil and was caught while serving in the United States Air Force as a computer cryptography specialist.
Salzman was the founder and many time president of the Linux Users Group of Davis. He finished a Ph.D. at University of California at Davis in physics, doing a dissertation on the semi-classical theory of gravitation, a subtopic of quantum gravity. He is also the author and former maintainer of the popular guides Using GNU's GDB Debugger and Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide.
He co-authored (along with Norman Matloff) a popular book on computer program debugging called "The Art of Debugging with GDB", which was published on April 15, 2008.
Salzman finished a Master of Quantitative Finance at Baruch College. He worked as a quantitative developer for Fitch Ratings and Fitch Solutions before becoming a quantitative analyst for Algorithmics. He is currently a quantitative analyst for IBM.
External links
Peter Jay Salzman's dissertation: Investigation of the Time Dependent Schrodinger-Newton Equation
Living people
Financial economists
University of California, Davis alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20Mathematical%20Philosophy
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Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy is a book (1919 first edition) by philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author seeks to create an accessible introduction to various topics within the foundations of mathematics. According to the preface, the book is intended for those with only limited knowledge of mathematics and no prior experience with the mathematical logic it deals with. Accordingly, it is often used in introductory philosophy of mathematics courses at institutions of higher education.
Background
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy was written while Russell was serving time in Brixton Prison due to his anti-war activities.
Contents
The book deals with a wide variety of topics within the philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic including the logical basis and definition of natural numbers, real and complex numbers, limits and continuity, and classes.
Editions
Russell, Bertrand (1919), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, George Allen & Unwin. (Reprinted: Routledge, 1993.)
Russell, Bertrand (1920), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin / NY: Macmillan, Second Edition, reprintings 1920, 1924, 1930.
See also
Principia Mathematica
The Principles of Mathematics
Logicism
Footnotes
Logic books
Books about philosophy of mathematics
Books by Bertrand Russell
1919 non-fiction books
Allen & Unwin books
Prison writings
Philosophy textbooks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20measurement
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Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies, for data used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fishery biology.
Overall length
Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. This measurement excludes the length of the caudal (tail) fin.
Total length (TL) is the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the caudal fin, usually measured with the lobes compressed along the midline. It is a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body.
Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys) and usually Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes.
Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations.
Fishery biologists often use a third measure in fishes with forked tails, called Fork length (FL), the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays, and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends.
Fin lengths and eye diameter
Other possible measurements include the lengths of various fins, the lengths of fin bases and the diameter of the eye.
See also
Ichthyology term
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissure
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A commissure () is the location at which two objects abut or are joined. The term is used especially in the fields of anatomy and biology.
The most common usage of the term refers to the brain's commissures, of which there are five. Such a commissure is a bundle of commissural fibers as a tract that crosses the midline at its level of origin or entry (as opposed to a decussation of fibers that cross obliquely). The five are the anterior commissure, posterior commissure, corpus callosum, commissure of fornix (hippocampal commissure), and habenular commissure. They consist of fibre tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure. In the spinal cord there are the anterior white commissure, and the gray commissure. Commissural neurons refer to neuronal cells that grow their axons across the midline of the nervous system within the brain and the spinal cord.
Commissure also often refers to cardiac anatomy of heart valves. In the heart, a commissure is the area where the valve leaflets abut. When such an abutment is abnormally stiffened or even fused, valvular stenosis results, sometimes requiring commissurotomy.
The term may also refer to the junction of the upper and lower lips (see labial commissure of mouth).
It may refer to the junction of the upper and lower mandibles of a bird's beak, or alternately, to the full-length apposition of the closed mandibles, from the corners of the mouth to the tip of the beak.
It may refer to the nasal a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20David%20Allis
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Charles David Allis (March 22, 1951 – January 8, 2023) was an American molecular biologist, and the Joy and Jack Fishman Professor at the Rockefeller University. He was also the Head of the Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, and a professor at the Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program (the other two institutions being the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine).
Early life and education
Allis was born and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father was a city planner and his mother an elementary school teacher. He entered the University of Cincinnati in 1969, majoring in biology. He had his first experience of basic research in his senior (or fourth) year of Bachelor of Science. The experience attracted him to research, and he went to Indiana University Bloomington for graduate studies. He graduated with an MSc in 1975 and a PhD three years later, under the supervision of Anthony Mahowald.
Career
Allis undertook a postdoctoral fellowship in the University of Rochester after obtaining his PhD. In 1981, he joined the Baylor College of Medicine as an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cell Biology, and was promoted to associate professor in 1986 and full professor in 1989. He joined the Department of Biology at Syracuse University College of Arts and Sciences in 1990.
Allis returned to the University of Rochester in 1995, and became the Marie Curran Wilson and Joseph Chamberlain Wilson Professor of Biology tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuity
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Acuity may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Visual acuity, the behavioral ability to resolve fine image detail
Tactile acuity, resolving fine spatial details with the sense of touch
Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY)
Businesses
Acuity Advisors Limited, a British tech financing company
Acuity Brands, an American lighting and building management firm
Acuity Insurance, an American insurer
Acuity Solutions, an American manufacturing consultancy
Ships
(or Tedship), a British tanker coaster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Chizhevsky
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Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky (; 7 February 1897 – 20 December 1964) was a Soviet-era interdisciplinary scientist, a biophysicist who founded "heliobiology" (study of the sun's effect on biology) and "aero-ionization" (study of effect of ionization of air on biological entities). He was also noted for his work in "cosmo-biology", biological rhythms and hematology."
Chizhevsky used historical research (historiometry) techniques to link the 11-year solar cycle, Earth’s climate, and the mass activity of peoples.
Life and career
Chizhevsky was born in the town of Tsekhanovets (Ciechanowiec in Polish) in Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Poland). His father Leonid Vasilievich Chizhevsky was a Russian military general. He spent his early years, and later his teenage years, in Kaluga. As a youth he met Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a noted space scientist, who also lived in Kaluga. Chizhevsky was educated at the private modern school of F. Shakhmagonov. In 1915 he spent his summer observing the sun and first hypothesized the effect of periodic changes in solar activity on the organic world. In 1916 he entered World War I as a Russian, fighting on the Galician front and earning a Cross of Saint George. There, he observed directly that battles tended to wax and wane with the strength of solar flares and geomagnetic storms during the concurrent height of solar cycle 15.
In 1918, Chizhevsky graduated from the Moscow Commercial Institute with a degree in archeology. His Mos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochoric
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Isochoric may refer to:
cell-transitive, in geometry
isochoric process, a constant volume process in chemistry or thermodynamics
Isochoric model
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonet
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Geonet may refer to:
Geosynthetic, products used to solve civil engineering problems
GEOnet Names Server, a database of place names used outside of the United States
GeoNet, an early international on-line services network
GeoNet, a geological hazards monitoring service in New Zealand run by GNS Science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocomposite
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Geocomposites are combinations of two or more geosynthetic materials for civil engineering applications that perform multiple geosynthetic functions (the five basic functions are: separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, and containment.). Such composite materials enhance technical properties of the soil or the geotechnical structure, while minimizing application costs.
Geotextile-geonet composites
When a geotextile is used on one or both sides of a geonet, the separation and filtration functions are always satisfied, but the drainage function is vastly improved in comparison to geotextiles by themselves. Such geocomposites are regularly used in intercepting and conveying leachate in landfill liner and cover systems and for conducting vapor or water beneath pond liners of various types. These drainage geocomposites also make effective drains to intercept water in a capillary zone where frost heave or salt migration is a problem. In all cases, the liquid enters through the geotextile and then travels horizontally within the geonet to a suitable exit.
Geotextile-geomembrane composites
Geotextiles can be laminated on one or both sides of a geomembrane for a number of purposes. The geotextiles provide increased resistance to puncture, tear propagation, and friction related to sliding, as well as providing tensile strength in and of themselves. Geotextiles are of heavy and are of the nonwoven, needle-punched variety. In such cases the geotextile component acts as a drain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBJ
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EBJ may refer to:
Esbjerg Airport in Denmark
European Biophysics Journal
Canadian Tabby Cat
Eddie Bernice Johnson, United States Congresswoman from Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDH
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FDH may refer to:
Biology, health and medicine
(-)-Endo-fenchol dehydrogenase
Other uses
Daglish railway station, in Western Australia
FDH Bank, Malawi
Freies Deutsches Hochstift, a foundation in Frankfurt, Germany
Frères des Hommes, a French aid organization
Friedrichshafen Airport in Friedrichshafen, Germany
Full Domain Hash
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSL
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SCSL is an acronym that can stand for:
Scientific Computing Software Library, by Silicon Graphics
Special Court for Sierra Leone
Sun Community Source Licensing, for Sun Java
Staffordshire County Senior League in English football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rateur%20National%20d%27Ions%20Lourds
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The Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL), or Large Heavy Ion National Accelerator, is a French national nuclear physics research center in Caen. The facility has been in operation since 1983, and consists primarily of two serialised synchrocyclotrons.
See also
Projects:
Fazia
Similar facilities:
GSI
Riken, Japan
NSCL, USA
Dubna, Russia
CERN
TRIUMF
External links
GANIL
Scholarpedia article
Laboratories in France
Nuclear research institutes
Research institutes in France
French National Centre for Scientific Research
Institutes associated with CERN
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20M.%20Doty
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Paul Mead Doty (June 1, 1920 – December 5, 2011) was Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry at Harvard University, specializing in the physical properties of macromolecules and strongly involved in peace and security policy issues.
Biography
Doty was born in Charleston, West Virginia. He graduated from Penn State University in 1941 and took his doctorate from Columbia University under Joseph Edward Mayer. From 1943-45, he was at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. He joined the chemistry department Harvard University in 1948, became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1951, and became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1957. In 1954, he helped to recruit James Watson to the Harvard Biolabs, the home of the biology department, as an assistant professor.
In 1960, while working in Doty's lab, Julius Marmur discovered the reversible hybridization of DNA. Doty later helped to found the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and became its first chairman in 1968. His scientific work involved the characterization of biopolymers such as DNA, proteins and collagen by optical methods such as circular dichroism and light scattering. In his 42 years at Harvard, he supervised the research of 44 students, 10 of whom have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
As a graduate student, he worked on the Manhattan project, which led to his lifelong involvement in activities aiming to avert nuclear war. He was a special assistant to the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola%20Salvi
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Nicola Salvi or Niccolò Salvi (6 August 1697 (Rome) – 8 February 1751 (Rome)) was an Italian architect; among his few projects completed is the famous Trevi fountain in Rome, Italy.
Biography
Admitted to the Roman Academy of Arcadia in 1717, Salvi became an architect only after studies in mathematics and philosophy. His mentor in architecture was Antonio Canevari, who served also as consulting architect for the king of Portugal. In 1728, Canevari left for Lisbon, and Salvi continued his commissions in Rome. Among these were ephemeral decorations and small decorative projects. In Rome, the patronage for the building of large structures had declined relative to the previous century.
In 1732, competitions were held by Pope Clement XII for two large projects. One was to create a new façade for the church of Saint John Lateran, and another was for a public fountain at Trevi. The former completion was won by Alessandro Galilei, though Salvi's design had much praise. Salvi's design for the fountain however was chosen instead of plans by Ferdinando Fuga and his friend Luigi Vanvitelli. Salvi did not live to see the fountain completed in 1762 by his friend Pietro Bracci.
Salvi's other remaining works are few: he rebuilt the Chiesa di Santa Maria a Gradi (Church of Santa Maria in Gradi)] (1738) in Viterbo, but it was destroyed by bombs in World War II and is currently being restored. He also created a chapel, believed to be the most expensive ever created, for Igreja de São Roque J
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Doty
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Paul Doty may refer to:
Paul Aaron Langevin Doty (1869–1937), American mechanical engineer
Paul M. Doty (1920–2011), American professor of biochemistry at Harvard University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%20Klemes
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Vit Klemes (born Vít Klemeš; 30 April 1932, Podivín – 8 March 2010) was a Canadian hydrologist of Czech origin.
Bipgraphy
Klemes received a Civil Engineering degree (Ing) from the Brno University of Technology, a CSc degree (a local equivalent of PhD) in hydrology and water resources from the Slovak Technical University in Bratislava and a DrSc degree from the Czech Technical University in Prague.
Following the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia, Klemes and his family came to Canada in September 1968. There he obtained a position of associate professor at the University of Toronto, first in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and later in the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering. In 1972, he was appointed research hydrologist at the National Hydrology Research Institute of Environment Canada, a position he held for 17 years; after the institute's move from Ottawa to Saskatoon, he also served as its chief scientist. From 1990 to 1999 he was a water resources consultant in Victoria, British Columbia where he continued to live after his retirement until his death.
During his career Klemes has authored about 150 scientific and technical publications, lectured extensively on all five continents, was visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Monash University in Melbourne, Agricultural University (BOKU) in Vienna, the University of Karlsruhe, and in 1994 was appointed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20H.%20S%C3%A9quin
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Carlo Heinrich Séquin (born October 30, 1941) is a professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States.
Séquin is recognized as one of the pioneers in processor design. Séquin has worked with computer graphics, geometric modelling, and on the development of computer-aided design (CAD) tools for circuit designers. He was born in Zurich, Switzerland.
Séquin is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
Academic history
Séquin holds the Baccalaureate type C (in Math and Science), Basel, Switzerland (1960), the Diploma in Experimental Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland (1965), and a Ph.D in Experimental Physics, from the Institute of Applied Physics, Basel (1969).
Career
Having received his doctorate, Séquin went on to work at the Institute of Applied Physics in Basel on the interface physics of MOS transistors and problems of applied electronics in the field of cybernetic models. From 1970 to 1976 Séquin worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey on the design and investigation of charge-coupled devices for imaging and signal processing applications. While at Bell Telephone Laboratories he was introduced to computer graphics in lectures given by Ken Knowlton.
In 1977 Séquin joined the Faculty in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department (EECS) at Berkeley where he introduced the concept of RISC processors with David A. Patterson in the early 1980s. He was head of the Computer Science Divis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%20American%20Institute%20of%20Geography%20and%20History
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The Pan American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH, - IPGH) is an international organisation dedicated to the generation and transference of knowledge specialized in the fields of cartography, geography, history and geophysics.
The institute was created on February 7, 1928, during a conference held in Havana. The city that was established to be the host was Mexico City. The Institute signed an agreement with the Organization of American States and became a specialized organization of the OAS; in 1974 this agreement was modified and signed.
PAIGH publishes the following academic journals:
Biannual publications
Revista Cartográfica
Revista Geográfica
Revista de Historia de América
Revista Geofísica
Annual publications
Boletín de Antropología Americana
Revista de Arqueología Americana y Folklore Americano
External links
Pan American Institute of Geography and History
Organization of American States
Geography organizations
History organizations based in Mexico
Cartography organizations
Geophysics organizations
International geographic data and information organizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20amenable%20group
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In mathematics, a group is called elementary amenable if it can be built up from finite groups and abelian groups by a sequence of simple operations that result in amenable groups when applied to amenable groups. Since finite groups and abelian groups are amenable, every elementary amenable group is amenable - however, the converse is not true.
Formally, the class of elementary amenable groups is the smallest subclass of the class of all groups that satisfies the following conditions:
it contains all finite and all abelian groups
if G is in the subclass and H is isomorphic to G, then H is in the subclass
it is closed under the operations of taking subgroups, forming quotients, and forming extensions
it is closed under directed unions.
The Tits alternative implies that any amenable linear group is locally virtually solvable; hence, for linear groups, amenability and elementary amenability coincide.
References
Infinite group theory
Properties of groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20Xi%20function
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In mathematics, the Riemann Xi function is a variant of the Riemann zeta function, and is defined so as to have a particularly simple functional equation. The function is named in honour of Bernhard Riemann.
Definition
Riemann's original lower-case "xi"-function, was renamed with an upper-case (Greek letter "Xi") by Edmund Landau. Landau's lower-case ("xi") is defined as
for . Here denotes the Riemann zeta function and is the Gamma function.
The functional equation (or reflection formula) for Landau's is
Riemann's original function, rebaptised upper-case by Landau, satisfies
,
and obeys the functional equation
Both functions are entire and purely real for real arguments.
Values
The general form for positive even integers is
where Bn denotes the n-th Bernoulli number. For example:
Series representations
The function has the series expansion
where
where the sum extends over ρ, the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function, in order of .
This expansion plays a particularly important role in Li's criterion, which states that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to having λn > 0 for all positive n.
Hadamard product
A simple infinite product expansion is
where ρ ranges over the roots of ξ.
To ensure convergence in the expansion, the product should be taken over "matching pairs" of zeroes, i.e., the factors for a pair of zeroes of the form ρ and 1−ρ should be grouped together.
References
Zeta and L-functions
Bernhard Riemann
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20VandeLinde
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David VandeLinde is an American electrical engineering graduate from Carnegie Tech in 1964 and was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick from 2001 to 2006.
David VandeLinde was raised in St. Albans, WV. He graduated from St. Albans High School in 1960. He played football and was an offensive end.
Professor VandeLinde came to Warwick in 2001 from the University of Bath, where he had been Vice-Chancellor for nine years. He was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) by the University of Bath in 2001.
VandeLinde saw Warwick through five years of fast growth, but not without controversy. As well as being closely associated with the 'corporate' ethos of Warwick, he became prominent supporter of higher tuition fees for students. He was also a firm supporter of the University's attempts to build a campus in Singapore, which did not ultimately come to fruition.
Before coming to the United Kingdom, VandeLinde was dean of the engineering faculty at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
References
American electrical engineers
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Bath
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Warwick
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/270%20%28number%29
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270 (two hundred [and] seventy) is the natural number following 269 and preceding 271.
In mathematics
270 is a harmonic divisor number
270 is the fourth number that is divisible by its average integer divisor
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard%20Fleissner%20von%20Wostrowitz
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Edouard Fleissner von Wostrowitz (1825–1888), also spelt Fleißner, is remembered as the author of a short book on cryptography and as the proponent of a modified Cardan grille known as a turning grille.
He was born in Lemberg, the son of an Austrian cavalry officer, and was expected to follow a military career. After serving in the Chevaux-légeres Regiment Number 6, he was appointed Commandant of the Officer School at Ödenberg in 1871 and promoted to full colonel in 1872. Before retirement, at the end of 1874, he was ennobled and became Kommandant Oberst Edouard Freiherr von Fleißner von Wostrowitz.
His book Handbuch der Kryptographie was published in Vienna, in 1881. Jules Verne popularised the turning grille in his novel Mathias Sandorf, published in 1885, by using it as a plot device. Later, the German Army adopted turning grilles of various sizes during the First World War for immediate cipher traffic.
References to Fleißner are found in German, French, Italian and Spanish. Kahn and Gaines mention him in English. Kahn describes the turning grille in his standard work The Codebreakers but gives the name Fleissner only in relation to Jules Verne and the appearance of ciphers in literature.
1825 births
1888 deaths
Military personnel from Lviv
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
19th-century Austrian people
Austrian cryptographers
Barons of Austria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel%20Ullrich
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Axel Ullrich (born 19 October 1943) is a German cancer researcher and has been the director of the molecular biology department at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried, Germany since 1988. This department's research has primarily focused on signal transduction. Ullrich has received Hamdan Award for Medical Research Excellence, awarded by Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates in 2008 and Ullrich and his team received the Wolf Prize in 2010.
Life and work
Ullrich received his primary degree in biochemistry at the University of Tübingen, Germany, he received a Ph.D. from the University of Heidelberg in molecular genetics in 1975. He did post-doctoral work at the University of California, San Francisco, from 1975 to 1977 and worked as a senior scientist at Genentech in San Francisco from 1978 to 1988. From 1988, he has been at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry.
Ullrich was the first person to clone a human gene, insulin, into E coli. He was one of the first employees of Genetech. While working for Genetech in 1979, he obtained a human insulinoma tissue sample from a surgeon in Munich. The tumor had just been extracted from a woman. Ullrich purified the insulin mRNA from this sample and cloned it into a vector that he inserted into E coli. Thus, he produced a strain of E coli that would manufacture human insulin.
He was one of several scientific leaders of 200+ scientists in developing the anti-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand%20%28disambiguation%29
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Ligand may refer to:
Ligand, an atom, ion, or functional group that donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to one or more central atoms or ions
Ligand (biochemistry), a substance that binds to a protein
a 'guest' in host–guest chemistry
See also
Ligand-gated ion channel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNN
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PNN may refer to:
National Natural Parks System (Colombia) ( PNN)
Parliamentary and News Network, Australia
Princeton Municipal Airport (Maine), USA (by IATA code)
Probabilistic neural network, in machine learning
Pinin, a protein encoded by the PNN gene
Hagahai language (ISO 639 code: pnn)
VOA-PNN, Voice of America Persian News Network
Perineuronal net, in the brain
Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten, newspaper in Potsdam, Germany
See also
Pinin (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Johnston%20%28doctor%29
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Ian Johnston (Walter Ian Harewood Johnston, 16 February 1930 – 19 March 2001) was one of the true pioneers of reproductive medicine in Australia. He was a primary contributor to the development of human IVF (In vitro fertilisation) in Melbourne, Australia. He was the Head of the Reproductive Biology Unit at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne and was the founding President and Honorary Life Member of The Fertility Society of Australia. Ian was known as the 'founding father of IVF in Australia'
One of his greatest moments was the announcement of the first Australian IVF pregnancy and the third of such pregnancies in the world. The birth of the first
Australian IVF baby, Candice Reed on 23 June 1980 was a moment of great national pride. (Note: The world's fourth IVF baby was also born at the Royal Women's Hospital.)
On 26 January 2001, Ian was awarded with Member of the Order of Australia for service to medicine. He died of laryngeal cancer a few months later.
Quotes
"His footprints are all over the pioneering technologies of IVF" – Alan Trounson, RBM Online, 2001
"It's [IVF] part of my life. I wouldn't be here without it" - Candice Reed, The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 December 2005.
Education
Scotch College, Melbourne
University of Melbourne, graduating in medicine in 1954.
Master of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, University of Melbourne, 1964.
Awards
Founding President and Honorary Life Member of The Fertility Society of Australia
Member of the Order of Australia (2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15%20and%20290%20theorems
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In mathematics, the 15 theorem or Conway–Schneeberger Fifteen Theorem, proved by John H. Conway and W. A. Schneeberger in 1993, states that if a positive definite quadratic form with integer matrix represents all positive integers up to 15, then it represents all positive integers. The proof was complicated, and was never published. Manjul Bhargava found a much simpler proof which was published in 2000.
Bhargava used the occasion of his receiving the 2005 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize to announce that he and Jonathan P. Hanke had cracked Conway's conjecture that a similar theorem holds for integral quadratic forms, with the constant 15 replaced by 290. The proof has since appeared in preprint form.
Details
Suppose is a symmetric matrix with real entries. For any vector with integer components, define
This function is called a quadratic form. We say is positive definite if whenever . If is always an integer, we call the function an integral quadratic form.
We get an integral quadratic form whenever the matrix entries are integers; then is said to have integer matrix. However, will still be an integral quadratic form if the off-diagonal entries are integers divided by 2, while the diagonal entries are integers. For example, x2 + xy + y2 is integral but does not have integral matrix.
A positive integral quadratic form taking all positive integers as values is called universal. The 15 theorem says that a quadratic form with integer matrix is universal if it takes the nu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Scriven
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Michael John Scriven (; born 1928; d. 2023) was a British-born Australian polymath and academic philosopher, best known for his contributions to the theory and practice of evaluation.
Biography
Scriven was born in the UK and grew up in Melbourne, Australia. He held BSc (1948) and MS (1950) degrees in mathematics from the University of Melbourne, where he was in residence at Trinity College from 1946, winning an entrance scholarship. He then completed a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Oxford (1956).
Scriven was a president of the American Educational Research Association and the American Evaluation Association. He was also an editor and co-founder of the Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation/. He was latterly a distinguished professor at Claremont Graduate University in California.
He spent most of his career in the United States. He became a full Professor at the age of 32. His major appointments were:
Swarthmore College (Assistant Professor, 1956–60)
Indiana University (Professor of Philosophy, 1960–1966)
University of California, Berkeley (Professor of Philosophy and later of Education 1966–78)
University of San Francisco (Professor, 1978–82)
University of Western Australia (Professor of Education 1982–89)
Pacific Graduate School of Psychology (1989–1992)
Western Michigan University (1994–95, 2004–07)
Claremont Graduate University (1997–2002 and 2007–)
University of Auckland (Professor of Evaluation 2003–4)
Scholarly contributions
Scriven made signific
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus%20%28computer%20science%29
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A fundamental problem in distributed computing and multi-agent systems is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. This often requires coordinating processes to reach consensus, or agree on some data value that is needed during computation. Example applications of consensus include agreeing on what transactions to commit to a database in which order, state machine replication, and atomic broadcasts. Real-world applications often requiring consensus include cloud computing, clock synchronization, PageRank, opinion formation, smart power grids, state estimation, control of UAVs (and multiple robots/agents in general), load balancing, blockchain, and others.
Problem description
The consensus problem requires agreement among a number of processes (or agents) for a single data value. Some of the processes (agents) may fail or be unreliable in other ways, so consensus protocols must be fault tolerant or resilient. The processes must somehow put forth their candidate values, communicate with one another, and agree on a single consensus value.
The consensus problem is a fundamental problem in control of multi-agent systems. One approach to generating consensus is for all processes (agents) to agree on a majority value. In this context, a majority requires at least one more than half of available votes (where each process is given a vote). However, one or more faulty processes may skew the resultant outcome such that consensus may not be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole%20Jordan
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Dame Carole Jordan, (born 19 July 1941), is a British physicist, astrophysicist, astronomer and academic. Currently, she is Professor Emeritus of Astrophysics at the University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow at Somerville College, Oxford. From 1994 to 1996, she was President of the Royal Astronomical Society; she was the first woman to hold this appointment. She won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 2005; she was only the third female recipient following Caroline Herschel in 1828 and Vera Rubin in 1996. She was head of the Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics at the University of Oxford from 2003 to 2004 and 2005 to 2008, and was one of the first female professors in Astronomy in Britain. She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2006 for services to physics and astronomy.
Education
Carole Jordan was educated at Harrow County Grammar School for Girls and at University College London (BSc 1962; PhD 1965). Her first paper, written while she was still an undergraduate, was on the distortion of lunar craters.
Her PhD studies under C. W. Allen opened up a new field in atomic physics and included identification of iron and other lines in the solar extreme ultra-violet spectrum and the ZETA experiment, early ionisation-balance calculations, development of density-diagnostic methods using the iron lines, calculation of relative element abundances and modelling from emission-measure distributions.
Her first paper on coronal resea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20machine%20replication
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In computer science, state machine replication (SMR) or state machine approach is a general method for implementing a fault-tolerant service by replicating servers and coordinating client interactions with server replicas. The approach also provides a framework for understanding and designing replication management protocols.
Problem definition
Distributed service
In terms of clients and services. Each service comprises one or more servers and exports operations that clients invoke by making requests. Although using a single, centralized server is the simplest way to implement a service, the resulting service can only be as fault tolerant as the processor executing that server. If this level of fault tolerance is unacceptable, then multiple servers that fail independently can be used. Usually, replicas of a single server are executed on separate processors of a distributed system, and protocols are used to coordinate client interactions with these replicas.
State machine
For the subsequent discussion a State Machine will be defined as the following tuple of values (See also Mealy machine and Moore Machine):
A set of States
A set of Inputs
A set of Outputs
A transition function (Input × State → State)
An output function (Input × State → Output)
A distinguished State called Start.
A State Machine begins at the State labeled Start. Each Input received is passed through the transition and output function to produce a new State and an Output. The State is held stable
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crick%20Lecture
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The Francis Crick Medal and Lecture is a prize lecture of the Royal Society established in 2003 with an endowment from Sydney Brenner, the late Francis Crick's close friend and former colleague. It is delivered annually in biology, particularly the areas which Francis Crick worked (genetics, molecular biology and neurobiology), and also to theoretical work. The medal is also intended for young scientists, i.e. under 40, or at career stage corresponding to being under 40 should their career have been interrupted.
List of lectures
Laureates include:
2022 for making fundamental advances in the molecular, cellular and circuit bases of neuronal computation and for successfully linking these to animal decision behaviour
2021 Serena Nik-Zainal for enormous contributions to understanding the aetiology of cancers by her analyses of mutation signatures in cancer genomes, which is now being applied to cancer therapy
2020 Marta Zlatic for discovering how neural circuits generate behaviour by developing and disseminating definitive techniques, and by discovering fundamental principles governing circuit development and function
2019 Gregory Jefferis for his fundamental discoveries concerning the development and functional logic of sensory information processing
2018 Miratul Muqit in recognition of his research on cell signalling linked to neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease
2017 for transforming our understanding of meiotic recombination and of human population history.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker%20Cleaveland
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Parker Cleaveland (January 1, 1780 – August 15, 1858) was an American geologist and mineralogist, born in Rowley, Massachusetts.
He was identified with the early progress of the natural sciences. After having attending the Dummer Academy in Byfield, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard in 1799, was tutor in mathematics there from 1803 to 1805, was chosen professor of mathematics and natural philosophy and lecturer on chemistry and mineralogy in Bowdoin College, a position which he retained until his death, although many professorships in other colleges and the presidency of his own were offered to him. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1809 and to the American Philosophical Society in 1818.
He gathered a valuable collection of minerals and published a treatise on Mineralogy and Geology (1816; third edition, 1856), which earned for him the title "Father of American Mineralogy."
Peleg Chandler was his son-in-law and funded the renovation of Massachusetts Hall, Bowdoin College in 1872 after graduating from Bowdoin in 1834.
See also
Parker Cleaveland House
References
External links
Biographical Archive, The Mineralogical Record.
Parker Cleaveland Collection, George J. Mitchell Department of Special Collections & Archives, Bowdoin College Library.
Genealogy profile, Geni.com.
1780 births
1858 deaths
American mineralogists
American science writers
Bowdoin College faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Scie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarafacial%20and%20suprafacial
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Antarafacial (Woodward-Hoffmann symbol a) and suprafacial (s) are two topological concepts in organic chemistry describing the relationship between two simultaneous chemical bond making and/or bond breaking processes in or around a reaction center. The reaction center can be a p- or spn-orbital (Woodward-Hoffmann symbol ω), a conjugated system (π) or even a sigma bond (σ).
The relationship is antarafacial when opposite faces of the π system or isolated orbital are involved in the process (think anti). For a σ bond, it corresponds to involvement of one "interior" lobe and one "exterior" lobe of the bond.
The relationship is suprafacial when the same face of the π system or isolated orbital are involved in the process (think syn). For a σ bond, it corresponds to involvement of two "interior" lobes or two "exterior" lobes of the bond.
The components of all pericyclic reactions, including sigmatropic reactions and cycloadditions, and electrocyclizations, can be classified as either suprafacial or antarafacial, and this determines the stereochemistry. In particular, antarafacial topology corresponds to inversion of configuration for the carbon atom of a [1, n]-sigmatropic rearrangement, and conrotation for electrocyclic ring closure, while suprafacial corresponds to retention and disrotation.
An example is the [1,3]-hydride shift, in which the interacting frontier orbitals are the allyl free radical and the hydrogen 1s orbitals. The suprafacial shift is symmetry-forbidden be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Railways%20Institute%20of%20Electrical%20Engineering
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The Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering (IRIEEN), Nashik, was set up by Indian Railways at Nashik in Maharashtra for imparting training to newly appointed officers of the Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers, recruited through an Engineering Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi. The institute was set up in 1988 at Nashik, Maharashtra. The institute is headed by the director. He is assisted by a team of nine faculty members who have practical experience as well as technical qualifications.
As laid down by the Railway Board, the institute imparts training as a statutory measure to:
IRSEE Probationers.
Integrated orientation course for Group-B Officers in all aspects of the working of Electrical Department before their absorption in Group-A services.
Senior Professional Development Course for Junior Administrative Grade officers prior to their being considered for promotion to Selection Grade.
It also has a supervisor training center (STC) to impart induction and refresher training to supervisors, junior engineers and senior section engineers. In addition to the above, short-term special courses are also conducted throughout the year on specialized subjects with the latest technical know-how and as requests received from zonal railways.
The IRIEEN is one of six centralised training institutes that share the task of training of officers. The other centralised training institutes are:
Indian Railways In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Railways%20Institute%20of%20Civil%20Engineering
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Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering (IRICEN), Pune is the training institute for the Civil engineers of the Indian Railways. The institute had a modest start in 1959 as the Permanent Way Training School for training entry level Civil engineers. It is now a Centralised Training Institute and trains officers of the IRSE cadre of the Indian Railways.
Located in the city of Pune, IRICEN imparts training to up to 100 engineers/ managers at a time. Engineers from railways of the developing countries as well as other government departments/private organisations are also trained. The training programmes are generally residential in nature. Available infrastructure for conducting various training programmes includes a well-stocked technical library, computer centre, material testing laboratory, model room/ museum, hostel, mess and recreational facilities for the trainee officers.
The institute also trains railway engineers for other agencies including RITES, IRCON, NTPC, MRVC etc.
Sister organizations
The IRICEN is one of six Centralised Training Institutes that share the task of training of officers. The other Centralised Training Institutes are:
Indian Railways Institute of Signal and Telecommunications Engineering, Secunderabad for engineers of S&T department,
Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering & Jamalpur Gymkhana, Jamalpur for mechanical engineers
Indian Railways Institute of Electrical Engineering, Nasik for Electrical Engineers,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRANK
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NRANK, or National Rank, is a ranking of the rarity of a species within a nation. Each nation can assign their own NRANK based on information from conservation data centres, natural heritage programmes, and expert scientists.
Taxonomy (biology)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Railway%20Service%20of%20Electrical%20Engineers
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The Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers (IRSEE) is a prestigious group A central engineering services of the Indian railways. The officers of this service are responsible for managing the Electrical Engineering organisation of the Indian Railways.
The Indian railways have technical and non-technical departments for its operation and management which form the base structure on which the railways function. Technical departments include civil, electrical and mechanical engineering, signaling and telecom, and several others dealing with similar disciplines, control of operation and movement is done by traffic services(IRTS) while the non-technical departments include general services such as accounts, personnel management, Railway protection Force (RPF) or security, among others. Each department has staff at various levels. The highest are the Group A officers, while the lowest in rank are the Group D staff members.
IRSEE falls under the category of Group "A" officers.
Recruitment
The recruitment to the IRSEE cadre is done through the Indian Engineering Services Exam (ESE) ,conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) of India. The UPSC is responsible for recruiting middle and top-level bureaucrats for the Government of India. The Present IRSEE Cadre Strength is around 2000 .
Role and function
The officers of this cadre are responsible to maintain the assets of the Electrical Department in Indian railways. Mainly divided in following branches General Ser
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRSE
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IRSE may refer to:
Indian Railway Service of Engineers, a cadre of the Government of India responsible for managing the Civil Engineering Organisation of the Indian Railways.
The Institution of Railway Signal Engineers, a UK-based professional institution for railway signalling and telecommunications.
See also
Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers (IRSSE)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Railway%20Service%20of%20Engineers
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The Indian Railways Service of Engineers (IRSE) is one of the oldest group 'A' central engineering services recruited through the engineering services examination of the Union Public Service Commission. The officers of this service are responsible for administering the Civil Engineering organisation of the Indian Railways
Recruitment
The recruitment to the IRSE is done through the Engineering Services Examination exam. The selected candidates of civil engineering join IRSE and are finally inducted into the railways after one and a half years of training to manage the fixed infrastructure assets of Indian Railways.
The selection exam is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) of India. The UPSC is responsible for recruiting middle and top-level bureaucrats for the Government of India.
Role and function
The Civil engineering department of Indian Railways is managed by IRSE cadre which is one of the oldest services of India. These officers are responsible for the maintenance of all fixed assets of Indian railways, i.e. Track, Bridges, Buildings, Roads, Water supply, land etc. Those fixed assets are 45% of the total assets of Indian Railways. In addition to maintenance of existing assets, IRSE officers are responsible for the construction of new assets such as new lines, gauge conversion, doubling and other expansion and developmental works in Railways. They are also responsible for the safety and punctuality of Indian Railways.
Recruitment to service is done
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slice%20genus
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In mathematics, the slice genus of a smooth knot K in S3 (sometimes called its Murasugi genus or 4-ball genus) is the least integer g such that K is the boundary of a connected, orientable 2-manifold S of genus g properly embedded in the 4-ball D4 bounded by S3.
More precisely, if S is required to be smoothly embedded, then this integer g is the smooth slice genus of K and is often denoted gs(K) or g4(K), whereas if S is required only to be topologically locally flatly embedded then g is the topologically locally flat slice genus of K. (There is no point considering g if S is required only to be a topological embedding, since the cone on K is a 2-disk with genus 0.) There can be an arbitrarily great difference between the smooth and the topologically locally flat slice genus of a knot; a theorem of Michael Freedman says that if the Alexander polynomial of K is 1, then the topologically locally flat slice genus of K is 0, but it can be proved in many ways (originally with gauge theory) that for every g there exist knots K such that the Alexander polynomial of K is 1 while the genus and the smooth slice genus of K both equal g.
The (smooth) slice genus of a knot K is bounded below by a quantity involving the Thurston–Bennequin invariant of K:
The (smooth) slice genus is zero if and only if the knot is concordant to the unknot.
See also
Slice knot
knot genus
Milnor conjecture (topology)
Further reading
Livingston Charles, A survey of classical knot concordance, in:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancroft%20rule
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The Bancroft rule in colloidal chemistry states: "The phase in which an emulsifier is more soluble constitutes the continuous phase." This means that water-soluble surfactants tend to give oil-in-water emulsions and oil-soluble surfactants give water-in-oil emulsions. It is a general rule of thumb, still used, but regarded as inferior to HLD theory (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Difference), which takes many more factors into consideration.
It was named after Wilder Dwight Bancroft, an American physical chemist, who proposed the rule in the 1910s.
Technical details
In all of the typical emulsions, there are tiny particles (discrete phase) suspended in a liquid (continuous phase). In an oil-in-water emulsion, oil is the discrete phase, while water is the continuous phase.
What the Bancroft rule states is that contrary to common sense, what makes an emulsion oil-in-water or water-in-oil is not the relative percentages of oil or water, but which phase the emulsifier is more soluble in. So even though there may be a formula that's 60% oil and 40% water, if the emulsifier chosen is more soluble in water, it will create an oil-in-water system.
There are some exceptions to Bancroft's rule, but it's a very useful rule of thumb for most systems.
The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant can be used in order to determine whether it's a good choice for the desired emulsion or not.
In oil-in-water emulsions – use emulsifying agents that are more soluble in water than in o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Daporta%20Goz%C3%A1lez
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José Daporta González (1911–1989) was a professor of Hygiene and Microbiology as well as a prolific Fine arts Collector. Born in Habana (Cuba), the son of Galician emigrants, he returned to the land of his parents at an early age, where he started and finished his university studies, to become a professor of the University of Santiago de Compostela at a young age.
He devoted himself to his teaching career and to initiate and develop cooperation nexuses with different Latin-American countries; starting his work as a “Galician Ambassador for Latin-America” in the early 1940s and contributing to the creation of the “Galician Institute for Cooperation with Latin-America”.
It is important to mention Daporta's insatiable interest in culture and social anthropology, which greatly contributed develop his skills as a tireless collector of all sorts of cultural objects from every single corner of the globe. At the time of his death in 1989 (in Santiago de Compostela) he was the owner of one of the most important fine arts collections in Galicia.
Unfortunately, the Foundation and Museum of Fine arts which was meant to be opened in Santiago de Compostela after his death, never came to fruition.
See also
University of Santiago de Compostela
External links
Galician Institute for Cooperation with Latin-America - Official Web-site (In Spanish)
1911 births
1989 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Santiago de Compostela
Cuban scientists
Cuban emigrants to Spain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin%20billiard
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In mathematics and physics, the Artin billiard is a type of a dynamical billiard first studied by Emil Artin in 1924. It describes the geodesic motion of a free particle on the non-compact Riemann surface where is the upper half-plane endowed with the Poincaré metric and is the modular group. It can be viewed as the motion on the fundamental domain of the modular group with the sides identified.
The system is notable in that it is an exactly solvable system that is strongly chaotic: it is not only ergodic, but is also strong mixing. As such, it is an example of an Anosov flow. Artin's paper used symbolic dynamics for analysis of the system.
The quantum mechanical version of Artin's billiard is also exactly solvable. The eigenvalue spectrum consists of a bound state and a continuous spectrum above the energy . The wave functions are given by Bessel functions.
Exposition
The motion studied is that of a free particle sliding frictionlessly, namely, one having the Hamiltonian
where m is the mass of the particle, are the coordinates on the manifold, are the conjugate momenta:
and
is the metric tensor on the manifold. Because this is the free-particle Hamiltonian, the solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi equations of motion are simply given by the geodesics on the manifold.
In the case of the Artin billiards, the metric is given by the canonical Poincaré metric
on the upper half-plane. The non-compact Riemann surface is a symmetric space, and is defined as the quot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Ludendorff
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Friedrich Wilhelm Hans Ludendorff (Dunowo, 26 May 1873 – Potsdam, 26 June 1941) was a German astronomer and astrophysicist. He was the younger brother of General Erich Ludendorff.
After studying physics, mathematics and astronomy in Berlin, he started to work as assistant at the Hamburg observatory in 1897. The following year he changed to the Astrophysical Observatory of Potsdam, where became observator (1905) and chief observator (1915). From 1921 until his retirement in 1938 he was director of the observatory. Between 1920 and 1930 he belonged to the board of the Astronomical Society.
He authored several astronomical and astrophysical works (the first was about asteroids, following his graduation in 1896), but is better known for the Ludendorff Catalogue, that lists the most important stars in the globular cluster Messier 13, published in 1905.
In 1908 he established the binary character of the star Mizar B (period: 175.6 days), together with American astronomer Edwin Brant Frost.
He also authored several studies on the astronomy of Pre-Columbian civilizations, especially that of the Mayas.
Articles
Tafel zur Berechnung der Störungsfunction für die äussersten kleinen Planeten, (1896), Astronomische Nachrichten, volume 140, p. 197.
Der grosse Sternhaufen im Herkules Messier 13, (1905), Publikationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam; 15. Bd, Nr. 50.
Notiz über den spektroskopischen Doppelstern gamma Geminorum (1912), Astronomische Nachrichten, volume 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclobutadieneiron%20tricarbonyl
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Cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl is an organoiron compound with the formula Fe(C4H4)(CO)3. It is a yellow solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It has been used in organic chemistry as a precursor for cyclobutadiene, which is an elusive species in the free state.
Preparation and structure
It was first prepared in 1965 by Pettit from 3,4-dichlorocyclobutene and diiron nonacarbonyl:
C4H4Cl2 + 2 Fe2(CO)9 → (C4H4)Fe(CO)3 + 2 Fe(CO)5 + 5 CO + FeCl2
The compound is an example of a piano stool complex. The C-C distances are 1.426 Å.
Properties
Oxidative decomplexation of cyclobutadiene is achieved by treating the tricarbonyl complex with ceric ammonium nitrate. The released cyclobutadiene is trapped with a quinone, which functions as a dienophile.
Cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl displays aromaticity as evidenced by some of its reactions, which can be classified as electrophilic aromatic substitution:
It undergoes Friedel-Crafts acylation with acetyl chloride and aluminium chloride to give the acyl derivative 2, with formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid to the chloromethyl derivative 3, in a Vilsmeier-Haack reaction with N-methylformanilide and phosphorus oxychloride to the formyl 4, and in a Mannich reaction to amine derivative 5.
The reaction mechanism is identical to that of EAS:
Related compounds
Several years before Petit's work, (C4Ph4)Fe(CO)3 had been prepared from the reaction of iron carbonyl and diphenylacetylene.
(Butadiene)iron tricarbonyl is isoelectronic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalley%20basis
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In mathematics, a Chevalley basis for a simple complex Lie algebra is a basis constructed by Claude Chevalley with the property that all structure constants are integers. Chevalley used these bases to construct analogues of Lie groups over finite fields, called Chevalley groups. The Chevalley basis is the Cartan-Weyl basis, but with a different normalization.
The generators of a Lie group are split into the generators H and E indexed by simple roots and their negatives . The Cartan-Weyl basis may be written as
Defining the dual root or coroot of as
One may perform a change of basis to define
The Cartan integers are
The resulting relations among the generators are the following:
where in the last relation is the greatest positive integer such that is a root and we consider if is not a root.
For determining the sign in the last relation one fixes an ordering of roots which respects addition, i.e., if then provided that all four are roots. We then call an extraspecial pair of roots if they are both positive and is minimal among all that occur in pairs of positive roots satisfying . The sign in the last relation can be chosen arbitrarily whenever is an extraspecial pair of roots. This then determines the signs for all remaining pairs of roots.
References
Lie groups
Lie algebras
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%20Semeiks
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Valdis "Val" Semeiks (; born 5 February 1955) is an American comic book artist who has mostly worked for DC Comics and Marvel Comics.
Biography
Val Semeiks was born in the U.S. to Latvian parents.
Semeiks graduated from college with degrees in Chemistry and Mathematics, before pursuing a career in advertising, working as "an art director for a regional ad agency". He has been working in the comics field since 1986, mostly as a penciller although he has been known to ink his own work. His first professional credit was with Marvel, drawing King Kull back-up stories for The Savage Sword of Conan, which ultimately led to him becoming the monthly artist on Conan the Barbarian, allowing him to leave his day job and forge a fulltime career as a comics artist.
He is perhaps best known for his next major credits, long runs on both The Demon and Lobo for DC Comics primarily working with writer Alan Grant, whose plots Semeiks calls "laugh-out-loud funny," leading him to call his time on Lobo (upon which he worked with inker John Dell) "about as much fun as anyone can have drawing comics". He also provided the artwork to Alan Grant and John Wagner's 1995 DC/2000 AD crossover title Lobo/Judge Dredd: Psycho-Bikers vs. The Mutants From Hell. (As part of the 1996 DC vs. Marvel event, the DC and Marvel Universes briefly combined to form the Amalgam Universe. Alan Grant and Semeiks were reunited in 1997 to produce a comic as part of the Amalgam Comics line, when Val drew the all-too-brief
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%27s%20dynamical%20system
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In physics and mathematics, the Hadamard dynamical system (also called Hadamard's billiard or the Hadamard–Gutzwiller model) is a chaotic dynamical system, a type of dynamical billiards. Introduced by Jacques Hadamard in 1898, and studied by Martin Gutzwiller in the 1980s, it is the first dynamical system to be proven chaotic.
The system considers the motion of a free (frictionless) particle on the Bolza surface, i.e, a two-dimensional surface of genus two (a donut with two holes) and constant negative curvature; this is a compact Riemann surface. Hadamard was able to show that every particle trajectory moves away from every other: that all trajectories have a positive Lyapunov exponent.
Frank Steiner argues that Hadamard's study should be considered to be the first-ever examination of a chaotic dynamical system, and that Hadamard should be considered the first discoverer of chaos. He points out that the study was widely disseminated, and considers the impact of the ideas on the thinking of Albert Einstein and Ernst Mach.
The system is particularly important in that in 1963, Yakov Sinai, in studying Sinai's billiards as a model of the classical ensemble of a Boltzmann–Gibbs gas, was able to show that the motion of the atoms in the gas follow the trajectories in the Hadamard dynamical system.
Exposition
The motion studied is that of a free particle sliding frictionlessly on the surface, namely, one having the Hamiltonian
where m is the mass of the particle, , are the co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Olby
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Robert Cecil Olby (born in Beckenham on October 4, 1933; died December 31, 2020) was a research professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. Formerly Reader at the University of Leeds, UK, Robert Olby is a historian of 19th and 20th century biology, his specialist fields being genetics and molecular biology. With the assistance of Martin Packer, Olby completed an authorized biography of the late Francis Crick. It is entitled Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets, after an article in The New York Times on February 2, 1962.
Books and papers by Robert Olby
Charles Darwin; Oxford University Press, London, 1967, 64pp.
Early Nineteenth Century European Scientists; Pergamon Press, 1967, 179pp.
The Origins of Mendelism; Constable 1966. 204 pages
The Twentieth Century Sciences, Studies in the Biography of Ideas, edited by Gerald Holton; W.W. Norton & Co., New York 1972: article "Francis Crick, DNA, and the Central Dogma".
'Rosalind Elsie Franklin' biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Charles C. Gillespie (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons)
The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA; University of Washington Press, Seattle 1974 & revised 1994)
Companion to the History of Modern Science (ed.); Routledge, London, 1990, 1081pp.
"Robert Darlington: Forgotten Prophet of Genetics", American Scientist Nov-Dec 2004
"Quiet debut for the double helix" Nature 421 (January 23, 2003): 402–405.
Oxford Dictio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Cousineau
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Claude Cousineau (born February 20, 1950 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian politician and teacher, who represented the constituency of Bertrand in the National Assembly as a member of the Parti Québécois from 1998 to 2018.
Cousineau studied at the Université du Québec à Montréal and obtained a bachelor's degree in cellular and molecular biology. He also received a certificate in education at the same university. He was a teacher from 1975 to 1978 at a secondary school in Montreal and a science and mathematics teacher at Collège Charles-Lemoyne between 1978 and 1985. He was a program coordinator for three years at the same college and was the general manager of the Académie Laurentienne located near Sainte-Adèle in the Laurentians.
He was also the mayor and councillor of the town of Sainte-Lucie-des-Laurentides. He was mayor of the municipality from 1989 to 1998 and was also the chairman in 1982 of an urban planning commission. He was involved in the economic development in the Laurentians region particularly in Municipalité régionale de comté (MRC) des Laurentides in which he served as warden and was president of a regional economic development corporation in 1996. He was also a board member of the Québec Regional County Municipality Association.
Cousineau entered politics in 1998 where he was elected the MNA in Bertrand in the northern Laurentians. He was the Parliamentary Secretary (Assistant) to the State Minister for Municipal Affairs, the State Minister for Health an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection%20upstream%20splitting%20method
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The Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM) is a numerical method used to solve the advection equation in computational fluid dynamics. It is particularly useful for simulating compressible flows with shocks and discontinuities.
The AUSM is developed as a numerical inviscid flux function for solving a general system of conservation equations. It is based on the upwind concept and was motivated to provide an alternative approach to other upwind methods, such as the Godunov method, flux difference splitting methods by Roe, and Solomon and Osher, flux vector splitting methods by Van Leer, and Steger and Warming.
The AUSM first recognizes that the inviscid flux consist of two physically distinct parts, i.e., convective and pressure fluxes. The former is associated with the flow (advection) speed, while the latter with the acoustic speed; or respectively classified as the linear and nonlinear fields. Currently, the convective and pressure fluxes are formulated using the eigenvalues of the flux Jacobian matrices. The method was originally proposed by Liou and Steffen for the typical compressible aerodynamic flows, and later substantially improved in to yield a more accurate and robust version. To extend its capabilities, it has been further developed in for all speed-regimes and multiphase flow. Its variants have also been proposed.
Features
The Advection Upstream Splitting Method has many features. The main features are:
accurate capturing of shock and contact discontinui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahler%20number
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In mathematics, the Strahler number or Horton–Strahler number of a mathematical tree is a numerical measure of its branching complexity.
These numbers were first developed in hydrology, as a way of measuring the complexity of rivers and streams, by and . In this application, they are referred to as the Strahler stream order and are used to define stream size based on a hierarchy of tributaries.
The same numbers also arise in the analysis of L-systems and of hierarchical biological structures such as (biological) trees and animal respiratory and circulatory systems, in register allocation for compilation of high-level programming languages and in the analysis of social networks.
Definition
All trees in this context are directed graphs, oriented from the root towards the leaves; in other words, they are arborescences. The degree of a node in a tree is just its number of children. One may assign a Strahler number to all nodes of a tree, in bottom-up order, as follows:
If the node is a leaf (has no children), its Strahler number is one.
If the node has one child with Strahler number i, and all other children have Strahler numbers less than i, then the Strahler number of the node is i again.
If the node has two or more children with Strahler number i, and no children with greater number, then the Strahler number of the node is i + 1.
The Strahler number of a tree is the number of its root node.
Algorithmically, these numbers may be assigned by performing a depth-first search a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20A.%20DeFanti
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Thomas Albert "Tom" DeFanti (born September 18, 1948) is an American computer graphics researcher and pioneer. His work has ranged from early computer animation, to scientific visualization, virtual reality, and grid computing. He is a distinguished professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and a research scientist at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2).
Education and early life
Born September 18, 1948 in Queens, New York City, New York and attended Stuyvesant High School. In 1969, DeFanti received a B.A. in Mathematics from Queens College, and in 1970 he received a M.S. in Computer Information Science from Ohio State University. In 1973 he received a Ph.D. in Computer Information Science from Ohio State University, studying under Charles Csuri in the Computer Graphics Research Group. For his dissertation, he created the GRASS programming language, a three-dimensional, real-time animation system usable by computer novices.
Work
In 1973, he joined the faculty of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) and with Daniel J. Sandin, he founded the Circle Graphics Habitat, now known as the Electronic Visualization Laboratory (EVL).
At UIC, DeFanti further developed the GRASS language, and later created an improved version, ZGRASS, implemented on the low-cost Datamax UV-1. The GRASS and ZGRASS languages have been used by a number of computer artists, including Larry Cuba, in his film 3/78 and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%20Lee
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Newton Lee is a computer scientist who is an author and administrator in the field of education and technology commercialization. He is known for his total information awareness book series.
Education
Lee holds a B.S. and M.S. in computer science from Virginia Tech, and an electrical engineering degree and honorary doctorate from Vincennes University. He was a 2021 graduate of the FBI Citizens Academy and the founding president of the Los Angeles chapter of the Virginia Tech Alumni Association.
Career
Lee is editor and curator of SpringerBriefs in Computer Science, Springer International Series on Computer Entertainment and Media Technology, and Springer Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games.
Previously, Lee was adjunct professor of Media Technology at Woodbury University, senior producer and lead engineer at The Walt Disney Company, research scientist at VTLS where he created the world's first annotated multimedia OPAC for the U.S. National Agricultural Library, computer science and artificial intelligence researcher at AT&T Bell Laboratories where he created Bell Labs' first-ever commercial AI tool, and research staff member at the Institute for Defense Analyses conducting military-standard Ada research for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).
In 2003, Lee founded the nonprofit Computers in Entertainment. It was published by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for which Lee interviewed Roy E. Disney, Quincy Jones, and George Lucas. He oversaw the jour
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshness
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Freshness may refer to:
Post harvest freshness
Freshness (album), a 1995 album by Casiopea
Freshness (cryptography), certainty that replayed messages in a replay attack on a protocol will be detected as such
See also
Fresh (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misalignment%20mechanism
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The misalignment mechanism is a hypothesized effect in the Peccei–Quinn theory proposed solution to the strong-CP problem in quantum mechanics. The effect occurs when a particle's field has an initial value that is not at or near a potential minimum. This causes the particle's field to oscillate around the nearest minimum, eventually dissipating energy by decaying into other particles until the minimum is attained.
In the case of hypothesized axions created in the early universe, the initial values are random because of the masslessness of axions in the high temperature plasma. Near the critical temperature of quantum chromodynamics, axions possess a temperature-dependent mass that enters a damped oscillation until the potential minimum is reached.
References
2. Asimina Arvanitaki etal; (1 January 2020). The Large-Misalignment Mechanism for the Formation of Compact Axion Structures:
Signatures from the QCD Axion to Fuzzy Dark Matter; arXiv:1909.11665v2 [astro-ph.CO] 30 Dec 2019
Physics beyond the Standard Model
Astroparticle physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Durville
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Henri Durville (1887–August 24, 1963), son of Hector Durville professed in his school which he called “the principles of dynamic physics” in which he showed the difference between animal magnetism and hypnotism. His studies were extremely advanced, and according to Francois Ribadeau-Dumas, in his book “History of the Magic stick” he claims that the studies of Henri Durville opened new horizons, specially in his investigations regarding somnambulism and the action in central nerves.
“Will goes along with Destiny as a directive potency of our evolution” (Durville, Henri).
Books and publications
Cours de Magnétisme personnel. 1920
La Suggestion thérapeutique. 1922
Les francs-masons. 1923
Dieu les hommes. 1928
1961
Le Pouvoir Magnétique. 1960
Le Pouvoir magnétique.... 1, L'Égypte, berceau du magnétisme. 1961
Les portes du Temple. 1931
Les vivants et les morts. 1922
Sorts et enchantements. 1956
Thérapeutique magnétique. 1953
Vers la sagesse. 1922
Victoire sur le mal, voici la lumière. 1921
External links
Cours the Magnétisme Personnel - digitized copy of original Henri Durville's work
French hypnotists
French occultists
1963 deaths
1887 births
20th-century occultists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro%27s%20X-Men
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Cerebro's X-Men are a team of supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are a nanotechnology version of the X-Men created by Cerebro when the supercomputer briefly goes rogue.
This team was created and designed by the Spanish artist Carlos Pacheco, who also drew them for the cover of Uncanny X-Men No. 360 (1998). The characters appeared in two issues of the Uncanny X-Men series and one issue of the X-Men series. The team's primary purpose is to help Cerebro catalog all mutants on Earth, but Cerebro intends to cryogenically preserve the mutants it captures and its team kidnaps and fights other mutants.
Publication history
Cerebro's X-Men featured in three issues:
Uncanny X-Men #360 (October 1998)
This issue features the introduction of Cerebro Prime disguised as Professor X and follows the creation of the fake X-Men team. It also features their kidnapping of Kitty Pryde and the team's first fight with the real X-Men, who they almost defeat.
X-Men II #80 (October 1998)
This issue follows Shadowcat's escape from Cerebro's X-Men and another fight with the real X-Men. Cerebro's X-Men take over Cape Citadel base to try and stop a rocket with anti-mutant technology on board, so they can take it for Cerebro's use; meanwhile, the real X-Men are trying to stop both the rocket and this theft. When Cerebro's X-Men lost the fight, Cerebro turns them all into energy and teleports away. When the team admits they aren't sure of their purpose any
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20von%20Frese
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Ralph R. B. von Frese is an American geophysicist at the Ohio State University who identified the Wilkes Land mass concentration in Antarctica in collaboration with Laramie Potts.
In 1969, Frese graduated B.A. cum laude from Park College in physics, mathematics, and German. He earned M.Sc. degrees in physics (1973) and geophysics (1978) and a Ph.D. in geophysics (1980) from Purdue University. He has taught at OSU since 1982.
He and Potts used gravity measurements by NASA's GRACE satellites to identify a 200-mile (300 km) wide mass concentration. This mass anomaly is centered within a larger ring-like structure visible in radar images of the land surface beneath the Antarctic ice cap. This combination led these researchers to speculate that it may have resulted from a large impact event.
References
External links
Ralph von Frese webpage via OSU
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American geophysicists
Ohio State University faculty
Park University alumni
Purdue University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittersweet
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Bittersweet, bitter-sweet, or bitter sweet may refer to:
Biology
A vine in the nightshade family, Solanum dulcamara
Some species of vines in the genus Celastrus, including American bittersweet (C. scandens) and Oriental bittersweet (C. orbiculatus)
Glycymerididae family of shellfish, saltwater clams known as bittersweets or Dog cockles
Film and television
Bitter Sweet (1933 film), a 1933 film based on the Noël Coward operetta
Bitter Sweet (1940 film), a 1940 film based on the Noël Coward operetta
Bitter Sweet (2009 film), a 2009 Thai-American romantic comedy film
Bittersweet (2020 film), a 2020 Indian drama film
Bitter Sweet (TV series), a 2015 Taiwanese television series
Sweetbitter (TV series), a 2018 American television series
Literature
Bittersweet: How Sorrow and Longing Make Us Whole, a 2022 book by American author Susan Cain
Music
Bitter Sweet (operetta), a 1929 operetta in three acts written by Noël Coward
Bitter:Sweet, an electronic indie rock band from Los Angeles
The Bittersweets, an American music duo
Albums
Bittersweet, a 1972 album by Chairmen of the Board, or the title song
Bitter Sweet (The Main Ingredient album), 1972
Bitter Sweet (King album), 1985
Bittersweet, a 1993 album by Clifford T. Ward
BitterSweet, a 1993 album by Stephanie Nakasian
Bitter Sweet (Kim Richey album), 1997
Bittersweet, a 1998 album by Jenny Choi
Bittersweet, a 2000 repackaging of the Wind on the Water by Crosby & Nash
Bitter Sweet (Casiopea album), 2000
Bitt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20operation
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In mathematics, a basic algebraic operation is any one of the common operations of elementary algebra, which include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a whole number power, and taking roots (fractional power). These operations may be performed on numbers, in which case they are often called arithmetic operations. They may also be performed, in a similar way, on variables, algebraic expressions, and more generally, on elements of algebraic structures, such as groups and fields. An algebraic operation may also be defined simply as a function from a Cartesian power of a set to the same set.
The term algebraic operation may also be used for operations that may be defined by compounding basic algebraic operations, such as the dot product. In calculus and mathematical analysis, algebraic operation is also used for the operations that may be defined by purely algebraic methods. For example, exponentiation with an integer or rational exponent is an algebraic operation, but not the general exponentiation with a real or complex exponent. Also, the derivative is an operation that is not algebraic.
Notation
Multiplication symbols are usually omitted, and implied, when there is no operator between two variables or terms, or when a coefficient is used. For example, 3 × x2 is written as 3x2, and 2 × x × y is written as 2xy. Sometimes, multiplication symbols are replaced with either a dot or center-dot, so that x × y is written as either x . y or x · y. Plain text
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20drift
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In electrical engineering, and particularly in telecommunications, frequency drift is an unintended and generally arbitrary offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency. Causes may include component aging, changes in temperature that alter the piezoelectric effect in a crystal oscillator, or problems with a voltage regulator which controls the bias voltage to the oscillator. Frequency drift is traditionally measured in Hz/s. Frequency stability can be regarded as the absence (or a very low level) of frequency drift.
On a radio transmitter, frequency drift can cause a radio station to drift into an adjacent channel, causing illegal interference. Because of this, Frequency allocation regulations specify the allowed tolerance for such oscillators in a type-accepted device. A temperature-compensated, voltage-controlled crystal oscillator (TCVCXO) is normally used for frequency modulation.
On the receiver side, frequency drift was mainly a problem in early tuners, particularly for analog dial tuning, and especially on FM, which exhibits a capture effect. However, the use of a phase-locked loop (PLL) essentially eliminates the drift issue. For transmitters, a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) also does not have problems with drift.
Drift differs from Doppler shift, which is a perceived difference in frequency due to motion of the source or receiver, even though the source is still producing the same wavelength. It also differs from frequency deviation, which is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Three%20Laws%20of%20Robotics%20in%20popular%20culture
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References to Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics have appeared in a wide variety of circumstances. In some cases, other authors have explored the Laws in a serious fashion. Other references, like those made in the satirical newspaper The Onion, are clearly parodic.
Print media
The satirical newspaper The Onion published an article entitled "I, Rowboat" as a pun on Asimov's I, Robot, in which an anthropomorphic Rowboat gives a speech parodying much of the angst experienced by robots in Asimov's fiction, including a statement of the "Three Laws of Rowboatics":
A Rowboat may not immerse a human being or, through lack of flotation, allow a human to come to harm.
A Rowboat must obey all commands and steering input given by its human owner, except where such input would conflict with the First Law.
A Rowboat must preserve its own flotation as long as such preservation does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
J. L. Patterson in an illustration to an article on Asimov in Damon Knight's In Search of Wonder (2nd ed., 1967) added the following Laws: "4. A robot must behave at science fiction conventions, as long as such behavior does not conflict with the first Three Laws. 5. A robot must sell like mad."
The novel "Mirror Friend, Mirror Foe" by Robert Asprin and George Takei refers to the First Law as being included in any robot's programming. That is one of the few cases in fiction when the law is named fully (Asimov's First Law of Robotics).
Lester del Rey refers to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Frenk
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Carlos Silvestre Frenk (born 27 October 1951) is a Mexican-British cosmologist. Frenk graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the University of Cambridge, and spent his early research career in the United States, before settling permanently in the United Kingdom. He joined the Durham University Department of Physics in 1986 and since 2001 has served as the Ogden Professor of Fundamental Physics at Durham University.
Frenk is particularly notable for his work around galaxy formation, including his use of complex computer simulations to test theories on the origins and evolution of the universe, thus helping to resolve disputes among theoretical models. Among the most prolific and frequently cited authors in astronomy and space science, Frenk has written more than 500 scientific articles; he is a co-author on 5 of the 100 most cited papers ever published within his field.
As a pioneer in computational astrophysics, Frenk, alongside Marc Davis, George Efstathiou, and Simon White, published a series of influential papers that established the validity of the cold dark matter hypothesis through computer modelling.
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2004, Frenk has received numerous awards and is regularly tipped as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Early life and education
Carlos Frenk was born in Mexico City, Mexico and is the eldest son of six siblings. His father is a German Jewish doctor who emigrated from Germany at the age of 7,
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