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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra%20%28disambiguation%29	Mitra is an Indo-Iranian deity. Mitra or Mithra may also refer to: Indo-Iranian deities Mithra (Persian: Mitra), a Zoroastrian yazata Mitra (Vedic) (Sanskrit: ), a deity who appears frequently in the ancient Indian text of the Rigveda Mitra–Varuna, dual deities in the Rigveda Biology Mitra (gastropod), a genus of Neogastropod snail named for the episcopal mitre Mitra mitra, the episcopal miter Acmaea mitra, the whitecap limpet Seychelles crow (Euploea mitra), a nymphalid butterfly People Mitra (surname) Mitra (given name) Mithra (actor) Places La Mitra, a town in the Panamá province of Panama Cerro de las Mitras ("Miter Hill" or "Miter Mountain"), a mountain in Nuevo León, Mexico Colonias Mitras Centro, Mitras Norte and Mitras Sur, neighborhoods in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico Mitras (Monterrey Metro) (aka Estación Mitras), a station on the Line 1 of the Monterrey Metro Other uses Mitra 15, a minicomputer from French company Mitra (Conan), a deity in Robert E. Howard's Hyborian Age stories Mitra (crater), a crater on the Moon named for Sisir Kumar Mitra MITRA Youth Buddhist Network, a network of youth Buddhist organizations in Australia Operazione Mitra, a 1951 Italian film PS Mitra Kukar, an Indonesian football club Volkswagen Mitra, another name for the Volkswagen EA489 Basistransporter Mitra (film), a 2021 Dutch film See also MITRA (disambiguation) Mitra dynasty (disambiguation) Mithras (disambiguation) Mithridates (disambiguation) Mehr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Lee%20%28chemist%29	Stephen Lee (; born 25 October 1955) is an American chemist. He is the son of Tsung-Dao Lee, the winner of the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics. He is currently a professor at Cornell University. Education Lee attended the International School of Geneva, Switzerland and Yale University, from which he graduated with a BA in 1978. He later received his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1985. Career In 1993, Lee received the MacArthur Award for his work in the field of physics and chemistry. In addition, he has received an award from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for his continued research. In 1999, Lee joined Cornell University as a professor of solid state chemistry in the chemistry and chemical biology department from the University of Michigan, where he had been associate professor of chemistry since 1993 and where he had been recognized as both a MacArthur and a Sloan fellow. He was also a visiting scientist at Cornell in 1995. He currently continues his teaching career at Cornell, where he instructs students in (honors) general chemistry and introduction to chemistry courses. During the past 10 years, Lee has devoted his summer to helping incoming freshmen learn basic chemistry to prepare them for the academic year. This has been considered part of Lee's philanthropic work, as he teaches these summer courses probono. His current research involves developing stronger porous solids in which all the host porous bonds are covalent in character. Lee is also researching way
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz%20Sancar	Aziz Sancar (born 8September 1946) is a Turkish-American molecular biologist specializing in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, and circadian clock. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Tomas Lindahl and Paul L. Modrich for their mechanistic studies of DNA repair. He has made contributions on photolyase and nucleotide excision repair in bacteria that have changed his field. Sancar is currently the Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine and a member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. He is the co-founder of the Aziz & Gwen Sancar Foundation, which is a non-profit organization to promote Turkish culture and to support Turkish students in the United States. Early life Aziz Sancar was born on 8 September 1946 to a lower-middle-class Anatolian Arab family in the Savur district of Mardin Province, southeastern Turkey. His oldest brother Kenan Sancar is a retired brigadier general in the Turkish Armed Forces. He is the second cousin of the politician Mithat Sancar, who is a member of parliament from and chairman of HDP. He was the seventh of eight children. His parents were uneducated; however, they put great emphasis on his education. He was educated by idealistic teachers who received their education in the Village Institutes, he later stated that this was a great inspiration to him. Throughout his school life, Sancar had great academic success that was note
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20criterion	In quantum mechanics, in particular quantum information, the Range criterion is a necessary condition that a state must satisfy in order to be separable. In other words, it is a separability criterion. The result Consider a quantum mechanical system composed of n subsystems. The state space H of such a system is the tensor product of those of the subsystems, i.e. . For simplicity we will assume throughout that all relevant state spaces are finite-dimensional. The criterion reads as follows: If ρ is a separable mixed state acting on H, then the range of ρ is spanned by a set of product vectors. Proof In general, if a matrix M is of the form , the range of M, Ran(M), is contained in the linear span of . On the other hand, we can also show lies in Ran(M), for all i. Assume without loss of generality i = 1. We can write , where T is Hermitian and positive semidefinite. There are two possibilities: 1) spanKer(T). Clearly, in this case, Ran(M). 2) Notice 1) is true if and only if Ker(T) span, where denotes orthogonal complement. By Hermiticity of T, this is the same as Ran(T) span. So if 1) does not hold, the intersection Ran(T) span is nonempty, i.e. there exists some complex number α such that . So Therefore lies in Ran(M). Thus Ran(M) coincides with the linear span of . The range criterion is a special case of this fact. A density matrix ρ acting on H is separable if and only if it can be written as where is a (un-normalized) pure state on the j-th subsy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Cognitive%20Neuroscience	The Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering cognitive neuroscience. It aims for a cross-discipline approach, covering research in neuroscience, neuropsychology, cognitive psychology, neurobiology, linguistics, computer science, and philosophy. The journal is published by the MIT Press and the Cognitive Neuroscience Institute and the editor-in-chief is Bradley R. Postle (University of Wisconsin–Madison). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.225. References External links Neuroscience journals MIT Press academic journals Quarterly journals English-language journals Academic journals established in 1989 Cognitive science journals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornstein%20isomorphism%20theorem	In mathematics, the Ornstein isomorphism theorem is a deep result in ergodic theory. It states that if two Bernoulli schemes have the same Kolmogorov entropy, then they are isomorphic. The result, given by Donald Ornstein in 1970, is important because it states that many systems previously believed to be unrelated are in fact isomorphic; these include all finite stationary stochastic processes, including Markov chains and subshifts of finite type, Anosov flows and Sinai's billiards, ergodic automorphisms of the n-torus, and the continued fraction transform. Discussion The theorem is actually a collection of related theorems. The first theorem states that if two different Bernoulli shifts have the same Kolmogorov entropy, then they are isomorphic as dynamical systems. The third theorem extends this result to flows: namely, that there exists a flow such that is a Bernoulli shift. The fourth theorem states that, for a given fixed entropy, this flow is unique, up to a constant rescaling of time. The fifth theorem states that there is a single, unique flow (up to a constant rescaling of time) that has infinite entropy. The phrase "up to a constant rescaling of time" means simply that if and are two Bernoulli flows with the same entropy, then for some constant c. The developments also included proofs that factors of Bernoulli shifts are isomorphic to Bernoulli shifts, and gave criteria for a given measure-preserving dynamical system to be isomorphic to a Bernoulli shift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis-tris%20methane	Bis-tris methane, also known as BIS-TRIS or BTM, is a buffering agent used in biochemistry. Bis-tris methane is an organic tertiary amine with labile protons having a pKa of 6.46 at 25 °C. It is an effective buffer between the pH 5.8 and 7.2. Bis-tris methane binds strongly to Cu and Pb ions as well as, weakly, to Mg, Ca, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Cd. See also Bis-tris propane Tris Tricine References Polyols Amines Buffer solutions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Kryder	Mark Howard Kryder (born October 7, 1943 in Portland, Oregon) was Seagate Corp.'s senior vice president of research and chief technology officer. Kryder holds a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Stanford University and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering and physics from the California Institute of Technology. Kryder was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1994 for contributions to the understanding of magnetic domain behavior and for leadership in information storage research. He is known for "Kryder's law", an observation from the mid-2000s about the increasing capacity of magnetic hard drives. Kryder's law projection A 2005 Scientific American article, titled "Kryder's Law", described Kryder's observation that magnetic disk areal storage density was then increasing at a rate exceeding Moore's Law. The pace was then much faster than the two-year doubling time of semiconductor chip density posited by Moore's law. In 2005, commodity drive density of 110 Gbit/in2 (170 Mbit/mm2) had been reached, up from 100 Mbit/in2 (155 Kbit/mm2) circa 1990. This does not extrapolate back to the initial 2 kilobit/in2 (3.1 bit/mm2) drives introduced in 1956, as growth rates surged during the latter 15-year period. In 2009, Kryder projected that if hard drives were to continue to progress at their then-current pace of about 40% per year, then in 2020 a two-platter, 2.5-inch disk drive would store approximately 40 terabytes (TB) and cost about $4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified%20Chee%27s%20medium	In cellular biology and microbiology, modified Chee's medium (otherwise known as "MCM") is used to cultivate cells and bacteria. It uses various additives (fat acids, albumins and selenium) to facilitate cellular and bacterial growth. References Cell culture media
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Bojowald	Martin Bojowald (born 18 February 1973 in Jülich) is a German physicist who now works on the faculty of the Penn State Physics Department, where he is a member of the Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos. Prior to joining Penn State he spent several years at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam, Germany. He works on loop quantum gravity and physical cosmology and is credited with establishing the sub-field of loop quantum cosmology. Positions Presently: Professor of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos January 2006 - June 2009: Assistant Professor of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos September 2003 - December 2005: Junior Staff Scientist, Albert-Einstein-Institut September 2000 - August 2003: Postdoctoral Scholar, Center for Gravitational Physics and Geometry, The Pennsylvania State University Education June 2000: PhD at RWTH Aachen in Germany (with distinction), supervisor: Prof. Hans A. Kastrup July 1998 - August 2000: Fellow of the DFG-Graduate College "Strong and electroweak interactions at high energies" June 1998: Diploma, RWTH Aachen (with distinction), supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hans A. Kastrup April 1995 - June 1998: Fellow of the German Merit Foundation October 1993 - June 2000: RWTH Aachen Prizes and awards Faculty Scholar Medal in the Physical Sciences 2011, Penn State University Teaching Award 2009, Penn State Society of Phys
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Maibaum	Thomas Stephen Edward Maibaum Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) is a computer scientist. Maibaum has a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) undergraduate degree in pure mathematics from the University of Toronto, Canada (1970), and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in computer science from Queen Mary and Royal Holloway Colleges, University of London, England (1974). Maibaum has held academic posts at Imperial College, London, King's College London (UK) and McMaster University (Canada). His research interests have concentrated on the theory of specification, together with its application in different contexts, in the general area of software engineering. From 1996 to 2005, he was involved with developing international standards in programming and informatics, as a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified, maintains, and supports the programming languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology and the Royal Society of Arts. References External links KCL home page , McMaster University Living people 20th-century Hungarian people Hungarian expatriates in Canada University of Toronto alumni Hungarian expatriates in the United Kingdom Alumni of Queen Mary University of London Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London Academics of Imperial College London Academics of King's College London Hungarian computer sc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLPC	WLPC may refer to: WLPC-CD, a low-power television station (channel 28) licensed to serve Redford, Michigan, United States Warped Linear Predictive Coding, a signal processing method
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dember%20effect	In physics, the Dember effect is when the electron current from a cathode subjected to both illumination and a simultaneous electron bombardment is greater than the sum of the photoelectric current and the secondary emission current . History Discovered by Harry Dember (1882–1943) in 1925, this effect is due to the sum of the excitations of an electron by two means: photonic illumination and electron bombardment (i.e. the sum of the two excitations extracts the electron). In Dember’s initial study, he referred only to metals; however, more complex materials have been analyzed since then. Photoelectric effect The photoelectric effect due to the illumination of the metallic surface extracts electrons (if the energy of the photon is greater than the extraction work) and excites the electrons which the photons don’t have the energy to extract. In a similar process, the electron bombardment of the metal both extracts and excites electrons inside the metal. If one considers a constant and increases , it can be observed that has a maximum of about 150 times . On the other hand, considering a constant and increasing the intensity of the illumination the , supplementary current, tends to saturate. This is due to the usage in the photoelectric effect of all the electrons excited (sufficiently) by the primary electrons of . See also Anomalous photovoltaic effect Photo-Dember References Further reading External links :de:Harry Dember Electrical phenomena
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20%28disambiguation%29	R is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. R or r may also refer to: Science Biology and medicine Arginine, an amino acid abbreviated as Arg or R ATC code R Respiratory system, a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Coefficient of relationship (r), in biology Effective reproduction number (R), the number of cases generated by one case in the current state of a population in epidemiology Basic reproduction number (R0), the expected number of cases directly generated by one case Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup Haplogroup R (Y-DNA), a Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup Net reproduction rate (R0), the average number of offspring that would be born to a female given conforming conditions r, the population growth rate in the r/K selection theory of ecology Astronomy Spectral resolution (), in astronomy Orangish or K carbon stars (stellar classification: R) Physics R (cross section ratio), the ratio of hadronic to muonic cross sections Electrical resistance (R) Roentgen (unit) (R), a unit of measurement for ionizing radiation such as X-ray and gamma rays Rydberg constant (R∞, RH), a physical constant relating to energy levels of electrons within atoms Rydberg unit of energy (Ry), the energy of the photon whose wavenumber is the Rydberg constant Temperature scales Rankine scale (°R, °Ra) Réaumur scale (°Ré, °Re, °r) Rømer scale (°R, °Rø) Chemistry Gas constant (R), in chemistry R,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axilrod%E2%80%93Teller%20potential	The Axilrod–Teller potential in molecular physics, is a three-body potential that results from a third-order perturbation correction to the attractive London dispersion interactions (instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole) where is the distance between atoms and , and is the angle between the vectors and . The coefficient is positive and of the order , where is the ionization energy and is the mean atomic polarizability; the exact value of depends on the magnitudes of the dipole matrix elements and on the energies of the orbitals. References Chemical bonding Quantum mechanical potentials
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopropanation	In organic chemistry, cyclopropanation refers to any chemical process which generates cyclopropane () rings. It is an important process in modern chemistry as many useful compounds bear this motif; for example pyrethroid insecticides and a number of quinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, etc.). However, the high ring strain present in cyclopropanes makes them challenging to produce and generally requires the use of highly reactive species, such as carbenes, ylids and carbanions. Many of the reactions proceed in a cheletropic manner. Approaches From alkenes using carbenoid reagents Several methods exist for converting alkenes to cyclopropane rings using carbene type reagents. As carbenes themselves are highly reactive it is common for them to be used in a stabilised form, referred to as a carbenoid. Simmons–Smith reaction In the Simmons–Smith reaction the reactive carbenoid is iodomethylzinc iodide, which is typically formed by a reaction between diiodomethane and a zinc-copper couple. Modifications involving cheaper alternatives have been developed, such as dibromomethane or diazomethane and zinc iodide. The reactivity of the system can also be increased by exchanging the zinc‑copper couple for diethylzinc. Asymmetric versions are known. Using diazo compounds Certain diazo compounds, such as diazomethane, can react with olefins to produce cyclopropanes in a 2 step manner. The first step involves a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to form a pyrazoline which then und
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney%20extension%20theorem	In mathematics, in particular in mathematical analysis, the Whitney extension theorem is a partial converse to Taylor's theorem. Roughly speaking, the theorem asserts that if A is a closed subset of a Euclidean space, then it is possible to extend a given function of A in such a way as to have prescribed derivatives at the points of A. It is a result of Hassler Whitney. Statement A precise statement of the theorem requires careful consideration of what it means to prescribe the derivative of a function on a closed set. One difficulty, for instance, is that closed subsets of Euclidean space in general lack a differentiable structure. The starting point, then, is an examination of the statement of Taylor's theorem. Given a real-valued Cm function f(x) on Rn, Taylor's theorem asserts that for each a, x, y ∈ Rn, there is a function Rα(x,y) approaching 0 uniformly as x,y → a such that where the sum is over multi-indices α. Let fα = Dαf for each multi-index α. Differentiating (1) with respect to x, and possibly replacing R as needed, yields where Rα is o(\|x − y\|m−\|α\|) uniformly as x,y → a. Note that () may be regarded as purely a compatibility condition between the functions fα which must be satisfied in order for these functions to be the coefficients of the Taylor series of the function f. It is this insight which facilitates the following statement: Theorem. Suppose that fα are a collection of functions on a closed subset A of Rn for all multi-indices α with satis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter%20subgroup	In mathematics, especially in the field of group theory, a Carter subgroup of a finite group G is a self-normalizing subgroup of G that is nilpotent. These subgroups were introduced by Roger Carter, and marked the beginning of the post 1960 theory of solvable groups . proved that any finite solvable group has a Carter subgroup, and all its Carter subgroups are conjugate subgroups (and therefore isomorphic). If a group is not solvable it need not have any Carter subgroups: for example, the alternating group A5 of order 60 has no Carter subgroups. showed that even if a finite group is not solvable then any two Carter subgroups are conjugate. A Carter subgroup is a maximal nilpotent subgroup, because of the normalizer condition for nilpotent groups, but not all maximal nilpotent subgroups are Carter subgroups . For example, any non-identity proper subgroup of the nonabelian group of order six is a maximal nilpotent subgroup, but only those of order two are Carter subgroups. Every subgroup containing a Carter subgroup of a soluble group is also self-normalizing, and a soluble group is generated by any Carter subgroup and its nilpotent residual . viewed the Carter subgroups as analogues of Sylow subgroups and Hall subgroups, and unified their treatment with the theory of formations. In the language of formations, a Sylow p-subgroup is a covering group for the formation of p-groups, a Hall π-subgroup is a covering group for the formation of π-groups, and a Carter subgrou
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergodicity	In mathematics, ergodicity expresses the idea that a point of a moving system, either a dynamical system or a stochastic process, will eventually visit all parts of the space that the system moves in, in a uniform and random sense. This implies that the average behavior of the system can be deduced from the trajectory of a "typical" point. Equivalently, a sufficiently large collection of random samples from a process can represent the average statistical properties of the entire process. Ergodicity is a property of the system; it is a statement that the system cannot be reduced or factored into smaller components. Ergodic theory is the study of systems possessing ergodicity. Ergodic systems occur in a broad range of systems in physics and in geometry. This can be roughly understood to be due to a common phenomenon: the motion of particles, that is, geodesics on a hyperbolic manifold are divergent; when that manifold is compact, that is, of finite size, those orbits return to the same general area, eventually filling the entire space. Ergodic systems capture the common-sense, every-day notions of randomness, such that smoke might come to fill all of a smoke-filled room, or that a block of metal might eventually come to have the same temperature throughout, or that flips of a fair coin may come up heads and tails half the time. A stronger concept than ergodicity is that of mixing, which aims to mathematically describe the common-sense notions of mixing, such as mixing drinks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka/Ks%20ratio	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ka/Ks ratio}} In genetics, the Ka/Ks ratio, also known as ω or dN/dS ratio, is used to estimate the balance between neutral mutations, purifying selection and beneficial mutations acting on a set of homologous protein-coding genes. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site (Ka), in a given period of time, to the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (Ks), in the same period. The latter are assumed to be neutral, so that the ratio indicates the net balance between deleterious and beneficial mutations. Values of Ka/Ks significantly above 1 are unlikely to occur without at least some of the mutations being advantageous. If beneficial mutations are assumed to make little contribution, then Ka/Ks estimates the degree of evolutionary constraint. Context Selection acts on variation in phenotypes, which are often the result of mutations in protein-coding genes. The genetic code is written in DNA sequences as codons, groups of three nucleotides. Each codon represents a single amino acid in a protein chain. However, there are more codons (64) than amino acids found in proteins (20), so many codons are effectively synonyms. For example, the DNA codons TTT and TTC both code for the amino acid Phenylalanine, so a change from the third T to C makes no difference to the resulting protein. On the other hand, the codon GAG codes for Glutamic acid while the codon GTG codes for Valine, so a change from the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnetism	Biomagnetism is the phenomenon of magnetic fields produced by living organisms; it is a subset of bioelectromagnetism. In contrast, organisms' use of magnetism in navigation is magnetoception and the study of the magnetic fields' effects on organisms is magnetobiology. (The word biomagnetism has also been used loosely to include magnetobiology, further encompassing almost any combination of the words magnetism, cosmology, and biology, such as "magnetoastrobiology".) The origin of the word biomagnetism is unclear, but seems to have appeared several hundred years ago, linked to the expression "animal magnetism". The present scientific definition took form in the 1970s, when an increasing number of researchers began to measure the magnetic fields produced by the human body. The first valid measurement was actually made in 1963, but the field of research began to expand only after a low-noise technique was developed in 1970. Today the community of biomagnetic researchers does not have a formal organization, but international conferences are held every two years, with about 600 attendees. Most conference activity centers on the MEG (magnetoencephalogram), the measurement of the magnetic field of the brain. Prominent researchers David Cohen John Wikswo Samuel Williamson See also Bioelectrochemistry Human magnetism Magnetite Magnetocardiography Magnetoception - sensing of magnetic fields by organisms Magnetoelectrochemistry Magnetoencephalography Magnetogastrography M
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCAI	SCAI may refer to: Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia Scientific Computer Applications Inc. SCAI, the Fraunhofer-Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, see Fraunhofer Society#Institutes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai%20Institute%20of%20Chemical%20Engineering%20and%20Applied%20Chemistry	The Thai Institute of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry (TIChE) () is a professional organization for chemical engineers. TIChE was established in 1996 to distinguish chemical engineers as a profession independent of chemists and mechanical engineers. History TIChE was established to force the chemical engineering professional certificate isolated from the industrial engineering. The conference in 1990 was the first effort to establish the organization by the cooperation of Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemical Technology, Chulalongkorn University, and Department of Chemical Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi. In the 4th conference at Khon Kaen University, 1994, TIChE was formally established and permitted by law on November 15, 1996. Now, TIChE composes 18 university members. The Objectives of TIChE To promote and support the chemical engineering and chemical technology profession. To promote and support the educational standard of chemical engineering and chemical technology. To encourage cooperation and industrial development including research and knowledge. To disseminate knowledge and consulting in chemical engineering and chemical technology. To be an agent of chemical engineering and chemical technology profession to cooperate with other organizations. University Members (sorted alphabetically) Burapha University Department of Chemical Engineering Chiang Mai University Department of Industrial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocytozoon%20bieneusi	Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a species of the order Chytridiopsida (in the division Microsporidia) which infects the intestinal epithelial cells. It is an obligate intracellular parasite. Microbiology Enterocytozoon bieneusi, commonly known as microsporidia, is a unicellular, obligate intracellular eukaryote. Their life cycle includes a proliferative merogonic stage, followed by a sporogonic stage resulting in small, environmentally resistant, infective spores, which is their transmission mode. The spores contain a long, coiled polar tube, which distinguishes them from all other organisms and has a crucial role in host cell invasion. E. bieneusi was first found in an AIDS patient in France in 1985 and was later found in swine in 1996 in fecal samples. It causes diarrhea—thus the pigs excrete more spores, causing the disease to spread. As this pathogen is very prevalent throughout the world, E. bieneusi is found in a wide variety of hosts including pigs, humans, and other mammals. E. bieneusi can be studied using TEM, light microscopy, PCR and immunofluorescence and can be cultured for short-term. It is not yet known whether the pathogen itself can be infected by other diseases. There seems to be widespread economic implications of infection by this pathogen for the swine industry. Several treatments, including fumagillin and albendazole have showed promise in treating infection (Mathis et al. 2005). Discovering the disease The earliest reference to the order Microsporidia wa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20thermal%20properties	The thermal properties of soil are a component of soil physics that has found important uses in engineering, climatology and agriculture. These properties influence how energy is partitioned in the soil profile. While related to soil temperature, it is more accurately associated with the transfer of energy (mostly in the form of heat) throughout the soil, by radiation, conduction and convection. The main soil thermal properties are Volumetric heat capacity, SI Units: J∙m−3∙K−1 Thermal conductivity, SI Units: W∙m−1∙K−1 Thermal diffusivity, SI Units: m2∙s−1 Measurement It is hard to say something general about the soil thermal properties at a certain location because these are in a constant state of flux from diurnal and seasonal variations. Apart from the basic soil composition, which is constant at one location, soil thermal properties are strongly influenced by the soil volumetric water content, volume fraction of solids and volume fraction of air. Air is a poor thermal conductor and reduces the effectiveness of the solid and liquid phases to conduct heat. While the solid phase has the highest conductivity it is the variability of soil moisture that largely determines thermal conductivity. As such soil moisture properties and soil thermal properties are very closely linked and are often measured and reported together. Temperature variations are most extreme at the surface of the soil and these variations are transferred to sub surface layers but at reduced rates as depth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyssus	In the pre-modern chemistry of Paracelsus, a clyssus, or clissus, was one of the effects, or productions of that art; consisting of the most efficacious principles of any body, extracted, purified, and then remixed. Or, a clyssus is when the several constituents of a body are prepared and purified separately, and then combined again. Thus, the five principles, reassembled into one body, by long digestion, make a clyssus. So, clyssus of antimony is produced by distillation from antimony, nitre, and sulfur mixed together. There is also clyssus of vitriol, which is a spirit drawn by distillation from vitriol dissolved in vinegar; this was used by pre-modern physicians in treating various diseases, and to extract the tinctures of several vegetables. Clyssus is used among some authors for a kind of sapa, or extract, made with eight parts of the juice of a plant, and one of sugar, seethed together into the consistency of honey. References History of pharmacy Alchemical substances
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirsig%27s%20Metaphysics%20of%20Quality	The Metaphysics of Quality (MOQ) is a theory of reality introduced in Robert M. Pirsig's philosophical novel, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974) and expanded in Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991). The MOQ incorporates facets of Sophistry, East Asian philosophy, pragmatism, the work of F. S. C. Northrop, and Indigenous American philosophy. Pirsig argues that the MOQ is a better lens through which to view reality than the subjective/objective mindset that Pirsig attributes to Aristotle. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance references the Sanskrit doctrine of Tat Tvam Asi ("Thou art that"), which asserts an existential monism as opposed to the subject–object dualism. Development The Metaphysics of Quality originated with Pirsig's college studies as a biochemistry student at the University of Minnesota. He describes in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance that as he studied, he found the number of rational hypotheses for any given phenomenon appeared to be unlimited. It seemed to him this would seriously undermine the validity of the scientific method. His studies began to suffer as he pondered the question and eventually he was expelled from the university. After spending some time in Korea as a soldier, Pirsig concluded that Oriental philosophy was a better place to search for ultimate answers. On his return home from Korea, Pirsig read F. S. C. Northrop's book The Meeting of East and West which related Western culture to the culture of East Asia in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20healing	Natural healing may refer to: In biology: Healing, the natural process of regeneration of damaged tissue In pseudoscience: Vitalism Naturopathy (also known as Naturopathic medicine)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision%20tree%20pruning	Pruning is a data compression technique in machine learning and search algorithms that reduces the size of decision trees by removing sections of the tree that are non-critical and redundant to classify instances. Pruning reduces the complexity of the final classifier, and hence improves predictive accuracy by the reduction of overfitting. One of the questions that arises in a decision tree algorithm is the optimal size of the final tree. A tree that is too large risks overfitting the training data and poorly generalizing to new samples. A small tree might not capture important structural information about the sample space. However, it is hard to tell when a tree algorithm should stop because it is impossible to tell if the addition of a single extra node will dramatically decrease error. This problem is known as the horizon effect. A common strategy is to grow the tree until each node contains a small number of instances then use pruning to remove nodes that do not provide additional information. Pruning should reduce the size of a learning tree without reducing predictive accuracy as measured by a cross-validation set. There are many techniques for tree pruning that differ in the measurement that is used to optimize performance. Techniques Pruning processes can be divided into two types (pre- and post-pruning). Pre-pruning procedures prevent a complete induction of the training set by replacing a stop () criterion in the induction algorithm (e.g. max. Tree depth o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potts	Potts may refer to: Arts and entertainment Doc Potts, animated pilot episode for failed television series Tom Potts, Child ballad 109 The Potts, said to be the world's longest-running cartoon strip drawn by the same artist Mathematics Potts model, model of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice Cellular Potts model, lattice-based computational modeling method to simulate the collective behavior of cellular structures Chiral Potts curve, algebraic curve defined over the complex numbers that occurs in the study of the chiral Potts model of statistical mechanics Places Black Potts Ait, island in the River Thames in England Mount Potts, a skiing base in South Island, New Zealand Potts Camp, Mississippi, United States Potts, Missouri, an unincorporated community Potts, Nevada, a ghost town in the United States Potts Creek, Virginia, United States Potts Hill, New South Wales a suburb in south-western Sydney, Australia Potts Point, New South Wales, a suburb of inner Sydney, Australia Other Potts (surname) Potts of Leeds, major British manufacturer of public clocks, based in Leeds, UK See also Pott (surname) Pottery, pots POTS (disambiguation), various uses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar%20Kajevski	Petar Kajevski () (born 1974) is Macedonian IT and management expert. He is most famous as creator of the Macedonian search engine "Najdi!", but also achieved prominence as expert on software outsourcing. He finished his undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Skopje, and earned two master's degrees: from the London School of Economics in 2004, and St Gallen University, Switzerland, in 2005. References External links Najdi! website Petar Kajevski bio on Macedonian Wikipedia Alumni of the London School of Economics Macedonian businesspeople 1974 births Living people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collocation%20method	In mathematics, a collocation method is a method for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations and integral equations. The idea is to choose a finite-dimensional space of candidate solutions (usually polynomials up to a certain degree) and a number of points in the domain (called collocation points), and to select that solution which satisfies the given equation at the collocation points. Ordinary differential equations Suppose that the ordinary differential equation is to be solved over the interval . Choose from 0 ≤ c1< c2< … < cn ≤ 1. The corresponding (polynomial) collocation method approximates the solution y by the polynomial p of degree n which satisfies the initial condition , and the differential equation at all collocation points for . This gives n + 1 conditions, which matches the n + 1 parameters needed to specify a polynomial of degree n. All these collocation methods are in fact implicit Runge–Kutta methods. The coefficients ck in the Butcher tableau of a Runge–Kutta method are the collocation points. However, not all implicit Runge–Kutta methods are collocation methods. Example: The trapezoidal rule Pick, as an example, the two collocation points c1 = 0 and c2 = 1 (so n = 2). The collocation conditions are There are three conditions, so p should be a polynomial of degree 2. Write p in the form to simplify the computations. Then the collocation conditions can be solved to give the coefficients The col
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20entropy	In mathematics, the topological entropy of a topological dynamical system is a nonnegative extended real number that is a measure of the complexity of the system. Topological entropy was first introduced in 1965 by Adler, Konheim and McAndrew. Their definition was modelled after the definition of the Kolmogorov–Sinai, or metric entropy. Later, Dinaburg and Rufus Bowen gave a different, weaker definition reminiscent of the Hausdorff dimension. The second definition clarified the meaning of the topological entropy: for a system given by an iterated function, the topological entropy represents the exponential growth rate of the number of distinguishable orbits of the iterates. An important variational principle relates the notions of topological and measure-theoretic entropy. Definition A topological dynamical system consists of a Hausdorff topological space X (usually assumed to be compact) and a continuous self-map f. Its topological entropy is a nonnegative extended real number that can be defined in various ways, which are known to be equivalent. Definition of Adler, Konheim, and McAndrew Let X be a compact Hausdorff topological space. For any finite open cover C of X, let H(C) be the logarithm (usually to base 2) of the smallest number of elements of C that cover X. For two covers C and D, let be their (minimal) common refinement, which consists of all the non-empty intersections of a set from C with a set from D, and similarly for multiple covers. For any continuous
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle%20%28chemistry%29	Principle, in chemistry, refers to a historical concept of the constituents of a substance, specifically those that produce a certain quality or effect in the substance, such as a bitter principle, which is any one of the numerous compounds having a bitter taste. The idea of chemical principles developed out of the classical elements. Paracelsus identified the tria prima as principles in his approach to medicine. Georg Ernst Stahl published Philosophical Principles of Universal Chemistry in 1730 as an early effort to distinguish between mixtures and compounds. He writes, "the simple are Principles, or the first material causes of Mixts;..." To define a Principle, he wrote A Principle is defined, à priori, that in a mix’d matter, which first existed; and a posteriori, that into which it is at last resolved. (...) chemical Principles are called Salt, Sulfur and Mercury (...) or Salt, Oil, and Spirit. Stahl recounts theories of chemical principles according to Helmont and J. J. Becher. He says Helmont took Water to be the "first and only material Principle of all things." According to Becher, Water and Earth are principles, where Earth is distinguished into three kinds. Stahl also ascribes to Earth the "principle of rest and aggregation." Historians have described how early analysts used Principles to classify substances: The classification of substances varies from one author to the next, but it generally relied on tests to which materials could be submitted or procedures th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Bahr	Ernst Bahr (; born 11 June 1945 in Chlum) is a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. He was born in Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War. Life and career After graduation in 1964 in Rheinberg Bahr completed a degree in mathematics and astronomy at the University of Potsdam. In 1968, he ended his career there as a graduate teacher. Until 1989 he was a teacher, first in Linum and later in Fehrbellin. Bahr is divorced and has three sons. SPD In 1989, Bahr was one of the founding members of the Social Democratic Party in the GDR in Neuruppin. From 1990 to 2005 he was chairman of the SPD subdistrict Ostprignitz-Ruppin and 1992-1994 deputy chairman of the SPD in Brandenburg. In the election of 16 January 2005 Bahr was the SPD candidate for the office of Mayor of Neuruppin. In the first round he barely missed an absolute majority with a vote share of 49.80%. In the run-off election of 6 February 2005, he lost, surprisingly, against Jens-Peter Golde who united 50.26% of the vote. MP From 1990 to 1996, Bahr was on the city council for Neuruppin and 1993 the county Ostprignitz-Ruppin. From 1994 to 2009, he was member of the German Bundestag. From 1998 to 2002, he served as the speaker of the National Group of Brandenburg and the eastern German deputies in the SPD parliamentary group. In 1994 and 1998, Bahr was the representative of Neuruppin-Kyritz-Wittstock-Pritzwalk-Perleberg. Since 2002 he has represented Prignitz-Ostprign
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20manifold	In mathematics, and in particular the study of dynamical systems, the idea of stable and unstable sets or stable and unstable manifolds give a formal mathematical definition to the general notions embodied in the idea of an attractor or repellor. In the case of hyperbolic dynamics, the corresponding notion is that of the hyperbolic set. Physical example The gravitational tidal forces acting on the rings of Saturn provide an easy-to-visualize physical example. The tidal forces flatten the ring into the equatorial plane, even as they stretch it out in the radial direction. Imagining the rings to be sand or gravel particles ("dust") in orbit around Saturn, the tidal forces are such that any perturbations that push particles above or below the equatorial plane results in that particle feeling a restoring force, pushing it back into the plane. Particles effectively oscillate in a harmonic well, damped by collisions. The stable direction is perpendicular to the ring. The unstable direction is along any radius, where forces stretch and pull particles apart. Two particles that start very near each other in phase space will experience radial forces causing them to diverge, radially. These forces have a positive Lyapunov exponent; the trajectories lie on a hyperbolic manifold, and the movement of particles is essentially chaotic, wandering through the rings. The center manifold is tangential to the rings, with particles experiencing neither compression nor stretching. This allows sec
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating%20%28biology%29	Cheating is a term used in behavioral ecology and ethology to describe behavior whereby organisms receive a benefit at the cost of other organisms. Cheating is common in many mutualistic and altruistic relationships. A cheater is an individual who does not cooperate (or cooperates less than their fair share) but can potentially gain the benefit from others cooperating. Cheaters are also those who selfishly use common resources to maximize their individual fitness at the expense of a group. Natural selection favors cheating, but there are mechanisms to regulate it. The stress gradient hypothesis states that facilitation, cooperation or mutualism should be more common in stressful environments, while cheating, competition or parasitism are common in benign environments (i.e nutrient excess). Theoretical models Organisms communicate and cooperate to perform a wide range of behaviors. Mutualism, or mutually beneficial interactions between species, is common in ecological systems. These interactions can be thought of "biological markets" in which species offer partners goods that are relatively inexpensive for them to produce and receive goods that are more expensive or even impossible for them to produce. However, these systems provide opportunities for exploitation by individuals that can obtain resources while providing nothing in return. Exploiters can take on several forms: individuals outside a mutualistic relationship who obtain a commodity in a way that confers no benef
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitzenb%C3%B6ck%20identity	In mathematics, in particular in differential geometry, mathematical physics, and representation theory a Weitzenböck identity, named after Roland Weitzenböck, expresses a relationship between two second-order elliptic operators on a manifold with the same principal symbol. Usually Weitzenböck formulae are implemented for G-invariant self-adjoint operators between vector bundles associated to some principal G-bundle, although the precise conditions under which such a formula exists are difficult to formulate. This article focuses on three examples of Weitzenböck identities: from Riemannian geometry, spin geometry, and complex analysis. Riemannian geometry In Riemannian geometry there are two notions of the Laplacian on differential forms over an oriented compact Riemannian manifold M. The first definition uses the divergence operator δ defined as the formal adjoint of the de Rham operator d: where α is any p-form and β is any ()-form, and is the metric induced on the bundle of ()-forms. The usual form Laplacian is then given by On the other hand, the Levi-Civita connection supplies a differential operator where ΩpM is the bundle of p-forms. The Bochner Laplacian is given by where is the adjoint of . This is also known as the connection or rough Laplacian. The Weitzenböck formula then asserts that where A is a linear operator of order zero involving only the curvature. The precise form of A is given, up to an overall sign depending on curvature conventions, by
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-opening%20metathesis%20polymerisation	In polymer chemistry, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is a type of chain-growth polymerization involving olefin metathesis. The driving force of the reaction is relief of ring strain in cyclic olefins (e.g. norbornene or cyclopentene). A variety of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts have been developed. Most large-scale commercial processes rely on the former while some fine chemical syntheses rely on the homogeneous catalysts. Catalysts are based on transition metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium, rubidium, and titanium. Heterogeneous catalysis and applications Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cycloalkenes has been commercialized since the 1970s. Examples of polymers produced on an industrial level through ROMP catalysis are Vestenamer or trans-polyoctenamer, which is the metathetical polymer of cyclooctene. Norsorex or polynorbornene is another important ROMP product on the market. Telene and Metton are polydicyclopentadiene products produced in a side reaction of the polymerization of norbornene. The ROMP process is useful because a regular polymer with a regular amount of double bonds is formed. The resulting product can be subjected to partial or total hydrogenation, or can be functionalized into more complex compounds. Homogeneous catalysts The most common homogeneous catalyst for ROMP is also the best understood. In particular, the third generation Grubbs' catalyst (known as G3) has excellent functional group tolerance, air-st
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20E.%20Woosley	Stanford Earl Woosley (born December 8, 1944) is a physicist, and Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He is the director of the Center for Supernova Research at University of California, Santa Cruz. He has published over 300 papers. Research interest Stan Woosley's research centers on theoretical high-energy astrophysics, especially violent explosive events such as supernovae and gamma ray bursts. A supernova occurs when the core of a star collapses under the gravitational force of its own mass. The resulting explosion can be as bright as an entire galaxy, releasing immense amounts of energy. The explosion also spews into space all of the chemical elements forged by nuclear fusion reactions during the life of a star and some that are formed during the explosion itself. These materials may then contribute to the formation of new stars and planets. Woosley's research projects include simulating the evolution of stars 8 to 50 times the mass of the sun, in an attempt to explain how elements like oxygen and iron are formed. According to Woosley's collapsar model, gamma-ray bursts arise from the collapse of stars that are too massive to successfully explode as supernovae. Instead, they result in a hypernova, which produce black holes. Woosley is also co-investigator on the High Energy Transient Explorer-2, a satellite dedicated to the study of gamma-ray bursts, launched by NASA in 2000, and is involved in planning NASA's other missions for gamma-ray astronomy. Awards Bru
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20G.%20Begle	Edward Griffith Begle (November 27, 1914 – March 2, 1978) was a mathematician best known for his role as the director of the School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG), the primary group credited for developing what came to be known as The New Math. Begle was a topologist and a researcher in mathematics education who served as a member of the faculty of Stanford University, Princeton University, The University of Michigan, and Yale University. Begle was also elected as the secretary of the American Mathematical Society in 1951, and he held the position for 6 years. Biography Edward G. Begle was born November 27, 1914 in Saginaw, Michigan. Studying at the University of Michigan, Begle earned his A.B. in Mathematics in 1936 and his M.A. in 1938. Begle's early academic work was in the field of topology, which is where he earned his Ph.D. at Princeton, studying under Solomon Lefschetz in 1940. While Begle's contributions to the field of mathematical research are limited, among them is the first proof of the Vietoris theorem, which caused it to become commonly known as the Vietoris–Begle mapping theorem. Begle departed Princeton a year after completing his doctorate to spend a year as a Fellow of the National Research Council, after which he joined the faculty of Yale in 1942. Begle's interest in mathematics education is apparent in his early mathematics texts, where the writing departs from the tradition at the time of writing textbooks addressed to accomplished mathematicians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%9Fba%20%C3%96zay	Nihal Tuğba Özay (born February 10, 1978) is a Turkish model and singer. She was elected the first runner-up in the Miss Model of the World contest in 1995. Early life Özay was born in Istanbul on February 10, 1978. Her mother, a teacher and an author of textbooks specializing in mathematics and economics, is from Antalya and her father, also an award-winning author of textbooks used in primary schools across Turkey, as well as being a poet and a man of literature, is from Trabzon, making her, in her words "a blend of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea". Özay developed multiple interests since childhood, writing stories and plays for children as well as poetry, and all at the same time engaging in performing arts and sports. She started her theatre education at the age of seven in Kadıköy Public Education Centre's Experimental Stage, which she continued until she was fourteen. During this period she was also active in writing many plays and screenplays. She did her secondary studies in Fenerbahçe High School and then registered in the Conservatory Music and Theatre Department of Haliç University, which she still attends between professional engagements. In sports, she was a professional swimmer in Galatasaray for about ten years and then she became a trainer there for a time. But since she was too young then, the ambition for becoming a swimming trainer faded soon. However, after having been discovered by Fenerbahçe, she made a switch to volleyball and played volleyball
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20astrophysics	Nuclear astrophysics is an interdisciplinary part of both nuclear physics and astrophysics, involving close collaboration among researchers in various subfields of each of these fields. This includes, notably, nuclear reactions and their rates as they occur in cosmic environments, and modeling of astrophysical objects where these nuclear reactions may occur, but also considerations of cosmic evolution of isotopic and elemental composition (often called chemical evolution). Constraints from observations involve multiple messengers, all across the electromagnetic spectrum (nuclear gamma-rays, X-rays, optical, and radio/sub-mm astronomy), as well as isotopic measurements of solar-system materials such as meteorites and their stardust inclusions, cosmic rays, material deposits on Earth and Moon). Nuclear physics experiments address stability (i.e., lifetimes and masses) for atomic nuclei well beyond the regime of stable nuclides into the realm of radioactive/unstable nuclei, almost to the limits of bound nuclei (the drip lines), and under high density (up to neutron star matter) and high temperature (plasma temperatures up to ). Theories and simulations are essential parts herein, as cosmic nuclear reaction environments cannot be realized, but at best partially approximated by experiments. In general terms, nuclear astrophysics aims to understand the origin of the chemical elements and isotopes, and the role of nuclear energy generation, in cosmic sources such as stars, supernov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologia%20Plantarum	Physiologia Plantarum is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society. The journal publishes papers on all aspects of all organizational levels of experimental plant biology ranging from biophysics, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology to ecophysiology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.081, ranking it 33rd out of 235 journals in the category "Plant Sciences". References External links https://physiologiaplantarum.org/ Wiley-Blackwell academic journals English-language journals Physiology journals Botany journals Monthly journals Academic journals established in 1948
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycangium	The term mycangium (pl., mycangia) is used in biology for special structures on the body of an animal that are adapted for the transport of symbiotic fungi (usually in spore form). This is seen in many xylophagous insects (e.g. horntails and bark beetles), which apparently derive much of their nutrition from the digestion of various fungi that are growing amidst the wood fibers. In some cases, as in ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae), the fungi are the sole food, and the excavations in the wood are simply to make a suitable microenvironment for the fungus to grow. In other cases (e.g., the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis), wood tissue is the main food, and fungi weaken the defense response from the host plant. Some species of phoretic mites that ride on the beetles, have their own type of mycangium, but for historical reasons, mite taxonomists use the term acarinarium. Apart from riding on the beetles, the mites live together with them in their burrows in the wood. Origin These structures were first systematically described by Helene Francke-Grosmann at 1956. Then Lekh R. Batra coined the word mycangia: modern Latin, from Greek myco 'fungus' + angeion 'vessel'. Function The most common function of mycangia is preserving and releasing symbiotic inoculum. Usually, the symbiotic inoculum in mycangia will benefit their vectors (typically insect or mites), helping them to adapt to the new environment or provide nutrients of th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom%20A	In mathematics, Smale's axiom A defines a class of dynamical systems which have been extensively studied and whose dynamics is relatively well understood. A prominent example is the Smale horseshoe map. The term "axiom A" originates with Stephen Smale. The importance of such systems is demonstrated by the chaotic hypothesis, which states that, 'for all practical purposes', a many-body thermostatted system is approximated by an Anosov system. Definition Let M be a smooth manifold with a diffeomorphism f: M→M. Then f is an axiom A diffeomorphism if the following two conditions hold: The nonwandering set of f, Ω(f), is a hyperbolic set and compact. The set of periodic points of f is dense in Ω(f). For surfaces, hyperbolicity of the nonwandering set implies the density of periodic points, but this is no longer true in higher dimensions. Nonetheless, axiom A diffeomorphisms are sometimes called hyperbolic diffeomorphisms, because the portion of M where the interesting dynamics occurs, namely, Ω(f), exhibits hyperbolic behavior. Axiom A diffeomorphisms generalize Morse–Smale systems, which satisfy further restrictions (finitely many periodic points and transversality of stable and unstable submanifolds). Smale horseshoe map is an axiom A diffeomorphism with infinitely many periodic points and positive topological entropy. Properties Any Anosov diffeomorphism satisfies axiom A. In this case, the whole manifold M is hyperbolic (although it is an open question whether the no
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20M.%20Nikodym	Otto Marcin Nikodym (3 August 1887 – 4 May 1974) (also Otton Martin Nikodým) was a Polish mathematician. Education and career Nikodym studied mathematics at the University of Lemberg (today's University of Lviv). Immediately after his graduation in 1911, he started his teaching job at a high school in Kraków where he remained until 1924. He eventually obtained his doctorate in 1925 from the University of Warsaw; he also spent an academic year (1926-1927) in Sorbonne. Nikodym taught at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and University of Warsaw and at the Akademia Górnicza in Kraków in the years that followed. He moved to the United States in 1948 and joined the faculty of Kenyon College. He retired in 1966 and moved to Utica, New York, where he continued his research until retirement. Personal life Nikodym was born in 1887 in Demycze, a suburb of Zabłotów (in modern-day Ukraine), to a family with Polish, Czech, Italian and French roots. Orphaned at a young age, he was brought up by his maternal grandparents. In 1924, he married Stanisława Nikodym, the first Polish woman to obtain a PhD in mathematics. Research works Nikodym worked in a wide range of areas, but his best-known early work was his contribution to the development of the Lebesgue–Radon–Nikodym integral (see Radon–Nikodym theorem). His work in measure theory led him to an interest in abstract Boolean lattices. His work after coming to the United States centered on the theory of operators in Hilbert space, b
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhabited%20set	In mathematics, a set is inhabited if there exists an element . In classical mathematics, the property of being inhabited is equivalent to being non-empty. However, this equivalence is not valid in constructive or intuitionistic logic, and so this separate terminology is mostly used in the set theory of constructive mathematics. Definition In the formal language of first-order logic, set has the property of being if Related definitions A set has the property of being if , or equivalently . Here stands for the negation . A set is if it is not empty, that is, if , or equivalently . Theorems Modus ponens implies , and taking any a false proposition for establishes that is always valid. Hence, any inhabited set is provably also non-empty. Discussion In constructive mathematics, the double-negation elimination principle is not automatically valid. In particular, an existence statement is generally stronger than its double-negated form. The latter merely expresses that the existence cannot be ruled out, in the strong sense that it cannot consistently be negated. In a constructive reading, in order for to hold for some formula , it is necessary for a specific value of satisfying to be constructed or known. Likewise, the negation of a universal quantified statement is in general weaker than an existential quantification of a negated statement. In turn, a set may be proven to be non-empty without one being able to prove it is inhabited. Examples Sets such as or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Meuer	Hans Meuer was a professor of computer science at the University of Mannheim, managing director of Prometeus GmbH and general chair of the International Supercomputing Conference. In 1986, he became co-founder and organizer of the first Mannheim Supercomputer Conference, which has been held annually but known as the International Supercomputing Conference since 2001. Meuer served as specialist, project leader, group and department chief during his 11 years at the Jülich Research Centre, Germany. For the following 33 years, he was director of the computer center and professor for computer science at the University of Mannheim, Germany. Since 1998 - 2013, he was the managing director of Prometeus GmbH, a company that runs a series of conferences in fields closely associated with high performance computing. Meuer studied mathematics, physics and politics at the universities of Marburg, Giessen and Vienna. In 1972, he received his doctorate in mathematics from the Rheinisch Westfälische Technical University (RWTH) of Aachen. Since 1974, he was professor of mathematics and computer science at the University of Mannheim with specialization in software engineering. For more than 20 years, he has been involved intensively in the areas of supercomputing/parallel computing. In 1993, Meuer started the TOP500 initiative together with Erich Strohmaier, Horst Simon and Jack Dongarra. References External links Hans Meuer's Homepage The International Supercomputing Conference Homepag
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded%20Lie%20algebra	In mathematics, a graded Lie algebra is a Lie algebra endowed with a gradation which is compatible with the Lie bracket. In other words, a graded Lie algebra is a Lie algebra which is also a nonassociative graded algebra under the bracket operation. A choice of Cartan decomposition endows any semisimple Lie algebra with the structure of a graded Lie algebra. Any parabolic Lie algebra is also a graded Lie algebra. A graded Lie superalgebra extends the notion of a graded Lie algebra in such a way that the Lie bracket is no longer assumed to be necessarily anticommutative. These arise in the study of derivations on graded algebras, in the deformation theory of Murray Gerstenhaber, Kunihiko Kodaira, and Donald C. Spencer, and in the theory of Lie derivatives. A supergraded Lie superalgebra is a further generalization of this notion to the category of superalgebras in which a graded Lie superalgebra is endowed with an additional super -gradation. These arise when one forms a graded Lie superalgebra in a classical (non-supersymmetric) setting, and then tensorizes to obtain the supersymmetric analog. Still greater generalizations are possible to Lie algebras over a class of braided monoidal categories equipped with a coproduct and some notion of a gradation compatible with the braiding in the category. For hints in this direction, see Lie superalgebra#Category-theoretic definition. Graded Lie algebras In its most basic form, a graded Lie algebra is an ordinary Lie algebr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Georg%20Oscar%20Drude	Carl Georg Oscar Drude (5 June 1852 in Braunschweig – 1 February 1933 in Dresden) was a German botanist. From 1870 he studied science and chemistry at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig, relocating to the University of Göttingen the following year, where he was influenced by August Grisebach (1814-1879). In 1873 he obtained his PhD and subsequently served as an assistant to Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling (1798-1875). From 1876 to 1879 he worked as a lecturer in botany at Göttingen, followed by an appointment as chair of botany at Dresden Technical University (1879). Here he served as director of its botanical gardens, which he systematically configured according to a phytogeographical principle. He remained at Dresden until his retirement in 1920, twice serving as university rector (1906-1907, 1918-1919). He is known best for his research in the field of plant geography, that included mapping of the world's different floristic zones. With Adolf Engler (1844-1930), he was co-editor of Die Vegetation der Erde (1896-1928). Principal works Atlas der Pflanzenverbreitung, 1887 Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie, 1890 Deutschlands Pflanzengeographie, 1896- Die Ökologie der Pflanzen, 1914. References Deutsche Biographie Drude, Carl Georg Oscar 19th-century German botanists German ecologists 1852 births 1933 deaths Burials at Johannisfriedhof, Dresden Scientists from Braunschweig Scientists from the Duchy of Brunswick Technical University of Braunschweig alumni Academic st
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir%20de%20Candolle	Anne Casimir Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (20 February 1836, Geneva – 3 October 1918, Chêne-Bougeries) was a Swiss botanist, the son of Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle. Early life and education He studied chemistry, physics and mathematics in Paris (1853–57), later spending time in England, where he met with Miles Berkeley. In 1859 he visited Algeria, and during the following year, continued his education in Berlin. Afterwards, he returned to Geneva as an assistant and colleague to his father. He married Anna-Mathilde Marcet and they had four children: Raymond Charles de Candolle (1864–1935), Florence Pauline Lucienne de Candolle (1865–1943), Richard Émile Augustin de Candolle (1868–1920) and Reyne Marguerite de Candolle (1876–1958). Career In the field of plant systematics, he used criteria such as stem structure and/or leaf arrangement as a basis of anatomical criteria. As a plant physiologist, he conducted investigations on the movement of leaves, the curling of tendrils, the effect of low temperatures on seed germination and the influence of ultraviolet radiation on flower formation. He was particularly interested in the botanical family Piperaceae. He continued work on , a project begun by his father, and was co-editor of the (Geneva). He held honorary degrees (doctor honoris causa) from the universities of Rostock, Geneva, Aberdeen and Uppsala. References External links 20th-century Swiss botanists Plant physiologists 1836 births 1918 deaths Scientists from Gen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Edwards	Steve, Steven or Stephen Edwards may refer to: Steve Edwards (American football) (born 1979), American football player for the Arizona Rattlers Steve Edwards (field hockey) (born 1986), New Zealand Olympic field hockey player Steve Edwards (physicist) (1930–2016), Professor Emeritus of Physics, Florida State University Steve Edwards (singer) (born 1980), vocalist on Bob Sinclair's World Hold On and Cassius' The Sound of Violence Steve Edwards (talk show host) (born 1948), former host of Good Day LA on KTTV (Fired in Dec, 2017) Steve Edwards, film editor whose credits include Reign Over Me Steve Edwards, guitarist with the band Elf Steve Edwards, radio DJ with BBC Radio 1 (1993–1996) Stephen Edwards (alpine skier) (born 1969), former British alpine skier Stephen Edwards (composer) (born 1972), American film and TV composer; see Showdown (1993 film) Stephen Edwards (cricketer) (born 1951), former English cricketer Steven Edwards (basketball) (born 1973), former American basketball player Steven Edwards (footballer) (born 1991), Dutch footballer Steven Edwards (journalist), Canadian journalist, formerly with Canwest News Service Steven Edwards (The Walking Dead) Steve Edwards (footballer) (born 1958), English footballer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20space%20implementation	In the areas of computer vision, image analysis and signal processing, the notion of scale-space representation is used for processing measurement data at multiple scales, and specifically enhance or suppress image features over different ranges of scale (see the article on scale space). A special type of scale-space representation is provided by the Gaussian scale space, where the image data in N dimensions is subjected to smoothing by Gaussian convolution. Most of the theory for Gaussian scale space deals with continuous images, whereas one when implementing this theory will have to face the fact that most measurement data are discrete. Hence, the theoretical problem arises concerning how to discretize the continuous theory while either preserving or well approximating the desirable theoretical properties that lead to the choice of the Gaussian kernel (see the article on scale-space axioms). This article describes basic approaches for this that have been developed in the literature. Statement of the problem The Gaussian scale-space representation of an N-dimensional continuous signal, is obtained by convolving fC with an N-dimensional Gaussian kernel: In other words: However, for implementation, this definition is impractical, since it is continuous. When applying the scale space concept to a discrete signal fD, different approaches can be taken. This article is a brief summary of some of the most frequently used methods. Separability Using the separability property
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Nuttall	George Henry Falkiner Nuttall FRS (5 July 1862 – 16 December 1937) was an American-British bacteriologist who contributed much to the knowledge of parasites and of insect carriers of diseases. He made significant innovative discoveries in immunology, about life under aseptic conditions, in blood chemistry, and about diseases transmitted by arthropods, especially ticks. He carried out investigations into the distribution of Anopheline mosquitoes in England in relation to the previous prevalence of malaria there. With William Welch he identified the organism responsible for causing gas gangrene. Life Nuttall was born in San Francisco, the second of three sons and two daughters of Robert Kennedy Nuttall, a British doctor who had migrated to San Francisco in 1850, and Magdalena, daughter of John Parrott of San Francisco. In 1865 the family moved to Europe. The children were educated in England, France, Germany and Switzerland. As a result, Nuttall spoke German, French, Italian and Spanish, which was extremely useful in his later career. Nuttall returned to the United States in 1878, obtaining his M.D. degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1884. He then travelled with some of his family to Mexico for a year. His sister Zelia became a noted archaeologist and anthropologist of early Mexican cultures. After a short period working at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore under H. Newell Martin, he went to Göttingen in 1886 working with Carl Flügge and others. His re
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20quadratic%20form	In mathematics, a universal quadratic form is a quadratic form over a ring that represents every element of the ring. A non-singular form over a field which represents zero non-trivially is universal. Examples Over the real numbers, the form x2 in one variable is not universal, as it cannot represent negative numbers: the two-variable form over R is universal. Lagrange's four-square theorem states that every positive integer is the sum of four squares. Hence the form over Z is universal. Over a finite field, any non-singular quadratic form of dimension 2 or more is universal. Forms over the rational numbers The Hasse–Minkowski theorem implies that a form is universal over Q if and only if it is universal over Qp for all p (where we include , letting Q∞ denote R). A form over R is universal if and only if it is not definite; a form over Qp is universal if it has dimension at least 4. One can conclude that all indefinite forms of dimension at least 4 over Q are universal. See also The 15 and 290 theorems give conditions for a quadratic form to represent all positive integers. References Field (mathematics) Quadratic forms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Mackintosh	Ray Mackintosh is an emeritus professor of nuclear physics based at the UK's Open University in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. He is co-author of Nucleus, A Trip Into The Heart of Matter (Canopus Publishing Limited, 2001). Mackintosh is active in nuclear theory research, has more than 100 publications, and has been involved in publicity activities for the nuclear physics community. He has also authored and presented several television programmes for the Open University on BBC2. Mackintosh retired in September 2006. He is still an active member of the university physics department. Academic interests Nuclear structure and reactions. The phenomenology of nuclear scattering. Inversion problems and computational methods. General interests include quantum theory, the teaching of quantum theory, and electromagnetism. More general aspects of teaching physics; physics as part of an integrated "natural philosophy". Public awareness of science, particularly nuclear physics. Member of Public Awareness of Nuclear Science (PANS) References OU faculty profile Open University website External links Canopus Book website Nucleus: A Trip Into the Heart of Matter British nuclear physicists British physicists Academics of the Open University Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunochemistry	Immunochemistry is the study of the chemistry of the immune system. This involves the study of the properties, functions, interactions and production of the chemical components (antibodies/immunoglobulins, toxin, epitopes of proteins like CD4, antitoxins, cytokines/chemokines, antigens) of the immune system. It also include immune responses and determination of immune materials/products by immunochemical assays. In addition, immunochemistry is the study of the identities and functions of the components of the immune system. Immunochemistry is also used to describe the application of immune system components, in particular antibodies, to chemically labelled antigen molecules for visualization. Various methods in immunochemistry have been developed and refined, and used in scientific study, from virology to molecular evolution. Immunochemical techniques include: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting (e.g., Western blot assay), precipitation and agglutination reactions, immunoelectrophoresis, immunophenotyping, immunochromatographic assay and cyflometry. One of the earliest examples of immunochemistry is the Wasserman test to detect syphilis. Svante Arrhenius was also one of the pioneers in the field; he published Immunochemistry in 1907 which described the application of the methods of physical chemistry to the study of the theory of toxins and antitoxins. Immunochemistry is also studied from the aspect of using antibodies to label epitopes of interest in ce
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation%20in%20Fr%C3%A9chet%20spaces	In mathematics, in particular in functional analysis and nonlinear analysis, it is possible to define the derivative of a function between two Fréchet spaces. This notion of differentiation, as it is Gateaux derivative between Fréchet spaces, is significantly weaker than the derivative in a Banach space, even between general topological vector spaces. Nevertheless, it is the weakest notion of differentiation for which many of the familiar theorems from calculus hold. In particular, the chain rule is true. With some additional constraints on the Fréchet spaces and functions involved, there is an analog of the inverse function theorem called the Nash–Moser inverse function theorem, having wide applications in nonlinear analysis and differential geometry. Mathematical details Formally, the definition of differentiation is identical to the Gateaux derivative. Specifically, let and be Fréchet spaces, be an open set, and be a function. The directional derivative of in the direction is defined by if the limit exists. One says that is continuously differentiable, or if the limit exists for all and the mapping is a continuous map. Higher order derivatives are defined inductively via A function is said to be if It is or smooth if it is for every Properties Let and be Fréchet spaces. Suppose that is an open subset of is an open subset of and are a pair of functions. Then the following properties hold: Fundamental theorem of calculus. If the li
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chooz	Chooz () can denote several things: Chooz, Ardennes is a French commune The Chooz Nuclear Power Plant Chooz (experiment) was a physics experiment using the reactor as a neutrino source Double Chooz is a successor experiment, currently ongoing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Tuppy	Hans Tuppy (born July 22, 1924) is an Austrian biochemist who participated in the sequencing of insulin, and became Austria's first university professor for biochemistry. He was Austrian Minister for Science and Research from 1987 to 1989. Family background and youth Hans Tuppy's parents were from the present day Czech Republic, his mother Emma from Prague and his father Karl from Brünn. Karl Tuppy (Jan. 1, 1880 - Nov. 15, 1939) was chief prosecutor in the trial against those members of the illegal Austrian Nazi party who had murdered chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss during the abortive 1934 July Putsch. After Austria's Anschluss Karl Tuppy was detained and eventually moved to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he was so savagely beaten upon his arrival that he died the following night. While Hans Tuppy's older brother Peter was killed in action as a Wehrmacht soldier in 1944, Hans (who completed secondary school in 1942) was ordered into the Reichsarbeitsdienst but was soon released from duty after suffering a severe injury. Career Tuppy was able to start studying at the University of Vienna even before World War II ended in Austria, thanks to his early release from RAD service. He completed the requirements for his diploma in 1945 and began his doctoral work in the laboratory of Professor Ernst Späth. However, after Späth passed away in 1946, Tuppy continued his research under the guidance of Friedrich Galinovsky and earned his Ph.D. degree in 1948. Shortly therea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterated%20binary%20operation	In mathematics, an iterated binary operation is an extension of a binary operation on a set S to a function on finite sequences of elements of S through repeated application. Common examples include the extension of the addition operation to the summation operation, and the extension of the multiplication operation to the product operation. Other operations, e.g., the set-theoretic operations union and intersection, are also often iterated, but the iterations are not given separate names. In print, summation and product are represented by special symbols; but other iterated operators often are denoted by larger variants of the symbol for the ordinary binary operator. Thus, the iterations of the four operations mentioned above are denoted and , respectively. More generally, iteration of a binary function is generally denoted by a slash: iteration of over the sequence is denoted by , following the notation for reduce in Bird–Meertens formalism. In general, there is more than one way to extend a binary operation to operate on finite sequences, depending on whether the operator is associative, and whether the operator has identity elements. Definition Denote by aj,k, with and , the finite sequence of length of elements of S, with members (ai), for . Note that if , the sequence is empty. For , define a new function Fl on finite nonempty sequences of elements of S, where Similarly, define If f has a unique left identity e, the definition of Fl can be modified to ope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole%20test	The indole test is a biochemical test performed on bacterial species to determine the ability of the organism to convert tryptophan into indole. This division is performed by a chain of a number of different intracellular enzymes, a system generally referred to as "tryptophanase." Biochemistry Indole is generated by reductive deamination from tryptophan via the intermediate molecule indolepyruvic acid. Tryptophanase catalyzes the deamination reaction, during which the amine (-NH2) group of the tryptophan molecule is removed. Final products of the reaction are indole, pyruvic acid, ammonium (NH4+) and energy. Pyridoxal phosphate is required as a coenzyme. Performing a test Like many biochemical tests on bacteria, results of an indole test are indicated by a change in color following a reaction with an added reagent. Pure bacterial culture must be grown in sterile tryptophan or peptone broth for 24–48 hours before performing the test. Following incubation, five drops of Kovac's reagent (isoamyl alcohol, para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, concentrated hydrochloric acid) are added to the culture broth. A positive result is shown by the presence of a red or reddish-violet color in the surface alcohol layer of the broth. A negative result appears yellow. A variable result can also occur, showing an orange color as a result. This is due to the presence of skatole, also known as methyl indole or methylated indole, another possible product of tryptophan degradation. The positive re
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%20Yuelin	Jin Yuelin or Chin Yueh-Lin (; 14 July 1895 – 19 October 1984) was a Chinese philosopher best known for three works, one each on logic, metaphysics, and epistemology. He was also a commentator on Bertrand Russell. Biography Jin was born in Changsha, Hunan and attended Tsinghua University from 1911 until 1914. He obtained a Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University in 1920. In 1926, Jin founded the Department of Philosophy at Tsinghua University. Jin was an active participant in the May 4th movement as a young, intellectual revolutionary. He helped to incorporate the scientific method into philosophy. Hao Wang was one of his students. He died in Beijing. Philosophical context: Eastern vs. Western thought Among the first to introduce certain basics of modern logic into China, Jin also founded a new philosophical system combining elements from Western and Chinese philosophical traditions (especially the concept of Tao). Not much work on Jin's philosophy has been done in the West in English, although a decent amount has been done in Chinese. Jin does not advocate a traditional, historical approach to philosophy, but rather presents philosophy as a practicing approach to solving problems – philosophy as goal in and of itself. This is quite different from how Chinese philosophers at the time viewed the study of philosophy. At the risk of oversimplifying, Jin's approach can be viewed as a hybrid between Western and Eastern philosophical ideologies – influenced both
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scape	Scape may refer to: Arts SCAPE Public Art, public art organisation in Christchurch, New Zealand Biology The basal, "stalk" part of a projecting insect organ, such as first (basal) segment of an antenna or the oviscape of the ovipositor A finger-like appendage of the epigyne of a female spider Scape (botany), part of a flowering stem Cooking Garlic scapes, the edible, immature flowering stems of the garlic plant Gaming Planescape, a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game RuneScape, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game Television Farscape, an Australian science fiction television series See also Escape (disambiguation) Landscape, the visible features of an area of land Cityscape, the urban equivalent of a landscape Scapegoating, singling out one person for unmerited negative treatment or blame Soundscape, a part of an acoustic environment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary%20divisor	In mathematics, a natural number a is a unitary divisor (or Hall divisor) of a number b if a is a divisor of b and if a and are coprime, having no common factor other than 1. Equivalently, a divisor a of b is a unitary divisor if and only if every prime factor of a has the same multiplicity in a as it has in b. The concept of a unitary divisor originates from R. Vaidyanathaswamy (1931), who used the term block divisor. Example 5 is a unitary divisor of 60, because 5 and have only 1 as a common factor. On the contrary, 6 is a divisor but not a unitary divisor of 60, as 6 and have a common factor other than 1, namely 2. Sum of unitary divisors The sum-of-unitary-divisors function is denoted by the lowercase Greek letter sigma thus: σ(n). The sum of the k-th powers of the unitary divisors is denoted by σk(n): If the proper unitary divisors of a given number add up to that number, then that number is called a unitary perfect number. Properties Number 1 is a unitary divisor of every natural number. The number of unitary divisors of a number n is 2k, where k is the number of distinct prime factors of n. This is because each integer N > 1 is the product of positive powers prp of distinct prime numbers p. Thus every unitary divisor of N is the product, over a given subset S of the prime divisors {p} of N, of the prime powers prp for p ∈ S. If there are k prime factors, then there are exactly 2k subsets S, and the statement follows. The sum of the unitary divisors o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20function	In mathematics, the continuum function is , i.e. raising 2 to the power of κ using cardinal exponentiation. Given a cardinal number, it is the cardinality of the power set of a set of the given cardinality. See also Continuum hypothesis Cardinality of the continuum Beth number Easton's theorem Gimel function Cardinal numbers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka%20Pacha%C5%82ko	Agnieszka Pachałko (born 18 December 1973) is a Polish model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Polish 1993, Miss Miss Polish Audience 1993 and Miss International 1993 is the second Pole, which it did (after Agnieszka Kotlarska in 1991). Pachalko graduated from High School in Inowrocław. Her mother is a retired biology teacher and her father Leon is a retired physical education teacher in the High School. In 1993, Agnes took first place in a beauty contest Miss Polish. It turned out to be a ticket to the world of fashion. In 1994–1999 she worked as a model in Paris, presenting the collections include: Karl Lagerfeld, Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, Pierre Cardin, Nina Ricci, Loris Azzaro and Luis Ferrau, working alongside such models as: Claudia Schiffer, Linda Evangelista, Carla Bruni and Karen Mulder. In January 1999 was on the cover of a magazine CKM. After returning to the Polish company founded her own clothing. References Polish female models 1973 births Living people Miss International winners Miss International 1993 delegates Polish beauty pageant winners People from Inowrocław
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil%20Hille	Bertil Hille (born October 10, 1940) is an Emeritus Professor, and the Wayne E. Crill Endowed Professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Washington. He is particularly well known for his pioneering research on cell signalling by ion channels. His book Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes has been the standard work on the subject, appearing in multiple editions since its first publication in 1984. Biography Early life and education Hille was born in New Haven, Connecticut. His father is Carl Einar Hille, a Yale math professor and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He attended the Foote School and Westminster School (Connecticut). Hille received his B.S. summa cum laude in Zoology from Yale University (1962) and his Ph.D. in Life Sciences from The Rockefeller University (1967). During his PhD, Hille started his long-term collaboration with Clay Armstrong, who he shared many awards with several decades later. After completing his Ph.D, Hille did postdoc research with Sir Alan L. Hodgkin (1963 Nobel laureate for the basis of nerve action potentials) and Richard Keynes at the University of Cambridge, England. Career In 1968 Hille joined the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Washington's School of Medicine. In 2005, he was named the Wayne E. Crill Endowed Professor. On July 1, 2021, he became a professor emeritus. Personal life Bertil Hille is married to Merr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold%20energy	In particle physics, the threshold energy for production of a particle is the minimum kinetic energy that must be imparted to one of a pair of particles in order for their collision to produce a given result. If the desired result is to produce a third particle then the threshold energy is greater than or equal to the rest energy of the desired particle. In most cases, since momentum is also conserved, the threshold energy is significantly greater than the rest energy of the desired particle. The threshold energy should not be confused with the threshold displacement energy, which is the minimum energy needed to permanently displace an atom in a crystal to produce a crystal defect in radiation material science. Example of pion creation Consider the collision of a mobile proton with a stationary proton so that a meson is produced: We can calculate the minimum energy that the moving proton must have in order to create a pion. Transforming into the ZMF (Zero Momentum Frame or Center of Mass Frame) and assuming the outgoing particles have no KE (kinetic energy) when viewed in the ZMF, the conservation of energy equation is: Rearranged to By assuming that the outgoing particles have no KE in the ZMF, we have effectively considered an inelastic collision in which the product particles move with a combined momentum equal to that of the incoming proton in the Lab Frame. Our terms in our expression will cancel, leaving us with: Using relativistic velocity additions: We kno
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Available%20energy%20%28particle%20collision%29	In particle physics, the available energy is the energy in a particle collision available to produce new particles from the energy of the colliding particles. In early accelerators both colliding particles usually survived after the collision, so the available energy was the total kinetic energy of the colliding particles in the center-of-momentum frame before the collision. In modern accelerators particles collide with their anti-particles and can annihilate, so the available energy includes both the kinetic energy and the rest energy of the colliding particles in the center-of-momentum frame before the collision. See also Threshold energy Matter creation References Particle physics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiy%20Jacobson	Georgiy Georgiyevich Jacobson also known as Jakobson (, 1871 – 23 November 1926) was a pioneering Russian entomologist, known especially for his 900-page book on beetles. Biography Jacobson was born in St Petersburg, and in 1893 he graduated from St Petersburg University's Physics and Mathematics faculty. He was a zoologist at the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was posted to different parts of Russia to study its insects. He published papers mainly on the systematics and zoogeography of Chrysomelidae beetles. Beetles Jacobson's Beetles was first published in 1905 by Devriena, St Petersburg. The eleventh and last edition appeared in 1915. Many of the fine colour plates were based on Carl Gustav Calwer's Kaeferbuch, with updates to the names of some of the beetles. This saving of effort on illustration allowed Jacobson to focus on illustrating species of beetle that had never been illustrated before. The monograph covered over 2000 species. Works Jacobson is best known as the author of the magisterial 900-page Beetles of Russia, Western Europe and neighbouring countries (1905-1915), and co-author, with Valentin Lvovich Bianchi, of Orthoptera and Pseudoneuroptera of the Russian Empire (1905). His other works include the following: Beitrag zur Systematik der Geotrypini (Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society, XXVI, 1892) Essay on the Tunicata of the White Sea (Tr. Spb. Common. Est., XXIII, 1892) Chrysomelidae palaearcticae novae (P
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-scale%20approaches	The scale space representation of a signal obtained by Gaussian smoothing satisfies a number of special properties, scale-space axioms, which make it into a special form of multi-scale representation. There are, however, also other types of "multi-scale approaches" in the areas of computer vision, image processing and signal processing, in particular the notion of wavelets. The purpose of this article is to describe a few of these approaches: Scale-space theory for one-dimensional signals For one-dimensional signals, there exists quite a well-developed theory for continuous and discrete kernels that guarantee that new local extrema or zero-crossings cannot be created by a convolution operation. For continuous signals, it holds that all scale-space kernels can be decomposed into the following sets of primitive smoothing kernels: the Gaussian kernel : where , truncated exponential kernels (filters with one real pole in the s-plane): if and 0 otherwise where if and 0 otherwise where , translations, rescalings. For discrete signals, we can, up to trivial translations and rescalings, decompose any discrete scale-space kernel into the following primitive operations: the discrete Gaussian kernel where where are the modified Bessel functions of integer order, generalized binomial kernels corresponding to linear smoothing of the form where where , first-order recursive filters corresponding to linear smoothing of the form where where , the one-sided Poisson ke
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamplighter%20group	In mathematics, the lamplighter group L of group theory is the restricted wreath product Introduction The name of the group comes from viewing the group as acting on a doubly infinite sequence of street lamps each of which may be on or off, and a lamplighter standing at some lamp An equivalent description for this, called the base group of is an infinite direct sum of copies of the cyclic group where corresponds to a light that is off and corresponds to a light that is on, and the direct sum is used to ensure that only finitely many lights are on at once. An element of gives the position of the lamplighter, and to encode which bulbs are illuminated. There are two generators for the group: the generator t increments k, so that the lamplighter moves to the next lamp (t -1 decrements k), while the generator a means that the state of lamp lk is changed (from off to on or from on to off.) Group multiplication is done by "following" these operations. We may assume that only finitely many lamps are lit at any time, since the action of any element of L changes at most finitely many lamps. The number of lamps lit is, however, unbounded. The group action is thus similar to the action of a Turing machine in two ways. The Turing machine has unbounded memory, but has only used a finite amount of memory at any given time. Moreover, the Turing machine's head is analogous to the lamplighter. Presentation The standard presentation for the lamplighter group arises from the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict%20differentiability	In mathematics, strict differentiability is a modification of the usual notion of differentiability of functions that is particularly suited to p-adic analysis. In short, the definition is made more restrictive by allowing both points used in the difference quotient to "move". Basic definition The simplest setting in which strict differentiability can be considered, is that of a real-valued function defined on an interval I of the real line. The function f:I → R is said strictly differentiable in a point a ∈ I if exists, where is to be considered as limit in , and of course requiring . A strictly differentiable function is obviously differentiable, but the converse is wrong, as can be seen from the counter-example One has however the equivalence of strict differentiability on an interval I, and being of differentiability class (i.e. continuously differentiable). In analogy with the Fréchet derivative, the previous definition can be generalized to the case where R is replaced by a Banach space E (such as ), and requiring existence of a continuous linear map L such that where is defined in a natural way on E × E. Motivation from p-adic analysis In the p-adic setting, the usual definition of the derivative fails to have certain desirable properties. For instance, it is possible for a function that is not locally constant to have zero derivative everywhere. An example of this is furnished by the function F: Zp → Zp, where Zp is the ring of p-adic integers, defined
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Rudin	Walter Rudin (May 2, 1921 – May 20, 2010) was an Austrian-American mathematician and professor of Mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In addition to his contributions to complex and harmonic analysis, Rudin was known for his mathematical analysis textbooks: Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Real and Complex Analysis, and Functional Analysis. Rudin wrote Principles of Mathematical Analysis only two years after obtaining his Ph.D. from Duke University, while he was a C. L. E. Moore Instructor at MIT. Principles, acclaimed for its elegance and clarity, has since become a standard textbook for introductory real analysis courses in the United States. Rudin's analysis textbooks have also been influential in mathematical education worldwide, having been translated into 13 languages, including Russian, Chinese, and Spanish. Biography Rudin was born into a Jewish family in Austria in 1921. He was enrolled for a period of time at a Swiss boarding school, the Institut auf dem Rosenberg, where he was part of a small program that prepared its students for entry to British universities. His family fled to France after the Anschluss in 1938. When France surrendered to Germany in 1940, Rudin fled to England and served in the Royal Navy for the rest of World War II, after which he left for the United States. He obtained both his B.A. in 1947 and Ph.D. in 1949 from Duke University. After his Ph.D., he was a C.L.E. Moore instructor at MIT. He briefly taught at the Univ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit%20set	In mathematics, especially in the study of dynamical systems, a limit set is the state a dynamical system reaches after an infinite amount of time has passed, by either going forward or backwards in time. Limit sets are important because they can be used to understand the long term behavior of a dynamical system. A system that has reached its limiting set is said to be at equilibrium. Types fixed points periodic orbits limit cycles attractors In general, limits sets can be very complicated as in the case of strange attractors, but for 2-dimensional dynamical systems the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem provides a simple characterization of all nonempty, compact -limit sets that contain at most finitely many fixed points as a fixed point, a periodic orbit, or a union of fixed points and homoclinic or heteroclinic orbits connecting those fixed points. Definition for iterated functions Let be a metric space, and let be a continuous function. The -limit set of , denoted by , is the set of cluster points of the forward orbit of the iterated function . Hence, if and only if there is a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers such that as . Another way to express this is where denotes the closure of set . The points in the limit set are non-wandering (but may not be recurrent points). This may also be formulated as the outer limit (limsup) of a sequence of sets, such that If is a homeomorphism (that is, a bicontinuous bijection), then the -limit set is def
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20induction	Bar induction is a reasoning principle used in intuitionistic mathematics, introduced by L. E. J. Brouwer. Bar induction's main use is the intuitionistic derivation of the fan theorem, a key result used in the derivation of the uniform continuity theorem. It is also useful in giving constructive alternatives to other classical results. The goal of the principle is to prove properties for all infinite sequences of natural numbers (called choice sequences in intuitionistic terminology), by inductively reducing them to properties of finite lists. Bar induction can also be used to prove properties about all choice sequences in a spread (a special kind of set). Definition Given a choice sequence , any finite sequence of elements of this sequence is called an initial segment of this choice sequence. There are three forms of bar induction currently in the literature, each one places certain restrictions on a pair of predicates and the key differences are highlighted using bold font. Decidable bar induction (BID) Given two predicates and on finite sequences of natural numbers such that all of the following conditions hold: every choice sequence contains at least one initial segment satisfying at some point (this is expressed by saying that is a bar); is decidable (i.e. our bar is decidable); every finite sequence satisfying also satisfies (so holds for every choice sequence beginning with the aforementioned finite sequence); if all extensions of a finite sequenc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylglutamate%20synthase%20deficiency	N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency is an autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder. Signs and symptoms The symptoms are visible within the first week of life and if not detected and diagnosed correctly immediately consequences are fatal. Genetics The chromosome found to be carrying the gene encoding for N-acetyl glutamate synthase is chromosome 17q (q stands for longer arm of the chromosome) in humans and chromosome 11 in mice. In both organisms, the chromosome consists of seven exons and six introns and non-coding sequence. The cause for this disorder is a single base deletion that led to frameshift mutation, and thus the error in gene's coding for this specific enzyme. Mechanism Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I is an enzyme found in mitochondrial matrix and it catalyzes the very first reaction of the urea cycle, in which carbamoyl phosphate is produced. Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1, abbreviated as CPS1, is activated by its natural activator N-acetyl glutamate, which in turn is synthesized from acetyl-CoA and glutamic acid in the reaction catalyzed by N-acetyl glutamate synthase, commonly called NAGS. N-acetyl glutamate is required for the urea cycle to take place. Deficiency in N-acetylglutamate synthase or a genetic mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme will lead to urea cycle failure in which ammonia is not converted to urea, but rather accumulated in blood leading to the condition called type I hyperammonemia. This is a severe neonatal disorder with fatal c
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Yahoo%21	Yahoo! started at Stanford University. It was founded in January 1994 by Jerry Yang and David Filo, who were Electrical Engineering graduate students when they created a website named "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web". The Guide was a directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In April 1994, Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed "Yahoo!". The word "YAHOO" is a backronym for "Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle" or "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle." The yahoo.com domain was created on January 18, 1995. Yahoo! grew rapidly throughout 1990–1999 and diversified into a web portal, followed by numerous high-profile acquisitions. The company's stock price skyrocketed during the dot-com bubble and closed at an all-time high of US$118.75 in 2000; however, after the dot-com bubble burst, it reached an all-time low of $8.11 in 2001. Yahoo! formally rejected an acquisition bid from the Microsoft Corporation in 2008. In early 2012, the largest layoff in Yahoo!'s history was completed and 2,000 employees (14 percent of the workforce) lost their jobs. Carol Bartz replaced co-founder Jerry Yang as CEO in January 2009, but was fired by the board of directors in September 2011; Tim Morse was appointed as interim CEO following Bartz's departure. Former PayPal president Scott Thompson became CEO in January 2012 and after he resigned was replaced by Ross Levinsohn as the company's interim
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT	ITT may refer to: Communication Infantry-Tank Telephone, a device allowing infantrymen to speak to the occupants of armoured vehicles. Mathematics Intuitionistic type theory, other name of Martin-Löf Type Theory Intensional type theory Business ITT Inc. (formerly International Telephone & Telegraph), US Invitation to tender for a contract ITT Semiconductors Education ITT Technical Institute, US Former Institute of Technology, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland Institute of Technology, Tralee, Ireland Media Cousin Itt, of the fictional Addams Family "I.T.T (International Thief Thief)", a political screed about ITT Corp. by Fela Kuti Medicine Insulin tolerance test Intention to treat analysis in medicine Intermittent testicular torsion Sport Individual time trial in bicycle racing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20theory	In mathematics, stability theory addresses the stability of solutions of differential equations and of trajectories of dynamical systems under small perturbations of initial conditions. The heat equation, for example, is a stable partial differential equation because small perturbations of initial data lead to small variations in temperature at a later time as a result of the maximum principle. In partial differential equations one may measure the distances between functions using Lp norms or the sup norm, while in differential geometry one may measure the distance between spaces using the Gromov–Hausdorff distance. In dynamical systems, an orbit is called Lyapunov stable if the forward orbit of any point is in a small enough neighborhood or it stays in a small (but perhaps, larger) neighborhood. Various criteria have been developed to prove stability or instability of an orbit. Under favorable circumstances, the question may be reduced to a well-studied problem involving eigenvalues of matrices. A more general method involves Lyapunov functions. In practice, any one of a number of different stability criteria are applied. Overview in dynamical systems Many parts of the qualitative theory of differential equations and dynamical systems deal with asymptotic properties of solutions and the trajectories—what happens with the system after a long period of time. The simplest kind of behavior is exhibited by equilibrium points, or fixed points, and by periodic orbits. If a part
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Leeshock	Robert Leeshock (born December 13, 1961) is an American actor. He is best known in television for portraying the role of Liam Kincaid on the sci-fi drama series Earth: Final Conflict. Early life Leeshock was born in Clifton, New Jersey. He attended Cornell University as an arts and science major, then graduated with a degree in materials science engineering. After earning his degree, he moved to New York City to pursue his acting career. Career Leeshock is best known in television for portraying the role of Liam Kincaid on the sci-fi drama series Earth: Final Conflict from 1998 to 2001. In 2005, he joined the cast of the long-running ABC daytime drama One Life to Live as Bruce Bartlett, the business partner of Nash Brennan (played by Forbes March). He trained as an actor with Wynn Handman, director of The American Place Theater. He has penned the screenplay Yo Yo Boy as well as characters for stand up venues in New York and Los Angeles. In addition to acting, he works as a professional photographer from his studio in New York City and produces projects for both film and television. In 2010, Leeshock appeared on United States television in commercials for Zegerid OTC. In early 2012, he both executive produced and starred in the short film GodMachine, which also features his former Earth: Final Conflict co-star Von Flores. Biography A native from New Jersey, Leeshock's ethnic background is a mix of Polish, Czech, English, Irish and Italian. He moved to New York in the early
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisenheimer%20complex	A Meisenheimer complex or Jackson–Meisenheimer complex in organic chemistry is a 1:1 reaction adduct between an arene carrying electron withdrawing groups and a nucleophile. These complexes are found as reactive intermediates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution but stable and isolated Meisenheimer salts are also known. Background The early development of this type of complex takes place around the turn of the 19th century. In 1886 Janovski observed an intense violet color when he mixed meta-dinitrobenzene with an alcoholic solution of alkali. In 1895 Cornelis Adriaan Lobry van Troostenburg de Bruyn investigated a red substance formed in the reaction of trinitrobenzene with potassium hydroxide in methanol. In 1900 Jackson and Gazzolo reacted trinitroanisole with sodium methoxide and proposed a quinoid structure for the reaction product. In 1902 Jakob Meisenheimer observed that by acidifying their reaction product, the starting material was recovered. With three electron withdrawing groups, the negative charge in the complex is located at one of the nitro groups according to the quinoid model. When less electron poor arenes this charge is delocalized over the entire ring (structure to the right in scheme 1). In one study a Meisenheimer arene (4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan) was allowed to react with a strongly electron-releasing arene (1,3,5-tris(N-pyrrolidinyl)benzene) forming a zwitterionic Meisenheimer–Wheland complex. The Wheland intermediate is the name typically given to t
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEina%20Ivanovi%C4%87	Božina M. Ivanović (; 31 December 1931 – 10 October 2002) was a Montenegrin anthropologist and politician. He served as General Secretary of the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts and President of Matica crnogorska. He was a professor at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Montenegro. Early life and education Božina Ivanović was born on 31 December 1931 in Podgorica, where he graduated from elementary school, as well as lower and higher gymnasium. He graduated from the Higher Pedagogical School in Cetinje in 1952, studying in biology and chemistry. After that, Ivanović graduated in biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo in 1958. He received his doctorate in biology from the Faculty of Science in Sarajevo in 1964 and his doctorate in philosophy (in physical anthropology) from Charles University in Prague in 1974. Political career Ivanović joined the Communist Party of Montenegro in 1949. He steadily moved up the ladder in the Montenegrin branch of League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Originally a teacher, Ivanović became Director of the Biological Institute in Titograd. From 1974 to 1982, he served as Education Secretary in SR Montenegro. He served as General Director of RTV Titograd. From 1988 to 1989, he was the President of Presidency of SR Montenegro. He was forced out of power in January 1989 in the wake of the Anti-bureaucratic revolution. Later life and death Following his fall from power, Ivanović became the first President of Ma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20manifold%20theorem	In mathematics, especially in the study of dynamical systems and differential equations, the stable manifold theorem is an important result about the structure of the set of orbits approaching a given hyperbolic fixed point. It roughly states that the existence of a local diffeomorphism near a fixed point implies the existence of a local stable center manifold containing that fixed point. This manifold has dimension equal to the number of eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix of the fixed point that are less than 1. Stable manifold theorem Let be a smooth map with hyperbolic fixed point at . We denote by the stable set and by the unstable set of . The theorem states that is a smooth manifold and its tangent space has the same dimension as the stable space of the linearization of at . is a smooth manifold and its tangent space has the same dimension as the unstable space of the linearization of at . Accordingly is a stable manifold and is an unstable manifold. See also Center manifold theorem Lyapunov exponent Notes References External links Dynamical systems Theorems in dynamical systems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/280%20%28number%29	280 (two hundred [and] eighty) is the natural number after 279 and before 281. In mathematics The denominator of the eighth harmonic number, 280 is an octagonal number. 280 is the smallest octagonal number that is a half of another octagonal number. There are 280 plane trees with ten nodes. As a consequence of this, 18 people around a round table can shake hands with each other in non-crossing ways, in 280 different ways (this includes rotations). Integers from 281 to 289 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 References Integers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Clayton	Angela Helen Clayton MBE (1959 – 8 January 2014) was an internationally known physicist working in the fields of Nuclear Criticality Safety and Health Physics. She was also a campaigner for the rights of transgender people. Professional career Her professional accomplishments included: Head of Criticality Safety at the Atomic Weapons Establishment for some years; Chairperson of the UK Working Party on Criticality; Member of the Working Group for American National Standard 8.15 - Nuclear Criticality Control of Special Actinide Elements coordinated by the American Nuclear Society; Participant in the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project; Member of Advisory Programme Committees and Technical Programme Committees for several International Conferences on Nuclear Criticality Safety (e.g. International Conference on Nuclear Criticality Safety (ICNC) 1991 - UK, ICNC 2003 - Japan, ICNC 2007 - Russia); Authored or co-authored several published papers on various aspects of criticality safety. She held various roles in Safety Committees and the Reactor Safety Panel at the Atomic Weapons Establishment (now AWE, plc). She was interested in the subjects of criticality safety and Radiological Protection - Health Physics. Clayton was also active in national and local Prospect trade union activities, including serving on the pension National Executive Committee (NEC) Advisory Sub Committee and was an elected trustee of the AWE Pension Scheme from 1 February 2009 -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/290%20%28number%29	290 (two hundred [and] ninety) is the natural number following 289 and preceding 291. In mathematics The product of three primes, 290 is a sphenic number, and the sum of four consecutive primes (67 + 71 + 73 + 79). The sum of the squares of the divisors of 17 is 290. Not only is it a nontotient and a noncototient, it is also an untouchable number. 290 is the 16th member of the Mian–Chowla sequence; it can not be obtained as the sum of any two previous terms in the sequence. See also the Bhargava–Hanke 290 theorem. Integers from 291 to 299 291 292 293 294 295 296 296 = 23·37, a refactorable number, unique period in base 2, the number of regions formed by drawing the line segments connecting any two of the 12 perimeter points of an 2 times 4 grid of squares (illustration) , and the number of surface points on a 83 cube. 297 297 = 33·11, the number of integer partitions of 17, a decagonal number, and a Kaprekar number 298 298 = 2·149, is nontotient, noncototient, and the number of polynomial symmetric functions of matrix of order 6 under separate row and column permutations 299 299 = 13·23, a highly cototient number, a self number, and the twelfth cake number References Integers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20B.%20Dague	Paul Bartram Dague (May 19, 1898 – December 2, 1974) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Biography Paul Dague was born in Whitford, Pennsylvania. He took special studies at West Chester State Teachers College and studied electrical engineering at Drexel Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the United States Marine Corps during World War I serving from 1918 to 1919. He served as assistant superintendent of the Pennsylvania Department of Highways from 1925 to 1935. He served as deputy sheriff of Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1936–1943, and sheriff of Chester County from 1944 to 1946. He was elected in 1946 as a Republican to the 80th United States Congress and served until his resignation on December 30, 1966. He was not a candidate for reelection to the 90th United States Congress in 1966. Dague voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. References Retrieved on 2008-01-13 The Political Graveyard External links 1898 births 1974 deaths United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I Military personnel from Pennsylvania Pennsylvania sheriffs American Presbyterians People from Downingtown, Pennsylvania Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania 20th-century American politicians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrickson%20Holdings	Hendrickson Holdings, L.L.C. is a privately held American holding company located in Woodridge, Illinois which, through its subsidiaries, designs and manufactures medium- and heavy-duty mechanical, elastomeric and air suspensions; integrated and non-integrated axle and brakes systems; tire pressure control systems; auxiliary lift axle systems; parabolic and multi-leaf springs; stabilizers; bumpers; and components to the global commercial transportation industry. Hendrickson was founded by Magnus Hendrickson, a Swedish engineer who originally worked for Lauth-Juergens, in Ohio in 1913. Also in 1913, production was moved to Chicago, where Hendrickson manufactured trucks and truck parts. In 1926 Magnus' son, Robert Theodore Hendrickson I, developed the first tandem suspension, and from 1936, exclusively supplied this innovative type of suspension to International Harvester. Hendrickson relocated to Lyons, Illinois in 1948, and expanded internationally by acquiring suspension companies in Europe, Canada, and South America. By the late 1970s, the company maintained more than nineteen points of presence worldwide. Hendrickson was acquired in 1978 by The Boler Company, now its parent holding company. In 1985, the company sold the truck manufacturing portion of its business to concentrate on producing suspensions. As of 2022, it "presently has sales and distribution facilities and/or state-of-the-art manufacturing and research and development centers in the United States, Canada,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chell	Chell may refer to: Chell, Staffordshire, an English community on the northern edge of Stoke-on-Trent Chell (Star Trek), a Star Trek: Voyager character Chell (Portal), the protagonist in the Portal video games CHemical cELL, in the context of bottom-up synthetic biology People Anna Chell (born 1997), English actress Carol Chell (born 1941), British children's television presenter Joseph Chell (1911–1992), British footballer See also Cheal (disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Pfeffer	Wilhelm Friedrich Philipp Pfeffer (9 March 1845 – 31 January 1920) was a German botanist and plant physiologist born in Grebenstein. Academic career He studied chemistry and pharmacy at the University of Göttingen, where his instructors included Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882), William Eduard Weber (1804-1891) and Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig (1835-1910). Afterwards, he furthered his education at the universities of Marburg and Berlin. At Berlin, he studied under Alexander Braun (1805-1877) and was an assistant to Nathanael Pringsheim (1823-1894). Later on, he served as an assistant to Julius von Sachs (1832-1897) at Würzburg, In 1873 he was appointed professor of pharmacology and botany at the University of Bonn, followed by professorships at the Universities of Basel (from 1877) and Tübingen (from 1878), where he also served as director of the Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen. In 1887 he became a professor at the University of Leipzig and director of its botanical garden. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1897. Scientific work Pfeffer was a pioneer of modern plant physiology. His scientific interests included the thermonastic and photonastic movements of flowers, the nyctinastic movements of leaves, protoplastic physics and photosynthesis. In 1877, while researching plant metabolism, Pfeffer developed a semi-porous membrane to study the phenomena of osmosis. The eponymous "Pfeffer cell" is named for the osmometric device he constru
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Menninger%20%28mathematics%29	Karl Menninger (October 6, 1898 – October 2, 1963) was a German teacher of and writer about mathematics. His major work was Zahlwort und Ziffer (1934,; English trans., Number Words and Number Symbols), about non-academic mathematics in much of the world. (The omission of Africa was rectified by Claudia Zaslavsky in her book Africa Counts.) References Dauben, Joseph Warren, and Christoph Scriba, eds. (2002), Writing the History of Mathematics, Birkhäuser, Basel, page 483. Menninger, Karl (1934), Zahlwort und Ziffer. Revised edition (1958). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. Menninger, Karl (1969), Number Words and Number Symbols. Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press. German historians of mathematics Ethnomathematicians 20th-century German mathematicians 1898 births 1963 deaths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Wolfson%20%28physicist%29	Richard "Rich" Wolfson (born 1950) is the Benjamin F. Wissler professor of Physics at Middlebury College since 1976. He is the author of numerous articles and books. Wolfson has taught several courses at the Teaching Company. Bibliography Professor Wolfson is the author of several books, including the college textbooks Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Essential University Physics, and Energy, Environment, and Climate. He is also an interpreter of science for the nonspecialist, a contributor to Scientific American, and author of the books Nuclear Choices: A Citizen's Guide to Nuclear Technology and Simply Einstein: Relativity Demystified. (1999). Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Addison-Wesley, (2003). Simply Einstein: Relativity Demystified, W.W. Norton & Co. References External links Homepage at Middlebury College website Middlebury College faculty Living people American textbook writers American male non-fiction writers Fellows of the American Physical Society 1950 births
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20resolution	In organic chemistry, kinetic resolution is a means of differentiating two enantiomers in a racemic mixture. In kinetic resolution, two enantiomers react with different reaction rates in a chemical reaction with a chiral catalyst or reagent, resulting in an enantioenriched sample of the less reactive enantiomer. As opposed to chiral resolution, kinetic resolution does not rely on different physical properties of diastereomeric products, but rather on the different chemical properties of the racemic starting materials. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of the unreacted starting material continually rises as more product is formed, reaching 100% just before full completion of the reaction. Kinetic resolution relies upon differences in reactivity between enantiomers or enantiomeric complexes. Kinetic resolution can be used for the preparation of chiral molecules in organic synthesis. Kinetic resolution reactions utilizing purely synthetic reagents and catalysts are much less common than the use of enzymatic kinetic resolution in application towards organic synthesis, although a number of useful synthetic techniques have been developed in the past 30 years. History The first reported kinetic resolution was achieved by Louis Pasteur. After reacting aqueous racemic ammonium tartrate with a mold from Penicillium glaucum, he reisolated the remaining tartrate and found it was levorotatory. The chiral microorganisms present in the mold catalyzed the metabolization of (R,R)-tartrate sele
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan%20Center%20for%20Science%20and%20Mathematics	Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics (abbreviated as MCSM) is a public high school at East 116th Street between Pleasant Avenue and FDR Drive in East Harlem, within Upper Manhattan, New York City. The school building, which was formerly Benjamin Franklin High School, was designated a New York City landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on May 29, 2018. History The precursor of MCSM in the same building, Benjamin Franklin High School opened in 1934 and was sited at 200 Pleasant Avenue, between 114th Street and 116th Street. A long-time principal there was pioneering educational theorist Leonard Covello, the city's first Italian-American principal. The New York City Board of Education shuttered the school in June 1982 for performance issues and converted the building into a four-year high school, the Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics, and a grade 6-8 middle school, the Isaac Newton Middle School for Math and Science, effective September 1982. Description Like all New York City high schools, admission is by application. Admission priority for Manhattan Center is given first to students attending the Isaac Newton Junior High School, which shares the campus with Manhattan Center; second to students residing in District 4; and then to other residents citywide. The academic performance of this school is extremely high, as measured by New York State Regents Examinations scores, scholarship rates and a 95% graduation rate. MCSM is con
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunpei%20Yamazaki	is a Japanese inventor in the field of computer science and solid-state physics. He is a prolific inventor who is listed as a named inventor of more than 11,000 patent families and more than 26,000 distinct patent publications for his inventions. In 2005, he was named as the most prolific inventor in history by USA Today. Kia Silverbrook subsequently passed Yamazaki on February 26, 2008. Yamazaki then passed Silverbrook in 2017. He completed a graduate course at Doshisha University, Graduate School of Engineering. Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Shunpei Yamazaki is the president and majority shareholder of research company Semiconductor Energy Laboratory (SEL) in Tokyo. Most of the patents he holds are in relation to computer display technology and held by SEL, with Yamazaki named either individually or jointly as inventor. He has many inventions regarding these. References 1942 births Doshisha University alumni Japanese engineers Japanese inventors Living people Patent holders Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu%20Tachi	is a professor of Graduate School of Media Design at Keio University and Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo. Education Dr. Tachi received the B.E., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in mathematical engineering and information physics from the University of Tokyo in 1968, 1970, and 1973, respectively. Academic career He joined the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Tokyo in 1973, and in 1975 moved to the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tsukuba Science City, Japan, where he served as the Director of the Biorobotics Division. From 1979 to 1980, Dr. Tachi was a Japanese Government Award Senior Visiting Scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA, and in 1988 he serves as Chairman of the IMEKO (International Measurement Confederation) Technical Committee on Measurement in Robotics. In 1989 he rejoined the University of Tokyo. Research His scientific achievements includes intelligent mobile robot systems for the blind called Guide Dog Robot (1976–1983) and National Large Scale Project on Advanced Robotics, especially advanced human robot systems with a real-time sensation of presence known as Telexistence (Tele-Existence) (1983–1990). His present research covers telexistence, real-time remote robotics (R-Cubed) and virtual reality. Organisational affiliations Prof. Tachi is also a founding director of the Robotics Society of Japan (RSJ), a fellow of the Society of Instrument and Control Engine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20W.%20Barsalou	Lawrence W. Barsalou (born November 3, 1951) is an American psychologist and a cognitive scientist, currently working at the University of Glasgow. Career At the University of Glasgow, Barsalou is a professor of psychology, performing research in the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology. He received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of California, San Diego in 1977 (George Mandler, advisor), and a Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology from Stanford University in 1981 (Gordon Bower, advisor). Since then, Barsalou has held faculty positions at Emory University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, and the University of Chicago, joining the University of Glasgow in 2015. Barsalou’s research has been funded by the National Science Foundation and other US funding agencies. He has held a Guggenheim fellowship, served as the chair of the Cognitive Science Society, and won an award for graduate teaching from the University of Chicago. Barsalou is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, the Cognitive Science Society, the Mind and Life Institute, and the Society of Experimental Psychologists. He is a winner of the Distinguished Cognitive Science Award from the University of California, Merced. Research Barsalou's research addresses the nature of human conceptual processing and its roles in perception, memory, language, thought, social interaction, and heal

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