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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20C.%20Liotta
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Dennis Liotta is a chemistry professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. He is noted for his work on the development of antiviral drugs.
Career
Liotta's fields of research are organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Along with Dr. Raymond F. Schinazi and Dr. Woo-Baeg Choi of Emory, he invented Emtricitabine, which is a breakthrough HIV drug. Emory University sold its royalties on the drug to Royalty Pharma and Gilead Sciences in July 2005 for $525 million. It is currently marketed under the name Emtriva. Emtriva is a component of a number of combination therapies used to treat HIV, including Truvada, Atripla, Complera, Stribild, Genvoya, Odefesey, Biktarvy, Descovy, and Symtuza. Truvada is the only combination therapy approved for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). Liotta, Choi and Schinazi also co-invented Epivir (lamivudine), which is a component of multiple combination therapies such as Combivir, Trizivir, Epzicom, Triumeq, Dutrebis and Delstrigo. It is estimated that >90% of HIV infected patients in the US take or have taken drug combinations that include either Emtriva or Epivir. In addition, he was one of the inventors of Epivir-HBV, the first drug approved to treat hepatitis B infections.
Liotta has also co-invented other clinical agents for treating HIV (elvucitabine, currently in Phase 2 clinical trials) and hot flashes in post-menopausal women and women with breast cancer (Q-122, currently in Phase 2 clinical trials) as well as a CDK7 inh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Forsyth%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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David A. Forsyth is a South-African-born American computer scientist and the Fulton Watson Copp Chair in Computer Science the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Education
Forsyth holds Bachelor of Science (1984) and Master of Science (1986) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. He was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Oxford for research supervisor J. Michael Brady in 1989.
Career and research
Forsyth stayed at Oxford as a postdoc ("Fellow by Examination") until 1991. Then he moved to the University of Iowa, and in 1994 he moved to the University of California, Berkeley, where he became a full professor before moving to the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 2004. He co-authored with UIUC CS Professor Jean Ponce, in 2002, "Computer Vision: A Modern Approach", one of the leading publications addressing the topic. He has published over 100 papers on computer vision, computer graphics and machine learning. He served as program co-chair for IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition in 2000, general co-chair for IEEE CVPR 2006, program co-chair for ECCV 2008, program co-chair for IEEE CVPR 2011, general co-chair for IEEE CVPR 2015, and is a regular member of the program committee of all major international conferences on computer vision. He served on the NRC Committee on "Protecting Kids from Pornography and other Inappropriate Material on the Internet", which sat for three year
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Achievement%20Test
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The General Achievement Test (often abbreviated GAT) is a test of general knowledge and skills including communication, mathematics, science and technology, the arts, humanities and social sciences in the Australian state of Victoria.
Although the GAT is not a part of the graduation requirements and does not count towards a student's final VCE results or ATAR, the GAT plays an important role in checking that a school's assessments and examinations have been accurately assessed.
History
The General Achievement Test was introduced as a pilot program in 1987, designed to test the feasibility and effectiveness of a general test that assesses skills and knowledge that was not specific to any VCE subjects. After the successful pilot program, the GAT was fully implemented as a compulsory test for all Year 12 students studying for the Victorian Certificate of Education in 1992. The GAT has since then been conducted annually and remains an important part of the VCE assessment process.
From 2006 to 2007, Year 12 Western Australian students sat the GAT for a short period. This test was introduced into Western Australia as a trial to provide schools with feedback on the standard of assessment used for the new WACE courses. However, the results of the trial were inconclusive due to the test not being taken seriously by a large number of students, and a more sophisticated analysis than the initially suggested regression analysis was found to be required. Also, the renewed primacy of mar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, a space is a set (sometimes called a universe) with some added structure.
While modern mathematics uses many types of spaces, such as Euclidean spaces, linear spaces, topological spaces, Hilbert spaces, or probability spaces, it does not define the notion of "space" itself.
A space consists of selected mathematical objects that are treated as points, and selected relationships between these points.
The nature of the points can vary widely: for example, the points can be elements of a set, functions on another space, or subspaces of another space. It is the relationships that define the nature of the space. More precisely, isomorphic spaces are considered identical, where an isomorphism between two spaces is a one-to-one correspondence between their points that preserves the relationships. For example, the relationships between the points of a three-dimensional Euclidean space are uniquely determined by Euclid's axioms, and all three-dimensional Euclidean spaces are considered identical.
Topological notions such as continuity have natural definitions in every Euclidean space.
However, topology does not distinguish straight lines from curved lines, and the relation between Euclidean and topological spaces is thus "forgetful". Relations of this kind are treated in more detail in the Section "Types of spaces".
It is not always clear whether a given mathematical object should be considered as a geometric "space", or an algebraic "structure". A general defin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20compact%20set
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In mathematics, a random compact set is essentially a compact set-valued random variable. Random compact sets are useful in the study of attractors for random dynamical systems.
Definition
Let be a complete separable metric space. Let denote the set of all compact subsets of . The Hausdorff metric on is defined by
is also а complete separable metric space. The corresponding open subsets generate a σ-algebra on , the Borel sigma algebra of .
A random compact set is а measurable function from а probability space into .
Put another way, a random compact set is a measurable function such that is almost surely compact and
is a measurable function for every .
Discussion
Random compact sets in this sense are also random closed sets as in Matheron (1975). Consequently, under the additional assumption that the carrier space is locally compact, their distribution is given by the probabilities
for
(The distribution of а random compact convex set is also given by the system of all inclusion probabilities )
For , the probability is obtained, which satisfies
Thus the covering function is given by
for
Of course, can also be interpreted as the mean of the indicator function :
The covering function takes values between and . The set of all with is called the support of . The set , of all with is called the kernel, the set of fixed points, or essential minimum . If , is а sequence of i.i.d. random compact sets, then almost surely
and converges almost s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20leg
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The bow leg is a highly resilient robotic leg being developed for running robots at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute. The key technology is the fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) spring that bends like a bow to store elastic energy.
History of the bow leg
Legged robots were initially conceptualized to provide more effective transportation across rough terrains unreachable by conventional wheeled or tracked vehicles. Legged locomotion studies began in 1878, when a publication of stop-motion photographs of mammals was posted in Scientific American. The first robot capable of actual "running" was created in 1980. The field was greatly enhanced when the Leg Lab at Carnegie Mellon University was established, producing many running robots. This was followed soon by MIT creating their own lab as well.
The major difficulties lying in these robots lied in the balance, the actuation, power requirements, and environment sensing. While the balance has been worked on extensively by many researchers, the second and third are often bypassed by providing a form of umbilical cable to supply energy and allow for larger actuators to be used. The environment sensing remains to be a large issue that has not been solved effectively enough to try and outdo typical animal behavior in rough terrains.
Recently, more advanced hopping robots have been developed by researchers at the Department of Energy's Sandia National Laboratories, who have used piston systems to make jumps as high
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking%20threshold
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Masking threshold within acoustics (a branch of physics that deals with topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound , and infrasound), refers to a process where if there are two concurrent sounds and one sound is louder than the other, a person may be unable to hear the soft sound because it is masked by the louder sound.
So the masking threshold is the sound pressure level of a sound needed to make the sound audible in the presence of another noise called a "masker". This threshold depends upon the frequency, the type of masker, and the kind of sound being masked. The effect is strongest between two sounds close in frequency.
In the context of audio transmission, there are some advantages to being unable to perceive a sound. In audio encoding , for example, better compression can be achieved by omitting the inaudible tones. This requires fewer bits to encode the sound and reduces the size of the final file.
Applications in audio compression
It is uncommon to work with only one tone. Most sounds are composed of multiple tones. There can be many possible maskers at the same frequency. In this situation, it would be necessary to compute the global masking threshold using a high resolution Fast Fourier transform via 512 or 1024 points to determine the frequencies that comprise the sound. Because there are bandwidths that humans are not able to hear, it is necessary to know the signal level, masker type, and the frequency band before computing the individual thresholds. To av
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika%20Heynatz
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Erika Heynatz (born 25 March 1975) is an Australian model, actress, singer, and television personality. She joined long-running Australian TV series Home and Away in June 2015, as villainous biology teacher Charlotte King.
Career
Heynatz hosted the first two cycles of the Foxtel reality TV show Australia's Next Top Model and the only season of the Ten Network's The Hot House. She demonstrated a commitment to a singing career by leaving her Australia's Next Top Model job, which went to Australian lads mag girl Jodhi Meares. Heynatz left Australia's Next Top Model to pursue her singing and her commitment to appear on the Seven Network's celebrity singing contest It Takes Two in 2006. Paired with David Hobson as her tutor, she eventually won the contest.
In 2003, she starred in the television movie Mermaids, and has since appeared in numerous other feature film roles. She also appeared as a guest star in the sci-fi series Farscape in the episodes "Terra Firma" and "Unrealized Reality". In 2007, Heynatz starred in the motion picture Gabriel.
Heynatz has starred in an Olay commercial and was the co-host of the third series of It Takes Two. She was a special guest judge during Cycle 8 of America's Next Top Model where one of the episodes was filmed in Sydney.
On 15 April 2008, Heynatz performed a cover of the Rosi Golan song "Slide" on It Takes Two and impressed the critics with the performance.
Heynatz had a recording contract with EMI Music Australia. Her debut single, "Kin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consistent%20mean%20field
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Self-consistent mean field may be one of the following:
Mean field theory, an approach to the many-body problem in physics and statistical mechanics
Self-consistent mean field (biology), an application of this theory to the problem of protein structure prediction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%20spine
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In mathematics, in the area of potential theory, a Lebesgue spine or Lebesgue thorn is a type of set used for discussing solutions to the Dirichlet problem and related problems of potential theory. The Lebesgue spine was introduced in 1912 by Henri Lebesgue to demonstrate that the Dirichlet problem does not always have a solution, particularly when the boundary has a sufficiently sharp edge protruding into the interior of the region.
Definition
A typical Lebesgue spine in , for is defined as follows
The important features of this set are that it is connected and path-connected in the euclidean topology in and the origin is a limit point of the set, and yet the set is thin at the origin, as defined in the article Fine topology (potential theory).
Observations
The set is not closed in the euclidean topology since it does not contain the origin which is a limit point of , but the set is closed in the fine topology in .
In comparison, it is not possible in to construct such a connected set which is thin at the origin.
References
J. L. Doob. Classical Potential Theory and Its Probabilistic Counterpart, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, .
L. L. Helms (1975). Introduction to potential theory. R. E. Krieger .
Potential theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Lucas%20%28neuroscientist%29
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Keith Lucas FRS (8 March 1879, Greenwich – 5 October 1916, Salisbury Plain) was a British scientist who carried out pioneering work in neuroscience at Trinity College, Cambridge.
He was the son of Francis Robert and Katharine Mary (née Riddle) Lucas. He was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge where he graduated BA with a first-class in natural sciences in 1901. In 1902 he worked in New Zealand, on the bathymetrical survey of the lakes, and he became a Fellow of Trinity in 1904. In 1907 he became an additional university demonstrator in physiology, and in 1908 a lecturer in natural sciences.
He delivered the Royal Society Croonian Lecture in 1912. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1913; his candidacy citation read: "Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Lecturer on Physiology. Has made important contributions to physiological science, especially in relation to the processes of excitation ... Much of the work was only made possible by the highly ingenious improvements designed by the author in the apparatus used."
During the First World War, as a captain in the Hampshire Aircraft Parks Royal Flying Corps (TA), based at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, he was engaged in experimental research into aerial navigation and early aeroplane compasses.
Convinced that his experimental work in aviation would improve if he became a pilot, he attended a flying course at Upavon, where he was instantly killed on 5 October 1916 when his aircr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria%20%28beetle%29
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Euphoria is a genus of scarab beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae, the flower or fruit chafers. They are native to the Americas, where they are distributed from Canada to Argentina. They are most diverse in Mexico and Central America. As of 2012, there are 59 species in the genus.
Description and biology
Euphoria species can be highly variable in color and pattern making species identification difficult.
The larvae are generally found buried a few centimeters deep in soil rich in organic matter such as compost, dung, animal burrows, packrat middens, and ant nests. In at least some species, the pupa develops in a subterranean cell with a thin wall made of feces mixed with soil. Some species overwinter as adults, and others as larvae.
Diversity
Species include:
Euphoria abreona
Euphoria anneae
Euphoria areata
Euphoria avita
Euphoria basalis
Euphoria biguttata
Euphoria bispinis
Euphoria boliviensis
Euphoria candezei
Euphoria canaliculata
Euphoria canescens
Euphoria casselberryi
Euphoria chontalensis
Euphoria devulsa
Euphoria dimidiata
Euphoria diminuta
Euphoria discicollis
Euphoria eximia
Euphoria fascifera
Euphoria fulgida
Euphoria fulveola
Euphoria geminata
Euphoria hera
Euphoria herbacea
Euphoria hidrocalida
Euphoria hirtipes
Euphoria histrionica
Euphoria humilis
Euphoria inda
Euphoria iridescens
Euphoria kernii
Euphoria lacandona
Euphoria leprosa
Euphoria lesueuri
Euphoria leucographa
Euphoria levinotata
Euphoria limbalis
Euphoria lurida
Euphoria mayita
Euphoria mon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s%20escapement
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Galileo's escapement is a design for a clock escapement, invented around 1637 by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Galileo was one of the leading minds of the Scientific Revolution. He was dubbed the founder of theoretical physics. He is also credited with the invention of the celatone (a type of telescope) and the geometric and military compass. Galileo's escapement was the earliest design of a pendulum clock. Since Galileo was by then blind, he described the device to his son Vincenzio, who drew a sketch of it. The son began construction of a prototype, but both he and Galileo died before it was completed.
Overview
Galileo was the first to investigate the timekeeping properties of pendulums, beginning around 1603. His interest was sparked by his discovery that, at least for small swings, the pendulum is isochronous: its period of swing is the same for different size swings. He realized that this property made the pendulum useful for timekeeping. He also discovered that the pendulum's period is dependent on its length, but independent of the mass of the pendulum bob. He used free-swinging pendulums as timers in scientific experiments and for keeping time for music.
In 1637, when he was 73, Galileo had the idea of a mechanism that would keep the pendulum swinging by giving it pushes, an escapement, thus allowing it to be applied to clocks. Since he was by then totally blind, he described the mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who drew a picture from his descriptio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20Meertens
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Lambert Guillaume Louis Théodore Meertens or L.G.L.T. Meertens (born 10 May 1944, in Amsterdam) is a Dutch computer scientist and professor. , he is a researcher at the Kestrel Institute, a nonprofit computer science research center in Palo Alto's Stanford Research Park.
Life and career
As a student at the Ignatius Gymnasium in Amsterdam, Meertens designed a computer with Kees Koster, a classmate. In the 1960s, Meertens applied affix grammars to the description and composition of music, and obtained a special prize from the jury at the 1968 International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Congress in Edinburgh for his computer-generated string quartet, Quartet No. 1 in C major for 2 violins, viola and violoncello, based on the first non-context-free affix grammar. The string quartet was published in 1968, as Mathematical Centre Report MR 96.
Meertens was one of the editors of the Revised ALGOL 68 Report. He was the originator and one of the designers of the programming language ABC, the incidental predecessor of Python. He was chairman of the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) from 1975 until 1981. He was codesigner of the Bird–Meertens formalism, along with Richard Bird, who also gifted him the Meertens number.
He became involved with developing international standards in programming and informatics, as a member of IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified, maintains, and supports the languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68. From 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Fink
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Thomas Fink (born 1972) is an Anglo-American physicist, author and entrepreneur. He has published papers in statistical physics and its applications, written two books and designed an iPhone app. He set up the London Institute for Mathematical Sciences and is a manager of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (French: Centre national de la recherche scientifique).
Education and positions
Fink did his BS at Caltech, where he won the annual Fisher Prize for top physicist and Green prize for best research. He then moved to England for his PhD at St John's College, Cambridge, where he was supervised by Robin Ball in the TCM group of the Cavendish Laboratory. He was a Research Fellow at Caius College, Cambridge and did a postdoc at École Normale Supérieure with Bernard Derrida. He now occupies his current positions at the London Institute and the CNRS.
Research
Fink is a researcher in theoretical physics. He published his first paper in the journal Science at the age of 20 while at Caltech and received his PhD at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Fink uses statistical mechanics to study complex systems in physics and interdisciplinary fields.
He has recently studied role of strategy and serendipity in innovation.
Other interests include evolvability, cellular automata, non-random expression, competition between agents, dynamics on networks, small boolean networks, self-assembly and non-coding DNA, according to his website.
Selected Papers
S. Ahner
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20velocity
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Space velocity may refer to:
Space velocity (astronomy), the velocity of a star in the galactic coordinate system
Space velocity (chemistry), the relation between volumetric flow rate and reactor volume in a chemical reactor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20R.%20Wessler
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Susan Randi Wessler (born 1953, in New York City), ForMemRS, is an American plant molecular biologist and geneticist. She is Distinguished Professor of Genetics at the University of California, Riverside (UCR).
Education
Wessler graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1970. She received her bachelor's degree in 1974 in Biology from the State University of New York at Stony Brook and her Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Cornell University in 1980.
Career and research
She was a postdoctoral research fellow at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the Department of Embryology from 1980-1982. She joined the faculty at University of Georgia (UGA) in 1983 as an assistant professor of botany becoming a full professor in 1992. She was named Distinguished Research Professor in 1994 and Regents Professor in 2005.
In 2006, Professor Wessler was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Professor. She is also a professor at large at the Keck Graduate Institute at the Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California.
Her research focuses on identifying plant transposable elements and determining how they contribute to gene and genome evolution. Her work has deciphered how transposable elements generate genetic diversity and attain high copy numbers without killing their host. Her laboratory demonstrated that elements could function as introns and that retrotransposons are the major cause of spontaneous insertion mutations in maize. In the genomics era her laboratory pioneer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20coefficient
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The transmission coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuities is considered. A transmission coefficient describes the amplitude, intensity, or total power of a transmitted wave relative to an incident wave.
Overview
Different fields of application have different definitions for the term. All the meanings are very similar in concept: In chemistry, the transmission coefficient refers to a chemical reaction overcoming a potential barrier; in optics and telecommunications it is the amplitude of a wave transmitted through a medium or conductor to that of the incident wave; in quantum mechanics it is used to describe the behavior of waves incident on a barrier, in a way similar to optics and telecommunications.
Although conceptually the same, the details in each field differ, and in some cases the terms are not an exact analogy.
Chemistry
In chemistry, in particular in transition state theory, there appears a certain "transmission coefficient" for overcoming a potential barrier. It is (often) taken to be unity for monomolecular reactions. It appears in the Eyring equation.
Optics
In optics, transmission is the property of a substance to permit the passage of light, with some or none of the incident light being absorbed in the process. If some light is absorbed by the substance, then the transmitted light will be a combination of the wavelengths of the light that was transmitted and not absorbed. For exam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20McPherson%20%28university%20president%29
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William McPherson (July 2, 1864 – October 2, 1951) was the acting President of Ohio State University from July 1, 1938, to March 1, 1940. A chemistry laboratory at Ohio State is named for him.
Further reading
Past Presidents of the Ohio State University
McPherson Hall at The Ohio State University
External links
Presidents of Ohio State University
1864 births
1951 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novice%20Gail%20Fawcett
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Novice Gail Fawcett (March 29, 1909 – June 19, 1998) was an American academic administrator who served as the 8th president of Ohio State University from 1956 to 1972.
Early life and education
Fawcett was born in Gambier, Ohio. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in science and mathematics from Kenyon College in 1931 and a Master of Education from Ohio State University in 1937. He took courses toward a PhD but did not complete the degree.
Career
A teacher and coach, Fawcett was superintendent of Gambier Public Schools (1934–1938), Defiance Schools (1938–1943), Bexley Schools (1943–47), assistant superintendent in Akron Public Schools (1947–1949), and superintendent of Columbus City Schools in 1949.
Legacy
The Fawcett Center at Ohio State University and Fawcett Hall at Wright State University are named in his honor.
Further reading
Past Presidents of the Ohio State University
Fawcett Center at Ohio State University
Fawcett Hall at Wright State University
References
1909 births
1998 deaths
Presidents of Ohio State University
Kenyon College alumni
Ohio State University College of Education and Human Ecology alumni
People from Gambier, Ohio
People from Bexley, Ohio
School superintendents in Ohio
20th-century American academics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Kirwan
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William English "Brit" Kirwan (born April 14, 1938) is an American university administrator and mathematician who is chancellor emeritus of the University System of Maryland (USM) and professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Maryland, College Park. Most recently, Kirwan served as chancellor of USM from 2002 to 2015. Previously, Kirwan worked at the University of Maryland, College Park from the 1960s to 1990s as a professor, administrator, and eventually president and was president of the Ohio State University from 1998 to 2002.
A native of Kentucky, Kirwan completed three degrees in mathematics, attending the University of Kentucky for his bachelor's degree and Rutgers University for his master's and doctorate degrees. Beginning in 1964, Kirwan was a mathematics professor at Maryland. After over 15 years on the faculty, including four years as head of the mathematics department, Kirwan joined Maryland's administration, beginning as chief academic officer in 1981. Kirwan had two stints as the interim president of the university in 1982 and 1988 before being formally elected by the board of regents as president in 1989, a position he would hold before leaving to become president of Ohio State University in 1998. Kirwan returned to Maryland in 2002 to serve as chancellor of the USM before retiring in 2015.
Kirwan also chaired the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics from 2007 to 2016. During his presidency, the NCAA implemented a recommendation from the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grille%20%28cryptography%29
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In the history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet (of paper or cardboard or similar). The earliest known description is due to the polymath Girolamo Cardano in 1550. His proposal was for a rectangular stencil allowing single letters, syllables, or words to be written, then later read, through its various apertures. The written fragments of the plaintext could be further disguised by filling the gaps between the fragments with anodyne words or letters. This variant is also an example of steganography, as are many of the grille ciphers.
Cardan grille and variations
The Cardan grille was invented as a method of secret writing. The word cryptography became the more familiar term for secret communications from the middle of the 17th century. Earlier, the word steganography was common. The other general term for secret writing was cypher - also spelt cipher. There is a modern distinction between cryptography and steganography
Sir Francis Bacon gave three fundamental conditions for ciphers. Paraphrased, these are:
a cipher method should not be difficult to use
it should not be possible for others to recover the plaintext (called 'reading the cipher')
in some cases, the presence of messages should not be suspected
It is difficult to fulfil all three conditions simultaneously. Condition 3 applies to steganography. Bacon meant that a cipher message should, in some cases, no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Railways%20Institute%20of%20Mechanical%20and%20Electrical%20Engineering
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The Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IRIMEE) was founded in 1888 as a technical school and commenced training Mechanical Officers for Indian Railways in 1927. It is the oldest of the five Centralised Training Institutes (CTIs) for training officers for Indian Railways. IRIMEE is located at Jamalpur in the Munger district of Bihar, on the Patna-Bhagalpur rail route. IRIMEE provides theoretical and practical training for a four-year undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering as well as professional courses to officers and supervisors of Indian Railways. There are also courses for non-railway organizations and foreign railways.
Location
Traditionally a center for firearms manufacturing, Jamalpur was selected by the East Indian Railway for one of its earliest workshops and was established on 8 February 1862. Located in the foothills of the Rajmahal range (a part of Chhota Nagpur Plateau), the site was high enough to survive any threat of floods from the Ganges, and the hills secured it against any organized attack from an enemy. The site had a tomb of Baba Jamal Saheb after whom the place was named.
History
Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IRIMEE) is the oldest CTI of Indian Railways. It was originally set up in 1888 as a technical school attached to the Railway Locomotive Workshop Jamalpur of the East Indian Railway. In 1905, this technical school started an Apprentice Mechanics Scheme for Anglo-Indians.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swashplate
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A swashplate, also known as slant disk, is a mechanical engineering device used to translate the motion of a rotating shaft into reciprocating motion, or vice versa. The working principle is similar to crankshaft, Scotch yoke, or wobble/nutator/Z-crank drives, in engine designs. It was originally invented to replace a crankshaft, and is one of the most popular concepts used in crankless engines. It was invented by Anthony Michell in 1917.
Construction
A swashplate consists of a disk attached to a shaft. If the disk were aligned perpendicular to the shaft, then rotating the shaft would merely turn the disk with no reciprocating (or swashplate) effect. But instead the disk is mounted at an oblique angle, which causes its edge to appear to describe a path that oscillates along the shaft's length as observed from a non-rotating point of view away from the shaft. The greater the disk's angle to the shaft, the more pronounced is this apparent linear motion. The apparent linear motion can be turned into an actual linear motion by means of a follower that does not turn with the swashplate but presses against one of the disk's two surfaces near its circumference. The device has many similarities to the cam.
Uses
Swashplates can be used in an axial engine in place of a crankshaft to translate the motion of a piston into rotary motion. Such engines are the only variation of the cam engine to have any success. Internal combustion engines and Stirling engines have been built using t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom%20of%20global%20choice
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In mathematics, specifically in class theories, the axiom of global choice is a stronger variant of the axiom of choice that applies to proper classes of sets as well as sets of sets. Informally it states that one can simultaneously choose an element from every non-empty set.
Statement
The axiom of global choice states that there is a global choice function τ, meaning a function such that for every non-empty set z, τ(z) is an element of z.
The axiom of global choice cannot be stated directly in the language of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) with the axiom of choice (AC), known as ZFC, as the choice function τ is a proper class and in ZFC one cannot quantify over classes. It can be stated by adding a new function symbol τ to the language of ZFC, with the property that τ is a global choice function. This is a conservative extension of ZFC: every provable statement of this extended theory that can be stated in the language of ZFC is already provable in ZFC . Alternatively, Gödel showed that given the axiom of constructibility one can write down an explicit (though somewhat complicated) choice function τ in the language of ZFC, so in some sense the axiom of constructibility implies global choice (in fact, [ZFC proves that] in the language extended by the unary function symbol τ, the axiom of constructibility implies that if τ is said explicitly definable function, then this τ is a global choice function. And then global choice morally holds, with τ as a witness).
In the l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour%20Jonathan%20Singer
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Seymour Jonathan Singer (May 23, 1924 – February 2, 2017) was an American cell biologist and professor of biology, emeritus, at the University of California, San Diego.
Biography
Singer was born in New York City and attended Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. in 1943. He received his doctorate from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1947. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Linus Pauling at Caltech during 1947–1948, where he, along with Harvey Itano, co-discovered the basis of abnormal hemoglobin in sickle-cell anemia, reported in the famous paper "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease". He worked for the U.S. Public Health Service between 1948 and 1950. He joined the Chemistry Department at Yale University as assistant professor in 1951, and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1957 and Professor in 1960. There he developed the ferritin-antibody, which was the first electron-dense reagent used for cell staining in electron microscopy imaging. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for Molecular & Cellular Biology in 1959.
In 1961 he joined the faculty at University of California, San Diego as a Professor in the Department (now Division) of Biology. He initiated the landmark work on the conformation of membrane proteins in 1965, resulting in the publication of two foundational papers (Lenard, John and Singer, S.J. Protein conformation in cell membrane preparations as studied by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism. Proceedi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Shulman
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Lee S. Shulman (born September 28, 1938) is an American educational psychologist and reformer. He has made notable contributions to the study of teaching, assessment of teaching, and the fields of medicine, science, and mathematics.
Background
Shulman was born on September 28, 1938, in Chicago, Illinois. He was the only son of Jewish immigrants who owned a small delicatessen on the Northwest Side of Chicago. He attended a Yeshiva high school.
Shulman is a professor emeritus at Stanford Graduate School of Education, past president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, past president of the American Educational Research Association, and the recipient of several awards recognizing his educational research. From 1963 to 1982, Shulman was a faculty member at Michigan State University, where he founded and co-directed the Institute for Research on Teaching (IRT).
Shulman is credited with popularizing the phrase "pedagogical content knowledge" (PCK). He was the 2006 recipient of the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Education for his 2004 book, The Wisdom of Practice: Essays on Teaching, Learning and Learning to Teach.
Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK)
Shulman (1986) claimed that the emphases on teachers' subject matter knowledge and pedagogy were being treated as mutually exclusive. He believed that teacher education programs should combine the two knowledge fields. To address this dichotomy, he introduced the notion of pedagogical content kno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20acid%20fermentation
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In biochemistry, mixed acid fermentation is the metabolic process by which a six-carbon sugar (e.g. glucose, ) is converted into a complex and variable mixture of acids. It is an anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) fermentation reaction that is common in bacteria. It is characteristic for members of the Enterobacteriaceae, a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes E. coli.
The mixture of end products produced by mixed acid fermentation includes lactate, acetate, succinate, formate, ethanol and the gases and . The formation of these end products depends on the presence of certain key enzymes in the bacterium. The proportion in which they are formed varies between different bacterial species. The mixed acid fermentation pathway differs from other fermentation pathways, which produce fewer end products in fixed amounts. The end products of mixed acid fermentation can have many useful applications in biotechnology and industry. For instance, ethanol is widely used as a biofuel. Therefore, multiple bacterial strains have been metabolically engineered in the laboratory to increase the individual yields of certain end products. This research has been carried out primarily in E. coli and is ongoing. Variations of mixed acid fermentation occur in a number of bacterial species, including bacterial pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae where mostly acetate and succinate are produced and lactate can serve as a growth substrate.
Mixed acid fermentation in E. coli
E. coli u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetic%20detector
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In particle physics, a hermetic detector (also called a 4π detector) is a particle detector designed to observe all possible decay products of an interaction between subatomic particles in a collider by covering as large an area around the interaction point as possible and incorporating multiple types of sub-detectors. They are typically roughly cylindrical, with different types of detectors wrapped around each other in concentric layers; each detector type specializes in particular particles so that almost any particle will be detected and identified. Such detectors are called "hermetic" because they are constructed so as the motion of particles are ceased at the boundaries of the chamber without any moving beyond due to the seals; the name "4π detector" comes from the fact that such detectors are designed to cover nearly all of the 4π steradians of solid angle around the interaction point; in terms of the standard coordinate system used in collider physics, this is equivalent to coverage of the entire range of azimuthal angle () and pseudorapidity (). In practice, particles with pseudorapidity above a certain threshold cannot be measured since they are too nearly parallel to the beamline and can thus pass through the detector. This limit on the pseudorapidity ranges which can be observed forms part of the acceptance of the detector (i.e. the range of phase space which it is able to observe); broadly speaking, the main design objective of a hermetic detector is to maximise
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Campbell%20Jr.
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George Campbell Jr. (born December 2, 1945) was the eleventh president of The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art from July 2000 to July 2011.
Education
Campbell earned a PhD in theoretical physics from Syracuse University in 1977 and a BS in physics from Drexel University in 1968. He is a graduate of the Executive Management Program at Yale University.
Career
Campbell served as president of The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art from July, 2000 through June, 2011, and upon retirement was elected President Emeritus by the board of trustees. During Campbell's tenure, Cooper Union replaced 40 percent of its academic space and grew its endowment from $100 million to more than $600 million.
Previously Campbell was the president and CEO of NACME, Inc., a non-profit corporation focused on engineering education and science and technology policy. Additionally he spent twelve years at AT&T Bell Laboratories, served as a U.S. delegate to the International Telecommunication Union, and served on the faculties of Nkumbi International College Zambia, and Syracuse University. He has published papers in mathematical physics, high-energy physics, satellite systems, digital communications, science and technology policy and science education and is co-editor of Access Denied: Race, Ethnicity and the Scientific Enterprise. He has served on a number of national policy boards, including the United States Secretary of Energy Board and the Morella Commission of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20West%20Bohemia
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The University of West Bohemia (, ZČU) is a university in Plzeň, Czech Republic. It was founded in 1991 and consists of nine faculties.
History
The university was formed by the merger of the College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and the Faculty of Education in Plzeň. The College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering was established in 1949 as a part of the Czech Technical University in Prague. It became an independent School in 1953. The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering were formed in 1960. The Faculty of Applied Sciences and the Faculty of Economics were formed in 1990. The Faculty of Education was formed in 1948 as a Plzeň subsidiary of the Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague. It became separate in 1953 as a College of Education and was later renamed as the Institute of Education. It became an independent Faculty of Education in 1964. Both Schools merged in 1991 as the University of West Bohemia.
Faculty of Law was established in 1993, The Faculty of Philosophy and Art in 2001, The Faculty of Art and Design in 2013 and The Faculty of Health Care Studies in 2008 when Private College in Plzeň merged with the university.
Organization
The faculties are the basic units of the university. The units implement their own academic programs. Departments and institutes are responsible for the delivery of courses and for conducting research.
The Faculty of Applied Sciences
The Faculty of Economics
The Faculty of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhan%20Po%C3%A7an
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Serhan Poçan (1970) is a Turkish mountaineer and a summiter of Mount Everest.
He was born on April 11, 1970, in Konya, Turkey. Serhan graduated Middle East Technical University, Ankara with a BS degree in Mathematics. Currently, he is working as a software expert.
He was the leader of the first Turkish expedition to climb Mount Everest, a team of six men and four women, who all reached the summit. Serhan made the summit with five other members on the second attempt of the team on May 24, 2006.
He is married to Burçak Özoğlu, a mountaineer colleague of him, who was also on the peak of Mt. Everest along with him on the same day.
References
1970 births
Sportspeople from Konya
Middle East Technical University alumni
Turkish mountain climbers
Turkish summiters of Mount Everest
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculum
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In biology, inoculum (: inocula) refers to the source material used for inoculation. Inoculum may refer to:
In medicine, material that is the source of the inoculation in a vaccine
In microbiology, propagules: cells, tissue, or viruses that are used to inoculate a new culture
Microbial inoculant, the beneficial introduction of microbes to improve plant health
A method of propagation of fungal plant disease transmission
Fermentation starter, in food production
See also:
Fear Inoculum, a 2019 album by American rock band Tool
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20device%20modeling
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Semiconductor device modeling creates models for the behavior of the electrical devices based on fundamental physics, such as the doping profiles of the devices. It may also include the creation of compact models (such as the well known SPICE transistor models), which try to capture the electrical behavior of such devices but do not generally derive them from the underlying physics. Normally it starts from the output of a semiconductor process simulation.
Introduction
The figure to the right provides a simplified conceptual view of “the big picture.” This figure shows two inverter stages and the resulting input-output voltage-time plot of the circuit. From the digital systems point of view the key parameters of interest are: timing delays, switching power, leakage current and cross-coupling (crosstalk) with other blocks. The voltage levels and transition speed are also of concern.
The figure also shows schematically the importance of Ion versus Ioff, which in turn is related to drive-current (and mobility) for the “on” device and several leakage paths for the “off” devices. Not shown explicitly in the figure are the capacitances—both intrinsic and parasitic—that affect dynamic performance.
The power scaling which is now a major driving force in the industry is reflected in the simplified equation shown in the figure — critical parameters are capacitance, power supply and clocking frequency. Key parameters that relate device behavior to system performance include th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Cain%20%28composer%29
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David Cain was a composer and technician for the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. He was educated at Imperial College London, where he earned a degree in mathematics. In 1963, he joined the BBC as a studio manager, specialising in radio drama. He transferred to the Radiophonic Workshop in 1967 where he composed various jingles and signature tunes as well as the complete incidental music for the BBC's radio productions of The War of the Worlds in 1967, and The Hobbit in 1968. He also produced the Workshop's 1973 adaptation of Isaac Asimov's Foundation series. He remained with the Radiophonic Workshop until 1973. His 30-second composition "Crossbeat" was used as the original theme for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's morning radio current affairs program AM, which premiered in 1967.
See also
Neasden#BBC Radiophonic Workshop
References
David Cain bio at Ether.net BBC Radiophonic Workshop album review
1941 births
Living people
Alumni of Imperial College London
BBC Radiophonic Workshop
British electronic musicians
Musicians from Stoke-on-Trent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20D.%20Kell
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Raymond Davis Kell (June 7, 1904 – November 2, 1986), most often known as Ray Kell, was an American television researcher at RCA. He was awarded the Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1948 for being a pioneer in the development of color television.
Kell was born on June 7, 1904, in Kell, Illinois, and received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1926. From 1927 to 1930 he was engaged in television research in the radio consulting laboratory of General Electric. From 1930 to 1941 he worked in the research division of the RCA Manufacturing Company, and from 1941 he was with the RCA Laboratories Division. He received a "Modern Pioneer" award from the National Association of Manufacturers in February 1940 for inventions in television. Kell died in Mesa, Arizona on November 2, 1986, at the age of 82.
See also
Kell factor
George H. Brown
References
External links
Brief biography with picture
Old TV pictures including one of Kell
Biography on Engineering and Technology History Wiki
1904 births
1986 deaths
American electronics engineers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy%20Moore
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Patsy Alexis Moore (born August 10, 1964 on the West Indian island of Antigua) is a singer-songwriter, as well as a poet, essayist, and educator. Raised in a devout Christian home, and an adult student of New Thought Metaphysics, she has spent most of her productive life in the United States.
Youth
The elder daughter of a North American career military father (H. Douglas Moore of North Carolina) and Antiguan educator mother (June Looby), Moore's creative endeavors have been culled from a multicultural upbringing, persistent curiosity, and inventive mind. Her family moved frequently when she was a child. As a result of that experience, her music has always employed diverse influences—including African and Caribbean rhythms, folk, soul, Latin, rock, pop and funk.
Education
Once valedictorian and twice salutatorian in her pre-post secondary years, Moore enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1982. She performed in a band throughout college—singing, writing songs and playing keyboards. While majoring in Broadcast Journalism and minoring in Film and Speech Communications, she decided a career in music was of greater interest to her and began working towards that end.
Early career
Moore moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1988. After singer-songwriter/music producer David Mullen (a new acquaintance) asked her to sing backup on a demo, she started composing and performing with others. Her distinctive writing style quickly gained attention in the music com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proviso%20West%20High%20School
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Proviso West High School (PWHS) is a public high school located in Hillside, Illinois, United States. It is a part of Proviso Township High Schools District 209, and was opened in 1958. Its sister schools are Proviso East High School and Proviso Mathematics and Science Academy.
The school is located approximately ten miles (16 km) west of metropolitan Chicago in Proviso Township. While the school's address is on Harrison Street, most of the school's property is adjacent to Wolf Road, while the southern part of the property lies along Roosevelt Road – which is also Illinois Route 38 at that point. The school is less than one mile from the interchange between I-290 and I-88 (referred to locally as the Hillside Strangler).
Proviso West High School serves seven villages within the township: Bellwood, Berkeley, Broadview, Hillside, part of Northlake, Stone Park, Westchester, and part of Melrose Park.
The current principal is Dr. Albert Brass Jr.
History
Prior to the opening of Proviso West, all students in the district attended Proviso High School (which became Proviso East when Proviso West was opened).
In 1953, researchers from the University of Chicago recommended that the school district begin planning to expand, and school district officials began examining the purchase of land for a new school. By 1955, the school population had grown to over 3,400 students, with an estimated increase to over 6,500 students by 1956. In June 1955, the board accepted a recommendatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroon%20Ahmed
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Haroon Ahmed FREng (born 2 March 1936), is a British Pakistani scientist in specialising the fields of microelectronics and electrical engineering. He is Emeritus Professor of Microelectronics at the Cavendish Laboratory, the Physics Department of the University of Cambridge, Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Education
Ahmed was educated at St Patrick's High School, Karachi, followed by an undergraduate degree at Imperial College London. He went on to obtain his PhD in 1963 and his Doctor of Science degrees in 1996 from the University of Cambridge.
Career
Ahmed was appointed a faculty member of the Engineering Department, Cambridge in 1963 and worked there for 20 years before moving to the Physics Department where he was promoted to Professor of Microelectronics and was the Head of the Microelectronics Research Centre until his retirement in 2003. He is a former Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and is now an Honorary Fellow. He is Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
Research
Ahmed has published a large number of papers in scientific and engineering research journals on microelectronics, micro and nanofabrication, electron and ion beam lithography, semiconductor single electron devices and related topics.
He established a number of major collaborations between industry and the University including the Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minifloat
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In computing, minifloats are floating-point values represented with very few bits. Predictably, they are not well suited for general-purpose numerical calculations. They are used for special purposes, most often in computer graphics, where iterations are small and precision has aesthetic effects. Machine learning also uses similar formats like bfloat16. Additionally, they are frequently encountered as a pedagogical tool in computer-science courses to demonstrate the properties and structures of floating-point arithmetic and IEEE 754 numbers.
Minifloats with 16 bits are half-precision numbers (opposed to single and double precision). There are also minifloats with 8 bits or even fewer.
Minifloats can be designed following the principles of the IEEE 754 standard. In this case they must obey the (not explicitly written) rules for the frontier between subnormal and normal numbers and must have special patterns for infinity and NaN. Normalized numbers are stored with a biased exponent. The new revision of the standard, IEEE 754-2008, has 16-bit binary minifloats.
Notation
A minifloat is usually described using a tuple of four numbers, (S, E, M, B):
S is the length of the sign field. It is usually either 0 or 1.
E is the length of the exponent field.
M is the length of the mantissa (significand) field.
B is the exponent bias.
A minifloat format denoted by (S, E, M, B) is, therefore, bits long.
In computer graphics minifloats are sometimes used to represent only integral
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Nees
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Georg Nees (23 June 1926 – 3 January 2016) was a German academic who was a pioneer of computer art and generative graphics. He studied mathematics, physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart and was scientific advisor at the SEMIOSIS, International Journal of semiotics and aesthetics. In 1977, he was appointed Honorary Professor of Applied computer science at the University of Erlangen Nees is one of the "3N" computer pioneers, an abbreviation that has become acknowledged for Frieder Nake, Georg Nees and A. Michael Noll, whose computer graphics were created with digital computers.
Early life and studies
Georg Nees was born in 1926 in Nuremberg, where he spent his childhood. He showed scientific curiosity and interest in art from a young age and among his favorite pastimes were viewing art postcards and looking through a microscope. He attended a school in Schwabach near Nuremberg, graduating in 1945. From 1945 to 1951, he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Erlangen then worked as an industry mathematician for the Siemens Schuckertwerk in Erlangen from 1951 to 1985. There he started to write his first programs in 1959. The company was later incorporated into the Siemens AG.
From 1964 onwards, he studied philosophy at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart (since 1967 the University of Stuttgart), under Max Bense. He received his doctorate with his thesis on Generative Computergraphik under Max Bense in 1969. His work is considered one of the first thes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20topology
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In mathematics, the partition topology is a topology that can be induced on any set by partitioning into disjoint subsets these subsets form the basis for the topology. There are two important examples which have their own names:
The is the topology where and Equivalently,
The is defined by letting and
The trivial partitions yield the discrete topology (each point of is a set in so ) or indiscrete topology (the entire set is in so ).
Any set with a partition topology generated by a partition can be viewed as a pseudometric space with a pseudometric given by:
This is not a metric unless yields the discrete topology.
The partition topology provides an important example of the independence of various separation axioms. Unless is trivial, at least one set in contains more than one point, and the elements of this set are topologically indistinguishable: the topology does not separate points. Hence is not a Kolmogorov space, nor a T1 space, a Hausdorff space or an Urysohn space. In a partition topology the complement of every open set is also open, and therefore a set is open if and only if it is closed. Therefore, is regular, completely regular, normal and completely normal. is the discrete topology.
See also
References
Topological spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particular%20point%20topology
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In mathematics, the particular point topology (or included point topology) is a topology where a set is open if it contains a particular point of the topological space. Formally, let X be any non-empty set and p ∈ X. The collection
of subsets of X is the particular point topology on X. There are a variety of cases that are individually named:
If X has two points, the particular point topology on X is the Sierpiński space.
If X is finite (with at least 3 points), the topology on X is called the finite particular point topology.
If X is countably infinite, the topology on X is called the countable particular point topology.
If X is uncountable, the topology on X is called the uncountable particular point topology.
A generalization of the particular point topology is the closed extension topology. In the case when X \ {p} has the discrete topology, the closed extension topology is the same as the particular point topology.
This topology is used to provide interesting examples and counterexamples.
Properties
Closed sets have empty interior
Given a nonempty open set every is a limit point of A. So the closure of any open set other than is . No closed set other than contains p so the interior of every closed set other than is .
Connectedness Properties
Path and locally connected but not arc connected
For any x, y ∈ X, the function f: [0, 1] → X given by
is a path. However, since p is open, the preimage of p under a continuous injection from [0,1] would b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7%C2%BD
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:E7½}}
In mathematics, the Lie algebra E7½ is a subalgebra of E8 containing E7 defined by Landsberg and Manivel in order
to fill the "hole" in a dimension formula for the exceptional series En of simple Lie algebras. This hole was observed by Cvitanovic, Deligne, Cohen and de Man. E7½ has dimension 190, and is not simple: as a representation of its subalgebra E7, it splits as , where (56) is the 56-dimensional irreducible representation of E7. This representation has an invariant symplectic form, and this symplectic form equips with the structure of a Heisenberg algebra; this Heisenberg algebra is the nilradical in E7½.
See also
Vogel plane
References
A.M. Cohen, R. de Man, "Computational evidence for Deligne's conjecture regarding exceptional Lie groups", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série I 322 (1996) 427–432.
P. Deligne, "La série exceptionnelle de groupes de Lie", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série I 322 (1996) 321–326.
P. Deligne, R. de Man, "La série exceptionnelle de groupes de Lie II", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série I 323 (1996) 577–582.
Lie groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSU%20Young%20Scholars%20Program
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FSU Young Scholars Program (YSP) is a six-week residential science and mathematics summer program for 40 high school students from Florida, USA, with significant potential for careers in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The program was developed in 1983 and is currently administered by the Office of Science Teaching Activities in the College of Arts and Sciences at Florida State University (FSU).
Academic program
Each young scholar attends three courses in the fields of mathematics, science and computer programming. The courses are designed specifically for this program — they are neither high school nor college courses.
Research
Each student who attends YSP is assigned an independent research project (IRP) based on his or her interests. Students join the research teams of FSU professors, participating in scientific research for two days each week. The fields of study available include robotics, molecular biology, chemistry, geology, physics and zoology. At the conclusion of the program, students present their projects in an academic conference, documenting their findings and explaining their projects to both students and faculty.
Selection process
YSP admits students who have completed the eleventh grade in a Florida public or private high school. A few exceptionally qualified and mature tenth graders have been selected in past years, though this is quite rare.
All applicants must have completed pre-calculus and maintain at least a 3.0 un
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBT
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RBT may refer to:
Computing
Red–black tree, in computer science
Residual block termination, in cryptography
Risk-based testing, in software testing
Other uses
Random breath test or sobriety checkpoints
RBT (TV series), an Australian docuseries
Residence-based taxation
Ringback tone, in telephony
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%20Turkin
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Hyman C. Turkin (May 9, 1915 – June 24, 1955) was a sportswriter best known for co-editing the first baseball encyclopedia.
Turkin was born in New York City, one of seven children. He joined the staff of the New York Daily News after graduating from Cooper Union in 1936 with a degree in electrical engineering. Turkin covered baseball, basketball, and track for the paper.
Baseball Encyclopedia
A chance meeting with baseball researcher S. C. Thompson in 1944 led the two to collaborate on what would become the first true baseball encyclopedia. Published by A. S. Barnes & Company in 1951, the book contained a complete listing of every man who had played Major League Baseball, along with the years they had played, the teams they had played for, and some basic statistics. It was a remarkable contribution to the field of baseball history.
The book earned the endorsement of Commissioner A. B. "Happy" Chandler, and nine revised editions were published after Turkin's death (the last in 1979).
Personal life
Turkin was one of the founders of the National Foundation for Muscular Dystrophy, which later became the National Foundation for Neuromuscular Diseases. He was married to the former Florence Kerr, and the couple had a daughter named Margery.
Turkin died at the age of 40, following a six-month battle with liver disease. The New York Times writer Arthur Daley described him as "a bustling little dynamo with an inquisitive turn of mind."
Following Turkin's death, the Metropolita
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Kastler
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Daniel Kastler (; 4 March 1926 – 4 July 2015) was a French theoretical physicist, working on the foundations of quantum field theory and on non-commutative geometry.
Biography
Daniel Kastler was born on March 4, 1926, in Colmar, a city of north-eastern France. He is the son of the Physics Nobel Prize laureate Alfred Kastler. In 1946 he enrolled at the École Normale Superieure in Paris. In 1950 he moved to Germany and became lecturer at the Saarland University. In 1953, he was promoted to associate professor and obtained a doctorate in quantum chemistry. In 1957 Kastler moved to the University of Aix-Marseille and became a full professor in 1959. In 1968 he founded, together with Jean-Marie Souriau and Andrea Visconti, the Center of Theoretical Physics in Marseille. Daniel Kastler died on July 8, 2015, in Bandol, in southern France.
Daniel Kastler is known in particular for his work with Rudolf Haag on the foundation of the algebraic approach to quantum field theory. Their collaboration started at the famous Lille Conference in 1957, where both were present, and culminated in the Haag–Kastler axioms for local observables of quantum field theories. This framework uses elements of the theory of operator algebras and is therefore referred to as algebraic quantum field theory or, from the physical point of view, as local quantum physics. In other collaborations, Kastler showed the importance of C*-algebras in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics and in abelian asymp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSU%20Department%20of%20Materials%20Science
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The Moscow State University Materials Science Department () is a faculty of Moscow State University, founded in 1991 at the base of Faculty of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics. Former name of a structure was High School of Materials Science (Высший колледж наук о материалах).
As of 2010 about 150 students studied at the faculty. Although the faculty is relatively small, the faculty includes members of Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) among its members. The educational program of the faculty includes mathematics, physics, chemistry and mechanics, and also number of practical courses.
The faculty annually accepts 25 new students. The education lasts 5.5 years (11 semesters) for Specialist degree, or 4 years for Bachelor's degree and 2 more years for Master's degree. The 1st dean and founder of the department is Yury Dmitrievich Tretyakov.
External links
Official site (Russian)
Materials Science
Education in Moscow
Materials science institutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20engineering
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Crystal engineering studies the design and synthesis of solid-state structures with desired properties through deliberate control of intermolecular interactions. It is an interdisciplinary academic field, bridging solid-state and supramolecular chemistry.
The main engineering strategies currently in use are hydrogen- and halogen bonding and coordination bonding. These may be understood with key concepts such as the supramolecular synthon and the secondary building unit.
History of term
The term 'crystal engineering' was first used in 1955 by R. Pepinsky but the starting point is often credited to Gerhard Schmidt in connection with photodimerization reactions in crystalline cinnamic acids. Since this initial use, the meaning of the term has broadened considerably to include many aspects of solid state supramolecular chemistry. A useful modern definition is that provided by Gautam Desiraju, who in 1988 defined crystal engineering as "the understanding of intermolecular interactions in the context of crystal packing and the utilization of such understanding in the design of new solids with desired physical and chemical properties." Since many of the bulk properties of molecular materials are dictated by the manner in which the molecules are ordered in the solid state, it is clear that an ability to control this ordering would afford control over these properties.
Non-covalent control of structure
Crystal engineering relies on noncovalent bonding to achieve the organizat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Evans%20%28headmaster%29
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Ian Philip Evans OBE FRSC (born 1948) is a British educationalist and a former Headmaster of Bedford School.
Biography
Born on 2 May 1948 and educated in North Wales at Ruabon Boys Grammar school, Evans read Natural Sciences at Churchill College, Cambridge taking a first class degree and obtained a doctorate in inorganic chemistry from Imperial College London, working in the laboratory of Professor Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson. He taught chemistry at St Paul's School, London and, in 1991, he was appointed as Headmaster of Bedford School, a position which he held until the summer of 2008. He was also appointed as a government advisor on education, from which post he retired in 1999, and was subsequently awarded an OBE for his work. He was an appointed member of the council of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Publications
I. P. Evans, A. Spencer, & G. Wilkinson "Dichlorotetrakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium(II) and its use as a source material for new ruthenium(II) complexes" Jrnl. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. (1973) 204-209
References
Welsh schoolteachers
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Living people
1948 births
Alumni of Imperial College London
Headmasters of Bedford School
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Weingartner
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Hans Weingartner (born 2 November 1977) is an author, director and producer of films. Born in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg, he attended the Austrian Association of Cinematography in Vienna and earned a diploma as a camera assistant. Later, he studied film at the Academy of Media Arts KHM in Cologne, Germany. He also has studied neuroscience at the University of Vienna and graduated from the neurosurgical department at the Free University of Berlin’s Steglitz Clinic.
Filmography
Full length feature films
The White Sound (Das weisse Rauschen, 2001)
The Edukators (Die fetten Jahre sind vorbei, 2004)
Reclaim Your Brain (Free Rainer – Dein Fernseher lügt, 2007)
Germany 09 (Segment "Gefährder", 2009)
Hut in the Woods (Die Summe meiner einzelnen Teile, 2011)
(303, 2018)
Awards
2001 First Steps Award for Das weisse Rauschen as Best Picture
2001 for Das weisse Rauschen
2001 Filmfestival Max Ophüls Prize for Das weisse Rauschen as Best Film
2002 German Film Award for Das weisse Rauschen as Best Feature Film
2003 German Film Critics Award for Best Debut Film for Das weisse Rauschen
2004 Nomination The Edukators for the Golden Palm at the Cannes Film Festival
2004 German Film Critics Award for The Edukators as Best Feature Film
2004 Förderpreis Neues Deutsches Kino for Best Director and Best Script for The Edukators
2004 Jury Prize at the Cape Town World Cinema Festival for The Edukators
2004 Prize of the DEFA-Stiftung
2005 Audience Award at the Miami International Film
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20California%2C%20Davis%20alumni
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This page lists notable alumni of the University of California, Davis.
Academics
University presidents
Professors
Science
Astronauts
Tracy Caldwell Dyson
Stephen K. Robinson
Computer science
Engineering
Economics
Ahmad Faruqui, defense analyst and economist
Masami Imai, Japanese economist
Timothy Francis McCarthy, financial services chief executive
Mahmoud Solh, Lebanese agricultural economist and genetic scientist; Director General of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
Biology
Geosciences
Christopher G. Newhall, volcanologist
Gabriel Filippelli, biogeochemist
Other
Arts, entertainment, and literature
Fine art
Music
Literature
Film and television
Comedy
Bruce Baum, comedian
Tim Lee, comedian
Hasan Minhaj, comedian
Other
Jenny Cho, broadcaster
Jenn Im, fashion and beauty vlogger
Meghan Kalkstein, broadcast journalist
Tiffany Lam, beauty queen, Miss Hong Kong 2002
Mike Pondsmith, game designer
Henry Wofford, SportsNet Central anchor/reporter for Comcast SportsNet in San Francisco
Athletics
Olympians
Baseball
Basketball
Football
Nick Aliotti, defensive coordinator for University of Oregon
Mike Bellotti, former head football coach for the University of Oregon
Rolf Benirschke, placekicker for the San Diego Chargers of the NFL
Bob Biggs, former head coach for UC Davis
Chris Carter, former wide receiver for Seattle Seahawks
Jonathan Compas, former NFL offensive lineman, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Kevin Daft,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20California%2C%20Davis%20faculty
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This page lists notable faculty (past and present) of the University of California, Davis.
Arts and music
Biological sciences
Chemistry
Communications and media
Charles Berger, professor of communication
Earth sciences
Economics
Engineering
English
Food sciences
History
Law and government
Mathematics
Medicine
Physics
Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, and cultural studies
Other
See also
List of University of California, Davis alumni
References
External links
UC Davis Faculty on the Davis Wiki
Davis faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle%20and%20motorcycle%20dynamics
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Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics is the science of the motion of bicycles and motorcycles and their components, due to the forces acting on them. Dynamics falls under a branch of physics known as classical mechanics. Bike motions of interest include balancing, steering, braking, accelerating, suspension activation, and vibration. The study of these motions began in the late 19th century and continues today.
Bicycles and motorcycles are both single-track vehicles and so their motions have many fundamental attributes in common and are fundamentally different from and more difficult to study than other wheeled vehicles such as dicycles, tricycles, and quadracycles. As with unicycles, bikes lack lateral stability when stationary, and under most circumstances can only remain upright when moving forward. Experimentation and mathematical analysis have shown that a bike stays upright when it is steered to keep its center of mass over its wheels. This steering is usually supplied by a rider, or in certain circumstances, by the bike itself. Several factors, including geometry, mass distribution, and gyroscopic effect all contribute in varying degrees to this self-stability, but long-standing hypotheses and claims that any single effect, such as gyroscopic or trail, is solely responsible for the stabilizing force have been discredited.
While remaining upright may be the primary goal of beginning riders, a bike must lean in order to maintain balance in a turn: the higher the speed or sm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Arnold%20%28racing%20driver%29
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William Henry "Billy" Arnold (December 16, 1905 – November 10, 1976) was an American racing driver. He won the 1930 Indianapolis 500.
Early life
Richard William Arnold was born in Chicago on December 16, 1905. He earned his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and after his racing days were over, pursued a Ph.D. from the MIAT College of Technology. At some point in his life he changed his name to William Henry Arnold.
Driving career
Arnold won the 1930 Indianapolis 500 after leading all but first two laps of the race, the most ever by a winner of the race and he won by a margin of 7 minutes and 17 seconds. He was 24 years old at the time. In 1931 he led 155 laps but crashed on lap 162 while holding a five-lap lead, sustaining serious injuries along with his riding mechanic Spider Matlock. A tire came off the car, bounced over the stands and killed 11-year-old Wilbur Brink, who was struck near his parents' concession stand outside the track. In 1932 Arnold led 57 laps before crashing on lap 59. He sustained a broken shoulder and riding mechanic Matlock sustained a broken pelvis. At the urging of his wife, Arnold retired from racing.
Military service
During World War II, he served with Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower as Chief of Maintenance for the U.S. 8th Air Force and left the service in 1945 as a LtCol.
Post-war career
Following the war, Arnold worked at Fretwell's DeSoto then entered the construction busines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Railway%20Service%20of%20Mechanical%20Engineering
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The Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineering, abbreviated as IRSME, is one of the group 'A' central engineering services of the Indian railways. The officers of this service are responsible for managing the Mechanical Engineering Division of the Indian Railways. Till 2019, IRSME officers were drawn from the Combined Engineering Service Examination (ESE) conducted by Union Public Service Commission. All appointments to the Group 'A' services are made by the president of India.
Recruitment
There are two modes of recruitment to IRSME Group 'A':
50% through direct recruitment through the annual Civil Services Examination conducted by UPSC.
50% through promotion from Group 'B' officers of Mechanical departments of the Zonal Railways.
Current cadre strength of IRSME officers is around 1700, serving in 68 divisions and 3 Production units across 17 Zonal Railways in India and the Railway Board.
Previous modes of recruitment
Engineering Services ExaminationThe incumbents who were Graduates in Engineering used to get selected by the Union Public Services Commission, the apex gazetted recruitment body of the Government of India. In 2020 Railways separated itself from Engineering Services Exam (ESE) and made Indian Railway Management Services (IRMS). Earlier the recruitment used to be through UPSC Engineering Services Exam for Engineers but now after 2 years halt it's through UPSC Civil Services Exam from 2022; an all India written test followed by interview for selecte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF%20Class%20X%2073900
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The X73900 is a diesel multiple unit (DMU) train type operated by the SNCF in France. They were built from 2001 to 2004 by Alsthom DDF. They are a version of the SNCF Class X 73500 equipped with train control systems for transborder services to Germany.
General Information
The trains are single railcars. The units were ordered joint with Deutsche Bahn, with their Class 641 units.
The trains have modern features which were new to TER trains, such as:
PIS inside and out of the train
Low floor section with wide doors, for those with poor mobility
Air conditioning
Stronger cab area for reduced crash damage
The trains can work in multiple of up to 3 sets.
They are numbered X 73901 - X73919.
Liveries
TER Livery - Metallic Grey with Blue ends and TER logos. Most X 73500 carry this.
DB Red - X73913 - X73915 wear a Red Deutsche Bahn livery with DB logos.
Use of X 73900
The units are used on services that operate into Germany from France.
They operate the following services:
Saarbrücken - Strasbourg - Offenburg
Metz - Saarbrücken
Mulhouse - Müllheim - Freiburg im Breisgau
Gallery
Depots
The class is allocated to Strasbourg depot.
See also
Alstom Coradia LINT
References
External links
73900
Alstom Coradia
Diesel multiple units of France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUS%20reporter%20system
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The GUS reporter system (GUS: β-glucuronidase) is a reporter gene system, particularly useful in plant molecular biology and microbiology. Several kinds of GUS reporter gene assay are available, depending on the substrate used. The term GUS staining refers to the most common of these, a histochemical technique.
Purpose
The purpose of this technique is to analyze the activity of a gene transcription promoter (in terms of expression of a so-called reporter gene under the regulatory control of that promoter) either in a quantitative manner, involving some measure of activity, or qualitatively (on versus off) through visualization of its activity in different cells, tissues, or organs. The technique utilizes the uidA gene of Escherichia coli, which codes for the enzyme, β-glucuronidase; this enzyme, when incubated with specific colorless or non-fluorescent substrates, can convert them into stable colored or fluorescent products. The presence of the GUS-induced color indicates where the gene has been actively expressed. In this way, strong promoter activity produces much staining and weak promoter activity produces less staining.
The uidA gene can also be fused to a gene of interest, creating a gene fusion. The insertion of the uidA gene will cause production of GUS, which can then be detected using various glucuronides as substrates.
Substrates
There are different possible glucuronide that can be used as substrates for the β-glucuronidase, depending on the type of detection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Triantafyllou
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Michael Triantafyllou is Professor of Mechanical and Ocean Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Director of the Center for Ocean Engineering, Head of the Area of Ocean Science and Engineering, and Director of the Testing Tank and Propeller Tunnel Facilities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is best known for his work on underwater robots, based upon and emulating the performance of fish, including the six-foot laboratory robot the RoboTuna (part of a permanent exhibition at the Science Museum in London since 1998), the free-swimming RoboPike (1998), and the RoboTurtle (2005).
Triantafyllou was born and grew up in Athens, Greece. After graduating from the National Technical University of Athens in 1974 (Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering), he continued with graduate studies at MIT. In 1977 he graduated with a dual S.M. in Ocean Engineering and Mechanical Engineering in 1977, followed in 1979 by an Sc.D. in Ocean Engineering. Upon receiving his doctorate, Triantafyllou took up a teaching post at MIT in the Department of Ocean Engineering.
Triantafyllou has been a visiting scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Chairman of the Joint MIT/WHOI Program Committee in Oceanographic Engineering, and visiting professor at the National Technical University of Athens in Greece, Kyushu University in Japan, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway, and ETH Zurich in Switzerland.
"The main foc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Chemical%20Information%20and%20Modeling
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The Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in 1961 as the Journal of Chemical Documentation, renamed in 1975 to Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, and obtained its current name in 2005. The journal covers the fields of computational chemistry and chemical informatics. The editor-in-chief is Kenneth M. Merz Jr. (Michigan State University). The journal supports Open Science approaches.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts Service
Scopus
ProQuest databases
Science Citation Index
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed.
References
External links
Computer science journals
Cheminformatics
Computational chemistry
American Chemical Society academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1961
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20Informatics
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Molecular Informatics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley VCH. It covers research in cheminformatics, quantitative structure–activity relationships, and combinatorial chemistry. It was established in 1981 as Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships and renamed to QSAR & Combinatorial Science in 2003, before obtaining its present name in 2010. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 2.338.
References
External links
The QSAR and Modelling Society
Society of Combinatorial Sciences
Computational Chemistry List
Chemistry journals
Computer science journals
Cheminformatics
Monthly journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch%20%28plasma%20physics%29
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A pinch (or: Bennett pinch (after Willard Harrison Bennett), electromagnetic pinch, magnetic pinch, pinch effect, or plasma pinch.) is the compression of an electrically conducting filament by magnetic forces, or a device that does such. The conductor is usually a plasma, but could also be a solid or liquid metal. Pinches were the first type of device used for experiments in controlled nuclear fusion power.
Pinches occur naturally in electrical discharges such as lightning bolts, planetary auroras, current sheets, and solar flares.
Basic mechanism
Types
Pinches exist in nature and in laboratories. Pinches differ in their geometry and operating forces. These include:
Uncontrolled – Any time an electric current moves in large amounts (e.g., lightning, arcs, sparks, discharges) a magnetic force can pull together plasma. This can be insufficient for fusion.
Sheet pinch – An astrophysical effect, this arises from vast sheets of charged particles.
Z-pinch – The current runs down the axis, or walls, of a cylinder while the magnetic field is azimuthal
Theta pinch – The magnetic field runs down the axis of a cylinder, while the electric field is in the azimuthal direction (also called a thetatron)
Screw pinch – A combination of a Z-pinch and theta pinch (also called a stabilized Z-pinch, or θ-Z pinch)
Reversed field pinch or toroidal pinch – This is a Z-pinch arranged in the shape of a torus. The plasma has an internal magnetic field. As distance increases from the center of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence%20kinetic%20energy
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In fluid dynamics, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is the mean kinetic energy per unit mass associated with eddies in turbulent flow. Physically, the turbulence kinetic energy is characterised by measured root-mean-square (RMS) velocity fluctuations. In the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes equations, the turbulence kinetic energy can be calculated based on the closure method, i.e. a turbulence model.
Generally, the TKE is defined to be half the sum of the variances (square of standard deviations) of the velocity components:
where the turbulent velocity component is the difference between the instantaneous and the average velocity , whose mean and variance are respectively.
TKE can be produced by fluid shear, friction or buoyancy, or through external forcing at low-frequency eddy scales (integral scale). Turbulence kinetic energy is then transferred down the turbulence energy cascade, and is dissipated by viscous forces at the Kolmogorov scale. This process of production, transport and dissipation can be expressed as:
where:
is the mean-flow material derivative of TKE;
is the turbulence transport of TKE;
is the production of TKE, and
is the TKE dissipation.
Assuming that molecular viscosity is constant, and making the Boussinesq approximation, the TKE equation is:
By examining these phenomena, the turbulence kinetic energy budget for a particular flow can be found.
Computational fluid dynamics
In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), it is impossible to numerica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%20%28Lie%20algebra%29
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:En (Lie algebra)}}
In mathematics, especially in Lie theory, En is the Kac–Moody algebra whose Dynkin diagram is a bifurcating graph with three branches of length 1, 2 and k, with k = n − 4.
In some older books and papers, E2 and E4 are used as names for G2 and F4.
Finite-dimensional Lie algebras
The En group is similar to the An group, except the nth node is connected to the 3rd node. So the Cartan matrix appears similar, -1 above and below the diagonal, except for the last row and column, have −1 in the third row and column. The determinant of the Cartan matrix for En is 9 − n.
E3 is another name for the Lie algebra A1A2 of dimension 11, with Cartan determinant 6.
E4 is another name for the Lie algebra A4 of dimension 24, with Cartan determinant 5.
E5 is another name for the Lie algebra D5 of dimension 45, with Cartan determinant 4.
E6 is the exceptional Lie algebra of dimension 78, with Cartan determinant 3.
E7 is the exceptional Lie algebra of dimension 133, with Cartan determinant 2.
E8 is the exceptional Lie algebra of dimension 248, with Cartan determinant 1.
Infinite-dimensional Lie algebras
E9 is another name for the infinite-dimensional affine Lie algebra (also as E8+ or E8(1) as a (one-node) extended E8) (or E8 lattice) corresponding to the Lie algebra of type E8. E9 has a Cartan matrix with determinant 0.
E10 (or E8++ or E8(1)^ as a (two-node) over-extended E8) is an infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebra whose root lattice is the e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consistent%20mean%20field%20%28biology%29
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The self-consistent mean field (SCMF) method is an adaptation of mean field theory used in protein structure prediction to determine the optimal amino acid side chain packing given a fixed protein backbone. It is faster but less accurate than dead-end elimination and is generally used in situations where the protein of interest is too large for the problem to be tractable by DEE.
General principles
Like dead-end elimination, the SCMF method explores conformational space by discretizing the dihedral angles of each side chain into a set of rotamers for each position in the protein sequence. The method iteratively develops a probabilistic description of the relative population of each possible rotamer at each position, and the probability of a given structure is defined as a function of the probabilities of its individual rotamer components.
The basic requirements for an effective SCMF implementation are:
A well-defined finite set of discrete independent variables
A precomputed numerical value (considered the "energy") associated with each element in the set of variables, and associated with each binary element pair
An initial probability distribution describing the starting population of each individual rotamer
A way of updating rotamer energies and probabilities as a function of the mean-field energy
The process is generally initialized with a uniform probability distribution over the rotamers—that is, if there are rotamers at the position in the protein, then the pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish-Chandra%20isomorphism
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In mathematics, the Harish-Chandra isomorphism, introduced by ,
is an isomorphism of commutative rings constructed in the theory of Lie algebras. The isomorphism maps the center of the universal enveloping algebra of a reductive Lie algebra to the elements of the symmetric algebra of a Cartan subalgebra that are invariant under the Weyl group .
Introduction and setting
Let be a semisimple Lie algebra, its Cartan subalgebra and be two elements of the weight space (where is the dual of ) and assume that a set of positive roots have been fixed. Let and be highest weight modules with highest weights and respectively.
Central characters
The -modules and are representations of the universal enveloping algebra and its center acts on the modules by scalar multiplication (this follows from the fact that the modules are generated by a highest weight vector). So, for and ,
and similarly for , where the functions are homomorphisms from to scalars called central characters.
Statement of Harish-Chandra theorem
For any , the characters if and only if and are on the same orbit of the Weyl group of , where is the half-sum of the positive roots, sometimes known as the Weyl vector.
Another closely related formulation is that the Harish-Chandra homomorphism from the center of the universal enveloping algebra to (the elements of the symmetric algebra of the Cartan subalgebra fixed by the Weyl group) is an isomorphism.
Explicit isomorphism
More explicitly, the is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20variational%20inequality
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In mathematics, a differential variational inequality (DVI) is a dynamical system that incorporates ordinary differential equations and variational inequalities or complementarity problems.
DVIs are useful for representing models involving both dynamics and inequality constraints. Examples of such problems include, for example, mechanical impact problems, electrical circuits with ideal diodes, Coulomb friction problems for contacting bodies, and dynamic economic and related problems such as dynamic traffic networks and networks of queues (where the constraints can either be upper limits on queue length or that the queue length cannot become negative). DVIs are related to a number of other concepts including differential inclusions, projected dynamical systems, evolutionary inequalities, and parabolic variational inequalities.
Differential variational inequalities were first formally introduced by Pang and Stewart, whose definition should not be confused with the differential variational inequality used in Aubin and Cellina (1984).
Differential variational inequalities have the form to find such that
for every and almost all t; K a closed convex set, where
Closely associated with DVIs are dynamic/differential complementarity problems: if K is a closed convex cone, then the variational inequality is equivalent to the complementarity problem:
Examples
Mechanical Contact
Consider a rigid ball of radius falling from a height towards a table. Assume that the for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Y.%20al-Hassan
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Ahmad Yousef Al-Hassan () (June 25, 1925 – April 28, 2012) was a Palestinian/Syrian/Canadian historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology, educated in Jerusalem, Cairo, and London with a PhD in Mechanical engineering from University College London. He was Dean of Engineering and later President of the University of Aleppo where he founded the Institute for the History of Arabic Science (IHAS) and was its first director.
He also served as Minister of Petroleum, Electricity and Mineral Resources of Syria prior to 1971.
He migrated to Canada in 1982.
Positions and awards
Visiting Professor at the Department for the History and Philosophy of Science, University College, London
Visiting Professor at the Department of Middle East and Islamic Studies, University of Toronto
Professor at the Institute for the History of Arabic Science (IHAS), University of Aleppo
Recipient of the Ordre National de la Légion d'honneur of the French Republic
References
1925 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Syrian historians
Syrian Muslims
Historians of science
Historians of technology
Oil and mineral reserves ministers of Syria
Alumni of University College London
Academic staff of the University of Aleppo
People from Umm al-Fahm
Syrian emigrants to Canada
Syrian expatriates in Egypt
Syrian expatriates in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer%20cake%20%28disambiguation%29
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A layer cake is a pastry made from stacked layers of cake held together by filling.
Layer Cake or layer cake may also refer to:
In mathematics, the Layer cake representation is a representation of a function in terms of an integral of 'slices' of the function's area
Layer-cake federalism, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between a federal and state governments in clearly defined terms
Layer Cake (novel), a 2000 novel by J. J. Connolly
Layer Cake (film), a 2004 film based on the novel
Layer Cake, Soviet Sloika design for nuclear-weapon test Joe 4
Layer Cake, digital music imprint of Dreamlab (production team)
"Layer Cake", song by Kano (rapper) inspired by the film Layer Cake
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest%20element%20of%20a%20Coxeter%20group
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In mathematics, the longest element of a Coxeter group is the unique element of maximal length in a finite Coxeter group with respect to the chosen generating set consisting of simple reflections. It is often denoted by w0. See and .
Properties
A Coxeter group has a longest element if and only if it is finite; "only if" is because the size of the group is bounded by the number of words of length less than or equal to the maximum.
The longest element of a Coxeter group is the unique maximal element with respect to the Bruhat order.
The longest element is an involution (has order 2: ), by uniqueness of maximal length (the inverse of an element has the same length as the element).
For any the length satisfies
A reduced expression for the longest element is not in general unique.
In a reduced expression for the longest element, every simple reflection must occur at least once.
If the Coxeter group is finite then the length of w0 is the number of the positive roots.
The open cell Bw0B in the Bruhat decomposition of a semisimple algebraic group G is dense in Zariski topology; topologically, it is the top dimensional cell of the decomposition, and represents the fundamental class.
The longest element is the central element –1 except for (), for n odd, and for p odd, when it is –1 multiplied by the order 2 automorphism of the Coxeter diagram.
See also
Coxeter element, a different distinguished element
Coxeter number
Length function
References
Coxeter grou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organomercury%20chemistry
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Organomercury chemistry refers to the study of organometallic compounds that contain mercury. Typically the Hg–C bond is stable toward air and moisture but sensitive to light. Important organomercury compounds are the methylmercury(II) cation, CH3Hg+; ethylmercury(II) cation, C2H5Hg+; dimethylmercury, (CH3)2Hg, diethylmercury and merbromin ("Mercurochrome"). Thiomersal is used as a preservative for vaccines and intravenous drugs.
The toxicity of organomercury compounds presents both dangers and benefits. Dimethylmercury in particular is notoriously toxic, but found use as an antifungal agent and insecticide. Merbromin and phenylmercuric borate are used as topical antiseptics, while nitromersol is used as a preservative for vaccines and antitoxins.
Synthesis
Organomercury compounds are generated by many methods, including the direct reaction of hydrocarbons and mercury(II) salts. In this regard, organomercury chemistry more closely resembles organopalladium chemistry and contrasts with organocadmium compounds.
Mercuration of aromatic rings
Electron-rich arenes, such as phenol, undergo mercuration upon treatment with Hg(O2CCH3)2. The one acetate group that remains on the mercury atom can be displaced by chloride:
C6H5OH + Hg(O2CCH3)2 → C6H4(OH)–HgO2CCH3 + CH3CO2H
C6H4(OH)–HgO2CCH3 + NaCl → C6H4(OH)–HgCl + NaO2CCH3
The first such reaction, including a mercuration of benzene itself, was reported by Otto Dimroth between 1898 and 1902.
Addition to alkenes
The Hg2+ center bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver%20Creek%20Secondary%20School
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Enver Creek Secondary School is a public high school located in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada and is part of the School District 36 Surrey.
Academics
Students are required to enroll in English, Social Studies, Mathematics, Sciences, and Physical Education. Most academic areas offer honours courses. Advanced Placement courses are available for English, Calculus, Art, and now Chemistry, at the grade 12 level. Second language studies are offered in French, Spanish., and Punjabi. Physical Fitness requirements allow students to select Physical education, Weight Training or Fitness. Elective areas of study span two main areas Applied Skills, which include Computers, Business, Woodwork, Metalwork, Electronics, Engineering, plus Foods or Cook Training. Fine Arts studies, " which include Dance, Art, Media, Band, and Photography.
The school operates on a semester system of two - 5 month terms. Many students also elect to enrol in free, full-credit summer school offered by the school district during the summer months.
Mathematics
Mathematics at Enver Creek are divided into three categories for different levels of career or post secondary preparation. During the first year, students are able to enter Math 8 Honours, Math 8 regular or Math 8 with Learning Assistance. In Math 10 the courses diverge into two levels for students to choose Apprenticeship & Workplace 10 and Foundations & Pre-Calculus 10. In Math 11, the courses diverge into 3 levels where students choose Apprent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanawis%20Secondary%20School
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Tamanawis Secondary is a public secondary school in Surrey, British Columbia. It is a part of School District 36.
The school provides many choices regarding subjects for its students. Here is a list of some of the subjects offered:
Fine Arts,
Business,
Biology,
AP Calculus,
Chemistry,
Drama
Dance,
Home Economics,
French,
Mathematics,
Performing Arts,
Physical Education,
Physics,
Science,
Information Technology,
Woodworking,
Metalworking,
Electronics,
Punjabi,
Spanish
and other after school programs.
History
Tamanawis Secondary was opened in 1994. The school's design is also very similar to that of Elgin Park Secondary School
Sports Programs & Activities
The school is well known for its sports programs, with its basketball and other teams consistently performing well in the BC Provincial Championships. The boys basketball team won the Fraser Valley's in 2014, 2016 and 2018 while finishing 3rd in the Province in 2014 and 2018 and 2nd in 2016. Tamanawis is the only Surrey public school to win the Fraser Valley since 1981. The boys soccer team also won the Fraser Valley's in 2013 and 2015.
Tamanawis is also the home school of STUDIO99, a group of teen filmmakers who make short films in all genres as well as cover many school events, like the Tamanawis Christmas Community Dinner, where the senior jazz band annually makes an appearance.
Also, Tamanawis hosts ; a film festival open to all in the Lower Mainland.
Tamanawis also hosts a number of clubs including Global Awaren
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Fourman
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Michael Paul Fourman FBCS FRSE (born 12 September 1950) is Professor of Computer Systems at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, UK, and was Head of the School of Informatics from 2001 to 2009.
Fourman is worked in applications of logic in computer science, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science – more specifically, formal models of digital systems, system design tools, proof assistants, categorical semantics and propositional planning.
Qualifications
Fourman received a BSc in Mathematics and Philosophy from the University of Bristol in 1971, then his MSc in Mathematical Logic from the University of Oxford in 1972. He wrote his DPhil thesis Connections between Category Theory and Logic under the supervision of Dana Scott at Oxford, defending his thesis in 1974.
Career
He continued to work with Scott as an SRC postdoctoral Research Fellow and Junior Research Fellow of Wolfson College, in Oxford, until 1976, when he moved to the USA, first as a Visiting Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, then, from 1977 to 1982, as JF Ritt Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Columbia University in New York.
In 1983 he moved, with a Science and Engineering Research Council Fellowship, to the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at Brunel University. He was appointed to a Readership, and then to the Chair of Formal Systems, at Brunel in 1986.
Fourman was co-founder and Technical Director of Abstract Hardware Limi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%20Amity%20School
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Brooklyn Amity School (also known as Amity) is a UPK-12 private school that was founded in 1999. As of 2016, 256 students were enrolled.
Academic Curriculum
AP Courses: AP Language, AP World History,
AP US History, AP Government, AP Calculus, AP
Biology*, AP Art Studio, AP Psychology
English: English I, II, III, IV, English I,II, III Honors,
Creative Writing, Public Speaking, Reading
Comprehension, American Literature
ESL: ESL Foundations, Grammar, Reading, Writing,
Speaking, Listening, Vocabulary, American Ethics
and Culture, Accelerated Reading
Mathematics: Algebra I, Algebra II, Algebra II
Honors*, Integrated Algebra (ESL), Geometry,
Geometry Honors*, Pre- Calculus, SAT Math
Science: Biology, Biology Honors. Chemistry,
Chemistry Honors*, Physics, Scientific Research and
Design, Introduction to Biology (ESL)
Social Studies: World History, US History, Civics,
Psychology*, Economics, Integrated World History
(ESL)
Foreign Languages: Spanish**, Turkish**,
Russian**
Other
The school has competed in the regional Science Olympiad competition, getting first place in 2008 and 2007 and 4th in 2006. The school also took part in the 2008 Future City Competition.
References
External links
Brooklyn Amity School Official Website
Middle Eastern-American culture in New York City
Private elementary schools in Brooklyn
Private middle schools in Brooklyn
Private high schools in Brooklyn
Turkish-American culture in New York (state)
Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20B.%20Johnson
|
Dr George B. Johnson (born 11 June 1942, in Newport News, Virginia) is a science educator who for many years has written a weekly column "On Science" in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. For over 30 years he was a biology professor at Washington University and a genetics professor at Washington University School of Medicine. He has authored 44 scientific papers and ten high school and college biology texts. Over 3 million students have learned biology from these texts.
Education
Johnson got his B.A. in English from Dartmouth College in 1964, and his M.A. in biology, also at Dartmouth College in 1966.
He was granted his Ph.D. in population biology from Stanford University in 1972, his thesis being on genetic variation in alpine butterflies.
Academic career
Johnson was hired as an assistant professor of biology at Washington University in St. Louis in 1972. He was a visiting research fellow at Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California, 1975-1976. He was promoted to associate professor of biology at Washington University in St. Louis and also associate professor of genetics at their School of Medicine in 1976. He served as visiting lector, Genetisk Institute at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, in 1977.
In 1980 he was promoted to professor of biology at Washington University, a position he held until his retirement in 2004. He was also professor of genetics at the School of Medicine from 1981 to 2004. During the years 1987 to 1990 he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20sweep
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In genetics, a selective sweep is the process through which a new beneficial mutation that increases its frequency and becomes fixed (i.e., reaches a frequency of 1) in the population leads to the reduction or elimination of genetic variation among nucleotide sequences that are near the mutation. In selective sweep, positive selection causes the new mutation to reach fixation so quickly that linked alleles can "hitchhike" and also become fixed.
Overview
A selective sweep can occur when a rare or previously non-existing allele that increases the fitness of the carrier (relative to other members of the population) increases rapidly in frequency due to natural selection. As the prevalence of such a beneficial allele increases, genetic variants that happen to be present on the genomic background (the DNA neighborhood) of the beneficial allele will also become more prevalent. This is called genetic hitchhiking. A selective sweep due to a strongly selected allele, which arose on a single genomic background, therefore results in a region of the genome with a large reduction of genetic variation in that chromosome region. The idea that strong positive selection could reduce nearby genetic variation due to hitchhiking was proposed by John Maynard-Smith and John Haigh in 1974.
Not all sweeps reduce genetic variation in the same way. Sweeps can be placed into three main categories:
The "classic selective sweep" or "hard selective sweep" is expected to occur when beneficial mutatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20J.%20Silhavy
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Thomas J. Silhavy is the Warner-Lambert Parke-Davis Professor of molecular biology at Princeton University. Silhavy is a bacterial geneticist who has made fundamental contributions to several different research fields. He is best known for his work on protein secretion, membrane biogenesis, and signal transduction. Using Escherichia coli as a model system, his lab was the first to isolate signal sequence mutations, identify a component of cellular protein secretion machinery, discover an integral membrane component of the outer membrane assembly machinery, and to identify and characterize a two-component regulatory system. Current work in his lab is focused on the mechanisms of outer membrane biogenesis and the regulatory systems that sense and respond to envelope stress and trigger the developmental pathway that allows cells to survive starvation. He is the author of more than 200 research articles and three books.
Silhavy was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2005.
Honors
2016 American Society for Microbiology Lifetime Achievement Award
2011–2021 Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Bacteriology
2008 Genetics Society of America Novitski Prize
2008 Associate Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)
2005 Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2005 Member of the National Academy of Sciences
2002 Graduate Microbiology Teaching Award from American Society for Microbiology
Trainees
Scott D. Emr
Michael N. Hall
External links
Profile o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional%20Chemistry
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Emotional Chemistry is a BBC Books original novel written by Simon A. Forward and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz and Trix.
The novel is written as a love story between two aliens separated by time, and is set in three distinct time periods: 1812, 2024 and the year 5000. The sections set in the 51st Century in particular contain references to the Doctor Who serial The Talons of Weng-Chiang, showing the war that villain Magnus Greel had started before trying to escape through time.
Plot
The TARDIS crew arrive in the Kremlin Museum, looking for a locket that may help to reveal the nature of Sabbath's plans. However, they find the museum being ransacked by two soldiers from the future. One is overpowered, and the other escapes to the future, taking the Doctor with him.
In the present day, Colonel Grigoriy Bugayev (of the Russian branch of UNIT) is investigating the thefts, and suspects corrupt businessman Vladimir Garudin. He also knows of the Doctor, and thinks that his companions may be able to help him. However, he doesn't search Trix properly, and fails to discover that she has stolen the locket the Doctor was searching for.
The Doctor and the future soldier arrive in 5000 with a painting of a Russian noblewoman, which his captor insists on taking to his commander, Lord General Razum Kinzhal. Kinzhal himself has been captured by enemy forces, but manages to complete a daring escape that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crooked%20World
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The Crooked World is a BBC Books original novel written by Steve Lyons and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz and Anji.
Plot
The Doctor accidentally brings the concept of reality to a world based on cartoon physics.
Continuity
The concept of a person's belief affecting a creature also featured in Lyons's previous novel Salvation.
Outside references
All the characters are parodies of popular cartoon characters, though none are mentioned by name.
Reception
In Interzone, Matt Hills writes, "Lyon's tenth Who novel seems at first as if it is going to be a very long set of tiresome in-jokes and references. But it opens out into a sharply drawn meditation on social justice and individual guilt, as well as dealing with the cultural transmission of ideas."
References
External links
The Cloister Library - The Crooked World
2002 British novels
2002 science fiction novels
Eighth Doctor Adventures
Novels by Steve Lyons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten%20disilicide
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Tungsten silicide (WSi2) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of tungsten. It is an electrically conductive ceramic material.
Chemistry
Tungsten silicide can react violently with substances such as strong acids, fluorine, oxidizers, and interhalogens.
Applications
It is used in microelectronics as a contact material, with resistivity 60–80 μΩ cm; it forms at 1000 °C. It is often used as a shunt over polysilicon lines to increase their conductivity and increase signal speed. Tungsten silicide layers can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition, e.g. using monosilane or dichlorosilane with tungsten hexafluoride as source gases. The deposited film is non-stoichiometric, and requires annealing to convert to more conductive stoichiometric form. Tungsten silicide is a replacement for earlier tungsten films. Tungsten silicide is also used as a barrier layer between silicon and other metals, e.g. tungsten.
Tungsten silicide is also of value towards use in microelectromechanical systems, where it is mostly applied as thin films for fabrication of microscale circuits. For such purposes, films of tungsten silicide can be plasma-etched using e.g. nitrogen trifluoride gas.
WSi2 performs well in applications as oxidation-resistant coatings. In particular, in similarity to Molybdenum disilicide, MoSi2, the high emissivity of tungsten disilicide makes this material attractive for high temperature radiative cooling, with implications in heat shields.
References
Ceramic materials
Group 6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautsky%20effect
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In biophysics, the Kautsky effect (also fluorescence transient, fluorescence induction or fluorescence decay) is a phenomenon consisting of a typical variation in the behavior of a plant fluorescence when exposed to light. It was discovered in 1931 by H. Kautsky and A. Hirsch.
When dark-adapted photosynthesising cells are illuminated with continuous light, chlorophyll fluorescence displays characteristic changes in intensity accompanying the induction of photosynthetic activity.
Application of Kautsky effect
The quantum yield of photosynthesis, which is also the photochemical quenching of fluorescence, is calculated through the following equation:
Φp = (Fm-F0)/Fm = Fv/Fm
F0 is the low fluorescence intensity, which is measured by a short light flash that is not strong enough to cause photochemistry, and thus induces fluorescence. Fm is the maximum fluorescence that can be obtained from a sample by measuring the highest intensity of fluorescence after a saturating flash. The difference between the measured values is the variable fluorescence Fv.
Explanation
When a sample (leaf or algal suspension) is illuminated, the fluorescence intensity increases with a time constant in the microsecond or millisecond range. After a few seconds the intensity decreases and reaches a steady-state level. The initial rise of the fluorescence intensity is attributed to the progressive saturation of the reaction centers of photosystem 2 (PSII). Therefore, photochemical quenching increases wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20McGowan
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Ken McGowan (born 1954) is an environmentalist, entrepreneur and former politician.
Early life
McGowan is a graduate of the University of Toronto with a degree in biology.
Political career
Early political career
McGowan was the Green Party of Nova Scotia's candidate for the electoral district of Annapolis in the 2006 Nova Scotia general election and also a regional party organizer prior to his leadership of the party.
Green Party of Nova Scotia leadership
In 2007, McGowan was elected leader of the Green Party of Nova Scotia. According to the CBC some of his supporters claimed "it was McGowan's work as an organizer for the Greens that won him the leadership." McGowan beat out Ellen Durkee, and Aaron Eisses during the convention held in early May 2007. McGowan received over 50% of the vote, compared to Durkee's 34% and Eisses' 15%. A poll in June 2007 showed the Green Party of Nova Scotia, under McGowan, at 7 per cent popular support. A provincial by-election was held in Nova Scotia on 2 October 2007 in Cole Harbour-Eastern Passage in which one of McGowan's deputy leaders, Beverley Woodfield was the GPNS candidate. Woodfield garnered 4.68% of the vote, doubling the party's vote share in the riding.
McGowan resigned his leadership, along with his two deputy leaders and several executive members of the Green Party of Nova Scotia in 2008 after a disagreement with the party executive. McGowan stated the resignations were over two party members being appointed, and not elected
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perron%20number
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In mathematics, a Perron number is an algebraic integer α which is real and exceeds 1, but such that its conjugate elements are all less than α in absolute value. For example, the larger of the two roots of the irreducible polynomial is a Perron number.
Perron numbers are named after Oskar Perron; the Perron–Frobenius theorem asserts that, for a real square matrix with positive algebraic coefficients whose largest eigenvalue is greater than one, this eigenvalue is a Perron number. As a closely related case, the Perron number of a graph is defined to be the spectral radius of its adjacency matrix.
Any Pisot number or Salem number is a Perron number, as is the Mahler measure of a monic integer polynomial.
References
Algebraic numbers
Graph invariants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Company%20of%20Biologists
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The Company of Biologists is a UK-based charity and not-for-profit publisher that was established in 1925 by George Parker Bidder III with the aim of promoting research and study across all branches of biology. The company publishes currently five scientific journals: Development, Disease Models & Mechanisms, Journal of Cell Science, Journal of Experimental Biology, and Biology Open.
As part of its charitable giving, the company awards grants and travelling fellowships to biologists as well as running a series of workshops.
The company's current chairman is Professor Matthew Freeman, FRS.
Brief history
George Parker Bidder III, a prominent zoologist working in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, founded the Company of Biologists in 1925 in a bid to rescue the ailing journal The British Journal of Experimental Biology (now The Journal of Experimental Biology), which was founded in 1923 by Julian Huxley, Lancelot Hogben and Frances A. E. Crew.
Bidder felt that the journal was crucial for this emerging area of biology so turned to friends and colleagues, selling them £5 shares in his newly formed Company of Biologists. Such was the company's success that, in 1946, Bidder gifted the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science to them, which was later relaunched as Journal of Cell Science.
In 1952 the company became a registered charity and a year later, in 1953, it accepted the gift of a third journal, the Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Rose
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Malcolm Rose (born 1953) is a British young adult author. Many of his books, including the Traces and Lawless and Tilley series, are mysteries or thrillers where the hero uses science to catch the criminal or terrorist.
Biography
Malcolm Rose was born in Coventry in 1953. He studied chemistry at the University of York. Before 1996 Malcolm was a Chemistry lecturer for the Open University and many of his books have a chemistry connection. While working as a lecturer, Malcolm was also writing several of his earlier books (Rift, The OBTUSE Experiment, The Higher Form of Killing, Son of Pete Flude) and now although mainly an author he still does some chemistry lectures and visits schools. He is married to wife, Barbara, and has a son, Colin, born 1982.
As well as writing, Malcolm regularly makes visits to schools, libraries and various other venues.
Awards and commendations
The first book of the Traces series, Framed!, has been selected by the United States Board on Books for Young People and the Children's Book Council as an Outstanding International Book for 2006. The Highest Form of Killing was nominated for an Edgar Award. Both The OBTUSE Experiment and Tunnel Vision were commended by the Young Book Trust. Tunnel Vision and Plague received the Angus Book Award, and also won the Lancashire Children's Book of the Year Award.
Bibliography
Traces series
Framed!
Lost Bullet
Roll Call
Double Check
Final Lap
Blood Brother
Murder Club (Only available as an eBook)
Lawless an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymarommatidae
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The Mymarommatidae, sometimes referred to as false fairy wasps, are a very small family of microscopic parasitic wasps. Only about half of the known species are living taxa (the others are fossils), but they are found worldwide.
Little is known about the biology of these insects, but because of their size, and simple ovipositors, entomologists assumed they were idiobiont parasitoids on the eggs of insects, similar to other extremely small parasitic wasps such as fairyflies. Psocoptera, long suspected as their hosts based on circumstantial evidence, was confirmed to be the hosts of at least some mymarommatids in 2022, after specimens of Mymaromma menehune were observed emerging from the eggs of a member of the pscopteran family Lepidopsocidae. They are placed in the superfamily Mymarommatoidea, with a number of extinct families known from Cretaceous amber. Mymarommatids are distinguished by the presence of a pleated (folded) membrane connecting the front and back halves of the head extending from the mandible to the top of the head, which is presumably expanded by muscle or hydrostatic pressure, likely to aid in breaking open the walls of the egg capsule. Specimens are often found in leaf litter and are usually rare, but occasionally appear in significant numbers.
Classification
As taxonomists have examined this group more closely, they have become less certain about which other group of wasps represents the nearest living relatives of the Mymarommatidae. In recent years, i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz%20algebra
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In mathematics, a (right) Leibniz algebra, named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, sometimes called a Loday algebra, after Jean-Louis Loday, is a module L over a commutative ring R with a bilinear product [ _ , _ ] satisfying the Leibniz identity
In other words, right multiplication by any element c is a derivation. If in addition the bracket is alternating ([a, a] = 0) then the Leibniz algebra is a Lie algebra. Indeed, in this case [a, b] = −[b, a] and the Leibniz's identity is equivalent to Jacobi's identity ([a, [b, c]] + [c, [a, b]] + [b, [c, a]] = 0). Conversely any Lie algebra is obviously a Leibniz algebra.
In this sense, Leibniz algebras can be seen as a non-commutative generalization of Lie algebras. The investigation of which theorems and properties of Lie algebras are still valid for
Leibniz algebras is a recurrent theme in the literature. For instance, it has been shown that Engel's theorem still holds for Leibniz algebras and that a weaker version of Levi-Malcev theorem also holds.
The tensor module, T(V) , of any vector space V can be turned into a Loday algebra such that
This is the free Loday algebra over V.
Leibniz algebras were discovered in 1965 by A. Bloh, who called them D-algebras. They attracted interest after Jean-Louis Loday noticed that the classical Chevalley–Eilenberg boundary map in the exterior module of a Lie algebra can be lifted to the tensor module which yields a new chain complex. In fact this complex is well-defined for any Leibniz a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Hauser
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Marc D. Hauser (born October 25, 1959) is an American evolutionary biologist and a researcher in primate behavior, animal cognition and human behavior and neuroscience. Hauser was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1998 to 2011. In 2010 Harvard found him guilty of research misconduct, specifically fabricating and falsifying data, after which he resigned. Because Hauser's research was financed by government grants, the Office of Research Integrity of the Health and Human Services Department also investigated, finding in 2012 that Hauser had fabricated data, manipulated experimental results, and published falsified findings.
Research and publications
Hauser's research topics include evolutionary biology, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive evolution, and language evolution. Hauser's internet-based 'The Moral Sense Test' involved presenting participants a series of hypothetical moral dilemmas and requesting them to provide a judgment. Since his resignation from Harvard, Hauser has continued to publish his research in the fields of cognitive neuroscience and comparative psychology and also in the field of education.
Books and essays
Books
The Evolution of Communication (1996)
Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think (2000)
Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong (2006)
Evilicious: Cruelty = Desire + Denial (2013)
Scientific misconduct
In 2007, Harvard University announced an internal investigation of alleged scientific mis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeldahl%20method
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The Kjeldahl method or Kjeldahl digestion () in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of nitrogen contained in organic substances plus the nitrogen contained in the inorganic compounds ammonia and ammonium (NH3/NH4+). Without modification, other forms of inorganic nitrogen, for instance nitrate, are not included in this measurement. Using an empirical relation between Kjeldahl nitrogen content and protein content it is an important method for analyzing proteins. This method was developed by Johan Kjeldahl in 1883.
Method
The method consists of heating a sample to 360–410 °C with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which decomposes ("digests" or "destructs") the organic sample by oxidation to liberate the reduced nitrogen as ammonium sulfate. Hot concentrated sulfuric acid oxidizes carbon (as bituminous coal) and sulfur (see sulfuric acid's reactions with carbon):
C + 2 H2SO4 → CO2 + 2 SO2 + 2 H2O
S + 2 H2SO4 → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O
Catalysts like selenium, Hg2SO4 or CuSO4 are often added to make the digestion go faster. Na2SO4 or K2SO4 is also added to increase the boiling point of H2SO4. Digestion is complete when the liquor clarifies with the release of fumes. A distillation system depicted below is built.
The end of the condenser is dipped into a known volume of standard acid (i.e. acid of known concentration). A weak acid like boric acid (H3BO3) in excess of ammonia is often used. Standardized HCl, H2SO4 or some other strong acid can be used inste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Georgia%20College%20of%20Agricultural%20and%20Environmental%20Sciences
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The College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES) is the agricultural college of the University of Georgia, a public land-grant research university in Athens, Georgia.
History
Originally the state agricultural college, CAES was founded in 1859 by the University Board of Trustees as part of a complete reorganization of the university. It was the first college at the University of Georgia to accept women, beginning in 1918. There are three main campuses—Athens, Tifton, and Griffin. All three campuses are home to various research stations and extension programs. The main Athens campus buildings are Conner Hall, the Edgar Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Sciences and the Four Towers Building. Off-campus sites include barns on South Milledge Avenue, the UGA Teaching Dairy, Double Bridges Farm, the UGA Livestock Teaching Arena, and the Wilkins Beef Unit. Additional research centers are located in Attapulgus, Eatonton, Camilla, Savannah, Blairsville, Calhoun, and Plains. Georgia's Agricultural Extension has programs in 157 of Georgia's 159 counties and five 4-H centers for youth that are located in Hampton, Jekyll Island, Eatonton, Tybee Island, and Dahlonega.
Departments
The following departments are part of CAES:
Agricultural and Applied Economics (Department Head: Octavio Ramirez)
Agricultural Leadership, Education and Communication (Department Head: Jennifer H Waldeck)
Animal and Dairy Science (Department Head: Francis Fluharty)
Crop and Soil Sciences (Depart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20Environmental%20Science
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Advanced Placement (AP) Environmental Science (also known as APES, AP Enviro, AP Environmental, AP Environment, or AP EnviroSci) is a course and exam offered by the American College Board as part of the Advanced Placement Program to high school students interested in the environmental and natural sciences. AP Environmental Science was first offered in the 1997–1998 school year.
Course
This course is designed to provide students with scientific principles, concepts, and methodologies necessary to comprehend the relationships abundant within the natural world, to identify and analyze environmental problems, to evaluate relative risks associated with these identified problems, and to examine alternative solutions for resolving and/or preventing similar problems facing the global environment.
Topics covered in AP Environmental Science as of Fall 2019 include:
Topics covered in AP Environmental Science prior to Fall 2019 include:
Exam
The AP Environmental Science exam is divided into a multiple choice and free response section.
Old exam (1998–2019)
The old exam was 3 hours long and contained two sections:
Section I: Multiple Choice (100 questions, 90 minutes).
Section II: Free-Response (one data-set question, one document-based question, and two synthesis and evaluation questions, 90 minutes).
Current exam (2020–present)
As of fall 2019, multiple changes have been made to the AP Environmental Science exam. These changes include but are not limited to: allowed calculator
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20Physics%20C%3A%20Mechanics
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Advanced Placement (AP) Physics C: Mechanics (also known as AP Mechanics) is an introductory physics course administered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. It is intended to proxy a one-semester calculus-based university course in mechanics. The content of Physics C: Mechanics overlaps with that of AP Physics 1, but Physics 1 is algebra-based, while Physics C is calculus-based. Physics C: Mechanics may be combined with its electricity and magnetism counterpart to form a year-long course that prepares for both exams.
Course content
Intended to be equivalent to an introductory college course in mechanics for physics or engineering majors, the course modules are:
Kinematics
Newton's laws of motion
Work, energy and power
Systems of particles and linear momentum
Circular motion and rotation
Oscillations and gravitation.
Methods of calculus are used wherever appropriate in formulating physical principles and in applying them to physical problems. Therefore, students should have completed or be concurrently enrolled in a Calculus I class.
This course is often compared to AP Physics 1: Algebra Based for its similar course material involving kinematics, work, motion, forces, rotation, and oscillations. However, AP Physics 1: Algebra Based lacks concepts found in Calculus I, like derivatives or integrals.
This course may be combined with AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism to make a unified Physics C course that prepares for both exams.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carius%20halogen%20method
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The Carius halogen method in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of halogens in chemical substances.
A known mass of an organic compound is heated with fuming nitric acid in the presence of silver nitrate contained in a hard glass tube known as carius tube, in a furnace. Carbon and hydrogen present in the compound are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water. The halogen present forms the corresponding silver halide (AgX). It is filtered, washed, dried and weighed.
This chemical test works equally well for the determination of sulfur but without addition of silver nitrate. The sulfuric acid intermediate formed after reaction of sulfur with fuming nitric acid forms insoluble barium sulfate on addition of barium chloride. The purpose of adding the nitric acid is to oxidise the carbon and hydrogen. Concentrated nitric acid only oxidises iodine to iodic acid and doesn't affect any other halogens. Even the oxidation of iodine by concentrated nitric acid happens only at high temperatures.
This test was invented by the German Chemist, Georg Ludwig Carius (1829–1875).
References
Chemical tests
Elemental analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Applied%20Physics%20and%20Computational%20Mathematics
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The Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics (IAPCM) was established in 1958 in Beijing in the People's Republic of China. The institution conducts research on nuclear warhead design computations for the Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) in Mianyang, Sichuan and focuses on applied theoretical research and on the study of fundamental theories. Its main research fields include: Theoretical physics, nuclear fusion, plasma physics, nuclear physics, atomic molecular physics, laser physics, fluid dynamics, applied mathematics, and arms control science and technology.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that IAPCM has targeted U.S. defense labs for industrial espionage.
From August 2012, the director of the institute was LI Hua.
References
External links
Physics research institutes
Mathematical institutes
Research institutes in China
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Hacker
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Peter Michael Stephan Hacker (born 15 July 1939) is a British philosopher.
His principal expertise is in the philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophical anthropology. He is known for his detailed exegesis and interpretation of the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, his critique of cognitive neuroscience, and for his comprehensive studies of human nature.
Professional biography
Hacker studied philosophy, politics and economics at The Queen's College, Oxford, from 1960 to 1963. In 1963–65 he was senior scholar at St Antony's College, Oxford, where he began graduate work under the supervision of H. L. A. Hart. His D.Phil. thesis "Rules and Duties" was completed in 1966 during a junior research fellowship at Balliol College, Oxford.
Since 1966 Hacker has been a fellow of St John's College, Oxford, and a member of the Oxford University philosophy faculty. His visiting positions at other universities include Makerere College, Uganda (1968); Swarthmore College, US (1973 and 1986); University of Michigan, (1974); Milton C. Scott visiting professor at Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (1985); visiting fellow in humanities at University of Bologna, Italy (2009).
From 1985 to 1987 he was a British Academy Research Reader in the Humanities. In 1991–94 he was a Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellow. Hacker retired from Oxford in 2006, and was appointed to an emeritus research fellowship from 2006 to 2015, since when he has been an emeritus fellow. He was made an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet%20%28software%20project%29
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MALLET is a Java "Machine Learning for Language Toolkit".
Description
MALLET is an integrated collection of Java code useful for statistical natural language processing, document classification, cluster analysis, information extraction, topic modeling and other machine learning applications to text.
History
MALLET was developed primarily by Andrew McCallum, of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, with assistance from graduate students and faculty from both UMASS and the University of Pennsylvania.
See also
External links
Official website of the project at the University of Massachusetts Amherst
The Topic Modeling Tool is an independently developed GUI that outputs MALLET results in CSV and HTML files
Free artificial intelligence applications
Natural language processing toolkits
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Java (programming language) libraries
Data mining and machine learning software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grex
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Grex or GREX may refer to:
Grex (biology), a multicellular aggregate of amoeba of the phyla Acrasiomycota or Dictyosteliomycota
Grex (horticulture), (pl. greges) a kind of group used in horticultural nomenclature applied to the progeny of an artificial cross from specified parents
Formerly used to mean species aggregate
Georgetown Rail Equipment Company, a provider of railway maintenance equipment and related services based in Georgetown, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Barros%20Sierra
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Javier Barros Sierra (25 February 1915 – 5 May 1971) was a Mexican engineer and rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre.
Career
Born in Mexico City, he studied civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He became president of the student society of the Faculty of Sciences in 1936 and University Counsellor in 1938. He taught for more than 20 years in the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (a high school of UNAM) and the National School of Engineering (later Faculty of Engineering), of whom he was director from 1955 to 1958. He became Rector on May 5, 1966. During his rectorship, the government and the army entered Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM's main campus. In protest of these actions and the indiscriminate beating of UNAM's students, he resigned his post on September 23, 9 days before the massacre in Tlatelolco. He was reinstated as Rector after the liberation of CU, a post he held until May 5, 1970.
References
1915 births
1971 deaths
Mexican civil engineers
Engineers from Mexico City
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