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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohobation
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In pre-modern chemistry and alchemy, cohobation was the process of repeated distillation of the same matter, with the liquid drawn from it; that liquid being poured again and again upon the matter left at the bottom of the vessel. Cohobation is a kind of circulation, only differing from it in this, that the liquid is drawn off in cohobation, as in common distillation, and thrown back again; whereas in circulation, it rises and falls in the same vessel, without ever being drawn out.
Cohobation has no corresponding process in modern chemistry, as it is not a useful process. Indeed, it is equivalent to performing the same distillation a number of times and does not increase the purity of the distillate or alter the residue any more than would be done by maintaining it at elevated temperature for the same period of time. The Dean-Stark trap does involve returning some distillate to the reaction flask: a solution is distilled and the condensed liquid is collected in a tube wherein water settles to the bottom and is drained out, while an organic solvent returns to the boiling solution. However, the process is not manual, most of the solvent does not leave the reaction flask, and the apparatus achieves a useful purpose (removing water from the reaction mixture). Circulation, on the other hand, is approximately the same as reflux, where a solution is maintained at its boiling point by condensing the distilling vapors and returning them directly to the reaction mixture.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale%20School%20of%20the%20Environment
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Yale School of the Environment (YSE) is a professional school of Yale University. It was founded to train foresters, and now trains environmental students through four 2-year degree programs (Master of Environmental Management, Master of Environmental Science, Master of Forestry, and Master of Forest Science), two 10-month mid-career programs, and a 5-year PhD program. Still offering forestry instruction, the school has the oldest graduate forestry program in the United States.
The school changed its name to the Yale School of the Environment in July 2020. It was previously the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.
History
The school was founded in 1900 as the Yale Forest School, to provide high-level forestry training suited to American conditions. At the urging of Yale alumnus Gifford Pinchot, his parents endowed the two-year postgraduate program. At the time Pinchot was serving as Bernhard Fernow's successor as Chief of the Division of Forestry (predecessor of the U.S. Forest Service, USFS). Pinchot released two foresters from the division to start the school: fellow Yale graduate Henry Solon Graves and James Toumey. Graves became the School's first dean and Toumey its second.
When the school opened, other places in the United States offered forestry training, but none had a post-graduate program. (Both Pinchot and Graves had gone to Europe to study forestry after graduating from Yale.) In the fall of 1900, the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality%20%28electrical%20circuits%29
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In electrical engineering, electrical terms are associated into pairs called duals. A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging voltage and current in an expression. The dual expression thus produced is of the same form, and the reason that the dual is always a valid statement can be traced to the duality of electricity and magnetism.
Here is a partial list of electrical dualities:
voltage – current
parallel – serial (circuits)
resistance – conductance
voltage division – current division
impedance – admittance
capacitance – inductance
reactance – susceptance
short circuit – open circuit
Kirchhoff's current law – Kirchhoff's voltage law.
Thévenin's theorem – Norton's theorem
History
The use of duality in circuit theory is due to Alexander Russell who published his ideas in 1904.
Examples
Constitutive relations
Resistor and conductor (Ohm's law)
Capacitor and inductor – differential form
Capacitor and inductor – integral form
Voltage division — current division
Impedance and admittance
Resistor and conductor
Capacitor and inductor
See also
Duality (electricity and magnetism)
Duality (mechanical engineering)
Dual impedance
Dual graph
Mechanical–electrical analogies
List of dualities
References
Turner, Rufus P, Transistors Theory and Practice, Gernsback Library, Inc, New York, 1954, Chapter 6.
Electrical engineering
Electrical circuits
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina%20Radio%20Observatory
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The Medicina Radio Observatory is an astronomical observatory located 30 km from Bologna, Italy. It is operated by the Institute for Radio Astronomy of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) of the government of Italy.
The site includes:
32-metre diameter parabolic antenna for observing between 1.4 and 23 GHz. The 32-m antenna is used as a single-dish instrument for astrophysical observations (such as water and methanol maser spectroscopy), SETI experiments and radar monitoring of Near Earth Objects. In interferometric mode it functions as a VLBI station, part of the European VLBI Network (EVN).
564 by 640 m (30000 square meter) multi-element Northern Cross cylindrical-parabolic transit radio telescope for observing at 408 MHz.
Northern Cross Radio Telescope
The Northern Cross Radio Telescope (also known as the Medicina Northern Cross (MNC)) (and Croce del Nord in Italian) is one of the largest transit radio telescopes in the world. Observations are focused around 408 MHz (UHF band), corresponding to 73.5 cm wavelength. The older receivers of the telescope function with a 2.5 MHz wide frequency band, while the upgraded parts have a 16 MHz bandwidth. The telescope is steerable only in declination, meaning that it can solely observe objects that are culminating on the local celestial meridian. The telescope is T-shaped and consists of:
E/W (east–west) arm – Single reflector 35 m (1536 dipoles)
N/S (north–south) arm – Array of 64 reflectors 23.5 m (4096 dipoles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20%28molecular%20biology%29
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In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, the negative-sense strand of DNA is equivalent to the template strand, whereas the positive-sense strand is the non-template strand whose nucleotide sequence is equivalent to the sequence of the mRNA transcript.
DNA sense
Because of the complementary nature of base-pairing between nucleic acid polymers, a double-stranded DNA molecule will be composed of two strands with sequences that are reverse complements of each other. To help molecular biologists specifically identify each strand individually, the two strands are usually differentiated as the "sense" strand and the "antisense" strand. An individual strand of DNA is referred to as positive-sense (also positive (+) or simply sense) if its nucleotide sequence corresponds directly to the sequence of an RNA transcript which is translated or translatable into a sequence of amino acids (provided that any thymine bases in the DNA sequence are replaced with uracil bases in the RNA sequence). The other strand of the double-stranded DNA molecule is referred to as negative-sense (also negative (−) or antisense), and is reverse complementary to both the positive-sense strand and the RNA transcript. It is actually the antisense strand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent%20point
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In mathematics, a recurrent point for a function f is a point that is in its own limit set by f. Any neighborhood containing the recurrent point will also contain (a countable number of) iterates of it as well.
Definition
Let be a Hausdorff space and a function. A point is said to be recurrent (for ) if , i.e. if belongs to its -limit set. This means that for each neighborhood of there exists such that .
The set of recurrent points of is often denoted and is called the recurrent set of . Its closure is called the Birkhoff center of , and appears in the work of George David Birkhoff on dynamical systems.
Every recurrent point is a nonwandering point, hence if is a homeomorphism and is compact, then is an invariant subset of the non-wandering set of (and may be a proper subset).
References
Limit sets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Daugman
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John Gustav Daugman is a British-American professor of computer vision and pattern recognition at the University of Cambridge. His major research contributions have been in computational neuroscience, pattern recognition, and in computer vision with the original development of wavelet methods for image encoding and analysis. He invented the IrisCode, a 2D Gabor wavelet-based iris recognition algorithm that is the basis of all publicly deployed automatic iris recognition systems and which has registered more than 1.5 billion persons worldwide in government ID programs.
Education and early life
The son of émigrés Josef Petros Daugmanis from Latvia and Runa Inge Olsson from Sweden, John Daugman was educated in America, receiving an A.B. degree and a Ph.D. degree (1983) from Harvard University.
Career and research
Following his PhD, Daugman held a post-doctoral fellowship, then taught at Harvard for five years. After short appointments in Germany and Japan, he joined the University of Cambridge in England to research and to teach computer vision, neural computing, information theory, and pattern recognition. He held the Johann Bernoulli Chair of Mathematics and Informatics at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, and the Toshiba Endowed Chair at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan before becoming Professor at Cambridge.
Iris recognition algorithm
Daugman filed for a patent for his iris recognition algorithm in 1991 while working at the University of Cambridg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20conjugacy
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In mathematics, two functions are said to be topologically conjugate if there exists a homeomorphism that will conjugate the one into the other. Topological conjugacy, and related-but-distinct of flows, are important in the study of iterated functions and more generally dynamical systems, since, if the dynamics of one iterative function can be determined, then that for a topologically conjugate function follows trivially.
To illustrate this directly: suppose that and are iterated functions, and there exists a homeomorphism such that
so that and are topologically conjugate. Then one must have
and so the iterated systems are topologically conjugate as well. Here, denotes function composition.
Definition
, and are continuous functions on topological spaces, and .
being topologically semiconjugate to means, by definition, that is a surjection such that .
and being topologically conjugate means, by definition, that they are topologically semiconjugate and is furthermore injective, then bijective, and its inverse is continuous too; i.e. is a homeomorphism; further, is termed a topological conjugation between and .
Flows
Similarly, on , and on are flows, with , and as above.
being topologically semiconjugate to means, by definition, that is a surjection such that , for each , .
and being topologically conjugate means, by definition, that they are topologically semiconjugate and is a homeomorphism.
Examples
The logistic map and the tent map
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi%20eugenics
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Nazi eugenics refers to the social policies of eugenics in Nazi Germany, composed of various ideas about genetics which are now considered pseudoscientific. The racial ideology of Nazism placed the biological improvement of the German people by selective breeding of "Nordic" or "Aryan" traits at its center. These policies were used to justify the involuntary sterilization and mass-murder of those deemed "undesirable".
Eugenics research in Germany before and during the Nazi period was similar to that in the United States (particularly California), by which it had been heavily inspired. However, its prominence rose sharply under Adolf Hitler's leadership when wealthy Nazi supporters started heavily investing in it. The programs were subsequently shaped to complement Nazi racial policies.
Those targeted for murder under Nazi eugenics policies were largely people living in private and state-operated institutions, identified as "life unworthy of life" (). They included prisoners, degenerates, dissidents, and people with congenital cognitive and physical disabilities ()people who were considered to be feeble-minded. In fact being diagnosed with "feeblemindedness" () was the main label approved in forced sterilization, which included people who were diagnosed by a doctor as, or otherwise seemed to be:
Epileptic
Schizophrenic
Manic-depressive (now known as bipolar)
Cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy
Deaf and/or blind
Homosexual or "transvestites" (which at the time was use
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Klebs
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Georg Albrecht Klebs (23 October 1857 – 15 October 1918) was a German botanist from Neidenburg (Nidzica), Prussia. His brother was the historian Elimar Klebs.
Life
Klebs studied chemistry, philosophy, and art history at the University of Königsberg and became an assistant to Anton de Bary at the University of Strassburg. After his military service, Klebs became an assistant to Julius Sachs at the University of Würzburg and Wilhelm Pfeffer at the University of Tübingen. He became a professor at the University of Basel in 1887, the University of Halle in 1898, and the University of Heidelberg in 1907, where he founded today's botanical garden, the Botanischer Garten der Universität Heidelberg.
Klebs received a Croonian Lectureship in 1910. From 1910 to 1912 he travelled through Siberia, Japan, Java, India, the Caucasus, and southern Russia. In 1913 he participated in an expedition to Egypt. He died in Heidelberg from influenza during the 1918 influenza pandemic.
Publications
Zur Entwicklungsphysiologie der Farnprothaillen, 3 Bände, 1917
Beiträge zur Physiologie der Pflanzenzelle, 1888
Die Bedingungen der Fortpflanzung bei einigen Algen und Pilzen, 1896, 2. Auflage 1928
Willkürliche Entwicklungsänderungen bei Pflanzen – Ein Beitrag zur Physiologie der Entwicklung, 1903
References and external links
Biography
1857 births
1918 deaths
People from Nidzica
Scientists from the Province of Prussia
19th-century German botanists
20th-century German botanists
University of Kön
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Thomas%20James%20Morgan
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Walter Thomas James Morgan CBE FRS (5 October 1900 – 10 February 2003) was a British biochemist noted for his work on the immunochemistry of antigens and described as 'one of the pioneers of immunochemistry'.
Early life
He was born in Ilford to Walter Morgan, a solicitor's clerk at the Royal Courts of Justice and his wife Anne. He was barred from attending primary school for a year after a ringworm infection on his head; the treatment, irradiation, caused hair to fall out, and his parents refused to sign the waiver absolving the health authority from responsibility should the hair not grow back. Due to this the family moved house to Little Ilford, where after leaving the local primary school he attended Raine's Foundation School, where he became interested in mechanical engineering. His growing interest in chemistry led him to start his own laboratory in a garden shed using chemicals bought from a supplier in London, with his main area of focus being the creation of "dyes and explosive compounds". The start of World War I in 1914 led to a drop in teaching standards as the teachers were drafted into the armed forces, and as a result he left school in 1916 to work for the Gas Light and Coke Company, which he left to work at a government-operated factory in Greenwich as he found the atmosphere at the GLCC unpleasant.
Aware that he would be drafted into the military on his 18th birthday, Morgan instead joined early so that he could pick which branch to serve in. He picked the R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20EC%20numbers%20%28EC%206%29
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This list contains a list of EC numbers for the sixth group, EC 6, ligases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald.
EC 6.1: Forming Carbon-Oxygen Bonds
EC 6.1.1: Ligases Forming Aminoacyl-tRNA and Related Compounds (Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase)
: tyrosine—tRNA ligase
: tryptophan—tRNA ligase
: threonine—tRNA ligase
: leucine—tRNA ligase
: isoleucine—tRNA ligase
:
lysine—tRNA ligase
: alanine—tRNA ligase
: Deleted
: valine—tRNA ligase
: methionine—tRNA ligase
: serine—tRNA ligase
: aspartate—tRNA ligase
: D-alanine—poly(phosphoribitol) ligase
: glycine—tRNA ligase
: proline—tRNA ligase
: cysteine—tRNA ligase
: glutamate—tRNA ligase
: glutamine—tRNA ligase
: arginine—tRNA ligase
: phenylalanine—tRNA ligase
: histidine—tRNA ligase
: asparagine—tRNA ligase
: aspartate—tRNAAsn ligase
: glutamate—tRNAGln ligase
EC 6.1.1.25: The tRNAPyl is now known only to be charged with pyrrolysine (cf. )
: pyrrolysine—tRNAPyl ligase
: O-phospho-L-serine—tRNA ligase
EC 6.1.1.28: proline/cysteine—tRNA ligase. Later published work having demonstrated that this was not a genuine enzyme, EC 6.1.1.28 was withdrawn at the public-review stage before being made official
EC 6.1.2: Acid—alcohol ligases (ester synthases)
: D-alanine—(R)-lactate ligase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20EC%20numbers%20%28EC%205%29
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This list contains a list of EC numbers for the fifth group, EC 5, isomerases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald.
EC 5.1: Epimerases and racemases
EC 5.1.1: Acting on Amino acids and Derivatives
: alanine racemase
: methionine racemase
: glutamate racemase
: proline racemase
: lysine racemase
: threonine racemase
: diaminopimelate epimerase
: 4-hydroxyproline epimerase
: arginine racemase
: amino-acid racemase
: phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing)
: ornithine racemase
: aspartate racemase
: nocardicin-A epimerase
: 2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase
: protein-serine epimerase
: isopenicillin-N epimerase
: serine racemase
: L-Ala-D/L-Glu epimerase *
: isoleucine 2-epimerase *
: 4-hydroxyproline betaine 2-epimerase *
: UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-L-glutamate epimerase *
: histidine racemase *
*No Wikipedia article
EC 5.1.2: Acting on Hydroxy acids and Derivatives
: lactate racemase
: mandelate racemase
: 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA epimerase
: acetoin racemase
: tartrate epimerase
: isocitrate epimerase
: tagaturonate epimerase *
*No Wikipedia article
EC 5.1.3: Acting on Carbohydrates and Derivatives
: ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase
: UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
: aldose 1-epimerase
: L-ribulose-5-phos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20EC%20numbers%20%28EC%204%29
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This list contains a list of EC numbers for the fourth group, EC 4, lyases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald.
EC 4.1: Carbon-Carbon Lyases
EC 4.1.1: Carboxy-lyases
: pyruvate decarboxylase
: oxalate decarboxylase
EC 4.1.1.3: Now recognized to be two enzymes [oxaloacetate decarboxylase (Na+ extruding)] and (oxaloacetate decarboxylase).
: acetoacetate decarboxylase
: acetolactate decarboxylase
: cis-aconitate decarboxylase
: benzoylformate decarboxylase
: oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase
: malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
EC 4.1.1.10: Now included with , aspartate 4-decarboxylase
: aspartate 1-decarboxylase
: aspartate 4-decarboxylase
EC 4.1.1.13: deleted
: valine decarboxylase
: glutamate decarboxylase
: hydroxyglutamate decarboxylase
: ornithine decarboxylase
: lysine decarboxylase
: arginine decarboxylase
: diaminopimelate decarboxylase
: phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase
: histidine decarboxylase
: orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase
: aminobenzoate decarboxylase
: tyrosine decarboxylase
EC 4.1.1.26: Now included with aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
EC 4.1.1.27: Now included with aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
: aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
: sulfoalanine decarboxylase
: pantothenoylcysteine de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20EC%20numbers%20%28EC%203%29
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This list contains a list of EC numbers for the third group, EC 3, hydrolases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald.
EC 3.1: Acting on Ester Bonds
EC 3.1.1: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
: carboxylesterase
: arylesterase
: triacylglycerol lipase
: phospholipase A2
: lysophospholipase
: acetylesterase
: acetylcholinesterase
: cholinesterase
EC 3.1.1.9: deleted, a side reaction of cholinesterase
: tropinesterase
: pectinesterase
EC 3.1.1.12: deleted, identical with carboxylesterase
: sterol esterase
: chlorophyllase
: L-arabinonolactonase
EC 3.1.1.16: deleted, mixture of (muconolactone Δ-isomerase) and (3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase)
: gluconolactonase
EC 3.1.1.18: deleted, Now included with gluconolactonase
: uronolactonase
: tannase
EC 3.1.1.21: deleted, now known to be catalysed by , carboxylesterase and , triacylglycerol lipase.
: hydroxybutyrate-dimer hydrolase
: acylglycerol lipase
: 3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase
: 1,4-lactonase
: galactolipase
: 4-pyridoxolactonase
: acylcarnitine hydrolase
: aminoacyl-tRNA hydrolase
: D-arabinonolactonase
: 6-phosphogluconolactonase
: phospholipase A1
: 6-acetylglucose deacetylase
: lipoprotein lipase
: dihydrocoumarin hydrolase
: limonin-D-ring-lactonase
: steroid-lactonas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar%20Heil
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Oskar Heil (20 March 1908, in Langwieden – 15 May 1994, San Mateo, California) was a German electrical engineer and inventor. He studied physics, chemistry, mathematics, and music at the Georg-August University of Göttingen and was awarded his PhD in 1933, for his work on molecular spectroscopy.
Personal life
At the Georg-August University in Göttingen, Oskar Heil met Agnesa Arsenjewa (Агнесса Николаевна Арсеньева, 1901–1991), a promising young Russian physicist who also earned her PhD there. They married in Leningrad, the Soviet Union in 1934.
Together they moved to the United Kingdom to work in the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. While on a trip to Italy, they co-wrote a pioneering paper on the generation of microwaves which was published in Germany in the Zeitschrift für Physik (i.e., Journal on Physics) in 1935. Agnesa subsequently returned to Russia to pursue this work further at the Leningrad Physico-Chemical Institute with her husband. However, he then returned to the UK alone; Agnesa, working in what had by then become a highly sensitive subject, was possibly not allowed to leave. Back in Britain, Oskar Heil worked for Standard Telephones and Cables.
At the onset of the Second World War he returned to Germany via Switzerland. During the war Heil worked on a microwave generator for the C. Lorenz AG in Berlin-Tempelhof.
In 1947 Heil was invited to the USA. After doing scientific work for Eitel McCullough and later the Varian Eimac division in San Ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20EC%20numbers%20%28EC%202%29
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This list contains a list of EC numbers for the second group, EC 2, transferases, placed in numerical order as determined by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. All official information is tabulated at the website of the committee. The database is developed and maintained by Andrew McDonald.
EC 2.1: Transferring One-Carbon Groups
EC 2.1.1: Methyltransferases
: nicotinamide N-methyltransferase
: guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
: thetin—homocysteine S-methyltransferase
: acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
: betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase
: catechol O-methyltransferase
: nicotinate N-methyltransferase
: histamine N-methyltransferase
: thiol S-methyltransferase
: homocysteine S-methyltransferase
: magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase
: methionine S-methyltransferase
: methionine synthase
: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate—homocysteine S-methyltransferase
: fatty-acid O-methyltransferase
: methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase
: phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
: polysaccharide O-methyltransferase
: trimethylsulfonium—tetrahydrofolate N-methyltransferase
: glycine N-methyltransferase
: methylamine—glutamate N-methyltransferase
: carnosine N-methyltransferase
: now covered by , and
: now covered by , and
: phenol O-methyltransferase
: iodophenol O-methyltransferase
: tyramine N-methyltransferase
: phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
: Now co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Hapke
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Bruce William Hapke (born February 17, 1931) is a noted American planetary scientist, currently a professor emeritus at the University of Pittsburgh and a specialist in bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy.
Career
Born in Racine, Wisconsin, Hapke earned a B.S. in physics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1953. He was awarded his Ph.D. in engineering physics from Cornell University in 1962. Hapke was a research associate at the Center for Radiophysics and Space Research at Cornell University from 1960 to 1967. In 1967, he became a professor in the Department of Geology and Planetary Science at the University of Pittsburgh. In the course of his long and distinguished career, Hapke has taken part in Mariner 10, Viking and Apollo missions.
He is a past chairman of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. Dr. Hapke is currently a professor emeritus at the University of Pittsburgh.
Awards and honors
Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020.
Hapkeite, a lunar mineral, was named in his honor
Asteroid 3549 Hapke
Awarded the Kuiper Prize in 2001, the most distinguished award given by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences
Fellow of the American Geophysical Union
References
1931 births
Living people
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Planetary scientists
American
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20of%20Computing
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Theory of Computing is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering theoretical computer science. The journal was established in 2005 and is published by the Department of Computer Science of the University of Chicago. The editor-in-chief is László Babai (University of Chicago).
External links
Academic journals established in 2005
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Computer science journals
University of Chicago
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon%20Stais
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Spyridon Stais (, 1859–1932) was a Greek politician from the island of Kythera.
He studied physics and mathematics and served as a teacher in gymnasia (secondary schools) of Greece. He became active in politics in 1892, joining first the party of Charilaos Trikoupis and later (after Trikoupis’ death) the Modernist Party of Georgios Theotokis. He served as a member of parliament, as Minister for Education under prime minister Theotokis (in 1900 and again in 1903), as Minister of the Interior (1921–1922) under Dimitrios Gounaris and finally as general governor of Thessaloniki (1922) under Petros Protopapadakis.
In some recent publications dealing with the Antikythera Mechanism, the name of Spyridon Stais has been confused with that of the archaeologist Valerios Stais, the discoverer of that archaeological find.
References
1859 births
1932 deaths
Greek educators
People from Kythira
Ministers of the Interior of Greece
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton%20%28disambiguation%29
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An automaton is a self-operating machine.
Automaton may also refer to:
An automaton, an abstract machine in mathematics, computer science, and automata theory, a mathematical model of computer hardware and software
In particular, a finite-state automaton, an automaton limited to a finite state space
Film and TV
Automatons (film), a 2006 film
Music
Automaton (album), Jamiroquai 2017
Automaton (song), a song by Jamiroquai 2017
"Automaton", a song by DJ Robotaki 2017
"Automaton", a song by English indie rock band The Rakes
See also
Automat (disambiguation)
Automata (disambiguation)
Automation (disambiguation)
Other uses
Automaton Media, a gaming website operated by Active Gaming Media.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansive%20homeomorphism
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In mathematics, the notion of expansivity formalizes the notion of points moving away from one another under the action of an iterated function. The idea of expansivity is fairly rigid, as the definition of positive expansivity, below, as well as the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem demonstrate.
Definition
If is a metric space, a homeomorphism is said to be expansive if there is a constant
called the expansivity constant, such that for every pair of points in there is an integer such that
Note that in this definition, can be positive or negative, and so may be expansive in the forward or backward directions.
The space is often assumed to be compact, since under that assumption expansivity is a topological property; i.e. if is any other metric generating the same topology as , and if is expansive in , then is expansive in (possibly with a different expansivity constant).
If
is a continuous map, we say that is positively expansive (or forward expansive) if there is a
such that, for any in , there is an such that .
Theorem of uniform expansivity
Given f an expansive homeomorphism of a compact metric space, the theorem of uniform expansivity states that for every and there is an such that for each pair of points of such that , there is an with such that
where is the expansivity constant of (proof).
Discussion
Positive expansivity is much stronger than expansivity. In fact, one can prove that if is compact and is a positively
expansive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin%20receptor
|
Melanocortin receptors are members of the rhodopsin family of 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors.
There are five known members of the melanocortin receptor system each with differing specificities for melanocortins:
. MC1R is associated with pigmentation genetics.
. MC2R is also known as the ACTH receptor or corticotropin receptor because it is specific for ACTH alone.
. MC3R is associated with childhood growth, accrual of lean mass and onset of puberty.
. Defects in MC4R are a cause of autosomal dominant obesity, accounting for 6% of all cases of early-onset obesity.
. MC5R
These receptors are inhibited by endogenous inverse agonists agouti signalling peptide and agouti-related peptide, and activated by synthetic (i.e. afamelanotide) and endogenous agonist melanocyte-stimulating hormones.
Selective ligands
Several selective ligands for the melanocortin receptors are known, and some synthetic compounds have been investigated as potential tanning, anti-obesity and aphrodisiac drugs, with tanning effects mainly from stimulation of MC1, while anorectic and aphrodisiac effects appear to involve both MC3 and MC4. MC1, MC3 and MC4 are widely expressed in the brain, and are also thought to be responsible for effects on mood and cognition.
Agonists
Non-selective
α-MSH
β-MSH
γ-MSH
Afamelanotide
Bremelanotide
Melanotan II
Modimelanotide
Setmelanotide
MC1-selective
BMS-470,539
MC4-selective
PF-00446687
PL-6983
THIQ
Unknown (but for certain MC2-acting
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegated%20administration
|
In computing, delegated administration or delegation of control describes the decentralization of role-based-access-control systems. Many enterprises use a centralized model of access control. For large organizations, this model scales poorly and IT teams become burdened with menial role-change requests. These requests — often used when hire, fire, and role-change events occur in an organization — can incur high latency times or suffer from weak security practices.
Such delegation involves assigning a person or group specific administrative permissions for an Organizational Unit. In information management, this is used to create teams that can perform specific (limited) tasks for changing information within a user directory or database. The goal of delegation is to create groups with minimum permissions that grant the ability to carry out authorized tasks. Granting extraneous/superfluous permissions would create abilities beyond the authorized scope of work.
One best practice for enterprise role management entails the use of LDAP groups. Delegated administration refers to a decentralized model of role or group management. In this model, the application or process owner creates, manages and delegates the management of roles. A centralized IT team simply operates the service of directory, metadirectory, web interface for administration, and related components.
Allowing the application or business process owner to create, manage and delegate groups supports a much mor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transrepression
|
In the field of molecular biology, transrepression is a process whereby one protein represses (i.e., inhibits) the activity of a second protein through a protein-protein interaction. Since this repression occurs between two different protein molecules (intermolecular), it is referred to as a trans-acting process.
The protein that is repressed is usually a transcription factor whose function is to up-regulate (i.e., increase) the rate of gene transcription. Hence the net result of transrepression is down regulation of gene transcription.
An example of transrepression is the ability of the glucocorticoid receptor to inhibit the transcriptional promoting activity of the AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors. In addition to transactivation, transrepression is an important pathway for the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Other nuclear receptors such as LXR and PPAR have been demonstrated to also have the ability to transrepress the activity of other proteins.
See also
Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist
References
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Kershner
|
Bruce S. Kershner (April 17, 1950 – February 16, 2007) was an environmentalist, author, high school biology teacher and forest ecologist.
As a child he resided in Staten Island. Bruce Kershner obtained degrees from Binghamton University and the University of Connecticut. He most recently resided in Amherst with his wife Helene. He taught high school biology at John F. Kennedy High School in Cheektowaga, NY until 2005 where he established the Environmental Club, exposing many of his students to the old grown forests he cared so much about.
He was a renowned old growth forest authority, and has rediscovered almost 300 old growth forests in Eastern North America previously assumed lost. These include the second tallest hardwood forest in Eastern North America, outside of the southern Appalachians, New York State's oldest forest, and the largest assemblage of old growth (the Niagara River corridor). Kershner has published a dozen books including the Sierra Club Guide to Ancient Forests of the Northeast and Secret Places: Scenic Treasures of Western New York and Southern Ontario.
Bruce Kershner has won numerous awards for his environmental activism. These include 'Environmentalist of the Year' in 1987 and 1988 from the Sierra Club (Niagara Group) and the Adirondack Mountain Club, and 'Environmentalist of the Year in New York State' in 1996 from Environmental Advocates of New York. Bruce Kershner was serving as the Conservation Chair for the Buffalo Audubon Society.
Bruce Kersh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker%20limit%20formula
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In mathematics, the classical Kronecker limit formula describes the constant term at s = 1 of a real analytic Eisenstein series (or Epstein zeta function) in terms of the Dedekind eta function. There are many generalizations of it to more complicated Eisenstein series. It is named for Leopold Kronecker.
First Kronecker limit formula
The (first) Kronecker limit formula states that
where
E(τ,s) is the real analytic Eisenstein series, given by
for Re(s) > 1, and by analytic continuation for other values of the complex number s.
γ is Euler–Mascheroni constant
τ = x + iy with y > 0.
, with q = e2π i τ is the Dedekind eta function.
So the Eisenstein series has a pole at s = 1 of residue π, and the (first) Kronecker limit formula gives the constant term of the Laurent series at this pole.
This formula has an interpretation in terms of the spectral geometry of the elliptic curve associated to the lattice : it says that the zeta-regularized determinant of the Laplace operator associated to the flat metric on is given by . This formula has been used in string theory for the one-loop computation in Polyakov's perturbative approach.
Second Kronecker limit formula
The second Kronecker limit formula states that
where
u and v are real and not both integers.
q = e2π i τ and qa = e2π i aτ
p = e2π i z and pa = e2π i az
for Re(s) > 1, and is defined by analytic continuation for other values of the complex number s.
See also
Herglotz–Zagier function
References
Serge Lang, Elli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20plane
|
In mathematics, the Moore plane, also sometimes called Niemytzki plane (or Nemytskii plane, Nemytskii's tangent disk topology), is a topological space. It is a completely regular Hausdorff space (also called Tychonoff space) that is not normal. It is named after Robert Lee Moore and Viktor Vladimirovich Nemytskii.
Definition
If is the (closed) upper half-plane , then a topology may be defined on by taking a local basis as follows:
Elements of the local basis at points with are the open discs in the plane which are small enough to lie within .
Elements of the local basis at points are sets where A is an open disc in the upper half-plane which is tangent to the x axis at p.
That is, the local basis is given by
Thus the subspace topology inherited by is the same as the subspace topology inherited from the standard topology of the Euclidean plane.
Properties
The Moore plane is separable, that is, it has a countable dense subset.
The Moore plane is a completely regular Hausdorff space (i.e. Tychonoff space), which is not normal.
The subspace of has, as its subspace topology, the discrete topology. Thus, the Moore plane shows that a subspace of a separable space need not be separable.
The Moore plane is first countable, but not second countable or Lindelöf.
The Moore plane is not locally compact.
The Moore plane is countably metacompact but not metacompact.
Proof that the Moore plane is not normal
The fact that this space is not normal can be established by the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAUSS%20%28software%29
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GAUSS is a matrix programming language for mathematics and statistics, developed and marketed by Aptech Systems. Its primary purpose is the solution of numerical problems in statistics, econometrics, time-series, optimization and 2D- and 3D-visualization. It was first published in 1984 for MS-DOS and is available for Linux, macOS and Windows.
Examples
GAUSS has several Application Modules as well as functions in its Run-Time Library (i.e., functions that come with GAUSS without extra cost)
Qprog – Quadratic programming
SqpSolvemt – Sequential quadratic programming
QNewton - Quasi-Newton unconstrained optimization
EQsolve - Nonlinear equations solver
GAUSS Applications
A range of toolboxes are available for GAUSS at additional cost.
See also
List of numerical-analysis software
Comparison of numerical-analysis software
References
External links
International homepage
GAUSS Mailing List
Review of version 7.0
Some more links
Econometrics software
Mathematical optimization software
Numerical programming languages
Statistical programming languages
Proprietary commercial software for Linux
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20memory
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Cellular memory can refer to:
Biology
Body memory, the hypothesis that (traumatic) memories can be stored in individual cells outside the brain
Neuronal memory allocation, the storage of memories in the brain at the cellular level
The epigenetic state of a cell, including the nongenetic information that can be passed from parents to offspring
Genomic imprinting
Other forms of cellular memory such as immunological memory
Technology
A memory card used in cellphones
See also
Genetic memory (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension%20topology
|
In topology, a branch of mathematics, an extension topology is a topology placed on the disjoint union of a topological space and another set. There are various types of extension topology, described in the sections below.
Extension topology
Let X be a topological space and P a set disjoint from X. Consider in X ∪ P the topology whose open sets are of the form A ∪ Q, where A is an open set of X and Q is a subset of P.
The closed sets of X ∪ P are of the form B ∪ Q, where B is a closed set of X and Q is a subset of P.
For these reasons this topology is called the extension topology of X plus P, with which one extends to X ∪ P the open and the closed sets of X. As subsets of X ∪ P the subspace topology of X is the original topology of X, while the subspace topology of P is the discrete topology. As a topological space, X ∪ P is homeomorphic to the topological sum of X and P, and X is a clopen subset of X ∪ P.
If Y is a topological space and R is a subset of Y, one might ask whether the extension topology of Y – R plus R is the same as the original topology of Y, and the answer is in general no.
Note the similarity of this extension topology construction and the Alexandroff one-point compactification, in which case, having a topological space X which one wishes to compactify by adding a point ∞ in infinity, one considers the closed sets of X ∪ {∞} to be the sets of the form K, where K is a closed compact set of X, or B ∪ {∞}, where B is a closed set of X.
Open extensio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20C.%20Patten
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Henry C. Patten (1887 – January 30, 1956) was General Manager of the Toronto Transportation Commission from 1939 until 1952.
He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1908 with a degree in electrical engineering. He served in the U.S. Army Engineering Corps for two years during World War I, and was otherwise employed by the consulting engineering firm of Jackson and Moreland, working on projects involving railways and other utilities.
He came to Toronto in 1920 as a resident engineer with Jackson and Moreland, who had been engaged by the City of Toronto government to assist with the arbitration and valuation of the City's purchase of the property of the Toronto Railway Company. In November 1923, he left the engineering firm to join the Toronto Transportation Commission as a Cost Engineer. In May 1924 he was appointed Comptroller.
He was appointed General Manager effective January 1, 1939, following the death in December 1938 of D.W. Harvey. He served as General Manager until 1952.
Mr. Patten also served as President of the Canadian Transit Association, director of the American Transit Association and director of the Toronto Industrial Commission. Patten died in Toronto in 1956.
The revenue building at the TTC's Hillcrest Complex is named the Patten Building in his honour.
References
TTC Coupler, January 1939 Vol 13 No 8
Toronto Transit Commission general managers
Businesspeople from Boston
MIT School of Engi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qassim%20Daoud
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Kassim Abbas Daoud (born April 13, 1949) is an Iraqi scientist and politician. Born in Al Hillah, he graduated from Baghdad University in 1971. He then studied in Britain, earning a doctorate in microbiology and environment in 1982 from the University of Wales. He worked in the United Arab Emirates and at one time was the general secretary of the Iraqi Democratic Movement.
Daoud became a minister of state without portfolio in the Iraqi Interim Government in June 2004. In September 2004 he replaced Muwaffaq al-Rubay'i as national security advisor for the Interim Government.
He was elected to the transitional National Assembly in January 2005 and now serves in the Council of Representatives as a member of the United Iraqi Alliance. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Constitution of Iraq.
Daoud is married and has three children and nine grandchildren.
References
Pan, Esther (June 2, 2004), IRAQ: The interim government leaders, Council on Foreign Relations web site, accessed June 11, 2006.
Iraqi Interim Government: Announcement Ceremony Press Packet (PDF), Coalition Provisional Authority web site, accessed June 11, 2006.
Members of the Council of Representatives of Iraq
Alumni of the University of Wales
Living people
1949 births
People from Hillah
Iraqi Shia Muslims
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Virasoro%20algebra
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In mathematical physics, a super Virasoro algebra is an extension of the Virasoro algebra (named after Miguel Ángel Virasoro) to a Lie superalgebra. There are two extensions with particular importance in superstring theory: the Ramond algebra (named after Pierre Ramond) and the Neveu–Schwarz algebra (named after André Neveu and John Henry Schwarz). Both algebras have N = 1 supersymmetry and an even part given by the Virasoro algebra. They describe the symmetries of a superstring in two different sectors, called the Ramond sector and the Neveu–Schwarz sector.
The N = 1 super Virasoro algebras
There are two minimal extensions of the Virasoro algebra with N = 1 supersymmetry: the Ramond algebra and the Neveu–Schwarz algebra. They are both Lie superalgebras whose even part is the Virasoro algebra: this Lie algebra has a basis consisting of a central element C and generators Lm (for integer m) satisfying
where is the Kronecker delta.
The odd part of the algebra has basis , where is either an integer (the Ramond case), or half an odd integer (the Neveu–Schwarz case). In both cases, is central in the superalgebra, and the additional graded brackets are given by
Note that this last bracket is an anticommutator, not a commutator, because both generators are odd.
The Ramond algebra has a presentation in terms of 2 generators and 5 conditions; and the Neveu—Schwarz algebra has a presentation in terms of 2 generators and 9 conditions.
Representations
The unitary highest we
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Brill
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Eric Brill is a computer scientist specializing in natural language processing. He created the Brill tagger, a supervised part of speech tagger. Another research paper of Brill introduced a machine learning technique now known as transformation-based learning.
Biography
Brill earned a BA in mathematics from the University of Chicago in 1987 and a MS in Computer Science from UT Austin in 1989. In 1994, he completed his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania. He was an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University from 1994 to 1999. In 1999, he left JHU for Microsoft Research, he developed a system called "Ask MSR" that answered search engine queries written as questions in English, and was quoted in 2004 as predicting the shift of Google's web-page based search to information based search. In 2009 he moved to eBay to head their research laboratories.
References
Artificial intelligence researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Johns Hopkins University faculty
University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Natural language processing researchers
Computational linguistics researchers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Johan%20Bergman
|
Carl Johan Bergman (born 14 March 1978) is a former Swedish biathlete. He lives in Lillehammer, Norway with his Norwegian wife, Liv Kjersti Eikeland. He is (174 cm), and weighs 152 lb .
He studies computer science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. His mother is called Birgitta, his father is Lennart, and he has a younger sister called Johanna.
In March 2014, Bergman confirmed that he would be retiring from the sport at the end of the 2013–14 season.
World Cup
Bergman has been competing in the World Cup since 2001–02. During his career he has finished the overall season in 61st (2001–02), 40th (2002–03), 24th (2003–04), 14th (2004–05), and he finished the 2005–06 season in 11th place.
The 2005–06 season was Bergmans best season, he finished 11th in the overall standings, 375 points behind champion Ole Einar Bjørndalen, and 256 behind second place Raphaël Poirée. He was only 33 points behind Michael Greis who was tenth, which would have been disappointing for Bergman as the top ten biathletes have all their travel and accommodation costs covered by the IBU. Bergman came tenth in the sprint standings, 63 points behind Tomasz Sikora. He was eighth in the pursuit standings, 118 points behind Bjørndalen. In the individual standings he came 30th, 110 behind Greis, and in the mass start he was 23rd, 130 points behind Bjørndalen.
Bergman also claimed his first World Cup win in the 2005–06 season, in a sprint race in Kontiolahti, after hitting a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Old%20Boys%20of%20St%20Aloysius%27%20College
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This is a list of St Aloysius' College Alumni. Notable former studentsknown as "Old Boys"of the Catholic school, St Aloysius' College in Milsons Point, New South Wales, Australia.
Academia, medicine and science
Dr Stephen Hicks a research fellow in Neuroscience and Visual Prosthetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford
Professor Jacques Miller (1931– ) a distinguished research scientist
Sir Gustav Nossal (1931– ) a distinguished research scientist; a former director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (1965–1996); and 2000 Australian of the Year
Business
David Murray a former Chairman of the Australian Government Future Fund and a former CEO of the Commonwealth Bank
Danny Kennedy – environmentalist, clean-tech entrepreneur and founder of Sungevity
Andrew Low a corporate adviser, and CEO RedBridge Grant Samuel
Clergy
Right Reverend Joseph DwyerBishop of Wagga Wagga 1918–1939 (also attended St Patrick's College, Goulburn)
Bishop Gregory Homeming – Bishop of Lismore
Peter L'EstrangeRector of Newman College (University of Melbourne) 1991–2006 and Master of Campion Hall, Oxford since 2006
Archbishop Eris O'BrienAuxiliary Bishop of Sydney 1948–1951, Archbishop of Canberra and Goulburn 1953–1966
Bishop William WrightBishop of Maitland-Newcastle
Media, entertainment and the arts
Christopher Brennana poet and Scholar (also attended Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview)
Don Burke television presenter, television prod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrieker%20%28film%29
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Shrieker is a 1998 American horror film directed by David DeCoteau and produced by Charles Band.
Plot
Clark (Tanya Dempsey), a young Mathematics major at a University, thinks she's found the best deal for student housing: a group of squatters who live in an abandoned hospital secretly. The quirky residents let her into their community provided she follow the rules, including not telling anyone about her living arrangements. All seems wonderful, until she discovers that the reason that the hospital was abandoned was a series of murders in the 1940s by a strange "shrieking killer" who was never captured - and the discovery that someone who's living in the hospital is using occult means to bring back the demonic "Shrieker".
Cast
Tanya Dempsey as Clark
Parry Shen
Jenya Lano
Jason-Shane Scott
Jamie Gannon
Alison Cuffe
Roger Crowe
Chris Boyd
Brannon Gould
Rick Buono
Release
Shrieker was released on DVD by Wizard on March 3, 1998. It was later re-released in both 2003 and 2007 by Full Moon Home Video and Vision Films respectively.
Reception
The Tubi Tuesdays Podcast stated in Episode 13 that Shrieker is a confusing mess of a film, with the sub-plot of students squatting in an abandoned hospital made no sense.
References
External links
1998 films
1990s monster movies
American supernatural horror films
1998 horror films
Films directed by David DeCoteau
American monster movies
Squatting in film
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax%20pair
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In mathematics, in the theory of integrable systems, a Lax pair is a pair of time-dependent matrices or operators that satisfy a corresponding differential equation, called the Lax equation. Lax pairs were introduced by Peter Lax to discuss solitons in continuous media. The inverse scattering transform makes use of the Lax equations to solve such systems.
Definition
A Lax pair is a pair of matrices or operators dependent on time and acting on a fixed Hilbert space, and satisfying Lax's equation:
where is the commutator.
Often, as in the example below, depends on in a prescribed way, so this is a nonlinear equation for as a function of .
Isospectral property
It can then be shown that the eigenvalues and more generally the spectrum of L are independent of t. The matrices/operators L are said to be isospectral as varies.
The core observation is that the matrices are all similar by virtue of
where is the solution of the Cauchy problem
where I denotes the identity matrix. Note that if P(t) is skew-adjoint, U(t,s) will be unitary.
In other words, to solve the eigenvalue problem Lψ = λψ at time t, it is possible to solve the same problem at time 0 where L is generally known better, and to propagate the solution with the following formulas:
(no change in spectrum)
Through principal invariants
The result can also be shown using the invariants for any . These satisfy
due to the Lax equation, and since the characteristic polynomial can be written in terms of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziwei%20doushu
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Zi Wei Dou Shu (Chinese: ), commonly referred to in English as Purple Star Astrology, is a form of fortune-telling in Chinese culture. The study of destiny (Chinese: , ming xue) is one of the five arts of Chinese metaphysics. Along with the Bazi chart, Zi Wei Dou Shu is one of the most renowned fortune-telling methods used in this study. Much like western astrology, Zi Wei Dou Shu claims to use the position of the cosmos at the time of one's birth to make determinations about personality, career and marriage prospects, and more.
History
Traditionally, Zi Wei Dou Shu is considered to have been created by a Taoist named Lu Chun Yang () during the Tang Dynasty. It was further developed by Chen Xi Yi () during the Song Dynasty and later on by Luo Hong Xian () during the Ming Dynasty to its present-day form. Its exact origin, however, is still debated among different schools.
Unlike the more commonly known Four Pillars of Destiny system of birth-chart divination, Zi Wei Dou Shu is based on a purely lunar calendar and the position of the night sky. By contrast, Bazi is tied to the sexagenary cycle system of timekeeping, which is often mapped to traditional Chinese solar terms. Some believe that this difference makes the two systems complementary rather than competitors.
The study of destiny (, ming xue), of which Zi Wei Dou Shu is a part, has traditionally been closely intertwined with astronomy. Historically, gifted astronomers and astrologers were recruited as officials to w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthing
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Earthing may refer to:
Ground (electricity) in electrical engineering
Earthing system, how to connect an electrical circuit to ground
, an alternative medicine practice
Nature therapy, another alternative medicine practice
Hilling, piling soil around the base of a plant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20butterfly
|
Alpine butterfly may refer to:
Biology
Erebia, a genus of butterflies common in the Rocky Mountains of North America
Parnassius, a genus of butterflies in Eurasia
Knots
Alpine butterfly knot, used to form a fixed loop in the middle of a rope
Alpine butterfly bend, used to join the ends of two ropes together
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory%20Bomber
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The British "Victory Bomber" was a Second World War design proposal by British inventor and aircraft designer Barnes Wallis while at Vickers-Armstrongs for a large strategic bomber. This aircraft was to have performed what Wallis referred to as "anti-civil engineering" bombing missions and was to have carried his projected "earthquake bomb" to strategic targets in Germany. The Victory Bomber was considered extremely ambitious: the Royal Air Force (RAF) at that time not yet having introduced four-engine heavy bombers, and to give the necessary performance, the Victory Bomber was to have six engines and was highly specialised to its role.
The project was studied in detail, the bomber proceeding to wind tunnel testing while the earthquake bomb to equip it was tested on representative models. The Air Ministry chose not to proceed with development of the Victory Bomber, terminating it in May 1941. No prototypes were built, but the Avro Lancaster filled a similar role and was fitted with a similar armament array. The Lancaster used Wallis' Tallboy, Grand Slam and bouncing bomb during strategic "anti-civil engineering" missions, such as Operation Chastise, the "Dambusters" mission.
Background
During the early stages of the Second World War, Wallis performed extensive studies of the German war economy and industry, concluding that with the selective destruction of strategic infrastructure targets, the German capacity to produce armaments could be reduced. Wallis believed that a fu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dead%20Talk%20Back
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The Dead Talk Back is a crime film that was produced in 1957, but was not released until 1993. The film is also a drama film with major subjects of the film being investigations, metaphysics, murder, police, and scientists.
Plot
Scientist Henry Krasker (Farnese) experiments in speaking with the dead from the afterlife. He also is an occasional consultant to the Los Angeles Police Department and has solved numerous cases through extraordinary means. He lives in a rooming house that's convenient to his laboratory and is inhabited by a motley crew of less than reputable people.
After one of his rooming housemates, Renee Coliveil (Laura Brock), is murdered with a crossbow, Los Angeles police detectives Lieutenant Lewis (Scott Douglas) and Harry (Earl Sands) enlist Krasker to aid them in apprehending the suspect, who they believe lives at the same rooming house.
After an extensive investigation of the rooming house residents, Krasker devises a plan to draw out the killer. After calling a meeting of the rooming house residents Krasker brings Renee back from the dead, leading Raymond Millbrun (Myron Natwick), a DJ from San Francisco with wealthy parents, to cry out that he knew he didn't kill her.
However, it turns out to be a ruse: Krasker did not bring Renee back from the dead; he merely staged it in the belief that the actual killer would confess. Raymond had secretly married Renee in Mexico and she had been blackmailing him into silence for fear his parents would cut him o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20%28computer%20science%29
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In computer science, a fiber is a particularly lightweight thread of execution.
Like threads, fibers share address space. However, fibers use cooperative multitasking while threads use preemptive multitasking. Threads often depend on the kernel's thread scheduler to preempt a busy thread and resume another thread; fibers yield themselves to run another fiber while executing.
Threads, fibers and coroutines
The key difference between fibers and kernel threads is that fibers use cooperative context switching, instead of preemptive time-slicing. In effect, fibers extend the concurrency taxonomy:
on a single computer, multiple processes can run
within a single process, multiple threads can run
within a single thread, multiple fibers can run
Fibers (sometimes called stackful coroutines or user mode cooperatively scheduled threads) and stackless coroutines (compiler synthesized state machines) represent two distinct programming facilities with vast performance and functionality differences.
Advantages and disadvantages
Because fibers multitask cooperatively, thread safety is less of an issue than with preemptively scheduled threads, and synchronization constructs including spinlocks and atomic operations are unnecessary when writing fibered code, as they are implicitly synchronized. However, many libraries yield a fiber implicitly as a method of conducting non-blocking I/O; as such, some caution and documentation reading is advised. A disadvantage is that fibers cannot ut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time%20adaptive%20processing
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Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is a signal processing technique most commonly used in radar systems. It involves adaptive array processing algorithms to aid in target detection. Radar signal processing benefits from STAP in areas where interference is a problem (i.e. ground clutter, jamming, etc.). Through careful application of STAP, it is possible to achieve order-of-magnitude sensitivity improvements in target detection.
STAP involves a two-dimensional filtering technique using a phased-array antenna with multiple spatial channels. Coupling multiple spatial channels with pulse-Doppler waveforms lends to the name "space-time." Applying the statistics of the interference environment, an adaptive STAP weight vector is formed. This weight vector is applied to the coherent samples received by the radar.
History
The theory of STAP was first published by Lawrence E. Brennan and Irving S. Reed in the early 1970s. At the time of publication, both Brennan and Reed were at Technology Service Corporation (TSC). While it was formally introduced in 1973, it has theoretical roots dating back to 1959.
Motivation and applications
For ground-based radar, cluttered returns tend to be at DC, making them easily discriminated by Moving Target Indication (MTI). Thus, a notch filter at the zero-Doppler bin can be used. Airborne platforms with ownship motion experience relative ground clutter motion dependent on the angle, resulting in angle-Doppler coupling at the input. In this
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20mass
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The transverse mass is a useful quantity to define for use in particle physics as it is invariant under Lorentz boost along the z direction. In natural units, it is:
where the z-direction is along the beam pipe and so
and are the momentum perpendicular to the beam pipe and
is the (invariant) mass.
This definition of the transverse mass is used in conjunction with the definition of the (directed) transverse energy
with the transverse momentum vector . It is easy to see that for vanishing mass () the three quantities are the same: .
The transverse mass is used together with the rapidity, transverse momentum and polar angle in the parameterization of the four-momentum of a single particle:
Using these definitions (in particular for ) gives for the mass of a two particle system:
Looking at the transverse projection of this system (by setting ) gives:
These are also the definitions that are used by the software package ROOT, which is commonly used in high energy physics.
Transverse mass in two-particle systems
Hadron collider physicists use another definition of transverse mass (and transverse energy), in the case of a decay into two particles. This is often used when one particle cannot be detected directly but is only indicated by missing transverse energy. In that case, the total energy is unknown and the above definition cannot be used.
where is the transverse energy of each daughter, a positive quantity defined using its true invariant mass as:
,
which is coinci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo%20Fardella
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Michelangelo Fardella (1650 – January 2, 1718) was an Italian scientist.
Fardella was born at Trapani, Sicily, and died in Naples. He was a member of the Order of Friars Minor. He excelled in physics and mathematics, and was both the chair of philosophy in Modena and of astronomy and philosophy in Padua. He embraced the philosophy of René Descartes, after learning the principles during a voyage which he made to Paris (1678) from conversations with Antoine Arnauld, Nicolas Malebranche and Bernard Lamy.
His principal works are:
Universæ philosophiæ systema, Venice, 1691, in-12
Universæ usualis mathematicæ theoria, 1691
1650 births
1718 deaths
People from Trapani
17th-century Italian scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Hagen
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Hans Hagen (born 1953) is a professor of computer science at the University of Kaiserslautern. His main research interests are scientific visualization and geometric modelling.
From 1999 to 2003 he was the editor in chief of IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.
He got the John Gregory Memorial Award and the Solid Modelling Pioneer Award for his achievements in Geometric Modeling in 2002. His lifetime contributions to Scientific Visualization were honored by the IEEE Visualization Career Award and the IEEE Visualization Academy of Science membership.
References
1953 births
Living people
German computer scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20G.%20Colling
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Richard G. Colling is a former professor of biology and chairman of the biological sciences department at Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais, Illinois, who was barred from teaching general biology after writing a book that attempts to reconcile Christian belief with a scientific understanding of evolution.
Education and career
Colling attended Olivet Nazarene University as an undergraduate, graduating in 1976. He earned a Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Kansas in 1980, did postdoctoral research in molecular oncology at Baylor College of Medicine, and joined the faculty of Olivet Nazarene in 1981. He was granted tenure at the institution in 1988. In 2000 he was Olivet Nazarene's "faculty member of the year."
In 2004, Colling published the book Random Designer: Created From Chaos, To Connect With the Creator.
Colling left the Olivet Nazarene faculty in 2009.
Evolution at Olivet Nazarene
In September 2007, Olivet President John C. Bowling decided after consultation with denominational leaders to prohibit Colling from teaching the general biology class he had taught since 1991. Bowling also banned professors from assigning a book Colling wrote attempting to reconcile the foundations of modern evolutionary biology with the principles of modern Christian faith. According to an interview with Newsweek, the reason behind Bowling's response was to "get the bull's-eye off Colling and let the storm die down." Newsweek noted, however, contributions by Nazarene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADD%20%28disambiguation%29
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CADD is Computer-Aided Design and Drafting
CADD is also Computer-Aided Drug Design
Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion, in biology.
CADD may also refer to:
Brian Cadd (born 1946), Australian musician
See also
Caddy (disambiguation)
CADDS, an early product of the company Computervision
CAAD, abbreviation for Computer-aided architectural design
KADD, a radio station of the Las Vegas area of the US
CAD (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood%20of%20Railroad%20Signalmen
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The Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen (BRS) is a labor union in the United States. It represents workers who install, maintain, and repair railroad traffic control systems. These include switching, signaling, and highway-rail crossing warning systems on rail transport networks. Founded in 1901, it has a membership of approximately 10,500. It also represents employees who build railroad signal equipment.
The BRS is affiliated with the AFL–CIO and is a member of its Transportation Trades Department. Its headquarters is in Front Royal, Virginia.
Jerry C. Boles has served as president since 2019. Mike Baldwin has served as secretary-treasurer since 2019. Vice presidents include: Joe Mattingly, Jim Finnegan, Tim Tarrant, Cory Claypool, Brandon Elvey, and Doug VanderJagt.
Presidents
1901: H. G. Detwiler
1908: Philip Weller
1908: John Bindscheattel
1909: M. J. Hooper
1910: J. A. Martin
1913: Wilmot J. Pettit
1915: A. E. Adams
1917: Daniel Helt
1934: Anon Lyon
1945: Jesse Clark
1969: Charles J. Chamberlain
1977: Tom Bates
1987: Butch Speakman
1992: Dan Pickett
2018: Floyd Mason
2019: Jerry C. Boles
2021: Michael S. Baldwin
References
External links
Official website
Brotherhood Of Railroad Signalmen Memorabilia held at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library
AFL–CIO affiliates
Canadian Labour Congress affiliates
Railway unions in the United States
Trade unions established in 1901
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSEA
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CSEA may refer to:
California School Employees Association
California State Employees Association
Civil Service Employees Association (AFSCME Local 1000)
Computer Science and Engineering Association, IIT Guwahati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20filament
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In biology, a protein filament is a long chain of protein monomers, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella. Protein filaments form together to make the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are often bundled together to provide support, strength, and rigidity to the cell. When the filaments are packed up together, they are able to form three different cellular parts. The three major classes of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton include: actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
Cellular types
Microfilaments
Compared to the other parts of the cytoskeletons, the microfilaments contain the thinnest filaments, with a diameter of approximately 7 nm. Microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton that are composed of protein called actin. Two strands of actin intertwined together form a filamentous structure allowing for the movement of motor proteins. Microfilaments can either occur in the monomeric G-actin or filamentous F-actin. Microfilaments are important when it comes to the overall organization of the plasma membrane. Actin filaments are considered to be both helical and flexible. They are composed of several actin monomers chained together which add to their flexibility. They are found in several places in the body including the microvilli, contractile rings, stress fibers, cellular cortex, etc. In a contractile ring, actin have the ability to help with cellular division while in the cellular cortex they can help with the structural int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excluded%20point%20topology
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In mathematics, the excluded point topology is a topology where exclusion of a particular point defines openness. Formally, let X be any non-empty set and p ∈ X. The collection
of subsets of X is then the excluded point topology on X. There are a variety of cases which are individually named:
If X has two points, it is called the Sierpiński space. This case is somewhat special and is handled separately.
If X is finite (with at least 3 points), the topology on X is called the finite excluded point topology
If X is countably infinite, the topology on X is called the countable excluded point topology
If X is uncountable, the topology on X is called the uncountable excluded point topology
A generalization is the open extension topology; if has the discrete topology, then the open extension topology on is the excluded point topology.
This topology is used to provide interesting examples and counterexamples.
Properties
Let be a space with the excluded point topology with special point
The space is compact, as the only neighborhood of is the whole space.
The topology is an Alexandrov topology. The smallest neighborhood of is the whole space the smallest neighborhood of a point is the singleton These smallest neighborhoods are compact. Their closures are respectively and which are also compact. So the space is locally relatively compact (each point admits a local base of relatively compact neighborhoods) and locally compact in the sense that each poi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper
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Oper may refer to:
Technology
Operator (disambiguation)
IRC operator
Outstanding Physical Education Preparation, a website for PE preparation
Opera
Deutsche Oper Berlin, Oper Leipzig, Komische Oper Berlin, Alte Oper
Romantische Oper, genre of German opera
Surname
Andres Oper, Estonian football player
Mathematics
Oper (mathematics) (as defined by Alexander Beilinson and Vladimir Drinfeld), a mathematical bundle on a punctured disc, equipped with a flat connection and an additional extra structure, called the "oper structure"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POTS%20codec
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A POTS codec is a type of audio coder-decoder (codec) that uses digital signal processing to transmit audio digitally over standard telephone lines (plain old telephone service, POTS) at a higher level of audio quality than the telephone line would normally provide in its analog mode. The POTS codec is one of a family of broadcast codecs differentiated by the type of telecommunications circuit used for transmission. The ISDN codec, which instead uses ISDN lines, and the IP codec which uses private or public IP networks are also common.
Primarily used in broadcast engineering to link remote broadcast locations to the host studio, a hardware codec, implemented with digital signal processing, is used to compress the audio data enough to travel through a pair of a 33.6k modems.
POTS codecs have the disadvantages of being restricted to relatively low bit rates and being susceptible to variable line quality. ISDN and IP codecs have the advantage of being natively digital, and operate at much higher bitrates, which results in fewer compression artifacts. Special lines must be run to a location, however, and must be ordered well in advance of the event so that there is ample time for installation of equipment. Since POTS lines are almost universally available, the POTS codec can be set up nearly anywhere with little or no notice.
Uses
The main use of a broadcast codec is for remote broadcasting by radio stations.
Functions
Codecs usually come in two types of units: rackmount for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighWire
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HighWire is an internet hosting service in the United States specialising in academic and scholarly publications. HighWire-hosted publishers collectively make over 2 million articles available (out of 7.5 million articles) freely accessible.
History
HighWire was founded by Stanford University Libraries in 1995. The Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) (1905) published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, was the first to launch online on the HighWire platform.
In 2014, majority ownership of HighWire was purchased by the private equity firm Accel-KKR.
In 2017, it was announced that the entirety of the journals published by HighWire would be indexed in Meta.
In 2020, HighWire was acquired by MPS Limited.
Reviews and awards
While HighWire is primarily a hosting facility, a 2007 study showed that its search engine outperformed PubMed in the identification of desired articles, and yielded a higher number of search results than when the same search was performed on PubMed. PubMed, however, was faster.
HighWire was the recipient of the 2003 Association for Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) Award for "Service to Not-for-Profit Publishing", and was named one of the "Ten to Watch" organizations in the Scientific, Technical & Medical information space in 2014 by Outsell. Founding Director John Sack was awarded the Council of Science Editors (CSE) 2011 Award for Meritorious Achievement.
In 2018, HighWire won the Best Business Intellig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20mutation
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Neutral mutations are changes in DNA sequence that are neither beneficial nor detrimental to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce. In population genetics, mutations in which natural selection does not affect the spread of the mutation in a species are termed neutral mutations. Neutral mutations that are inheritable and not linked to any genes under selection will be lost or will replace all other alleles of the gene. That loss or fixation of the gene proceeds based on random sampling known as genetic drift. A neutral mutation that is in linkage disequilibrium with other alleles that are under selection may proceed to loss or fixation via genetic hitchhiking and/or background selection.
While many mutations in a genome may decrease an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce, also known as fitness, those mutations are selected against and are not passed on to future generations. The most commonly-observed mutations that are detectable as variation in the genetic makeup of organisms and populations appear to have no visible effect on the fitness of individuals and are therefore neutral. The identification and study of neutral mutations has led to the development of the neutral theory of molecular evolution, which is an important and often-controversial theory that proposes that most molecular variation within and among species is essentially neutral and not acted on by selection. Neutral mutations are also the basis for using molecular clocks to identify such
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijimia%20moorei
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Shijimia moorei, the Moore's Cupid, is a small butterfly found in India that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family. It is found from Assam to Indo China and Japan.
Taxonomy
S. m. moorei Yunnan
S. m. taiwana Matsumura, 1919 Taiwan
Biology
The larva on feeds on Lysionotus pauciflorus
See also
List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)
References
External links
台灣棋石小灰蝶 Shijimia moorei Archived link
Polyommatini
Butterflies of Asia
Taxa named by John Henry Leech
Butterflies described in 1889
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak%20%28disambiguation%29
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A yak is a long-haired species of cattle. There are two types of yak:
Domestic yak (Bos grunniens)
Wild yak (Bos mutus)
Yak may also refer to:
Yak (band), an English rock band
YAK (cryptography) is a public-key authenticated key agreement protocol
Yak (Thailand), a mythical ogre of the Yasha kind
Yak (instrument), a type of flute
"Yak", English game designer Jeff Minter
"The Yak", Nigerian footballer Yakubu
Yakovlev or Yak Aircraft Corporation, or numerous aircraft designed or manufactured by this company
Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles YAK, an armoured transport vehicle
Yak-B 12.7mm machine gun, a Russian .50 caliber four-barrel gatling gun
Yak Peak, a mountain in British Columbia, Canada
A member of a yakuza organization
IATA airport code for Yakutat Airport in Yakutat, Alaska
See also
Yacc, a computer program that generates parsers
Yake (disambiguation)
Yaksa (disambiguation)
Yuck (disambiguation), various meanings, primarily as a sound of disgust
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnim%20Zola
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Arnim Zola is a supervillain appearing in American comic books by Marvel Comics. He is a master of biochemistry and a recurring enemy of Captain America and the Avengers. The character first appeared in Captain America and the Falcon #208 (April 1977), and was created by writer/artist Jack Kirby. When he was first introduced, Zola was a Nazi scientist experimenting with genetic engineering during World War II. His skills as a geneticist drew the attention of the Red Skull, who recruited him into Hydra to aid their efforts to create super soldiers. One of his experiments led to the brain of Adolf Hitler being copied into a being later known as Hate-Monger. Later in life, Zola transferred his own mind into a sophisticated robot body which protected it by storing it in its chest and displaying a digital image of Zola's face on its chest plate. This robot body allowed Zola to survive until modern times, as whenever it is destroyed, Zola could simply upload his consciousness into a new body.
The character has appeared in several forms of media outside of comics. He made his live-action debut in the television film Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (1998), played by Peter Haworth. Toby Jones portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and the television series Agent Carter, and voiced alternate universe versions in the animated television series What If...?.
Publication hist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinesmith
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Machinesmith (Samuel "Starr" Saxon) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most notably as a regular enemy of Captain America. He specializes in robotics, and is able to make convincing robotic doubles of other superhumans. His own mind was ultimately transferred to a robotic body.
Publication history
The character first appeared in Daredevil #49 (Feb. 1969), and briefly appeared as a character using the Mister Fear identity shortly thereafter in Daredevil #54 (July 1969). The character first appeared as Machinesmith in Marvel Two-in-One #47 (Jan. 1979).
His robotic features looked nothing like his human ones, and it was not established until later in Captain America #249 (Sept. 1980) that Machinesmith and Starr Saxon are the same character. Barry Windsor-Smith has stated that the character was supposed to be presented as gay in Daredevil #50; however, the early art was not good enough to get the point across. Other issues have since revealed the character's sexuality more directly, such as Captain America #368 and Iron Man #320.
Fictional character biography
Starr Saxon was born in Memphis, Tennessee, but his family was living in Queens, New York, by his teenage years. At 14 years old, he discovered an abandoned Doombot in a NYC subway tunnel, and snuck the robot home piece by piece to deconstruct to learn robotics. His original efforts saw to his use of robotics and engineering abilities to be a professional criminal robot maker
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Murdoch%20Henderson
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J. Murdoch Henderson (31 March 1902 – November 1970) was a Scottish fiddler, composer, and music critic.
John Murdoch Henderson was born in New Deer, Scotland, and became a mathematics teacher in Aberdeen. A childhood accident led to him breaking both wrists and hampered his playing. He took an interest in the interpretation of fiddle music and recorded much of the information he found. He published The Flowers of Scottish Melody in 1935, which contained 130 tunes, including 40 original contributions. The collection was reprinted by The Buchan Heritage Society in 1986. Later, he edited and published The Scottish Music Maker (1957), which preserved a number of melodies by James Scott Skinner that may otherwise have been lost (Alburger, 1983).
One of Henderson's greatest influences was James F. Dickie, a renowned fiddler from Old Deer. Dickie's son-in-law, James Duncan, was the founder of the Buchan Heritage Society, and was largely responsible for the republication of The Flowers of Scottish Melody. Two of Henderson's best-known compositions are named after Dickie: the reel James F. Dickie and the strathspey James F. Dickie's Delight.
References
Alburger, Mary Anne (1983), Scottish Fiddlers And Their Music, Victor Gollancz Ltd., .
External links
The John Murdoch Henderson Music Collection
1902 births
1970 deaths
Scottish composers
Scottish fiddlers
British male violinists
20th-century violinists
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British composers
20th-c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmstedt%E2%80%93Tanasescu%20reaction
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The Lehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction is a method in organic chemistry for the organic synthesis of acridone derivatives (3) from a 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (1) and an arene compound (2):
The reaction is named after two chemists who devoted part of their careers to research into this synthetic method, the German chemist Kurt Lehmstedt and the Romanian chemist Ion Tănăsescu. Variations of the reaction name include Lehmsted–Tănăsescu reaction, Lehmsted–Tănăsescu acridone synthesis and Lehmsted–Tanasescu acridone synthesis.
Reaction mechanism
In the first step of the reaction mechanism the precursor molecule 2-nitrobenzaldehyde 4 is protonated, often by sulfuric acid, to intermediate 5, followed by an electrophilic attack to benzene (other arenes can be used as well). The resulting benzhydrol 6 cyclisizes to 7 and finally to compound 8. Treatment of this intermediate with nitrous acid (sodium nitrite en sulfuric acid) leads to the N-nitroso acridone 11 via intermediates 9 en 10. The N-nitroso group is removed by an acid in the final step. The procedure is an example of a one-pot synthesis.
References
Heterocycle forming reactions
Name reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode%20of%20action
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In pharmacology and biochemistry, mode of action (MoA) describes a functional or anatomical change, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance. In comparison, a mechanism of action (MOA) describes such changes at the molecular level.
A mode of action is important in classifying chemicals, as it represents an intermediate level of complexity in between molecular mechanisms and physiological outcomes, especially when the exact molecular target has not yet been elucidated or is subject to debate. A mechanism of action of a chemical could be "binding to DNA" while its broader mode of action would be "transcriptional regulation". However, there is no clear consensus and the term mode of action is also often used, especially in the study of pesticides, to describe molecular mechanisms such as action on specific nuclear receptors or enzymes.
See also
Mechanism of action in pharmaceuticals
Adverse outcome pathway
References
Pharmacodynamics
Medicinal chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20G.%20Hansen
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Arthur Gene "Art" Hansen (February 28, 1925 – July 5, 2010) was a philanthropist and former chancellor of several American universities.
Education and early career
Hansen joined the United States Marine Corps Reserve and was sent to Purdue University as part of the Navy's V-12 program. He earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1946 and returned to Purdue for his master's degree in mathematics in 1948. During this time, he also was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.
For the next ten years, Hansen worked as an aeronautical research scientist at NASA's Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, while teaching mathematics at John Carroll University and Baldwin–Wallace College. Hansen received his doctorate in mathematics from Case Institute of Technology in 1958. Hansen also holds several honorary degrees.
In 1959, Hansen joined the faculty of the University of Michigan, where he taught and wrote two textbooks about fluid mechanics, despite never having taken a formal class on the subject. He later rose to chairman of the university's mechanical engineering department.
At Georgia Tech, Hansen served as dean of engineering and, from 1969 to 1971, president of the Institute. New facilities for chemistry, civil engineering, physics, and student activities were built during his presidency.
Later career
He accepted the position of president at Purdue University from 1971 to 1982, the first Purdue alumnus to do so. Following the late-1960s wave of student unre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Bacteriology
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The Journal of Bacteriology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1916. It is published by the American Society for Microbiology and the editor in chief is George A. O'Toole (Dartmouth College). The journal is delayed open access: content is available for free at the journal's website and at PubMed Central after a six-month embargo. The journal is also hybrid open access allowing authors to pay an article processing fee for their articles to be available for free immediately.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.2.
References
External links
Publications established in 1916
Delayed open access journals
Microbiology journals
Biweekly journals
English-language journals
American Society for Microbiology academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods%20in%20Enzymology
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Methods in Enzymology is a book-series of scientific publications focused primarily on research methods in biochemistry by Academic Press, created by Sidney P. Colowick and Nathan O. Kaplan.
Content
Historically, each volume has centered on a specific topic of biochemistry, such as DNA repair, yeast genetics, or the biology of nitric oxide. In recent years, however, the range of topics covered has broadened to also include biotechnology-oriented areas of research.
Each Volume and Chapter includes not only background knowledge but also specific research techniques, detailed experimental procedures and methods. Video elements are also present.
History
First published in 1955, there are (2022) more than 650 volumes in the collection, with ca. 16 new Volumes being published each year.
Editors
The series is currently edited by Anna Marie Pyle (Yale University) and David W. Christianson (University of Pennsylvania) Each volume is guest-edited and contributed to by expert researchers in the field.
References
Biochemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1955
1955 establishments in the United States
Academic Press academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Makanin
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Vladimir Semyonovich Makanin (; 13 March 1937 in Orsk, Orenburg Oblast, RSFSR, Soviet Union – 1 November 2017 in , Aksaysky District, Rostov Oblast, Russia) was a Russian writer of novels and short stories
Life
Makanin graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University and worked as a teacher in the Military Academy until the early 1960s. In 1963 he took the High Courses for Scriptwriters and Film Directors at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography, then worked for the publishing house Sovietskiy Pisatel (The Soviet Writer).
He published his first book in 1965. In 1985, he became a board member at the Union of Soviet Writers and, two years later, joined the editorial staff at Znamya. He spent most of his later years in Krasny, near Rostov-on-Don. In 2007, he headed the jury for the Big Book award. The following year, he was the recipient.
Makanin's writing style may be categorized as realist. His forte lies in depicting the psychological impact of everyday life experiences.
English translations
Antileader, from The New Soviet Fiction, Abbeville Press, NY, 1989.
Baize-covered Table with Decanter, Readers International, 1995.
Escape Hatch, and The Long Road Ahead, Ardis Publishers, 1996.
The Loss, Northwestern University Press, 1998.
Selected bibliography
Straight line (), 1965
Blue and Red (Голубое и красное), 1975
The Portrait and Around (Портрет и вокруг), 1978
Antileader (Антилидер), 1980
Ancestor (Предтеча), 1982
He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20J.%20Finlay%20Prize%20for%20Microbiology
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The Carlos J. Finlay Prize is a biennial scientific prize sponsored by the Government of Cuba and awarded since 1980 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to people or organizations for their outstanding contributions to microbiology (including immunology, molecular biology, genetics, etc.) and its applications. Winners receive a grant of $5,000 USD donated by the Government of Cuba and an Albert Einstein Silver Medal from UNESCO.
The Prize is awarded in odd years (to coincide with UNESCO's General Conference) and is named after Carlos Juan Finlay (1833 – 1915), a Cuban physician and microbiologist widely known for his pioneering discoveries in the field of yellow fever.
Winners
Source: UNESCO
1980 - Roger Y. Stanier (Canada)
1983 - César Milstein, FRS (Argentina, United Kingdom)
1985 - Victor Nussenzweig and Ruth Nussenzweig (Brazil)
1987 - Hélio Gelli Pereira (Brazil) and Peter Reichard (Sweden)
1989 - Georges Cohen (France) and Walter Fiers (Belgium)
1991 - Margarita Salas and Eladio Viñuela (Spain) and Jean-Marie Ghuysen (Belgium)
1993 - International Society of Soil Science, James Michael Lynch (UK), James Tiedje (USA), Johannes Antonie Van Veen (Netherlands)
1995 - Jan Balzarini (Belgium) and Pascale Cossart (France)
1996 - Etienne Pays (Belgium) and Sheikh Riazzudin (Pakistan)
1999 - Ádám Kondorosi (Hungary)
2001 - Susana López Charreton and Carlos Arias Ortiz (Mexico)
2003 - Antonio Peña Díaz (Mexico)
2005 - Kh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Lapworth
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Arthur Lapworth FRS (10 October 1872 – 5 April 1941) was a Scottish chemist.
He was born in Galashiels, Scotland, the son of geologist Charles Lapworth, and educated at St Andrew's and King Edward VI Five Ways School, Birmingham. He graduated in chemistry from Mason College (later Birmingham University). From 1893 to 1895 he worked on a scholarship at City and Guilds of London Institute on the chemistry of camphor and the 3
mechanism of aromatic substitution.
His first post, in 1895, was as a demonstrator in the School of Pharmacy, University of London in Bloomsbury. He became head of the chemistry department of Goldsmiths Institute, and in 1909 became senior lecturer in inorganic and physical chemistry at the University of Manchester. In 1913 he was appointed professor of organic chemistry; and in 1922, the Sir Samuel Hall Professor (of inorganic and physical chemistry) and director of laboratories.
He was a pioneer of the field of physical organic chemistry. His proposal for the reaction mechanism for the benzoin condensation is the basis for our modern-day understanding of organic chemistry.
He retired in 1935 and was appointed Professor Emeritus. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1910, and was awarded their Davy Medal in 1931. Lapworth was also an Hon. LL.D. of Birmingham and of St Andrews universities.
He married Kathleen Florence Holland at St Mary, Bridgwater on 14 September 1900. Her brothers were eminent scientists themselves, in 1900. (Frederi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadiraja%20Tirtha
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Sri Vadiraja Tirtha (1480 – 1600) was a Dvaita philosopher, poet, traveller and mystic. A polymath of his time, he authored many works, often polemical, on Madhva theology and metaphysics. Additionally, he composed numerous poems and as the pontiff of Sodhe Mutt, renovated the temple complex at Udupi and established the Paryaya system of worship. He is also credited with enriching the Kannada literature of the time by translating Madhvacharya's works to Kannada, giving impetus and contributing to the Haridasa movement. He has influenced both Carnatic and Hindustani music through his compositions. His compositions are mainly in Kannada and Sanskrit. His mudra is 'Hayavadana'. His works are characterised by their poetic flourishes, incisive wit and humour.
Life
Vadirajaru was born as Bhuvaraha in Huvinakere, a village in the Kundapura taluk. He was ordained as a monk at the age of 8 and placed into the care of Vidyanidhi Tirtha and later Vagisha Tirtha, who oversaw his education. Works of contemporary Haridasas and oral traditions point to Vadirajaru being a student of Vyasatirtha along with Vijayendra Tirtha though he never acknowledged Vyasatirtha as his mentor in his works. He eventually assumed the pontifical seat of the mutt at Sodhe, succeeding Vagisha Tirtha. Vadiraja seems to have wielded some influence in the court of the Nayakas of Keladi as Vadiraja's successor, Vedavedya Tirtha, received grants of villages from Keladi Venkatappa Nayak. In 1512, Vadiraja began hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20strand
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In genetics, a sense strand, or coding strand, is the segment within double-stranded DNA that carries the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction, and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which does not carry the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The sense strand is the strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA, which takes the antisense strand as its template during transcription, and eventually undergoes (typically, not always) translation into a protein. The antisense strand is thus responsible for the RNA that is later translated to protein, while the sense strand possesses a nearly identical makeup to that of the mRNA.
mRNA and "sense"
Note that for each segment of double-stranded DNA, there will possibly be two sets of sense and antisense, depending on which direction one reads (since sense and antisense is relative to perspective). It is ultimately the gene product, or mRNA, that dictates which strand of one segment of dsDNA we call sense or antisense. But keep in mind that sometimes, such as in prokaryotes, overlapping genes on opposite strands means the sense for one mRNA can be the antisense for another mRNA.
The immediate product of this transcription is a resultant initial RNA transcript, which contains a sequence of nucleotides that is identical to that of the sense strand. The exception to this is that uracil is used for nucleotide sequencing of RNA molecules rather than thymine.
Most euk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20Jeremijenko
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Natalie Jeremijenko (born 1966) is an artist and engineer whose background includes studies in biochemistry, physics, neuroscience and precision engineering. She is an active member of the net.art movement, and her work primarily explores the interface between society, the environment and technology.
She has alternatively described her work as "X Design" (short for experimental design) and herself as a "thingker", a combination of thing-maker and thinker. In 2018, she was Artist in Residence at Dartmouth College, and is currently an associate professor at New York University in the Visual Art Department, and has affiliated faculty appointments in the school's Computer Science and Environmental Studies.
Early life and education
She was born in Mackay, Queensland, and raised in Brisbane, the second of ten children to a physician and a schoolteacher. Her parents were champions of domestic technology, and Jeremijenko claims that her mother was the first woman in Australia to own a microwave.
She enrolled in PhDs, in Australia and possibly Stanford University but was not awarded a doctorate.
Transition to art installations
In 1988, Jeremijenko co-founded the Livid rock festival in Brisbane. She credits her involvement in helping her move towards public art as she created installations that would appeal to the young crowd.
Notable works
D4PA: Designed 4 Political Action
A catalogue of devices and strategies for political engagement and direct action developed by the Bureau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20National%20College%20for%20the%20Blind
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The Royal National College for the Blind (RNC) is a co-educational specialist residential college of further education based in the English city of Hereford. Students who attend the college are aged 16 to 25 and blind or partially sighted. They can study a wide range of qualifications at RNC, from academic subjects such as English and Mathematics to more vocational topics such as Massage and Complementary Therapies. Alongside regular further education subjects and vocational training, the college offers training in mobility, assistive technology, Braille, independent living skills and personal development.
Founded in 1872 in London as the Royal Normal College and Academy for the Blind, the college had a number of homes before moving to its campus in Hereford; it was renamed The Royal National College for the Blind in the late 1970s. It has been a pioneer in the education of visually impaired people in Britain since the Victorian era, and, as of 2010, is the only college for visually impaired students in the United Kingdom to have been awarded Beacon Status in recognition of its outstanding teaching and learning.
RNC hosts the UK's first VI Sports Academy, having begun as the home of the first football academy for visually impaired players and the England blind football team. It hosted the 2010 World Blind Football Championship and also served as a training facility for participants in the 2012 Paralympic Games. The college is actively involved in the development of assistiv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20closed%20category
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, compact closed categories are a general context for treating dual objects. The idea of a dual object generalizes the more familiar concept of the dual of a finite-dimensional vector space. So, the motivating example of a compact closed category is FdVect, the category having finite-dimensional vector spaces as objects and linear maps as morphisms, with tensor product as the monoidal structure. Another example is Rel, the category having sets as objects and relations as morphisms, with Cartesian monoidal structure.
Symmetric compact closed category
A symmetric monoidal category is compact closed if every object has a dual object. If this holds, the dual object is unique up to canonical isomorphism, and is denoted .
In a bit more detail, an object is called the dual of if it is equipped with two morphisms called the unit and the counit , satisfying the equations
and
where are the introduction of the unit on the left and right, respectively, and is the associator.
For clarity, we rewrite the above compositions diagrammatically. In order for to be compact closed, we need the following composites to equal :
and :
Definition
More generally, suppose is a monoidal category, not necessarily symmetric, such as in the case of a pregroup grammar. The above notion of having a dual for each object A is replaced by that of having both a left and a right adjoint, and , with a corresponding left unit , right unit , left
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization%20of%20an%20algebraic%20form
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In mathematics, in particular in algebra, polarization is a technique for expressing a homogeneous polynomial in a simpler fashion by adjoining more variables. Specifically, given a homogeneous polynomial, polarization produces a unique symmetric multilinear form from which the original polynomial can be recovered by evaluating along a certain diagonal.
Although the technique is deceptively simple, it has applications in many areas of abstract mathematics: in particular to algebraic geometry, invariant theory, and representation theory. Polarization and related techniques form the foundations for Weyl's invariant theory.
The technique
The fundamental ideas are as follows. Let be a polynomial in variables Suppose that is homogeneous of degree which means that
Let be a collection of indeterminates with so that there are variables altogether. The polar form of is a polynomial
which is linear separately in each (that is, is multilinear), symmetric in the and such that
The polar form of is given by the following construction
In other words, is a constant multiple of the coefficient of in the expansion of
Examples
A quadratic example. Suppose that and is the quadratic form
Then the polarization of is a function in and given by
More generally, if is any quadratic form then the polarization of agrees with the conclusion of the polarization identity.
A cubic example. Let Then the polarization of is given by
Mathematical details and consequen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano%20Preparata
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Giuliano Preparata (10 March 1942, Padua – 24 April 2000, Frascati) was an Italian physicist.
Biography
He attended the High School Umberto I of Rome (the same as Enrico Fermi), and graduated in theoretical physics with honors in 1964. The following year he was in Florence with a CNR grant, later to become appointed as Professor. From 1967 to 1972 he was a research associate at several prestigious universities in the United States, including Princeton, Harvard, and NYU. From 1974 to 1980 he was a staff member in the theory division of CERN, in Geneva.
Preparata dedicated a great part of his scientific activity to high energy physics, giving fundamental contributions to the construction of the standard model, the new synthesis of the subnuclear interactions. In particular, he clarified the nature of the Dirac quantum field of quarks, a fundamental premise for the electroweak unification, and he proposed a solution to the crucial problem of colour confinement in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), based on a non-perturbative analysis of the ground state of QCD. His analysis reveals the existence of a non-trivial ground state of QCD and constitutes an important step forward in our understanding of interacting quantum fields. From 1987 his attention turned to problems in the field of condensed matter and to nuclear physics, that he tackled armed with the picture of Quantum Field Theory. Preparata discovered that condensed matter systems, when both at sufficiently low temperatures an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro%20inequality
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In mathematics, the Shapiro inequality is an inequality proposed by Harold S. Shapiro in 1954.
Statement of the inequality
Suppose is a natural number and are positive numbers and:
is even and less than or equal to , or
is odd and less than or equal to .
Then the Shapiro inequality states that
where .
For greater values of the inequality does not hold and the strict lower bound is with .
The initial proofs of the inequality in the pivotal cases (Godunova and Levin, 1976) and (Troesch, 1989) rely on numerical computations. In 2002, P.J. Bushell and J.B. McLeod published an analytical proof for .
The value of was determined in 1971 by Vladimir Drinfeld. Specifically, he proved that the strict lower bound is given by , where the function is the convex hull of and . (That is, the region above the graph of is the convex hull of the union of the regions above the graphs of ' and .)
Interior local minima of the left-hand side are always (Nowosad, 1968).
Counter-examples for higher n
The first counter-example was found by Lighthill in 1956, for :
where is close to 0.
Then the left-hand side is equal to , thus lower than 10 when is small enough.
The following counter-example for is by Troesch (1985):
(Troesch, 1985)
References
They give an analytic proof of the formula for even , from which the result for all follows. They state as an open problem.
External links
Usenet discussion in 1999 (Dave Rusin's notes)
PlanetMath
Inequalities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20coregulator
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In molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes. Transcription coregulators that activate gene transcription are referred to as coactivators while those that repress are known as corepressors. The mechanism of action of transcription coregulators is to modify chromatin structure and thereby make the associated DNA more or less accessible to transcription. In humans several dozen to several hundred coregulators are known, depending on the level of confidence with which the characterisation of a protein as a coregulator can be made. One class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second ATP dependent class modifies the conformation of chromatin.
Histone acetyltransferases
Nuclear DNA is normally tightly wrapped around histones rendering the DNA inaccessible to the general transcription machinery and hence this tight association prevents transcription of DNA. At physiological pH, the phosphate component of the DNA backbone is deprotonated which gives DNA a net negative charge. Histones are rich in lysine residues which at physiological pH are protonated and therefore positively charged. The electrostatic attraction between these opposite charges is largely responsible for the tight binding of DNA to histones.
Many coactivator proteins have intrinsic histone acetyltransferas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20A.%20D.%20de%20Maine
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Paul Alexander Desmond de Maine (October 11, 1924 – May 13, 1999) was a leading figure in the early development of computer-based automatic indexing and information retrieval and one of the founders of academic computer science in the 1960s.
Early life and education
He was born in South Africa and took his B.Sc. in chemistry and mathematics from the University of Witwatersrand in 1948. De Maine emigrated to England in 1949. He later moved to Canada where he completed his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at the University of British Columbia. He finally moved to the United States in 1957 and served as professor at the University of Mississippi from 1960 to 1963. In 1982 he settled in Auburn.
Career
During his career he worked in the United States for the National Bureau of Standards, the Ballistic Missile Defense Advanced Technology Center, and on the campuses of SUNY Albany, University of Mississippi, University of Illinois, UC Santa Barbara, The Pennsylvania State University and Auburn University. He also served on the publication committee of the magazine Computer while at Pennsylvania State University.
Publications
He was the author of 1 patent, two books, and more than 200 published scientific research articles and reports in chemistry, computational chemistry and computer science. His fields of research included spectroscopy, charge transfer complexes, solution theory, data compression, information retrieval, human-machine interfaces, expert systems and systems for detect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20object
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a dual object is an analogue of a dual vector space from linear algebra for objects in arbitrary monoidal categories. It is only a partial generalization, based upon the categorical properties of duality for finite-dimensional vector spaces. An object admitting a dual is called a dualizable object. In this formalism, infinite-dimensional vector spaces are not dualizable, since the dual vector space V∗ doesn't satisfy the axioms. Often, an object is dualizable only when it satisfies some finiteness or compactness property.
A category in which each object has a dual is called autonomous or rigid. The category of finite-dimensional vector spaces with the standard tensor product is rigid, while the category of all vector spaces is not.
Motivation
Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over some field K. The standard notion of a dual vector space V∗ has the following property: for any K-vector spaces U and W there is an adjunction HomK(U ⊗ V,W) = HomK(U, V∗ ⊗ W), and this characterizes V∗ up to a unique isomorphism. This expression makes sense in any category with an appropriate replacement for the tensor product of vector spaces. For any monoidal category (C, ⊗) one may attempt to define a dual of an object V to be an object V∗ ∈ C with a natural isomorphism of bifunctors
HomC((–)1 ⊗ V, (–)2) → HomC((–)1, V∗ ⊗ (–)2)
For a well-behaved notion of duality, this map should be not only natural in the sense of category theory, but also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Hepp%20rearrangement
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In organic chemistry, the Fischer–Hepp rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in which an aromatic N-nitroso () or nitrosamine () converts to a carbon nitroso compound:
This organic reaction was first described by the German chemist Otto Philipp Fischer (1852–1932) and
Eduard Hepp (June 11, 1851 – June 18, 1917) in 1886, and is of importance because para-NO secondary anilines cannot be prepared in a direct reaction.
The rearrangement reaction takes place by reacting the nitrosamine precursor with hydrochloric acid. The chemical yield is generally good under these conditions, but often much poorer if a different acid is used. The exact reaction mechanism is unknown but there is evidence suggesting an intramolecular reaction.
Sources
Named Things in Chemical Industry
See also
Friedel–Crafts alkylation-like reactions:
Hofmann-Martius rearrangement
Fries rearrangement
References
Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20analytic%20Eisenstein%20series
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In mathematics, the simplest real analytic Eisenstein series is a special function of two variables. It is used in the representation theory of SL(2,R) and in analytic number theory. It is closely related to the Epstein zeta function.
There are many generalizations associated to more complicated groups.
Definition
The Eisenstein series E(z, s) for z = x + iy in the upper half-plane is defined by
for Re(s) > 1, and by analytic continuation for other values of the complex number s. The sum is over all pairs of coprime integers.
Warning: there are several other slightly different definitions. Some authors omit the factor of ½, and some sum over all pairs of integers that are not both zero; which changes the function by a factor of ζ(2s).
Properties
As a function on z
Viewed as a function of z, E(z,s) is a real-analytic eigenfunction of the Laplace operator on H with the eigenvalue s(s-1). In other words, it satisfies the elliptic partial differential equation
where
The function E(z, s) is invariant under the action of SL(2,Z) on z in the upper half plane by fractional linear transformations. Together with the previous property, this means that the Eisenstein series is a Maass form, a real-analytic analogue of a classical elliptic modular function.
Warning: E(z, s) is not a square-integrable function of z with respect to the invariant Riemannian metric on H.
As a function on s
The Eisenstein series converges for Re(s)>1, but can be analytically continued to a mero
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili%20Pronchishchev
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Vasili Vasilyevich Pronchishchev () (1702–) was a Russian explorer.
In 1718, Vasili Pronchishchev graduated from Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation and was promoted to naval cadet. In 1733, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant and appointed head of one of the units of the Second Kamchatka Expedition, the purpose of which was to map the shores of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Yenisey.
In 1735, Vasili Pronchishchev went down the Lena River (from Yakutsk) on his sloop Yakutsk, doubled its delta, and stopped for wintering at the mouth of the Olenek River. Many members of the crew fell ill and died, mainly owing to scurvy. Despite the difficulties, in 1736, he reached the eastern shore of the Taymyr Peninsula and went north along its coastline. Finally Pronchishchev and his wife Maria (also referred to as Tatyana Feodorovna) succumbed to scurvy and died on the way back.
Despite the death toll, the expedition was successful regarding the fulfillment of its goals. During his journey, Vasili Pronchishchev discovered a number of islands off the northeastern coast of the Taymyr Peninsula (Faddey Islands, Komsomolskoy Pravdy Islands, Saint Peter Islands). His expedition was the first to accurately map the Lena River from Yakutsk to its estuary and the Laptev seacoast from the Lena's mouth to the Gulf of Faddey. Pronchishchev's wife Maria Pronchishcheva (died 12(23) September 1736), who took part in his expedition, is considered the firs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming%20the%20Universe
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Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos is a 2006 popular science book by Seth Lloyd, professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The book proposes that the Universe is a quantum computer (supercomputer), and advances in the understanding of physics may come from viewing entropy as a phenomenon of information, rather than simply thermodynamics. Lloyd also postulates that the Universe can be fully simulated using a quantum computer; however, in the absence of a theory of quantum gravity, such a simulation is not yet possible. "Particles not only collide, they compute."
Reaction
Reviewer Corey S. Powell of The New York Times writes:
In the space of 221 dense, frequently thrilling and occasionally exasperating pages, … tackles computer logic, thermodynamics, chaos theory, complexity, quantum mechanics, cosmology, consciousness, sex and the origin of life — throwing in, for good measure, a heartbreaking afterword that repaints the significance of all that has come before. The source of all this intellectual mayhem is the kind of Big Idea so prevalent in popular science books these days. Lloyd, a professor of mechanical engineering at M.I.T., takes as his topic the fundamental workings of the universe…, which he thinks has been horribly misunderstood. Scientists have looked at it as a ragtag collection of particles and fields while failing to see what it is as a majestic whole: an enormous computer.
In an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAS%20%28education%29
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CLAS was a test and given in California in the early 1990s. It was based on concepts of new standards such as whole language and reform mathematics. Instead of multiple choice tests with one correct answer, it used open written responses that were graded according to rubrics. Test takers would have to write about passages of literature that they were asked to read and relate the passage to their own experiences, or to explain how they found solutions to math problems that they were asked to solve. Such tests were thought to be fairer to students of all abilities.
The system debuted in 1993, when about 1 million students in fourth, eighth, and tenth grade took the exams, although only some of them were graded to save money. The system was originally nationally praised as an example of "'performance based' testing".
Failure rates among all groups, particularly minorities, was so high that it generated concern. It was terminated in 1995 by the governor after two years.
Minorities scored even lower than on standardized tests, huge numbers scored in the lowest categories, as open response questions with more than one answer proved to be even more difficult than multiple choice problems.
In September 1994, Pete Wilson vetoed a bill, introduced by Gary Hart, that would have continued CLAS for another five years and provided $24M in funding, and called on the California state legislature to enact another statewide testing program. According to Maureen DiMarco, Wilson vetoed t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafik%20Schami
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Rafik Schami () (born Suheil Fadel () 23 June 1946) is a Syrian-German author, storyteller and critic.
Biography
Born in Syria in 1946, Schami is the son of a baker from a Syriac-Christian family. His family originated from the town of Maaloula. After attending a monastery boarding school in Lebanon, he studied chemistry, mathematics, and physics in Damascus. In 1970, he left Syria for Lebanon to evade censorship and the military draft; the following year, he moved to Germany. There, Schami continued his studies in chemistry while working odd jobs, obtaining a doctorate in 1979.
From 1965, Schami began writing stories in Arabic. From 1964 to 1970, he was the co-founder and editor of the wall news-sheet Al-Muntalak (The Starting-Point) in the old quarter of Damascus. Later in Germany, in his spare time, he co-founded the literary group Südwind in 1980 and was part of the PoLiKunst movement. Schami became a full-time author in 1982. He currently lives in the city of Kirchheimbolanden with his Bavarian wife and son and he holds dual citizenship. Schami's books have been translated into 29 languages.
Assessment
Syrian-born Rafik Schami rates as one of the leading figures of German migrant literature. "Guest-workers", mainly from Turkey, began to arrive in Germany in 1960, and by 1968 they numbered over 150,000. A distinctive migrant literature began to emerge significantly as a result of both Schami's own writing and his role as a facilitator for other writers. In 1980 he co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Freundlich
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Herbert Max Finlay Freundlich (28 January 1880 in Charlottenburg – 30 March 1941 in Minneapolis) was a German chemist.
His father was of German Jewish descent, and his mother ( Finlay) was from Scotland. His younger brother was Erwin Finlay Freundlich (1885–1964).
He was a department head at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (now the Fritz Haber Institute) from 1919 until 1933, when the racial policies of the Nazi party demanded the dismissal of non-Aryans from senior posts. In 1934 he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Emigrating to England, Freundlich accepted a guest professorship at University College London. Five years later, he accepted a professorship at the University of Minnesota. He died in Minneapolis two years later.
Freundlich's main works dealt with the coagulation and stability of colloidal solutions.
His most prominent student was Robert Havemann who became a well known colloid chemist of the German Democratic Republic.
His work is of continuing importance, with his 1907 paper "Über die Adsorption in Lösungen" (On adsorption in solutions) becoming highly cited at the beginning of the 21st century. This early paper was based on his habilitation thesis written in Leipzig under the guidance of Wilhelm Ostwald, and was heavily based on the work of Sten Lagergren.
See also
Freundlich equation
Ostwald–Freundlich equation
Thixotropy
References
External links
Herbert F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Kelley%20%28writer%29
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Brian Kelley is an American television writer. He has written for SNL, Newsradio, Clerks, Futurama, Joey and The Simpsons.
Biography
Kelley graduated with honors from Connecticut's Darien High School, and in 1990 he entered Harvard University as a physics major. He became a television writer four years later.
Writing credits
The Simpsons episodes
"Treehouse of Horror XIII" ("The Fright to Creep and Scare Harms") (Date November 3, 2002)
"A Star Is Born Again" (Date March 2, 2003)
"Margical History Tour" (Date February 8, 2004)
"Lisa the Drama Queen" (Date January 25, 2009)
"Postcards from the Wedge" (Date March 14, 2010)
"Moms I'd Like to Forget" (Date January 9, 2011)
"Treehouse of Horror XXIII" (With David Mandel) (Date October 7, 2012)
"Homer Goes to Prep School" (Date January 6, 2013)
"Specs and the City" (Date January 26, 2014)
"Brick Like Me" (Date May 4, 2014)
"The Princess Guide" (Date March 1, 2015)
"The Marge-ian Chronicles" (Date March 13, 2016)
"The Serfsons" (Date October 1, 2017)
"Lisa Gets the Blues" (With David Silverman) (Date April 22, 2018)
"101 Mitigations" (With Dan Vebber) (Date March 3, 2019)
"Woo-Hoo Dunnit?" (Date May 5, 2019)
"Livin' la Pura Vida" (Date November 17, 2019)
"Wad Goals" (Date February 21, 2021)
"The Longest Marge" (Date January 2, 2022)
"The Very Hungry Caterpillars" (Date April 30, 2023)
Futurama episodes
"Love's Labours Lost in Space"
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
External links
Living people
American television
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aled%20Edwards
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Aled Morgan Edwards (born June 1, 1962) is the founder and Chief Executive of the Structural Genomics Consortium, a charitable public-private partnership. He is Professor of Medical Genetics and Medical Biophysics at the University of Toronto, Visiting Professor of Chemical Biology at the University of Oxford, and Adjunct Professor at McGill University.
Early life
Born in Holyhead, Wales, Edwards moved to Canada in 1965 with his parents Undeg and Iwan Edwards, a choral conductor who was awarded the Order of Canada in 1995 for his contributions to Canadian music.
Education
Edwards earned his bachelor's degree (1983) and his Ph.D. (1988) in biochemistry from McGill University supervised by Peter Braun. He carried out post-doctoral studies at Stanford University in the laboratory of Roger Kornberg, where he first crystallized RNA polymerase II, a structure for which Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006.
Research contributions
From 1992 to 1997, while a professor at McMaster University, Edwards became interested in developing structural biology methods and was among the first to use mass spectrometry to identify regions of proteins prone to crystallization. He used this technique to facilitate the crystallography of key proteins involved in DNA replication and repair before becoming interested in applying this and other methods to carry out structural biology on a proteome scale.
In 1997, now at the University of Toronto, Edwards, together with his
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Walmsley%2C%20Baroness%20Walmsley
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Joan Margaret Walmsley, Baroness Walmsley (born 12 April 1943) is a British Liberal Democrat politician. She is currently the deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords.
Biography
She was educated at Notre Dame High School in Liverpool, before attending Liverpool University from where she graduated with a BSc in Biology in 1966, and later completed a PGCE at Manchester Polytechnic in 1979. She worked as a cytologist at the Christie Hospital in Manchester from 1965 to 1967 and taught at Buxton College from 1979 to 1986. She went into public relations and worked for Hill & Knowlton until 1996, then began her own PR consultancy which she closed in 2003.
In the 1992 general election she stood as the Liberal Democrat candidate in Morley & Leeds South, and Congleton in 1997 general election, but was defeated on both occasions.
She was created a life peer on 15 May 2000 taking the title Baroness Walmsley, of West Derby in the County of Merseyside, whereupon she took the Liberal Democrat Whip. She was the party's spokesperson in the House of Lords on: Education & Skills (2001–2003); Home Affairs (2003–2004); and again for Education & Skills from 2004 onwards. A member of the Science & Technology Select committee 2000–2005, and then Chair of the Science & Technology Sub-Committee in 2002 which produced the report on taxonomy entitled "What on Earth? The threat to the science underpinning conservation".
Lady Walmsley was formerly president of Women Liberal Democr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRE%20Biochemistry%2C%20Cell%20and%20Molecular%20Biology%20Test
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GRE Subject Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology was a standardized exam provided by ETS (Educational Testing Service) that was discontinued in December 2016. It is a paper-based exam and there are no computer-based versions of it. ETS places this exam three times per year: once in April, once in October and once in November. Some graduate programs in the United States recommend taking this exam, while others require this exam score as a part of the application to their graduate programs. ETS sends a bulletin with a sample practice test to each candidate after registration for the exam. There are 180 questions within the biochemistry subject test.
Scores are scaled and then reported as a number between 200 and 990; however, in recent versions of the test, the maximum and minimum reported scores have been 760 (corresponding to the 99 percentile) and 320 (1 percentile) respectively. The mean score for all test takers from July, 2009, to July, 2012, was 526 with a standard deviation of 95.
After learning that test content from editions of the GRE® Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology (BCM) Test has been compromised in Israel, ETS made the decision not to administer this test worldwide in 2016–17.
Content specification
Since many students who apply to graduate programs in biochemistry do so during the first half of their fourth year, the scope of most questions is largely that of the first three years of a standard American undergraduate biochemistry curriculum. A sam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20education%20in%20Australia
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Mathematics education in Australia varies significantly between states, especially at the upper secondary level. While every school offers a state-based education systems, some may also offer the International Baccalaureate program.
Secondary
New South Wales
Higher School Certificate
The Higher School Certificate (HSC) in NSW contains a number of mathematics courses catering for a range of abilities. There are four courses offered by the NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA) for HSC Study:
Mathematics Standard 1 or 2: A basic mathematics course containing precalculus concepts; the course is heavily based on practical mathematics used in everyday life. While the more advanced courses include statistical topics, this is the only course which introduces normal distributions, standard deviations and z-scores. These topics are alluded to in more advanced courses though not formally considered.
Mathematics Advanced: An advanced level calculus-based course with detailed study in probability and statistics, trigonometry, curve sketching, and applications of calculus. It is the highest level non-extension mathematics course. The calculus is only a single variable in all of year 12 mathematics in NSW. Computational methods such as the trapezoidal rule are encountered for evaluating integrals. The course includes a brief foray into series and sequences, including an application to basic finance through the modelling of compound interest. The nature of lines, circles and parabola
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFRB
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IFRB is an acronym for:
Institute of Food and Radiation Biology
International Frequency Registration Board, a former organ of the International Telecommunication Union; see
See also
IRFB, the International Rugby Football Board, the predecessor to World Rugby
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stephenson%20%28psychologist%29
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William Stephenson (May 14, 1902 – June 14, 1989) was a psychologist and physicist best known for developing Q methodology.
He was born in England and trained in physics at the University of Oxford and Durham University (where he earned a Ph.D. in 1926). His interest in research methods in physics and complementarity led him to an increased interest in psychology. This resulted in his studying at University College London under Charles Spearman, a pioneer of factor analysis. While there he also worked with Cyril Burt. Stephenson received his second Ph.D., in psychology, in 1929.
Stephenson is most known for his development of an alternative form of factorial analysis concerned with the operationalizing of subjectivity, Q methodology. At the same time as he published his first paper on Q methodology in Nature in 1935, he was in analysis with Melanie Klein (in 1935–36), as part of a project initiated by the British Psycho-Analytic Society to promote research on psychoanalysis within academic psychology.
In 1936 he became the assistant director of Oxford's Institute of Experimental Psychology.
During the Second World War he joined the British military and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General, serving in India.
After the war he briefly returned to Oxford but left in 1948 for the University of Chicago. It was while he was at Chicago that he published The Study of Behavior: Q-Technique and Its Methodology (1953), the work for which he is best known and the definitive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility%20%28geochemistry%29
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Compatibility is a term used by geochemists to describe how elements partition themselves in the solid and melt within Earth's mantle. In geochemistry, compatibility is a measure of how readily a particular trace element substitutes for a major element within a mineral.
Compatibility of an ion is controlled by two things: its valence and its ionic radius. Both must approximate those of the major element for the trace element to be compatible in the mineral. For instance, olivine (an abundant mineral in the upper mantle) has the chemical formula . Nickel, with very similar chemical behaviour to iron and magnesium, substitutes readily for them and hence is very compatible in the mantle.
Compatibility controls the partitioning of different elements during melting. The compatibility of an element in a rock is a weighted average of its compatibility in each of the minerals present. By contrast, an incompatible element is one that is least stable within its crystal structure. If an element is incompatible in a rock, it partitions into a melt as soon as melting begins. In general, when an element is referred to as being “compatible” without mentioning what rock it is compatible in, the mantle is implied. Thus incompatible elements are those that are enriched in the continental crust and depleted in the mantle. Examples include: rubidium, barium, uranium, and lanthanum. Compatible elements are depleted in the crust and enriched in the mantle, with examples nickel and titanium.
Com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite%20inner%20product%20space
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In mathematics, in the field of functional analysis, an indefinite inner product space
is an infinite-dimensional complex vector space equipped with both an indefinite inner product
and a positive semi-definite inner product
where the metric operator is an endomorphism of obeying
The indefinite inner product space itself is not necessarily a Hilbert space; but the existence of a positive semi-definite inner product on implies that one can form a quotient space on which there is a positive definite inner product. Given a strong enough topology on this quotient space, it has the structure of a Hilbert space, and many objects of interest in typical applications fall into this quotient space.
An indefinite inner product space is called a Krein space (or -space) if is positive definite and possesses a majorant topology. Krein spaces are named in honor of the Soviet mathematician Mark Grigorievich Krein (3 April 1907 – 17 October 1989).
Inner products and the metric operator
Consider a complex vector space equipped with an indefinite hermitian form . In the theory of Krein spaces it is common to call such an hermitian form an indefinite inner product. The following subsets are defined in terms of the square norm induced by the indefinite inner product:
("neutral")
("positive")
("negative")
("non-negative")
("non-positive")
A subspace lying within is called a neutral subspace. Similarly, a subspace lying within () is called positive (negative) semi-defi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Thompson
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Hugh Patrick Thompson (born 21 October 1935), known as Patrick Thompson, is a British Conservative Party politician.
Early life
Educated at Felsted School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, Thompson was a schoolmaster, teaching physics. From 1960 to 1965, he taught at the Manchester Grammar School and from 1965 to 1983 at Gresham's School, Holt.
Parliamentary career
Thompson fought Bradford North in the February and October 1974 elections, being beaten by Labour's Ben Ford each time. In 1979 he was defeated at Barrow-in-Furness.
He was Member of Parliament for the marginal Norwich North seat, gaining it from Labour in 1983. He held the seat until his retirement in 1997.
References
Times Guide to the House of Commons, Times Newspapers Limited, 1992 and 1997 editions
Patrick Thompson in Hansard (1)
Patrick Thompson in Hansard (2)
External links
1935 births
Living people
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
People educated at Gresham's School
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Schoolteachers from Greater Manchester
Schoolteachers from Norfolk
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
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