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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrast
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Yrast ( , ) is a technical term in nuclear physics that refers to a state of a nucleus with a minimum of energy (when it is least excited) for a given angular momentum. Yr is a Swedish adjective sharing the same root as the English whirl. Yrast is the superlative of yr and can be translated whirlingest, although it literally means "dizziest" or "most bewildered". The yrast levels are vital to understanding reactions, such as off-center heavy ion collisions, that result in high-spin states.
Yrare is the comparative of yr and is used to refer to the second-least energetic state of a given angular momentum.
Background
An unstable nucleus may decay in several different ways: it can eject a neutron, proton, alpha particle, or other fragment; it can emit a gamma ray; it can undergo beta decay. Because of the relative strengths of the fundamental interactions associated with those processes (the strong interaction, electromagnetism, and the weak interaction respectively), they usually occur with frequencies in that order. Theoretically, a nucleus has a very small probability of emitting a gamma ray even if it could eject a neutron, and beta decay rarely occurs unless both of the other two pathways are highly unlikely.
In some instances, however, predictions based on this model underestimate the total amount of energy released in the form of gamma rays; that is, nuclei appear to have more than enough energy to eject neutrons, but decay by gamma emission instead. This discrepancy i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiot%E2%80%93Chodkiewicz%20coupling
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The Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling in organic chemistry is a coupling reaction between a terminal alkyne and a haloalkyne catalyzed by a copper(I) salt such as copper(I) bromide and an amine base. The reaction product is a 1,3-diyne or di-alkyne.
The reaction mechanism involves deprotonation by base of the terminal alkyne proton followed by formation of a copper(I) acetylide. A cycle of oxidative addition and reductive elimination on the copper centre then creates a new carbon-carbon bond.
Scope
Unlike the related Glaser coupling the Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling proceeds selectively and will only couple the alkyne to the haloalkyne, giving a single product. By comparison the Glaser coupling would simply produce a distribution of all possible couplings.
In one study the Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling has been applied in the synthesis of acetylene macrocycles starting from cis-1,4-diethynyl-1,4-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene. This compound is also the starting material for the dibromide through N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and silver nitrate:
The coupling reaction itself takes place in methanol with piperidine, the hydrochloric acid salt of hydroxylamine and copper(I) bromide.
See also
Glaser coupling – Another alkyne coupling reaction catalysed by a copper(I) salt.
Sonogashira coupling – Pd/Cu catalysed coupling of an alkyne with an aryl or vinyl halide
Castro–Stephens coupling – A cross-coupling reaction between a copper(I) acetylide and an aryl halide
References
Substitution rea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite%20form
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Definite form may refer to:
Definite quadratic form in mathematics
Definiteness in linguistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20automorphism
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In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a power automorphism of a group is an automorphism that takes each subgroup of the group to within itself. It is worth noting that the power automorphism of an infinite group may not restrict to an automorphism on each subgroup. For instance, the automorphism on rational numbers that sends each number to its double is a power automorphism even though it does not restrict to an automorphism on each subgroup.
Alternatively, power automorphisms are characterized as automorphisms that send each element of the group to some power of that element. This explains the choice of the term power. The power automorphisms of a group form a subgroup of the whole automorphism group. This subgroup is denoted as where is the group.
A universal power automorphism is a power automorphism where the power to which each element is raised is the same. For instance, each element may go to its cube. Here are some facts about the powering index:
The powering index must be relatively prime to the order of each element. In particular, it must be relatively prime to the order of the group, if the group is finite.
If the group is abelian, any powering index works.
If the powering index 2 or -1 works, then the group is abelian.
The group of power automorphisms commutes with the group of inner automorphisms when viewed as subgroups of the automorphism group. Thus, in particular, power automorphisms that are also inner must arise as conjugations by elemen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA%20automorphism
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In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, an IA automorphism of a group is an automorphism that acts as identity on the abelianization. The abelianization of a group is its quotient by its commutator subgroup. An IA automorphism is thus an automorphism that sends each coset of the commutator subgroup to itself.
The IA automorphisms of a group form a normal subgroup of the automorphism group. Every inner automorphism is an IA automorphism.
See also
Torelli group
References
Group theory
Group automorphisms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotientable%20automorphism
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In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a quotientable automorphism of a group is an automorphism that takes every normal subgroup to within itself. As a result, it gives a corresponding automorphism for every quotient group.
All family automorphisms are quotientable, and particularly, all class automorphisms and power automorphisms are. As well, all inner automorphisms are quotientable, and more generally, any automorphism defined by an algebraic formula is quotientable.
Group automorphisms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20automorphism
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In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a class automorphism is an automorphism of a group that sends each element to within its conjugacy class. The class automorphisms form a subgroup of the automorphism group. Some facts:
Every inner automorphism is a class automorphism.
Every class automorphism is a family automorphism and a quotientable automorphism.
Under a quotient map, class automorphisms go to class automorphisms.
Every class automorphism is an IA automorphism, that is, it acts as identity on the abelianization.
Every class automorphism is a center-fixing automorphism, that is, it fixes all points in the center.
Normal subgroups are characterized as subgroups invariant under class automorphisms.
For infinite groups, an example of a class automorphism that is not inner is the following: take the finitary symmetric group on countably many elements and consider conjugation by an infinitary permutation. This conjugation defines an outer automorphism on the group of finitary permutations. However, for any specific finitary permutation, we can find a finitary permutation whose conjugation has the same effect as this infinitary permutation. This is essentially because the infinitary permutation takes permutations of finite supports to permutations of finite support.
For finite groups, the classical example is a group of order 32 obtained as the semidirect product of the cyclic ring on 8 elements, by its group of units acting via multiplication. Finding a clas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20group
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In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, the stability group of subnormal series is the group of automorphisms that act as identity on each quotient group.
Group theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20J.%20Stevenson%20%28geologist%29
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John James Stevenson (October 10, 1841 – August 10, 1924) was an American geologist, born in New York City. He graduated from New York University in 1863, became professor of chemistry at West Virginia University for two years (1869–71), then served as professor of geology at New York University until 1909. During 1873–74 and from 1878 to 1880 he was geologist for the United States Geological Survey. He also served on the Pennsylvania Geological Survey from 1875 to 1878 and from 1881 to 1882. He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1898.
He died in New Canaan, Connecticut on August 10, 1924.
Selected publications
Notes on the Geology of West Virginia (1873)
The Geological Relations of the Lignitic Groups (1875)
On Dr. Peale's Notes on the Age of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (1877)
The Upper Devonian Rocks of Southwest Pennsylvania (1878)
Note on the Fox Hills Group of Colorado (1879)
Notes on the Geology of Galisteo Creek, New Mexico (1879)
Notes on the Laramie Group of Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico (1879)
Surface Geology of South-West Pennsylvania and Adjacent Portions of West Virginia and Maryland (1879)
Notes on the Geology of Wise, Lee and Scott Counties, Virginia (1880)
Notes Respecting a Re-Eroded Channel-Way (1880)
A Geological Reconnaissance of Parts of Lee, Wise, Scott and Washington Counties, Virginia (1881)
Report upon Geological Examinations in Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico during 1878 and 1879 (1881)
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconopsis%20napaulensis
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Meconopsis napaulensis, the Nepal poppy or satin poppy, is a plant of the family Papaveraceae. The plant contains beta-carbolines, which (in doses high enough) act as a psychedelic drug. However, its phytochemistry remains predominantly unstudied.
Recent taxonomical reclassification by Grey-Wilson (2006) has separated 4 new species from M. napaulensis: M. chankheliensis, M. ganeshensis, M. staintonii and M. wilsonii, while M. wallichii has been reinstated. M. wallichii had been previously described in 1852 by Hooker, but was later placed under the species M. napaulensis by Taylor in 1934.
In light of the current reclassification by Grey-Wilson, the description of the species M. napaulensis is subsequently much more refined. Based on the type specimen, it is only yellow in flower, with a small geographical range in central Nepal.
Prior to the recent reclassification of Meconopsis napaulensis, flower colours of the species ranged between red, purple and white, and much of what is grown in gardens under the name M. napaulensis are of this colour. However, the name is now technically misapplied, a point which is bound to frustrate many gardeners.
References
Grey-Wilson, 2006. The True Identity of Meconopsis Napaulensis DC. Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Volume 23, Number 2, May 2006, pp. 176–209(34)
External links
Plants For A Future
The Meconopsis Group
napaulensis
Flora of Nepal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntrophy
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In biology, syntrophy, synthrophy, or cross-feeding (from Greek syn meaning together, trophe meaning nourishment) is the phenomenon of one species feeding on the metabolic products of another species to cope up with the energy limitations by electron transfer. In this type of biological interaction, metabolite transfer happens between two or more metabolically diverse microbial species that live in close proximity to each other. The growth of one partner depends on the nutrients, growth factors, or substrates provided by the other partner. Thus, syntrophism can be considered as an obligatory interdependency and a mutualistic metabolism between two different bacterial species.
Microbial syntrophy
Syntrophy is often used synonymously for mutualistic symbiosis especially between at least two different bacterial species. Syntrophy differs from symbiosis in a way that syntrophic relationship is primarily based on closely linked metabolic interactions to maintain thermodynamically favorable lifestyle in a given environment. Syntrophy plays an important role in a large number of microbial processes especially in oxygen limited environments, methanogenic environments and anaerobic systems. In anoxic or methanogenic environments such as wetlands, swamps, paddy fields, landfills, digestive tract of ruminants, and anerobic digesters syntrophy is employed to overcome the energy constraints as the reactions in these environments proceed close to thermodynamic equilibrium.
Mechanism of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Abouleish
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Ibrahim Abouleish (; 23 March 1937 – 15 June 2017) was an Egyptian philanthropist, drug designer and chemist. He began his chemistry and medicine studies at the age of 19 in Austria. He did his doctorate in 1969 in the field of pharmacology and then worked in leading positions within pharmaceutical research. During this time he was granted patents for a number of new medicines, especially for osteoporosis and arteriosclerosis.
In 1977 he returned to Egypt and founded the comprehensive development initiative SEKEM. The organisation began using biodynamic farming methods in Egypt, successfully demonstrating a model for sustainable agriculture on arid desert lands without requiring irrigation. Abouleish later expanded SEKEM to include a Waldorf school, a medical center, various businesses, and adult education initiatives ranging from vocational training to the establishment of Heliopolis University.
He was selected as an "Outstanding Social Entrepreneur" by the Schwab Foundation in 2004. In 2006 he was appointed as a councillor at the World Future Council. In 2012, Dr. Ibrahim Abouleish was appointed an Oslo Business for Peace Honouree, receiving his award at Oslo City Hall, from The Business for Peace Foundation.
In 2013 he received the Global Thinkers Forum 2013 Award for Excellence in Positive Change. In 2003, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "a 21st century business model which combines commercial success with social and cultural development."
References
Ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-ion%20conductor
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In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need for a liquid or soft membrane separating the electrodes. The phenomenon relies on the hopping of ions through an otherwise rigid crystal structure.
Mechanism
Fast ion conductors are intermediate in nature between crystalline solids which possess a regular structure with immobile ions, and liquid electrolytes which have no regular structure and fully mobile ions. Solid electrolytes find use in all solid-state supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, and in various kinds of chemical sensors.
Classification
In solid electrolytes (glasses or crystals), the ionic conductivity σi can be any value, but it should be much larger than the electronic one. Usually, solids where σi is on the order of 0.0001 to 0.1 Ω−1 cm−1 (300 K) are called superionic conductors.
Proton conductors
Proton conductors are a special class of solid electrolytes, where hydrogen ions act as charge carriers. One notable example is superionic water.
Superionic conductors
Superionic conductors where σi is more than 0.1 Ω−1 cm−1 (300 K) and the activation energy for ion transport Ei is small (abou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne%20Tromborg
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Bjarne Tromborg (born 1940) is a Danish physicist, best known for his work in particle physics and photonics.
Biography
Tromborg was born in Give, Denmark. In 1968, he received the M.Sc. degree in physics and mathematics from the Niels Bohr Institute, in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was a university researcher studying high-energy particle physics from 1968 to 1978. In 1979, he joined the research laboratory of the Danish Teleadministrations in Copenhagen. He was Head of Optical Communications Department at Tele Danmark Research, Horsholm, Denmark from 1987 to 1995.
He was an adjunct professor at the Niels Bohr Institute from 1991 to 2001. In 1997, he took a leave of absence at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. Until his retirement at the end June 2006, he was a research professor at COM•DTU, Department of Communications, Optics and Materials (which became DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, in 2008 and DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, in 2022), Technical University of Denmark.
Research
Tromborg co-authored a research monograph and approximately one hundred journal and conference publications, mostly on physics and optoelectronics.
At the Niels Bohr Institute, he carried out research in elementary particle physics, particularly analytic S-matrix theory and electromagnetic corrections to hadron scattering. He coauthored a research monograph on dispersion theory.
In the early 1980s, he switched to photonics. Tromborg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20French%20%28physician%29
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John French (1616–1657) was an English physician known for his contributions to chemistry (in particular, distillation) as well as for his English translations of Latin and German works.
Life
He was born in 1616 at Broughton, near Banbury, Oxfordshire. He obtained a B.A. degree from Oxford University in 1637 and an M.A. in 1640, qualifying as a physician with an MD in 1648. He died in 1657 near Boulogne while serving as a physician to the English army. He left a widow, Mary, and a son, John.
He lived at a time when the new science of chemistry was developing from alchemy and was an enthusiast for its application to medicine. He was known for his extensive knowledge of chemistry and was respected by scientists of the time such as Robert Boyle.
Works
John French is chiefly remembered for publishing in 1651 The Art of Distillation, a detailed handbook of knowledge and practice at the time, said to be possibly the earliest definitive book on distillation. However, it has been claimed that much of it was a translation of an earlier (1500) German text by Hieronymus Brunschwig.
John French was also the translator of Three Books of Occult Philosophy in 1651 (original: De Occulta Philosophia libri tres by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, although he was only identified as J.F. in that work. All other English translations of the book available have been merely edited versions of his work.
References
Further reading
External links
John French: The Art of Distillation (1651) (onlin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20facilitation
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Neural facilitation, also known as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), is a phenomenon in neuroscience in which postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) (EPPs, EPSPs or IPSPs) evoked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse. PPF is thus a form of short-term synaptic plasticity. The mechanisms underlying neural facilitation are exclusively pre-synaptic; broadly speaking, PPF arises due to increased presynaptic concentration leading to a greater release of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles. Neural facilitation may be involved in several neuronal tasks, including simple learning, information processing, and sound-source localization.
Mechanisms
Overview
plays a significant role in transmitting signals at chemical synapses. Voltage-gated channels are located within the presynaptic terminal. When an action potential invades the presynaptic membrane, these channels open and enters. A higher concentration of enables synaptic vesicles to fuse to the presynaptic membrane and release their contents (neurotransmitters) into the synaptic cleft to ultimately contact receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. The amount of neurotransmitter released is correlated with the amount of influx. Therefore, short-term facilitation (STF) results from a build up of within the presynaptic terminal when action potentials propagate close together in time.
Facilitation of excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) can be quantified as a ratio of subsequent EPSC s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav%20Kallenberg
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Olav Kallenberg (born 1939) is a probability theorist known for his work on exchangeable stochastic processes and for his graduate-level textbooks and monographs. Kallenberg is a professor of mathematics at Auburn University in Alabama in the USA.
From 1991 to 1994, Kallenberg served as the Editor-in-Chief of Probability Theory and Related Fields (a leading journal in probability).
Biography
Olav Kallenberg was educated in Sweden. He has worked as a probabilist in Sweden and in the United States.
Sweden
Kallenberg was born and educated in Sweden, with an undergraduate exam in engineering physics from Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. Kallenberg entered doctoral studies in mathematical statistics at KTH, but left his studies to work in operations analysis for a consulting firm in Gothenburg. While in Gothenburg, Kallenberg also taught at Chalmers University of Technology, from which he received his Ph.D. in 1972 under the supervision of Harald Bergström.
After earning his doctoral degree, Kallenberg stayed with Chalmers as a lecturer.
Kallenberg was appointed a full professor in Uppsala University.
United States
Later he moved to the United States. Since 1986, he has been Professor of Mathematics and Statistics at Auburn University.
Honours and awards
In 1977, Kallenberg was awarded the Rollo Davidson Prize from Cambridge University, and Kallenberg was only the second recipient of the prize in history.
Kallenberg is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathemat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAM%20Nuttall
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BAM Nuttall Limited (formerly known as Edmund Nuttall Limited) is a construction and civil engineering company headquartered in Camberley, United Kingdom. It has been involved in a portfolio of road, rail, nuclear, and other major projects worldwide. It is a subsidiary of the Dutch Royal BAM Group.
History
The company was founded by James Nuttall Snr in Manchester in 1865, to undertake engineering works associated with infrastructure developments, such as the Manchester Ship Canal, which opened in 1894 and the narrow gauge Lynton and Barnstaple Railway, which opened in 1898.
In the 1900s and 1910s James Nuttall Snr's two sons—Sir Edmund Nuttall, 1st Baronet (1870–1923), who was made a baronet in 1922, and James Nuttall (1877–1957)—built the company into a nationwide business. In the 1920s and 1930s the company was run by Sir Edmund's son, Sir Keith Nuttall, 2nd Baronet (1901–1941), who served in the Royal Engineers in the Second World War. Other members of the family also involved were Sir Keith's brother Clive Nuttall (1906–1936) and their cousin (James Nuttall's son) Norman Nuttall (1907–1996). In 1941 Sir Keith's shares were inherited by his eight-year-old son, Sir Nicholas Nuttall, 3rd Baronet (1933–2007). During the Second World War the company was one of the contractors engaged in building the Mulberry harbour units.
In 1978 the company was bought by Hollandsche Beton Groep (later HBG), a Dutch group, and in 2002 HBG was acquired by Royal BAM Group.
On 10 October 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20coalgebra
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In mathematics a Lie coalgebra is the dual structure to a Lie algebra.
In finite dimensions, these are dual objects: the dual vector space to a Lie algebra naturally has the structure of a Lie coalgebra, and conversely.
Definition
Let E be a vector space over a field k equipped with a linear mapping from E to the exterior product of E with itself. It is possible to extend d uniquely to a graded derivation (this means that, for any a, b ∈ E which are homogeneous elements, ) of degree 1 on the exterior algebra of E:
Then the pair (E, d) is said to be a Lie coalgebra if d2 = 0,
i.e., if the graded components of the exterior algebra with derivation
form a cochain complex:
Relation to de Rham complex
Just as the exterior algebra (and tensor algebra) of vector fields on a manifold form a Lie algebra (over the base field K), the de Rham complex of differential forms on a manifold form a Lie coalgebra (over the base field K). Further, there is a pairing between vector fields and differential forms.
However, the situation is subtler: the Lie bracket is not linear over the algebra of smooth functions (the error is the Lie derivative), nor is the exterior derivative: (it is a derivation, not linear over functions): they are not tensors. They are not linear over functions, but they behave in a consistent way, which is not captured simply by the notion of Lie algebra and Lie coalgebra.
Further, in the de Rham complex, the derivation is not only defined for , but is also defined
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Aron
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Hermann Aron (; 1 October 1845 – 29 August 1913) was a German researcher of electrical engineering.
Background
Aron was born in Kempen (Kępno), in modern-day Poland, at the time a shtetl in the Province of Posen. His father was a chazzan and merchant. The family wanted him to train as a Jewish scholar or scrivener, however wealthy relatives made it possible for him to attend from 1862 the high school at Kölln, Berlin and after graduating in 1867, to study at the University of Berlin. Aron began by studying medicine, but changed in the 3rd term to mathematics and natural sciences. From 1870 he studied at the University of Heidelberg, with such notable physics lecturers as Helmholtz and Kirchhoff. He obtained his doctorate from Berlin in 1873 and became an assistant at the physical laboratory of the trade academy (Gewerbeakademie). He taught at the University of Berlin where he became professor of physics, and at the Prussian Army's school for artillery and engineers.
He is buried in Weißensee Cemetery, Berlin.
Electricity meters
In 1883 he patented the "Pendelzähler" - the first accurate watt-hour meter. The meter contained two pendulum clocks, with coils around their pendulum bobs. One was accelerated and the other slowed in proportion to the current used. A differential gear mechanism measured the difference in speed between the two clocks and counted this on a series of dials. The first meters used clockwork clocks that required manual winding monthly. Later models wer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor
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Precursor or Precursors may refer to:
Precursor (religion), a forerunner, predecessor
The Precursor, John the Baptist
Science and technology
Precursor (bird), a hypothesized genus of fossil birds that was composed of fossilized parts of unrelated animals
Precursor (chemistry), a compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound
Precursor (physics), a phenomenon of wave propagation in dispersive media
Precursor in the course of a disease, a state preceding a particular stage in that course
Precursor cell (biology), a unipotent stem cell
Earthquake precursor, a diagnostic phenomenon that can occur before an earthquake
Gehrlein Precursor, a glider
LNWR Precursor Class (disambiguation), classes of passenger locomotives developed for the London and North Western Railway
Fiction
Precursors Halo (series), an extremely advanced race that preceded and were destroyed by The Forerunners
Precursor (novel), a 1999 novel set in C. J. Cherryh's Foreigner universe
Precursors, a fictional race (now extinct) of ancient beings in the board game Cosmic Encounter
Precursors, a fictional alien race in the Star Control video game series
Precursors, a fictional race of ancient beings in the video game Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy
Precursors, a fictional alien race in Galactic Civilizations II: Dread Lords video game
Precursors, a fictional, almost extinct alien race that supposedly created humanity in the Assassin's Creed series
Precursors, a fict
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiepine
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In organic chemistry, thiepine (or thiepin) is an unsaturated seven-membered heterocyclic compound, with six carbon atoms and one sulfur atom. The parent compound, C6H6S is unstable and is predicted to be antiaromatic. Bulky derivatives have been isolated and shown by X-ray crystallography to have nonplanar C6S ring.
Theoretical studies suggest that thiepine would eliminate a sulfur atom to form benzene. The intermediate is this process is the bicycle thianorcaradiene. In the complex with (η4-C6H6S)Fe(CO)3, the ring is stable.
Benzothiepines have one fused benzene group and dibenzothiepines such as dosulepin and zotepine have two fused benzene groups. Damotepine is another thiepin derivative.
See also
Thiazepines
2,3-Dihydrothiepine
2,7-Dihydrothiepine
References
External links
Thiepines
Antiaromatic compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeep%20Seth
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Pradeep Seth is an Indian virologist who injected himself in 2003 with a potential vaccine he had developed for HIV. He has been working in the field of virology since 1968 and is an elected fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences,
He did his MBBS and Masters (MD) in Microbiology from AIIMS in 1970 and then taught at the same institute till 2005. He holds 4 Indian Patent and 4 International Patent in the field of Virology. In 1986, he was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for his contribution in Medical Sciences.
References
External links
Doctor Pradeep Seth Official Site
Indian virologists
Living people
Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences
Year of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20theory%20and%20measure%20theory
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This article discusses how information theory (a branch of mathematics studying the transmission, processing and storage of information) is related to measure theory (a branch of mathematics related to integration and probability).
Measures in information theory
Many of the concepts in information theory have separate definitions and formulas for continuous and discrete cases. For example, entropy is usually defined for discrete random variables, whereas for continuous random variables the related concept of differential entropy, written , is used (see Cover and Thomas, 2006, chapter 8). Both these concepts are mathematical expectations, but the expectation is defined with an integral for the continuous case, and a sum for the discrete case.
These separate definitions can be more closely related in terms of measure theory. For discrete random variables, probability mass functions can be considered density functions with respect to the counting measure. Thinking of both the integral and the sum as integration on a measure space allows for a unified treatment.
Consider the formula for the differential entropy of a continuous random variable with range and probability density function :
This can usually be interpreted as the following Riemann–Stieltjes integral:
where is the Lebesgue measure.
If instead, is discrete, with range a finite set, is a probability mass function on , and is the counting measure on , we can write:
The integral expression, and the gene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak%20Katznelson
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Yitzhak Katznelson (; born 1934) is an Israeli mathematician.
Katznelson was born in Jerusalem. He received his doctoral degree from the University of Paris in 1956. He is a professor of mathematics at Stanford University.
He is the author of An Introduction to Harmonic Analysis, which won the Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition in 2002.
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
References
External links
An Introduction to Harmonic Analysis
1934 births
Living people
Israeli mathematicians
Jewish American scientists
Mathematical analysts
Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
University of Paris alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20and%20mathematics
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Music theory analyzes the pitch, timing, and structure of music. It uses mathematics to study elements of music such as tempo, chord progression, form, and meter. The attempt to structure and communicate new ways of composing and hearing music has led to musical applications of set theory, abstract algebra and number theory.
While music theory has no axiomatic foundation in modern mathematics, the basis of musical sound can be described mathematically (using acoustics) and exhibits "a remarkable array of number properties".
History
Though ancient Chinese, Indians, Egyptians and Mesopotamians are known to have studied the mathematical principles of sound, the Pythagoreans (in particular Philolaus and Archytas) of ancient Greece were the first researchers known to have investigated the expression of musical scales in terms of numerical ratios, particularly the ratios of small integers. Their central doctrine was that "all nature consists of harmony arising out of numbers".
From the time of Plato, harmony was considered a fundamental branch of physics, now known as musical acoustics. Early Indian and Chinese theorists show similar approaches: all sought to show that the mathematical laws of harmonics and rhythms were fundamental not only to our understanding of the world but to human well-being. Confucius, like Pythagoras, regarded the small numbers 1,2,3,4 as the source of all perfection.
Time, rhythm, and meter
Without the boundaries of rhythmic structure – a fundamental
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchenko%20equation
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In mathematical physics, more specifically the one-dimensional inverse scattering problem, the Marchenko equation (or Gelfand-Levitan-Marchenko equation or GLM equation), named after Israel Gelfand, Boris Levitan and Vladimir Marchenko, is derived by computing the Fourier transform of the scattering relation:
Where is a symmetric kernel, such that which is computed from the scattering data. Solving the Marchenko equation, one obtains the kernel of the transformation operator from which the potential can be read off. This equation is derived from the Gelfand–Levitan integral equation, using the Povzner–Levitan representation.
Application to scattering theory
Suppose that for a potential for the Schrödinger operator , one has the scattering data , where are the reflection coefficients from continuous scattering, given as a function , and the real parameters are from the discrete bound spectrum.
Then defining
where the are non-zero constants, solving the GLM equation
for allows the potential to be recovered using the formula
See also
Lax pair
References
Eponymous equations of physics
Integral equations
Scattering theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylogaster
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The conopid genus Stylogaster is a group of unusual flies. It is the only genus in the subfamily Stylogastrinae, which some authorities have historically treated as a separate family Stylogastridae (or Stylogasteridae).
Biology
Stylogastrines are obligate associates of Cockroaches, Orthoptera, some Diptera and ants.
These flies typically use army ants' raiding columns to flush out their prey, ground-dwelling Orthoptera and/or roaches. Stylogastrines are somewhat atypical for conopids, in that the egg itself is shaped somewhat like a harpoon, with a rigid barbed tip, and the egg is forcibly jabbed into the host. The female of some species waits for army ants to flush out a target, then she dives in and jabs an egg into the host. The Stylogaster larvae then develop as endoparasitoids. This is a remarkably high-risk behavior, in that many hosts are captured and killed by the ants after a female has laid an egg in it, so many eggs are lost.
Adults can occasionally be found at flowers, feeding on nectar with their proboscis, which is longer than the body when unfolded. The female's abdomen is also folded under the body, and is the derivation of the generic name (Stylogaster = "needle-tail").
Distribution
Stylogastrines can be found from the Neotropics to Canada, South America, Africa south of the Sahara, and parts of Southern Asia, including the Philippines and New Guinea.
Selected species
Stylogaster biannulata (Say, 1823)
Stylogaster camrasi Stuckenberg, 1963
Stylogaster ct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Sasser
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Clarence Eugene Sasser (born September 12, 1947) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in the Vietnam War.
Early life and Vietnam War
Born in Chenango, Texas, Sasser briefly attended the University of Houston as a chemistry major but was forced to drop out due to lack of funds. He was drafted into the United States Army after giving up his college deferment and served as a combat medic during the Vietnam War. Sasser's Vietnam War tour lasted just 51 days. He received the Medal of Honor from President Richard Nixon in 1969 for his actions on January 10, 1968, in Dinh Tuong Province, South Vietnam. A member of Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division, he was a private first class attached to the 3rd Battalion's Company A when he earned the medal and was later promoted to specialist five.
Civilian life
When his military commitment was finished, Sasser enrolled at Texas A&M University as a chemistry student. He then worked at an oil refinery for more than five years before being employed by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.
A statue depicting Sasser in the war was created in 2010 and which was placed in front of the Brazoria County Courthouse at that time.
Medal of Honor
Official citation:
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
List of African-American Medal of H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latimer%E2%80%93MacDuffee%20theorem
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The Latimer–MacDuffee theorem is a theorem in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics.
It is named after Claiborne Latimer and Cyrus Colton MacDuffee, who published it in 1933. Significant contributions to its theory were made later by Olga Taussky-Todd.
Let be a monic, irreducible polynomial of degree . The Latimer–MacDuffee theorem gives a one-to-one correspondence between -similarity classes of matrices with characteristic polynomial and the ideal classes in the order
where ideals are considered equivalent if they are equal up to an overall (nonzero) rational scalar multiple. (Note that this order need not be the full ring of integers, so nonzero ideals need not be invertible.) Since an order in a number field has only finitely many ideal classes (even if it is not the maximal order, and we mean here ideals classes for all nonzero ideals, not just the invertible ones), it follows that there are only finitely many conjugacy classes of matrices over the integers with characteristic polynomial .
References
Theorems in abstract algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Paul%20Sieg
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Lee Paul Sieg (October 7, 1879 – October 8, 1963) was president of the University of Washington from 1934 to 1946.
Sieg was born in Marshalltown, Iowa. Sieg received his masters in physics in 1901 and his doctorate in philosophy in 1910 from the University of Iowa. Prior to his arrival at the University of Washington in 1934, he served as the Dean of the School of Education at the University of Pittsburgh.
As university president, he oversaw the University of Washington during World War II. The war froze much of the school's physical expansion, but after the war the university launched a $31.5 million building binge to accommodate the influx of new students. Prior to Sieg's retirement, the university opened its school of dentistry in 1945. The medical school opened in October 1946.
To the great credit of Sieg and his administration, the University of Washington was particularly responsive to the plight of its Nisei students during the months leading up to the internment of Japanese Americans. With the internment looming, Sieg took an active leadership role in advocating for the transfer of Nisei students to universities and colleges outside the West Coast to help them avoid the mass incarceration authorized by the signing of Executive Order 9066.
Sieg died in 1963 in Seattle, Washington.
References
1879 births
1963 deaths
People from Marshalltown, Iowa
Presidents of the University of Washington
University of Iowa alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20von%20Ahn
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Luis von Ahn (; born 19 August 1978) is a Guatemalan entrepreneur and a consulting professor in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is known as one of the pioneers of crowdsourcing. He is the founder of the company reCAPTCHA, which was sold to Google in 2009, and the co-founder and CEO of Duolingo.
Education and early life
Luis von Ahn was born in and grew up in Guatemala City. Von Ahn grew up in a wealthy household with both of his parents working as physicians. He is a Guatemalan of German-Jewish descent. His mother was one of the first women in Guatemala to complete medical school, and had von Ahn at age 42 despite being single. He attended the American School of Guatemala, a private English-language school in Guatemala City, an experience he cites as a great privilege. When von Ahn was eight years old, his mother bought him a Commodore 64 computer, beginning his fascination with technology and computer science. When he applied to colleges in the United States, Von Ahn had to spend more than $1,200 to fly to neighboring El Salvador to take the TOEFL. This experience left him with a negative impression of an "extractive" testing industry, ripe for disruption.
At age 18, von Ahn began studying at Duke University, where he received a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Mathematics, summa cum laude, in 2000. He later earned his PhD in Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University in 2005.
In 2006, Von Ahn became a faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20emission
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In physics, electron emission is the ejection of an electron from the surface of matter, or, in beta decay (β− decay), where a beta particle (a fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus transforming the original nuclide to an isobar.
Radioactive decay
In Beta decay (β− decay), radioactive decay results in a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron in β+ decay) being emitted from the nucleus
Surface emission
Thermionic emission, the liberation of electrons from an electrode by virtue of its temperature
Schottky emission, due to the:
Schottky effect or field enhanced thermionic emission
Field electron emission, emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
Devices
An electron gun or electron emitter, is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that uses surface emission
Others
Exoelectron emission, a weak electron emission, appearing only from pretreated objects
Photoelectric effect, the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material
See also
Positron emission, (of a positron or "antielectron") is one aspect of β+ decay
Electron excitation, the transfer of an electron to a higher atomic orbital
References
Physical phenomena
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20integral
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Path integral may refer to:
Line integral, the integral of a function along a curve
Contour integral, the integral of a complex function along a curve used in complex analysis
Functional integration, the integral of a functional over a space of curves
Path integral formulation, Richard Feynman's formulation of quantum mechanics using functional integration
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20L.%20Duomarco
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José L. Duomarco (September 27, 1905 – November 25, 1985) was a Uruguayan 20th century scientist who introduced innovative ideas in the fields of medical physics and cardiac and venous physiology.
Life
Duomarco was born September 27, 1905, and died November 25, 1985, in Montevideo, Uruguay. He was the son of Uruguayan parents of Spanish origin.
He received his primary and secondary education from public institutions of Montevideo and his medical education from the School of Medicine of the Universidad de la República (Uruguay), from April 1924 to December 1930.
His investigations took place in the laboratories of that same School of Medicine, and also in Montevideo public hospitals.
His research work (his hobby) ran parallel to his medical practice as a heart specialist in Varela Fuentes and Rubino Private Clinic and in public hospitals. He was as attentive to his patients as he was to his experiments.
During his lifetime, Duomarco was a member and sometime president or vice president of the following Scientific Societies:
1. Sociedad Uruguaya de Cardiologia,
2. Sociedad de Biología de Montevideo and
3. Asociación Uruguaya Para el Progreso de la Ciencia.
During the 1947–1948 academic year and after being awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship,
he worked under Professor Carl Wiggers at the Department of Physiology of the School of Medicine of Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
On October 25, 1948, Professor Wiggers wrote:
"As I look back to last year, I real
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COWI%20A/S
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COWI A/S is an international consulting group, specializing in engineering, environmental science and economics, with headquarters located in Lyngby, Denmark.
It has been involved in more than 50,000 projects in 175 countries and has approximately 7,300 employees, including engineers, biologists, geologists, economists, surveyors, anthropologists, sociologists and architects.
History
COWI was founded in 1930 by civil engineer Christen Ostenfeld. Wriborg W. Jønson became a partner 16 years later. From 1946 to 1973, the company operated as a partnership under the name of Chr. Ostenfeld & W. Jønson. The initials of the two senior partners lent the company its name.
Before establishing his one-man business, Ostenfeld had spent several years in France and Switzerland, and the international outlook, independence and close cooperation with the research community helped shape the business concept on which COWI was founded.
The first major assignment was the one-year renovation of a run-down theatre, turning it into the entertainment venue National-Scala. Later, the company engineered bridges in Denmark and abroad and built expertise in the construction industry, specialising in sports facilities and large load-bearing structures.
After World War II, Ostenfeld partnered with Wriborg Jønson, who became a senior partner. The company changed its name to Chr. Ostenfeld & W. Jønson, Rådgivende Ingeniører. In the post-war period, Ostenfeld travelled to France to learn about prestress
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet%20chemistry
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Wet chemistry is a form of analytical chemistry that uses classical methods such as observation to analyze materials. It is called wet chemistry since most analyzing is done in the liquid phase. Wet chemistry is also called bench chemistry since many tests are performed at lab benches.
Materials
Wet chemistry commonly uses laboratory glassware such as beakers and graduated cylinders to prevent materials from being contaminated or interfered with by unintended sources. Gasoline, Bunsen burners, and crucibles may also be used to evaporate and isolate substances in their dry forms. Wet chemistry is not performed with any advanced instruments since most automatically scan substances. Although, simple instruments such as scales are used to measure the weight of a substance before and after a change occurs. Many high school and college laboratories teach students basic wet chemistry methods.
History
Before the age of theoretical and computational chemistry, wet chemistry was the predominant form of scientific discovery in the chemical field. This is why it is sometimes referred to as classic chemistry or classical chemistry. Scientists would continuously develop techniques to improve the accuracy of wet chemistry. Later on, instruments were developed to conduct research impossible for wet chemistry. Over time, this became a separate branch of analytical chemistry called instrumental analysis. Because of the high volume of wet chemistry that must be done in today's society and new
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biracks%20and%20biquandles
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In mathematics, biquandles and biracks are sets with binary operations that generalize quandles and racks. Biquandles take, in the theory of virtual knots, the place that quandles occupy in the theory of classical knots. Biracks and racks have the same relation, while a biquandle is a birack which satisfies some additional conditions.
Definitions
Biquandles and biracks have two binary operations on a set written and . These satisfy the following three axioms:
1.
2.
3.
These identities appeared in 1992 in reference [FRS] where the object was called a species.
The superscript and subscript notation is useful here because it dispenses with the need for brackets. For example,
if we write for and for then the
three axioms above become
1.
2.
3.
If in addition the two operations are invertible, that is given in the set there are unique in the set such that and then the set together with the two operations define a birack.
For example, if , with the operation , is a rack then it is a birack if we define the other operation to be the identity, .
For a birack the function can be defined by
Then
1. is a bijection
2.
In the second condition, and are defined by and . This condition is sometimes known as the set-theoretic Yang-Baxter equation.
To see that 1. is true note that defined by
is the inverse to
To see that 2. is true let us follow the progress of the triple under . So
On the other hand, . Its progress under is
Any
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confinity
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Confinity Inc. was an American software company based in Silicon Valley, best known as the creator of PayPal. It was founded in December 1998 by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, and Luke Nosek, initially as a Palm Pilot payments and cryptography company.
Company
The company was launched in 1998 as Fieldlink and later renamed Confinity. Many of Confinity's initial recruits were alumni of The Stanford Review, also co-founded by Thiel, and most early engineers hailed from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, recruited by Levchin. Early investors included Nokia Ventures, Deutsche Bank, and William N. Melton, the founder of CyberCash.
Confinity's second office, 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto, California, is also known for being the former office of Google and Logitech.
Confinity launched its milestone product, PayPal, in late 1999. Confinity merged with X.com, founded by Elon Musk, in March 2000. The merged company became known as X.com because this was thought to be a name with broader long-term potential than Confinity or PayPal. However, surveys showed that a majority of consumers considered the name X.com vague and potentially pornographic and preferred that the company simply be called PayPal. After a corporate restructuring, which involved the removal of Elon Musk from the company, the company adopted the name PayPal Inc.
PayPal made an Initial Public Offering on the NASDAQ stock exchange on February 14, 2002. The company was purchased by eBay in a $1.3 billion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20hydration
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In inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate.
In geological terms, the process of mineral hydration is known as retrograde alteration and is a process occurring in retrograde metamorphism. It commonly accompanies metasomatism and is often a feature of wall rock alteration around ore bodies. Hydration of minerals occurs generally in concert with hydrothermal circulation which may be driven by tectonic or igneous activity.
Processes
There are two main ways in which minerals hydrate. One is conversion of an oxide to a double hydroxide, as with the hydration of calcium oxide—CaO—to calcium hydroxide—Ca(OH)2, the other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the crystalline structure of a new mineral.
The later process is exhibited in the hydration of feldspars to clay minerals, garnet to chlorite, or kyanite to muscovite.
Mineral hydration is also a process in the regolith that results in conversion of silicate minerals into clay minerals.
Some mineral structures, for example, montmorillonite, are capable of including a variable amount of water without significant change to the mineral structure.
Hydration is the mechanism by which hydraulic binders such as Portland cement develop strength. A hydraulic binder is a material that can set and harden submerged in water by forming insoluble products in a hydration reaction. The term hy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20Analysis%20Studio
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Java Analysis Studio (JAS) is an object oriented data analysis package developed for the analysis of particle physics data. The latest major version is JAS3.
JAS3 is a fully AIDA-compliant data analysis system. It is popular for data analysis in areas of particle physics which are familiar with the Java programming language.
The Studio uses many other libraries from the FreeHEP project.
External links
Java Analysis Studio 3 website
AIDA: Abstract Interfaces for Data Analysis — open interfaces and formats for particle physics data processing
Data analysis software
Experimental particle physics
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Free statistical software
Numerical software
Physics software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison%20Jolly
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Alison Jolly (May 9, 1937 – February 6, 2014) was a primatologist, known for her studies of lemur biology. She wrote several books for both popular and scientific audiences and conducted extensive fieldwork on Lemurs in Madagascar, primarily at the Berenty Reserve, a small private reserve of gallery forest set in the semi-arid spiny desert area in the far south of Madagascar.
Biography
Born Alison Bishop in Ithaca, New York, she held a BA from Cornell University, and a PhD from Yale University; she had been a researcher at the New York Zoological Society, Cambridge University, University of Sussex, Rockefeller University, and Princeton University. In 1998 she was made Officer of the National Order of Madagascar (Officier de l'Ordre National, Madagascar). At the time of her death she was a visiting scientist at the University of Sussex.
Under her maiden name, she first published "Control of the Hand in Lower Primates" in 1962. Jolly began studying lemur behavior at Berenty in 1963 and was first to propose female dominance in a primate society. She encouraged field studies that contributed to knowledge about Malagasy wildlife and advised many researchers; she briefed Jane Wilson-Howarth and colleagues before their first expedition to Madagascar in 1981. Since 1990 Jolly had returned for every birthing season to carry out research assisted by student volunteers. She focused on ring-tailed lemur demography, ranging, and especially inter-troop and territorial behavior, in the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expasy
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Expasy is an online bioinformatics resource operated by the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. It is an extensible and integrative portal which provides access to over 160 databases and software tools and supports a range of life science and clinical research areas, from genomics, proteomics and structural biology, to evolution and phylogeny, systems biology and medical chemistry. The individual resources (databases, web-based and downloadable software tools) are hosted in a decentralized way by different groups of the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and partner institutions.
Search engine
Queries of Expasy allow:
parallel searches SIB databases through a single search
aggregated search results from the complete set of >160 resources accessible from the portal.
Expasy provides up-to-date information from the most recent release of each resources.
The terms used in Expasy are based on the EDAM comprehensive ontology.
History
Expasy was created in August 1993. Originally, it was called ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) and acted as a proteomics server to analyze protein sequences and structures and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D Page electrophoresis). Among others, ExPASy hosted the protein sequence knowledge base, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and its computer annotated supplement, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, before these moved to the UniProt website.
ExPASy was the first website of the life sciences and among the first 150 websites in the world. , ExPASy ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20D.%20Hollan
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James D. Hollan is professor of cognitive science and adjunct professor of computer science at the University of California, San Diego. In collaboration with Professor Edwin Hutchins, he directs the Distributed Cognition and Human–Computer Interaction Laboratory at UCSD, and co-directs the Design Lab. Hollan has also spent time working at Xerox PARC and at Bellcore. He was elected to the CHI Academy in 2003 and received the ACM SIGCHI Lifetime Research Award in 2015.
His research explores the cognitive consequences of computationally based media. The goal is to understand the cognitive and computational characteristics of dynamic interactive representations as the basis for effective system design. His current work focuses on cognitive ethnography, computer-mediated communication, distributed cognition, human–computer interaction, information visualization, multiscale software, and tools for analysis of video data.
His current research is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), Intel, Nissan, and the University of California's Digital Media Innovation program. Recently completed research has been funded by Darpa, Intel, NSF, and Sony.
After completing a PhD in cognitive psychology at the University of Florida and a postdoctoral fellowship in artificial intelligence at Stanford University, Hollan was on the research faculty at the University of California, San Diego for a decade. Along with Edwin Hutchins and Donald Norman, he led the Intelligent Systems Group in t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merycoidodon
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Merycoidodon ("ruminating teeth") is an extinct genus of herbivorous artiodactyl of the family Merycoidodontidae, more popularly known by the name Oreodon ("hillock teeth"). It was endemic to North America during the Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene (46—16 mya) existing for approximately .
Taxonomy
Most researchers in paleobiology and paleontology now use the antecedent genus Merycoidodon to refer to this Oligocene epoch oreodont, even though it was once widely known by the younger synonym of Oreodon. Taxonomically speaking, Merycoidodon belongs to the family Merycoidodontidae (once known as "Oreodontidae"), a group of artiodactyls related to camels that were endemic to North America. Its ancestors date back to the Eocene and its last descendants are known from the end of the Miocene, so that oreodonts, broadly speaking, lived throughout most of the Paleogene.
Morphology
Merycoidodon would have somewhat resembled a pig in appearance, but had a longer body, at about , and short limbs.
The fore limbs had five toes (although the first one was vestigial), while the hind limbs had four. Given the shape of the limbs, it is unlikely that the animals would have been able to run fast. Unlike modern ruminants, they had a full set of teeth, although the molars were adapted for grinding up tough vegetation. Notably, they had strong, and very striking, canines.
The skulls of Merycoidodon have a pit in front of the eyes. Similar pits are found in the skulls of modern deer, where t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swirl
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Swirl may refer to:
Swirl (band), an Australian indie rock band
Swirl (film), a 2011 Brazilian film
Swirl (organization), a multi-ethnic organization
Swirl 360, an American pop-rock band
Sega Swirl, a 1999 puzzle game for the Sega Dreamcast
Swirl (fluid dynamics), a quantity in fluid dynamics
See also
Christopher Paul Neil (born 1975), convicted child molester also known as "Mr. Swirl"
Tomoe, an abstract Japanese swirl-shape
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflux%20%28microbiology%29
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In microbiology, efflux is the moving of a variety of different compounds out of cells, such as antibiotics, heavy metals, organic pollutants, plant-produced compounds, quorum sensing signals, bacterial metabolites and neurotransmitters. All microorganisms, with a few exceptions, have highly conserved DNA sequences in their genome that encode efflux pumps. Efflux pumps actively move substances out of a microorganism, in a process known as active efflux, which is a vital part of xenobiotic metabolism. This active efflux mechanism is responsible for various types of resistance to bacterial pathogens within bacterial species - the most concerning being antibiotic resistance because microorganisms can have adapted efflux pumps to divert toxins out of the cytoplasm and into extracellular media.
Efflux systems function via an energy-dependent mechanism (active transport) to pump out unwanted toxic substances through specific efflux pumps. Some efflux systems are drug-specific, whereas others may accommodate multiple drugs with small multidrug resistance (SMR) transporters.
Efflux pumps are proteinaceous transporters localized in the cytoplasmic membrane of all kinds of cells. They are active transporters, meaning that they require a source of chemical energy to perform their function. Some are primary active transporters utilizing adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis as a source of energy, whereas others are secondary active transporters (uniporters, symporters, or antiporters) in w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology
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Paleobiology (or palaeobiology) is an interdisciplinary field that combines the methods and findings found in both the earth sciences and the life sciences. Paleobiology is not to be confused with geobiology, which focuses more on the interactions between the biosphere and the physical Earth.
Paleobiological research uses biological field research of current biota and of fossils millions of years old to answer questions about the molecular evolution and the evolutionary history of life. In this scientific quest, macrofossils, microfossils and trace fossils are typically analyzed. However, the 21st-century biochemical analysis of DNA and RNA samples offers much promise, as does the biometric construction of phylogenetic trees.
An investigator in this field is known as a paleobiologist.
Important research areas
Paleobotany applies the principles and methods of paleobiology to flora, especially green land plants, but also including the fungi and seaweeds (algae). See also mycology, phycology and dendrochronology.
Paleozoology uses the methods and principles of paleobiology to understand fauna, both vertebrates and invertebrates. See also vertebrate and invertebrate paleontology, as well as paleoanthropology.
Micropaleontology applies paleobiologic principles and methods to archaea, bacteria, protists and microscopic pollen/spores. See also microfossils and palynology.
Paleovirology examines the evolutionary history of viruses on paleobiological timescales.
Paleobiochemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation
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Stagnation may refer to one of the following
Economic stagnation, slow or no economic growth.
Era of Stagnation, a period of economic stagnation in Soviet Union
Lost Decade (Japan), a period of economic stagnation in Japan
Stagnation in fluid dynamics, see "Stagnation point"
Water stagnation
Air stagnation
"Stagnation", song from Genesis' album Trespass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens%20rearrangement
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The Stevens rearrangement in organic chemistry is an organic reaction converting quaternary ammonium salts and sulfonium salts to the corresponding amines or sulfides in presence of a strong base in a 1,2-rearrangement.
The reactants can be obtained by alkylation of the corresponding amines and sulfides. The substituent R next the amine methylene bridge is an electron-withdrawing group.
The original 1928 publication by Thomas S. Stevens concerned the reaction of 1-phenyl-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethanone with benzyl bromide to the ammonium salt followed by the rearrangement reaction with sodium hydroxide in water to the rearranged amine.
A 1932 publication described the corresponding sulfur reaction.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism of the Stevens rearrangement is one of the most controversial reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. Key in the reaction mechanism for the Stevens rearrangement (explained for the nitrogen reaction) is the formation of an ylide after deprotonation of the ammonium salt by a strong base. Deprotonation is aided by electron-withdrawing properties of substituent R. Several reaction modes exist for the actual rearrangement reaction.
A concerted reaction requires an antarafacial reaction mode but since the migrating group displays retention of configuration this mechanism is unlikely.
In an alternative reaction mechanism the N–C bond of the leaving group is homolytically cleaved to form a di-radical pair (3a). In order to explain the observ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trion
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Trion may refer to:
Trion, Georgia, a town in Chattooga County, Georgia, United States
Alpha Trion, the name of several fictional characters in the various Transformers universes
Trion (neural networks), a localized group of neurons in the cortex and a basic unit in the trion model
Trion (physics), a quasiparticle in a solid
Trion Worlds, a video game developer and publisher
Trion Supercars, an American car manufacturer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed%20distance%20function
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In mathematics and its applications, the signed distance function (or oriented distance function) is the orthogonal distance of a given point x to the boundary of a set Ω in a metric space, with the sign determined by whether or not x is in the interior of Ω. The function has positive values at points x inside Ω, it decreases in value as x approaches the boundary of Ω where the signed distance function is zero, and it takes negative values outside of Ω. However, the alternative convention is also sometimes taken instead (i.e., negative inside Ω and positive outside).
Definition
If Ω is a subset of a metric space X with metric d, then the signed distance function f is defined by
where denotes the boundary of For any
where denotes the infimum.
Properties in Euclidean space
If Ω is a subset of the Euclidean space Rn with piecewise smooth boundary, then the signed distance function is differentiable almost everywhere, and its gradient satisfies the eikonal equation
If the boundary of Ω is Ck for k ≥ 2 (see Differentiability classes) then d is Ck on points sufficiently close to the boundary of Ω. In particular, on the boundary f satisfies
where N is the inward normal vector field. The signed distance function is thus a differentiable extension of the normal vector field. In particular, the Hessian of the signed distance function on the boundary of Ω gives the Weingarten map.
If, further, Γ is a region sufficiently close to the boundary of Ω that f is twice conti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward%20Euler%20method
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In numerical analysis and scientific computing, the backward Euler method (or implicit Euler method) is one of the most basic numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations. It is similar to the (standard) Euler method, but differs in that it is an implicit method. The backward Euler method has error of order one in time.
Description
Consider the ordinary differential equation
with initial value Here the function and the initial data and are known; the function depends on the real variable and is unknown. A numerical method produces a sequence such that approximates , where is called the step size.
The backward Euler method computes the approximations using
This differs from the (forward) Euler method in that the forward method uses in place of .
The backward Euler method is an implicit method: the new approximation appears on both sides of the equation, and thus the method needs to solve an algebraic equation for the unknown . For non-stiff problems, this can be done with fixed-point iteration:
If this sequence converges (within a given tolerance), then the method takes its limit as the new approximation
.
Alternatively, one can use (some modification of) the Newton–Raphson method to solve the algebraic equation.
Derivation
Integrating the differential equation from to yields
Now approximate the integral on the right by the right-hand rectangle method (with one rectangle):
Finally, use that is supposed to approximate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich%20Stoyan
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Dietrich Stoyan (born 1940, Germany) is a German mathematician and statistician who made contributions to queueing theory, stochastic geometry, and spatial statistics.
Education and career
Stoyan studied mathematics at Technical University Dresden; applied research at Deutsches Brennstoffinstitut Freiberg, 1967 PhD, 1975 Habilitation. Since 1976 at TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Rektor of that university in 1991—1997; he became famous by his statistical research of the diffusion of euro coins in Germany and Europe after the introduction of the euro in 2002.
Research
Queueing Theory
Qualitative theory, in particular inequalities, for queueing systems and related stochastic models. The books
D. Stoyan: Comparison Methods for Queues and other Stochastic Models. J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1983 and
A. Mueller and D. Stoyan: Comparison Methods for Stochastic Models and Risks, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2002
report on the results. The work goes back to 1969 when he discovered the monotonicity of the GI/G/1 waiting times with respect to the convex order.
Stochastic Geometry
Stereological formulae, applications for marked point process, development of stochastic models. Successful joint work with Joseph Mecke led to the first exact proof of the fundamental stereological formulae.
The book Stochastic Geometry and its Applications, by D. Stoyan, W.S. Kendall and J. Mecke reports on the results. The book of 1995 is the key reference for applied stochastic geometry.
Spatial Stat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning%20Skumsvoll
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Henning Skumsvoll (born 15 March 1947 in Farsund) is a Norwegian politician representing the Progress Party. He is currently a representative of Vest-Agder in the Storting, he was first elected in 2005. He was elected vice leader of the Vest Agder Progress Party in February 2004.
Skumsvoll has degrees in Civil Engineering and Business Administration from Heriot-Watt University in Scotland.
Parliamentary Committee duties
2005–2009 vice-secretary of the Odelsting.
2005–2009 member of the Defence committee.
2005–2009 member of the Extended Foreign Affairs committee.
External links
Fremskrittspartiet - Biography
1947 births
Progress Party (Norway) politicians
Alumni of Heriot-Watt University
Living people
Members of the Storting
People from Farsund
21st-century Norwegian politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enormous%20Toroidal%20Plasma%20Device
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The Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device (ETPD) is an experimental physics device housed at the Basic Plasma Science Facility at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). It previously operated as the Electric Tokamak (ET) between 1999 and 2006 and was noted for being the world's largest tokamak before being decommissioned due to the lack of support and funding. The machine was renamed to ETPD in 2009. At present, the machine is undergoing upgrades to be re-purposed into a general laboratory for experimental plasma physics research.
As the Electric Tokamak
The Electric Tokamak (ET) was the last of a series of small tokamak machines built in 1998 under the direction of principal investigator and designer, Robert Taylor, a UCLA professor. The machine was designed to be a low field (0.25 T) magnetic confinement fusion device with a large aspect ratio. It is composed of 16 vacuum chambers made of 1-inch thick steel, with a major radius of 5 meters and a minor radius of 1 meter. The ET was the largest tokamak ever built at its time, with a vacuum vessel slightly bigger than that of the Joint European Torus.
The first plasma was achieved in January 1999. The ET is capable of producing a plasma current of 45 kiloamperes and can produce a core electron plasma temperature of 300 eV.
Four sets of independent coils are necessary for OH (ohmic heating) current drive, vertical equilibrium field, plasma elongation and plasma shaping (D or reverse-D). The OH system provides 10 V·s using
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl%20Heuton
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Cheryl Heuton is an American television writer and producer. Along with her husband and writing partner Nicolas Falacci, she co-created the television series Numb3rs (2005–2010). The couple created the show, a mathematics-centered departure from standard-fare Hollywood programming, to combat anti-intellectualism. Falacci and Heuton were awarded the Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science in 2005 and, with Numb3rs, the National Science Board's Public Service Award in 2007. Heuton and Falacci also co-wrote the TV movie The Arrangement (2013), an adaptation of Elmore Leonard’s story “When the Women Come Out to Dance.”
Early life and education
Cheryl Heuton grew up in northern San Diego County. She credits her pro-science and pro-mathematics outlook (later demonstrated in her work on Numb3rs) to her upbringing in a “community that had a lot of professors from UCSD in it, and … an early exposure to a lot of science and thinking.”
Heuton also credits her family's membership in the Unitarian Church, “which is home to many people who don’t believe in traditional religion. And there were a lot of university professors there. And I just remember early on kind of thinking that things could be thought through more readily than just believing everything that gets said to you. You have the ability to just think logically about something to reason things out, and so many people didn’t do that. They would just sort of kind of go along with whatever was the belief that their
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Falacci
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Nicolas Falacci is a television writer and producer. Along with his wife and writing partner Cheryl Heuton, he co-created the television series Numb3rs (2005). Falacci and Heuton won the 2005 Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science award for the show's popularization of mathematics. Falacci also wrote the story and screenplay for the 1991 horror film Children of the Night, starring Karen Black and Peter DeLuise.
Filmography
Children of the Night (1991), writer
Numb3rs (2005), writer and producer
The Arrangement (2013), writer and producer
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American television writers
American male television writers
American television producers
American skeptics
American writers of Italian descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-open%20map
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In topology a branch of mathematics, a quasi-open map or quasi-interior map is a function which has similar properties to continuous maps.
However, continuous maps and quasi-open maps are not related.
Definition
A function between topological spaces and is quasi-open if, for any non-empty open set , the interior of in is non-empty.
Properties
Let be a map between topological spaces.
If is continuous, it need not be quasi-open. Conversely if is quasi-open, it need not be continuous.
If is open, then is quasi-open.
If is a local homeomorphism, then is quasi-open.
The composition of two quasi-open maps is again quasi-open.
See also
Notes
References
Topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK%20Centre%20for%20Materials%20Education
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The UK Centre for Materials Education (UKCME) is one of 24 subject centres within the Higher Education Academy (HEA). It supports teaching and learning in Materials Science and related disciplines. The Centre was established in 2000 as part of the Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN), later subsumed within the HEA. It has been directed from its inception by Professor Peter Goodhew.
The Centre is based at the University of Liverpool and works with individual academics, departments, professional bodies, employers and students to develop and share excellent practice that will enhance the learning experience.
The Centre funds and supports programmes to develop and evaluate innovative approaches to teaching Materials Science. The Centre also maintains an extensive database of resources relevant to materials education. Lecturers can find material to use in their teaching, whilst students will find items to help support their learning. The database also includes resources on the processes of learning and teaching for those wishing to further develop their approach.
References
External links
UKCME Website at: http://www.materials.ac.uk/
The Engineering Subject Centre
The Centre for Bioscience
The Physical Sciences Centre
Materials science organizations
Science and technology in Merseyside
Science education in the United Kingdom
University of Liverpool
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Godunov
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Sergei Konstantinovich Godunov (; 17 July 1929 – 15 July 2023) was a Soviet and Russian professor at the Sobolev Institute of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk, Russia.
Biography
Godunov's most influential work is in the area of applied and numerical mathematics, particularly in the development of methodologies used in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and other computational fields. Godunov's theorem (Godunov 1959) (also known as Godunov's order barrier theorem) : Linear numerical schemes for solving partial differential equations, having the property of not generating new extrema (a monotone scheme), can be at most first-order accurate. Godunov's scheme is a conservative numerical scheme for solving partial differential equations. In this method, the conservative variables are considered as piecewise constant over the mesh cells at each time step and the time evolution is determined by the exact solution of the Riemann (shock tube) problem at the inter-cell boundaries (Hirsch, 1990).
On 1–2 May 1997 a symposium entitled: Godunov-type numerical methods, was held at the University of Michigan to honour Godunov. These methods are widely used to compute continuum processes dominated by wave propagation. On the following day, 3 May, Godunov received an honorary degree from the University of Michigan. Godunov died on 15 July 2023, two days shy of his 94th birthday.
Education
1946–1951 – Department of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State Univers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20D.%20McCracken
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Daniel D. McCracken (July 23, 1930 – July 30, 2011) was a computer scientist in the United States. He was a professor of Computer Sciences at the City College of New York, and the author of over two dozen textbooks on computer programming, with an emphasis on guides to programming in widely used languages such as Fortran and COBOL. His A Guide to Fortran Programming (Wiley, 1961) and its successors were the standard textbooks on that language for over two decades. His books have been translated into fourteen languages.
Career
McCracken was born in 1930 in Hughesville, Judith Basin County, Montana, a mining town, and graduated in 1951 from Central Washington University with degrees in mathematics and chemistry. He worked seven years with the General Electric Company in computer applications and programmer training. After that, he worked at the New York University Atomic Energy Commission Computer Center, and was a graduate student at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. In 1959 he became a consultant and continued writing on computer subjects. In 1970 he earned a Master of Divinity degree from the Union Theological Seminary in New York.
From 1976 to 1978, he was vice president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), from 1978 to 1980 he was president of the ACM, and in 1994 he was inducted as an ACM Fellow. He served as ACM's representative to the Board of Directors of the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals (ICCP) and was inducted
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masatoshi%20Nei
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was a Japanese-born American evolutionary biologist.
Professional life
Masatoshi Nei was born in 1931 in Miyazaki Prefecture, on the Kyūshū Island, Japan.
He received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Miyazaki in 1953, and published his first article, on the mathematics of plant breeding, that same year. In 1959, he completed his doctoral degree at Kyoto University on quantitative genetics for crop improvement.
For the next decade, Nei worked in Japan, including as a research scientist at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences, before emigrating to the United States in 1969.
Nei was associate professor and professor of biology at Brown University from 1969 to 1972 and professor of population genetics at the Center for Demographic and Population Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), from 1972 to 1990.
He was later an Evan Pugh Professor of Biology at Pennsylvania State University and Director of the Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, working there from 1990 to 2015.
From 2015, Nei was affiliated with the Department of Biology at Temple University as an adjunct Laura H. Carnell Professor.
Acting alone or working with his students, he has continuously developed statistical methods for studying molecular evolution taking into account discoveries in molecular biology. He has also developed concepts in evolutionary theory and advanced the theory of mutation-driven evolution.
Together with Walter F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise%20statistic
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In mathematics the signal-to-noise statistic distance between two vectors a and b with mean values and and standard deviation and respectively is:
In the case of Gaussian-distributed data and unbiased class distributions, this statistic can be related to classification accuracy given an ideal linear discrimination, and a decision boundary can be derived.
This distance is frequently used to identify vectors that have significant difference. One usage is in bioinformatics to locate genes that are differential expressed on microarray experiments.
See also
Distance
Uniform norm
Manhattan distance
Signal-to-noise ratio
Signal to noise ratio (imaging)
Notes
Statistical distance
Statistical ratios
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ApNano
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ApNano Materials is a nanotechnology company, wholly owned and operated by Nanotech Industrial Solutions (NIS) with R&D lab, manufacturing, blending and packaging facilities in Avenel, New Jersey, United States, and Yavne, Israel. NIS is the only company in the world with an exclusive license to manufacture inorganic fullerene-like tungsten disulfide (IF-WS2) submicron (nanosized) spherical particles on a commercial scale with the patent from the Weizmann Institute. These inorganic fullerene-like tungsten disulfide-based nanomaterials opened up new possibilities for developing extreme performance industrial lubricants, coatings, and polymer composites.
History
Dr. Menachem Genut and Mr. Aharon Feuerstein founded the company in 2002. Dr. Genut served as President and CEO until 2010, and Mr. Feuerstein served as Chairman of the Board and CFO until 2010.[2]
In 2013 AP Nano became a wholly owned subsidiary of the leading American company “Nanotech Industrial Solutions, Inc.” Today, the CEO of NIS is Dr. George Diloyan, Ph.D. and CFO is Mr. Steven Wegbreit. ApNano's COO is Dr. Alexander Margolin, Ph.D. Mr. Itsik Havakuk serves as Vice President of Global Sales and Marketing.
Technology
NIS is specializing in commercial manufacturing of nanoparticles of Inorganic Fullerene-like Tungsten Disulfide (IF-WS2). The particles are called Inorganic Fullerene-like (IF), because of the near spherical geometry and a hollow core – similar to carbon fullerenes. The name “fullerenes” or “buc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planegg
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Planegg is a municipality in the district of Munich, in Bavaria, Germany. It is located on the river Würm, 13 km west of Munich (centre).
Economy
Koch Media has its head office in Planegg. It also hosts many biotech-companies, like ADVA Optical Networking, GPC Biotech, MediGene and MorphoSys. In addition, the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology and the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry are located in the section of Martinsried. Furthermore, Astelco optical systems, a manufacturer of space systems is located in Planegg.
Education
There are two primary schools, the Grundschule Planegg and the Grundschule Martinsried, as well as the senior high school Feodor-Lynen-Gymnasium Planegg.
The faculty of biology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich is situated in Planegg.
Transport
The municipality has a railway station, , served by the Munich S-Bahn.
Twin towns
Meylan, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France (since 1987).
Bärenstein, Saxony, Germany (since 1992).
Klausen, South Tyrol, Italy (since 2006).
Didcot, England, United Kingdom (since 2012).
References
External links
Munich (district)
Planegg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles%20%28volcano%29
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Empedocles is a large underwater volcano located 40 km off the southern coast of Sicily named after the Greek philosopher Empedocles who believed that everything on Earth was made up of the four elements, and who is said by legend to have thrown himself into a volcano.
According to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, the volcanic structure is around 400 meters high, with a base 30 km long and 25 km wide. Located in the Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia (Phlegraean Fields of the Strait of Sicily), Empedocles is composed of what was once believed to be separate volcanic centers, including Graham Island (Ferdinandea).
The volcano shows no sign of erupting in the near future. While the volcano's top is now 7 meters below sea level, it was once visible above the water. In 1831 Empedocles broke the surface as Graham Island (Ferdinandea) and almost caused a major international incident when several countries tried to claim ownership of it. It disappeared into the water again five months later.
References
Volcanoes of Italy
Submarine volcanoes
Landforms of Sicily
Seamounts of the Mediterranean
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Massey
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Kenneth Massey is an American sports statistician known for his development of a methodology for ranking and rating sports teams in a variety of sports. His ratings have been a part of the Bowl Championship Series since the 1999 season. He is an assistant professor of mathematics at Carson–Newman University in Tennessee.
Methods
Massey, unlike the developers of other sports rating systems, gives quite a lot of information on how his system works, but omits enough details to prevent someone from copying the calculations in their entirety. The Massey ratings are designed to measure past performance, not necessarily to predict future outcomes. The first challenge for any computer rating system is to account for the variability in performance. A team will not always play up to its full potential. Other random factors (officiating, bounce of the ball) may also affect the outcome of a game. The model must somehow eliminate the "noise" which obscures the true strength of a team. The second goal is to account for the differences in schedule. When there is a large disparity in schedule strength, win–loss records lose their significance. The model must evaluate games involving mismatched opponents, as well as contests between well matched teams. It is necessary to achieve a reasonable balance between rewarding teams for wins, convincing wins, and playing a tough schedule. This issue is difficult to resolve, and rating systems exist that are based on each of the extremes. The overall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisaccharide
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Trisaccharides are oligosaccharides composed of three monosaccharides with two glycosidic bonds connecting them. Similar to the disaccharides, each glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxyl group on the component monosaccharides. Even if all three component sugars are the same (e.g., glucose), different bond combinations (regiochemistry) and stereochemistry (alpha- or beta-) result in trisaccharides that are diastereoisomers with different chemical and physical properties.
Examples
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EME
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EME may refer to:
Companies and organizations
Edison Mission Energy, a defunct American power company
Emcor, an American construction company
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, a constituent college of National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan
Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, of the Canadian Forces
Indian Army Corps of EME, of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers
Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Science
ECB-mask-ECB, a block cipher mode of operation used for disk encryption
EME (psychedelic), a drug
Early myoclonic encephalopathy
Earth–Moon–Earth communication
Eigenmode expansion
Electromagnetic environment
Electromembrane extraction
Early Medieval Europe (journal)
Other
EME Temple, in Gujarat, India
Encrypted Media Extensions, a W3C specification
Exempted Micro Enterprises
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracampidae
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The Tetracampidae are a small family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. They are parasitoids of phytophagous insects, primarily flies. The 44 species in 15 genera are almost entirely absent from the New World.
The biology of most species of Tetracampidae is little studied. Most of those whose hosts are known are associated with insects that mine in plants. European species of one genus, Dipriocampe, are endoparasitoids of the eggs of diprionid sawflies, and the British species of Foersterella are endoparasitoids of the eggs of Cassida spp. (Coleoptera, Cassididae). One species, Dipriocampe diprioni, was introduced into Canada from Europe for the biological control of diprionid pests, but did not become established.
In Africa and Madagascar, members of this family are egg parasitoids of beetles (Chrysomelidae) and wasps (Diprionidae), or larval parasitoids of flies (Agromyzidae).
Numerous fossil taxa are in this group, but their relationships to other chalcidoid families remain obscure.
References
External links
Universal Chalcidoidea Database
Bugguide.net
Chalcidoidea
Apocrita families
Taxa named by Arnold Förster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Conservation%20Biology
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The Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) is an 501(c)(3) non-profit international professional organization that is dedicated to conserving biodiversity. There are over 4,000 members worldwide, including students and those in related non-academic sectors.There are 35 chapters throughout the world.
The society was founded in 1985 and began publishing the peer reviewed journal Conservation Biology in 1987, published by Blackwell Scientific publishers. This has been supplemented since 2007 by the rapid publication journal Conservation Letters .
History
The origin of the society resulted from the emergence of the field as a distinct subject in the 1970s. The phrase conservation biology originated from a conference of ecologists and population biologists at the University of Michigan, that published the book "Conservation Biology" An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective was highly influential internationally, eventually selling tens of thousands of copies including a Russian translation. Michael E. Soulé was its co-founder and the first president.
By the mid-1980s there was sufficient interest and participation to establish a formal society and publish a peer reviewed journal, Conservation Biology, started in May 1987 and published by Blackwell Scientific Publishers. In 2000 the society launched Conservation magazine, which was designed to complement Conservation Biology by making current conservation biology tools, techniques, and case studies accessible to practitioners, po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent%20C.%20Berridge
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Kent C. Berridge (born 1957) is an American academic, currently working as a professor of psychology (biopsychology) and neuroscience at the University of Michigan. Berridge was a joint winner of the 2018 Grawemeyer Award for Psychology.
Early life and education
Berridge was born in 1957. Berridge earned a Bachelor of Science from the University of California, Davis in 1979, followed by a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in 1983.
Research
Berridge conducts research relating to brain systems of motivation, affect, reward “liking”, reward “wanting”, emotion, fear, pleasure, drug addiction, eating disorders, and decision utility. He also studies natural syntactical chains of behavior (e.g. grooming; taste response patterns) in animals with colleague Dr. J. Wayne Aldridge. With Dr. Piotr Winkielman, he has investigated the issue of unconscious emotion in humans.
Liking
Berridge is known for his work on the brain systems for pleasure (“liking”). Using an assay for “liking” called Taste Reactivity Analysis developed by taste researchers, Berridge measures facial palatability responses to tastes, which are similar between rodents, primates and humans. When something enjoyably sweet is tasted, characteristic licking responses occur. When something aversively bitter is tasted, gaping and head shaking occur. Berridge has helped identify "hedonic hotspots" in the brain, such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum, where opioid, endocannabinoid, and GABA neurotransmissi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20novo%20synthesis
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In chemistry, de novo synthesis () refers to the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules such as sugars or amino acids, as opposed to recycling after partial degradation. For example, nucleotides are not needed in the diet as they can be constructed from small precursor molecules such as formate and aspartate. Methionine, on the other hand, is needed in the diet because while it can be degraded to and then regenerated from homocysteine, it cannot be synthesized de novo.
Nucleotide
De novo pathways of nucleotides do not use free bases: adenine (abbreviated as A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), or uracil (U). The purine ring is built up one atom or a few atoms at a time and attached to ribose throughout the process. Pyrimidine ring is synthesized as orotate and attached to ribose phosphate and later converted to common pyrimidine nucleotides.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D. In mammals cholesterol is either absorbed from dietary sources or is synthesized de novo. Up to 70-80% of de novo cholesterol synthesis occurs in the liver, and about 10% of de novo cholesterol synthesis occurs in the small intestine. Cancer cells require cholesterol for cell membranes, so cancer cells contain many enzymes for de novo cholesterol synthesis from acetyl-CoA.
Fatty-acid (de novo lipogenesis)
De novo lipog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotoitidae
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The Rotoitidae are a very small family of rare, relictual parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea, known primarily from fossils (14 extinct species in two genera, Baeomorpha and Taimyromorpha). Only two extant species are known, each in its own genus, one from New Zealand and one from Chile, and little is known about their biology. Females of the Chilean species, Chiloe micropteron, have their wings reduced to tiny bristles. Most fossil species are known from the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Taimyr amber of Russia and Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Canadian amber, but one species, Baeomorpha liorum is known from the mid Creaceous (late Albian-earliest Cenomanian) Burmese amber.
Rotoitids are very close to the base of the chalcidoid family tree, presently considered to be the first "branch" taxon after the Mymaridae.
References
External links
Universal Chalcidoid Database
Fauna of Chile
Chalcidoidea
Insects of South America
Apocrita families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abell%203266
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Abell 3266 is a galaxy cluster in the southern sky. It is part of the Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster. The galaxy cluster is one of the largest in the southern sky, and one of the largest mass concentrations in the nearby universe.
The Department of Physics at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County discovered that a large mass of gas is hurtling through the cluster at a speed of 750 km/s (466 miles/second). The mass is billions of solar masses, approximately 3 million light-years in diameter and is the largest of its kind discovered as of June 2006.
See also
Abell catalogue
List of Abell clusters
X-ray astronomy
References
External links
Abel 3266 on SIMBAD
Horologium Supercluster
Galaxy clusters
3266
Abell richness class 2
Reticulum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylzinc
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Diethylzinc (C2H5)2Zn, or DEZ, is a highly pyrophoric and reactive organozinc compound consisting of a zinc center bound to two ethyl groups. This colourless liquid is an important reagent in organic chemistry. It is available commercially as a solution in hexanes, heptane, or toluene, or as a pure liquid.
Synthesis
Edward Frankland first reported the compound in 1848 from zinc and ethyl iodide, the first organozinc compound discovered. He improved the synthesis by using diethyl mercury as starting material. The contemporary synthesis consists of the reaction of a 1:1 mixture of ethyl iodide and ethyl bromide with a zinc-copper couple, a source of reactive zinc.
Structure
The compound crystallizes in a tetragonal body-centered unit cell of space group symmetry I41md. In the solid-state diethylzinc shows nearly linear Zn centres. The Zn-C bonds measure 194.8(5) pm, while the C-Zn-C angle is slightly bent with 176.2(4)°. The structure of the gas-phase shows a very similar Zn-C distance (195.0(2) pm).
Uses
Despite its highly pyrophoric nature, diethylzinc is an important chemical reagent. It is used in organic synthesis as a source of the ethyl carbanion in addition reactions to carbonyl groups. For example, the asymmetric addition of an ethyl group to benzaldehyde and imines.
Additionally, it is commonly used in combination with diiodomethane as a Simmons-Smith reagent to convert alkenes into cyclopropyl groups. It is less nucleophilic than related alkyllithium and Grignard
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Timp
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Gregory Louis Timp is a professor of Electrical Engineering and Biological Sciences at the University of Notre Dame. A graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Timp has previously worked at Bell Laboratories and the University of Illinois. He has worked with low temperature transport, nanostructure physics and, since 2000, research at the boundary between biology and nanoelectronics. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Sources
Professor Gregory Timp, PhD , University of Notre Dame.
Gregory Timp, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Illinois faculty
University of Notre Dame faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20%28disambiguation%29
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A library is a collection of books or an institution lending books and providing information.
Library may also refer to:
Music
Library Records, a record label
"Library", a song by Bridgit Mendler from her 2016 EP Nemesis
"Library", a song by Macintosh Plus from her 2011 album Floral Shoppe
Science and technology
Library (biology), a collection of molecules in a stable form that represents some aspect of an organism
Library (computing), a collection of subprograms used to develop software
Digital library, an online database of digital objects
Library (electronics), a collection of cells, macros or functional units that perform common operations
Library (IBM i), a type of object in the IBM i operating system which is used to group other objects together
Library (Windows), a virtual folder that aggregates content from various locations in Windows
Other uses
Library, Pennsylvania, United States, an unincorporated community
Library station (PAAC), a light rail station in South Park, Pennsylvania, United States
Library (UTA station), a transit station in Salt Lake City, United States
Library (journal), a former American literary magazine
See also
Library War (disambiguation)
The Library (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation%20lemma
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In mathematics the estimation lemma, also known as the inequality, gives an upper bound for a contour integral. If is a complex-valued, continuous function on the contour and if its absolute value is bounded by a constant for all on , then
where is the arc length of . In particular, we may take the maximum
as upper bound. Intuitively, the lemma is very simple to understand. If a contour is thought of as many smaller contour segments connected together, then there will be a maximum for each segment. Out of all the maximum s for the segments, there will be an overall largest one. Hence, if the overall largest is summed over the entire path then the integral of over the path must be less than or equal to it.
Formally, the inequality can be shown to hold using the definition of contour integral, the absolute value inequality for integrals and the formula for the length of a curve as follows:
The estimation lemma is most commonly used as part of the methods of contour integration with the intent to show that the integral over part of a contour goes to zero as goes to infinity. An example of such a case is shown below.
Example
Problem.
Find an upper bound for
where is the upper half-circle with radius traversed once in the counterclockwise direction.
Solution.
First observe that the length of the path of integration is half the circumference of a circle with radius , hence
Next we seek an upper bound for the integrand when . By the triangle inequality we se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20Systems%20Research
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Information Systems Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the areas of information systems and information technology, including cognitive psychology, economics, computer science, operations research, design science, organization theory and behavior, sociology, and strategic management. It is published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences and was in 2007 ranked as one of the most prestigious journals in the information systems discipline. In 2008 it was selected as one of the top 20 professional/academic journals by Bloomberg Businessweek. The current editor-in-chief is Suprateek Sarker, who was preceded by Alok Gupta (University of Minnesota), Ritu Agarwal (2011-2016; University of Maryland, College Park), Vallabh Sambamurthy (2005-2010; Michigan State University), Chris F. Kemerer (2002-2004), Izak Benbasat (1999-2001), John Leslie King (1993-1998), and E. Burton Swanson (1990-1992). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.457. The journal is member of the Senior Scholar's 'Basket of Eight'.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1990
Quarterly journals
Information systems journals
English-language journals
INFORMS academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6C
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6C or VI-C may refer to :
Sixth Cambridge Survey of radio sources
Alfa Romeo 6C, a road, race and sports car
Keratin 6C in biochemistry
Stalag VI-C, a German prisoner of war camp
Carbon (6C), a chemical element
6C, the production code for the 1982 Doctor Who serial Time-Flight
See also
C6 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Oestreich
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Paul Hermann August Oestreich (30 March 1878 – 28 February 1959) was a German educator and pedagogue.
Early life
Oestreich was born in Kolberg, within the German Empire's Prussian Province of Pomerania. He studied mathematics, philosophy, pedagogy, and new languages at the universities of Berlin and Greifswald from 1896 to 1900.
Career
In Berlin-Schöneberg, Oestreich was a teacher from 1901 and a Studienrat from 1905. He joined the National-Social Association and the Liberals Association to Friedrich Naumann, which he represented 1906–08 in the Berlin City Council, then the Democratic Union. He became a member of the "Federal New Fatherland", and later, in 1921–26, he was a board member of the "German Peace Society". From 1918 till 1931 he was a member of the SPD.
In 1919, Oestreich founded the Bund Entschiedener Schulreformer (BESch) and led it until 1933. After the Second World War, Oestirch joined the Communist Party of Germany and later the Socialist Unity Party.
From 1945-1949, Oestreich was Hauptschulrat in Berlin-Zehlendorf. From 1949 to 1950 he worked in the Hauptschulamt of the Magistrat of Groß-Berlin Dezernent for higher education. In 1949 he became a head of the 29 higher schools in east Berlin.
In autumn of 1954 he received the award "Verdienter Lehrer des Volkes" by the Soviet Council of Ministers.
Paul-Oestreich-Straße is a street named after Oestreich in Berlin-Weißensee.
Literary works
An editor of the Neue Erziehung (bulletin of the Bund Entschied
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Step%20to%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Physics
|
The First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics is an annual international competition in research projects in physics. It originated and is based in Poland.
Participants
All the secondary high school students regardless of the country, type of the school, sex, nationality etc. are eligible for the competition. The only conditions are that the school cannot be considered as a university college and the age of the participants should not exceed 20 years on March 31 (every year March 31 is the deadline for submitting the competition papers). There are no restrictions concerning the subject matter of the papers, their level, methods applied etc. All these are left to the participants' choice. The papers, however, have to have a research character and deal with physics topics or topics directly related to physics. The papers are evaluated by the Evaluating Committee, which is nominated by the Organizing Committee. It was recently won by David Rosengarten.
History
In the first two competitions, only Polish physicists participated in the Evaluation Committee. In the third competition, one non-Polish judge took part in evaluation of the papers. In the fourth competition, the number of physicists from other countries was 10, with 14 being present in the fifth competition. Plans are in place to increase the number of physicists involved from other countries in future competitions. An International Advisory Committee (IAC) was also established. At present, it consists of 25 physicists fro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Fisk
|
Jason Fisk (born September 4, 1972) is a retired NFL defensive tackle. He played high school football at Davis High School, and college football at Stanford University, where he lettered four years. He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and earned degrees in biology and psychology while at Stanford.
Fisk was selected by the Minnesota Vikings with the 35th pick in the seventh round (243rd out of 249 overall) of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played for the Vikings (1995–1998), Tennessee Titans (1999–2001), San Diego Chargers (2002–2004), Cleveland Browns (2005) and St. Louis Rams (2006). While with the Titans, he played in Super Bowl XXXIV, where he recorded a sack of MVP Kurt Warner.
Fisk retired following the 2006 season. He previously coached for his high school football team, the Davis High School Blue Devils, and then coached at UC Davis. He is currently a science teacher at Chartwell High School in Seaside, California.
Fisk is married with three children.
References
External links
DraftHistory.com 1995
NFLPLAYERS.com bio
NFL.com bio
NFL.com St. Louis Rams Team News
American football defensive tackles
Cleveland Browns players
Minnesota Vikings players
San Diego Chargers players
St. Louis Rams players
Stanford Cardinal football players
Tennessee Titans players
Sportspeople from Davis, California
1972 births
Living people
Davis Senior High School (California) alumni
Players of American football from Yolo County, California
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPO
|
WPO may refer to:
Computing and math
Web performance optimization, in website optimization
Well partial order, an ordering relation in mathematics
Whole program optimization, a compiler optimization
Other uses
Weakly Pareto Optimal
North Fork Valley Airport (IATA code), in the List of airports in Colorado, US
Washington Post Company (former NYSE symbol)
World Photography Organisation, for amateur and professional photographers
Wikipediocracy
See also
WPO-3, 1941 plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands in the Battle of Bataan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20variation%20diminishing
|
In numerical methods, total variation diminishing (TVD) is a property of certain discretization schemes used to solve hyperbolic partial differential equations. The most notable application of this method is in computational fluid dynamics. The concept of TVD was introduced by Ami Harten.
Model equation
In systems described by partial differential equations, such as the following hyperbolic advection equation,
the total variation (TV) is given by
and the total variation for the discrete case is,
where .
A numerical method is said to be total variation diminishing (TVD) if,
Characteristics
A numerical scheme is said to be monotonicity preserving if the following properties are maintained:
If is monotonically increasing (or decreasing) in space, then so is .
proved the following properties for a numerical scheme,
A monotone scheme is TVD, and
A TVD scheme is monotonicity preserving.
Application in CFD
In Computational Fluid Dynamics, TVD scheme is employed to capture sharper shock predictions without any misleading oscillations when variation of field variable “” is discontinuous.
To capture the variation fine grids ( very small) are needed and the computation becomes heavy and therefore uneconomic. The use of coarse grids with central difference scheme, upwind scheme, hybrid difference scheme, and power law scheme gives false shock predictions. TVD scheme enables sharper shock predictions on coarse grids saving computation time and as the scheme preserves monoton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinnyis%20obscura
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Erinnyis obscura, the obscure sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Johann Christian Fabricius in 1775.
Distribution
It lives from the northern part of South America up to the central United States.
Description
Biology
Adults are on wing year round in the tropics, southern Florida and southern Texas. A single specimen has been added to the Cornell University Insect Collection after being collected by John Dombrowski in Ithaca New York, Tompkins County. The species was identified by curator Jason Dombroeski. This suggests that E. obscura's range is much more northern than expected. [see Cornell Insect Collection Data Base].
The caterpillars feed on various members of the family Apocynaceae, including Rauvolfia ligustrina, Rauvolfia tetraphylla, Stemmadenia obovata, Philibertia, Cynanchum and Carica papaya as well as Asclepiadaceae and spurge species, including Blepharodon mucronatum, Funastrum clausum and Morrenia odorata.
Subspecies
Erinnyis obscura obscura (tropical and subtropical lowlands from Uruguay west to Bolivia and Argentina and north through Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies to Florida, Mississippi, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California. Strays recorded up to Arkansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, North Dakota and Pennsylvania)
Erinnyis obscura conformis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Galapagos Islands)
Erinnyis obscura socorroensis Clark, 1926 (Revillagigedo Islands)
References
External links
obscura
S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemeroplanes%20triptolemus
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Hemeroplanes triptolemus is a moth of the family Sphingidae.
Description
Biology
Its chest and wings are covered in scales. The moth uses a proboscis to feed itself nectar. Both males and females have a relatively long lifetime of 10 to 30 days. The female moths lay pellucid green eggs. Egg growth varies strongly from 3 to 21 days. There are at least two generations per year with peak flights from January to February and again from June to July.
The larvae feed on Mesechites trifida. In its larval form, the Hemeroplanes triptolemus is capable of expanding its anterior body segments to give it the appearance of a snake, complete with eye patches. This snake mimicry extends even to the point where it will harmlessly strike at potential predators.
Distribution
The moth is known from Costa Rica, Belize, Mexico, Guatemala and probably flies throughout Central America into Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela and Guyana.
References
Dilophonotini
Moths described in 1779
Taxa named by Pieter Cramer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godunov%27s%20theorem
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In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, Godunov's theorem — also known as Godunov's order barrier theorem — is a mathematical theorem important in the development of the theory of high-resolution schemes for the numerical solution of partial differential equations.
The theorem states that:
Linear numerical schemes for solving partial differential equations (PDE's), having the property of not generating new extrema (monotone scheme), can be at most first-order accurate.
Professor Sergei Godunov originally proved the theorem as a Ph.D. student at Moscow State University. It is his most influential work in the area of applied and numerical mathematics and has had a major impact on science and engineering, particularly in the development of methods used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and other computational fields. One of his major contributions was to prove the theorem (Godunov, 1954; Godunov, 1959), that bears his name.
The theorem
We generally follow Wesseling (2001).
Aside
Assume a continuum problem described by a PDE is to be computed using a numerical scheme based upon a uniform computational grid and a one-step, constant step-size, M grid point, integration algorithm, either implicit or explicit. Then if and , such a scheme can be described by
In other words, the solution at time and location is a linear function of the solution at the previous time step . We assume that determines uniquely. Now, since the above equation represents a lin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20time%20%28mathematics%29
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In the mathematical theory of stochastic processes, local time is a stochastic process associated with semimartingale processes such as Brownian motion, that characterizes the amount of time a particle has spent at a given level. Local time appears in various stochastic integration formulas, such as Tanaka's formula, if the integrand is not sufficiently smooth. It is also studied in statistical mechanics in the context of random fields.
Formal definition
For a continuous real-valued semimartingale , the local time of at the point is the stochastic process which is informally defined by
where is the Dirac delta function and is the quadratic variation. It is a notion invented by Paul Lévy. The basic idea is that is an (appropriately rescaled and time-parametrized) measure of how much time has spent at up to time . More rigorously, it may be written as the almost sure limit
which may be shown to always exist. Note that in the special case of Brownian motion (or more generally a real-valued diffusion of the form where is a Brownian motion), the term simply reduces to , which explains why it is called the local time of at . For a discrete state-space process , the local time can be expressed more simply as
Tanaka's formula
Tanaka's formula also provides a definition of local time for an arbitrary continuous semimartingale on
A more general form was proven independently by Meyer and Wang; the formula extends Itô's lemma for twice differentiable functions to a m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20limiter
|
Flux limiters are used in high resolution schemes – numerical schemes used to solve problems in science and engineering, particularly fluid dynamics, described by partial differential equations (PDEs). They are used in high resolution schemes, such as the MUSCL scheme, to avoid the spurious oscillations (wiggles) that would otherwise occur with high order spatial discretization schemes due to shocks, discontinuities or sharp changes in the solution domain. Use of flux limiters, together with an appropriate high resolution scheme, make the solutions total variation diminishing (TVD).
Note that flux limiters are also referred to as slope limiters because they both have the same mathematical form, and both have the effect of limiting the solution gradient near shocks or discontinuities. In general, the term flux limiter is used when the limiter acts on system fluxes, and slope limiter is used when the limiter acts on system states (like pressure, velocity etc.).
How they work
The main idea behind the construction of flux limiter schemes is to limit the spatial derivatives to realistic values – for scientific and engineering problems this usually means physically realisable and meaningful values. They are used in high resolution schemes for solving problems described by PDEs and only come into operation when sharp wave fronts are present. For smoothly changing waves, the flux limiters do not operate and the spatial derivatives can be represented by higher order approximations
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCPA
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CCPA may refer to:
Science and health
CCPA (biochemistry), a specific receptor agonist in biochemistry
Catabolite Control Protein A (CcpA), a master regulator of carbon metabolism in gram-positive bacteria
Childhood Cancer Parents Alliance, a UK cancer charity
Politics
California Consumer Privacy Act, legislation that seeks to protect the data privacy of technology users
Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, a progressive policy research institute in Canada
Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968, a United States federal wage garnishment law
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1909–1982), a former United States federal court
Education and culture
Chicago College of Performing Arts, a performing arts college at Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois
Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, the state-sponsored Catholic Church of China
Coliseum College Prep Academy, a grade 6–12 public school in Oakland, California
Covina Center for the Performing Arts, a theatre in Covina, California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Heisenberg
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Martin Heisenberg (born 7 August 1940) is a German neurobiologist and geneticist. Before his retirement in 2008, he held the professorial chair for genetics and neurobiology at the Bio Centre of the University of Würzburg. Since then, he continues his research with a senior professorship at the Rudolf Virchow Center of the University of Würzburg.
Heisenberg studied chemistry and molecular biology in Munich, Tübingen and Pasadena. In 1975 he became Professor of genetics and neurobiology at the University of Würzburg. Heisenberg's work has focused on the neurogenetics of Drosophila (the fruit fly), with the aim of investigating the genetic foundations of the Drosophila brain by studying the effect of genetic mutations on brain function. In addition, Heisenberg contributed a number of essays on the topics of science in society, perception, as well as the question of the freedom of the will. He was elected as a member of the Leopoldina in 1989.
Martin Heisenberg is a son of the physicist Werner Heisenberg, who is known for the creation of quantum mechanics and discovering uncertainty principle. He is married to Apollonia, Countess of Eulenburg. They have four sons, including film director Benjamin Heisenberg. He is the brother of physicist Jochen Heisenberg.
Distinctions
1986/87 Cornelius Wiersma Visiting Professor, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
1989 German National Academy Leopoldina
1998 Academia Europaea
1999 Academy of Sciences Göttingen
2001 Berli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Leicester%20Botanic%20Garden
|
The University of Leicester Harold Martin Botanic Garden is a botanic garden close to the halls of residence for the University of Leicester in Oadby, Leicestershire, England. Founded in 1921, the garden was established on the present site in 1947. The garden is used for research and teaching purposes by the university's Genetics (formerly Biology) Department and features events such as sculpture and art exhibitions, music performances and plant sales. It is open to the public. The gardens surround several Edwardian era houses which are now part of Leicester University's halls of residence, including Beaumont House, The Knoll, and Southmeade.
The Attenborough Arboretum is a satellite in the old village of Knighton (absorbed by Leicester city). It is named after Frederick Attenborough and was opened on 23 April 1997 by his son, Sir David Attenborough. It is managed as a wild site with native trees, ponds and a ridge and furrow field.
References
External links
University of Leicester Botanic Garden
Attenborough Arboretum
1921 establishments in England
Leicester
Botanic Garden
Leicester Botanic Garden
Gardens in Leicestershire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya%20Bay%20Reactor%20Neutrino%20Experiment
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The Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment is a China-based multinational particle physics project studying neutrinos, in particular neutrino oscillations. The multinational collaboration includes researchers from China, Chile, the United States, Taiwan (Republic of China), Russia, and the Czech Republic. The US side of the project is funded by the US Department of Energy's Office of High Energy Physics.
It is situated at Daya Bay, approximately 52 kilometers northeast of Hong Kong and 45 kilometers east of Shenzhen. There is an affiliated project in the Aberdeen Tunnel Underground Laboratory in Hong Kong. The Aberdeen lab measures the neutrons produced by cosmic muons which may affect the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment.
The experiment consists of eight antineutrino detectors, clustered in three locations within of six nuclear reactors. Each detector consists of 20 tons of liquid scintillator (linear alkylbenzene doped with gadolinium) surrounded by photomultiplier tubes and shielding.
A much larger follow-up is in development in the form of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) in Kaiping, which will use an acrylic sphere filled with 20,000 tons of liquid scintillator to detect reactor antineutrinos. Groundbreaking began 10 January 2015, with operation expected in 2020.
Neutrino oscillations
The experiment studies neutrino oscillations and is designed to measure the mixing angle θ13 using antineutrinos produced by the reactors of the Daya Bay Nuclea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik%20Willem%20Bakhuis%20Roozeboom
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H. W. Bakhuis Roozeboom (, October 24, 1854 – February 8, 1907) was a Dutch chemist who studied phase behaviour in physical chemistry.
Education and career
Bakhuis Roozeboom (originally "Bakhuys Roozeboom") was born in Alkmaar in the Netherlands. Financial difficulties did not allow him to directly pursue a university education, and he left school to work in a chemical factory for some time. Due to support from his mentor, J. M. van Bemmelen, he became an assistant at the University of Leiden in 1878, which enabled him to start his academic education there. In 1881 he became a teacher at a girls school, and in 1884 he obtained his PhD with works on the hydrates of acids. J. D. van der Waals introduced him to the theoretical works of J. Willard Gibbs on the phase rule which so far had little experimental verification in chemistry, prompting him to start a lifelong research program on phase equilibria. In 1896, he became professor for chemistry at the University of Amsterdam, where he died on February 8, 1907.
Bakhuis Roozeboom's main work was in the field of thermodynamics, in which he studied the equilibrium of multiple-phase systems. The theoretical foundations for this were laid by J. Willard Gibbs with his phase rule, but Roozeboom would be the one to apply the theory and demonstrate its usefulness. He is mainly remembered for his melting phase diagrams of metal alloys, i.e. studying how mixtures of metals melt depending on the relative amounts of the components, which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique%20Gaviola
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Ramón Enrique Gaviola (31 August 1900, in Mendoza – 7 August 1989, in Mendoza) was an Argentinian astrophysicist. Student of Richard Gans at the Universidad de La Plata went in 1922 to Germany where he continued his studies in physics. He studied with Max Planck, Max Born and Albert Einstein, graduating from the University of Berlin in 1926.
Asteroid 2504 Gaviola is named after him.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Enrique Gaviola y el Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba. Su impacto en el desarrollo de la ciencia Argentina. Bernaola, Omar Saber y Tiempo , 2001 QB36.G38 B47 2001
Grunfeld, Veronica.
Morán-López, José Luis.
Cielo Sur
La lista de Gaviola, by Omar Bernaola (Página 12)
Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba
1900 births
1989 deaths
People from Mendoza, Argentina
20th-century Argentine physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.%20E.%20Cameron
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N. E. Cameron (26 January 1903 – May 1983) was a writer from Guyana who wrote on almost every topic from history and mathematics to politics.
Biography
Early years and education
Norman Eustace Cameron was born in New Amsterdam, Guyana. He attended Queen's College in Georgetown, and in 1921 won the Guyana Scholarship, achieving First-Class Honours at the Oxford and Cambridge Higher Examination, with five distinctions in Latin, French, English, Mathematics and Religious Knowledge, placing him first among candidates from Barbados and Guyana.
At the University of Cambridge, he continued to excel in Mathematics. taking first-class honours in Part 1 of the Mathematical Tripos in 1923, and graduating Senior Optime in 1925.
Academic career
On returning to Guyana he founded his own school, The Guyanese Academy (1926–34), and wrote The Evolution of the Negro, published in two volumes (1929 and 1934), which Kenneth Ramchand has called "A rare and neglected but very useful work".
In 1934 Cameron returned as a Senior Master to his alma mater, Queen's College, to teach mathematics, and to contribute to the development of his school. While teaching at Queen's College, he wrote several dramatic works, published an anthology of Guyanese poetry, wrote numerous essays, memoranda and articles on the culture and politics of Guyanese life, and authored four high-school text books on mathematics (1942), as well as the history of Queen's College (1951). He was appointed Deputy Principal in 1958
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicycle%20cart
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The term unicycle is often used in robotics and control theory to mean a generalised cart or car moving in a two-dimensional world; these are also often called "unicycle-like" or "unicycle-type" vehicles. This usage is distinct from the literal sense of "one wheeled robot bicycle".
These theoretical vehicles are typically shown as having two parallel driven wheels, one mounted on each side of their centre, and (presumably) some sort of offset castor to maintain balance; although in general they could be any vehicle capable of simultaneous arbitrary rotation and translation. An alternative realization uses a single driven wheel with steering, and a pair of idler wheels to give balance and allow a steering torque to be applied.
A physically realisable unicycle, in this sense, is a nonholonomic system. This is a system in which a return to the original internal (wheel) configuration does not guarantee return to the original system (unicycle) position. In other words, the system outcome is path-dependent.
See also
Inverted pendulum
Turtle robot
Braitenberg vehicles
Robot control
Control theory
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