source
stringlengths 31
207
| text
stringlengths 12
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holevo%27s%20theorem
|
Holevo's theorem is an important limitative theorem in quantum computing, an interdisciplinary field of physics and computer science. It is sometimes called Holevo's bound, since it establishes an upper bound to the amount of information that can be known about a quantum state (accessible information). It was published by Alexander Holevo in 1973.
Accessible information
As for several concepts in quantum information theory, accessible information is best understood in terms of a 2-party communication. So we introduce two parties, Alice and Bob. Alice has a classical random variable X, which can take the values {1, 2, ..., n} with corresponding probabilities {p1, p2, ..., pn}. Alice then prepares a quantum state, represented by the density matrix ρX chosen from a set {ρ1, ρ2, ... ρn}, and gives this state to Bob. Bob's goal is to find the value of X, and in order to do that, he performs a measurement on the state ρX, obtaining a classical outcome, which we denote with Y. In this context, the amount of accessible information, that is, the amount of information that Bob can get about the variable X, is the maximum value of the mutual information I(X : Y) between the random variables X and Y over all the possible measurements that Bob can do.
There is currently no known formula to compute the accessible information. There are however several upper bounds, the best-known of which is the Holevo bound, which is specified in the following theorem.
Statement of the theorem
Let {ρ1,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet%20%28software%29
|
Bullet is a physics engine which simulates collision detection as well as soft and rigid body dynamics. It has been used in video games and for visual effects in movies. Erwin Coumans, its main author, won a Scientific and Technical Academy Award for his work on Bullet. He worked for Sony Computer Entertainment US R&D from 2003 until 2010, for AMD until 2014, for Google until 2022 and he now works for Nvidia.
The Bullet physics library is free and open-source software subject to the terms of the zlib License. The source code is hosted on GitHub; before 2014 it was hosted on Google Code.
Features
Rigid body and soft body simulation with discrete and continuous collision detection
Collision shapes include: sphere, box, cylinder, cone, convex hull using GJK, non-convex and triangle mesh
Soft body support: cloth, rope and deformable objects
A rich set of rigid body and soft body constraints with constraint limits and motors
Plugins for Maya, Softimage, integrated into Houdini, Cinema 4D, LightWave 3D, Blender, Godot, and Poser
Import of COLLADA 1.4 physics content
Optional optimizations for PlayStation 3 Cell SPU, CUDA and OpenCL
The Bullet website also hosts a Physics Forum for general discussion around physics simulation for games and animation.
At AMD Developer Summit (APU) in November 2013 Erwin Coumans presented the Bullet 3 OpenCL Rigid Body Simulation.
References
External links
Pybullet Python bindings for Bullet, with support for Reinforcement Learning
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Enrique%20Moyal
|
José Enrique Moyal (; 1 October 1910 – 22 May 1998) was an Australian mathematician and mathematical physicist who contributed to aeronautical engineering, electrical engineering and statistics, among other fields.
Career
Moyal helped establish the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics in 1949 by bringing together the ideas of Hermann Weyl, John von Neumann, Eugene Wigner, and Hip Groenewold.
This formulation is statistical in nature and makes logical connections between quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics, enabling a natural comparison between the two formulations. Phase space quantization, also known as Moyal quantization, largely avoids the use of operators for quantum mechanical observables prevalent in the canonical formulation. Quantum-mechanical evolution in phase space is specified by a Moyal bracket.
Moyal grew up in Tel Aviv, and attended the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium. He studied in Paris in the 1930s, at the École Supérieure d'Electricité, Institut de Statistique, and, finally, at the Institut Henri Poincaré. His work was carried out in wartime England in the 1940s, while employed at the de Havilland Aircraft company.
Moyal was a professor of mathematics at the former School of Mathematics and Physics of Macquarie University, where he was a colleague of John Clive Ward. Previously, he had worked at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois.
He published pioneering work on stochastic processes.
Personal life
Moyal was married to S
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20R.%20Porter
|
Keith Roberts Porter (June 11, 1912 – May 2, 1997) was a Canadian-American cell biologist. He created pioneering biology techniques and research using electron microscopy of cells. Porter also contributed to the development of other experimental methods for cell culture and nuclear transplantation. He was also responsible for naming the endoplasmic reticulum, conducting work on the 9 + 2 microtubule structure in the axoneme of cilia, and coining the term "microtrabecular lattice." In collaborations with other scientists, he contributed to the understanding of cellular structures and concepts such as compartmentalization, flagella, centrioles, fibrin, collagen, T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum. He also introduced microtome cutting.
Early life and education
Keith Porter was born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, on June 11, 1912, the son of Aaron and Josephine Roberts Porter. He finished his undergraduate program at Acadia University in 1934, and became a graduate student at Harvard University. At Harvard, he earned a doctorate (Ph.D.) for his work on frog embryo development in 1938. Following this degree, he married Katherine Elizabeth Lingley, a former student at Acadia University. They had one son, Gregory, who died just over one year later. Starting in the early 1940s, he conducted research at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. He eventually became a citizen of the United States in 1947.
Career/research
In 1939, Porter was a research assistant at The
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami%20Grossberg
|
Rami Grossberg () is a full professor of mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University and works in model theory.
Work
Grossberg's work in the past few years has revolved around the classification theory of non-elementary classes. In particular, he has provided, in joint work with Monica VanDieren, a proof of an upward "Morley's Categoricity Theorem" (a version of Shelah's categoricity conjecture) for Abstract Elementary Classes with the amalgamation property, that are tame. In another work with VanDieren, they also initiated the study of tame Abstract Elementary Classes. Tameness is both a crucial technical property in categoricity transfer proofs and an independent notion of interest in the area – it has been studied by Baldwin, Hyttinen, Lessmann, Kesälä, Kolesnikov, Kueker among others.
Other results include a best approximation to the main gap conjecture for AECs (with Olivier Lessmann), identifying AECs with JEP, AP, no maximal models and tameness as the uncountable analog to Fraïssé's constructions (with VanDieren), a stability spectrum theorem and the existence of Morley sequences for those classes (also with VanDieren).
In addition to this work on the Categoricity Conjecture, more recently, with Boney and Vasey, new understanding of frames in AECs and forking (in the abstract elementary class setting) has been obtained.
Some of Grossberg's work may be understood as part of the big project on Saharon Shelah's outstanding categoricity conjectures:
Conjecture 1. (Categor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Anderson%20%28writer%29
|
Rodney J. Anderson (born 15 April 1935) is a Canadian poet, musician and Chartered Accountant. After spending decades living in Toronto, he currently lives in Cobourg, Ontario with his wife, Merike Lugus.
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Rod Anderson graduated from the University of Toronto in 1956 with a Chemistry degree. In 1959, he would be designated a Chartered Accountant. After a career in accounting he turned to poetry and eventually music composition. In 1988 he won in the poetry category in a competition by Cross-Canada Writers' Quarterly (). His poems have been anthologized in The Antigonish Review, Contemporary Verse 2, Cross-Canada Writers' Magazine, DIS-EASE, Fiddlehead, Germination, Grain, Implosion, Matrix, Museletter, Poetry Canada Review, Poetry Toronto, Quarry Magazine, Toronto Life, The Toronto Sun, Waves, and Zymergy and in three anthologies: Garden Varieties, The Dry Wells of India, and More Garden Varieties. He has written two opera librettos for the Canadian Opera Company, including Dulcitius, performed by the COC ensemble in 1988 and a three-act opera Mario and the Magician, with music by Harry Somers performed at the Elgin Theatre, Toronto in 1992. Rod is a member of the Canadian League of Poets.
Works
1966: Analytical Auditing (co-author with R.M. Skinner; Pitman)
1977: The External Audit (Pitman)
1979: Dollar-Unit Sampling (co-author with Donald A. Lselie, Albert D. Teitlebaum; Copp Clark),
1989: Sky Falling Sunny Tomorrow, (Wolsak and Wynn)
J
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photon%20absorption
|
In atomic physics, two-photon absorption (TPA or 2PA), also called two-photon excitation or non-linear absorption, is the simultaneous absorption of two photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a molecule from one state (usually the ground state) to a higher energy, most commonly an excited electronic state. Absorption of two photons with different frequencies is called non-degenerate two-photon absorption. Since TPA depends on the simultaneous absorption of two photons, the probability of TPA is proportional to the square of the light intensity; thus it is a nonlinear optical process. The energy difference between the involved lower and upper states of the molecule is equal or smaller than the sum of the photon energies of the two photons absorbed. Two-photon absorption is a third-order process, with absorption cross section typically several orders of magnitude smaller than one-photon absorption cross section.
Two-photon excitation of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule) leads to two-photon-excited fluorescence where the excited state produced by TPA decays by spontaneous emission of a photon to a lower energy state.
Background
The phenomenon was originally predicted by Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1931 in her doctoral dissertation. Thirty years later, the invention of the laser permitted the first experimental verification of TPA when two-photon-excited fluorescence was detected in a europium-doped crystal. Soon afterwards, the effect was observed i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Moors
|
Martin Moors is a professor of Philosophy and is the Chair of Contemporary Metaphysics at the Higher Institute of Philosophy at the Catholic University of Leuven (KUL), Belgium, where he lectures.
He has published work on Kant, German idealism and Schelling.
Books
Boros, Gábor, Herman De Dijn, and M. Moors. The Concept of Love in 17th and 18th Century Philosophy. [Leuven, Belgium]: Leuven University Press, 2007.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Université catholique de Louvain
Academic staff of KU Leuven
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Slaman
|
Theodore Allen Slaman (born April 17, 1954) is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley who works in recursion theory.
Slaman and W. Hugh Woodin formulated the Bi-interpretability Conjecture for the Turing degrees, which conjectures that the partial order of the Turing degrees is logically equivalent to second-order arithmetic. They showed that the Bi-interpretability Conjecture is equivalent to there being no nontrivial automorphism of the Turing degrees. They also exhibited limits on the possible automorphisms of the Turing degrees by showing that any automorphism will be arithmetically definable.
References
External links
home page.
Living people
American logicians
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Harvard University alumni
1954 births
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Harrington
|
Leo Anthony Harrington (born May 17, 1946) is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley who works in
recursion theory, model theory, and set theory.
Having retired from being a Mathematician, Professor Leo Harrington is now a Philosopher.
His notable results include proving the Paris–Harrington theorem along with Jeff Paris,
showing that if the axiom of determinacy holds for all analytic sets then x# exists for all reals x,
and proving with Saharon Shelah that the first-order theory of the partially ordered set of recursively enumerable Turing degrees is undecidable.
References
External links
Home page.
Living people
American logicians
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Model theorists
Set theorists
1946 births
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Hartshorne
|
Robin Cope Hartshorne ( ; born March 15, 1938) is an American mathematician who is known for his work in algebraic geometry.
Career
Hartshorne was a Putnam Fellow in Fall 1958 while he was an undergraduate at Harvard University (under the name Robert C. Hartshorne). He received a Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1963 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled Connectedness of the Hilbert scheme under the supervision of John Coleman Moore and Oscar Zariski. He then became a Junior Fellow at Harvard University, where he taught for several years. In 1972, he was appointed to the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, where he is a Professor Emeritus as of 2020.
Hartshorne is the author of the text Algebraic Geometry.
Awards
In 1979, Hartshorne was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize for "his expository research article Equivalence relations on algebraic cycles and subvarieties of small codimension, Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, volume 29, American Mathematical Society, 1975, pp. 129-164; and his book Algebraic geometry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1977." In 2012, Hartshorne became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Personal life
Hartshorne attended high school at Phillips Exeter Academy, graduating in 1955. Hartshorne is married to Edie Churchill and has two sons and an adopted daughter. He is a mountain climber and amateur flute and shakuhachi player.
Selected publications
Foundations of Projective Geom
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Sethian
|
James Albert Sethian is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley and the head of the Mathematics Group at the United States Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Sethian was born in Washington, D.C., on May 10, 1954. He received a B.A. (1976) from Princeton and a M.A. (1978) and Ph.D (1982) from Berkeley under the direction of Alexandre Chorin. Beginning in 1983, he was a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow, lastly at the Courant Institute under Peter Lax. In 1985, he returned to Berkeley to join the mathematics faculty, where he is currently a full professor. Sethian was elected member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 as well as the National Academy of Sciences in 2013. Sethian has acted as Interim Director Research at Thinking Machines Corporation and held visiting positions at the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Work
Sethian has worked on numerical algorithms for tracking moving interfaces for over three decades, starting with his seminal 1982 work on curve and surface propagation in combustion, and his 1985 work on entropy conditions, curvature, stability of numerical algorithms. This work led to development of the level-set method in 1988, which was developed jointly with Stanley Osher.
These are numerical algorithms for tracking moving interfaces in complex situations, and have proved instrumental in a wide collection of a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Werbos
|
Paul John Werbos (born 1947) is an American social scientist and machine learning pioneer. He is best known for his 1974 dissertation, which first described the process of training artificial neural networks through backpropagation of errors. He also was a pioneer of recurrent neural networks.
Werbos was one of the original three two-year Presidents of the International Neural Network Society (INNS). In 1995, he was awarded the IEEE Neural Network Pioneer Award for the discovery of backpropagation and other basic neural network learning frameworks such as Adaptive Dynamic Programming.
Werbos has also written on quantum mechanics and other areas of physics. He also has interest in larger questions relating to consciousness, the foundations of physics, and human potential.
He served as program director in the National Science Foundation for several years until 2015.
References
External links
Home Page
1947 births
Living people
Artificial intelligence researchers
Harvard University alumni
American computer scientists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogermanium%20chemistry
|
Organogermanium chemistry is the science of chemical species containing one or more C–Ge bonds. Germanium shares group 14 in the periodic table with carbon, silicon, tin and lead. Historically, organogermanes are considered as nucleophiles and the reactivity of them is between that of organosilicon and organotin compounds. Some organogermanes have enhanced reactivity compared with their organosilicon and organoboron analogues in some cross-coupling reactions.
Synthesis
The great majority of organogermanium compounds are tetrahedral with the formula GeR4-nXn where X = H, Cl, etc. Ge-C bonds are air-stable, although Ge-H bonds can undergo air-oxidation. The first organogermanium compound, tetraethylgermane, synthesized by Winkler in 1887, by the reaction of germanium tetrachloride with diethylzinc. More commonly, these Ge(IV) compounds are prepared by alkylation of germanium halides by organolithium and Grignard reagents. The method has been applied to surfaces terminated with Ge-Cl bonds.
Some organogermanes are prepared by nucleophilic substitution or Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Hydrogermylation provides another route to organogermanium compounds.
Catenation
Akin to hydrocarbons and polysilanes, many organogermanium compounds are known with Ge-Ge bonds. An early example is hexaphenyldigermane, . It is prepared by Wurtz coupling of the bromide:
Many cyclic polygermanes are known, e.g. .
Germanols
Triphenylgermanol ((C6H5)3GeOH) is a colorless solid. Like t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleover%20Community%20School
|
Littleover Community School is a coeducational secondary school situated on Pastures Hill, Littleover, Derbyshire in England, with pupils aged 11–18.
It is a co-educational non-denominational school which educates over 1,550 pupils from in and around Derby. It has previously held Science Mathematics and Languages specialist school status, and has good academic results, both at GCSE and A-Level. The current headteacher is Jon Wilding.
The school has its own Sixth Form Centre which was originally The Millennium Centre, a joint Sixth Form Centre with Derby Moor Community Sports College which opened in 1999, but disbanded in 2013 after Littleover’s Sixth Form became independent from Derby Moor and is now known as Littleover Community School Sixth Form Centre.
The new humanities block opened in October 2014. The school is located on Pastures Hill which follows the route of the Roman Icknield Street, and a short distance away from the school there are buried remains of this highway.
Notable alumni
Des Coleman, news and weather reporter for East Midlands Today and The One Show
Antonia Hodgson, historical novelist
Karen Martin, Javelin silver medallist at 1998 Commonwealth Games
Lewin Nyatanga, football player currently playing for Barnsley Football Club
Jasvinder Sanghera CBE, author and campaigner
Lucy Ward, folk musician - winner of the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards "Horizon Award" in 2012
References
Educational institutions established in 1949
Secondary schools in Derby
194
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20For%20Figuring
|
The Institute For Figuring (IFF) is an organization based in Los Angeles, California that promotes the public understanding of the poetic and aesthetic dimensions of science, mathematics and the technical arts. Founded by Margaret Wertheim and Christine Wertheim, the institute hosts public lectures and exhibitions, publishes books and maintains a website.
Published works
Robert Kaplan The Figure That Stands Behind Figures: Mosaics of the Mind (2004)
Margaret Wertheim A Field Guide to Hyperbolic Space (2005)
Margaret Wertheim A Field Guide to the Business Card Menger Sponge (2006)
Margaret Wertheim, Christine Wertheim Crochet Coral Reef: A Project (2015)
See also
Mathematics and fiber arts
European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 2003
Culture of Los Angeles
Science and culture
Mathematical institutes
2003 establishments in California
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangra%202004/05
|
The Tangra 2004/05 Expedition was commissioned by the Antarctic Place-names Commission at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, managed by the Manfred Wörner Foundation, and supported by the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute, the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgarian Posts, Uruguayan Antarctic Institute, Peregrine Shipping (Australia), and Petrol Ltd, TNT, Mtel, Bulstrad, Polytours, B. Bekyarov and B. Chernev (Bulgaria).
Expedition team
Dr. Lyubomir Ivanov (team leader), senior research associate, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; chairman, Antarctic Place-names Commission; author of the 1995 Bulgarian Antarctic Toponymic Guidelines introducing in particular the present official system for the Romanization of Bulgarian; participant in four Bulgarian Antarctic campaigns, and author of the first Bulgarian Antarctic topographic maps.
Doychin Vasilev, Bulgarian alpinist who has climbed five Himalayan 8,000 m peaks: Dhaulagiri (in 1995), Mount Everest (1997), Makalu (1998), and Shishapangma and Cho Oyu (1999).
Logistics and itinerary
Expedition vessels: Uruguayan Navy ship ROU Vanguardia, and Russian research ship Akademik Sergey Vavilov.
Land transportation: man sledding, skiing, and trekking.
Duration: 14 November 2004 to 29 January 2005.
Antarctica: 25 November 2004 to 11 January 2005;
Livingston Island: 28 November 2004 to 4 January 2005;
St. Kliment Ohridski Base: 28 Nov
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Wolfson
|
Richard Wolfson may refer to:
Richard Wolfson (musician) (1955–2005), British musician
Richard Wolfson (physicist), professor of physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid%20method%20multiplication
|
The grid method (also known as the box method) of multiplication is an introductory approach to multi-digit multiplication calculations that involve numbers larger than ten. Because it is often taught in mathematics education at the level of primary school or elementary school, this algorithm is sometimes called the grammar school method.
Compared to traditional long multiplication, the grid method differs in clearly breaking the multiplication and addition into two steps, and in being less dependent on place value.
Whilst less efficient than the traditional method, grid multiplication is considered to be more reliable, in that children are less likely to make mistakes. Most pupils will go on to learn the traditional method, once they are comfortable with the grid method; but knowledge of the grid method remains a useful "fall back", in the event of confusion. It is also argued that since anyone doing a lot of multiplication would nowadays use a pocket calculator, efficiency for its own sake is less important; equally, since this means that most children will use the multiplication algorithm less often, it is useful for them to become familiar with a more explicit (and hence more memorable) method.
Use of the grid method has been standard in mathematics education in primary schools in England and Wales since the introduction of a National Numeracy Strategy with its "numeracy hour" in the 1990s. It can also be found included in various curricula elsewhere. Essentially the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Alters
|
Brian J. Alters is a Canadian academic who is a professor in Chapman University's College of Educational Studies. He directs Chapman's Evolution Education Research Center, has taught science education at both Harvard and McGill Universities, and is regarded as a specialist in evolution education.
Biography
Alters has a B.Sc. in biology and a Ph.D. in science education from the University of Southern California.
Alters is the author of several books on biology and the intelligent design controversy. With his wife Sandra M. Alters, he has written Biology: Understanding Life which he describes as "a university biology non-majors textbook", and Teaching Biology in Higher Education, "a book written to instructors at the college level on how to teach biology". He is also the author of Teaching Biological Evolution in Higher Education: Methodological, Religious, and Non-Religious Issues which he says is "a book specifically about the conflict that instructors see students bring into their courses concerning evolution". Alters and Alters have also written Defending Evolution in the Classroom, with a foreword by Stephen Jay Gould, which aims to help science teachers to understand the creation–evolution controversy and to teach evolution effectively in light of the controversy. He also contributed a chapter to the a chapter in Not in Our Classrooms: Why Intelligent Design is Wrong for Our Schools, edited by Eugenie Scott and Glenn Branch of the NCSE.
Because of this specializa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylmethane
|
Diphenylmethane is an organic compound with the formula (C6H5)2CH2 (often abbreviated ). The compound consists of methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. It is a white solid.
Diphenylmethane is a common skeleton in organic chemistry. The diphenylmethyl group is also known as benzhydryl.
Synthesis
It is prepared by the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzyl chloride with benzene in the presence of a Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride:
C6H5CH2Cl + C6H6 → (C6H5)2CH2 + HCl
Reactivity of the C-H bond
The methylene group in diphenylmethane is mildly acidic with a pKa of 32.2, and so can be deprotonated with sodium amide.
(C6H5)2CH2 + NH2− → (C6H5)2CH− + NH3
The resulting carbanion can be alkylated. For example, treatment with n-bromobutane produces 1,1-diphenylpentane in 92% yield.
(C6H5)2CH− + CH3CH2CH2CH2Br → (C6H5)2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 + Br−
Alkylation of various benzhydryl compounds has been demonstrated using the corresponding alkyl halides, both primary (benzyl chloride, β-phenylethyl chloride, and n-octyl bromide) and secondary (benzhydryl chloride, α-phenylethyl chloride, and isopropyl chloride), in yields between 86 and 99%.
The acidity of the methylene group in diphenylmethane is due to the weakness of the (C6H5)2CH–H bond, which has a bond dissociation energy of 82 kcal mol−1 (340 kJ mol−1). This is well below the published bond dissociation energies for comparable C–H bonds in propane, where BDE((CH3)2CH–H)=98.6 kcal mol−1, and toluene, w
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity%20of%20quantum%20states
|
In quantum mechanics, notably in quantum information theory, fidelity is a measure of the "closeness" of two quantum states. It expresses the probability that one state will pass a test to identify as the other. The fidelity is not a metric on the space of density matrices, but it can be used to define the Bures metric on this space.
Definition
The fidelity between two quantum states and , expressed as density matrices, is commonly defined as:
The square roots in this expression are well-defined because both and are for positive semidefinite matrices, and the square root of a positive semidefinite matrix is defined via the spectral theorem. The Euclidean inner product from the classical definition is replaced by the Hilbert–Schmidt inner product.
As will be discussed in the following sections, this expression can be simplified in various cases of interest. In particular, for pure states, and , it equals:This tells us that the fidelity between pure states has a straightforward interpretation in terms of probability of finding the state when measuring in a basis containing .
Some authors use an alternative definition and call this quantity fidelity. The definition of however is more common. To avoid confusion, could be called "square root fidelity". In any case it is advisable to clarify the adopted definition whenever the fidelity is employed.
Motivation from classical counterpart
Given two random variables with values (categorical random variables) and prob
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Molecular%20and%20Cell%20Biology
|
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology may refer to:
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Porto), a research institute in Porto, Portugal.
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Singapore), a research institute in Singapore.
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Strasbourg), a research institute in Strasbourg, France.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orator%20F.%20Cook
|
Orator Fuller Cook Jr. (May 28, 1867 – April 23, 1949) was an American botanist, entomologist, and agronomist, known for his work on cotton and rubber cultivation and for coining the term "speciation" to describe the process by which new species arise from existing ones. He published nearly 400 articles on topics such as genetics, evolution, sociology, geography, and anthropology.
Early life and education
Cook was born in Clyde, New York in 1867, the son of Orator Fuller and Eliza (née Hookway) Cook. His father was a stonemason from England who had immigrated in 1855. Orator Jr. grew up in Clyde, taught biology for two years before entering university, and graduated from Syracuse University with a B.A. in 1890. He subsequently worked as a biology instructor there the following year.
Career
In 1891 Cook became a special agent of the New York State Colonization Society. He worked in Liberia, and in 1896, he was elected president of Liberia College. He held that position until 1898. That year he joined the United States Department of Agriculture as a plant scientist, and eventually became Principal Botanist and traveled throughout the world investigating crop species for the United States government. With Guy N. Collins, he made collecting trips to Puerto Rico in 1899 and 1901. Cook specialized in cotton and rubber plants and the classification of palms, particularly the palms of Hispaniola. He published almost four hundred books and articles during his career, and was awarded
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/318%20%28number%29
|
318 is the natural number following 317 and preceding 319.
In mathematics
318 is:
a sphenic number
a nontotient
the number of posets with 6 unlabeled elements
the sum of 12 consecutive primes, 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37 + 41 + 43 + 47.
In religion
In Genesis 14, Abraham takes 318 men to rescue his brother Lot.
References
Integers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCT%20Mathematics%20Competition
|
The UCT Mathematics Competition is an annual mathematics competition for schools in the Western Cape province of South Africa, held at the University of Cape Town.
Around 7000 participants from Grade 8 to Grade 12 take part, writing a multiple-choice paper. Individual and pair entries are accepted, but all write the same paper for their grade.
The current holder of the School Trophy is Rondebosch Boys High School, with Diocesan College achieving second place in the 2022 competition. These two schools have held the top positions in the competition for a number of years.
The competition was established in 1977 by Mona Leeuwenberg and Shirley Fitton, who were teachers at Diocesan College and Westerford High School, and since 1987 has been run by Professor John Webb of the University of Cape Town.
Awards
Mona Leeuwenburg Trophy
The Mona Leeuwenburg Trophy is awarded to the school with the best overall performance in the competition.
UCT Trophy
The UCT Trophy is awarded to the school with the best performance that has not participated in the competition more than twice before.
Diane Tucker Trophy
The Diane Tucker Trophy is awarded to the girl with the best performance in the competition. This trophy was first made in year 2000.
Moolla Trophy
The Moolla Trophy was donated to the competition by the Moolla family. Saadiq, Haroon and Ashraf Moolla represented Rondebosch Boys' High School and achieved Gold Awards from 2003 to 2011. The trophy is awarded to a school from a disadv
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog%20cloning
|
Frog cloning may refer to:
Ataxx, a computer-based board game
the cloning of tadpoles in biology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis%20Situs%20%28paper%29
|
"Analysis Situs" is a seminal mathematics paper that Henri Poincaré published in 1895. Poincaré published five supplements to the paper between 1899 and 1904.
These papers provided the first systematic treatment of topology and revolutionized the subject by using algebraic structures to distinguish between non-homeomorphic topological spaces, founding the field of algebraic topology. Poincaré's papers introduced the concepts of the fundamental group and simplicial homology, provided an early formulation of the Poincaré duality theorem, introduced the Euler–Poincaré characteristic for chain complexes, and raised several important conjectures, including the celebrated Poincaré conjecture, which was later proven as a theorem. The 1895 paper coined the mathematical term "homeomorphism".
Footnotes
References
Mathematics papers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBGKY%20hierarchy
|
In statistical physics, the BBGKY hierarchy (Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy, sometimes called Bogoliubov hierarchy) is a set of equations describing the dynamics of a system of a large number of interacting particles. The equation for an s-particle distribution function (probability density function) in the BBGKY hierarchy includes the (s + 1)-particle distribution function, thus forming a coupled chain of equations. This formal theoretic result is named after Nikolay Bogolyubov, Max Born, Herbert S. Green, John Gamble Kirkwood, and Jacques Yvon.
Formulation
The evolution of an N-particle system in absence of quantum fluctuations is given by the Liouville equation for the probability density function in 6N-dimensional phase space (3 space and 3 momentum coordinates per particle)
where are the coordinates and momentum for -th particle with mass , and the net force acting on the -th particle is
where is the pair potential for interaction between particles, and is the external-field potential. By integration over part of the variables, the Liouville equation can be transformed into a chain of equations where the first equation connects the evolution of one-particle probability density function with the two-particle probability density function, second equation connects the two-particle probability density function with the three-particle probability density function, and generally the s-th equation connects the s-particle probability density function
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20compounds
|
Gold compounds are compounds by the element gold (Au). Although gold is the most noble of the noble metals, it still forms many diverse compounds. The oxidation state of gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers, thiolates, and organophosphines. Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is , which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. The binary gold halides, such as AuCl, form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Most drugs based on gold are Au(I) derivatives.
Au(III) (referred to as the auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by gold(III) chloride, . The gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d8 compounds, are typically square planar, with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character. Gold(I,III) chloride is also known, an example of a mixed-valence complex.
Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature and, up to 100 °C, is resistant to attack from ozone.
Some free halogens react with gold. Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull-red heat to form gold(III) fluoride . Powdered gold reacts with chlorine at 180 °C to form gold(III) chloride . Gold reacts with bromine at 140 °C to form gold(III) bromide , but reacts only very slowly with iodine to form gold(I) iodide AuI.
2 Au + 3 F2 ->[t] 2 AuF3
2 Au +
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium%20compounds
|
Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements, niobium and tantalum, are somewhat more limited to the +5 oxidation state. In aqueous solution, vanadium forms metal aquo complexes of which the colours are lilac [V(H2O)6]2+, green [V(H2O)6]3+, blue [VO(H2O)5]2+, yellow-orange oxides [VO(H2O)5]3+, the formula for which depends on pH. Vanadium(II) compounds are reducing agents, and vanadium(V) compounds are oxidizing agents. Vanadium(IV) compounds often exist as vanadyl derivatives, which contain the VO2+ center.
Ammonium vanadate(V) (NH4VO3) can be successively reduced with elemental zinc to obtain the different colors of vanadium in these four oxidation states. Lower oxidation states occur in compounds such as V(CO)6, and substituted derivatives.
Vanadium pentoxide is a commercially important catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid, a reaction that exploits the ability of vanadium oxides to undergo redox reactions.
The vanadium redox battery utilizes all four oxidation states: one electrode uses the +5/+4 couple and the other uses the +3/+2 couple. Conversion of these oxidation states is illustrated by the reduction of a strongly acidic solution of a vanadium(V) compound with zinc dust or amalgam. The initial yellow color characteristic of the pervanadyl ion [VO2(H2O)4]+ is replaced by the bl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20compounds
|
Iron shows the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals, namely the ability to form variable oxidation states differing by steps of one and a very large coordination and organometallic chemistry: indeed, it was the discovery of an iron compound, ferrocene, that revolutionalized the latter field in the 1950s. Iron is sometimes considered as a prototype for the entire block of transition metals, due to its abundance and the immense role it has played in the technological progress of humanity. Its 26 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Ar]3d64s2, of which the 3d and 4s electrons are relatively close in energy, and thus it can lose a variable number of electrons and there is no clear point where further ionization becomes unprofitable.
Iron forms compounds mainly in the oxidation states +2 (iron(II), "ferrous") and +3 (iron(III), "ferric"). Iron also occurs in higher oxidation states, e.g. the purple potassium ferrate (K2FeO4), which contains iron in its +6 oxidation state. Although iron(VIII) oxide (FeO4) has been claimed, the report could not be reproduced and such a species from the removal of all electrons of the element beyond the preceding inert gas configuration (at least with iron in its +8 oxidation state) has been found to be improbable computationally. However, one form of anionic [FeO4]– with iron in its +7 oxidation state, along with an iron(V)-peroxo isomer, has been detected by infrared spectroscopy at 4 K after cocondensation of laser-
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20compounds
|
Magnesium compounds are compounds formed by the element magnesium (Mg). These compounds are important to industry and biology, including magnesium carbonate, magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (Epsom salts).
Inorganic compounds
Hydrides, halides and oxo-halides
Magnesium hydride was first prepared in 1951 by the reaction between hydrogen and magnesium under high temperature, pressure and magnesium iodide as a catalyst. It reacts with water to release hydrogen gas; it decomposes at 287 °C, 1 bar:
MgH2 → Mg + H2
Magnesium can form compounds with the chemical formula MgX2 (X=F, Cl, Br, I) with halogens. Except for magnesium fluoride, the halides are easily soluble in water, but the solubility of magnesium fluoride is higher than that of other alkaline earth metal fluorides. High-purity magnesium fluoride is produced industrially by the reaction of magnesium sulfate and sodium fluoride, which sublimates at 1320 °C. Magnesium chloride is generally obtained by chlorination of magnesium oxide, or by reacting magnesium chloride hexahydrate with ammonium chloride under dry hydrogen chloride, and then thermally decomposing the resulting magnesium ammonium double salt. Its hydrate will be hydrolyzed, making the solution acidic; direct heating of the hydrate will give the hydrolyzed product:
[Mg(H2O)6]2+ → [Mg(H2O)5(OH)]+ + H3O+ (decomposes in water)
MgCl2·nH2O → M
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20space
|
In mathematics, in the realm of point-set topology, a Toronto space is a topological space that is homeomorphic to every proper subspace of the same cardinality.
There are five homeomorphism classes of countable Toronto spaces, namely: the discrete topology, the indiscrete topology, the cofinite topology and the upper and lower topologies on the natural numbers. The only countable Hausdorff Toronto space is the discrete space.
The Toronto space problem asks for an uncountable Toronto Hausdorff space that is not discrete.
References
Properties of topological spaces
Homeomorphisms
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feebly%20compact%20space
|
In mathematics, a topological space is feebly compact if every locally finite cover by nonempty open sets is finite. The concept was introduced by S. Mardeĉić and P. Papić in 1955.
Some facts:
Every compact space is feebly compact.
Every feebly compact paracompact space is compact.
Every feebly compact space is pseudocompact but the converse is not necessarily true.
For a completely regular Hausdorff space the properties of being feebly compact and pseudocompact are equivalent.
Any maximal feebly compact space is submaximal.
References
Compactness (mathematics)
Properties of topological spaces
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Gamma is the third letter of the Greek alphabet.
Gamma may also refer to:
Science and mathematics
General
Gamma wave, a type of brain wave
Latin gamma (), used as an IPA symbol for voiced velar fricative and in the alphabets of African languages
Tropical Storm Gamma (2005), a 2005 Tropical Storm, that made landfall in Honduras
Tropical Storm Gamma (2020), a 2020 Tropical Storm, that made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula
GAMMA, an extensive air shower array in Armenia
SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant, one of the variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19
Medicine
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), is a transferase present in the cell membranes of many tissues
Lower case, γ
Gamma correction, a property of images and video displays
Euler's constant, a mathematical constant
Gamma test (statistics), sometimes called Goodman and Kruskal's gamma, a non-parametric statistical test for strength of association.
Gamma ray, also gamma radiation, an electromagnetic ray
Photon, seen as an elementary particle in physics
Propagation constant of an electromagnetic wave
The third-brightest star of a constellation, in Bayer designation
Adiabatic index or heat capacity ratio, the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to that at constant volume
In engineering, used to denote
Shear strain
Surface tension
Body effect on threshold voltage in field-effect transistor technology
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, a narcotic (GHB)
Lindane or gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, an insecticide
Lorentz
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20D.%20Feinman
|
Richard David Feinman (born 1940) is a professor of biochemistry and medical researcher at State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, better known as SUNY Downstate Medical Center, who studies nutrition and metabolism. His current area of research is the area of diet composition and energy balance.
He is a director of the Metabolism Society and a former co-Editor-in-Chief of the Open Access online medical journal, Nutrition & Metabolism.
References
Metabolism Society official site.
American biochemists
1940 births
Living people
State University of New York faculty
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hasselmo
|
Michael Hasselmo is an American neuroscientist and professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Boston University. He is the director of the Center for Systems Neuroscience and is editor-in-chief of Hippocampus (journal). Hasselmo studies oscillatory dynamics and neuromodulatory regulation in cortical mechanisms for memory guided behavior and spatial navigation using a combination of neurophysiological and behavioral experiments in conjunction with computational modeling. In addition to his peer-reviewed publications, Hasselmo wrote the book How We Remember: Brain Mechanisms of Episodic Memory.
Education and early life
Hasselmo grew up in Golden Valley, Minnesota. His father Nils Hasselmo was a professor of Scandinavian languages and literature, and later the president of the University of Minnesota and the president of the Association of American Universities (AAU). Hasselmo graduated summa cum laude in 1984 from Harvard University with a special concentration in behavioral neuroscience. At the University of Oxford, he completed a DPhil from the Department of Experimental Psychology in 1988 based on unit recording of face-responsive neurons in the monkey temporal lobe.
Hasselmo is married to Professor Chantal Stern and father of two children.
Career and research
From 1988 to 1991, Hasselmo completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology where he published work on modulatory mechanisms in cor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide%20repeat%20expansion
|
A trinucleotide repeat expansion, also known as a triplet repeat expansion, is the DNA mutation responsible for causing any type of disorder categorized as a trinucleotide repeat disorder. These are labelled in dynamical genetics as dynamic mutations. Triplet expansion is caused by slippage during DNA replication, also known as "copy choice" DNA replication. Due to the repetitive nature of the DNA sequence in these regions, 'loop out' structures may form during DNA replication while maintaining complementary base pairing between the parent strand and daughter strand being synthesized. If the loop out structure is formed from the sequence on the daughter strand this will result in an increase in the number of repeats. However, if the loop out structure is formed on the parent strand, a decrease in the number of repeats occurs. It appears that expansion of these repeats is more common than reduction. Generally, the larger the expansion the more likely they are to cause disease or increase the severity of disease. Other proposed mechanisms for expansion and reduction involve the interaction of RNA and DNA molecules.
In addition to occurring during DNA replication, trinucleotide repeat expansion can also occur during DNA repair. When a DNA trinucleotide repeat sequence is damaged, it may be repaired by processes such as homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining, mismatch repair or base excision repair. Each of these processes involves a DNA synthesis step in which str
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass%20product%20inequality
|
In mathematics, the Weierstrass product inequality states that for any real numbers 0 ≤ x1, ..., xn ≤ 1 we have
where
The inequality is named after the German mathematician Karl Weierstrass.
Proof
The inequality with the subtractions can be proven easily via mathematical induction. The one with the additions is proven identically. We can choose as the base case and see that for this value of we get
which is indeed true. Assuming now that the inequality holds for all natural numbers up to , for we have:
which concludes the proof.
References
Inequalities
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback%20linearization
|
Feedback linearization is a common strategy employed in nonlinear control to control nonlinear systems. Feedback linearization techniques may be applied to nonlinear control systems of the form
where is the state, are the inputs. The approach involves transforming a nonlinear control system into an equivalent linear control system through a change of variables and a suitable control input. In particular, one seeks a change of coordinates and control input so that the dynamics of in the coordinates take the form of a linear, controllable control system,
An outer-loop control strategy for the resulting linear control system can then be applied to achieve the control objective.
Feedback linearization of SISO systems
Here, consider the case of feedback linearization of a single-input single-output (SISO) system. Similar results can be extended to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In this case, and . The objective is to find a coordinate transformation that transforms the system (1) into the so-called normal form which will reveal a feedback law of the form
that will render a linear input–output map from the new input to the output . To ensure that the transformed system is an equivalent representation of the original system, the transformation must be a diffeomorphism. That is, the transformation must not only be invertible (i.e., bijective), but both the transformation and its inverse must be smooth so that differentiability in the original coordinat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Waligo
|
Abraham Waligo (28 July 1928 – 6 March 2000) was the 4th Prime Minister of Uganda from 25 August 1985 to 26 January 1986.
Biography
Waligo studied electrical engineering in South Africa and the United Kingdom. After graduating in 1955, he was the first electrical engineer in Central and Eastern Africa. After a two-year vocational training program at various UK power utilities, he returned to his home country in 1957 and became chief engineer of the Electricity Authority (UEB). In 1969, Waligo founded an engineering office. In addition, he has been involved in the association of engineers and in the field of higher education for engineers. Later, he also held the position of managing director of Uganda Airlines.
During his subsequent political career, Waligo was Minister of Housing and Urban Development and Minister of Finance.
Waligo was prime minister from 25 August 1985 to 26 January 1986, succeeding former President Paulo Muwanga. Samson Kisekka followed in January 1986. During his tenure as prime minister, he continued to serve as Minister of Finance.
References
1925 births
2000 deaths
Prime Ministers of Uganda
Finance Ministers of Uganda
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingen%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Ingen may refer to:
Ingen Ryuki (1592-1673), Buddhist monk
Ingen, Netherlands, a village
InGen, a fictional genetics company from Jurassic Park
"Daughter of" in Irish names such as Sabdh ingen Gluniarainn mac Murchada, abbess of Kildare, 1132–
Van Ingen, a Dutch surname
See also
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Kunen
|
Herbert Kenneth Kunen (August 2, 1943August 14, 2020) was a professor of mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison who worked in set theory and its applications to various areas of mathematics, such as set-theoretic topology and measure theory. He also worked on non-associative algebraic systems, such as loops, and used computer software, such as the Otter theorem prover, to derive theorems in these areas.
Personal life
Kunen was born in New York City in 1943 and died in 2020. He lived in Madison, Wisconsin, with his wife Anne, with whom he had two sons, Isaac and Adam.
Education
Kunen completed his undergraduate degree at the California Institute of Technology and received his Ph.D. in 1968 from Stanford University, where he was supervised by Dana Scott.
Career and research
Kunen showed that if there exists a nontrivial elementary embedding j : L → L of the constructible universe, then 0# exists.
He proved the consistency of a normal, -saturated ideal on from the consistency of the existence of a huge cardinal. He introduced the method of iterated ultrapowers, with which he proved that if is a measurable cardinal with or is a strongly compact cardinal then there is an inner model of set theory with many measurable cardinals. He proved Kunen's inconsistency theorem showing the impossibility of a nontrivial elementary embedding , which had been suggested as a large cardinal assumption (a Reinhardt cardinal).
Away from the area of large cardinals, Kunen is kno
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandeep%20Pandey
|
Sandeep Pandey (born 22 July 1965) is an Indian social activist and the present General Secretary of the Socialist Party (India). He co-founded Asha for Education with Dr. Deepak Gupta (presently Professor at IIT Kanpur) and V.J.P Srivastava while working on his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He has taught as a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, NALSAR University of Law and Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi.
Early life
Pandey is an alumnus of the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (now Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi). Thereafter he did his Master's in manufacturing and computer science from Syracuse University, followed by a doctorate in control theory at the University of California, Berkeley, which he completed in 1992.
Career
After completing his education, he moved back to India and started teaching at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 1992 and later founded a registered organisation named Asha Trust which currently has several centres/chapters across India. His team has launched a people's group named Asha Parivar in 2008 that focuses on strengthening democracy at the grassroots in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh.
Pandey's work at Asha Parivar is focused on Right to Information and other forms of citizen participation in removing corruption and improving the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosephosphates
|
Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose, and are common in the biochemistry of cells.
Fructosephosphates play integral roles in many metabolic pathways, particularly glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
The major biologically active fructosephosphates are:
Fructose 1-phosphate
Fructose 2-phosphate
Fructose 3-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
See also
Fructose bisphosphatase
References
External links
Pubchem - fructose-6-phosphate
Organophosphates
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbate%20peroxidase
|
Ascorbate peroxidase (or L-ascorbate peroxidase, APX) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-ascorbate + H2O2 dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O
It is a member of the family of heme-containing peroxidases. Heme peroxidases catalyse the H2O2-dependent oxidation of a wide range of different, usually organic, substrates in biology.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a peroxide as acceptor (peroxidases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include L-ascorbic acid peroxidase, L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and ascorbic acid peroxidase. This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism.
Overview
Ascorbate-dependent peroxidase activity was first reported in 1979,, more than 150 years after the first observation of peroxidase activity in horseradish plants and almost 40 years after the discovery of the closely related cytochrome c peroxidase enzyme.
Peroxidases have been classified into three types (class I, class II and class III): ascorbate peroxidases is a class I peroxidase enzyme. APXs catalyse the H2O2-dependent oxidation of ascorbate in plants, algae and certain cyanobacteria. APX has high sequence identity to cytochrome c peroxidase, which is also a class I peroxidase enzyme. Under physiological conditions, the immediate product of the reaction, the monodehydroascorbate radical, is reduced back to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Henry%20Kinealy
|
John Henry Kinealy (1864–1928) was an American mechanical engineer. He was born at Hannibal, Missouri, and was educated in the public schools of St. Louis and at Washington University (M.E., 1884), where he was an instructor in 1886-87 and professor of mechanical engineering from 1892 to 1902. He taught also at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (1887–89) and at the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (1889–92). He was a consulting engineer at Boston in 1902-04 and thereafter a mechanical engineer and patent expert at St. Louis. His own patents include an air-purifying apparatus, a thermal valve, a damper regulator, and other devices using the Kinealy metal diaphragm. He published:
An Elementary Text-Book on Steam Engines and Boilers (1895; fourth edition, 1903)
Charts for Low Pressure Steam Heating (1896)
Formulas and Tables for Heating (1899)
Slide Valve Simply Explained (1899)
Centrifugal Fans (1905)
Mechanical Draft (1906)
1864 births
1928 deaths
20th-century American inventors
American mechanical engineers
American non-fiction writers
McKelvey School of Engineering alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulac
|
Dulac can refer to:
People
Bill DuLac, American football player
Catherine Dulac, a professor for molecular biology
Edmund Dulac, French book illustrator
Germaine Dulac, French film director and early film theorist
Henri Dulac, French mathematician
Places
Dulac, Louisiana, United States
See also
Duloc, the kingdom formerly ruled by Lord Farquaad in the Shrek film series
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Congress%20of%20Human%20Genetics
|
The International Congress of Human Genetics is the foremost meeting of the international human genetics community. The first Congress was held in 1956 in Copenhagen, and has met every five years since then with the exception of the 2021 meeting which was postponed for two years because of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The Congress is held under the auspices of the International Federation of Human Genetics Societies, an umbrella organization founded by the American Society of Human Genetics, the European Society of Human Genetics and the Human Genetics Society of Australasia. Congresses have been held in such diverse venues as Berlin, Brisbane, Chicago, The Hague, Jerusalem, Mexico City, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Vienna and Washington.
The purview of the International Congress of Human Genetics is all aspects of human genetics, including research, clinical practice, and education. The Congress now attracts thousands of participants, including M.D. medical geneticists, Ph.D. human geneticists and genetic counselors from 80 or more countries. It is by far the largest human genetics meeting in the world.
External links
History of the International Congress of Human Genetics
Genetics organizations
Recurring events established in 1956
Medical conferences
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converging%20Technologies%20for%20Improving%20Human%20Performance
|
"Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance" (CTIHP) is a 2002 report commissioned by the U.S. National Science Foundation and Department of Commerce. The report contains descriptions and commentaries on the state of the science and technology of the combined fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science (NBIC) by major contributors to these fields. Potential uses of these technologies in improving health and overcoming disability are discussed in the report, as well as ongoing work on planned applications of human enhancement technologies in the military and in rationalization of the human-machine interface in industrial settings.
Quotations
"Understanding of the mind and brain will enable the creation of a new species of intelligent machine systems that can generate economic wealth on a scale hitherto unimaginable. Within a half-century, intelligent machines might create the wealth needed to provide food, clothing, shelter, education, medical care, a clean environment, and physical and financial security for the entire world population. Intelligent machines may eventually generate the production capacity to support universal prosperity and financial security for all human beings. Thus, the engineering of the mind is much more than the pursuit of scientific curiosity. It is more even than a monumental technological challenge. It is an opportunity to eradicate poverty and usher in the golden age for all humankind."
"Tech
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley%20graph
|
In mathematics, Paley graphs are dense undirected graphs constructed from the members of a suitable finite field by connecting pairs of elements that differ by a quadratic residue. The Paley graphs form an infinite family of conference graphs, which yield an infinite family of symmetric conference matrices. Paley graphs allow graph-theoretic tools to be applied to the number theory of quadratic residues, and have interesting properties that make them useful in graph theory more generally.
Paley graphs are named after Raymond Paley. They are closely related to the Paley construction for constructing Hadamard matrices from quadratic residues .
They were introduced as graphs independently by and . Sachs was interested in them for their self-complementarity properties, while Erdős and Rényi studied their symmetries.
Paley digraphs are directed analogs of Paley graphs that yield antisymmetric conference matrices. They were introduced by (independently of Sachs, Erdős, and Rényi) as a way of constructing tournaments with a property previously known to be held only by random tournaments: in a Paley digraph, every small subset of vertices is dominated by some other vertex.
Definition
Let q be a prime power such that q = 1 (mod 4). That is, q should either be an arbitrary power of a Pythagorean prime (a prime congruent to 1 mod 4) or an even power of an odd non-Pythagorean prime. This choice of q implies that in the unique finite field Fq of order q, the element −1 has a squar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20W.%20Barton
|
Arthur Willoughby Barton (14 September 1899 – 24 August 1976) was a headmaster, academic author and association football referee.
Early life and education
Barton's father was Edwin H Barton, professor of physics at University College, Nottingham. He was educated at Nottingham High School and then Trinity College, Cambridge, after military service with the Royal Engineers.
He read natural sciences (physics) taking Firsts in Parts I and II; in 1922, he was awarded first-Class honours in physics in the London BSc examination. From 1922 to 1925 he was a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory in Lord Rutherford's group.
Career
Barton was Chief Physics Master at Repton School from 1926 until 1939, when Geoffrey Fisher, later Archbishop of Canterbury, was headmaster. While at Repton he was awarded a doctorate from the University of London for a thesis on radioactive decay (the measurement of the half-period of radium C).
In 1939, he was appointed headmaster of King Edward VII School, Sheffield (photo). From 1950 to 1965 he was headmaster of the City of London School.
Publications
Barton was the author of textbooks on heat and light, for example A Text Book on Heat (ASIN B000HIO678).
Sport
Barton was a football referee. He refereed the semi-final between Austria and Poland in the 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, and was linesman in the 1936 FA Cup Final between Arsenal and Sheffield United.
Personal life
In 1935 he married Alison Mary, second daughter of Colin Read S
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylidene%20compounds
|
Benzylidene compounds are, formally speaking, derivatives of benzylidene, although few are prepared from the carbene. Benzylidene acetal is a protecting group in synthetic organic chemistry of the form PhCH(OR)2. For example, 4,6-O-benzylidene-glucopyranose is a glucose derivative. Benzylidene is an archaic term for compounds of the type PhCHX2 and PhCH= substituents (Ph = C6H5). For example, dibenzylideneacetone is (PhCH=CH)2CO. Benzal chloride, PhCHCl2, is alternatively named benzylidene chloride.
Benzylidene is the molecule C6H5CH. It is a triplet carbene (CAS RN 3101-08-4). It is generated by irradiation of phenyldiazomethane.
See also
Aurone
3,5-Difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone
References
External links
Aromatic compounds
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomics
|
Atomics can refer to:
Atomics (comics), superhero team created by Mike Allred
Atomics (Dune), nuclear weapons in the Dune universe
Atomic instructions, CPU operations that guarantee all-or-nothing behavior, even when multithreading or interrupts are involved
See also
Atomic physics
Atomix (disambiguation)
Nuclear physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Machine%20Learning%20Research
|
The Journal of Machine Learning Research is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering machine learning. It was established in 2000 and the first editor-in-chief was Leslie Kaelbling. The current editors-in-chief are Francis Bach (Inria) and David Blei (Columbia University).
History
The journal was established as an open-access alternative to the journal Machine Learning. In 2001, forty editorial board members of Machine Learning resigned, saying that in the era of the Internet, it was detrimental for researchers to continue publishing their papers in expensive journals with pay-access archives. The open access model employed by the Journal of Machine Learning Research allows authors to publish articles for free and retain copyright, while archives are freely available online.
Print editions of the journal were published by MIT Press until 2004 and by Microtome Publishing thereafter. From its inception, the journal received no revenue from the print edition and paid no subvention to MIT Press or Microtome Publishing.
In response to the prohibitive costs of arranging workshop and conference proceedings publication with traditional academic publishing companies, the journal launched a proceedings publication arm in 2007 and now publishes proceedings for several leading machine learning conferences, including the International Conference on Machine Learning, COLT, AISTATS, and workshops held at the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems.
Further r
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20Learning%20%28journal%29
|
Machine Learning is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1986.
In 2001, forty editors and members of the editorial board of Machine Learning resigned in order to support the Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR), saying that in the era of the internet, it was detrimental for researchers to continue publishing their papers in expensive journals with pay-access archives. Instead, they wrote, they supported the model of JMLR, in which authors retained copyright over their papers and archives were freely available on the internet.
Following the mass resignation, Kluwer changed their publishing policy to allow authors to self-archive their papers online after peer-review.
Selected articles
References
Computer science journals
Machine learning
Delayed open access journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1986
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godunov%27s%20scheme
|
In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, Godunov's scheme is a conservative numerical scheme, suggested by Sergei Godunov in 1959, for solving partial differential equations. One can think of this method as a conservative finite volume method which solves exact, or approximate Riemann problems at each inter-cell boundary. In its basic form, Godunov's method is first order accurate in both space and time, yet can be used as a base scheme for developing higher-order methods.
Basic scheme
Following the classical finite volume method framework, we seek to track a finite set of discrete unknowns,
where the and form a discrete set of points for the hyperbolic problem:
where the indices and indicate the derivatives in time and space, respectively. If we integrate the hyperbolic problem over a control volume we obtain a method of lines (MOL) formulation for the spatial cell averages:
which is a classical description of the first order, upwinded finite volume method.
Exact time integration of the above formula from time to time yields the exact update formula:
Godunov's method replaces the time integral of each
with a forward Euler method which yields a fully discrete update formula for each of the unknowns . That is, we approximate the integrals with
where is an approximation to the exact solution of the Riemann problem. For consistency, one assumes that
and that is increasing in the first argument, and decreasing in the second argument. For scalar p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20temperature%20controlled%20crystal%20oscillator
|
In physics, an Analog Temperature Controlled Crystal Oscillator or Analogue Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator (ATCXO) uses analog sampling techniques to correct the temperature deficiencies of a crystal oscillator circuit, its package and its environment.
Typically the correction techniques involve the physical and electrical characterisation of the motional inductance and terminal capacitance of a crystal blank, the knowledge of which is used to create a correction polynomial, or algorithm, which in turn is implemented in circuit blocks. These are usually simulated in a mathematical modeling software tool such as SPICE, to verify that the original measured data can be corrected adequately. Once the system performance has been verified, these circuits are then implemented in a silicon die, usually in a bulk CMOS technology. Once fabricated, this die is then embedded into an oscillator module along with the crystal blank. Due to the sub accuracy of this type of crystal oscillator specialist packaging must be used to ensure good ageing and temperature shock characteristics. Example applications are for use in low power or battery operated consumer electronic products such as GSM or CDMA mobile phones, or GPS satellite navigation systems.
References
Wireless Modules Score A Hit At Clay Pigeon Shoots at www.mwrf.com/ (minor mention)
Low profile high stability digital TCXO: ultra low powerconsumption TCXO at ieeexplore.ieee.org (membership required)
Electronic oscill
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICS
|
MICS or mics may refer to:
Master of Information and Cybersecurity
Medical Implant Communication Service, a specification for a frequency band used by medical implants
Microphones
Minimal inhibitory concentrations, in microbiology, the lowest concentrations of antimicrobials that will inhibit growth of a microorganism
Minimally invasive cardiac surgery, refers to alternative approaches to heart surgery, making use of several small incisions instead of the traditional open-chest procedure
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, a household survey program developed by UNICEF
Member of the Irish Computer Society
Member of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers
Modular Integrated Communications System (MICS), a phone system by Norstar
See also
MIC (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organozinc%20chemistry
|
Organozinc chemistry is the study of the physical properties, synthesis, and reactions of organozinc compounds, which are organometallic compounds that contain carbon (C) to zinc (Zn) chemical bonds.
Organozinc compounds were among the first organometallic compounds made. They are less reactive than many other analogous organometallic reagents, such as Grignard and organolithium reagents. In 1848 Edward Frankland prepared the first organozinc compound, diethylzinc, by heating ethyl iodide in the presence of zinc metal. This reaction produced a volatile colorless liquid that spontaneous combusted upon contact with air. Due to their pyrophoric nature, organozinc compounds are generally prepared using air-free techniques. They are unstable toward protic solvents. For many purposes they are prepared in situ, not isolated, but many have been isolated as pure substances and thoroughly characterized.
Organozincs can be categorized according to the number of carbon substituents that are bound to the metal.
Diorganozinc (): A class of organozinc compounds in which two alkyl ligands. These may be further divided into subclasses depending on the other ligands attached
Heteroleptic (RZnX): Compounds which an electronegative or monoanionic ligand (X), such as a halide, is attached to the zinc center with another alkyl or aryl substituent (R).
Ionic organozinc compounds: This class is divided into organozincates () and organozinc cations ().
Bonding
In its coordination complexes zin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxos%20%28computer%20science%29
|
Paxos is a family of protocols for solving consensus in a network of unreliable or fallible processors.
Consensus is the process of agreeing on one result among a group of participants. This problem becomes difficult when the participants or their communications may experience failures.
Consensus protocols are the basis for the state machine replication approach to distributed computing, as suggested by Leslie Lamport and surveyed by Fred Schneider. State machine replication is a technique for converting an algorithm into a fault-tolerant, distributed implementation. Ad-hoc techniques may leave important cases of failures unresolved. The principled approach proposed by Lamport et al. ensures all cases are handled safely.
The Paxos protocol was first submitted in 1989 and named after a fictional legislative consensus system used on the Paxos island in Greece, where Lamport wrote that the parliament had to function "even though legislators continually wandered in and out of the parliamentary Chamber". It was later published as a journal article in 1998.
The Paxos family of protocols includes a spectrum of trade-offs between the number of processors, number of message delays before learning the agreed value, the activity level of individual participants, number of messages sent, and types of failures. Although no deterministic fault-tolerant consensus protocol can guarantee progress in an asynchronous network (a result proved in a paper by Fischer, Lynch and Paterson), P
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-employment%20theorem
|
In computer science and mathematics, a full employment theorem is a term used, often humorously, to refer to a theorem which states that no algorithm can optimally perform a particular task done by some class of professionals. The name arises because such a theorem ensures that there is endless scope to keep discovering new techniques to improve the way at least some specific task is done.
For example, the full employment theorem for compiler writers states that there is no such thing as a provably perfect size-optimizing compiler, as such a proof for the compiler would have to detect non-terminating computations and reduce them to a one-instruction infinite loop. Thus, the existence of a provably perfect size-optimizing compiler would imply a solution to the halting problem, which cannot exist. This also implies that there may always be a better compiler since the proof that one has the best compiler cannot exist. Therefore, compiler writers will always be able to speculate that they have something to improve. A similar example in practical computer science is the idea of no free lunch in search and optimization, which states that no efficient general-purpose solver can exist, and hence there will always be some particular problem whose best known solution might be improved.
Similarly, Gödel's incompleteness theorems have been called full employment theorems for mathematicians. Tasks such as virus writing and detection, and spam filtering and filter-breaking are also subje
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Jammer
|
Max Jammer (מקס ימר; born Moshe Jammer, ; April 13, 1915 – December 18, 2010), was an Israeli physicist and philosopher of physics. He was born in Berlin, Germany. He was Rector and Acting President at Bar-Ilan University from 1967 to 1977.
Biography
Jammer studied physics, philosophy and history of science, first at the University of Vienna, and then from 1935 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he received a PhD in experimental physics in 1942. He served in the British Army for the rest of the war.
Jammer then returned to Hebrew University, where he lectured on the history and philosophy of science, before moving in 1952 to Harvard University. He subsequently became a lecturer there and a close colleague of Albert Einstein at Princeton University. He taught at Harvard, the University of Oklahoma, and Boston University, before in 1956 establishing the Department and becoming Professor of Physics at Bar-Ilan University in Israel.
He was Rector and Acting President (succeeding Joseph H. Lookstein, and succeeded by Emanuel Rackman) at Bar-Ilan University from 1967 to 1977. He also co-founded the Institute for Philosophy of Science at Tel Aviv University, and was president of the Association for the Advancement for Science in Israel. He was Visiting Professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, the University of Göttingen, the Institut Henri Poincaré, Columbia University, the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C., and other universit
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udagawa%20Y%C5%8Dan
|
was a 19th-century Japanese scholar of Western studies, or "Rangaku". In 1837, he published the first volume of his , a compilation of scientific books in Dutch, which describes a wide range of scientific knowledge from the West. Most of the Dutch original material appears to be derived from William Henry's 1799 Elements of Experimental Chemistry. In particular, the book contains a very detailed description of the electric battery invented by Volta forty years earlier in 1800. The battery itself was constructed by Udagawa in 1831 and used in experiments, including medical ones, based on a belief that electricity could help cure illnesses.
Udagawa's Science of Chemistry also reports for the first time in details the findings and theories of Lavoisier in Japan. Accordingly, Udagawa made numerous scientific experiments and created new scientific terms, which are still in current use in modern scientific Japanese: e.g., , , , , , , , and .
Notes
References
External links
舎密開宗 PDF files of Seimi Kaisō provided by the library of Nakamura Gakuen University (Japanese)
1798 births
1846 deaths
Japanese scientists
Japanese naturalists
Rangaku
19th-century Japanese chemists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskaracharya%20Pratishthana
|
Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana is a research and education institute for mathematics in Pune, India, founded by noted Indian-American mathematician professor Shreeram Abhyankar.
The institute is named after the great ancient Indian Mathematician Bhaskaracharya (Born in 1114 A.D.). Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana is a Pune, India, based institute founded in 1976. It has researchers working in many areas of mathematics, particularly in algebra and number theory.
Since 1992, the Pratishthan has also been a recognized center for conducting Regional Mathematics Olympiad (RMO) under the National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM) for Maharashtra and Goa Region. This has enabled the Pratishthan to train lots of students from std. V to XII for this examination. Many students who received training at BP have won medals in the International Mathematical Olympiad.
Pratishthana publishes the mathematics periodical Bona Mathematica and has published texts in higher and olympiad mathematics. Besides this the Pratishthan holds annual / biennial conferences/Workshops in some research areas in higher mathematics attended by Indian/Foreign scholars and Professors. The Pratishthan has organized a number of workshops for research students and college teachers under the aegis of NBHM/NCM. The National Board for Higher Mathematics has greatly helped Pratishthan to enrich its library and the Department of Atomic Energy and the Mathematics Department of S. P. Pune University have rendered active co-oper
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ-universal%20group
|
In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a countable group is said to be SQ-universal if every countable group can be embedded in one of its quotient groups. SQ-universality can be thought of as a measure of largeness or complexity of a group.
History
Many classic results of combinatorial group theory, going back to 1949, are now interpreted as saying that a particular group or class of groups is (are) SQ-universal. However the first explicit use of the term seems to be in an address given by Peter Neumann to The London Algebra Colloquium entitled "SQ-universal groups" on 23 May 1968.
Examples of SQ-universal groups
In 1949 Graham Higman, Bernhard Neumann and Hanna Neumann proved that every countable group can be embedded in a two-generator group. Using the contemporary language of SQ-universality, this result says that F2, the free group (non-abelian) on two generators, is SQ-universal. This is the first known example of an SQ-universal group. Many more examples are now known:
Adding two generators and one arbitrary relator to a nontrivial torsion-free group, always results in an SQ-universal group.
Any non-elementary group that is hyperbolic with respect to a collection of proper subgroups is SQ-universal.
Many HNN extensions, free products and free products with amalgamation.
The four-generator Coxeter group with presentation:
Charles F. Miller III's example of a finitely presented SQ-universal group all of whose non-trivial quotients have unsolvable word problem.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versatile%20Toroidal%20Facility
|
The Versatile Toroidal Facility (VTF) is a research group within the Physics Research Division of the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The VTF is a laboratory focused on studying the phenomenon of magnetic reconnection. For this purpose the group has a small tokamak designed to observe rarefied plasmas with probes. These probes measure electric and magnetic field behavior as well as various plasma characteristics in order to better understand the poorly understood processes involved in magnetic reconnection.
The VTF is a fundamental physics research group, and its research has wide-ranging and immediate impact on our understanding of such plasma-related subjects as solar flares, the aurora borealis, magnetic confinement fusion, and magnetohydrodynamic theory in general. The VTF is was built and originally led by Dr. Marcel Gaudreau, and prior to its retirement, was led by Dr. Miklos Porkolab and Dr. Jan Egedal, all MIT faculty at the time.
External links
PSFC homepage
VTF homepage
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Plasma physics facilities
Tokamaks
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Thomson%20%28engineer%29
|
James Thomson FRS FRSE LLD (16 February 1822 – 8 May 1892) was a British engineer and physicist, born in Belfast, and older brother of William Thomson (Lord Kelvin).
Biography
Born in Belfast, much of his youth was spent in Glasgow. His father James was professor of mathematics at the University of Glasgow from 1832 onward and his younger brother William was to become Baron Kelvin. James attended Glasgow University from a young age and graduated (1839) with high honours in his late teens. After graduation, he served brief apprenticeships with practical engineers in several domains; and then gave a considerable amount of his time to theoretical and mathematical engineering studies, often in collaboration with his brother, during his twenties in Glasgow. In his late twenties he entered into private practice as a professional engineer with special expertise in water transport. In his early thirties, in 1855, he was appointed professor of civil engineering at Queen's University Belfast. He remained there until 1873, when he accepted the Regius professorship of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Glasgow (in which post he was successor to the influential William Rankine) until he resigned with failing eyesight in 1889.
In 1875 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were his younger brother William Thomson, Peter Guthrie Tait, Alexander Crum Brown, and John Hutton Balfour. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Hiele%20model
|
In mathematics education, the Van Hiele model is a theory that describes how students learn geometry. The theory originated in 1957 in the doctoral dissertations of Dina van Hiele-Geldof and Pierre van Hiele (wife and husband) at Utrecht University, in the Netherlands. The Soviets did research on the theory in the 1960s and integrated their findings into their curricula. American researchers did several large studies on the van Hiele theory in the late 1970s and early 1980s, concluding that students' low van Hiele levels made it difficult to succeed in proof-oriented geometry courses and advising better preparation at earlier grade levels. Pierre van Hiele published Structure and Insight in 1986, further describing his theory. The model has greatly influenced geometry curricula throughout the world through emphasis on analyzing properties and classification of shapes at early grade levels. In the United States, the theory has influenced the geometry strand of the Standards published by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the Common Core Standards.
Van Hiele levels
The student learns by rote to operate with [mathematical] relations that he does not understand, and of which he has not seen the origin…. Therefore the system of relations is an independent construction having no rapport with other experiences of the child. This means that the student knows only what has been taught to him and what has been deduced from it. He has not learned to establish connectio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%27s%20cat%20map
|
In mathematics, Arnold's cat map is a chaotic map from the torus into itself, named after Vladimir Arnold, who demonstrated its effects in the 1960s using an image of a cat, hence the name.
Thinking of the torus as the quotient space , Arnold's cat map is the transformation given by the formula
Equivalently, in matrix notation, this is
That is, with a unit equal to the width of the square image, the image is sheared one unit up, then two units to the right, and all that lies outside that unit square is shifted back by the unit until it is within the square.
Properties
Γ is invertible because the matrix has determinant 1 and therefore its inverse has integer entries,
Γ is area preserving,
Γ has a unique hyperbolic fixed point (the vertices of the square). The linear transformation which defines the map is hyperbolic: its eigenvalues are irrational numbers, one greater and the other smaller than 1 (in absolute value), so they are associated respectively to an expanding and a contracting eigenspace which are also the stable and unstable manifolds. The eigenspaces are orthogonal because the matrix is symmetric. Since the eigenvectors have rationally independent components both the eigenspaces densely cover the torus. Arnold's cat map is a particularly well-known example of a hyperbolic toral automorphism, which is an automorphism of a torus given by a square unimodular matrix having no eigenvalues of absolute value 1.
The set of the points with a periodic orbit is dens
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20H.%20Wilson
|
Daniel H. Wilson (born March 6, 1978) is a New York Times bestselling author, television host and robotics engineer. He currently resides in Portland, Oregon. His books include the award-winning humor titles How to Survive a Robot Uprising, Where's My Jetpack? and How to Build a Robot Army and the bestseller Robopocalypse.
Early life
Daniel H. Wilson was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the elder of two children. He is Cherokee and a citizen of the Cherokee Nation.
Education
Wilson attended Booker T. Washington High School, graduating in 1996. He earned his B.S. in Computer Science at the University of Tulsa in 2000, spending one semester studying philosophy abroad in Melbourne, Australia at the University of Melbourne. He completed an M.S. in Robotics, another M.S. in Machine Learning, and his PhD in Robotics in 2005 at the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His thesis work, entitled Assistive Intelligent Environments for Automatic Health Monitoring, focused on providing automatic location and activity monitoring in the home via low-cost sensors such as motion detectors and contact switches. He has worked as a research intern at Microsoft Research, the Xerox PARC, Northrop Grumman, and Intel Research Seattle.
Awards
How to Survive a Robot Uprising won a Rave Award from Wired and was chosen by the American Library Association (ALA) as a "2007 Popular Paperback for Young Adults".
Where's My Jetpack? was a GQ Media Pick for 2007.
How to Bu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health%20and%20Neurosciences
|
The National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences is a medical institution in Bangalore, India. NIMHANS is the apex centre for mental health and neuroscience education in the country. It is an Institute of National Importance operates autonomously under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NIMHANS is ranked 4th best medical institute in India, in the current National Institutional Ranking Framework.
History
The history of the institute dates back to 1847, when the Bangalore Lunatic Asylum was founded. In 1925, the Government of Mysore renamed the asylum as the Mental Hospital. The Mysore Government Mental Hospital became the first institute in India for postgraduate training in psychiatry.
The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) was the result of the amalgamation of the erstwhile State Mental Hospital and the All India Institute of Mental Health (AIIMH) established by the Government of India in 1954. The institute was inaugurated on 27 December 1974, establishing it as an autonomous body under the Societies Registration Act to lead in the area of medical service and research in the country.
On 14 November 1994, NIMHANS was conferred a deemed university status by the University Grants Commission with academic autonomy. The institute has been declared as an Institute of National Importance by an act of parliament in 2012. In March 2017, the Government of India passed the Mental Healthcare Bill 2016, which also proposes to set up NIM
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-%20and%20low-level
|
High-level and low-level, as technical terms, are used to classify, describe and point to specific goals of a systematic operation; and are applied in a wide range of contexts, such as, for instance, in domains as widely varied as computer science and business administration.
High-level describe those operations that are more abstract and general in nature; wherein the overall goals and systemic features are typically more concerned with the wider, macro system as a whole.
Low-level describes more specific individual components of a systematic operation, focusing on the details of rudimentary micro functions rather than macro, complex processes. Low-level classification is typically more concerned with individual components within the system and how they operate.
Features which emerge only at a high level of description are known as epiphenomena.
Differences
Due to the nature of complex systems, the high-level description will often be completely different from the low-level one; and, therefore, the (different) descriptions that each deliver are consequent upon the level at which each (differently) direct their study. For example,
there are features of an ant colony that are not features of any individual ant;
there are features of the human mind that are not known to be descriptive of individual neurons in the brain;
there are features of oceans which are not features of any individual water molecule; and
there are features of a human personality that are not feature
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blendo
|
Blendo is a combat robot designed and built by Jamie Hyneman. Adam Savage wired the electronics and control systems.
Blendo had the first effective implementation of the full-body kinetic energy spinner weapon that became common in BattleBots. The robot had a shell made damage to its opponents, removing bodywork and in some instances causing them to be thrown over the polycarbonate safety shields into the audience.
Combat performance
Robot Wars
Blendo first competed in the second Robot Wars competition in San Francisco (1995). After two fights (against robots Namreko and DoMore), it was deemed too hazardous to compete by the event supervisors and the insurance company after throwing pieces of its opponents over the arena walls. It was given co-champion status in exchange for withdrawing from the competition. It returned in the fourth Robot Wars in 1997 after the height of the arena walls had been increased to prevent debris from reaching the audience. In this competition, Blendo again fought two robots (Hercules and Punjar), and quickly defeated both. After causing damage to the arena walls in both matches Blendo was again asked to withdraw in exchange for co-champion status.
BattleBots
Blendo would later compete in a total of four BattleBots competitions. However, despite its capacity for extreme violence, Blendo had little success in BattleBots. A combination of a stronger arena design (capable of containing the energy of Blendo), stronger robots that were able to take
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organocadmium%20chemistry
|
Organocadmium chemistry describes the physical properties, synthesis, reactions, and use of organocadmium compounds, which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to cadmium chemical bond. Cadmium shares group 12 with zinc and mercury and their corresponding chemistries have much in common. The synthetic utility of organocadmium compounds is limited.
The simplest organocadmium compound is dimethylcadmium. It is a linear molecule with a C-Cd bond length of 213 pm. Organocadmium compounds are typically sensitive to air, light, and moisture.
Synthesis
Dimethylcadmium and diethylcadmium were reported in 1917 by Erich Krause. In general, they are prepared by transmetalation or by an exchange reaction between an alkylating agent and a cadmium salt.
According to one procedure, diethylcadmium is produced the reaction of cadmium bromide with two equivalents of the Grignard reagent ethylmagnesium bromide in diethyl ether. Diethylcadmium is a colorless oil with melting point −21 °C. Diphenylcadmium can be prepared by the reaction of phenyllithium with cadmium bromide. Diphenylcadmium is a solid with a melting point of 174 °C.
Fluoroalkyl and alkenyl derivatives
Following established trends, perfluorinated alkyl and alkenyl derivatives of cadmium exhibit improved thermal stability. The alkenyl derivatives are generated by the addition of iodotrifluoroethylene to cadmium metal.
Reactions
Organocadmium compounds are less nucleophilic than the organozincs. This reduced re
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Nesbitt%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Brauer–Nesbitt theorem can refer to several different theorems proved by Richard Brauer and Cecil J. Nesbitt in the representation theory of finite groups.
In modular representation theory,
the Brauer–Nesbitt theorem on blocks of defect zero states that a character whose order is divisible by the highest power of a prime p dividing the order of a finite group remains irreducible when reduced mod p and vanishes on all elements whose order is divisible by p. Moreover, it belongs to a block of defect zero. A block of defect zero contains only one ordinary character and only one modular character.
Another version states that if k is a field of characteristic zero, A is a k-algebra, V, W are semisimple A-modules which are finite dimensional over k, and TrV = TrW as elements of Homk(A,k), then V and W are isomorphic as A-modules.
Let be a group and be some field. If are two finite-dimensional semisimple representations such that the characteristic polynomials of and coincide for all , then and are isomorphic representations. If or , then the condition on the characteristic polynomials can be changed to the condition that Tr=Tr for all .
As a consequence, let be a semisimple (continuous) -adic representations of the absolute Galois group of some field , unramified outside some finite set of primes . Then the representation is uniquely determined by the values of the traces of for (also using the Chebotarev density theorem).
References
Curtis, R
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2K%20experiment
|
T2K ("Tokai to Kamioka") is a particle physics experiment studying the oscillations of the accelerator neutrinos. The experiment is conducted in Japan by the international cooperation of about 500 physicists and engineers with over 60 research institutions from several countries from Europe, Asia and North America and it is a recognized CERN experiment (RE13). T2K collected data within its first phase of operation from 2010 till 2021. The second phase of data taking (T2K-II) is expected to start in 2023 and last until commencement of the successor of T2K – the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment in 2027.
T2K was the first experiment which observed the appearance of electron neutrinos in a muon neutrino beam. It also provided the world best measurement of oscillation parameter θ23 and a hint of a significant matter-antimatter asymmetry in neutrino oscillations. The measurement of the neutrino-antineutrino oscillation asymmetry may bring us closer to the explanation of the existence of our matter-dominated Universe.
The intense beam of muon neutrinos is produced in the J-PARC facility (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) in Tokai on the east coast of Japan. The beam is directed towards the Super-Kamiokande far detector located away in the city of Hida, Gifu prefecture. The properties and composition of the neutrino flux are first measured by a system of near detectors located from the beam production place at the J-PARC site, and then again in the Super-Kamiokande detector.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20M.%20Ward
|
Lawrence M. Ward is a neuroscientist and psychophysicist at the Department of Psychology at the University of British Columbia. He studied at Harvard University (AB) and Duke University, where he received his PhD in Experimental Psychology with a minor in mathematics. His current interests are cognitive neuroscience of attention and consciousness with special emphasis on EEG and MEG studies of neuronal synchronization; information transfer between brain regions underlying cognition; psychophysics, biophysics and general theory of stochastic resonance; computational studies of neuronal oscillations and synchronization; neural plasticity; nonlinear dynamical systems theory and its applications in cognitive neuroscience. He co-authored the textbook "Sensation and Perception" with Stanley Coren, and James T. Enns, which went into six editions spanning the period 1978 to 2004.
Selected publications
Ward, L.M. (2002). Dynamical Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (355+xv pages).
Coren, S., Ward, L.M., & Enns, J.T. (2004). Sensation and Perception, Sixth Edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. (598+x pages)
Wright, R. D., & Ward, L. M. (2008). Orienting of Attention. New York: Oxford University Press. (292+xiv pages)
References
External links
Psychophysics lab at University of British Columbia
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Duke University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender%20group
|
In mathematics, a slender group is a torsion-free abelian group that is "small" in a sense that is made precise in the definition below.
Definition
Let ZN denote the Baer–Specker group, that is, the group of all integer sequences, with termwise addition. For each natural number n, let en be the sequence with n-th term equal to 1 and all other terms 0.
A torsion-free abelian group G is said to be slender if every homomorphism from ZN into G maps all but finitely many of the en to the identity element.
Examples
Every free abelian group is slender.
The additive group of rational numbers Q is not slender: any mapping of the en into Q extends to a homomorphism from the free subgroup generated by the en, and as Q is injective this homomorphism extends over the whole of ZN. Therefore, a slender group must be reduced.
Every countable reduced torsion-free abelian group is slender, so every proper subgroup of Q is slender.
Properties
A torsion-free abelian group is slender if and only if it is reduced and contains no copy of the Baer–Specker group and no copy of the p-adic integers for any p.
Direct sums of slender groups are also slender.
Subgroups of slender groups are slender.
Every homomorphism from ZN into a slender group factors through Zn for some natural number n.
References
.
Properties of groups
Abelian group theory
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin%20group%20%28combinatorial%20group%20theory%29
|
In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be thin if there is a finite upper bound on the girth of the Cayley graph induced by any finite generating set. The group is called fat if it is not thin.
Given any generating set of the group, we can consider a graph whose vertices are elements of the group with two vertices adjacent if their ratio is in the generating set. The graph is connected and vertex transitive. Paths in the graph correspond to words in the generators.
If the graph has a cycle of a given length, it has a cycle of the same length containing the identity element. Thus, the girth of the graph corresponds to the minimum length of a nontrivial word that reduces to the identity. A nontrivial word is a word that, if viewed as a word in the free group, does not reduce to the identity.
If the graph has no cycles, its girth is set to be infinity.
The girth depends on the choice of generating set. A thin group is a group where the girth has an upper bound for all finite generating sets.
Some facts about thin and fat groups and about girths:
Every finite group is thin.
Every free group is fat.
The girth of a cyclic group equals its order.
The girth of a noncyclic abelian group is at most 4, because any two elements commute and the commutation relation gives a nontrivial word.
The girth of the dihedral group is 2.
Every nilpotent group, and more generally, every solvable group, is thin.
External links
A preliminary paper on girth of gro
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20subgroup
|
In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra studying the theory of abelian groups, a pure subgroup is a generalization of direct summand. It has found many uses in abelian group theory and related areas.
Definition
A subgroup of a (typically abelian) group is said to be pure if whenever an element of has an root in , it necessarily has an root in . Formally: , the existence of an in G such that the existence of a in S such that .
Origins
Pure subgroups are also called isolated subgroups or serving subgroups and were first investigated in Prüfer's 1923 paper which described conditions for the decomposition of primary abelian groups as direct sums of cyclic groups using pure subgroups. The work of Prüfer was complemented by Kulikoff where many results were proved again using pure subgroups systematically. In particular, a proof was given that pure subgroups of finite exponent are direct summands. A more complete discussion of pure subgroups, their relation to infinite abelian group theory, and a survey of their literature is given in Irving Kaplansky's little red book.
Examples
Every direct summand of a group is a pure subgroup.
Every pure subgroup of a pure subgroup is pure.
A divisible subgroup of an Abelian group is pure.
If the quotient group is torsion-free, the subgroup is pure.
The torsion subgroup of an Abelian group is pure.
The directed union of pure subgroups is a pure subgroup.
Since in a finitely generated Abelian group the torsion subgr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraically%20compact%20group
|
In mathematics, in the realm of abelian group theory, a group is said to be algebraically compact if it is a direct summand of every abelian group containing it as a pure subgroup.
Equivalent characterizations of algebraic compactness:
The reduced part of the group is Hausdorff and complete in the adic topology.
The group is pure injective, that is, injective with respect to exact sequences where the embedding is as a pure subgroup.
Relations with other properties:
A torsion-free group is cotorsion if and only if it is algebraically compact.
Every injective group is algebraically compact.
Ulm factors of cotorsion groups are algebraically compact.
External links
On endomorphism rings of Abelian groups
Abelian group theory
Properties of groups
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20group
|
In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be critical if it is not in the variety generated by all its proper subquotients, which includes all its subgroups and all its quotients.
Any finite monolithic A-group is critical. This result is due to Kovacs and Newman.
The variety generated by a finite group has a finite number of nonisomorphic critical groups.
External links
Definition of critical group
Properties of groups
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traversodon
|
Traversodon is an extinct genus of cynodonts. It was a relative of the ancestor to modern mammals.
Traversodon lived in what is now South America.
Species
Traversodon stahleckeri was first found by Friedrich von Huene in 1936 in the Geopark of Paleorrota, São Pedro do Sul, Brazil.
References
External links
Paleobiology Database
UNIVERSIDADE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Traversodontids
Prehistoric cynodont genera
Late Triassic synapsids of South America
Fossil taxa described in 1936
Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Addressable%20Lighting%20Interface
|
Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) is a trademark for network-based products that control lighting. The underlying technology was established by a consortium of lighting equipment manufacturers as a successor for 1-10 V/ lighting control systems, and as an open standard alternative to several proprietary protocols. The DALI, DALI-2 and D4i trademarks are owned by the lighting industry alliance, DiiA (Digital Illumination Interface Alliance).
DALI is specified by a series of technical standards in IEC 62386. Standards conformance ensures that equipment from different manufacturers will interoperate. The DALI trademark is allowed on devices that comply with the DiiA testing and certification requirements, and are listed as either registered (DALI version-1) or certified (DALI-2) on the DiiA website. D4i certification - an extension of DALI-2 - was added by DiiA in November 2019.
Members of the AG DALI were allowed to use the DALI trademark until the DALI working party was dissolved on 30 March 2017, when trademark use was transferred to DiiA members. Since 9 June 2017, Digital Illumination Interface Alliance (DiiA) certifies DALI products. DiiA is a Partner Program of IEEE-ISTO.
Technical overview
A DALI network consists of at least one application controller and bus power supply (which may be built into any of the products) as well as input devices (e.g. sensors and push-buttons), control gear (e.g., electrical ballasts, LED drivers and dimmers) with DALI interf
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichovespula
|
Dolichovespula is a small genus of social wasps distributed widely throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The yellow and black members of the genus are known by the common name yellowjackets in North America, such as Dolichovespula norwegica, along with members of their sister genus Vespula. In a study on the nesting biology of Dolichovespula, a colony of D. maculata with 771 workers was reported as having the largest recorded population count.
Overview
Several morphological differences distinguish them from Vespula. The most noticeable is the long face (dolikhos = "long" in Greek). Viewed from the front, Dolichovespula faces are long, while Vespula faces are short and round. The oculomalar space, the distance between the eye and the mandible, is long in Dolichovespula and short in Vespula. Dolichovespula nests are usually aerial, while Vespula spp. often nest underground.
Reproduction
All females are born with reproductive capacities. Dolichovespula is unique from its sister group Vespula in that some of the workers create haploid offspring that develop into males.
Species and subspecies
These species/subspecies are recognised:
Dolichovespula adulterina (Buysson, 1905) – parasitic yellowjacket
Dolichovespula adulterina montivaga Sk. Yamane, 1982 – parasitic yellowjacket (subspecies of D. adulterina)
Dolichovespula alpicola Eck 1984 – Rocky Mountain aerial yellowjacket
Dolichovespula arctica Rohwer 1916 – parasitic yellowjacket (not a subspecies of D. adulterina)
Dolic
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller%20of%20site%20safety
|
A Controller of Site Safety or COSS is a person qualified by the British civil engineering company Network Rail to ensure safe practice for work occurring on or near railway tracks and infrastructure. Their primary role is to set up a safe system of work to protect staff from trains.
The preferred safe systems of working where the staff are protected from line open to train movements, either by blocking some or all lines to traffic or controlling the distance the group is from the track (called Safeguarded/Fenced/Separated areas in order of consideration). This method was formerly called a Green Zone. This is the safest way of working due to the higher risks with trains moving at speed, although many incidents still happen within blocks.
Open Line working (formerly known as Red Zone) means the lines are open to train movements; this is seen as more risky than Safeguarded/Fenced/Separated areas, and is avoided in the rail industry where practicable.
The COSS is responsible for the safety of the entire group and is subject to prosecution should someone be killed or injured by their negligence.
To become a COSS, someone should have served a suitable period of time on the railways and undertake a five-day course. This is then followed by a period of mentoring by an experienced COSS and then independent regular assessments to ensure that the subject is competent to undertake their role safely and effectively.
The rules around performing the role of a COSS are stated in the Ru
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Solar%20System%20Research
|
The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (abbreviation: MPS; ) is a research institute in astronomy and astrophysics located in Göttingen, Germany, where it relocated in February 2014 from the nearby village of Lindau. The exploration of the Solar System is the central theme for research done at this institute.
MPS is a part of the Max Planck Society, which operates 80 research facilities in Germany.
Research
MPS is organised in three departments: Sun and Heliosphere, Planets and Comets, and Solar and Stellar Interiors. In addition, since 2002 there is also an International Max Planck Research School.
Subjects of research at the institute are the various objects within the Solar System. A major area of study concerns the Sun, its atmosphere, the interplanetary medium as influenced by the solar wind, as well as the impact of solar particles and radiation on the planets. The second area of research involves the interiors, surfaces, atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres of the planets and their moons, as well as of comets and asteroids.
A further essential part of the activities at the institute is the development and construction of instruments for space missions.
The analysis and interpretation of the acquired datasets are accompanied by intensive theoretical work. Physical models are proposed and then tested and further developed with the aid of computer simulations.
The Sun and heliosphere
The researchers at the MPS are studying the complete range of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraph%20%28mathematics%29
|
In mathematics, the epigraph or supergraph of a function valued in the extended real numbers is the set, denoted by of all points in the Cartesian product lying on or above its graph. The strict epigraph is the set of points in lying strictly above its graph.
Importantly, although both the graph and epigraph of consists of points in the epigraph consists of points in the subset which is not necessarily true of the graph of
If the function takes as a value then will be a subset of its epigraph
For example, if then the point will belong to but not to
These two sets are nevertheless closely related because the graph can always be reconstructed from the epigraph, and vice versa.
The study of continuous real-valued functions in real analysis has traditionally been closely associated with the study of their graphs, which are sets that provide geometric information (and intuition) about these functions. Epigraphs serve this same purpose in the fields of convex analysis and variational analysis, in which the primary focus is on convex functions valued in instead of continuous functions valued in a vector space (such as or ). This is because in general, for such functions, geometric intuition is more readily obtained from a function's epigraph than from its graph. Similarly to how graphs are used in real analysis, the epigraph can often be used to give geometrical interpretations of a convex function's properties, to help formulate or prove hypotheses, or t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal%20unique%20match
|
A maximal unique match or MUM, for short, is part of a key step
in the multiple sequence alignment of genomes in computational biology. Identification of MUMs and other potential anchors, is the first step in larger alignment systems such as MUMmer. Anchors are the areas between two genomes where they are highly similar. To understand what a MUM is we each word in the acronym can be broken down individually. Match implies that the substring occurs in both sequences to be aligned. Unique means that the substring occurs only once in each sequence. Finally, maximal states that the substring is not part of another larger string that fulfills both prior requirements. The idea behind this, is that long sequences that match exactly and occur only once in each genome are almost certainly part of the global alignment.
Formal definition
"Given two genomes A and B, Maximal Unique Match (MUM) substring is a common substring of A and B of length longer than a specified minimum length d (by default d = 20) such that
it is maximal, that is, it cannot be extended on either end without incurring a mismatch; and
it is unique in both sequences"
Algorithm
Identifying the set of MUMs in two very long genome sequences is not computationally trivial. There are several algorithmic ways to approach identifying MUMs in multiple sequence alignment. The simplest and slowest method is using brute force where for every index in genome and every index in genome , you calculate the lon
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20H.%20Stith
|
James H. Stith (born July 17, 1941) is an American physicist and educator. He is known for his influential roles in multiple scientific societies. He is the former vice president of the Physics Resource Center at the American Institute of Physics, a past president of the American Association of Physics Teachers, and a past president of the National Society of Black Physicists.
Life and career
Stith was born on July 17, 1941, to Ruth Stith in Brunswick County, Virginia where he grew up on a tobacco farm. He had three step-sisters and one half sister. He graduated from James Solomon Russell High School in 1959.
Stith received his B.S. in physics (1963) and M.S. in physics (1964) from Virginia State University. During college he became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. After earning his master's, he was drafted into the United States Army, where he served in Korea and at Fort Lewis in Seattle, Washington from 1965 to 1967. Stith then worked for the Radio Corporation of America from 1967 to 1969, before moving to Pennsylvania State University for a D.Ed. in Physics (1972). The chair of the department, David H. Rank, supervised his dissertation, entitled: "Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Liquids at High Pressure."
Upon leaving Pennsylvania, Stith had difficulty finding a position, so he re-enrolled in the Army. Stith worked from 1972 to 1993 at the United States Military Academy in New York as a professor of physics. In 1976 he became the first tenured African America
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA-group
|
In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be a CA-group or centralizer abelian group if the centralizer of any nonidentity element is an abelian subgroup. Finite CA-groups are of historical importance as an early example of the type of classifications that would be used in the Feit–Thompson theorem and the classification of finite simple groups. Several important infinite groups are CA-groups, such as free groups, Tarski monsters, and some Burnside groups, and the locally finite CA-groups have been classified explicitly. CA-groups are also called commutative-transitive groups (or CT-groups for short) because commutativity is a transitive relation amongst the non-identity elements of a group if and only if the group is a CA-group.
History
Locally finite CA-groups were classified by several mathematicians from 1925 to 1998. First, finite CA-groups were shown to be simple or solvable in . Then in the Brauer–Suzuki–Wall theorem , finite CA-groups of even order were shown to be Frobenius groups, abelian groups, or two dimensional projective special linear groups over a finite field of even order, PSL(2, 2f) for f ≥ 2. Finally, finite CA-groups of odd order were shown to be Frobenius groups or abelian groups in , and so in particular, are never non-abelian simple.
CA-groups were important in the context of the classification of finite simple groups. Michio Suzuki showed that every finite, simple, non-abelian, CA-group is of even order. This result was
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN-group
|
In mathematics, in the area of algebra known as group theory, a more than fifty-year effort was made to answer a conjecture of : are all groups of odd order solvable? Progress was made by showing that CA-groups, groups in which the centralizer of a non-identity element is abelian, of odd order are solvable . Further progress was made showing that CN-groups, groups in which the centralizer of a non-identity element is nilpotent, of odd order are solvable . The complete solution was given in , but further work on CN-groups was done in , giving more detailed information about the structure of these groups. For instance, a non-solvable CN-group G is such that its largest solvable normal subgroup O∞(G) is a 2-group, and the quotient is a group of even order.
Examples
Solvable CN groups include
Nilpotent groups
Frobenius groups whose Frobenius complement is nilpotent
3-step groups, such as the symmetric group S4
Non-solvable CN groups include:
The Suzuki simple groups
The groups PSL2(F2n) for n>1
The group PSL2(Fp) for p>3 a Fermat prime or Mersenne prime.
The group PSL2(F9)
The group PSL3(F4)
References
Finite groups
Group theory
Properties of groups
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20pressure
|
Any cause that reduces or increases reproductive success in a portion of a population potentially exerts evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure, driving natural selection. It is a quantitative description of the amount of change occurring in processes investigated by evolutionary biology, but the formal concept is often extended to other areas of research.
In population genetics, selective pressure is usually expressed as a selection coefficient.
Amino acids selective pressure
It has been shown that putting an amino acid bio-synthesizing gene like HIS4 gene under amino acid selective pressure in yeast causes enhancement of expression of adjacent genes which is due to the transcriptional co-regulation of two adjacent genes in Eukaryota.
Antibiotic resistance
Drug resistance in bacteria is an example of an outcome of natural selection.
When a drug is used on a species of bacteria, those that cannot resist die and do not produce offspring, while those that survive potentially pass on the resistance gene to the next generation (vertical gene transmission). The resistance gene can also be passed on to one bacterium by another of a different species (horizontal gene transmission). Because of this, the drug resistance increases over generations. For example, in hospitals, environments are created where pathogens such as C. difficile have developed a resistance to antibiotics.<ref name="Dawson">{{cite journal | author = Dawson L.F., Valiente E., Wren B.W
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%2034001%E2%80%9335000
|
34001–34100
|-id=002
| 34002 Movsesian || || Karina Movsesian (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry project. She also received the Dudley R. Herschbach Award. She attends the Prvni Ceske Gymnazium v Karlovych Varech, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. ||
|-id=003
| 34003 Ivozell || || Ivo Zell (born 1998) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his engineering mechanics project. He also received the Gordon E. Moore Award. He attends the Internatsschule Schloss Hansenberg, Geisenheim-Johannesberg, Germany. ||
|-id=004
| 34004 Gregorini || || Loretta Gregorini, astronomer who concentrate in the field of radioastronomy and observational cosmology ||
|-id=010
| 34010 Tassiloschwarz || || Tassilo Constantin Schwarz (born 1999) was awarded best of category and first place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his robotics and intelligent machines project. He also received the Cultural and Scientific Visit to China Award. He attended the Johannes Heidenhain Gymnasium, Traunreut, Germany. Currently, he studies at ETH Zurich. ||
|-id=011
| 34011 Divyakranthi || || Divya Kranthi (born 2000) was awarded second place in the 2017 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for her biochemistry team project. She attends the Ambedkar College, Nagpur, India. ||
|-id=012
| 34012 Prash
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrally%20closed%20subgroup
|
In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to be centrally closed if the centralizer of any nonidentity element of the subgroup lies inside the subgroup.
Some facts about centrally closed subgroups:
Every malnormal subgroup is centrally closed.
Every Frobenius kernel is centrally closed.
SA subgroups are precisely the centrally closed Abelian subgroups.
The trivial subgroup and the whole group are centrally closed.
Subgroup properties
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Astronomy
|
Open Astronomy (formerly Baltic Astronomy) is a peer-reviewed fully open access scientific journal, and currently published by De Gruyter Open. The journal was established in 1992 by the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy (Vilnius University, Lithuania) as Baltic Astronomy, obtaining its current title in 2017 when it converted to open access. The journal is devoted to publishing research, reviews and news spanning all aspects of astronomy and astrophysics. The editor in chief is Prof. Beatriz Barbuy (IAG, University of São Paulo).
History
Open Astronomy is the continuation of publishing in the open access model of Baltic Astronomy, which was published by the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy in Vilnius for astronomical institutions of the Baltic states.
The political liberation in the then Soviet Union during the later part of the 1980s enabled increased international contacts. For greater international visibility, a modern journal publishing in English was desired, replacing several less visible publication series from the observatories in Tartu, Riga, and Vilnius. Each of those had, during Soviet rule, published mainly in Russian. Following discussions among the Baltic astronomical institutes, it was agreed to discontinue those publications once Baltic Astronomy was launched.
Some regrets were expressed for the discontinuation of the long-running Publications of the Tartu Astrophysical Observatory (Estonian title: ), which, with some name var
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina%20Island%20Marine%20Institute
|
The Catalina Island Marine Institute (CIMI) is a non-profit educational program founded in 1979 and run by Guided Discoveries on Santa Catalina Island, California.
It is the host to approximately 15,000 students a year, who visit it in school-organized trips and summer camps. Students at CIMI learn marine biology through activities such snorkeling, scuba diving, sailing, hiking, marine science labs, kayaking and squid dissections.
CIMI operates out of three facilities on Catalina Island: Toyon Bay (a private beach three miles northwest of Avalon), Fox Landing, and Cherry Cove (a camp owned by the Boy Scouts of America). In addition to this, Guided Discoveries also owns and operates AstroCamp California, AstroCamp Virginia, and Camp Motorsport.
References
External links
Santa Catalina Island (California)
Environmental organizations based in California
Organizations based in Los Angeles County, California
Education in Los Angeles County, California
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllosphere
|
In microbiology, the phyllosphere is the total above-ground surface of a plant when viewed as a habitat for microorganisms. The phyllosphere can be further subdivided into the caulosphere (stems), phylloplane (leaves), anthosphere (flowers), and carposphere (fruits). The below-ground microbial habitats (i.e. the thin-volume of soil surrounding root or subterranean stem surfaces) are referred to as the rhizosphere and laimosphere.
Most plants host diverse communities of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists . Some are beneficial to the plant, others function as plant pathogens and may damage the host plant or even kill it.
The phyllosphere microbiome
The leaf surface, or phyllosphere, harbours a microbiome comprising diverse communities of bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and viruses. Microbial colonizers are subjected to diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of heat, moisture, and radiation. In addition, these environmental elements affect plant physiology (such as photosynthesis, respiration, water uptake etc.) and indirectly influence microbiome composition. Rain and wind also cause temporal variation to the phyllosphere microbiome.
The phyllosphere includes the total aerial (above-ground) surface of a plant, and as such includes the surface of the stem, flowers and fruit, but most particularly the leaf surfaces. Compared with the rhizosphere and the endosphere the phyllosphere is nutrient poor and its environment more dynamic.
Interactions betwee
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.