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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20wavefunction
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The universal wavefunction or the wavefunction of the universe is the wavefunction or quantum state of the entire universe. It is regarded as the basic physical entity in the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, and finds applications in quantum cosmology. It evolves deterministically according to a wave equation.
The concept of universal wavefunction was introduced by Hugh Everett in his 1956 PhD thesis draft The Theory of the Universal Wave Function, It later received investigation from James Hartle and Stephen Hawking who derived the Hartle–Hawking solution to the Wheeler–deWitt equation to explain the initial conditions of the Big Bang cosmology.
Role of observers
Hugh Everett's universal wavefunction supports the idea that observed and observer are all mixed together:
Eugene Wigner and John Archibald Wheeler take issue with this stance. Wigner writes
Wheeler says:
See also
Heisenberg cut
References
Quantum measurement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20M.%20Whitesides
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George McClelland Whitesides (born August 3, 1939) is an American chemist and professor of chemistry at Harvard University. He is best known for his work in the areas of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, organometallic chemistry, molecular self-assembly, soft lithography, microfabrication, microfluidics, and nanotechnology. A prolific author and patent holder who has received many awards, he received the highest Hirsch index rating of all living chemists in 2011.
Education and academic career
Education
Whitesides attended secondary school at Phillips Andover and graduated in 1957. He received his A.B. degree from Harvard College in 1960 and earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology in 1964, where he worked with John D. Roberts. At Caltech, Whitesides began working in organic chemistry. Whitesides' graduate work in organometallic chemistry used NMR spectroscopy and density matrices to study Grignard reagents. He used NMR spectroscopy to study rate of change of Grignard reagents and the structure of Grignard reagents in solution. He also studied spin-spin coupling in a variety of organic compounds, using density matrix calculations to examine the spin systems that NMR analyses detect.
Research at MIT
Whitesides began his independent career as an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963 and remained there until 1982. He continued his work with NMR spectroscopy and organometallic compounds, as well as worki
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20Barry%20Cooper
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S. Barry Cooper (9 October 1943 – 26 October 2015) was an English mathematician and computability theorist. He was a professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Leeds.
Early life and education
Cooper grew up in Bognor Regis and attended Chichester High School for Boys, during which time he played scrum-half for the under-15s England rugby team.
Cooper graduated from Jesus College, Oxford in 1966 and in 1970 received his PhD from the University of Leicester under the supervision of Reuben Goodstein and C.E.M. Yates, with a thesis entitled Degrees of Unsolvability.
Academic career
Cooper was appointed Lecturer in the School of Mathematics at the University of Leeds in 1969, where he remained for the rest of his career. He was promoted to Reader in Mathematical Logic in 1991 and to Professor of Pure Mathematics in 1996. In 2011, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the University of Sofia "St. Kliment Ohridski".
His book Computability Theory made the technical research area accessible to a new generation of students. He was a leading mover of the return to basic questions of the kind considered by Alan Turing, and of interdisciplinary developments related to computability. He was President of the Association Computability in Europe, and Chair of the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC), which co-ordinated the Alan Turing Year. The book Alan Turing: His Work and Impact, edited by Cooper and Jan van Leeuwen, won the Association of American Publishers' R. R. H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt%20vector
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In mathematics, a Witt vector is an infinite sequence of elements of a commutative ring. Ernst Witt showed how to put a ring structure on the set of Witt vectors, in such a way that the ring of Witt vectors over the finite field of order is isomorphic to , the ring of -adic integers. They have a highly non-intuitive structure upon first glance because their additive and multiplicative structure depends on an infinite set of recursive formulas which do not behave like addition and multiplication formulas for standard p-adic integers.
The main idea behind Witt vectors is instead of using the standard -adic expansionto represent an element in , we can instead consider an expansion using the Teichmüller characterwhich sends each element in the solution set of in to an element in the solution set of in . That is, we expand out elements in in terms of roots of unity instead of as profinite elements in . We can then express a -adic integer as an infinite sumwhich gives a Witt vectorThen, the non-trivial additive and multiplicative structure in Witt vectors comes from using this map to give an additive and multiplicative structure such that induces a commutative ring morphism.
History
In the 19th century, Ernst Eduard Kummer studied cyclic extensions of fields as part of his work on Fermat's Last Theorem. This led to the subject now known as Kummer theory. Let be a field containing a primitive -th root of unity. Kummer theory classifies degree cyclic field extensions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus%20of%20a%20multiplicative%20sequence
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In mathematics, a genus of a multiplicative sequence is a ring homomorphism from the ring of smooth compact manifolds up to the equivalence of bounding a smooth manifold with boundary (i.e., up to suitable cobordism) to another ring, usually the rational numbers, having the property that they are constructed from a sequence of polynomials in characteristic classes that arise as coefficients in formal power series with good multiplicative properties.
Definition
A genus assigns a number to each manifold X such that
(where is the disjoint union);
;
if X is the boundary of a manifold with boundary.
The manifolds and manifolds with boundary may be required to have additional structure; for example, they might be oriented, spin, stably complex, and so on (see list of cobordism theories for many more examples). The value is in some ring, often the ring of rational numbers, though it can be other rings such as or the ring of modular forms.
The conditions on can be rephrased as saying that is a ring homomorphism from the cobordism ring of manifolds (with additional structure) to another ring.
Example: If is the signature of the oriented manifold X, then is a genus from oriented manifolds to the ring of integers.
The genus associated to a formal power series
A sequence of polynomials in variables is called multiplicative if
implies that
If is a formal power series in z with constant term 1, we can define a multiplicative sequence
by
,
where is t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad%20Dasypodius
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Conrad Dasypodius (1532 – 26 April 1600) was a professor of mathematics in Strasbourg, Alsace. He was born in Frauenfeld, Thurgau, Switzerland. His first name was also rendered as Konrad or Conradus or Cunradus, and his last name has been alternatively stated as Rauchfuss, Rauchfuß, and Hasenfratz. He was the son of Petrus Dasypodius (Peter Hasenfuss) (1490–1559, or Peter Hasenfratz), a humanist and lexicographer.
In 1564, Dasypodius edited various parts of the Elements of Euclid. In the preface, he says that for 26 years it had been the rule at his school that all who were promoted from the classes to public lectures should learn Book I of the Elements, but there were no longer any copies to be had so he was bringing out a new edition so as to maintain a good and fruitful regulation of his school.
In 1568, Dasypodius published a work about the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, Hypotyposes orbium coelestium congruentes cum tabulis Alfonsinis et Copernici seu etiam tabulis Prutenicis editae a Cunrado Dasypodio. It is unclear whether Dasypodius was a heliocentrist himself or rather followed the "Wittenberg interpretation."
Dasypodius designed an astronomical clock for the Strasbourg Cathedral; that clock was built in 1572-1574 by Isaac Habrecht and Josia Habrecht. This monumental clock represented the synthesis of the most advanced scientific knowledge of the era, in the domains of astronomy, mathematics, and physics. That mechanism remained in the Cathedral until
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20simulation
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In computer science, a simulation is a computation of the execution of some appropriately modelled state-transition system. Typically this process models the complete state of the system at individual points in a discrete linear time frame, computing each state sequentially from its predecessor. Models for computer programs or VLSI logic designs can be very easily simulated, as they often have an operational semantics which can be used directly for simulation.
Symbolic simulation is a form of simulation where many possible executions of a system are considered simultaneously. This is typically achieved by augmenting the domain over which the simulation takes place. A symbolic variable can be used in the simulation state representation in order to index multiple executions of the system. For each possible valuation of these variables, there is a concrete system state that is being indirectly simulated.
Because symbolic simulation can cover many system executions in a single simulation, it can greatly reduce the size of verification problems. Techniques such as symbolic trajectory evaluation (STE) and generalized symbolic trajectory evaluation (GSTE) are based on this idea of symbolic simulation.
See also
Symbolic execution
Symbolic computation
Electronic design automation
Formal methods
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Jurafsky
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Daniel Jurafsky is a professor of linguistics and computer science at Stanford University, and also an author. With Daniel Gildea, he is known for developing the first automatic system for semantic role labeling (SRL). He is the author of The Language of Food: A Linguist Reads the Menu (2014) and a textbook on speech and language processing (2000). Jurafsky was given a MacArthur Fellowship in 2002.
Education
Jurafsky received his B.A in linguistics (1983) and Ph.D. in computer science (1992), both at University of California, Berkeley; and then a postdoc at International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley (1992–1995).
Academic life
He is the author of The Language of Food: A Linguist Reads the Menu (W. W. Norton & Company, 2014). With James H. Martin, he wrote the textbook Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition (Prentice Hall, 2000).
The first automatic system for semantic role labeling (SRL, sometimes also referred to as "shallow semantic parsing") was developed by Daniel Gildea and Daniel Jurafsky to automate the FrameNet annotation process in 2002; SRL has since become one of the standard tasks in natural language processing.
Personal life
Jurafsky resides in San Francisco, California.
Selected works
2009. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, 2nd Edition. (with James H. Martin) Pren
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20surface%20area
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The polar surface area (PSA) or topological polar surface area (TPSA) of a molecule is defined as the surface sum over all polar atoms or molecules, primarily oxygen and nitrogen, also including their attached hydrogen atoms.
PSA is a commonly used medicinal chemistry metric for the optimization of a drug's ability to permeate cells. Molecules with a polar surface area of greater than 140 angstroms squared (Å2) tend to be poor at permeating cell membranes. For molecules to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (and thus act on receptors in the central nervous system), a PSA less than 90 Å2 is usually needed.
See also
Biopharmaceutics Classification System
Cheminformatics
Chemistry Development Kit
JOELib
Implicit solvation
Lipinski's rule of five
References
Literature
Ertl, P. Polar Surface Area, in Molecular Drug Properties, R. Mannhold (ed), Wiley-VCH, pp. 111–126, 2007
External links
Interactive Polar Surface Area calculator
Free, Programmable TPSA Calculator
Cheminformatics
Medicinal chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt%20ring
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In mathematics, a Witt ring may be
A ring of Witt vectors
The Witt ring (forms), a ring structure on the Witt group of symmetric bilinear forms
See also Witt algebra, a Lie algebra.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt%20group
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In mathematics, a Witt group of a field, named after Ernst Witt, is an abelian group whose elements are represented by symmetric bilinear forms over the field.
Definition
Fix a field k of characteristic not equal to two. All vector spaces will be assumed to be finite-dimensional. We say that two spaces equipped with symmetric bilinear forms are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by adding a metabolic quadratic space, that is, zero or more copies of a hyperbolic plane, the non-degenerate two-dimensional symmetric bilinear form with a norm 0 vector. Each class is represented by the core form of a Witt decomposition.
The Witt group of k is the abelian group W(k) of equivalence classes of non-degenerate symmetric bilinear forms, with the group operation corresponding to the orthogonal direct sum of forms. It is additively generated by the classes of one-dimensional forms. Although classes may contain spaces of different dimension, the parity of the dimension is constant across a class and so rk : W(k) → Z/2Z is a homomorphism.
The elements of finite order in the Witt group have order a power of 2; the torsion subgroup is the kernel of the functorial map from W(k) to W(kpy), where kpy is the Pythagorean closure of k; it is generated by the Pfister forms with a non-zero sum of squares. If k is not formally real, then the Witt group is torsion, with exponent a power of 2. The height of the field k is the exponent of the torsion in the Witt group, if this is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinfeld%20module
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In mathematics, a Drinfeld module (or elliptic module) is roughly a special kind of module over a ring of functions on a curve over a finite field, generalizing the Carlitz module. Loosely speaking, they provide a function field analogue of complex multiplication theory. A shtuka (also called F-sheaf or chtouca) is a sort of generalization of a Drinfeld module, consisting roughly of a vector bundle over a curve, together with some extra structure identifying a "Frobenius twist" of the bundle with a "modification" of it.
Drinfeld modules were introduced by , who used them to prove the Langlands conjectures for GL2 of an algebraic function field in some special cases. He later invented shtukas and used shtukas of rank 2 to prove
the remaining cases of the Langlands conjectures for GL2. Laurent Lafforgue proved the Langlands conjectures for GLn of a function field by studying the moduli stack of shtukas of rank n.
"Shtuka" is a Russian word штука meaning "a single copy", which comes from the German noun “Stück”, meaning “piece, item, or unit". In Russian, the word "shtuka" is also used in slang for a thing with known properties, but having no name in a speaker's mind.
Drinfeld modules
The ring of additive polynomials
We let be a field of characteristic . The ring is defined to be the ring of noncommutative (or twisted) polynomials over , with the multiplication given by
The element can be thought of as a Frobenius element: in fact, is a left module over , with elem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamidala%20Ramulu
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Dr. Ramulu Mamidala (M. Ramulu) is a mechanical engineering professor at University of Washington. Usually goes by the name 'Ram', or 'M.R.', he is recognized for his leadership and outstanding record in promoting collaborative education and research with industry. He is currently the director of Manufacturing Science and Technology Laboratory (MSTL) at Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Washington. He has designed and developed manufacturing methods for a wide range of systems, from the B2 bomber to the Boeing 787. Additionally, in collaboration with industry, he established and directed two interdisciplinary graduate educational programs in engineering and management and a certificate program in composites tooling and manufacturing. His exemplary collaborative efforts motivated working engineers to pursue doctoral studies and he is a leader in using emerging technologies in distance education to reach non-traditional students.
Ramulu has been a faculty member in mechanical engineering, UW since 1982, and adjunct professor in Industrial & Systems Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering. He has been a devoted mentor, educator and researcher for over 35 years of his career at University of Washington. He established and directed two graduate educational programs and developed a certificate program in Composite Materials & Manufacturing that serves working aerospace engineers in collaboration with The Boeing Company.
He is a recipient of the NSF Presiden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman%20Hall%20%28academic%29
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Lyman Hall (February 18, 1859 – August 16, 1905) was a professor and president of the Georgia School of Technology (now called the Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Georgia Tech). Hall's administration introduced degrees in electrical engineering and civil engineering in December 1896, textile engineering in February 1899, and engineering chemistry in January 1901.
Hall died in 1905, reportedly due to the stress of fundraising for a new chemistry building which now bears his name.
Early life
Born in 1859 in Americus, Georgia, he attended Mercer University in Penfield, Georgia. He was admitted to the United States Military Academy in 1877, and graduated in 1881. Due to a physical disability, he was unable to have a military career; instead, he taught mathematics at the Georgia Military Academy in Kirkwood, Georgia, for two years and subsequently at the South Carolina Military Academy in Charleston, South Carolina (now known as "The Citadel") from 1883 to 1886. He was then a professor at the Moreland Park Military Academy before Georgia Tech recruited him.
Career
In 1888, Captain Lyman Hall was appointed Georgia Tech's first mathematics professor (and consequently head of the school's mathematics department). He had a solid background in engineering due to his time at West Point and often incorporated surveying and other engineering applications into his coursework. He had an energetic personality and quickly assumed a leadership position among the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Riess
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Ludwig Riess (1 December 1861 – 27 December 1928) was a German-born historian and educator, noted for his work in late 19th century Japan.
Biography
Riess was born in Deutsch-Krone, Prussia (present-day Wałcz, West Pomeranian Voivodeship), as the youngest of five children in a German Jewish family. He was proficient in mathematics and physics as a child, and encouraged by his family to become an engineer or architect. However, he was more interested in world history, and chose to pursue an academic career over their wishes and studied at the University of Berlin under the renowned historian, Leopold von Ranke.
In 1884 Riess traveled to Great Britain and Ireland for the purpose of collecting materials for his doctoral dissertation "The vote of the British Parliament in the medieval ages", and received his doctorate at the age of 24. He returned to the British Isles again in 1885 and 1886 to collect additional materials pertaining to German history and the Hanseatic League.
Riess was recruited as a foreign advisor by the Meiji government of the Empire of Japan in 1887 to establish Western methods of historiography into the Japanese university curriculum. These methods included a reliance on primary sources, an emphasis on narrative history and a commitment to writing history from a neutral point of view, without moral judgements on past events. Riess was initially hired on a three-year contract, which was renewed several times. He taught at Tokyo Imperial University、Keio Uni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Johnsen
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Peter Berghsey Johnsen (born 1950) is an American scientist, administrator and adventurer.
Education
Johnsen received his bachelor's (1974) and Ph.D. (1978) degrees from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in zoology and continued his training as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania in neurobiology. He later completed an organizational leadership program at Harvard Kennedy School.
Career
Johnsen joined the Monell Chemical Senses Center in 1980 and taught in the Department of Biology and College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. His principle field of research was in the area of animal sensory physiology working with fish including salmon and sharks, alligators and birds. He has published over 75 research papers, contributed to numerous technical books, received two patents and has been an invited speaker nationally and internationally.
In 1986 Johnsen joined the USDA Agricultural Research Service at the Southern Regional Research Center in New Orleans as Research Leader of the Food Flavor Quality program combining sensory evaluation and analytical chemistry. He also served on the graduate faculty of Louisiana State University in the Department of Zoology and Physiology.
Johnsen became a member of the Senior Executive Service in 1994 and was named Director of the USDA National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Illinois. He led an R&D enterprise with 100 Ph.D. scientists and 170 technical support personnel i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Mauderli
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Walter Mauderli DSc (March 8, 1924 – March 27, 2005) was a pioneer in the development of the field of medical physics. He earned his doctorate from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology under the instruction of notable physicists as Nobel Laureate physicist Wolfgang Pauli.
Career
Mauderli trained in the dosimetry of low- and high-energy radiations at the University of Zurich Medical Center with Professor Rolf Widerøe, the developer of particle accelerators. Mauderli moved to the United States in May 1956 and assumed a position at the University of Arkansas. In 1960 he became the first medical physicist at the University of Florida ("UF") and retired as Professor Emeritus in 1988. He was also academically affiliated with the Departments of Nuclear Engineering Sciences and Environmental Engineering Sciences. In the 1960s Mauderli was one of the founders of the medical physics graduate program at UF and radiologic technology training programs at two regional community colleges. He supervised many graduate students in their master's and doctoral research efforts.
Active in developing the use of computers in radiology, Mauderli performed fundamental research in electronic instrumentation in the fields of therapeutic radiology and nuclear medicine. He had 68 publications in his scientific career.
Mauderli was a founding member of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and served on the initial board of directors with other leaders in the field.
Awards an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor%20F.%20Loree
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Leonor F. Loree (April 23, 1858 – September 6, 1940) was an American civil engineer, lawyer, railroad executive, and founder of the American Newcomen Society.
He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1877, a Master of Science in 1880, a Civil Engineering degree in 1896 and a Doctor of Law in 1917, all from Rutgers College. He also obtained a Doctor of Engineering degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1933. He was President of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad and had interests in Kansas City Southern, Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central, and the Rock Island Railroads. He was a Trustee at Rutgers University from 1909–1940 and was Chairman of the Rutgers Board of Trustees Committee on New Jersey College for Women (now Douglass College) until 1938. He was the donor of the New Jersey College for Women Athletic Field (Antilles Field). Rutgers has a building named after him, Leonor Fresnel Loree, erected in 1963 on the Douglass campus.
Accomplishments
In 1923, Loree was a principal founder of The Newcomen Society in North America, a learned society promoting engineering, technology and free enterprise.
In 1903, Loree, together with Frank PJ Patenall, received , for the upper quadrant semaphore, which soon became the most widely used form of railroad lineside signal in North America. Railroads continued to install them until the 1940s.
"This is a helluva way to run a railroad!"
In 1906 a committee of creditors asked Leonor to take charge of the Kansas City Souther
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20Visualization%20Laboratory
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The Electronic Visualization Laboratory (EVL) is an interdisciplinary research lab and graduate studies program at the University of Illinois at Chicago, bringing together faculty, students and staff primarily from the Art and Computer Science departments of UIC. The primary areas of research are in computer graphics, visualization, virtual and augmented reality, advanced networking, and media art. Graduates of EVL either earn a Masters or Doctoral degree in Computer Science.
History
EVL represents one of the oldest art and engineering collaborations in the United States. It was founded in 1973 by Tom DeFanti (then of the UIC Chemistry Department, later Computer Science) and Dan Sandin (of the Art Department). The lab was originally known as the Circle Graphics Habitat, in reference to the then-name of UIC, the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. DeFanti and Sandin served as Co-Directors of the lab, joined by Maxine D. Brown as Associate Director 1987. In 2001, Sandin retired from teaching, but continued to co-direct the lab with DeFanti until his retirement in 2004. EVL PhD graduate, Jason Leigh took the helm from 2004 through 2014, after which Brown became EVL Director joined by longtime collaborator and computer science professor Andrew Johnson as Director of Research.
Research
Work at EVL over the years has included:
1977: The Sayre Glove, the first dataglove.
1981: The Z Box hardware and ZGRASS software (based on DeFanti's prior GRASS programming langua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20J.%20Thouless
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David James Thouless (; 21 September 1934 – 6 April 2019) was a British condensed-matter physicist. He was the winner of the 1990 Wolf Prize and a laureate of the 2016 Nobel Prize for physics along with F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.
Education
Born on 21 September 1934 in Bearsden, Scotland to English parents, Priscilla (Gorton) Thouless, an English teacher, and psychologist and broadcaster, Robert Thouless, David Thouless was educated at Winchester College and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences from the University of Cambridge as an undergraduate student of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He obtained his PhD at Cornell University, where Hans Bethe was his doctoral advisor.
Career and research
Thouless was a postdoctoral researcher at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, and also worked in the physics department from 1958 to 1959, giving a course on atomic physics. He was the first director of studies in physics at Churchill College, Cambridge, in 1961–1965, professor of mathematical physics at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom in 1965–1978, and professor of applied science at Yale University from 1979 to 1980, before becoming a professor of physics at the University of Washington in Seattle in 1980. Thouless made many theoretical contributions to the understanding of extended systems of atoms and electrons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantamath
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Cantamath is a mathematics competition competed in Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand by years 6 to 10 students.
There are two sections, the Competition section and the Project section.
The sponsors of Cantamath are Casio, Trimble Navigation, Every Educaid, Mathletics and University of Canterbury.
Team Competition section
In the Team Competition section, each participating school sends in four selected student mathematicians per year level. The participants compete against other schools in the Christchurch Arena. It's a speed competition and takes 30 minutes. There are 20 questions for each team to complete, the aim being for each team to answer all questions the fastest. One of the four team members is a runner who runs to a judge to check if the answer to their current question is right. Each question is worth 5 points, allowing a maximum score of 100. A team can only attempt one question at a time and have to keep working on it until they get it right. Passing is allowed, but no points will be received for that question, as well as preventing the team from returning to that question.
The winning team gets a badge and a prize from Casio.
Project section
In the Project section, the student submits a project on a certain topic. Projects can be awarded with an Excellence or Highly Commended award, depending on their quality. There is also an Outstanding award for the best few projects in the display section.
The categories include:
Computer Generated Design (CGD
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Australian%20Regional%20Computing%20Centre
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Western Australian Regional Computing Centre (WARCC) was part of the University of Western Australia, formed to provide computing services to the university, other universities in Western Australia, government departments, and to some private companies. It specialised in technical and scientific computing. It was formed on 1 January 1972, and ceased in 1991, when parts of it were spun off to become Winthrop Technology.
Among the services it provided were time-shared computer processing, facilities management, software development, microcomputer rental and sales. It was Digital Equipment Corporation's first customer for the PDP-6.
Its first Director was Dennis Moore (1972–1979), followed by Alex Reid (1979–1991).
WARCC's Data Communications group, headed by Terry Gent, developed computer networking hardware and software. Using a combination of equipment from Digital Equipment Corporation and other vendors, and hardware and software that the group developed, it built a campus-wide network and then extended that to link the networks of the universities in Western Australia in the first heterogeneous packet switching network in Australia.
External links
WARCC History Page
UWA Computing History Page
"Cyberhistory": MSc thesis by Keith Falloon, 2001
"Computing", Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia, UWA Press, 2009, Gregory, J. & Gothard, J., editors, p223-224
University of Western Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venation
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Venation may refer to:
Venation (botany), the arrangement of veins in leaves
Wing venation, the arrangement of veins in insect wings
See also
Vernation, the arrangement of leaves in a bud
Biology disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20variational%20principles%20in%20physics
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In physics, a variational principle is an alternative method for determining the state or dynamics of a physical system, by identifying it as an extremum (minimum, maximum or saddle point) of a function or functional. This article describes the historical development of such principles.
Antiquity
Variational principles are found among earlier ideas in surveying and optics. The rope stretchers of ancient Egypt stretched corded ropes between two points to measure the path which minimized the distance of separation, and Claudius Ptolemy, in his Geographia (Bk 1, Ch 2), emphasized that one must correct for "deviations from a straight course"; in ancient Greece Euclid states in his Catoptrica that, for the path of light reflecting from a mirror, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection; and Hero of Alexandria later showed that this path was the shortest length and least time.
17th-18th century
Optics
The earlier ideas of variational principles in optics were generalized to refraction by Pierre de Fermat, who, in the 17th century, refined the principle to "light travels between two given points along the path of shortest time"; now known as the principle of least time or Fermat's principle.
Principle of least action
Its generalization to mechanics, the principle of least action is commonly attributed to Pierre Louis Maupertuis, who wrote about it in 1744 and 1746, although the true priority is less clear. In application to physics, Maupertuis suggested that the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso%20de%20Ribera
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Alonso de Ribera y Zambrano (; 1560 – March 9, 1617) was a Spanish soldier and twice Spanish royal governor of Chile (1601–1605 and 1612–1617).
Early life
Born in Úbeda, he was the illegitimate son of Hidalgo and Captain Jorge de Ribera Zambrana y Dávalos, who claimed descent from the kings of Aragon.
After studying mathematics, Ribera joined the Spanish army in Flanders. It was the beginning of a long and successful military career. He fought in various battles in France with Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. In addition, he was part of the Spanish Armada of 1588, and one of the followers of Cardinal Archduke Alberto, governor of the Netherlands.
His distinguished military service came to the attention of King Philip III. In 1599, the king named him governor and captain general of Chile, positions that he occupied from 1601 to 1605 and again from 1612 to 1617.
First royal government of Chile
The 1598 Disaster of Curalaba, in which the Spanish governor of Chile, Martín García Óñez de Loyola, was killed in a surprise attack by Mapuche Indians in southern Chile, had led to the abandonment of the cities of Santa Cruz de Óñez, La Imperial, Valdivia, Osorno, Angol, Villarrica, and all the other Spanish positions south of the Bío-Bío River. Even Chillán was temporarily depopulated, and the fort of Arauco and Concepción were besieged by Mapuches under Pelantaru.
The Spanish defense of the colony consisted mostly of a citizen militia, not considered adequate by the authorities.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Thimbleby
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Harold W. Thimbleby (born 19 July 1955) is a British professor of computer science at Swansea University, Wales. He is known for his works on user interface design within the realm of human computer interaction.
Overview
Harold Thimbleby held the post of director of UCLIC, University College London's Interaction Centre, from its establishment in 2001. From 2001 to 2004, he was also the 28th Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, London. Thimbleby founded the Future Interaction Technology Lab at Swansea University in 2005.
Thimbleby runs the Swansea University Research Forum, as well as giving talks on science and religion.
Research interests
Thimbleby's research interests include:
Interactive handwriting calculators
Improving medical devices
Improving ethics in research
Markov Modeling
Matrix Modeling
Selected works
Article on literate programming,1986 (Winner of the British Computer Society Wilkes Award.)
User Interface Design, Addison-Wesley, 1990.
HyperProgramming, with G. F. Coulouris, Addison-Wesley, 1990.
Press On, MIT Press, 2007. (Winner, in the Computer and Information Sciences category, of the Association of American Publishers' Publishing Awards for Excellence competition.)
The Diversity and Ethics, with Paul Cairns, University College London Interaction Center.
References
External links
Harold Thimbleby home page
1955 births
Living people
British computer scientists
Human–computer interaction researchers
Academics of University Col
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%E2%80%93modify%E2%80%93write
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In computer science, read–modify–write is a class of atomic operations (such as test-and-set, fetch-and-add, and compare-and-swap) that both read a memory location and write a new value into it simultaneously, either with a completely new value or some function of the previous value. These operations prevent race conditions in multi-threaded applications. Typically they are used to implement mutexes or semaphores. These atomic operations are also heavily used in non-blocking synchronization.
Maurice Herlihy (1991) ranks atomic operations by their consensus numbers, as follows:
: memory-to-memory move and swap, augmented queue, compare-and-swap, fetch-and-cons, sticky byte, load-link/store-conditional (LL/SC)
: -register assignment
: test-and-set, swap, fetch-and-add, queue, stack
: atomic read and atomic write
It is impossible to implement an operation that requires a given consensus number with only operations with a lower consensus number, no matter how many of such operations one uses. Read–modify–write instructions often produce unexpected results when used on I/O devices, as a write operation may not affect the same internal register that would be accessed in a read operation.
This term is also associated with RAID levels that perform actual write operations as atomic read–modify–write sequences. Such RAID levels include RAID 4, RAID 5 and RAID 6.
See also
Linearizability
Read–erase–modify–write
References
Concurrency control
Computer memory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%E2%80%93Sommerfeld%20rule
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In chemistry, the Grimm–Sommerfeld rule predicts that binary compounds with covalent character that have an average of 4 electrons per atom will have structures where both atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated (e.g. have the wurtzite structure). Examples are silicon carbide, the III-V semiconductors indium phosphide and gallium arsenide, the II-VI semiconductors, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide.
Gorynova expanded the scope of the rules to include ternary compounds where the average number of valence electrons per atom was four. Examples of this are the I-IV2-V3 CuGe2P3 compound which has a zincblende structure.
Compounds or phases that obey the Grimm–Sommerfeld rule are termed Grimm–Sommerfeld compounds or phases.
The rule has also been extended to predict bond lengths in Grimm–Sommerfeld compounds. When the sum of the atomic numbers is the same the bond lengths are the same. An example is the series of bond lengths ranging from 244.7 pm to 246 pm. for the Ge–Ge bond in elemental germanium, the Ga–As bond in gallium arsenide, the Zn–Se bond in zinc selenide and the Cu–Br bond in copper(I) bromide.
References
Quantum chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Russell%20Nichols
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Albert Russell Nichols (1859–1933 ) was an English museum curator and zoologist who worked mainly in Ireland.
Nichols was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in mathematics as 16th wrangler in 1882. Nichols came from England to Dublin in 1883 as Assistant in the Museum of Science and Art (now the National Museum of Ireland). He worked on zoology, classifying and arranging the invertebrates throughout his forty-one years of service. He eventually became Keeper of the Natural History Division. Nichols took part in the Lord Bandon dredging expedition of 1886 with Haddon, sponsored by the Royal Irish Academy, and in the biological surveys of Lambay, Clare Island and Malahide.
He compiled or revised lists of echinoderms, marine Mollusca and birds of Ireland, issued by the Museum or by the Royal Irish Academy.
References
1859 births
1933 deaths
English curators
Irish zoologists
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antireductionism
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Antireductionism is the position in science and metaphysics that stands in contrast to reductionism (anti-holism) by advocating that not all properties of a system can be explained in terms of its constituent parts and their interactions.
General concepts
The opposite of reductionism is holism, a word coined by Jan Smuts in Holism and Evolution, that understanding a system can be done only as a whole. One form of antireductionism (epistemological) holds that we simply are not capable of understanding systems at the level of their most basic constituents, and so the program of reductionism must fail. The other kind of antireductionism (ontological) holds that such a complete explanation in terms of basic constituents is not possible even in principle for some systems. Robert Laughlin, e.g. supports this view. Disciplines such as cybernetics and systems theory embrace a non-reductionist view of science, sometimes going as far as explaining phenomena at a given level of hierarchy in terms of phenomena at a higher level, in a sense, the opposite of a reductionist approach.
Although breaking complex phenomena into parts is a key method in science, there are those complex phenomena (e.g. in physics, psychology, sociology, ecology) where the approach does not work. Antireductionism also arises in academic fields such as history, economics, anthropology, medicine, and biology as attempts to explain complex phenomena using reductionist models do not provide satisfactory insight.
S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram%20Raphael
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Bertram Raphael (born 1936) is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to artificial intelligence.
Early life and education
Raphael was born in 1936 in New York. He received his bachelor's degree in physics from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1957, and an MS degree in Applied Math from Brown University in 1959. He was a student of Marvin Minsky at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received his PhD in mathematics in 1964.
Career
Raphael started at SRI International in 1964 as a consultant. After completing his Ph.D. at MIT, he was at the University of California, Berkeley for an academic year, and subsequently joined SRI full-time in April 1965. He was a long-time member of SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center, and was its director from 1970 to 1973. While at SRI, he helped invent the A* search algorithm and develop Shakey the robot, which was one of the first projects sponsored by DARPA; Raphael directed work on Shakey from 1970 to 1971. He also co-founded the Journal of Artificial Intelligence.
In 1976 he sold the NLS technology developed by the Augmentation Research Center (ARC), led by Douglas Engelbart, to Tymshare.
From 1980 to 1990 Raphael worked as a research manager at Hewlett Packard. From 1990 to 1997 he helped his wife, Anne, operate Compass Point Travel Inc., a business that she had founded in 1980 in Mountain View, California.
He was a Senior Fulbright Lecturer in Vienna during 1973 and 1974.
Selected publications
Boo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermileonidae
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The Brachyceran family Vermileonidae (the sole family in the infraorder Vermileonomorpha) is a small family of uncertain affinities and unusual biology. It includes fewer than 80 described species, most of them rare and with restricted distribution, in 10 genera. Historically the vermileonids had been regarded as belonging to the family Rhagionidae, possibly in a subfamily Vermileoninae. Their biology and morphology are so markedly distinct from the main Rhagionidae sensu stricto however, that the placement as a separate family has been widely accepted.
Adult
The adults are slender, fragile, long-legged flies, vaguely reminiscent of small crane flies. The adults generally visit flowers for nectar, but adults of some species may not feed at all. The mouthparts of the adult are hypognathous, used mainly for extracting nectar from flowers, long, and straight. This might have something to do with the common name "snipe-fly" for the family Rhagionidae, but it would be misleading to use that name for Vermileonidae now, as they are no longer included in the Rhagionidae, which still are called snipe-flies.
Most vermileonid species are found in the drier regions of the western parts of Africa, from the Cape to Morocco, and also in the western parts of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly in Portugal.
Larvae
The larvae of vermileonids are called wormlions which amounts to a direct translation of Vermileo. They have evolved the same elaborate mechanism for trapping prey, as one sees in man
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI/ISA-95
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ANSI/ISA-95, or ISA-95 as it is more commonly referred, is an international standard from the International Society of Automation for developing an automated interface between enterprise and control systems. This standard has been developed for global manufacturers. It was developed to be applied in all industries, and in all sorts of processes, like batch processes, continuous and repetitive processes.
The objectives of ISA-95 are to provide consistent terminology that is a foundation for supplier and manufacturer communications, provide consistent information models, and to provide consistent operations models which is a foundation for clarifying application functionality and how information is to be used.
There are 5 parts of the ISA-95 standard.
ANSI/ISA-95.00.01-2000, Enterprise-Control System Integration Part 1: Models and Terminology consists of standard terminology and object models, which can be used to decide which information should be exchanged.
The models help define boundaries between the enterprise systems and the control systems. They help address questions like which tasks can be executed by which function and what information must be exchanged between applications. Here is a .
ISA-95 Models
Context
Hierarchy Models
Scheduling and control (Purdue)
Equipment hierarchy
Functional Data Flow Model
Manufacturing Functions
Data Flows
Object Models
Objects
Object Relationships
Object Attributes
Operations Activity Models
Operations Elements: PO, MO, QO, IO
Op
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestration
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Fenestration or fenestrate may refer to:
Fenestration (architecture), relating to openings in a building
Fenestra, in anatomy, medicine, and biology, any small opening in an anatomical structure
Leaf window, or fenestration, a translucent or transparent area in a plant leaf
Perforate leaf, sometimes described as fenestrate, a leaf that develops large holes as it grows
Fenestration, holes in the rudders of some ships, supposedly giving greater control
See also
Defenestration, the act of throwing someone or something out of a window
National Fenestration Rating Council, an American organization that evaluates the energy performance of fenestration products
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunophilins
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In molecular biology, immunophilins are endogenous cytosolic peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPI) that catalyze the interconversion between the cis and trans isomers of peptide bonds containing the amino acid proline (Pro). They are chaperone molecules that generally assist in the proper folding of diverse "client" proteins. Immunophilins are traditionally classified into two families that differ in sequence and biochemical characteristics. These two families are: "cyclosporin-binding cyclophilins (CyPs)" and "FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs)". In 2005, a group of dual-family immunophilins (DFI) has been discovered, mostly in unicellular organisms; these DFIs are natural chimera of CyP and FKBPs, fused in either order (CyP-FKBP or FKBP-CyP).
Immunophilins act as receptors for immunosuppressive drugs such as sirolimus (rapamycin), cyclosporin (such as CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506), which inhibit the prolyl isomerase activity of the immunophilins. The drug-immunophilin complexes (CsA-CyP and FK506-FKBP) bind to calcineurin, which inhibits the phosphatase activity of calcineurin and engenders the immunosuppressive effects. CsA and FK506 thus affect the calcium-dependent step of T cell response which prevents release of interleukin-2. Immunophilins also form protein complex with ryanodine and inositol triphosphate (IP3) which impacts the release of calcium.
FK506 binds with high affinity to other smaller proteins, such as FKBP-12. FKBP-12 and cyclophilins both share common peptide-pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical%20Journal
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The Biophysical Journal is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cell Press on behalf of the Biophysical Society. The journal was established in 1960 and covers all aspects of biophysics.
The journal occasionally publishes special issues devoted to specific topics. In addition, a supplemental "abstracts issue" is published, containing abstracts of presentations at the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting. The editor-in-chief is Vasanthi Jayaraman.
History
The following persons are or have been editor-in-chief:
References
External links
Cell Press academic journals
Academic journals established in 1960
Biophysics journals
Biweekly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an%20Ristanovi%C4%87
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Dušan Ristanović (February 1933 in Čačak, Serbia July 2017) was a Professor of Medical Biophysics at the Department of Biophysics of the Belgrade Medical School.
Biography
Prof. Dušan Ristanović is author of more than 400 scientific papers, with over 150 cited publications. He was also head of the Yugoslav Biophysical Association and Head of the Department of Biophysics, Medical School in Belgrade. His main scientific interests include biophysics, mathematical modeling of biological processes, neurophysiology, biostatistics, fractal analysis, and methodology of science.
He co-authored several of his publications in the 1970s and 1980s with among others his wife Dušanka Đokić-Ristanović, a theoretical physicist and physics professor at the University of Belgrade.
References
External links
Personal home page
List of publications
1933 births
Living people
Serbian biophysicists
Serbian physicists
Academic staff of the University of Belgrade
Yugoslav scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Lewis%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Theodore Gyle (Ted) Lewis (born 1941) is an American computer scientist and mathematician, and professor at the Naval Postgraduate School.
Biography
Lewis received his BS in Mathematics and his PhD in computer Science. He started his career at the Oregon State University, where he became Professor of Computer Science and directed its Industry Research Center OACIS.
In 1993 he moved to the Naval Postgraduate School, where he was chairman of computer science for four years. In 1997 he moved to DaimlerChrysler Research and Technology, North America, Inc., where he served as president and CEO. After about three years he moved to the Eastman Kodak Company, where he directed the Digital Business Development division. In his retirement from industry in 2002, he became professor at the Naval Postgraduate School.
A columnist for IEEE Internet Computing, he has contributed pieces to Scientific American and Upside. He has served two stints of Editor-in-Chief, at IEEE Software from 1987 to 1990 and at Computer from 1993 to 1994.
Selected publications
Lewis has written or co-authored 30 books, including:
El-Rewini, Hesham, Theodore G. Lewis, and Hesham H. Ali. Task scheduling in parallel and distributed systems. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994.
Lewis, Theodore Gyle. The friction-free economy: Marketing strategies for a wired world. HarperBusiness, 1997.
El-Rewini, Hesham, and Ted G. Lewis. Distributed and parallel computing. Manning Publications Co., 1998.
Lewis, Ted G. Microsoft Ris
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Chang%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Carl Kochao Chang () is Professor of Computer Science, Professor of Human Computer Interaction and Director of Software Engineering Laboratory in the Department of Computer Science at Iowa State University, where he served as its department chair from 2002 to 2013. He received a PhD in computer science from Northwestern University.
Career
He worked for GTE Automatic Electric and Bell Laboratories before joining the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1984, where he directed the International Center for Software Engineering. He served as Professor and Director for the Institute for Mobile, Pervasive, and Agile Computing Technologies (IMPACT) at Auburn University from 2001 to 2002, before moving to Iowa State University in July 2002 to take the department chair position. Chang was the 2004 IEEE Computer Society president. Previously he served as the Editor-in-Chief for IEEE Software (1991–1994) and Editor-in-Chief for IEEE Computer (2007–2010). He spearheaded the Computing Curricula 2001 (CC2001) project jointly sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society, the ACM, and the National Science Foundation. He is a Life Fellow of IEEE, a Fellow of AAAS, and a Life Fellow and an officer of the European Academy of Sciences. Chang retired from Iowa State University in 2022.
Awards and recognition
He received the 2000 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, the 2006 Bulgaria Academy of Sciences Marin Drinov Medal, and the 2012 IEEE Computer Society Richard E. Merwin Medal. As a three times winner of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20W.%20Fuller
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Robert Works Fuller (born 1936) is an American physicist, author, social reformer, and former president of Oberlin College.
Biography
Robert Fuller attended Oberlin College, leaving without graduating in order to earn his Ph.D. in physics at Princeton University in 1961. He taught at Columbia University, where he co-authored the book Mathematics of Classical and Quantum Physics.
Oberlin College president
The mounting social unrest of the 1960s, and Fuller's commitment to educational reform—which he had already demonstrated as a Trinity College dean—led his alma mater, Oberlin College, in 1970, to make him its tenth president, succeeding Robert K. Carr. At age 33 Fuller became one of the youngest college presidents in the country.
His Oberlin presidency was a turbulent time on campus and in higher education generally. Fuller established a faculty-administration body to consider basic structural change in the curriculum and calendar, as well as a Commission on the Status of Women, tripled the enrollment of minorities, and the college established an African Studies program. He took special interest in the arts, as well. He recruited Herbert Blau to head the Inter-Arts Program, which included the actor Bill Irwin and the director Julie Taymor. He encouraged The Oberlin Dance Collective,
In what has been called the "Oberlin Experiment," he recruited and hired Jack Scott, writer about the sociology of sports, as chairman of the physical education department and athletic direct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20eye%20%28disambiguation%29
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The third eye is a spiritual concept associated with enlightenment and direct communication with a higher plane of existence.
Third eye may also refer to:
Biology
Parietal eye or a third eye
Pineal gland or the third eye, a gland found in the brain of most vertebrates
Film
The Third Eye (serial), a 1920 film serial
The Third Eye (1929 film), a British film by Maclean Rogers
The Third Eye (1966 film) or Il terzo occhio, an Italian film by Mino Guerrini
Third Eye (2014 film), a Philippine horror film by Aloy Adlawan
The 3rd Eye (2017 film), an Indonesian horror film
The 3rd Eye 2, a 2019 sequel
Teesri Aankh (1982 film), or The Third Eye, a 1982 Indian action-drama film
Teesri Aankh: The Hidden Camera, or The Third Eye, a 2006 Indian action-techno thriller film
Television
The Third Eye (American TV series), a Nickelodeon TV series
The Third Eye (Norwegian TV series), a 2014–2016 crime drama
Third Eye (2012 TV series), a Philippine horror fantasy series
Literature
The Third Eye (book), a 1956 book by Lobsang Rampa
The Third Eye (novel), a 1991 novel by Lois Duncan
Music
Albums
Third Eye (Ben Allison album) (1999)
Third Eye (Redd Kross album)
Third Eye (Monsoon album)
The Third Eye, an album by Cherry Filter
Songs
"The Third Eye" (song), a song by the Pillows from My Foot
"Third Eye", a song by Black Eyed Peas from Elephunk
"Third Eye", a 2018 song by Emma Blackery
"Third Eye", a 2015 song by Florence + The Machine from "How Big, How Blue, How Beauti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20B.%20Tucker
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Jonathan B. Tucker (August 2, 1954 – July 31, 2011) was a United States chemical and biological weapons expert.
Early life and education
Tucker was born on August 2, 1954, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Deborah Tucker. Tucker earned a B.S. in biology from Yale University and a Ph.D. in political science (focusing on defense and arms control study) from MIT.
Career
After finishing his studies Tucker worked as an arms control specialist for the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, the U.S. Arms Control & Disarmament Agency, and the U.S. State Department. He was an editor at High Technology and Scientific American magazines and wrote about military technologies, biotechnology, and biomedical research. Tucker was a UN weapons biological inspector in Iraq in February 1995.
From 1996, he served as founding director of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies of the Monterey Institute of International Studies, and then served as a senior fellow in its Washington Office. He was a professional staff member for the bipartisan Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism, which published World at Risk, a volume critical of US prevention strategies for post-9/11 terrorism.
In 2010, Tucker spent a semester teaching and researching at the TU Darmstadt in Germany as an endowed professor of peace and security studies, and most recently was a senior fellow at the Federation of American S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20R.%20N.%20Murthy
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M. R. N. Murthy (Mattur Ramabhadrashastry Narasimha Murthy), was a professor of molecular biophysics at the Indian Institute of Science, IISc, Bangalore. He currently teaches at the Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru. His chief contributions are in the area of X-ray crystallography. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award for outstanding contribution to physical sciences, which is the highest honour for a scientist in India, in the year 1992.
Biographical sketch
M.R.N. Murthy was born in the small village of Mathur situated in the Shimoga District of Karnataka State. The primary education of Murthy was at the Government school of his native village. He obtained higher secondary education in the nearby town of Shimoga, as there was no higher secondary school in the village. Murthy belongs to one of the initial generations to leave the village for higher education. Because of this background, Murthy has intimate knowledge of Indian rural traditions and customs. After his Pre-University education at Shimoga, Murthy joined the Central College in Bangalore as an honours student of physics. Following this, he joined the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (the present Chennai) to study masters course in physics. After obtaining masters degree, he joined the organic chemistry Department of the prestigious Indian Institute of Science for his doctoral studies under the guidance of Professor K. Venkatesan, a well-known Indian crystallographer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Wohlwill
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Wolf Emil Wohlwill (24 November 1835 in Seesen – 2 February 1912 in Hamburg) was a German-Jewish engineer of electrochemistry. He invented the Wohlwill process in 1874.
Literary works
Galilei und sein Kampf für die copernikanische Lehre, the 1st volume, 1909
the 2nd volume, 1926
See also
Wohlwill process
Wohlwill-Andrade syndrome
References
Gold Avenue Encyclopedia
1835 births
1912 deaths
People from Seesen
People from the Duchy of Brunswick
19th-century German Jews
Engineers from Lower Saxony
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201972
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The following events occurred in October 1972:
October 1, 1972 (Sunday)
Publication of the first reports of the production of a recombinant DNA molecule marked the birth of modern molecular biology methodology.
Singapore Airlines (SIA), with 10 aircraft, and Malaysia Airlines, were created with the breakup of Malaysia Singapore Airlines. SIA now serves 80 cities in 40 nations around the world.
At about 1:00 a.m. local time, off of the coast of South Vietnam, an explosion on board the killed 19 sailors and injured ten others.
Florida's new death penalty statute, the first to be passed in the United States since the U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared all existing capital punishment laws unconstitutional, went into effect.
The Oregon Minimum Deposit Law took effect, as Oregon became the first state to require a deposit on all beverage containers, including cans.
Born: Jean Paulo Fernandes, Brazilian footballer
Died: Louis Leakey, 69, Kenyan anthropologist
Died: Neville Goddard, 67, Barbadian author and mystic
October 2, 1972 (Monday)
Voters in Denmark approved the Treaty of Accession in a referendum, with 63.5% voting in favor of joining the European Economic Community, known as the "Common Market". One week earlier, voters in neighboring Norway had rejected the treaty.
An Aeroflot Il-18 airliner crashed at Sochi, in the Soviet Union, killing all 109 people on board.
The Indian State of Rajasthan launched the Antyodaya Programme, which would identify the five poorest f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Chang
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Carl Chang may refer to:
Carl Chang (businessman) (born 1969), American entrepreneur and former tennis coach
Carl Chang (computer scientist), professor and chair of the Department of Computer Science at Iowa State University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20%26%20Engineering%20News
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Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN) is a weekly news magazine published by the American Chemical Society, providing professional and technical news and analysis in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering. It includes information on recent news and research in these fields, career and employment information, business and industry news, government and policy news, funding in these fields, and special reports. The magazine is available to all members of the American Chemical Society.
History
The magazine was established in 1923, and has been on the internet since 1998.
The interim editor-in-chief is Michael McCoy.
Abstracting and indexing
The magazine is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Citation Index, and Scopus.
References
External links
American Chemical Society academic journals
Chemical engineering journals
Engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1923
Magazines published in Washington, D.C.
Professional and trade magazines
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Weekly magazines published in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekin%20Dereli
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Tekin Dereli (November 30, 1949) is a Turkish theoretical physicist.
Life and academic career
He studied at Ankara Science High School and the Middle East Technical University.
He was an associate professor and a Professor of Physics at Middle East Technical University (1984–1987, 1993–2001); professor at Faculty of Science at Ankara University (1987–1993), Leverhulme Visiting Professor at Lancaster University UK (2000–2001) and since 2001, he is a professor at the department of physics at Koç University.
TUBITAK honored him with TUBITAK Junior Science Price in 1982 and TUBITAK Science Prize in 1996. He also was awarded prestigious Turkish prizes for science by "Sedat Simavi Trust" in 1989 and "Prof. Mustafa Parlar Foundation" in (1993).
He is a member of Turkish Academy of Sciences (TAS) since 1993.
He is married with two children.
Research interests
His research interests are Yang-Mills gauge theories, supersymmetry, supergravity, quaternion and octonion algebras, spin structures, generalised theories of gravity, cosmological solutions, integrable systems and phase space quantisation.
References
Biography at Koc University
External links
Web page at Koc University
1949 births
Living people
People from Ankara
Middle East Technical University alumni
Academic staff of Middle East Technical University
Academic staff of Ankara University
Academic staff of Koç University
Turkish physicists
Theoretical physicists
Recipients of TÜBİTAK Science Award
METU Mustafa Par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict%20%28disambiguation%29
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The term strict refers to relational operators in mathematics.
Strict may also refer to:
Strict, a function classification in programming languages - see Strict function
the strict pragma in the programming language Perl used to restrict unsafe constructs
See also
List of people known as the Strict
Strict histories (or executions) in scheduling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inexact%20differential
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An inexact differential or imperfect differential is a differential whose integral is path dependent. It is most often used in thermodynamics to express changes in path dependent quantities such as heat and work, but is defined more generally within mathematics as a type of differential form. In contrast, an integral of an exact differential is always path independent since the integral acts to invert the differential operator. Consequently, a quantity with an inexact differential cannot be expressed as a function of only the variables within the differential. I.e., its value cannot be inferred just by looking at the initial and final states of a given system. Inexact differentials are primarily used in calculations involving heat and work because they are path functions, not state functions.
Definition
An inexact differential is a differential for which the integral over some two paths with the same end points is different. Specifically, there exist integrable paths such that , and
In this case, we denote the integrals as and respectively to make explicit the path dependence of the change of the quantity we are considering as .
More generally, an inexact differential is a differential form which is not an exact differential, i.e., for all functions ,
The fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals requires path independence in order to express the values of a given vector field in terms of the partial derivatives of another function that is the multivariate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4umler
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Bäumler or Baeumler [ˈbɔʏmlɐ] (Americanized as Baumler) is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Albert Baumler (1914–1973), American fighter ace
Alfred Baeumler (1887–1968), German philosopher
Andreas J. Bäumler, German-born professor for microbiology and immunology at the University of California Davis
Erich Bäumler (1930–2003), German footballer
Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (born 1942), German figure skater, actor, pop singer and television host
See also
Brad Boimler, fictional character of the television series Star Trek: Lower Decks
Baumer
Bäumer
German-language surnames
Occupational surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroduplex%20analysis
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Heteroduplex analysis (HDA) is a method in biochemistry used to detect point mutations in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) since 1992. Heteroduplexes are dsDNA molecules that have one or more mismatched pairs, on the other hand homoduplexes are dsDNA which are perfectly paired. This method of analysis depend up on the fact that heteroduplexes shows reduced mobility relative to the homoduplex DNA. heteroduplexes are formed between different DNA alleles. In a mixture of wild-type and mutant amplified DNA, heteroduplexes are formed in mutant alleles and homoduplexes are formed in wild-type alleles. There are two types of heteroduplexes based on type and extent of mutation in the DNA. Small deletions or insertion create bulge-type heteroduplexes which is stable and is verified by electron microscope. Single base substitutions creates more unstable heteroduplexes called bubble-type heteroduplexes, because of low stability it is difficult to visualize in electron microscopy. HDA is widely used for rapid screening of mutation of the 3 bp p.F508del deletion in the CFTR gene.
References
Biochemistry methods
Biochemistry
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin%20A5%20affinity%20assay
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In molecular biology, an annexin A5 affinity assay is a test to quantify the number of cells undergoing apoptosis. The assay uses the protein annexin A5 to tag apoptotic and dead cells, and the numbers are then counted using either flow cytometry or a fluorescence microscope.
The annexin a5 protein binds to apoptotic cells in a calcium-dependent manner using phosphatidylserine-containing membrane surfaces that are usually present only on the inner leaflet of the membrane.
Background
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is used by the body to remove unwanted, damaged, or senescent cells from tissues. Removal of apoptotic cells is carried out via phagocytosis by white blood cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Phagocytic white blood cells recognize apoptotic cells by their exposure of negatively charged phospholipids (phosphatidylserine) on the cell surface.
In normal cells, the negative phospholipids reside on the inner side of the cellular membrane while the outer surface of the membrane is occupied by uncharged phospholipids. After a cell has entered apoptosis, the negatively charged phospholipids are transported to the outer cell surface by a hypothetical protein known as scramblase. Phagocytic white blood cells express a receptor that can bind to and detect the negatively charged phospholipids on the apoptotic cell surfaces. After detection the apoptotic cells are removed.
Detection of cell death with annexin A5
Healthy individual apoptotic cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald%20Wollny
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Martin Ewald Wollny (March 20, 1846, Berlin – January 8, 1901, München) was a German founder of agrophysics (Agrikulturphysiker).
He taught at the Technical University of Munich (since 1872).
See also
Rainfall simulator
Literary works
Editor & contributor of the "Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Agrikulturphysik", 20 vols., 1878-1898
Saat und Pflege der landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen, 1885
Die Kultur der Getreidearten, 1887
Der Einfluss der Pflanzendecke und der Beschattung auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften und Fruchtbarkeit des Bodens, 1877
Die Zersetzung Der Organischen Stoffe und die Humusbildungen. Mit Rücksicht auf die Bodencultur, 1897
Wollny Ewald
1846 births
1901 deaths
Academic journal editors
German agronomists
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
German male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20inhibitory%20concentration
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In microbiology, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical, usually a drug, which prevents visible in vitro growth of bacteria or fungi. MIC testing is performed in both diagnostic and drug discovery laboratories.
The MIC is determined by preparing a dilution series of the chemical, adding agar or broth, then inoculating with bacteria or fungi, and incubating at a suitable temperature. The value obtained is largely dependent on the susceptibility of the microorganism and the antimicrobial potency of the chemical, but other variables can affect results too. The MIC is often expressed in micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) or milligrams per liter (mg/L).
In diagnostic labs, MIC test results are used to grade the susceptibility of microbes. These grades are assigned based on agreed upon values called breakpoints. Breakpoints are published by standards development organizations such as the U.S. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). The purpose of measuring MICs and grading microbes is to enable physicians to prescribe the most appropriate antimicrobial treatment.
The first step in drug discovery is often measurement of the MICs of biological extracts, isolated compounds or large chemical libraries against bacteria and fungi of interest. MIC values provide a quantitative measure of an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance%20technical%20computing
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High-performance technical computing (HPTC) is the application of high performance computing (HPC) to technical, as opposed to business or scientific, problems (although the lines between the various disciplines are necessarily vague). HPTC often refers to the application of HPC to engineering problems and includes computational fluid dynamics, simulation, modeling, and seismic tomography (particularly in the petrochemical industry).
See also
Supercomputer
External links
Top 500 supercomputers
Parallel computing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Kleppner
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Daniel Kleppner, born 1932, is the Lester Wolfe Professor Emeritus of Physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and co-founder and co-director of the MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms. His areas of science include atomic, molecular, and optical physics, and his research interests include experimental atomic physics, laser spectroscopy, and high precision measurements.
Together with Robert J. Kolenkow, he authored a popular textbook An Introduction to Mechanics for advanced students.
Biography
Parents
Kleppner's father was Otto Kleppner, founder of an advertising agency.
Education and career
Kleppner graduated from Williams College with a B.A. in 1953 in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He also attended Cambridge University in England with a B.A. in 1955, and Harvard University, he attended the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, with a Ph.D. in 1959.
In the 1950s, Kleppner became a physics doctoral student at Harvard University, where he worked under Norman Ramsey.
Here, Kleppner took the concepts behind an ammonia maser and applied them to a hydrogen maser, which became his Ph.D. thesis.
Kleppner did important research into Rydberg atoms.
Later he became interested in creating a hydrogen Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC). In 1995, a group of researchers, including Kleppner's former students, made a BEC using rubidium atoms.
It was not until 1998 that Kleppner and Tom Greytak finally created a hydrogen BEC.
Honors and awards
Kleppner has been t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silyl%20enol%20ether
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In organosilicon chemistry, silyl enol ethers are a class of organic compounds that share the common functional group , composed of an enolate () bonded to a silane () through its oxygen end and an ethene group () as its carbon end. They are important intermediates in organic synthesis.
Synthesis
Silyl enol ethers are generally prepared by reacting an enolizable carbonyl compound with a silyl electrophile and a base, or just reacting an enolate with a silyl electrophile. Since silyl electrophiles are hard and silicon-oxygen bonds are very strong, the oxygen (of the carbonyl compound or enolate) acts as the nucleophile to form a Si-O single bond.
The most commonly used silyl electrophile is trimethylsilyl chloride. To increase the rate of reaction, trimethylsilyl triflate may also be used in the place of trimethylsilyl chloride as a more electrophilic substrate.
When using an unsymmetrical enolizable carbonyl compound as a substrate, the choice of reaction conditions can help control whether the kinetic or thermodynamic silyl enol ether is preferentially formed. For instance, when using lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), a strong and sterically hindered base, at low temperature (e.g., -78°C), the kinetic silyl enol ether (with a less substituted double bond) preferentially forms due to sterics. When using triethylamine, a weak base, the thermodynamic silyl enol ether (with a more substituted double bond) is preferred.
Alternatively, a rather exotic way of generating silyl eno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painlev%C3%A9
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Painlevé, a surname, may refer to:
People
Jean Painlevé (1902–1989), French film director, actor, translator, animator, son Paul
Paul Painlevé (1863–1933), French mathematician and politician, twice Prime Minister of France
Mathematics
Painlevé conjecture, a conjecture about singularities in the n-body problem by Paul Painlevé
Painlevé paradox, a paradox in rigid-body dynamics by Paul Painlevé
Painlevé transcendents, ordinary differential equation solutions discovered by Paul Painlevé
Other
French aircraft carrier Painlevé, a planned ship named in honor of Paul Painlevé
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeuwenhoek%20Lecture
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The Leeuwenhoek Lecture is a prize lecture of the Royal Society to recognize achievement in microbiology. The prize was originally given in 1950 and awarded annually, but from 2006 to 2018 was given triennially. From 2018 it will be awarded biennially.
The prize is named after the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and was instituted in 1948 from a bequest from George Gabb. A gift of £2000 is associated with the lecture.
Leeuwenhoek Lecturers
The following is a list of Leeuwenhoek Lecture award winners along with the title of their lecture:
21st Century
2024 Joanne Webster, for her achievements in advancing control of disease in humans and animals caused by parasites in Asia and Africa
2022 Sjors Scheres, for ground-breaking contributions and innovations in image analysis and reconstruction methods in electron cryo-microscopy, enabling the structure determination of complex macromolecules of fundamental biological and medical importance to atomic resolution
2020 Geoffrey L. Smith, for his studies of poxviruses which has had major impact in wider areas, notably vaccine development, biotechnology, host-pathogen interactions and innate immunity
2018 Sarah Cleaveland, Can we make rabies history? Realising the value of research for the global elimination of rabies
2015 Jeffrey Errington, for his seminal discoveries in relation to the cell cycle and cell morphogenesis in bacteria
2012 Brad Amos, How new science is transforming the optical microscope
2010 Robert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Wertheim
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Margaret Wertheim (born 20 August 1958) is an Australian-born science writer, curator, and artist based in the United States. She is the author of books on the cultural history of physics, and has written about science, including for the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Guardian, Aeon and Cabinet. Wertheim and her twin sister, Christine Wertheim, are co-founders of the Institute For Figuring (IFF), a Los Angeles-based non-profit organization though which they create projects at the intersection of art, science and mathematics. Their IFF projects include their Crochet Coral Reef, which has been shown at the 2019 Venice Biennale, Hayward Gallery (London), Museum of Arts and Design (NYC), and the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. For her work with public science engagement, Wertheim won the 2016 Klopsteg Memorial Award from the American Association of Physics Teachers and Australia's Scientia Medal (2017).
Education and research
Wertheim's education includes two bachelor's degrees, a Bachelor of Science in pure and applied physics from the University of Queensland and a Bachelor of Arts in pure mathematics and computing from the University of Sydney.
Wertheim has been a research associate at the American Natural Museum of Natural History located in New York, and is a fellow at the Los Angeles Institute for the Humanities,. She is currently a PhD candidate and researcher at Deakin University. She was the Discovery Fellow (2012-2013) at the University of Sou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostability
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In materials science and molecular biology, thermostability is the ability of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure, often by resisting decomposition or polymerization, at a high relative temperature.
Thermostable materials may be used industrially as fire retardants. A thermostable plastic, an uncommon and unconventional term, is likely to refer to a thermosetting plastic that cannot be reshaped when heated, than to a thermoplastic that can be remelted and recast.
Thermostability is also a property of some proteins. To be a thermostable protein means to be resistant to changes in protein structure due to applied heat.
Thermostable proteins
Most life-forms on Earth live at temperatures of less than 50 °C, commonly from 15 to 50 °C. Within these organisms are macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids) which form the three-dimensional structures essential to their enzymatic activity. Above the native temperature of the organism, thermal energy may cause the unfolding and denaturation, as the heat can disrupt the intramolecular bonds in the tertiary and quaternary structure. This unfolding will result in loss in enzymatic activity, which is understandably deleterious to continuing life-functions. An example of such is the denaturing of proteins in albumen from a clear, nearly colourless liquid to an opaque white, insoluble gel.
Proteins capable of withstanding such high temperatures compared to proteins that cannot, are generally
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Godin
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Nicolas Godin (born 25 December 1969) is a French musician best known for being half of the music duo Air.
Early life
Godin was born in Paris, Île-de-France, France, and studied architecture at the École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Versailles, along with soon to be musical partner, Jean-Benoît Dunckel, a mathematics student.
Before founding Air, Godin played in the band Orange, with others such as Jean-Benoît Dunckel, Alex Gopher, Xavier Jamaux, and Jean de Reydellet. He and Jean-Benoît have been working together since they were teenagers in the 1980s.
Early career
Contrary to the popular belief, the name of the band Air does not stand for "Amour, Imagination, Rêve" (love, imagination, dream), but rather for description of their music which the duo describes as "airy" (in French aérien). In the beginning, it was a one‑person project. Godin, then an architecture student and amateur musician, was asked by a childhood friend to write a song for a compilation to be released by Source, a small French independent label. "Modulor Mix", a tribute to Le Corbusier, was recorded on Godin's Portastudio, and appeared on the Source Lab album in 1995. With several remixes, it was re‑released on British label Mo' Wax in 1996.
Air
Following this small success, Godin asked his friend Jean-Benoît Dunckel, a classically trained pianist, to join him in Air. Together, they produced further 'maxi‑singles' for Source, with titles like "J'ai Dormi Sous L'eau", "Les Professionnels", "Ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Beno%C3%AEt%20Dunckel
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Jean-Benoît Dunckel (born 7 September 1969) is a French musician best known for being one half of the French music duo Air, along with Nicolas Godin.
In the 1980s, he formed the band Orange with Alex Gopher, Xavier Jamaux and Jean de Reydellet. He studied mathematics and physics and taught at a middle school in Paris, before embarking on a career as a professional musician. Since 1995, he has been one of two members of the band Air, along with his partner Nicolas Godin.
Working under the name Darkel, he released his first solo album, titled Darkel, in September 2006.
In 2011, he formed the electronica side project Tomorrow's World with Lou Hayter of New Young Pony Club. Tomorrow's World, their first album, was released in 2013.
Dunckel collaborated with Icelander Barði Jóhannsson under the name Starwalker and released an EP in March 2014, featuring "Losers Can Win" and "Bad Weather". A new song not featured on the EP was issued in November 2014, titled Blue Hawaii. In April 2016, a self-titled, full-length album was released.
In March 2015, he issued the four-track mini-album titled The Man of Sorrow. Also in 2015, he composed the soundtrack for the film The Summer of Sangailé. The soundtrack album was released on 24 July.
In 2018, he released his 2nd full-length solo album titled H+ under Jive Epic records.
Four years later, in June 2022, Dunckel released his next full-length studio album Carbon, under his own label Prototyp. On the album (theme) Dunckel suggests tech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich-structured%20composite
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In materials science, a sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin-but-stiff skins to a lightweight but thick core. The core material is normally low strength, but its higher thickness provides the sandwich composite with high bending stiffness with overall low density.
Open- and closed-cell-structured foams like polyethersulfone, polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, polyethylene or polystyrene foams, balsa wood, syntactic foams, and honeycombs are commonly used core materials. Sometimes, the honeycomb structure is filled with other foams for added strength. Open- and closed-cell metal foam can also be used as core materials.
Laminates of glass or carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics or mainly thermoset polymers (unsaturated polyesters, epoxies...) are widely used as skin materials. Sheet metal is also used as skin material in some cases.
The core is bonded to the skins with an adhesive or with metal components by brazing together.
History
A summary of the important developments in sandwich structures is given below.
230 BC Archimedes describes the laws of levers and a way to calculate density.
25 BC Vitruvius reports about the efficient use of materials in Roman truss roof structures.
1493 Leonardo da Vinci discovers the neutral axis and load deflection relation in three-point bending.
1570 Palladio presents truss-beam constructions with dia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciter%20%28effect%29
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An exciter (also called a harmonic exciter or aural exciter) is an audio signal processing technique used to enhance a signal by dynamic equalization, phase manipulation, harmonic synthesis of (usually) high frequency signals, and through the addition of subtle harmonic distortion. Dynamic equalization involves variation of the equalizer characteristics in the time domain as a function of the input. Due to the varying nature, noise is reduced compared to static equalizers. Harmonic synthesis involves the creation of higher order harmonics from the fundamental frequency signals present in the recording. As noise is usually more prevalent at higher frequencies, the harmonics are derived from a purer frequency band resulting in clearer highs. Exciters are also used to synthesize harmonics of low frequency signals to simulate deep bass in smaller speakers.
Originally made in valve (tube) based equipment, they are now implemented as part of a digital signal processor, often trying to emulate analogue exciters. Exciters are mostly found as plug-ins for sound editing software and in sound enhancement processors.
Aphex aural exciter
The Aphex aural exciter was one of the first exciter effects. The effect was developed in the mid-1970s by Aphex Electronics. The aural exciter adds phase shift and musically related synthesized harmonics to audio signals. The first Aural Exciter units were available in the mid-1970s, exclusively on the rental basis of $30 per minute of finished record
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer
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Enhancer may refer to:
Enhancer (genetics), a short region of DNA that can increase transcription of a gene
Exciter (effect), audio effect unit
See also
Enhance (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Parker
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Leonard Emanuel Parker (born Leonard Pearlman in 1938) is a distinguished professor emeritus of physics and a former director of the Center for Gravitation and Cosmology at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. During the late 1960s, Parker established a new area of physics—quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Specifically, by applying the technique of Bogoliubov transformations to quantum field theory with a changing gravitational field, he discovered the physical mechanism now known as cosmological particle production. His breakthrough discovery has a surprising consequence: the expansion of the universe can create particles out of the vacuum.
His work inspired research by hundreds of physicists and has been cited in more than 2,000 research papers; it was credited in the memoirs of Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov and helped Stephen Hawking discover the creation of particles by black holes.
Along with David Toms of Newcastle University, Parker co-wrote a latest addition to graduate-level textbooks on quantum field theory in curved spacetime, entitled Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime: Quantized Fields and Gravity (Cambridge University Press, 2009, ).
He received his PhD from Harvard University in 1967. His advisor was Sidney Coleman.
Awards and honors
1984 Elected Fellow, American Physical Society
2000 The Parker symposium
References
External links
Parker's faculty page at University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
The Center for Gravitation and Cosmology
Milw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20book%20decomposition
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In mathematics, an open book decomposition (or simply an open book) is a decomposition of a closed oriented 3-manifold M into a union of surfaces (necessarily with boundary) and solid tori. Open books have relevance to contact geometry, with a famous theorem of Emmanuel Giroux (given below) that shows that contact geometry can be studied from an entirely topological viewpoint.
Definition and construction
Definition. An open book decomposition of a 3-dimensional manifold M is a pair (B, π) where
B is an oriented link in M, called the binding of the open book;
π: M \ B → S1 is a fibration of the complement of B such that for each θ ∈ S1, π−1(θ) is the interior of a compact surface Σ ⊂ M whose boundary is B. The surface Σ is called the page of the open book.
This is the special case m = 3 of an open book decomposition of an m-dimensional manifold, for any m.
The definition for general m is similar, except that the surface with boundary (Σ, B) is replaced by an (m − 1)-manifold with boundary (P, ∂P). Equivalently, the open book decomposition can be thought of as a homeomorphism of M to the quotient space
where f:P → P is a self-homeomorphism preserving the boundary. This quotient space is called a relative mapping torus.
When Σ is an oriented compact surface with n boundary components and φ: Σ → Σ is a homeomorphism which is the identity near the boundary, we can construct an open book by first forming the mapping torus Σφ. Since φ is the identity on ∂Σ, ∂Σφ is the trivial
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasul%20Guliyev
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Rasul Guliyev (; born 10 December 1947) was Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 1996.
Biography details
Early years
Guliyev was born on December 10, 1947 in the Gazanchy village of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. After completing his secondary education in 1965, he entered the Chemistry-Technology faculty of the Oil And Chemistry Institute of Azerbaijan, graduating in 1970 and gaining the profession of a technologist-engineer.
He then started working for Chemistry Plants of Azerbaijan in Sumgait. From 1971 to 1992, Guliyev worked in the Baku Oil Refinery Plant as a technologist, chief of workshop, engineer, chief engineer and the director. At the same time, he was elected a deputy to the Baku Soviet of Deputies, and a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR in 1990.
He was appointed the vice-president of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and on December 7, 1992 - Chief of the Main Oil and Gas Processing Office.
Political career
From 11 May 1993 to 9 November 1993, Guliyev worked as the Deputy Prime Minister of Azerbaijan. From November 1993 to November 1995, he was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan. In 1995 Guliyev was re-elected a member of the Milli Majlis and speaker of the parliament of Azerbaijan. He resigned from the post of Speaker of Parliament on September 11, 1996.
Guliyev a reformist-democrat in terms of his economic-political views. He emigrated to the United States in 1996.
R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFN
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SFN may refer to:
Short filename, the 8.3 filename limitation of the DOS computer operating system
SFN Group, Inc., a North American temporary work agency
Single-frequency network, a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Society for Neuroscience, a professional society headquartered in Washington, D.C.
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn, a medical condition occurring in newborns
Protein stratifin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo%20D.%20Sontag
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Eduardo Daniel Sontag (born April 16, 1951, in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine-American mathematician, and distinguished university professor at Northeastern University, who works in the fields control theory, dynamical systems, systems molecular biology, cancer and immunology, theoretical computer science, neural networks, and computational biology.
Biography
Sontag received his Licenciado degree from the mathematics department at the University of Buenos Aires in 1972, and his Ph.D. in Mathematics under Rudolf Kálmán at the Center for Mathematical Systems Theory at the University of Florida in 1976.
From 1977 to 2017, he was with the department of mathematics at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, where he was a Distinguished Professor of Mathematics as well as a Member of the Graduate Faculty of the Department of Computer Science and the Graduate Faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and a Member of the Rutgers Cancer Institute of NJ. In addition, Dr. Sontag served as the head of the undergraduate Biomathematics Interdisciplinary Major, director of the Center for Quantitative Biology, and director of graduate studies of the Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine. In January 2018, Dr. Sontag was appointed as a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Department of BioEngineering at Northeastern University, where he is also an affiliate member of the Department of Mat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Jayawardhana
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Ray Jayawardhana is the Harold Tanner Dean of the Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences and a Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University, effective September 1, 2018. He was formerly Dean of Science and a Professor of physics & astronomy at York University. Prior to that, he was a Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Toronto, and an Assistant Professor of Astronomy at the University of Michigan. An award-winning science writer, his primary research areas include the formation and early evolution of stars, brown dwarfs and planets. . His current research focuses on characterizing exoplanets using telescopes on the ground and in space.
As a graduate student at Harvard, he led one of the two teams that discovered a dusty disk around the young star HR 4796A with a large inner hole, possibly carved out by planet formation processes. His group has played a key role in establishing that young brown dwarfs undergo a T Tauri phase, similar to young Sun-like stars, with evidence for dusty disks and signatures of disk accretion and outflow. Disks have now also been found around sub-brown dwarfs or planemos. In September 2008, he and his collaborators reported the first direct image and spectroscopy of a likely extra-solar planet around a normal star.
Jayawardhana is the author of Neutrino Hunters: The Thrilling Chase for a Ghostly Particle to Unlock the Secrets of the Universe (Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), Strange New Worlds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J4
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J4/J04, J-4/J-04 or J.4/J.04 may refer to:
In science and academia
ATC code J04 Antimycobacterials, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Janko group J4, in mathematics
S/2003 J 4, a natural satellite of Jupiter
J04 : acute laryngitis and tracheitis ICD-10 code
Square cupola, Johnson Solid number 4
In military
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15, Chinese designation of this Soviet-made aircraft is J-4
HMAS J4, an Australian Royal Navy submarine which saw service during World War I
Junkers J 4, a 1917 German sesquiplane format warplane
J4F was the U.S. Navy's designation for the Grumman Widgeon seaplane.
In transportation
Airmak J4, an Italian microlight aircraft design
Auster J-4, a 1946 British single-engined two-seat high-wing touring monoplane
Morris Commercial J4, van made from 1960 to 1974 under the marques of Morris initially, and later, Austin and BMC
County Route J4 (California), a road in the United States
GS&WR Class J4, a Great Southern and Western Railway Irish steam locomotive
JAC J4, a subcompact car
Malaysia Federal Route J4, a major road in Johor, Malaysia
Peterson J-4 Javelin, glider
Piper J-4, a 1939 trainer aircraft
Buffalo Airways International Air Transport Association code
GNR Class J4, a class of British 0-6-0 steam locomotives
Other
Jaws: The Revenge, also known Jaws 4
Jarvan IV, a champion in League of Legends
Samsung Galaxy J4; a smartphone made by Samsung
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K0
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K0 may refer to:
Spectral class K0, a star spectral class
the 1965 first model of the Honda CB450 motorbike
the Grothendieck group in abstract algebra
the Lateral earth pressure at rest
the neutral kaon, a strange meson with no charge in nuclear physics
K0 may refer to Khinchin's constant
K0 the order-zero graph
See also
KO (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin%20Mazdak%20Luttinger
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Joaquin (Quin) Mazdak Luttinger (December 2, 1923 – April 6, 1997) was an American physicist well known for his contributions to the theory of interacting electrons in one-dimensional metals (the electrons in these metals are said to be in a Luttinger-liquid state) and the Fermi-liquid theory. He received his BS and PhD in physics from MIT in 1947. His brother was the physical chemist Lionel Luttinger (1920–2009) and his nephew is the mathematician Karl Murad Luttinger (born 1961).
See also
Negative mass
Schrieffer–Wolff transformation
Wiener sausage
Fermi liquid
Many-body problem
Anomalous magnetic moment
Effective mass theory
k·p perturbation theory
Notes
Some publications
(Note: For a complete list, see J. Stat. Phys. 103, 641 (2001).)
W. Kohn, and J. M. Luttinger, Quantum Theory of Electrical Transport Phenomena, Physical Review, Vol. 108, pp. 590–611 (1957). APS
W. Kohn, and J. M. Luttinger, Quantum Theory of Electrical Transport Phenomena. II, Physical Review, Vol. 109, pp. 1892–1909 (1958). APS
J. M. Luttinger, Theory of the Hall Effect in Ferromagnetic Substances, Physical Review, Vol. 112, pp. 739–751 (1958). APS
W. Kohn, and J. M. Luttinger, Ground-State Energy of a Many-Fermion System, Physical Review, Vol. 118, pp. 41–45 (1960). APS
J. M. Luttinger, and J. C. Ward, Ground-State Energy of a Many-Fermion System. II, Physical Review, Vol. 118, pp. 1417–1427 (1960). APS
J. M. Luttinger, Fermi Surface and Some Simple Equilibrium Properties of a System
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20H%C3%A9bert
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Jean-Pierre Hébert (1939 – March 28, 2021) was an American artist of French origin. He specialized in algorithmic art, drawings, and mixed media. He co-founded the Algorists in 1995 with Roman Verostko. From 2003 until his death, he held an artist-in-residence position at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Hébert was born in Calais, France, and grew up in Vence. He worked for many years in the field of computer science even as he pursued his art. He eventually settled in Santa Barbara, California. He was a pioneer in the field of computer art from the mid-1970s on, merging traditional art media and techniques, personal software, plotters, and custom built devices to create an original body of work. He cited the American artist Anni Albers as an early inspiration and noted that he first read about her work in an IBM brochure. He was the recipient of Pollock-Krasner Foundation and David Bermant Foundation awards. In 2012, he received the ACM SIGGRAPH Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement in Digital Art.
Hébert produced works on paper, including ink and pencil drawings, paintings, etchings and dry points from polymer and copper plates, and digital prints. He also created sand, water and sound installations, algorithmic visual music, works for wall displays, physics based algorithmic pieces, and more. His work was exhibited extensively and was frequently juried in the SIGGRAPH Art Gallery. Severa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziridines
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In organic chemistry, aziridines are organic compounds containing the aziridine functional group (chemical structure ), a three-membered heterocycle with one amine () and two methylene bridges (). The parent compound is aziridine (or ethylene imine), with molecular formula . Several drugs feature aziridine rings, including mitomycin C, porfiromycin, and azinomycin B (carzinophilin).
Structure
The bond angles in aziridine are approximately 60°, considerably less than the normal hydrocarbon bond angle of 109.5°, which results in angle strain as in the comparable cyclopropane and ethylene oxide molecules. A banana bond model explains bonding in such compounds. Aziridine is less basic than acyclic aliphatic amines, with a pKa of 7.9 for the conjugate acid, due to increased s character of the nitrogen free electron pair. Angle strain in aziridine also increases the barrier to nitrogen inversion. This barrier height permits the isolation of separate invertomers, for example the cis and trans invertomers of N-chloro-2-methylaziridine.
Synthesis
Several routes have been developed for the syntheses of aziridines (aziridination).
Cyclization of haloamines and amino alcohols
An amine functional group displaces the adjacent halide in an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction to generate an aziridine. The parent aziridine is produced industrially from aminoethanol via two related routes. The Nippon Shokubai process requires an oxide catalyst and high temperatures to eff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Keasling
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Jay D. Keasling is a professor of chemical engineering and bioengineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also associate laboratory director for biosciences at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and chief executive officer of the Joint BioEnergy Institute. He is considered one of the foremost authorities in synthetic biology, especially in the field of metabolic engineering.
Keasling was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010 for developing synthetic biology tools to engineer the antimalarial drug artemisinin.
Education
Keasling received his bachelor's degree at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln where he was a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. He went on to complete his Doctor of Philosophy degree at the University of Michigan in 1991 under the supervision of Bernhard Palsson. Keasling performed post-doctoral research with Arthur Kornberg at Stanford University in 1991–1992.
Research
Keasling's current research is focused on engineering chemistry inside microorganisms, an area known as metabolic engineering, for production of useful chemicals or for environmental cleanup. In much the same way that synthetic organic and industrial chemistry has allowed chemists and chemical engineers to produce from fossil fuel resources chemicals that we use every day, metabolic engineering can revolutionize the production of some of the same useful chemicals and more from renewable resources, like sugar and cellulosic bi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Voting%20Consortium
|
The Open Voting Consortium (OVC) is a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to the development, maintenance, and delivery of trustable and open voting systems for use in public elections.
OVC was founded in December 12, 2003 by Alan Dechert, Dr. Arthur Keller and computer science professor Dr. Doug Jones. The purpose of the group is to disseminate information about existing electronic voting systems as well as to develop standards and software to demonstrate the use of off-the-shelf components with an open source election system. The group has developed a proof of concept prototype demonstrating an open voting system. Alan Dechert has testified before the California General Assembly.
Founding and focus
An August 2008, San Francisco Chronicle article says that software engineer Alan Dechert was "outraged" that the results of the 2000 United States presidential election were thrown into confusion "because nobody could figure out how Florida's voters had voted," which convinced him and a few like-minded colleagues to found OVC with the goal of delivering "trustable and open voting systems… In addition to lobbying against proprietary voting machines, they have spent the last several years working with scientists and engineers around the world to design and build a voting machine of their own." Dechert told the newspaper that the OVC voting machine, based on the Linux operating system, could be certified for use by 2010.
Some of the group's early work included developing a syste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Clarke
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Edith Clarke (February 10, 1883 – October 29, 1959) was the first woman to be professionally employed as an electrical engineer in the United States, and the first female professor of electrical engineering in the country. She was the first woman to deliver a paper at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the first female engineer whose professional standing was recognized by Tau Beta Pi, and the first woman named as a Fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. She specialized in electrical power system analysis and wrote Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems.
Early life and education
One of nine children, Edith Clarke was born to lawyer John Ridgely Clarke and Susan Dorsey Owings on February 10, 1883, in Howard County, Maryland. After being orphaned at age 12, she was raised by an older sister. She used her inheritance to study mathematics and astronomy at Vassar College, where she graduated in 1908.
After college, Clarke taught mathematics and physics at a private school in San Francisco and at Marshall College. She then spent some time studying civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but left to become a "computer" at AT&T in 1912. She computed for George Campbell, who applied mathematical methods to the problems of long-distance electrical transmissions. While at AT&T, she studied electrical engineering at Columbia University by night.
In 1918, Clarke enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the following yea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Kurlbaum
|
Ferdinand Kurlbaum (4 October 1857 in Burg bei Magdeburg – 29 July 1927 in Berlin) was a German physicist.
Life and work
As the son of a magistrate, he had to follow his frequently transferred father. Problems at school were the result, and it wasn't until he was 23 that he graduated from high school. He studied mathematics and physics in Heidelberg and Berlin with Hermann Helmholtz. In 1887, he completed his dissertation on 'Determining the wavelength of Fraunhofer lines'.
This was followed by an assistantship in Hanover with Heinrich Kayser. From 1891 he worked in the Optischen Laboratorium (optical laboratory) of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin. The physics of light and heat radiation was his subject. Together with Heinrich Rubens, he carried out series of measurements on the radiation intensity of black bodies. These were important foundations for Planck's law of radiation and thus for quantum physics. He also studied the use of X-rays in medicine.
In 1904, Kurlbaum received an appointment to the Technical University of Charlottenburg. In 1908, together with Adolf Miethe, he carried out measurements of the sun's temperature in Upper Egypt. From 1908 to 1925 he was head of the Physics Institute at the Technical University of Charlottenburg.
Kurlbaum was President of the German Physical Society from 1910 to 1912 . During World War I, he was a consultant to the Artillery Examination Commission.
Kurlbaum married Elisabeth von Siemens in 1895. They ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Patrick%20Coohill
|
Thomas Patrick Coohill (born August 25, 1941) is considered one of the world's experts on the effects of light on living systems (Photobiology).
Biography
Thomas Patrick Coohill, son of Francis Coohill and Mary Donnelly, was born in Brooklyn, New York, on 25 August 1941. He has/had four brothers, Francis, William, Edmund and Kevin, and three sisters, Joan, Margaret and Virginia.All of his grandparents were Irish.
Coohill attended Saint Michael's College at the University of Toronto, where he met his future wife, Patricia Ann Trutty. He received his master's degree at the University of Toledo. His first two sons, Joseph and Thomas Jr., were born in Toledo. He received his PhD in Biophysics at Pennsylvania State University under the tutelage of renowned physicist, Ernest C. Pollard. He then went to work in Pittsburgh, where his third and final son, Matthew, was born.
Coohill has worked in various places: the Medical School at the University of Pittsburgh; the Pittsburgh Veterans Administration Hospital, Woods Hole Marine Biology Lab, Brookhaven National Laboratory, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Western Kentucky University and at Siena College.
He was President of the American Society for Photobiology in 1989;
Sigma Xi speaker from 1990 to 1991.
Currently he is a member of the Review Committee of the United Nations for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
His speciality is the effects of ultraviolet radiation on cells and viruses. He has publishe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Wichard%20Pohl
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Robert Wichard Pohl (10 August 1884 – 5 June 1976) was a German physicist at the University of Göttingen. Nevill Francis Mott described him as the "father of solid state physics".
Early years and education
Robert Wichard Pohl was born in Hamburg as the son of the naval engineer Eugen Robert Pohl and his wife Martha. She was the daughter of , founder of the private 'Dr. Wichard Lange School', and granddaughter of , who founded the first German kindergarten, together with Friedrich Fröbel.
After completing the Dr. Wichard Lange School, Pohl entered the 'Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums' in 1895 and obtained his Abitur. In the summer semester of 1903, he enrolled for studies of natural science at the University of Heidelberg. There, he met James Franck, who up until Franck's death in 1964 remained a close friend. In the winter semester of 1903, Pohl transferred to the University of Berlin, where he majored in physics. Beginning in the summer semester of 1904, he had already begun scientific work in the Physics Institute with Emil Warburg on the topic which became his doctoral thesis. His first publication dates from this period, motivated by Bernhard Walter of the Hamburg State Physical Laboratory, where Pohl worked during his vacations, in particular attempting to observe the diffraction of X-ray radiation.
Career up to World War I
In the summer of 1906, Pohl completed his doctorate (Dr. Phil.) and took an assistantship in Berlin, working as instructor in the physics te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour%20Ginsburg
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Seymour Ginsburg (December 12, 1927 – December 5, 2004) was an American pioneer of automata theory, formal language theory, and
database theory, in particular; and computer science, in general. His work was influential in distinguishing theoretical Computer Science from the disciplines of Mathematics and Electrical Engineering.
During his career, Ginsburg published over 100 papers and three books on various topics in theoretical Computer Science.
Biography
Seymour Ginsburg received his B.S. from City College of New York in 1948, where along with fellow student Martin Davis he attended an honors mathematics class taught by Emil Post. He earned a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1952, studying under Ben Dushnik.
Ginsburg's professional career began in 1951 when he accepted a position as assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. He turned his attention wholly towards computer science in 1955 when he moved to California to work for the Northrop Corporation. He followed this with positions at the National Cash Register Corporation, Hughes Aircraft, and System Development Corporation.
At SDC, Ginsburg first concentrated on the theory of abstract machines. He subsequently formed and led a research project dedicated to formal language theory and the foundations of Computer Science. Members of the research group included: Sheila Greibach, Michael A. Harrison, Gene Rose, Ed Spanier, and Joe Ullian. The work th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHE
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The acronym VHE may refer to :
Valve Hammer Editor, a map editor for video games
Very-High Energy, in astronomy and high-energy physics (refers to energies around the TeV)
Voluntary Human Extinction
Alternately, "Vhe" is a name for the Ewe language, spoken in West Africa from Lake Volta to Benin.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellman
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Gellman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Barton Gellman (born 1960), American journalist and author
Cameron Gellman (born 1998), Canadian actor
Yani Gellman (born 1985), Canadian/American actor
See also
Gelman
Murray Gell-Mann, winner of 1969 Nobel Prize in physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20compound%20microarray
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A chemical compound microarray is a collection of organic chemical compounds spotted on a solid surface, such as glass and plastic. This microarray format is very similar to DNA microarray, protein microarray and antibody microarray. In chemical genetics research, they are routinely used for searching proteins that bind with specific chemical compounds, and in general drug discovery research, they provide a multiplex way to search potential drugs for therapeutic targets.
There are three different forms of chemical compound microarrays based on the fabrication method. The first form is to covalently immobilize the organic compounds on the solid surface with diverse linking techniques; this platform is usually called Small Molecule Microarray, which is invented and advanced by Dr. Stuart Schreiber and colleagues . The second form is to spot and dry organic compounds on the solid surface without immobilization, this platform has a commercial name as Micro Arrayed Compound Screening (μARCS), which is developed by scientists in Abbott Laboratories . The last form is to spot organic compounds in a homogenous solution without immobilization and drying effect, this platform is developed by Dr. Dhaval Gosalia and Dr. Scott Diamond and later commercialized as DiscoveryDot technology by Reaction Biology Corporation .
Polymer Microarrays
Polymer microarrays have been developed to allow screening for new polymeric materials to direct different tissue lineages. Research has also bee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia%20Stewart
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Dr. Felicia H. Stewart, MD (1943–2006) was a women's health physician and expert in the field of reproductive health.
Education
Stewart was a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, with honors in Biochemistry. In 1969, she received her medical degree from Harvard Medical School. Stewart completed her post-graduate training at Cambridge City Hospital and at the UCSF Medical Center.
Career
From 1999 - 2006 Stewart served as Director and Professor at the Center for Reproductive Health Research and Policy at the University of California, San Francisco. The Center was established to integrate research, policy development, clinical services and training efforts of UCSF faculty across the disciplines of contraception, abortion, and sexually transmitted infection.
Prior to her appointment at UCSF, Stewart directed the Reproductive Health Program at the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation where she was responsible for grant making in the field of reproductive health and in supporting the Foundation’s work with media and public education.
In the mid-1990s, Stewart served as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Population Affairs for the United States Department of Health and Human Services where she helped formulate and implement domestic and international policies on family planning and population issues. In this position, she had direct responsibility for management of the National Family Planning Program (Title X) and the Adolescent Family Life Program (Title
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Jewell%20%28headmaster%29
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David Jewell (24 March 1934 – 21 May 2006) was a British independent school headmaster during the late 20th century.
Life and career
David Jewell was born in 1934 in Porthleven, West Cornwall, the son of a Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force.
Jewell was educated at Blundell's School and St John's College, Oxford, where he studied chemistry and met his future wife, Katharine. He then took up his first teaching post as science master at Winchester College. After a brief period working in a state school in Bristol, he returned to the independent sector at the age of 36 as headmaster of Bristol Cathedral School, which he led from direct-grant status to independence.
Later, he became headmaster of Repton School, a boys' school in England, and was subsequently headmaster of Haileybury and Imperial Service College. He presided over significant changes in both these schools. In 1990 he served as chairman of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and as a councillor on Porthleven town council.
Personal and political views
Jewell was a firm supporter of direct-grant schools and was influential in campaigning for the introduction of the assisted places scheme . He was also a committed Anglican Christian.
References
Schoolteachers from Cornwall
1934 births
2006 deaths
Headmasters of Repton School
People educated at Blundell's School
People from Porthleven
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Masters of Haileybury and Imperial Service College
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphomonoester
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Phosphomonoesters (or phosphoric esters) are chemical compounds containing one ester bond and a phosphate group.
In biology, phosphomonoesters are needed as the building blocks for the synthesis of Phospholipid cellular membranes, especially those found on neurons. Enzymes which cleave these bonds are known as phosphomonoesterases, or phosphatases.
See also
Phosphoric acid
Phospholipid
References
External links
CRISP
Organophosphates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidohydrolase
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Amidohydrolases (or amidases) are a type of hydrolase that acts upon amide bonds.
They are categorized under EC number EC 3.5.1 and 3.5.2.
Examples include:
Beta-lactamase
Histone deacetylase
Urease
The amidohydrolase superfamily is a large protein family of more than 20,000 members with diverse chemistry and physiologic roles. Due to its complexity and size, the amidohydrolase superfamily is being used by the Enzyme Function Initiative (EFI) for developing a large-scale strategy for functional assignment of unknown proteins.
See also
EC 3.5.1
EC 3.5.2
Hydrolases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20gap
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In solid-state physics, an energy gap or band gap is an energy range in a solid where no electron states exist, i.e. an energy range where the density of states vanishes.
Especially in condensed matter physics, an energy gap is often known more abstractly as a spectral gap, a term which need not be specific to electrons or solids.
Band gap
If an energy gap exists in the band structure of a material, it is called band gap. The physical properties of semiconductors are to a large extent determined by their band gaps, but also for insulators and metals the band structure—and thus any possible band gaps—govern their electronic properties.
Superconductors
For superconductors the energy gap is a region of suppressed density of states around the Fermi energy, with the size of the energy gap much smaller than the energy scale of the band structure. The superconducting energy gap is a key aspect in the theoretical description of superconductivity and thus features prominently in BCS theory. Here, the size of the energy gap indicates the energy gain for two electrons upon formation of a Cooper pair. If a conventional superconducting material is cooled from its metallic state (at higher temperatures) into the superconducting state, then the superconducting energy gap is absent above the critical temperature , it starts to open upon entering the superconducting state at , and it grows upon further cooling.
BCS theory predicts that the size of the superconducting energy gap for conv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20Medal
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The Boltzmann Medal (or Boltzmann Award) is a prize awarded to physicists that obtain new results concerning statistical mechanics; it is named after the celebrated physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. The Boltzmann Medal is awarded once every three years by the Commission on Statistical Physics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, during the STATPHYS conference.
The award consists of a gilded medal; its front carries the inscription Ludwig Boltzmann, 1844–1906.
Recipients
All the winners are influential physicists or mathematicians whose contribution to statistical physics have been relevant in the past decades. Institution with multiple recipients are Sapienza University of Rome (3) and École Normale Supérieure, Cornell University, University of Cambridge and Princeton University (2).
The Medal cannot be awarded to scientist who already has been laureate of a Nobel Prize. Two recipients of the Boltzmann Medal have gone to win the Nobel Prize in Physics: Kenneth G. Wilson (1982) and Giorgio Parisi (2021).
See also
List of physics awards
References
External links
IUPAP Commission on Statistical Physics (C3) the official website of C3, the Boltzmann Award recipients list during 1975–2010 (archived 10 August 2011)
Physics awards
Statistical mechanics
Triennial events
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin-Yip%20Chun
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Kin-Yip Chun is a Canadian geophysicist at the University of Toronto's Department of Physics. He gained attention when he sued the University of Toronto for alleged racial discrimination.
Academic career
Chun received a Bachelor of Applied Science degree in Engineering Science from the University of Toronto, an M.A. in Geophysics at Columbia University and a Ph.D. at Berkeley. From 1983 to 1984, he
was a postdoctoral fellow at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at UC
Berkeley. He joined the University of Toronto as a research associate in 1985. His research was in seismology.
As a research associate, he was not on the university's payroll. He depended upon research grants to fund his work and cover his living expenses. Chun remained a research associate for nine years, serving as a `status only' faculty member from 1990 to 1992. His employment was never transformed into a permanent academic appointment. He applied for the four permanent, tenure-stream positions that came open at the University of Toronto in geophysics between 1987 and 1992. He was short-listed for the first three positions, but was not successful in any. He was not short-listed on the fourth.
In 1994, the University appointed a dean from the faculty of medicine to investigate allegations that Chun had that he had been“improperly denied a permanent academic position in the Department of Physics because of his race”and that he had been “the victim of harassment and discrimination by faculty members in the Dep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Whissell
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David Whissell, BEng (born September 1, 1967) is a Canadian politician, businessman, engineer and former Quebec cabinet minister.
Born in Montreal, Whissell received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the École polytechnique de Montréal in 1990. He worked as an engineer at Whissell Inc., in Lachute, and became the president and owner of Beton 344 Inc. in Saint-André-d'Argenteuil near Lachute, and the president and vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce of Lachute.
Prior to his entry into provincial politics, he was the president of the Liberal Party of Canada association in the Argenteuil region. He was later the member for Argenteuil in the National Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. He was first elected in a by-election on June 1, 1998, and was re-elected in the general elections held on November 30, 1998 and April 14, 2003. When the Liberals regained power he was named the Parliamentary secretary to Jean Charest. In 2005, after a Cabinet shuffle, he would become the Chair of the Government Caucus and member responsible for the Laurentians.
Whissell was the only Liberal member to be re-elected in the Laurentides region in the 2007 elections. He was named Minister of Labour and the Minister responsible for the Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Laurentides and Lanaudière regions.
He resigned from the Cabinet on September 9, 2009, following a conflict of interest related to a company in which he owned shares. According to a local newspaper, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Pinner
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Adolf Pinner (August 31, 1842 – May 21, 1909) was a German chemist.
Early life and education
He was educated at the Jewish Theological Seminary at Breslau and at the University of Berlin (Phd in Chemistry (Doctor der Chemie), 1867). In 1871, he became privat-docent at the University of Berlin. In 1873, he became assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin, and in 1874 professor of chemistry at the veterinary college of that city. In 1884, he was appointed a member of the German patent office, and in the following year, of the technical division of the Prussian Department of Commerce. He has received the title "Geheimer Regierungsrat".
Literary works
Pinner contributed many essays to the professional journals, among which may be mentioned:
"Darstellung und Untersuchung des Butylchlorals," in "Annalen der Chemie", clxxix., and in "Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft", 1870–77;
"Ueber Imidoäther" in "Annalen", ccxcvii. and ccxcviii., also in "Berichte", 1877-97(which essays he combined in book form under the title "Ueber Imidoäther und Dessen Derivate");
"Die Condensation des Acetons," in "Berichte", 1881–83;
"Ueber Hydantoïe und Urazine," in "Berichte", 1887–89;
"Ueber Nicotin", in "Berichte", 1891–95, and in "Archiv der Pharmazie", ccxxxi., ccxxxiii.;
"Ueber Pilocarpin," in "Berichte", 1900–1903.
He is also the author of "Gesetze der Naturerscheinungen" and of "Repetitorium der Chemie", in 2 volumes, on organic and inorganic chemistry re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Lamanna
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Matthew Carl Lamanna is a paleontologist and the assistant curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where he oversees the dinosaur collection.
Education
Lamanna graduated from Hobart College in Geneva, New York in 1997. He received high honors in biology and geology. Lamanna went on to get his M.A. and Ph.D. in earth and environmental science from the University of Pennsylvania.
Discoveries
Lamanna first gained fame for the 2000 discovery of Paralititan in Egypt, called by some as the "largest dinosaur ever discovered". The sauropod was 80 feet long and weighed between 40 and 50 tons. The discovery was the feature of a 2-hour A&E documentary The Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt.
Beginning in 2004, Lamanna began work on a series of digs in China. The result, first published in the journal Science in June 2006, was the discovery of Gansus yumenensis, a missing link in the early evolution of birds.
External links
Lamanna's CV at Carnegie Museum
Lamanna’s biography at Carnegie Museum
“Remarkable Alum” entry at Hobart and William Smith Colleges website
Ancestor of Modern Birds Believed Found – The Washington Post
Ducklike Fossil Points to Aquatic Origins for Modern Birds – Scientific American
American paleontologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Scientists from New York (state)
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni
Waterloo, New York
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechgaard%20salt
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In organic chemistry, a Bechgaard salt is any one of a number of organic charge-transfer complexes that exhibit superconductivity at low temperatures. They are named for chemist Klaus Bechgaard, who was one of the first scientists to synthesize them and demonstrate their superconductivity with the help of physicist Denis Jérome. Most Bechgaard salt superconductors are extremely low temperature, and lose superconductivity above the 1–2 K range, although the most successful compound in this class superconducts up to almost 12 K.
All Bechgaard salts are formed using a small, planar organic molecule as an electron donor, with any of a number of electron acceptors (such as perchlorate, , or tetracyanoethylene, TCNE). All the organic electron donors contain multiply conjugated heterocycles with a number of properties, including planarity, low ionization potential and good orbital overlap between heteroatoms in neighboring donor molecules. These properties help the final salt conduct electrons by shuttling them through the orbital vacancies left in the donor molecules.
All Bechgaard salts have a variation on a single tetrathiafulvalene motif—different superconductors have been made with appendages to the motif, or using a tetraselenafulvalene center instead (which is a related compound), but all bear this general structural similarity.
There are a wide range of other organic superconductors including many other charge-transfer complexes.
See also
Superconductivity
Tetrathi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral%20derivatizing%20agent
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In analytical chemistry, A chiral derivatizing agent (CDA), also known as a chiral resolving reagent, is a derivatization reagent that is a chiral auxiliary used to convert a mixture of enantiomers into diastereomers in order to analyze the quantities of each enantiomer present and determine the optical purity of a sample. Analysis can be conducted by spectroscopy or by chromatography. Some analytical techniques such as HPLC and NMR, in their most commons forms, cannot distinguish enantiomers within a sample, but can distinguish diastereomers. Therefore, converting a mixture of enantiomers to a corresponding mixture of diastereomers can allow analysis. The use of chiral derivatizing agents has declined with the popularization of chiral HPLC. Besides analysis, chiral derivatization is also used for chiral resolution, the actual physical separation of the enantiomers.
History
Since NMR spectroscopy has been available to chemists, there have been numerous studies on the applications of this technique. One of these noted the difference in the chemical shift (i.e. the distance between the peaks) of two diastereomers. Conversely, two compounds that are enantiomers have the same NMR spectral properties. It was reasoned that if a mix of enantiomers could be converted into a mix of diastereomers by bonding them to another chemical that was itself chiral, it would be possible to distinguish this new mixture using NMR, and therefore learn about the original enantiomeric mixture. The
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