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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz%20potential
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In mathematics, the Riesz potential is a potential named after its discoverer, the Hungarian mathematician Marcel Riesz. In a sense, the Riesz potential defines an inverse for a power of the Laplace operator on Euclidean space. They generalize to several variables the Riemann–Liouville integrals of one variable.
Definition
If 0 < α < n, then the Riesz potential Iαf of a locally integrable function f on Rn is the function defined by
where the constant is given by
This singular integral is well-defined provided f decays sufficiently rapidly at infinity, specifically if f ∈ Lp(Rn) with 1 ≤ p < n/α. In fact, for any 1 ≤ p (p>1 is classical, due to Sobolev, while for p=1 see , the rate of decay of f and that of Iαf are related in the form of an inequality (the Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev inequality)
where is the vector-valued Riesz transform. More generally, the operators Iα are well-defined for complex α such that .
The Riesz potential can be defined more generally in a weak sense as the convolution
where Kα is the locally integrable function:
The Riesz potential can therefore be defined whenever f is a compactly supported distribution. In this connection, the Riesz potential of a positive Borel measure μ with compact support is chiefly of interest in potential theory because Iαμ is then a (continuous) subharmonic function off the support of μ, and is lower semicontinuous on all of Rn.
Consideration of the Fourier transform reveals that the Riesz potential is a Fourie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.%20Balakrishnan%20%28physicist%29
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V. Balakrishnan, (born 1943 as Venkataraman Balakrishnan) is an Indian theoretical physicist, who has worked in a number of fields and areas, including particle physics, many-body theory, the mechanical behavior of solids, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and quantum dynamics. He is an accomplished researcher who has made important contributions to the theory of anelasticity, continuous-time random walks, and recurrences in dynamical systems.
Education and career
He received his undergraduate degree from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi and PhD from Brandeis University in 1970. After a decade at TIFR and IGCAR Kalpakkam, he joined IIT Madras as a Professor of Physics in 1980. He was elected a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1985.
In addition to his research, Balakrishnan is a teacher of physics, known for his engaging teaching style. He has taught a wide range of courses over the past 30 years from introductory physics to quantum field theory to dynamical systems. Two of his courses (38 lectures in Classical Physics and 31 in Quantum Physics) taught at IIT Madras through National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning are available on NPTEL's channel on YouTube, and have received more than 2.3 million views in all (as of December 2015).
38 lectures in Classical Physics
31 lectures in Quantum Physics
A third series appeared in June 2014 titled Selected Topics in Mathematical Physics.
Towards the end of July 2014, NPTEL released a fourth serie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Vickery%20%28actor%29
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John Vickery is an American stage and film actor known for his work in Babylon 5 and Star Trek.
Life and career
He attended the University of California at Davis, where he pursued a degree in mathematics. After graduating from Davis, he studied acting in London and worked in many productions in New York City. Vickery was trained in Professional Acting at Drama Studio London.
In Babylon 5, he played both Neroon and Mr. Welles. Vickery would also make a guest appearance as the latter in the Babylon 5 spin-off, Crusade. His largest Star Trek role was as Rusot, a member of Damar's Cardassian resistance group, appearing in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes "The Changing Face of Evil", "When It Rains…" and "Tacking into the Wind". He also played a Betazoid in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Night Terrors" and a Klingon in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Judgment". He portrayed the Auctioneer in the Pirates of the Caribbean short film Tales of the Code: Wedlocked.
Vickery also originated the role of Scar in The Lion King. Before performing, he would often read of a Robert Graves poem, most famously Fairies and Fusiliers. His other Broadway credits include The Sisters Rosensweig, The Real Thing, and Eminent Domain. He performs frequently at the nation's leading regional theaters including South Coast Repertory, Mark Taper Forum, Old Globe Theatre, McCarter Theatre, and Long Wharf Theatre.
His film work includes Jürgen Vsych's short film Son for Sail.
He voic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline%20%28biology%29
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In biology, a cline (from the Greek κλίνειν klinein, meaning "to lean") is a measurable gradient in a single characteristic (or biological trait) of a species across its geographical range. First coined by Julian Huxley in 1938, the cline usually has a genetic (e.g. allele frequency, blood type), or phenotypic (e.g. body size, skin pigmentation) character. Clines can show smooth, continuous gradation in a character, or they may show more abrupt changes in the trait from one geographic region to the next.
A cline refers to a spatial gradient in a specific, singular trait, rather than a collection of traits; a single population can therefore have as many clines as it has traits, at least in principle. Additionally, Huxley recognised that these multiple independent clines may not act in concordance with each other. For example, it has been observed that in Australia, birds generally become smaller the further towards the north of the country they are found. In contrast, the intensity of their plumage colouration follows a different geographical trajectory, being most vibrant where humidity is highest and becoming less vibrant further into the arid centre of the country.
Because of this, clines were defined by Huxley as being an "auxiliary taxonomic principle"; that is, clinal variation in a species is not awarded taxonomic recognition in the way subspecies or species are.
While the terms "ecotype" and "cline" are sometimes used interchangeably, they do in fact differ in that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination%20analysis
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In computer science, termination analysis is program analysis which attempts to determine whether the evaluation of a given program halts for each input. This means to determine whether the input program computes a total function.
It is closely related to the halting problem, which is to determine whether a given program halts for a given input and which is undecidable. The termination analysis is even more difficult than the Halting problem: the termination analysis in the model of Turing machines as the model of programs implementing computable functions would have the goal of deciding whether a given Turing machine is a total Turing machine, and this problem is at level of the arithmetical hierarchy and thus is strictly more difficult than the Halting problem.
Now as the question whether a computable function is total is not semi-decidable, each sound termination analyzer (i.e. an affirmative answer is never given for a non-terminating program) is incomplete, i.e. must fail in determining termination for infinitely many terminating programs, either by running forever or halting with an indefinite answer.
Termination proof
A termination proof is a type of mathematical proof that plays a critical role in formal verification because total correctness of an algorithm depends on termination.
A simple, general method for constructing termination proofs involves associating a measure with each step of an algorithm. The measure is taken from the domain of a well-founded rel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler%20distance
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In computer science and statistics, the Jaro–Winkler similarity is a string metric measuring an edit distance between two sequences. It is a variant of the Jaro distance metric metric (1989, Matthew A. Jaro) proposed in 1990 by William E. Winkler.
The Jaro–Winkler distance uses a prefix scale which gives more favourable ratings to strings that match from the beginning for a set prefix length .
The higher the Jaro–Winkler distance for two strings is, the less similar the strings are. The score is normalized such that 0 means an exact match and 1 means there is no similarity. The original paper actually defined the metric in terms of similarity, so the distance is defined as the inversion of that value (distance = 1 − similarity).
Although often referred to as a distance metric, the Jaro–Winkler distance is not a metric in the mathematical sense of that term because it does not obey the triangle inequality.
Definition
Jaro similarity
The Jaro similarity of two given strings and is
Where:
is the length of the string ;
is the number of matching characters (see below);
is the number of transpositions (see below).
Jaro similarity score is 0 if the strings do not match at all, and 1 if they are an exact match. In the first step, each character of is compared with all its matching characters in . Two characters from and respectively, are considered matching only if they are the same and not farther than characters apart. For example, the following two nine c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20institute
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Royal Institute or Royal Institution may refer to:
In the UK
Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Institute of Chemistry
Royal Institute of Navigation, UK professional organisation
Royal Institute of Oil Painters
Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
Royal Institute of Philosophy
Royal Institution of Great Britain
Royal Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts, now the Royal Scottish Academy
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Royal Archaeological Institute
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Royal Belfast Academical Institution
Royal Black Institution
Royal National Institute of Blind People
Royal National Institute for Deaf People
Royal National Lifeboat Institution
Royal Town Planning Institute
Royal United Services Institute
Liverpool Royal Institution
Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs)
In Australia
Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children, Sydney, Australia
Royal Australian Chemical Institute
Royal Australian Institute of Architects
Royal Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal
In other countries
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Royal Institute of Thailand
Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture, Rabat, Morocco
Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland
Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
Royal Canadian Institute
Grand Ducal Institute, Luxembourg
Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticultur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20trigonometry
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Early study of triangles can be traced to the 2nd millennium BC, in Egyptian mathematics (Rhind Mathematical Papyrus) and Babylonian mathematics. Trigonometry was also prevalent in Kushite mathematics.
Systematic study of trigonometric functions began in Hellenistic mathematics, reaching India as part of Hellenistic astronomy. In Indian astronomy, the study of trigonometric functions flourished in the Gupta period, especially due to Aryabhata (sixth century CE), who discovered the sine function. During the Middle Ages, the study of trigonometry continued in Islamic mathematics, by mathematicians such as Al-Khwarizmi and Abu al-Wafa. It became an independent discipline in the Islamic world, where all six trigonometric functions were known. Translations of Arabic and Greek texts led to trigonometry being adopted as a subject in the Latin West beginning in the Renaissance with Regiomontanus. The development of modern trigonometry shifted during the western Age of Enlightenment, beginning with 17th-century mathematics (Isaac Newton and James Stirling) and reaching its modern form with Leonhard Euler (1748).
Etymology
The term "trigonometry" was derived from Greek τρίγωνον trigōnon, "triangle" and μέτρον metron, "measure".
The modern words "sine" and "cosine" are derived from the Latin word via mistranslation from Arabic (see Sine and cosine#Etymology). Particularly Fibonacci's sinus rectus arcus proved influential in establishing the term.
The word tangent comes from Latin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20Magazine
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Quantum: The Magazine of Math and Science was a United States-based bimonthly magazine of mathematics and science, primarily physics, designed for young readers. It was published by the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) and Springer-Verlag and was headquartered in Washington DC.
Quantum was a sister publication of the Russian magazine Kvant. Quantum contained translations from Kvant and original material.
The magazine was founded in 1990. It ceased publication with its July/August 2001 issue.
Two books derived from Quantum materials have been published: Quantoons and Quantum Quandaries.
All articles from the magazine are indexed online by the NSTA.
References
External links
WorldCat info
Student magazines published in the United States
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Education magazines
Magazines established in 1990
Magazines disestablished in 2001
Science education in the United States
Magazines published in Washington, D.C.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%20initio%20multiple%20spawning
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The ab initio multiple spawning, or AIMS, method is a time-dependent formulation of quantum chemistry.
In AIMS, nuclear dynamics and electronic structure problems are solved simultaneously. Quantum mechanical effects in the nuclear dynamics are included, especially the nonadiabatic effects which are crucial in modeling dynamics on multiple electronic states.
The AIMS method makes it possible to describe photochemistry from first principles molecular dynamics, with no empirical parameters. The method has been applied to two molecules of interest in organic photochemistry - ethylene and cyclobutene.
The photodynamics of ethylene involves both covalent and ionic electronic excited states and the return to the ground state proceeds through a pyramidalized geometry. For the photoinduced ring opening of cyclobutene, is it shown that the disrotatory motion predicted by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules is established within the first 50 fs after optical excitation.
The method was developed by chemistry professor Todd Martinez.
References
Ab Initio Multiple Spawning: Photochemistry from First Principles Quantum Molecular Dynamics, M. Ben-Nun, Jason Quenneville, and Todd J. Martínez, J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000), #22, pp. 5161–5175. DOI 10.1021/jp994174i.
Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics: Validation of the multiple spawning method for a multidimensional problem, M. Ben-Nun and Todd J. Martínez, Journal of Chemical Physics 108, #17 (May 1, 1998), pp. 7244–7257. DOI 10.1063/1.476142.
Q
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxional%20molecule
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In chemistry and molecular physics, fluxional (or non-rigid) molecules are molecules that undergo dynamics such that some or all of their atoms interchange between symmetry-equivalent positions. Because virtually all molecules are fluxional in some respects, e.g. bond rotations in most organic compounds, the term fluxional depends on the context and the method used to assess the dynamics. Often, a molecule is considered fluxional if its spectroscopic signature exhibits line-broadening (beyond that dictated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle) due to chemical exchange. In some cases, where the rates are slow, fluxionality is not detected spectroscopically, but by isotopic labeling and other methods.
Spectroscopic studies
Many organometallic compounds exhibit fluxionality. Fluxionality is however pervasive.
NMR spectroscopy
Temperature dependent changes in the NMR spectra result from dynamics associated with the fluxional molecules when those dynamics proceed at rates comparable to the frequency differences observed by NMR. The experiment is called DNMR and typically involves recording spectra at various temperatures. In the ideal case, low temperature spectra can be assigned to the "slow exchange limit", whereas spectra recorded at higher temperatures correspond to molecules at "fast exchange limit". Typically, high temperature spectra are simpler than those recorded at low temperatures, since at high temperatures, equivalent sites are averaged out. Prior to the advent o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Heights%20Military%20Academy
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Castle Heights Military Academy was a private military academy in Lebanon, Tennessee, United States. It opened in 1902, became a military school in 1918, and closed in 1986.
The Academy was founded in 1902 as Castle Heights School by David Mitchell, President of Cumberland University, also in Lebanon, and Isaac W. P. Buchanan, a mathematics professor there, together with A. W. Hooker and Laban Rice, an English professor who served as the school's headmaster and was later also President of Cumberland University. It was initially coeducational; it became a military preparatory school for boys in 1918 as a result of World War I.
In 1928, Castle Heights Military Academy was struggling financially and was bought for $100,000 by Bernarr Macfadden; the Bernarr Macfadden Foundation operated it until 1974. An auditorium and gymnasium were built and named for Macfadden, and Mitchell's house, purchased from his heirs in 1936 and used to house the junior school, was called Macfadden Hall. Macfadden required the students to eat salads every day, not to use condiments or pillows, to participate in sports, and to drink so much milk that the school acquired a dairy. Students' height and weight appeared on their monthly report cards. In 1954 the school had grown to almost 500 students, had a 150-acre campus including a hospital, and operated a summer camp. In 1963 Sanford Naval Academy was founded in Sanford, Florida, as a sister institution.
Despite a return to coeducation in 1970, the sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20C.%20Seacord
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Robert C. Seacord (born June 5, 1963) is an American computer security specialist and writer. He is the author of books on computer security, legacy system modernization, and component-based software engineering.
Education
Seacord earned a Bachelor's degree in computer science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in December 1983. He has also completed graduate-level courses at Carnegie-Mellon University in software design, creation and maintenance; user interfaces; software project management; formal methods; human factors; operating systems; and entrepreneurship.
Career
Seacord began programming professionally for IBM in 1984, working in processor development, then communications and operating system software, and software engineering. He led the Secure Coding Initiative in the CERT Division of Carnegie Mellon University's Software Engineering Institute (SEI) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania until 1991, working on the User Interface Project. He also has worked at the X Consortium in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he developed and maintained code for the Common Desktop Environment and the X Window System. He returned to SEI in 1996, working on component-based software engineering and joined CERT in 2003. He left CERT and the SEI and joined NCC Group in 2015, as a Technical Director.
Seacord was an adjunct professor in the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and in the Information Networking Institute. He was also a part-time faculty member at the University of Pit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20Fourier%20Spectrometer
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The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) is an infrared spectrometer built by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (Italian National Institute for Astrophysics) along with the Istituto di Fisica dello spazio Interplanetario and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italian National Research Council). The instrument is currently used by the European Space Agency on both the Mars Express Mission and the Venus Express Mission. It consists of four units which together weigh around 31.4 kg, including a pointing device, a power supply, a control unit, and an interferometer with electronics.
The main objective of the instrument is to provide temperature profiles of Mars's carbon dioxide atmosphere, and to the study composition of the planet's atmosphere through the infrared radiation that is reflected and emitted by the planet.
Methane in the Martian atmosphere
In March 2004, Professor Vittorio Formisano, the researcher in charge of the Mars Express Planetary Fourier Spectrometer, announced the discovery of methane in the Martian atmosphere. However, methane cannot persist in the Martian atmosphere for more than a few hundred years since it can be broken down by sunlight. Thus, this discovery suggests that the methane is being continually replenished by some unidentified volcanic or geologic process, or that some kind of extremophile life form similar to some existing on Earth is metabolising carbon dioxide and hydrogen and producing methane. In July 2004, rumours began to cir
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands%20dual%20group
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In representation theory, a branch of mathematics, the Langlands dual LG of a reductive algebraic group G (also called the L-group of G) is a group that controls the representation theory of G. If G is defined over a field k, then LG is an extension of the absolute Galois group of k by a complex Lie group. There is also a variation called the Weil form of the L-group, where the Galois group is replaced by a Weil group. Here, the letter L in the name also indicates the connection with the theory of L-functions, particularly the automorphic L-functions. The Langlands dual was introduced by in a letter to A. Weil.
The L-group is used heavily in the Langlands conjectures of Robert Langlands. It is used to make precise statements from ideas that automorphic forms are in a sense functorial in the group G, when k is a global field. It is not exactly G with respect to which automorphic forms and representations are functorial, but LG. This makes sense of numerous phenomena, such as 'lifting' of forms from one group to another larger one, and the general fact that certain groups that become isomorphic after field extensions have related automorphic representations.
Definition for separably closed fields
From a reductive algebraic group over a separably closed field K we can construct its root datum (X*, Δ,X*, Δv), where
X* is the lattice of characters of a maximal torus, X* the dual lattice (given by the 1-parameter subgroups), Δ the roots, and Δv the coroots. A connected reducti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%E2%80%93Prokhorov%20metric
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In mathematics, the Lévy–Prokhorov metric (sometimes known just as the Prokhorov metric) is a metric (i.e., a definition of distance) on the collection of probability measures on a given metric space. It is named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy and the Soviet mathematician Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov; Prokhorov introduced it in 1956 as a generalization of the earlier Lévy metric.
Definition
Let be a metric space with its Borel sigma algebra . Let denote the collection of all probability measures on the measurable space .
For a subset , define the ε-neighborhood of by
where is the open ball of radius centered at .
The Lévy–Prokhorov metric is defined by setting the distance between two probability measures and to be
For probability measures clearly .
Some authors omit one of the two inequalities or choose only open or closed ; either inequality implies the other, and , but restricting to open sets may change the metric so defined (if is not Polish).
Properties
If is separable, convergence of measures in the Lévy–Prokhorov metric is equivalent to weak convergence of measures. Thus, is a metrization of the topology of weak convergence on .
The metric space is separable if and only if is separable.
If is complete then is complete. If all the measures in have separable support, then the converse implication also holds: if is complete then is complete. In particular, this is the case if is separable.
If is separable and complete, a subset i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%20metric
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In mathematics, the Lévy metric is a metric on the space of cumulative distribution functions of one-dimensional random variables. It is a special case of the Lévy–Prokhorov metric, and is named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy.
Definition
Let be two cumulative distribution functions. Define the Lévy distance between them to be
Intuitively, if between the graphs of F and G one inscribes squares with sides parallel to the coordinate axes (at points of discontinuity of a graph vertical segments are added), then the side-length of the largest such square is equal to L(F, G).
A sequence of cumulative distribution functions weakly converges to another cumulative distribution function if and only if .
See also
Càdlàg
Lévy–Prokhorov metric
Wasserstein metric
References
Measure theory
Metric geometry
Theory of probability distributions
Paul Lévy (mathematician)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulative%20%28mathematics%20education%29
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In mathematics education, a manipulative is an object which is designed so that a learner can perceive some mathematical concept by manipulating it, hence its name. The use of manipulatives provides a way for children to learn concepts through developmentally appropriate hands-on experience.
The use of manipulatives in mathematics classrooms throughout the world grew considerably in popularity throughout the second half of the 20th century. Mathematical manipulatives are frequently used in the first step of teaching mathematical concepts, that of concrete representation. The second and third steps are representational and abstract, respectively.
Mathematical manipulatives can be purchased or constructed by the teacher. Examples of common manipulatives include number lines, Cuisenaire rods; fraction strips, blocks, or stacks; base ten blocks (also known as Dienes or multibase blocks); interlocking linking cubes (such as Unifix); construction sets (such as Polydron and Zometool); colored tiles or tangrams; pattern blocks; colored counting chips; numicon tiles; chainable links; abaci such as "rekenreks", and geoboards. Improvised teacher-made manipulatives used in teaching place value include beans and bean sticks, or single popsicle sticks and bundles of ten popsicle sticks.
Virtual manipulatives for mathematics are computer models of these objects. Notable collections of virtual manipulatives include The National Library of Virtual Manipulatives and the Ubersketch.
Multipl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation%20of%20axes%20in%20two%20dimensions
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In mathematics, a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′-Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle . A point P has coordinates (x, y) with respect to the original system and coordinates (x′, y′) with respect to the new system. In the new coordinate system, the point P will appear to have been rotated in the opposite direction, that is, clockwise through the angle . A rotation of axes in more than two dimensions is defined similarly. A rotation of axes is a linear map and a rigid transformation.
Motivation
Coordinate systems are essential for studying the equations of curves using the methods of analytic geometry. To use the method of coordinate geometry, the axes are placed at a convenient position with respect to the curve under consideration. For example, to study the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas, the foci are usually located on one of the axes and are situated symmetrically with respect to the origin. If the curve (hyperbola, parabola, ellipse, etc.) is not situated conveniently with respect to the axes, the coordinate system should be changed to place the curve at a convenient and familiar location and orientation. The process of making this change is called a transformation of coordinates.
The solutions to many problems can be simplified by rotating the coordinate axes to obta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Science%20High%20School
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Super Science High School (SSH) is a designation awarded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to upper secondary schools that prioritize science, technology, and mathematics. The program was launched as part of its "Science Literacy Enhancement Initiatives" in 2002. Schools with this status receive increased funding and are encouraged to develop links with universities and other academic institutions.
In 2002, the first year of operation, 26 out of 77 applicant schools were awarded SSH status . As of 2006 there are 99 schools with the designation. 204 highschools are designated as SSH in 2014. Highschools designated as SSH receive aid from Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). The support ranges from buying equipment to managing poster sessions.
Main activities of SSH are academic studies in highschool and meetings where students present them to other highschools students, teachers, and professors. There are many other activities such as field work, visit to laboratories or museum, and correlation with highschool in other countries as well. A budget for SSH was about 700 million yen (≒7 million dollars) in 2002, but it has been increasing and it was 2.4 billion yen (≒24 million dollars) in 2011. While SSH is regarded as a good project to enhance students’ interest in science, there are also criticism that SSH is invading students’ right of studying equally.
History
In 2002, in order to increase the number of people who
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAligner
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JAligner is an open source Java implementation of the Smith-Waterman algorithm with Gotoh's improvement for biological local pairwise sequence alignment using the affine gap penalty model. It was written by Ahmed Moustafa.
See also
Sequence alignment software
Clustal
References
External links
Official website
Phylogenetics software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiana%20macrophylla
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Gentiana macrophylla, the large leaf gentian, is called qin jiao(秦艽) in Chinese. Synonyms include G. straminea, G. crassiaulisor, and G. dahurica. It is found in China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia.
Chemistry
Chemical constituents include gentianine, gentianidine, gentiopicroside, and gentianol.
Gallery
References
macrophylla
Flora of China
Flora of Kazakhstan
Flora of Mongolia
Flora of Russia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah%E2%80%93Hirzebruch%20spectral%20sequence
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In mathematics, the Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence is a spectral sequence for calculating generalized cohomology, introduced by in the special case of topological K-theory. For a CW complex and a generalized cohomology theory , it relates the generalized cohomology groups
with 'ordinary' cohomology groups with coefficients in the generalized cohomology of a point. More precisely, the term of the spectral sequence is , and the spectral sequence converges conditionally to .
Atiyah and Hirzebruch pointed out a generalization of their spectral sequence that also generalizes the Serre spectral sequence, and reduces to it in the case where . It can be derived from an exact couple that gives the page of the Serre spectral sequence, except with the ordinary cohomology groups replaced with .
In detail, assume to be the total space of a Serre fibration with fibre and base space . The filtration of by its -skeletons gives rise to a filtration of . There is a corresponding spectral sequence with term
and converging to the associated graded ring of the filtered ring
.
This is the Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence in the case where the fibre is a point.
Examples
Topological K-theory
For example, the complex topological -theory of a point is
where is in degree
By definition, the terms on the -page of a finite CW-complex look like
Since the -theory of a point is
we can always guarantee that
This implies that the spectral sequence collapses on for many
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawlplug
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The Rawlplug Group is a company involved in the production of fixings, fasteners, and other tools.
History
Rawlings Brothers, a small plumbing and electrical engineering company, was founded in 1887 in London. In 1910, the company was awarded a contract by the British Museum, which required them to unobtrusively fix electrical fittings to the museum walls. The contract led to the invention and patenting of the world's first wall plug, which became a standard solution for attaching things to walls. John Joseph Rawlings, who is credited with the invention of the wall plug, named his product Rawlplug, using the first syllable of his last name, and renamed his business to Rawlplug in 1919.
Products
During the inter-war period, the Rawlplug company patented some new fixing methods and tools. After the war, it invented the first metal drywall anchor in 1947.
ETA registration
The company continued to sell its products worldwide and in 1998 became the first British producer to attain ETA certification. Since the death of John Joseph Rawlings, the business changed hands a few times until in 2005 it was bought by Koelner Group, a Wroclaw-based manufacturer.
References
External links
Manufacturing companies established in 1887
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Wall anchors
1887 establishments in England
2005 mergers and acquisitions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Zuber
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Maria T. Zuber (born June 27, 1958) is an American geophysicist who is the vice president for research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she also holds the position of the E. A. Griswold Professor of Geophysics in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. Zuber has been involved in more than half a dozen NASA planetary missions aimed at mapping the Moon, Mars, Mercury, and several asteroids. She was the principal investigator for the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Mission, which was managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Since January 2021, Zuber serves as co-chair of President Joe Biden's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). She was previously a member of the National Science Board.
Early life and education
Maria T. Zuber was born on June 27, 1958, in Norristown, Pennsylvania. She grew up in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania, in Pennsylvania's Coal Region, one of five children of Joseph and Dolores (Stoffa) Zuber. She has three brothers, Joseph Jr., Stephen, and Andrew (1966–2018), and a sister, Joanne. Both her grandfathers were coal miners and contracted black lung disease.
Zuber received her B.A. in astronomy and geology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1980; she was the first person in her family to attend college.
Zuber earned Sc.M. and Ph.D. degrees, both in geophysics, from Brown University in 1983 and 1986 respectively. Reflecting on her decision to apply to Ivy League graduate schools
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL-3
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The HAL-3 is an airborne navigation radar developed by the Shanghai Institute of Electron Physics originally for the Y-10 programme. Development started in June 1980 and was completed in February 1985 and it has been extensively tested on the Boeing 707 and Y-7. The overall technical characteristics are thought to be similar to the Bendix AN/APS-133/RDR-1F.
Specifications
Range:
air-to-ground mode : 240km
air-to-air mode: 15km
Output power: 50kW
Power consumption: 800W
Weight: 9999kg
External links
The HAL-3 radar test set - Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE 1994
Aircraft radars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin%20Yi-bing
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Lin Yi-bing or Jason Lin () ( Born: October 26, 1961 ) is a Taiwanese academic who has served as the Chair Professor of the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering (CSIE) at National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) since 1995, and since 2002, the Chair Professor of the Department of Computer Science and Information Management (CSIM), at Providence University, a Catholic university in Taiwan. He also serves as Vice President of the National Chiao Tung University.
Brief biography
Lin entered the National Cheng Kung University in 1980 and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) in 1983. In 1985, he undertook a doctorate program at the University of Washington (Advisor: Ed Lazowska), and graduated with a Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1990. His research interests include personal communications, mobile computing, intelligent network signaling, computer telephony integration, and parallel simulation. He has developed an Internet of Things (IoT) platform called IoTtalk. This platform has been used for sustainable applications including AgriTalk for intelligent agriculture, EduTalk for intelligent education, CampusTalk for intelligent university campus, and so on.
Career chronology
1983 - 1985: Second Lieutenant Instructor, Communication and Electronics School of Chinese Army, Taiwan, R.O.C.
1990 - 1995: Research Scientist, Applied Research Area, Bell Communications Research, Morristown, New Jersey
1995 - 1996: TRB Review Committee M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoderma%20viride
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Trichoderma viride is a fungus and a biofungicide.
It is used for seed- and soil treatment for suppression of various diseases caused by fungal pathogens.
Biology
T. viride is a mold which produces spores asexually, by mitosis. It is the anamorph of Hypocrea rufa, its teleomorph, which is the sexual reproductive stage of the fungus and produces a typical fungal fruiting body. The mycelium of T. viride can produce a variety of enzymes, including cellulases and chitinases which can degrade cellulose and chitin respectively. The mould can grow directly on wood, which is mostly composed of cellulose, and on fungi, the cell walls of which are mainly composed of chitin. It parasitizes the mycelia and fruiting bodies of other fungi, including cultivated mushrooms, and it has been called the "green mould disease of mushrooms". The affected mushrooms are distorted and unattractive in appearance and the crop is reduced. Trichoderma viride is the causal agent of green mold rot of onion. A strain of Trichoderma viride is a known cause of dieback of Pinus nigra seedlings.
Uses
The fungicidal activity makes T. viride useful as a biological control against plant pathogenic fungi. It has been shown to provide protection against such pathogens as Rhizoctonia, Pythium and even Armillaria. It is found naturally in soil and is effective as a seed dressing in the control of seed and soil-borne diseases including Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium species. When it is appl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfotransferase
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In biochemistry, sulfotransferases (SULTs) are transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group () from a donor molecule to an acceptor alcohol () or amine (). The most common sulfo group donor is 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In the case of alcohol as acceptor, the product is a sulfate ():
whereas an amine leads to a sulfamate ():
Both reactive groups for a sulfonation via sulfotransferases may be part of a protein, lipid, carbohydrate or steroid.
Examples
The following are examples of sulfotransferases:
carbohydrate sulfotransferase: CHST1, CHST2, CHST3, CHST4, CHST5, CHST6, CHST7, CHST8, CHST9, CHST10, CHST11, CHST12, CHST13, CHST14
galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase: GAL3ST1, GAL3ST2, GAL3ST3, GAL3ST4
heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase: HS2ST1
heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase: HS3ST1, HS3ST2, HS3ST3A1, HS3ST3B1, HS3ST4, HS3ST5, HS3ST6
heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase: HS6ST1, HS6ST2, HS6ST3
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase: NDST1, NDST2, NDST3, NDST4
tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase: TPST1, TPST2
uronyl-2-sulfotransferase
Estrone sulfotransferase
Chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase
other: SULT1A1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1A4, SULT1B1, SULT1C2, SULT1C3, SULT1C4, SULT1D1P, SULT1E1, SULT2A1, SULT2B1, SULT4A1, SULT6B1
See also
List of EC numbers (EC 2)#EC 2.8.2: Sulfotransferases
Wikipedia:MeSH D08#MeSH D08.811.913.817 --- sulfur group transferases .28EC 2.8.29
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Adler
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Irving Adler (April 27, 1913 – September 22, 2012) was an American author, mathematician, scientist, political activist, and educator. He was the author of 57 books (some under the pen name Robert Irving) about mathematics, science, and education, and the co-author of 30 more, for both children and adults. His books have been published in 31 countries in 19 different languages. Since his teenaged years, Adler was involved in social and political activities focused on civil rights, civil liberties, and peace, including his role as a plaintiff in the McCarthy-era case Adler vs. Board of Education that bears his name.
Life
Irving Adler was born in Harlem, in New York City, the third of five children. His parents emigrated to the United States from Galicia, a part of Austria, which today is a part of Poland, with his father coming in 1906 to seek work and his mother following four years later. His father, working first as a house painter, earned enough money to start a small business selling ice, coal, wood, seltzer, and prohibition beer (less than 1/2 of 1% alcohol). Adler was given the Hebrew name Yitzchak, anglicized on his birth certificate as Isaac. His name was changed to Irving by a school clerk when he was enrolled in elementary school. Adler was accelerated in school five times, entering Townsend Harris High School at age 11 and beginning City College (CCNY) when he was 14. During his junior year he was awarded the Belden Gold Medal for excellence in mathematics and a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleason%27s%20theorem
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In mathematical physics, Gleason's theorem shows that the rule one uses to calculate probabilities in quantum physics, the Born rule, can be derived from the usual mathematical representation of measurements in quantum physics together with the assumption of non-contextuality. Andrew M. Gleason first proved the theorem in 1957, answering a question posed by George W. Mackey, an accomplishment that was historically significant for the role it played in showing that wide classes of hidden-variable theories are inconsistent with quantum physics. Multiple variations have been proven in the years since. Gleason's theorem is of particular importance for the field of quantum logic and its attempt to find a minimal set of mathematical axioms for quantum theory.
Statement of the theorem
Conceptual background
In quantum mechanics, each physical system is associated with a Hilbert space. For the purposes of this overview, the Hilbert space is assumed to be finite-dimensional. In the approach codified by John von Neumann, a measurement upon a physical system is represented by a self-adjoint operator on that Hilbert space sometimes termed an "observable". The eigenvectors of such an operator form an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space, and each possible outcome of that measurement corresponds to one of the vectors comprising the basis. A density operator is a positive-semidefinite operator on the Hilbert space whose trace is equal to 1. In the language of von Weizsäcker, a density o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20semigroup
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In mathematics, a regular semigroup is a semigroup S in which every element is regular, i.e., for each element a in S there exists an element x in S such that . Regular semigroups are one of the most-studied classes of semigroups, and their structure is particularly amenable to study via Green's relations.
History
Regular semigroups were introduced by J. A. Green in his influential 1951 paper "On the structure of semigroups"; this was also the paper in which Green's relations were introduced. The concept of regularity in a semigroup was adapted from an analogous condition for rings, already considered by John von Neumann. It was Green's study of regular semigroups which led him to define his celebrated relations. According to a footnote in Green 1951, the suggestion that the notion of regularity be applied to semigroups was first made by David Rees.
The term inversive semigroup (French: demi-groupe inversif) was historically used as synonym in the papers of Gabriel Thierrin (a student of Paul Dubreil) in the 1950s, and it is still used occasionally.
The basics
There are two equivalent ways in which to define a regular semigroup S:
(1) for each a in S, there is an x in S, which is called a pseudoinverse, with axa = a;
(2) every element a has at least one inverse b, in the sense that aba = a and bab = b.
To see the equivalence of these definitions, first suppose that S is defined by (2). Then b serves as the required x in (1). Conversely, if S is defined by (1), then
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular%20signal-regulated%20kinases
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In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, transforming agents, and carcinogens, activate the ERK pathway.
The term, "extracellular signal-regulated kinases", is sometimes used as a synonym for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but has more recently been adopted for a specific subset of the mammalian MAPK family.
In the MAPK/ERK pathway, Ras activates c-Raf, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (abbreviated as MKK, MEK, or MAP2K) and then MAPK1/2 (below). Ras is typically activated by growth hormones through receptor tyrosine kinases and GRB2/SOS, but may also receive other signals. ERKs are known to activate many transcription factors, such as ELK1, and some downstream protein kinases.
Disruption of the ERK pathway is common in cancers, especially Ras, c-Raf, and receptors such as HER2.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) is also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). Two similar protein kinases with 85% sequence identity were originally called ERK1 and ERK2. They were found during a search for protein kinase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20guanidinium%20thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform%20extraction
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Acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction (abbreviated AGPC) is a liquid–liquid extraction technique in biochemistry. It is widely used in molecular biology for isolating RNA (as well as DNA and protein in some cases). This method may take longer than a column-based system such as the silica-based purification, but has higher purity and the advantage of high recovery of RNA: an RNA column is typically unsuitable for purification of short (<200 nucleotides) RNA species, such as siRNA, miRNA, gRNA and tRNA.
It was originally devised by Piotr Chomczynski and Nicoletta Sacchi, who published their protocol in 1987. The reagent is sold by Sigma-Aldrich by the name TRI Reagent; by Invitrogen under the name TRIzol; by Bioline as Trisure; and by Tel-Test as STAT-60.
How it works
This method relies on phase separation by centrifugation of a mixture of the aqueous sample and a solution containing water-saturated phenol and chloroform, resulting in an upper aqueous phase and a lower organic phase (mainly phenol). Guanidinium thiocyanate, a chaotropic agent, is added to the organic phase to aid in the denaturation of proteins (such as those that strongly bind nucleic acids or those that degrade RNA). The nucleic acids (RNA and/or DNA) partition into the aqueous phase, while protein partitions into the organic phase. The pH of the mixture determines which nucleic acids get purified. Under acidic conditions (pH 4-6), DNA partitions into the organic phase while RNA remains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun%20Netravali
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Arun N. Netravali (born 26 May 1945 in Mumbai, India) is an Indian–American computer engineer credited with contributions in digital technology including HDTV. He conducted research in digital compression, signal processing and other fields. Netravali was the ninth President of Bell Laboratories and has served as Lucent's Chief Technology Officer and Chief Network Architect. He received his undergraduate degree from IIT Bombay, India, and an M.S. and a Ph.D. from Rice University in Houston, Texas, all in electrical engineering. Several global universities, including the Ecole Polytechnique Federale in Lausanne, Switzerland, have honored him with honorary doctorates.
Netravali led Bell Labs research and development of high definition television (HDTV) and is widely acknowledged as a pioneer in the development of digital video technology. He is the author of over 170 technical papers, 70 patents, and three books in the areas of picture processing, digital television, and computer networks.
Netravali is a member of Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi. He is also an IEEE fellow. He has received awards including the Marconi Prize, the Padma Bhushan Award from the Indian government, the National Medal of Technology from President George W. Bush, the Computers & Communications Prize, the Alexander Graham Bell Medal, the IEEE Kilby Medal, the IEEE Frederik Philips Award, and the National Association of Software and Services Companies in India Medal.
Prior to joining Bell Labs, Netravali was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Lehigh%20University%20alumni
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This is a list of notable alumni of Lehigh University, a private research university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Academia
David Bader (BSCompE, 1990; MSEE, 1991), Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and former Georgia Tech professor
Anthony G. Collins (D.Eng. Civil Eng., 1982), former Clarkson University president
Peter Feaver (BA, 1983), Duke University professor and former member of the National Security Council in the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations
James D. Foley (BSEE, 1964), Georgia Tech professor and co-author, Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
Kenneth French (Mech. E., 1976), Dartmouth College finance department chairman and American Finance Association president
Robert L. Ketter, former University of Buffalo president
Andrew H. Knoll (1973), Harvard University paleontologist and geologist and member of the National Academy of Sciences
Ted London (BS Mech. Eng 1985), Base of the Pyramid expert at the Stephen M. Ross School of Business and William Davidson Institute senior research fellow
Robert J. Nemiroff (1987), Michigan Technological University professor of physics and co-founder of the Astronomy Picture of the Day and Astrophysics Source Code Library
Paul C. Paris (1955), Washington University in St. Louis professor emeritus and expert on fracture mechanics and material fatigue
Walter C. Pitman, III (1956), Columbia University professor emeritus and expert on sea floor spreading
James
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaofeng%20Zhou
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Dr. Xiaofeng Zhou, (周晓峰) Associate Professor, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, is an internationally known oral cancer researcher.
His primary research interest is to utilize molecular genetics and bioinformatics technologies to develop novel diagnostic tools and to gain a better understanding of human diseases such as head and neck/oral cancer. His research is focused on the genetic mapping of disease genes and/or consistent genomic alterations that are associated with the development and progression of oral cancer.
Dr. Zhou previously had been an Assistant Professor of Oral Biology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Dentistry, and also was a member of UCLA’s Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and the university’s Dental Research Institute. He holds a BS in biochemistry and microbiology from Hangzhou University in China; a PhD in biochemistry and a postdoctorate training in human genetics from Boston University; and an MS in software engineering from Brandeis University.
Dr. Zhou has published more than 80 journal articles, review articles, and book chapters, and holds three National Institutes of Health grant research projects.
Dr. Zhou is also a Visiting Professor at Sun Yat-sen University, China.
External links
University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry
Living people
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20Ridge%20High%20School
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Desert Ridge High School (DRHS) was founded in 2002 in Mesa, Arizona, and is part of Gilbert Public Schools.
Overview
For the 2018–19 school year Desert Ridge High School received a "B" school grade from the Arizona Department of Education.
In 2005 chemistry and engineering teacher Sylvia Grace was honored with a $25,000 Milken National Educator Award. She was the only Arizona recipient of the award among the 100 educators honored nationwide.
Desert Ridge's marching band is ranked among the top 5 Division III bands in the state, scoring a 69.6 at the 2009 State Marching Festival, and a 68.00 at the 2010 State Marching Festival. With this, the band also is in the top 3 best 3A bands in the state in 2018, scoring a 73.2625 at the AZMBA State Championships, and the top 10 Division 2 bands in the ABODA circuit.
Desert Ridge won the Class 5A baseball state championship in 2009 (Division II) and 2010 (Division I).
As of the 2017–18 school year Desert Ridge High School had a 28% participation rate for AP Tests and a college-ready index rating of 20.3 out of 100.
Alumni
Alex Barrett (born 1994), American football player
Jake Barrett, baseball player
D. J. Davidson, American football player
References
External links
Desert Ridge High School
Desert Ridge High School on AIA Online
Education in Gilbert, Arizona
Educational institutions established in 2002
High schools in Mesa, Arizona
Schools in Maricopa County, Arizona
2002 establishments in Arizona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-group
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In mathematics, L-group or l-group may refer to the following groups:
The Langlands dual, LG, of a reductive algebraic group G
A group in L-theory, L(G)
Lattice-ordered groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic%20polyarene
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A geodesic polyarene in organic chemistry is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with curved convex or concave surfaces. Examples include fullerenes, nanotubes, corannulenes, helicenes and sumanene. The molecular orbitals of the carbon atoms in these systems are to some extent pyramidalized resulting a different pi electron density on either side of the molecule with consequences for reactivity.
One member of this group of organic compounds, pentaindenocorannulene (depicted below), can be considered a large fullerene fragment. The experimentally obtained curvature and degree of pyramidalizion (12.6° for the carbons of the pentagon at the center ) are both actually larger than that of fullerene but according to its discoverers, the compound is relatively easy to synthesize starting from corannulene and a way is opened to produce larger such fragments by stitching.
The crystal structure of pentaindenocorannulene has been obtained. An illustration of the crystal packing for pentaindenocorannulene is given below.
Another geodesic polyarene that has been synthesized is C50H10. C50H10 can be described as a short, rigid, structurally pure [5,5] carbon nanotube. The crystal structure of C50H10 has been obtained. The carbons of the pentagon at the center of C50H10 have a POAV angle of 12.3°, less than that of pentaindenocorannulene. The synthesis is as shown below. FVP stands for flash vacuum pyrolysis.
Some bowl-shaped molecules reported in the literature are in fact parti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel%20Kamber
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Emanuel Yousif Kamber is an Assyrian physics professor at Western Michigan University and was the Secretary General of the Assyrian Universal Alliance. He was born in the small Assyrian village of Darbandokeh in Iraq.
Biography
In 1983, Emanuel Kamber earned a Ph.D. and Doctors degree in physics from University of London in England. He studies and conducts experiments involving electron capture, ionization and excitation processes in low-velocity collisions among atoms, ions and molecules. Emanuel has published over 70 widely referenced papers in scientific journals and has presented more than 90 papers at National and International Conferences on Atomic Physics. He has been a research associate at the Royal Society Research Unit, University College of Swansea in the United Kingdom & Kansas State University, and a visiting professor at Kansas State University. He has mentored 4 master theses and 2 Ph.D. dissertations.
See also
Assyrian Universal Alliance
References
WMU News: At the behest of the U.S. Department of State, Dr. Emanuel Kamber, a Western Michigan University professor of physics, has been traveling the world recently to help lay plans for a post-war Iraq.
Zinda Magazine, 6 July 2005. Editorial: What Next For AUA?
"Kurdish Autonomy Proposal Threatens Iraqi Territorial Integrity"
"Exiles Lay Groundwork For An Iraq Transition"
"Single-Electron Capture Processes in Slow Collisions of He2+ Ions with O2, NH3, N2, and CO2," O. Abu-Haija, E. Y. Kamber, S.M. Fe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20tetrathiomolybdate
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Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate is the chemical compound with the formula (NH4)2MoS4. This bright red ammonium salt is an important reagent in the chemistry of molybdenum and has been used as a building block in bioinorganic chemistry. The thiometallate (see metallate) anion has the distinctive property of undergoing oxidation at the sulfur centers concomitant with reduction of the metal from Mo(VI) to Mo(IV).
Preparation and structure
The salt contains the tetrahedral [MoS4]2− anion. The compound is prepared by treating solutions of molybdate, [MoO4]2− with hydrogen sulfide in the presence of ammonia:
(NH4)2MoO4 + 4 H2S → (NH4)2MoS4 + 4 H2O
Reactions
The anion is also an excellent ligand. For example, with Ni(II) sources, it forms [Ni(MoS4)2]2−. Much of the chemistry of the thiomolybdate results from studies on salts of quaternised organic cations, such as [NEt4]2[MoS4] and [PPh4]2[MoS4] (Et = C2H5, Ph = C6H5). These organic salts are soluble in polar organic solvents such as acetonitrile and dmf.
The thermal decomposition of [NH4]2[MoS4] leads to molybdenum trisulfide (MoS3), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), beginning at 155 °C till 280 °C.
(NH4)2MoS4 → MoS3 + 2 NH3 + H2S
MoS3 then decomposes again to molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in a broad temperature range from 300 °C to 820 °C. Perfect decomposition to MoS2 under inert gas requires at least 800 °C according to the following reaction,
MoS3 → MoS2 + S
but it can also be achieved at 450 °C, if there is enough h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrathiomolybdate
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Tetrathiomolybdate, also spelled tiomolibdate (USAN), is the anion of the following salts:
Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, a building block in bioinorganic chemistry
Bis-choline tetrathiomolybdate, a drug for the treatment of Wilson's disease
Thiometallates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20Research%20Laboratory%2C%20University%20of%20Oxford
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Chemistry Research Laboratory is a facility at the University of Oxford in England. It is part of the Department of Chemistry in the university.
Queen Elizabeth II opened the building on 20 February 2004, which replaced the older Dyson Perrins Laboratory not far away in the university's Science Area. It has five floors covering approximately 17,000 sq.m of laboratory and office space and cost £60 million to construct. The money was raised with grants from the JIF, Wolfson Foundation, EP Abraham Trust, Thomas Swan, the family of Landon T. Clay, the Salters' Company and a £20 million partnership with IP2IPO.
The building is effectively split into two parts, the southern side of the building is given over to offices which house both academic and administrative staff, whereas the northern side of the building houses the laboratories and write up areas. Splitting the two sides, there is a canteen on the lower ground floor, which can be crossed via the use of bridges on higher floors.
The Laboratory is located on the corner of South Parks Road and Mansfield Road, to the south of the main Science Area.
See also
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford
References
External links
Chemistry Research Laboratory official website
Organic Chemistry at the University of Oxford
2004 establishments in England
School buildings completed in 2004
Departments of the University of Oxford
University and college laboratories in the United Kingdom
Chemistry laboratories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Richards
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Fred Richards may refer to:
Frederic M. Richards (1925–2009), professor of molecular biophysics and biochemistry at Yale University
Fred Richards (baseball) (1927–2016), American baseball player
Frederick Richards (1833–1912), admiral of the fleet
Frederick Richards (film editor) (1903–1949), American film editor
Frederick Richards (judge) (1869–1957), Australian jurist
See also
Fred Richard (born 2004), American artistic gymnast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liese%20Prokop
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Liesel "Liese" Prokop-Sykora (27 March 1941 – 31 December 2006) was an Austrian athlete who competed mainly in the pentathlon and, later in her life, a politician.
Biography
Born as Liese Sykora in Tulln District, Lower Austria, on 27 March 1941, she graduated from the University of Vienna with a degree in biology and sport. In 1965 she married her former coach, Gunnar Prokop. The couple had two sons and a daughter. in 1967, she became student world champion in Tokyo. She competed for Austria in the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City, Mexico in the Pentathlon where she won the silver medal. In 1969, she became European champion in Athens, breaking the world pentathlon record. In addition, she was Austrian champion in pentathlon, long jump, high jump, hurdles, relay and shot putting.
Prokop began her political career in 1969 and became a member of the Parliament of Lower Austria. She served as regional minister from 1981 to 1992 and vice president of Lower Austria during the period between 1992 and 2004.
She joined Assembly of European Regions (AER) in 1996 and held different administrative positions in the AER, including the president of the AER which she assumed from 2001 to 2004. Later she was made honorary president of the assembly.
Beginning in December 2004 she was Austrian minister of interior for the conservative ÖVP, becoming Austria's first female interior minister. She served in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Wolfgang Schüssel until her death on 31 Dece
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JECS
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JECS Corporation (formerly Japan Electrical Control Systems Co Ltd) is an automotive components company headquartered in Isesaki, Gunma, Japan and a wholly owned subsidiary of Hitachi. Its principal products are electronic control units, software, semiconductors, mechatronics, resin molding, inspection technology and material analysis.
JECS was formed in June 1973. It was a joint venture between Robert Bosch GmbH, Nissan Motor Co. and Diesel Kiki Co., Ltd.. It enabled Nissan to use Bosch's engine control technology, and gave Bosch access to the Japanese market. JECS later expanded to manufacture many other automotive parts besides EFI systems.
History
1956 Unisia established.
June 1973 JECS formed.
1993 JECS merges with Atsugi Unisia, becoming Unisia JECS Corp.
November 1999 The French clutch company Valeo buys shares in Unisia JECS clutch division to gain entry to the Japanese market. This closely follows Renault's purchase of a controlling interest in Nissan, April of the same year.
Mid 2001 Unisia JECS forms joint venture with Bosch Braking Systems Co. to produce power steering systems.
October 2002 100% of Unisia JECS Corp. bought by Hitachi, delisted from stock market, renamed Hitachi Unisia Automotive, Ltd.. Previously, Nissan Motor, Hitachi and Robert Bosch owned 25%, 17% and 10% respectively.
2003 Unisia JECS opens factory in Shenzhen, China, to cut costs as demanded by Nissan.
2004 Hitachi Unisia Automotive Ltd. merged into Hitachi, Ltd.
2004 Unisia JECS op
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20Wiener%20space
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In mathematics, classical Wiener space is the collection of all continuous functions on a given domain (usually a subinterval of the real line), taking values in a metric space (usually n-dimensional Euclidean space). Classical Wiener space is useful in the study of stochastic processes whose sample paths are continuous functions. It is named after the American mathematician Norbert Wiener.
Definition
Consider E ⊆ Rn and a metric space (M, d). The classical Wiener space C(E; M) is the space of all continuous functions f : E → M. I.e. for every fixed t in E,
as
In almost all applications, one takes E = [0, T ] or [0, +∞) and M = Rn for some n in N. For brevity, write C for C([0, T ]; Rn); this is a vector space. Write C0 for the linear subspace consisting only of those functions that take the value zero at the infimum of the set E. Many authors refer to C0 as "classical Wiener space".
For a stochastic process and the space of all functions from to , one looks at the map . One can then define the coordinate maps or canonical versions defined by . The form another process. The Wiener measure is then the unique measure on such that the coordinate process is a Brownian motion.
Properties of classical Wiener space
Uniform topology
The vector space C can be equipped with the uniform norm
turning it into a normed vector space (in fact a Banach space). This norm induces a metric on C in the usual way: . The topology generated by the open sets in this metric is the top
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Research%20Unit%20for%20Enzymology%20of%20Protein%20Folding
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The Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding was located in Halle (Saale), Germany. It was founded in 1996 and closed 31 December 2012. It was one of 80 institute in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
External links
Enzymology of Protein Folding
Biochemistry research institutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence%20of%20metrics
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In mathematics, two metrics on the same underlying set are said to be equivalent if the resulting metric spaces share certain properties. Equivalence is a weaker notion than isometry; equivalent metrics do not have to be literally the same. Instead, it is one of several ways of generalizing equivalence of norms to general metric spaces.
Throughout the article, will denote a non-empty set and and will denote two metrics on .
Topological equivalence
The two metrics and are said to be topologically equivalent if they generate the same topology on . The adverb topologically is often dropped. There are multiple ways of expressing this condition:
a subset is -open if and only if it is -open;
the open balls "nest": for any point and any radius , there exist radii such that
the identity function is continuous with continuous inverse; that is, it is a homeomorphism.
The following are sufficient but not necessary conditions for topological equivalence:
there exists a strictly increasing, continuous, and subadditive such that .
for each , there exist positive constants and such that, for every point ,
Strong equivalence
Two metrics and on are strongly or bilipschitz equivalent or uniformly equivalent if and only if there exist positive constants and such that, for every ,
In contrast to the sufficient condition for topological equivalence listed above, strong equivalence requires that there is a single set of constants that holds for every pair of points in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chia-Hsiung%20Tze
|
Chia-Hsiung Tze (often H.C. Tze) is a professor emeritus at Virginia Tech. He is a theoretical particle physicist focusing on group theory, string theory, supersymmetry, octonions and other topics in theoretical physics.
He was a colleague of the Feza Gürsey.
Publications
Articles
Books
References
Living people
Particle physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Virginia Tech faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence%20of%20measures
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In mathematics, more specifically measure theory, there are various notions of the convergence of measures. For an intuitive general sense of what is meant by convergence of measures, consider a sequence of measures μn on a space, sharing a common collection of measurable sets. Such a sequence might represent an attempt to construct 'better and better' approximations to a desired measure μ that is difficult to obtain directly. The meaning of 'better and better' is subject to all the usual caveats for taking limits; for any error tolerance ε > 0 we require there be N sufficiently large for n ≥ N to ensure the 'difference' between μn and μ is smaller than ε. Various notions of convergence specify precisely what the word 'difference' should mean in that description; these notions are not equivalent to one another, and vary in strength.
Three of the most common notions of convergence are described below.
Informal descriptions
This section attempts to provide a rough intuitive description of three notions of convergence, using terminology developed in calculus courses; this section is necessarily imprecise as well as inexact, and the reader should refer to the formal clarifications in subsequent sections. In particular, the descriptions here do not address the possibility that the measure of some sets could be infinite, or that the underlying space could exhibit pathological behavior, and additional technical assumptions are needed for some of the statements. The statements in t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20metric
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In mathematics, a product metric is a metric on the Cartesian product of finitely many metric spaces which metrizes the product topology. The most prominent product metrics are the p product metrics for a fixed :
It is defined as the p norm of the n-vector of the distances measured in n subspaces:
For this metric is also called the sup metric:
Choice of norm
For Euclidean spaces, using the L2 norm gives rise to the Euclidean metric in the product space; however, any other choice of p will lead to a topologically equivalent metric space. In the category of metric spaces (with Lipschitz maps having Lipschitz constant 1), the product (in the category theory sense) uses the sup metric.
The case of Riemannian manifolds
For Riemannian manifolds and , the product metric on is defined by
for under the natural identification .
References
.
.
Metric geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malliavin%20derivative
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In mathematics, the Malliavin derivative is a notion of derivative in the Malliavin calculus. Intuitively, it is the notion of derivative appropriate to paths in classical Wiener space, which are "usually" not differentiable in the usual sense.
Definition
Let be the Cameron–Martin space, and denote classical Wiener space:
;
By the Sobolev embedding theorem, . Let
denote the inclusion map.
Suppose that is Fréchet differentiable. Then the Fréchet derivative is a map
i.e., for paths , is an element of , the dual space to . Denote by the continuous linear map defined by
sometimes known as the H-derivative. Now define to be the adjoint of in the sense that
Then the Malliavin derivative is defined by
The domain of is the set of all Fréchet differentiable real-valued functions on ; the codomain is .
The Skorokhod integral is defined to be the adjoint of the Malliavin derivative:
See also
H-derivative
References
Generalizations of the derivative
Stochastic calculus
Malliavin calculus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hogan%20%28mathematician%29
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S. John Hogan is a professor of Applied Mathematics and leader of the "Applied Nonlinear Mathematics Group" in the Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol. He is known for his work in numerous applications of non-linear dynamics including water waves liquid crystals.
Hogan is principal investigator on several large EPSRC grants, in 2008 totalling around £6M – an unusually high total for a UK mathematician. These include the "Bristol Centre for Complexity Sciences", the "Bristol Centre for Applied Nonlinear Mathematics", "Applied Nonlinear Mathematics: Making it Real" and
Recent publications
2006 Impact dynamics of large dimensional systems Homer ME and Hogan SJ
2005 Real-time dynamic sub structuring in a coupled oscillator-pendulum system Kyrychko YN, Blyuss KB, Gonzalez-Buelga A, Hogan SJ and Wagg DJ
2005 Two-parameter nonsmooth grazing bifurcations of limit cycles: classification and open problems Kowalczyk PS, di Bernardo M, Champneys AR, Hogan SJ, Homer ME, Kuznetsov YA, Nordmark A and Piiroinen PT
2004 Global dynamics of low immersion high-speed milling Szalai R, Stepan G and Hogan SJ
References
External links
Page at University of Bristol
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English mathematicians
Academics of the University of Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synlett
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Synlett is an international scientific journal for accounts and rapid communications of original contributions of fundamental research in synthetic organic chemistry. The impact factor of this journal is 2.419 (2017). Nature featured a brief piece by the editor-in-chief of the journal in 2017, Benjamin List, where he discussed the journal's experience with the non-traditional peer review system.
References
Chemistry journals
Thieme academic journals
Academic journals established in 1989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical-nucleophilic%20aromatic%20substitution
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Radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution or SRN1 in organic chemistry is a type of substitution reaction in which a certain substituent on an aromatic compound is replaced by a nucleophile through an intermediary free radical species:
The substituent X is a halide and nucleophiles can be sodium amide, an alkoxide or a carbon nucleophile such as an enolate. In contrast to regular nucleophilic aromatic substitution, deactivating groups on the arene are not required.
This reaction type was discovered in 1970 by Bunnett and Kim and the abbreviation SRN1 stands for substitution radical-nucleophilic unimolecular as it shares properties with an aliphatic SN1 reaction. An example of this reaction type is the Sandmeyer reaction.
Reaction mechanism
In this radical substitution the aryl halide 1 accepts an electron from a radical initiator forming a radical anion 2. This intermediate collapses into an aryl radical 3 and a halide anion. The aryl radical reacts with the nucleophile 4 to a new radical anion 5 which goes on to form the substituted product by transferring its electron to new aryl halide in the chain propagation. Alternatively the phenyl radical can abstract any loose proton from 7 forming the arene 8 in a chain termination reaction.
The involvement of a radical intermediate in a new type of nucleophilic aromatic substitution was invoked when the product distribution was compared between a certain aromatic chloride and an aromatic iodide in reaction with potassium amid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20T.%20Russell
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Richard Thomas Russell is the creator of the BBC BASIC for Windows programming language and the author of the Z80 and MS-DOS versions of BBC BASIC.
He was educated at Gravesend Grammar School and Hertford College, Oxford graduating with a degree in physics in 1973. The same year he began work at the BBC as a design engineer. During his career with the BBC he was involved with several high-profile projects including the BBC Microcomputer and the BBC Domesday Project. He retired from the BBC in 2006.
His "2D DVE for Virtual Studios" won Video R&D Achievement of the Year at the International Broadcasting Awards 1996, and his hardware implementation of the BBC's patented Transform PAL Decoder has been acclaimed as probably the best PAL decoder in the world.
In 2008 he developed a technique for recovering the colour from the black-and-white telerecordings of TV programmes, making it possible to restore full colour versions of some programmes for which no conventional colour recordings exist. He is featured in the documentary "The Story of Are You Being Served?" talking about his work on the colour restoration process.
In addition to creating BBC BASIC for Windows, Russell also runs a support group for the language to which he regularly contributes tips, advice and comments on other users' code. He is married and lives in Norfolk in the United Kingdom.
Notes
External links
Richard Russell's website
Richard Russell's blog
Richard Russell's career in the BBC, Part 1
Richard Ru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice%20Fontana
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Abbé Gasparo Ferdinando Felice Fontana (15 April 1730 – 9 March 1805) was an Italian polymath who contributed to experimental studies in physiology, toxicology, and physics. As a physicist he discovered the water gas shift reaction in 1780. He investigated the human eye and has also been credited with discovering the nucleolus of a cell. His work on the venom of vipers was among the earliest experimental toxicological studies. He served as a court physicist for Peter Leopold, Duke of Tuscany and taught at the University of Pisa. He was involved in the establishment of the La Specola museum in Florence.
Biography
Fontana was born at Casa Fontana, Pomarolo, Val Lagarina, the third son of jurist Pietro and his wife Elena Caterina Ienetti. He was baptized on 3 June 1730. When his father moved to Villa Lagarina, Fontana studied in Rovereto under Girolamo Tartarotti and Giambattista Graser. He then travelled to listen to lectures including those of the anatomist G. B. Morgagni in Padua. In Parma, around 1749-50, he studied under Jacopo Belgrado. In 1753, he was a founding member of the Accademia degli Agiati in Rovereto. In 1755, his older brother Giovanni Pietro, a priest died, leaving half of his wealth and inheritance to Felice if he took up a religious position. Fontana then became an abbot but did not get ordained. studied Anatomy and Physiology in the University of Padua.
He became a tutor to Melchiorre Partini in 1755. Partini was the nephew of Gian Carlo Partini ( 1705-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM
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DNM may refer to:
Defence Nuclear Material
Det Norske Misjonsforbund, the Mission Covenant Church of Norway
Denham railway station, England
Darknet market
United States District Court for the District of New Mexico
De novo mutation, one of the classifications of mutations in biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Journal%20of%20Organic%20Chemistry
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The European Journal of Organic Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering organic chemistry. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe.
The journal, along with the European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, was established in 1998 as the result of a merger of Chemische Berichte/Recueil, Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France, Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges, Gazzetta Chimica Italiana, Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, Anales de Química, Chimika Chronika, Revista Portuguesa de Química, and ACH-Models in Chemistry.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.261.
See also
List of chemistry journals
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
References
External links
Chemistry Europe academic journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Organic chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1997
English-language journals
Wiley-VCH academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated%20integral
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In mathematics, the regulated integral is a definition of integration for regulated functions, which are defined to be uniform limits of step functions. The use of the regulated integral instead of the Riemann integral has been advocated by Nicolas Bourbaki and Jean Dieudonné.
Definition
Definition on step functions
Let [a, b] be a fixed closed, bounded interval in the real line R. A real-valued function φ : [a, b] → R is called a step function if there exists a finite partition
of [a, b] such that φ is constant on each open interval (ti, ti+1) of Π; suppose that this constant value is ci ∈ R. Then, define the integral of a step function φ to be
It can be shown that this definition is independent of the choice of partition, in that if Π1 is another partition of [a, b] such that φ is constant on the open intervals of Π1, then the numerical value of the integral of φ is the same for Π1 as for Π.
Extension to regulated functions
A function f : [a, b] → R is called a regulated function if it is the uniform limit of a sequence of step functions on [a, b]:
there is a sequence of step functions (φn)n∈N such that as n → ∞; or, equivalently,
for all ε > 0, there exists a step function φε such that || φε − f ||∞ < ε; or, equivalently,
f lies in the closure of the space of step functions, where the closure is taken in the space of all bounded functions [a, b] → R and with respect to the supremum norm || ⋅ ||∞; or equivalently,
for every , the right-sided limit
exists, and, f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustained%20Spheromak%20Physics%20Experiment
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The Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) is a program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States established to investigate spheromak plasma.
A spheromak device produces a plasma in magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium mainly through self-induced plasma currents, as opposed to a tokamak device which depends on large externally generated magnetic fields. The series of experiments examines the potential for a spheromak device to contain fusion fuel. According to a 1999 abstract,
The Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment, SSPX , will study spheromak physics with particular attention to energy confinement and magnetic fluctuations in a spheromak sustained by electrostatic helicity injection.
See also
Magnetohydrodynamics
Magnetic helicity
Magnetic reconnection
Turbulence
References
External links
Science@Livermore - Press release
Fusion Energy Program publications
Romero-Talamas, Investigations of Spheromak plasma dynamics, Ph.D. thesis
Selected abstracts:
Romero-Talamas, Spheromak formation and sustainment studies
Wang, Large-amplitude electron density
Hooper, Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Magnetic confinement fusion devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Mastery%20Test
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The Connecticut Mastery Test, or CMT, is a test administered to students in grades 3 through 8. The CMT tests students in mathematics, reading comprehension, writing, and science (science was administered in March 2008). The other major standardized test administered to schoolchildren in Connecticut is the Connecticut Academic Performance Test, or CAPT, which is given in grade 10. Until the 2005–2006 school year, the CMT was administered in the fall; now it is given in the spring.
The CMT is graded on a scale from 1 to 5 in each area, on this scale:
5 - "Advanced"
4 - "Goal"
3 - "Proficient"
2 - "Basic"
1 - "Below basic."
Structure
Editing and Revising
This is the first portion of the CMT writing test. Students read passages that contain numerous spelling and grammar errors. After reading, they will answer multiple choice questions to correct the errors. This test is sixty minutes long and it is scored by a computer.
Direct Assessment of Writing
In this test, students have 45 minutes to write a paper on a designated topic. In third and fourth grade, the essay is a fictional narrative; in fifth and sixth it is an expository piece; in seventh and eighth grade it is a persuasive essay. It is scored by two trained professionals. Each reader scores it from one to six. The two scores are combined to make one total score, the state target goal is 8.0 out of 12.
Degrees of Reading Power
Also known as the DRP, this is the first portion of the reading section. Students must re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tips
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Tips may refer to:
Tips Industries, an Indian film production company
Tips (Windows), a component of Microsoft Windows
Ernest Oscar Tips, a Belgian aviation designer and entrepreneur
TIPS as an acronym may refer to:
TARGET Instant Payment Settlement
Operation TIPS, Terrorism Information and Prevention System
Tether Physics and Survivability Experiment, a satellite to experiment with space tether
Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, see TRIZ
Thermally Induced Phase Separation, a common method used in scaffold design for tissue engineering
Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIPs), a series of best-practice manuals for the treatment of substance use and other related disorders published by the US government
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, an artificial channel within the liver
Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, a set of Bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, a journal in the Trends series
Trends in Plant Science, a journal in the Trends series
Triisopropylsilyl, a type of silyl ether
Triisopropylsilane, a hydrosilane
Turkish Institute for Police Studies, University of North Texas
See also
Tip (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20engineering
|
Surface engineering is the sub-discipline of materials science which deals with the surface of solid matter. It has applications to chemistry, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering (particularly in relation to semiconductor manufacturing).
Solids are composed of a bulk material covered by a surface. The surface which bounds the bulk material is called the surface phase. It acts as an interface to the surrounding environment. The bulk material in a solid is called the bulk phase.
The surface phase of a solid interacts with the surrounding environment. This interaction can degrade the surface phase over time. Environmental degradation of the surface phase over time can be caused by wear, corrosion, fatigue and creep.
Surface engineering involves altering the properties of the surface phase in order to reduce the degradation over time. This is accomplished by making the surface robust to the environment in which it will be used. It provides a cost-effective material for robust design. A spectrum of topics that represent the diverse nature of the field of surface engineering includes plating technologies, nano and emerging technologies and surface engineering, characterization and testing.
Applications
Surface engineering techniques are being used in the automotive, aerospace, missile, power, electronic, biomedical, textile, petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, steel, cement, machine tools and construction industries including road surfacing. Surface engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Soter
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Steven Soter is an astrophysicist currently holding the positions of scientist-in-residence for New York University's Environmental Studies Program and of Research Associate for the Department of Astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History. He is a proponent of the International Astronomical Union's definition of planet.
Education
Soter received his bachelor's degree in astronomy and physics from UCLA in 1965 (advisors George Abell and Peter Goldreich) and his doctorate in astronomy from Cornell University in 1971 (advisors Thomas Gold, Carl Sagan, and Joseph Burns).
Career in astrophysics
In 1974, Soter suggested that dust produced by meteoritic bombardment of Saturn's moon Phoebe might orbit the planet until colliding with Saturn's moon Iapetus and be responsible for the unique dark-bright dichotomy of the latter. Although not the unique cause, dust originating from Saturn's irregular satellites was later found in data from the Cassini spacecraft to indeed play a crucial role in the coloration of Iapetus. The discovery of Saturn's "Phoebe ring" in 2009 further strengthened the probability that this process first described by Soter plays a significant role in shaping Iapetus's appearance.
In 1977-1979, Soter co-wrote, along with Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan, Carl Sagan's monumental 1980 astronomy documentary series Cosmos. Since then, he has also acted as advisor on a number of science documentaries, such as the IMAX films Blue Planet and Cosmic Voyage.
In 1997,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Marcgrave
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Georg Marcgrave (originally , also spelled "Marcgraf" "Markgraf") (1610 – 1644) was a German naturalist and astronomer, whose posthumously published Historia Naturalis Brasiliae was a major contribution to early modern science.
Life
Born in Liebstadt in the Electorate of Saxony, Marcgrave studied botany, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine in Germany and Switzerland until 1636 when he journeyed to Leiden in the Netherlands.
In 1637, he was appointed astronomer of a company being formed to sail to the Dutch Brazil. He was accompanied by Willem Piso, a physician. He afterward entered the service of Dutch Brazil's governor, Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, whose patronage provided him with the means of exploring a considerable part of Brazil. He arrived in Brazil in early 1638 and undertook the first zoological, botanical, and astronomical expedition there, exploring various parts of the colony to study its natural history and geography. Traveling later to the coast of Guinea, he fell a victim to the climate.
Publications
His large map of Brazil, an important event in cartography was published in 1647. According to Cuvier, Marcgrave was the most able and most precise of all those who described the natural history of remote countries during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
He was the co-author (with Willem Piso) of Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, a single volume work on the botany and zoology of Brazil, that has had lasting influence in the history of science.
Refer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disufenton%20sodium
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Disufenton sodium (Cerovive, OKN-007, NXY-059, HPN-07) is a free radical trapping nitrone-based antioxidant compound that has been under development for several medical conditions.
Chemistry
Disufenton sodium is the disulfonyl derivative of the neuroprotective nitrone spin trap phenylbutylnitrone or "PBN". PBN and its derivatives hydrolyze and oxidize in vitro to form respectively MNP-OH (AKA, NtBHA) and its parent spin-trap MNP.
Research
Disufenton sodium was under development at the drug company AstraZeneca. A 2005 phase-3 clinical trial called "SAINT-1" reported some efficacy in the acute treatment of ischemia injury due to stroke. However, a 2006 attempt to repeat this trial indicated no significant activity. After ruling out other causes, the authors tentatively attributed the positive results in the first trial to "chance". AstraZeneca then terminated the development programme.
Disufenton sodium has been researched as a potential treatment for use in brain tumors and cancers, including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and glioblastoma.
A compound (NHPN-1010) containing a combination of disufenton sodium and acetylcysteine has been researched as a potential treatment for tinnitus and hearing loss.
References
Further reading
Free radicals
AstraZeneca brands
Tert-butyl compounds
Benzenesulfonates
Organic sodium salts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CECA
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CECA may refer to:
Ceca (singer) (born 1973), a Serbian singer
Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros, the Spanish Confederation of Savings Banks
Civil Engineering Contractors Association, a membership association for civil engineering contractors in the UK
the French, Portuguese, Italian and Spanish acronym for the European Coal and Steel Community
Ceca, plural of cecum
Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement between India and Singapore
Ceca Foundation, a healthcare non-profit in the US
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20S.%20Kemp
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Daniel Schaeffer Kemp (October 20, 1936May 2, 2020) was an American organic chemist, an emeritus professor of chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kemp's work was focused on the synthesis and conformational analysis of peptides. He developed several chemical ligation strategies and methods for templating the formation of helices and sheets. The eponymous and the reaction (and the variant) are among his developments. He was the author of an organic chemistry textbook. He died from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts.
Background
Kemp was born in Portland, Oregon. He received his Bachelor of Arts in chemistry from Reed College in 1958 and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1964, where he studied under R. B. Woodward. He was elected to the Harvard Society of Fellows.
Awards and honors
1997 — Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award of the American Chemical Society
2000 — Ralph F. Hirschmann Award in Peptide Chemistry of the American Chemical Society
Books
See also
MIT Chemistry Department
References
External links
Profile of Prof. Kemp on the MIT Chemistry Department website
1936 births
2020 deaths
Scientists from Portland, Oregon
Reed College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20O%27Brien%20%28actor%29
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Eugene O'Brien (born Louis O'Brien; November 14, 1880 – April 29, 1966) was an American silent film star and stage actor.
Biography
O'Brien was born on November 14, 1880 in Boulder, Colorado.
He studied medicine at the University of Colorado at Boulder but was keener on the stage than becoming a doctor. O'Brien switched to civil engineering under his family's guidance, but his heart was still set on becoming an actor. He moved to New York City and was "discovered" by theatrical impresario Charles Frohman who signed O'Brien to a three-year contract and put him in The Builder of Bridges, which opened on Broadway at the Hudson Theatre on October 26, 1909, after he had appeared on Broadway in The Rollicking Girl (1905).
O'Brien made his name playing opposite Ethel Barrymore, in a revival of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero's play Trelawny of the 'Wells', which opened on New Year's Day, 1911, at the Empire Theatre.
O'Brien's other Broadway credits included The Country Cousin (1917), Her Husband's Wife (1917), The Angel in the House (1915), The Bargain (1915), A Celebrated Case (1915), The Money Makers (1914), A Woman Killed with Kindness / Granny Maumee (1914), Kitty Mackay (1914), Tainted Philanthropy (1912), The Case of Becky (1912), and The Million (1911).
O'Brien's first film, Essanay Film's The Lieutenant Governor, in which he had the starring role, played in Boulder's Curran Theater in February 1915, giving his family its first opportunity to see him act. World Film Corp. chief e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTD
|
NTD may refer to:
Biology and medicine
N-terminal domain, a region at one end of a protein
Neglected tropical diseases, a group of endemic infectious diseases that primarily affect the poor
Neon tetra disease, a disease affecting tropical aquarium fish
Neural tube defect, a group of medical conditions
Television broadcasters
NTD (Australian TV station)
New Tang Dynasty Television
Technology
Network Termination Device, a telecommunications device
Neutron transmutation doping, a method to make semiconductors
Nintendo Technology Development, a subsidiary of Nintendo located in Redmond, Washington, U.S.
Notice and take down, removal by Internet hosts of allegedly illegal material
Other uses
National Theatre of the Deaf, a touring theatre company in the United States
New Era for Democracy, a political party in Burkina Faso
New Taiwan dollar, the currency of Taiwan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm%C4%81rs%20Zemgalis
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Elmārs Zemgalis (9 September 1923 – 8 December 2014) was a Latvian-American chess master and mathematics professor at Highline College. He was awarded an Honorary Grandmaster title in 2003.
Biography
Zemgalis started to play chess when he was eleven, eventually winning the championships of Riga and Jelgava. After the Soviet Union invaded his native Latvia for the second time in 1944, Zemgalis fled to Germany. As a Displaced Person after World War II, he played in twelve international tournaments. In 1946, he took second place, behind Wolfgang Unzicker, in Augsburg, with 13/16. In 1946, he took second place, behind Fedor Bohatirchuk, in Regensburg (Klaus Junge Memorial), with 6.5/9. In 1947, he took second place, behind Lūcijs Endzelīns in Hanau (Hermanis Matisons Memorial). In 1948, he won in Esslingen (Württemberg-ch), with 7/9. In 1949, he won in Rujtā (Württemberg-ch). In 1949, he tied for first place with Efim Bogoljubow in Oldenburg. In 1949, he tied for first place with Leonids Dreibergs in Esslingen.
In 1951, he emigrated to the United States, where he became a mathematics professor. By 1952, Zemgalis had settled in Seattle. He was arguably the top player in the Pacific Northwest for the next fifteen years. In 1952, he won (3:1) a match against Olaf Ulvestad in Seattle. In 1953 and 1959, he won the Washington state championships. His 9–0 win in the 1953 Championship and his 6–0 win in the 1959 Championship are the only perfect score in the history of the tournament.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric%20genetics
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Psychiatric genetics is a subfield of behavioral neurogenetics and behavioral genetics which studies the role of genetics in the development of mental disorders (such as alcoholism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism). The basic principle behind psychiatric genetics is that genetic polymorphisms (as indicated by linkage to e.g. a single nucleotide polymorphism) are part of the causation of psychiatric disorders.
Psychiatric genetics is a somewhat new name for the old question, "Are behavioral and psychological conditions and deviations inherited?". The goal of psychiatric genetics is to better understand the causes of psychiatric disorders, to use that knowledge to improve treatment methods, and possibly also to develop personalized treatments based on genetic profiles (see pharmacogenomics). In other words, the goal is to transform parts of psychiatry into a neuroscience-based discipline.
Recent advances in molecular biology allowed for the identification of hundreds of common and rare genetic variations that contribute to psychiatric disorders.
History
Research on psychiatric genetics began in the late nineteenth century with Francis Galton (a founder of psychiatric genetics) who was motivated by the work of Charles Darwin and his concept of desegregation. These methods of study later improved due to the development of more advanced clinical, epidemiological, and biometrical research tools. Better research tools were the precursor to the ability to perform valid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Benson
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Andrew Alm Benson (September 24, 1917 – January 16, 2015) was an American biologist and a professor of biology at the University of California, San Diego, until his retirement in 1989. He is known for his work in understanding the carbon cycle in plants.
Early life and education
Benson was born on September 24, 1917, in Modesto, California, the son of a rural physician of Swedish immigrant stock.
He studied as an undergraduate and masters student at the University of California, Berkeley, where he learned optics from Luis Alvarez and worked in the chemistry lab of Glenn T. Seaborg.
In 1942, he received his Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology; at Caltech, he worked under the supervision of Carl Niemann, conducting experiments on the fluorination of thyroxine; his later thesis work concerned "periodate and lead tetraacetate degradation of its vicinal amino glycol". At that time he also became a conscientious objector to the war in Europe, a political position that caused difficulties for him when he moved back to Berkeley following his graduation.
Post-graduate career
Benson returned to Berkeley as an instructor in July 1942.
In May 1946 he was invited to join the group of Melvin Calvin, who was then starting a photosynthesis group in Berkeley's Old Radiation Laboratory, a building that had previously housed a 37-inch cyclotron built in 1937 by Ernest Lawrence. He visited Norway from 1951 to 1952 on a Fulbright fellowship to the Norwegian College of Agriculture,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganometallic%20chemistry
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Bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of biologically active molecules that contain carbon directly bonded to metals or metalloids. The importance of main-group and transition-metal centers has long been recognized as important to the function of enzymes and other biomolecules. However, only a small subset of naturally-occurring metal complexes and synthetically prepared pharmaceuticals are organometallic; that is, they feature a direct covalent bond between the metal(loid) and a carbon atom. The first, and for a long time, the only examples of naturally occurring bioorganometallic compounds were the cobalamin cofactors (vitamin B12) in its various forms. In the 21st century, as a result of the discovery of new systems containing carbon–metal bonds in biology, bioorganometallic chemistry is rapidly emerging as a distinct subdiscipline of bioinorganic chemistry that straddles organometallic chemistry and biochemistry. Naturally occurring bioorganometallics include enzymes and sensor proteins. Also within this realm are synthetically prepared organometallic compounds that serve as new drugs and imaging agents (technetium-99m sestamibi) as well as the principles relevant to the toxicology of organometallic compounds (e.g., methylmercury). Consequently, bioorganometallic chemistry is increasingly relevant to medicine and pharmacology.
In cofactors and prosthetic groups
Vitamin B12 is the preeminent bioorganometallic species. Vitamin B12 is actually a collection of rel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal%20E.%20Miller
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Neal Elgar Miller (August 3, 1909 – March 23, 2002) was an American experimental psychologist. Described as an energetic man with a variety of interests, including physics, biology and writing, Miller entered the field of psychology to pursue these. With a background training in the sciences, he was inspired by professors and leading psychologists at the time to work on various areas in behavioral psychology and physiological psychology, specifically, relating visceral responses to behavior.
Miller's career in psychology started with research on "fear as a learned drive and its role in conflict". Work in behavioral medicine led him to his most notable work on biofeedback. Over his lifetime he lectured at Yale University, Rockefeller University, and Cornell University Medical College and was one of the youngest members of Yale's Institute of Human Relations. His accomplishments led to the establishment of two awards: the New Investigator Award from the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research and an award for distinguished lectureship from the American Psychological Association. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Miller as the eighth most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Life and education
Miller was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1909. He grew up in the Pacific Northwest. His father, Irving Miller, worked at Western Washington University as chair of the Department of Education and Psychology. His father's position, in Neal Miller's word
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%20in%20science
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The year 1931 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
French astronomer Bernard Lyot invents the coronagraph.
Chemistry
November 26 – Harold Urey and associates at Columbia University discover deuterium by the fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen, leading to demonstration of the existence of heavy water.
Erich Hückel proposes Hückel's rule, which explains when a planar ring molecule will have aromatic properties.
The first aerogel is created by Steven Kistler.
Earth sciences
Modified Mercalli intensity scale introduced as a seismic scale for earthquakes in the United States.
History of science
Het Nederlandsch Historisch Natuurwetenschappelijk Museum ("The Dutch Historical Museum of the Natural Sciences") opens in Leiden.
Mathematics
January – Kurt Gödel's "On Formally Undecidable Propositions..." is published in Monatshefte für Mathematik.
Physics
Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll build the first prototype electron microscope.
Paul Dirac proposes that the existence of a single magnetic monopole in the universe would suffice to explain the quantization of electrical charge.
Physiology and medicine
May–October – American pathologists Ernest William Goodpasture and Alice Miles Woodruff publish their results on growing influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chicken eggs. Richard Shope publishes three papers identifying influenza A virus as the cause of swine influenza.
December 3 – The drug Alka-Seltzer is pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20%28disambiguation%29
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Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter.
Solid may also refer to:
Biology
ABI Solid Sequencing, a DNA sequencing system
Signs Of LIfe Detector (SOLID), an astrobiology instrument for in situ analyses
Computing
Solid (KDE), a device framework of KDE
SOLID (object-oriented design)
Solid (web decentralization project)
solidDB, a database
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
Solid (Ashford & Simpson album) (1984)
"Solid" (Ashford & Simpson song), its title track
Solid (Grant Green album) (1964 [1979])
Solid (Groundhogs album) (1974)
Solid (Michael Henderson album) (1976)
Solid (Mandrill album) (1975)
Solid (Woody Shaw album) (1986)
Solid (U.D.O. album) (1997)
Solid!, a 1998 album by Eric Alexander
"Solid" (Young Thug and Gunna song), 2021
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Solid (billiard ball), the wholly colored balls 1-7
Solid, a very strong suit in contract bridge
Solid Snake, a character in the Metal Gear games series
Other uses
Solid figure, a three-dimensional figure
Solid, a slang term signalling agreement or used as a synonym for "favor" (good turn)
Solid seat, one that is unlikely to change hands, in the nomenclature of political forecasting
See also
Solid state (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory%20rotation
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Laboratory rotations are typically a part of first year graduate school (Ph.D.-oriented) in American universities, especially in the research-oriented areas like biology and chemistry where an incoming student is expected to work in 4 to 6 different laboratories (each is called a "rotation") for durations of about 6 to 8 weeks, before making a final decision regarding which group he or she wishes to join.
Laboratory rotations are uncommon in the British university system, where a Ph.D. candidate is accepted into a laboratory soon after joining, and that is partly responsible for shorter duration needed for graduating.
References
Science education
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieferich%20pair
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In mathematics, a Wieferich pair is a pair of prime numbers p and q that satisfy
pq − 1 ≡ 1 (mod q2) and qp − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2)
Wieferich pairs are named after German mathematician Arthur Wieferich.
Wieferich pairs play an important role in Preda Mihăilescu's 2002 proof of Mihăilescu's theorem (formerly known as Catalan's conjecture).
Known Wieferich pairs
There are only 7 Wieferich pairs known:
(2, 1093), (3, 1006003), (5, 1645333507), (5, 188748146801), (83, 4871), (911, 318917), and (2903, 18787). (sequence and in OEIS)
Wieferich triple
A Wieferich triple is a triple of prime numbers p, q and r that satisfy
pq − 1 ≡ 1 (mod q2), qr − 1 ≡ 1 (mod r2), and rp − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2).
There are 17 known Wieferich triples:
(2, 1093, 5), (2, 3511, 73), (3, 11, 71), (3, 1006003, 3188089), (5, 20771, 18043), (5, 20771, 950507), (5, 53471161, 193), (5, 6692367337, 1601), (5, 6692367337, 1699), (5, 188748146801, 8807), (13, 863, 23), (17, 478225523351, 2311), (41, 138200401, 2953), (83, 13691, 821), (199, 1843757, 2251), (431, 2393, 54787), and (1657, 2281, 1667). (sequences , and in OEIS)
Barker sequence
Barker sequence or Wieferich n-tuple is a generalization of Wieferich pair and Wieferich triple. It is primes (p1, p2, p3, ..., pn) such that
p1p2 − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p22), p2p3 − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p32), p3p4 − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p42), ..., pn−1pn − 1 ≡ 1 (mod pn2), pnp1 − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p12).
For example, (3, 11, 71, 331, 359) is a Barker sequence, or a Wieferich 5-tuple; (5, 188748146801, 453029, 53
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometria
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The term geometria may refer to:
Geometry, a branch of mathematics
Geometria (film), a 1987 short film by Guillermo del Toro
376 Geometria, a main belt asteroid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilazapril
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Cilazapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
It was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1990.
Chemistry
Of the eight possible stereoisomers, only the all-(S)-form is medically viable.
Brand names
It is branded as Dynorm, Inhibace, Vascace and many other names in various countries. None of these are available in the United States as of May 2010.
References
ACE inhibitors
Carboxylic acids
Enantiopure drugs
Hoffmann-La Roche brands
Ethyl esters
Lactams
Prodrugs
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings
Carboxylate esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Le%20Sueur
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Terence Augustine Le Sueur OBE was Chief Minister of Jersey between 2008 and 2011.
He was born at Millbrook, Saint Helier, and was educated at De La Salle College, Jersey and Oxford University, where he was the King Charles Exhibitioner at Jesus College; and read physics. After being a teacher at De La Salle College, Jersey he moved into a career in accountancy.
He was first elected to the States of Jersey as Deputy for St Helier #3&4 in 1987 (re-elected 1990, 1993 and 1996). In 1990 he became President of the Social Security Committee. He then became Vice-President of État Civil and Telecoms. He was elected a Senator in 1999. He was re-elected as a Senator in the 2005 election. He served as Minister for Treasury and Resources 2005–2008.
Le Sueur was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for political service.
References
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People educated at De La Salle College, Jersey
Deputies of Jersey
Government ministers of Jersey
Jersey accountants
Jersey Roman Catholics
Living people
People from Saint Helier
Senators of Jersey
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1942 births
Chief Ministers of Jersey
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danah%20Zohar
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Danah Zohar (born Toledo, Ohio, 1944) is an American-British author and speaker on physics, philosophy, complexity and management.
Life and work
Zohar studied Physics and Philosophy at MIT and did postgraduate work in Philosophy, Religion & Psychology at Harvard University. She is Visiting Professor at Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management, Beijing, the China Art Academy in Hanzhou, and an Entrepreneurial Mentor at Haier, China. She was included in the 2002 Financial Times Prentice Hall book Business Minds as one of "the world's 50 greatest management thinkers".
Zohar proposed spiritual intelligence as an aspect of intelligence that sits above the traditional measure of IQ and various notions of emotional intelligence, at the conscious level of meaning and purpose. Her 12 Principles of Spiritual Intelligence are derived from the properties of complex adaptive systems, which she describes as living quantum systems. Zohar originated Quantum Management Theory and advocates the new paradigm arising from quantum physics and the properties of nonlinear complex adaptive systems as a guiding model for personal psychology, corporate, and social systems as a 21st century replacement for the deterministic mechanics and machine metaphor found in the scientific management of Frederick Winslow Taylor and other early management thinkers.
Selected publications
Zohar is author (or co-author with her late husband, the psychiatrist Ian Marshall) of the following books:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicative%20transposition
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Replicative transposition is a mechanism of transposition in molecular biology, proposed by James A. Shapiro in 1979, in which the transposable element is duplicated during the reaction, so that the transposing entity is a copy of the original element. In this mechanism, the donor and receptor DNA sequences form a characteristic intermediate "theta" configuration, sometimes called a "Shapiro intermediate". Replicative transposition is characteristic to retrotransposons and occurs from time to time in class II transposons.
References
Mobile genetic elements
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoactinide%20chemistry
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Organoactinide chemistry is the science exploring the properties, structure, and reactivity of organoactinide compounds, which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to actinide chemical bond.
Like most organometallic compounds, the organoactinides are air sensitive and need to be handled using the appropriate methods.
Organometallic complexes with σ-bonding
Most common organoactinide complexes involve π-bonding with ligands such as cyclopentadienyl, but there are a few exceptions with σ-bonding, namely in thorium and uranium chemistry as these are the most easily handleable elements of this group.
Alkyl and aryl compounds
Attempts to synthesize uranium alkyls were first made during the Manhattan project by Henry Gilman, inspired by the volatility of main group organometallics. However he noticed that these compounds tend to be highly unstable.
Marks and Seyam attempted to synthesize them from UCl using organolithium reagents, but these decomposed quickly.
In 1989, a group finally synthesized a homoleptic complex with trimethylsilyl groups: . Since then, variants of higher coordination numbers such as have also been synthesized.
On the other hand, only one homoleptic thorium alkyl is known. The seven coordinate heptamethylthorate(IV) anion was synthesized in 1984 using a similar procedure to the equivalent uranium complex.
Mixed phosphine containing complexes of thorium and uranium tetramethyls have also been made, using dmpe as the organophosphorus ligan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Cell%20Biology
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The Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology was located in Ladenburg, Germany. It was founded 1947 as Max Planck Institute for Oceanic biology in Wilhelmshaven, after renaming in 1968, it was moved to Ladenburg 1977 under the direction of Hans-Georg Schweiger. It was closed 1 July 2003. It was one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
External links
Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology
Molecular biology institutes
Cell Biology (closed)
1947 establishments in Germany
2003 disestablishments in Germany
Research institutes in Lower Saxony
Buildings and structures in Wilhelmshaven
Ladenburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Denef
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Jan Denef (born 4 September 1951) is a Belgian mathematician. He is an Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven).
Denef obtained his PhD from KU Leuven in 1975 with a thesis on Hilbert's tenth problem; his advisors were Louis Philippe Bouckaert and Willem Kuijk.
He is a specialist of model theory, number theory and algebraic geometry. He is well known for his early work on Hilbert's tenth problem and for developing the theory of motivic integration in a series of papers with François Loeser. He has also worked on computational number theory.
Recently he proved a conjecture of Jean-Louis Colliot-Thélène which generalizes the Ax–Kochen theorem.
In 2002 Denef was an Invited Speaker at the International Congresses of Mathematicians in Beijing. His Hirsch-index is 24.
References
Publications
External links
1951 births
Living people
20th-century Belgian mathematicians
21st-century Belgian mathematicians
Model theorists
Academic staff of KU Leuven
KU Leuven alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Loeser
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François Loeser (born August 25, 1958) is a French mathematician. He is Professor of Mathematics at the Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University in Paris. From 2000 to 2010 he was Professor at École Normale Supérieure. Since 2015, he is a senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France.
He was awarded the CNRS Silver Medal in 2011 and the Charles-Louis de Saulces de Freycinet Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 2007. He was awarded an ERC Advanced Investigator Grant in 2010 and has been a Plenary Speaker at the European Congress of Mathematics in Amsterdam in 2008. In 2014 Loeser was an Invited Speaker at the International Congresses of Mathematicians in Seoul. In 2015 he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to algebraic and arithmetic geometry and to model theory".
He was elected member of Academia Europaea in 2019.
He is a specialist of algebraic geometry and is best known for his work on motivic integration, part of it in collaboration with Jan Denef.
References
Publications
External links
Loeser's home page
1958 births
Living people
Scientists from Mulhouse
20th-century French mathematicians
21st-century French mathematicians
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Academic staff of Pierre and Marie Curie University
Model theorists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoeconomics
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Thermoeconomics, also referred to as biophysical economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory. Thermoeconomics can be thought of as the statistical physics of economic value and is a subfield of econophysics.
It is the study of the ways and means by which human societies procure and use energy and other biological and physical resources to produce, distribute, consume and exchange goods and services, while generating various types of waste and environmental impacts. Biophysical economics builds on both social sciences and natural sciences to overcome some of the most fundamental limitations and blind spots of conventional economics. It makes it possible to understand some key requirements and framework conditions for economic growth, as well as related constraints and boundaries.
Thermodynamics
"Rien ne se perd, rien ne se crée, tout se transforme"
"Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed."
-Antoine Lavoisier, one of the fathers of chemistryThermoeconomists maintain that human economic systems can be modeled as thermodynamic systems. Thermoeconomists argue that economic systems always involve matter, energy, entropy, and information. Then, based on this premise, theoretical economic analogs of the first and second laws of thermodynamics are developed. The global economy is viewed as an open system.
Moreover, many economic activities result in the formation of structures. Therm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20de%20Vries
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M.J. (Marc) de Vries (born 1958, Haarlem), is professor of Reformational Philosophy at the Delft University of Technology.
Biography
Marc de Vries studied physics at the Free University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) and graduated in 1982 on the subject: dissolving problems in physical education. In 1988 he got his promotion at the Eindhoven University of Technology on the subject: technology in physical education.
He was a teacher in Physics at a school in Papendrecht (1982-1983). In 1983-1984 he was a teacher in Physics, Mathematics and Didactics at the Institute for Teacher Education, Eindhoven University of Pedagogical Technology (PTH). Thereafter, 1984-1988, he was as researcher in Physics and Technology education allied to the Eindhoven University of Technology. In 1988 he was guest researcher at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Technology Education Programme. In 1988-1991 he was head of the Technology Education department (teachers' educations program) at the Eindhoven University of Pedagogical Technology. In 1990 he began as an assistant professor in Philosophy and methodology of technology (now: Philosophy and ethics of technology) at the Eindhoven University of Technology (chair of Prof. Dr.ir. Anthonie Meijers).
M.J. de Vries is currently professor of Reformational Philosophy at the Delft University of Technology and thereby succeeded Prof.Dr. Egbert Schuurman of the Association for Reformational Philosophy. He is currently the editor i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIMB
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OIMB may refer to:
Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, Oregon, U.S.
ICAO airport code for Birjand International Airport in Iran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20derivative
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In mathematics, the metric derivative is a notion of derivative appropriate to parametrized paths in metric spaces. It generalizes the notion of "speed" or "absolute velocity" to spaces which have a notion of distance (i.e. metric spaces) but not direction (such as vector spaces).
Definition
Let be a metric space. Let have a limit point at . Let be a path. Then the metric derivative of at , denoted , is defined by
if this limit exists.
Properties
Recall that ACp(I; X) is the space of curves γ : I → X such that
for some m in the Lp space Lp(I; R). For γ ∈ ACp(I; X), the metric derivative of γ exists for Lebesgue-almost all times in I, and the metric derivative is the smallest m ∈ Lp(I; R) such that the above inequality holds.
If Euclidean space is equipped with its usual Euclidean norm , and is the usual Fréchet derivative with respect to time, then
where is the Euclidean metric.
References
Differential calculus
Metric geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Christie%20%28neuroscientist%29
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Brian R. Christie (born 1964) is a Professor of Medicine and Neuroscience at The University of Victoria. He helped found the Neuroscience Graduate Program at the University of Victoria and served as its director from 2010–2017. He is a Michael Smith Senior Scholar Award winner. Christie received his PhD in 1992 from the University of Otago before doing postdoctoral work with Daniel Johnston at Baylor College of Medicine and Terrence Sejnowski at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and then became Assistant Professor at the University of British Columbia. Promoted to Associate Professor in 2007. Full Professor in 2013.
Research
Christie's early research focused on heterosynaptic plasticity in the hippocampal formation. During the course of this work, he discovered that prior synaptic activity could impact the capacity for synapses to subsequently show activity-dependent forms of plasticity, a phenomenon that he originally called "priming" but that has since been termed "metaplasticity". He completed a PhD at the University of Otago in 1993. His Ph.D. work generated 9 publications on synaptic plasticity with Abraham. Following the completion of his Ph.D., he became interested in how calcium entered neurons, and began a post-doctoral fellowship with Dan Johnston. In this period he showed for the first time, using calcium imaging, that different types of voltage-gated calcium channels were not distributed homogeneously throughout neuron dendrites and somata. Moreover, h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20Research%20Institute%20of%20System%20Development
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Scientific Research Institute of System Analysis (abbrev. SRISA/NIISI RAS, , ) - is Russian state research and development institution in the field of complex applications, an initiative of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The mission of the institute is to resolve complex applied problems on the basis of fundamental and applied mathematics in combination with the methods of practical computing. Founded by the Decree no. 1174 of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences on October 1, 1986.
Research fields
Main lines of activities:
research in the field of theoretical and applied problems on information security,
research in the field of automation of programming,
research in the field of creating computer models of the objects with complex geometry and topology for the open scalable system of parallel information processing,
research in the field of applied informatics.
Development
Microprocessors
The SRISA has designed several MIPS compatible CPUs for general purpose calculations. These include:
KOMDIV-32 () is a family of 32-bit microprocessors, MIPS-I ISA
KOMDIV-64 () is a family of 64-bit microprocessors, MIPS-IV ISA
Operating systems
Since 1998 the SRISA department of System Programming has develop several successive UNIX-like real-time operating system (RTOS) that include:
POSIX 1003.1-compatible RTOS developed since January 1998; the network sockets, however, were borrowed from Free BSD; it supported TCP/IP protocol and X Window suite; it runs on MI
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20Topics%20in%20Calamity%20Physics
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Special Topics in Calamity Physics (2006) is the debut novel by American writer Marisha Pessl.
Background
Pessl wrote three drafts of the book, telling Kenyon Review that "each draft took about a year. It wasn’t so much that I was revising Blue’s voice or the language, but that I wanted to make sure the mystery worked perfectly, that all the twists and turns really worked. Writing from the standpoint of an unreliable narrator, you as the author have to know exactly what’s going on at all times. You have to have a really firm handle on what all of the characters are doing, even if your narrator doesn’t understand. That was really the challenge of this book. And it took two or three drafts to figure that out."
The book was first published in August 2006 by Viking Press, a division of Penguin Group, and was a subject of a bidding war that ended in a sale for six figures.
Plot
Blue van Meer is a film-obsessed, erudite teenager. She is the daughter of itinerant and arrogant academic Gareth van Meer, who, after the death of his amateur lepidopteran-catching wife (and Blue's mother), never manages to stay at a high school for more than a semester due to constant moving from city to city. During Blue's senior year, however, they settle in the sleepy town of Stockton, North Carolina. She starts to attend the St. Gallway School and befriends a group of popular, rich, and mysterious teenagers called the Bluebloods. The Bluebloods are also close friends with the film-studies teacher
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim%20Moshkow
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Maksim Eugenievich Moshkow (, born 13 October 1966 in Moscow) is a public figure of the Russian Internet segment, the Runet.
He graduated from Moscow State University's Department of Mechanics and Mathematics. Since 1991 he has been an employee of the Scientific Research Institute of System Development, where he among other duties is administrating the campus local network. He also took up teaching courses on Unix, TCP/IP, HP OpenView, VMware.
Moshkow programmed some major media Internet projects like Gazeta.Ru, Lenta.Ru, Vesti.Ru, etc. as well as authoring Lib.ru also known as Maksim Moshkow's Library, which started to operate in November 1994 and proved to be the largest and most comprehensive Russian electronic library.
He is a laureate of the Internet Prize ROTOR-2005 as the "Man of the Year". He is married, and has one son and three daughters.
See also
Gevorkyan v. Moshkov
References
External links
Maksim Moshkow home page
His internet library (Russian)
1966 births
Living people
Internet in Russia
Russian computer programmers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20spinor
|
In the domain of mathematics known as representation theory, pure spinors (or simple spinors) are spinors that are annihilated, under the Clifford algebra representation, by a maximal isotropic subspace of a vector space with respect to a scalar product .
They were introduced by Élie Cartan in the 1930s and further developed by Claude Chevalley.
They are a key ingredient in the study of spin structures and higher dimensional generalizations of twistor theory, introduced by Roger Penrose in the 1960s.
They have been applied to the study of supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in 10D, superstrings, generalized complex structures
and parametrizing solutions of integrable hierarchies.
Clifford algebra and pure spinors
Consider a complex vector space , with either even dimension or odd dimension , and a nondegenerate complex scalar product
, with values on pairs of vectors .
The Clifford algebra is the quotient of the full tensor algebra
on by the ideal generated by the relations
Spinors are modules of the Clifford algebra, and so in particular there is an action of the
elements of on the space of spinors. The complex subspace that annihilates
a given nonzero spinor has dimension . If then is said to be a pure spinor. In terms of stratification of spinor modules by orbits of the spin group , pure spinors correspond to the smallest orbits, which are the Shilov boundary of the stratification by the orbit types of the spinor representation on the irreduc
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