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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressively%20measurable%20process
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In mathematics, progressive measurability is a property in the theory of stochastic processes. A progressively measurable process, while defined quite technically, is important because it implies the stopped process is measurable. Being progressively measurable is a strictly stronger property than the notion of being an adapted process. Progressively measurable processes are important in the theory of Itô integrals.
Definition
Let
be a probability space;
be a measurable space, the state space;
be a filtration of the sigma algebra ;
be a stochastic process (the index set could be or instead of );
be the Borel sigma algebra on .
The process is said to be progressively measurable (or simply progressive) if, for every time , the map defined by is -measurable. This implies that is -adapted.
A subset is said to be progressively measurable if the process is progressively measurable in the sense defined above, where is the indicator function of . The set of all such subsets form a sigma algebra on , denoted by , and a process is progressively measurable in the sense of the previous paragraph if, and only if, it is -measurable.
Properties
It can be shown that , the space of stochastic processes for which the Itô integral
with respect to Brownian motion is defined, is the set of equivalence classes of -measurable processes in .
Every adapted process with left- or right-continuous paths is progressively measurable. Consequently, every adapted process with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplast
|
A cytoplast is a medical term that is used to describe a cell membrane and the cytoplasm. It is occasionally used to describe a cell in which the nucleus has been removed. Originally named by Rebecca Bodily.
See also
Cytoplast
References
Cell biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeiu%20problem
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In mathematics, the Pompeiu problem is a conjecture in integral geometry, named for Dimitrie Pompeiu, who posed the problem in 1929,
as follows. Suppose f is a nonzero continuous function defined on a Euclidean space, and K is a simply connected Lipschitz domain, so that the integral of f vanishes on every congruent copy of K. Then the domain is a ball.
A special case is Schiffer's conjecture.
References
External links
Pompeiu problem at Department of Geometry, Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Hungary
Pompeiu problem at SpringerLink encyclopaedia of mathematics
The Pompeiu problem,
Schiffer's conjecture,
Mathematical analysis
Integral geometry
Conjectures
Unsolved problems in geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby%20Homes
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Crosby Homes was a major British residential housebuilding business. It was acquired by Lendlease in 2005.
History
Crosby Homes was established in the mid-1920s by James Crosby to build houses in north Cheshire. During the War it turned to civil engineering and contracting but returned to housebuilding in the late 1950s, when it specialised in building executive housing.
In 1986, the Crosby family sold out to a management team and in 1989 the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange; at that time the company was predominantly building in north Cheshire and south Lancashire. The housing recession led to a cut in the dividend in 1990 and in 1991 Crosby was acquired by Berkeley Group Holdings. The business was substantially expanded, concentrating on city centre development from Birmingham north to Newcastle. As part of Berkeley's restructuring Crosby was sold on deferred terms to its management in 2003; Lendlease then bought it in 2005 for circa £240 million. Shortly after the takeover the company was renamed Crosby Lend Lease.
References
Housebuilding companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Lendlease
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratislav%20Effenberger
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Vratislav Effenberger (22 April 1923 in Nymburk; - 10 August 1986 in Prague) was a Czech literature theoretician. He has German Bohemian descent from his paternal side, but has assimilated into Czech.
Life and career
In 1944, Effenberger left industrial school with his Abitur. He went to study chemistry and the history of art as well as aesthetics at the philosophical faculty. Starting from 1946, he joined the Czechoslovakian Film institute, from which he was dismissed 1954. He was then a worker until 1966 and later was appointed to the Czech Academy of Sciences. In 1970, he was dismissed for political reasons and had to take a job as a nightwatchman. In 1969, he became editor of the surrealist magazine Analogon; which around 1968 it published newspapers and magazines, which were concerned with literature, theatre or art.
Works
He became famous with a collection of film scripts and pseudo-scripts Surovost života a cynismus fantasie.
Most of his works were self-published in a handwritten form. He also published numerous articles in newspapers and magazines. Some of his works were seized and destroyed by the Czech State Security.
Books
Henri Rousseau, Státní nakladatelství krásné literatury a umění (SNKLU) Prague 1963, monographie
Reality and poetry (Realita a poezie), 1969
Formative expressions Surrealismus (Výtvarné projevy surrealismu), Odeon Prague 1969
Development of thearalischer styles (Vývoj divadelních slohů), 1972 self publishing house
Rawness of the Life
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne%20Langevin-Joliot
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Hélène Langevin-Joliot (née Joliot-Curie; born 19 September 1927) is a French nuclear physicist known for her research on nuclear reactions in French laboratories and for being the granddaughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie and the daughter of Irene Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie, all four of whom have received Nobel Prizes, in Physics (Pierre and Marie Curie) or Chemistry (Marie Curie and the Joliot-Curies). Since retiring from a career in research Hélène has participated in activism centered around encouraging women and girls to participate in STEM fields. Her activism also revolves around promoting greater science literacy for the general public.
Early life and education
Hélène Langevin-Joliot was born in Paris, France on September 19, 1927. She developed a passion for science in her early life, seeing her parents Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie win a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935. She was particularly skilled in math as a child and young adult, so her parents pushed her towards physics which is the field she pursued educationally and professionally moving forward. As a teen, she studied at the École Nationale de Chimie Physique et Biologie de Paris where she excelled academically. She was later educated at the IN2P3 () at Orsay, a laboratory which was set up by her parents Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie. After receiving her bachelor's degree, she began work on a doctorate in nuclear physics. She focused on auto ionization a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support%20%28measure%20theory%29
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In mathematics, the support (sometimes topological support or spectrum) of a measure on a measurable topological space is a precise notion of where in the space the measure "lives". It is defined to be the largest (closed) subset of for which every open neighbourhood of every point of the set has positive measure.
Motivation
A (non-negative) measure on a measurable space is really a function Therefore, in terms of the usual definition of support, the support of is a subset of the σ-algebra
where the overbar denotes set closure. However, this definition is somewhat unsatisfactory: we use the notion of closure, but we do not even have a topology on What we really want to know is where in the space the measure is non-zero. Consider two examples:
Lebesgue measure on the real line It seems clear that "lives on" the whole of the real line.
A Dirac measure at some point Again, intuition suggests that the measure "lives at" the point and nowhere else.
In light of these two examples, we can reject the following candidate definitions in favour of the one in the next section:
We could remove the points where is zero, and take the support to be the remainder This might work for the Dirac measure but it would definitely not work for since the Lebesgue measure of any singleton is zero, this definition would give empty support.
By comparison with the notion of strict positivity of measures, we could take the support to be the set of all points with a neighbou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20Aided%20Verification
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In computer science, the International Conference on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV) is an annual academic conference on the theory and practice of computer-aided formal analysis of software and hardware systems, broadly known as formal methods. It is one of the highest-ranked conferences in computer science. Among the important results originally published in CAV are breakthrough techniques in model checking, such as Counterexample-Guided Abstraction Refinement (CEGAR) and partial order reduction.
The first CAV was held in 1989 in Grenoble, France. The CAV proceedings (1989-present) are published by Springer Science+Business Media and are open access.
See also
List of computer science conferences
Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software
External links
bibliography for CAV at DBLP
Conference proceedings
References
Theoretical computer science conferences
Logic conferences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20contact%20conductance
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In physics, thermal contact conductance is the study of heat conduction between solid or liquid bodies in thermal contact. The thermal contact conductance coefficient, , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity, or ability to conduct heat, between two bodies in contact. The inverse of this property is termed thermal contact resistance.
Definition
When two solid bodies come in contact, such as A and B in Figure 1, heat flows from the hotter body to the colder body. From experience, the temperature profile along the two bodies varies, approximately, as shown in the figure. A temperature drop is observed at the interface between the two surfaces in contact. This phenomenon is said to be a result of a thermal contact resistance existing between the contacting surfaces. Thermal contact resistance is defined as the ratio between this temperature drop and the average heat flow across the interface.
According to Fourier's law, the heat flow between the bodies is found by the relation:
where is the heat flow, is the thermal conductivity, is the cross sectional area and is the temperature gradient in the direction of flow.
From considerations of energy conservation, the heat flow between the two bodies in contact, bodies A and B, is found as:
One may observe that the heat flow is directly related to the thermal conductivities of the bodies in contact, and , the contact area , and the thermal contact resistance, , which, as previously noted, is the inverse of the the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20theorem%20for%20Gaussian%20measures
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In mathematics, the structure theorem for Gaussian measures shows that the abstract Wiener space construction is essentially the only way to obtain a strictly positive Gaussian measure on a separable Banach space. It was proved in the 1970s by Kallianpur–Sato–Stefan and Dudley–Feldman–le Cam.
There is the earlier result due to H. Satô (1969) which proves that "any Gaussian measure on a separable Banach space is an abstract Wiener measure in the sense of L. Gross". The result by Dudley et al. generalizes this result to the setting of Gaussian measures on a general topological vector space.
Statement of the theorem
Let γ be a strictly positive Gaussian measure on a separable Banach space (E, || ||). Then there exists a separable Hilbert space (H, 〈 , 〉) and a map i : H → E such that i : H → E is an abstract Wiener space with γ = i∗(γH), where γH is the canonical Gaussian cylinder set measure on H.
References
Banach spaces
Probability theorems
Theorems in measure theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-dimensional%20distribution
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In mathematics, finite-dimensional distributions are a tool in the study of measures and stochastic processes. A lot of information can be gained by studying the "projection" of a measure (or process) onto a finite-dimensional vector space (or finite collection of times).
Finite-dimensional distributions of a measure
Let be a measure space. The finite-dimensional distributions of are the pushforward measures , where , , is any measurable function.
Finite-dimensional distributions of a stochastic process
Let be a probability space and let be a stochastic process. The finite-dimensional distributions of are the push forward measures on the product space for defined by
Very often, this condition is stated in terms of measurable rectangles:
The definition of the finite-dimensional distributions of a process is related to the definition for a measure in the following way: recall that the law of is a measure on the collection of all functions from into . In general, this is an infinite-dimensional space. The finite dimensional distributions of are the push forward measures on the finite-dimensional product space , where
is the natural "evaluate at times " function.
Relation to tightness
It can be shown that if a sequence of probability measures is tight and all the finite-dimensional distributions of the converge weakly to the corresponding finite-dimensional distributions of some probability measure , then converges weakly to .
See also
Law (stochastic p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Ursula%20Academy%20%28Cincinnati%2C%20Ohio%29
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St. Ursula Academy, located in the East Walnut Hills neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, is a Catholic college-preparatory high school for young women that offers an intensive four-year program in the fields of English, mathematics, science, social studies, French, Spanish, Latin, and religion. An entrance test is required of all prospective freshmen students. Academic scholarships are also based on the results of this test. The school's Educational Services Program (ESP) assists girls with learning disabilities.
History
St. Ursula Academy was established in 1910 by the newly founded Ursuline community as a private academy for students from kindergarten through the twelfth grade. The sisters had an enrollment of sixty-three pupils that first year when classes were held in a house they rented at Ingleside and McMillan. The following year the school was in session at 1339 East McMillan in the Worcester residence, which the sisters had recently purchased. In December 1910, the community acquired the Schuster-Martin building. The facilities were enhanced in 1915 with the building of a chapel wing, which connected the two original buildings and also provided enlarged kitchen and dining areas. About the same time, the far west building was built by Bellamy Storer and his wife, Maria Longworth Nichols Storer, as their residence. When the Storers died, the building became the property of the sisters and was utilized for additional classroom space. In 1952 two smaller houses adjacent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20aerospace%20engineering%20schools
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Aerospace (or aeronautical) engineering can be studied at the bachelors, masters and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others.
Institution names are followed by accreditation where applicable.
Argentina
Universidad Nacional de Cordoba
Universidad Nacional de La Plata
Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional Haedo
Universidad Nacional de San Martín
Australia
Australian Defence Force Academy
RMIT University
Monash University
University of Adelaide
University of New South Wales
University of Queensland
Queensland University of Technology
University of Sydney
Austria
FH Joanneum (Graz)
FH Wiener Neustadt
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan State Oil Academy
Azerbaijan Technical University
National Aviation Academy
Bangladesh
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace University (BSMRAAU)
Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST)
Bangladesh Air Force Academy (BAFA) (Bachelor in Aeronautics - Air force Personnel only)
Belgium
Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) /M.Res./
University of Liège (ULg) /M.Eng./
University of Leuven (KUL) /M.Eng./
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) /M.Eng./
Brazil
In Brazil the B.Sc., M.Sc. and PhD degrees in Aerospace Engineering are offered by universities like: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC at Joinville campus, Universidade Federal do ABC – UFABC at Sao Bernardo do Campo campus, Universidade de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20theorem%20for%20Riemann%20surfaces
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In mathematics, the identity theorem for Riemann surfaces is a theorem that states that a holomorphic function is completely determined by its values on any subset of its domain that has a limit point.
Statement of the theorem
Let and be Riemann surfaces, let be connected, and let be holomorphic. Suppose that for some subset that has a limit point, where denotes the restriction of to . Then (on the whole of ).
References
Theorems in complex analysis
Riemann surfaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching%20theorem
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In mathematics, the branching theorem is a theorem about Riemann surfaces. Intuitively, it states that every non-constant holomorphic function is locally a polynomial.
Statement of the theorem
Let and be Riemann surfaces, and let be a non-constant holomorphic map. Fix a point and set . Then there exist and charts on and on such that
; and
is
This theorem gives rise to several definitions:
We call the multiplicity of at . Some authors denote this .
If , the point is called a branch point of .
If has no branch points, it is called unbranched. See also unramified morphism.
References
.
Theorems in complex analysis
Riemann surfaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%E2%80%93Ocone%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Clark–Ocone theorem (also known as the Clark–Ocone–Haussmann theorem or formula) is a theorem of stochastic analysis. It expresses the value of some function F defined on the classical Wiener space of continuous paths starting at the origin as the sum of its mean value and an Itô integral with respect to that path. It is named after the contributions of mathematicians J.M.C. Clark (1970), Daniel Ocone (1984) and U.G. Haussmann (1978).
Statement of the theorem
Let C0([0, T]; R) (or simply C0 for short) be classical Wiener space with Wiener measure γ. Let F : C0 → R be a BC1 function, i.e. F is bounded and Fréchet differentiable with bounded derivative DF : C0 → Lin(C0; R). Then
In the above
F(σ) is the value of the function F on some specific path of interest, σ;
the first integral,
is the expected value of F over the whole of Wiener space C0;
the second integral,
is an Itô integral;
Σ∗ is the natural filtration of Brownian motion B : [0, T] × Ω → R: Σt is the smallest σ-algebra containing all Bs−1(A) for times 0 ≤ s ≤ t and Borel sets A ⊆ R;
E[·|Σt] denotes conditional expectation with respect to the sigma algebra Σt;
∂/∂t denotes differentiation with respect to time t; ∇H denotes the H-gradient; hence, ∂/∂t∇H is the Malliavin derivative.
More generally, the conclusion holds for any F in L2(C0; R) that is differentiable in the sense of Malliavin.
Integration by parts on Wiener space
The Clark–Ocone theorem gives rise to an integration by p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-derivative
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In mathematics, the H-derivative is a notion of derivative in the study of abstract Wiener spaces and the Malliavin calculus.
Definition
Let be an abstract Wiener space, and suppose that is differentiable. Then the Fréchet derivative is a map
;
i.e., for , is an element of , the dual space to .
Therefore, define the -derivative at by
,
a continuous linear map on .
Define the -gradient by
.
That is, if denotes the adjoint of , we have .
See also
Malliavin derivative
References
Generalizations of the derivative
Measure theory
Stochastic calculus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20trigonometry
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to trigonometry:
Trigonometry – branch of mathematics that studies the relationships between the sides and the angles in triangles. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves.
Basics
Geometry – mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, the relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Geometry is used extensively in trigonometry.
Angle – the angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. Angles formed by two rays lie in a plane, but this plane does not have to be a Euclidean plane.
Ratio – a ratio indicates how many times one number contains another
Content of trigonometry
Trigonometry
Trigonometric functions
Trigonometric identities
Euler's formula
Scholars
Archimedes
Aristarchus
Aryabhata
Bhaskara I
Claudius Ptolemy
Euclid
Hipparchus
Madhava of Sangamagrama
Ptolemy
Pythagoras
Regiomontanus
History
Aristarchus's inequality
Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula
Greek astronomy
Indian astronomy
Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā
Madhava's sine table
Ptolemy's table of chords
Rule of marteloio
Āryabhaṭa's sine table
Fields
Uses of trigonometry
Acoustics
Architecture
Astronomy
Biology
Cartography
Chemistry
Civil engineering
Computer graphics
Cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Zinin
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Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin (; 25 August 1812, in Shusha – 18 February 1880, in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian organic chemist.
Life
He studied at the University of Kazan where he graduated in mathematics but he started teaching chemistry in 1835. To improve his skills he was asked to study in Europe for some time, which he did between 1838 and 1841. He studied with Justus Liebig in Giessen, where he finished his research on the benzoin condensation, which was discovered by Liebig several years before. He presented his research results at the University of Saint Petersburg, where he received his Ph.D. He became Professor for Chemistry in the same year at the University of Kazan and left for the University of Saint Petersburg in 1847 where he also became a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and first president of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (1868–1877).
In St. Petersburg, professor Zinin was a private teacher of chemistry to the young Alfred Nobel.
Work
He is known for the so-called Zinin reaction or Zinin reduction, in which nitro aromates like nitrobenzene are converted to amines by reduction with ammonium sulfides.
In 1842 Zinin played an important role in identifying aniline.
References
External links
Biography
Biography
Biography
1812 births
1880 deaths
Organic chemists
Scientists from Shusha
Chemists from the Russian Empire
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Russian inventors
Russian scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarburg%20High%20School
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Cedarburg High School (CHS) is a Public Education High School in Cedarburg, Wisconsin.
Curriculum
Classes offered at Cedarburg High School are grouped into 13 departments: art, business and information technology, engineering/technology education, English, family and consumer education, foreign language, health, mathematics, music, physical education, science, social studies and special education departments. Foreign languages taught at the school include French, German and Spanish. As of 2015, 22 AP classes were offered.
Facilities
Since the current school building was completed in 1956, the campus has expanded several times. In 2002, construction was completed on a project that included an eight-lane swimming pool with diving well, a field house with a 160-meter track, and several basketball courts. In the 2006–07 academic year, the outdoor track and football stadium were renovated. A 3,500-seat stadium was constructed and an 8-lane synthetic track was installed. The majority of the funds for this reconstruction was provided by the Cedarburg Athletic Booster Club and private donors. The school has over ten acres of irrigated land designated for team practices.
Extracurricular activities
Cedarburg High School has over 25 student clubs, including AFS, Art Club, Badminton Club, Bridge Builders, Chess Club, Coding Club, Community Service Club, Debate, Drama Club, Economics Team, Engineering Club, Forensics, French Club, German Club, LEAD, Math Team, National History Day, NHS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, the term fiber (US English) or fibre (British English) can have two meanings, depending on the context:
In naive set theory, the fiber of the element in the set under a map is the inverse image of the singleton under
In algebraic geometry, the notion of a fiber of a morphism of schemes must be defined more carefully because, in general, not every point is closed.
Definitions
Fiber in naive set theory
Let be a function between sets.
The fiber of an element (or fiber over ) under the map is the set that is, the set of elements that get mapped to by the function. It is the preimage of the singleton (One usually takes in the image of to avoid being the empty set.)
The collection of all fibers for the function forms a partition of the domain The fiber containing an element is the set For example, the fibers of the projection map that sends to are the vertical lines, which form a partition of the plane.
If is a real-valued function of several real variables, the fibers of the function are the level sets of . If is also a continuous function and is in the image of the level set will typically be a curve in 2D, a surface in 3D, and, more generally, a hypersurface in the domain of
Fiber in algebraic geometry
In algebraic geometry, if is a morphism of schemes, the fiber of a point in is the fiber product of schemes
where is the residue field at
Fibers in topology
Every fiber of a local homeomorphism is a discrete subsp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20E.%20Vardeman
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Robert Edward Vardeman (sometimes called Vardebob) (born 1947) is an American science fiction fan and writer.
Career
Robert E. Vardeman was born in Mineral Wells, Texas, but is a longtime resident of Albuquerque, New Mexico. He graduated from the University of New Mexico with a B.S. in physics and a M.S. in materials science. He worked for Sandia National Laboratories in the Solid State Physics Research Department before becoming a full-time writer. He got his start in writing by writing for science fiction fanzines, and was nominated for the 1972 Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer. Vardeman is one of the founders of Bubonicon, a science fiction convention in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Pseudonyms
The first volume in Vardeman's Keys to Paradise fantasy series was credited to the pseudonym "Daniel Moran", the publisher possibly being unaware of author Daniel Keys Moran, but the second book in that series then stated that Vardeman was "writing as Daniel Moran." Vardeman started publishing two other series under pseudonyms in the late 1980s – the fantasy series After the Spell Wars under the name F.J. Hale, and the Star Frontier science fiction series under the name of Edward S. Hudson. Both of these series were partially republished under Vardeman's own name. He also wrote Gateway to Doom (1983) from Tom Swift III, and The Microbots (1992) and Mutant Beach (1992), part of the Tom Swift IV series of books under the house pen name, Victor Appleton; as well as writing numerous weste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iven%20Mackay
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Lieutenant General Sir Iven Giffard Mackay, (7 April 1882 – 30 September 1966) was a senior Australian Army officer who served in both world wars.
Mackay graduated from the University of Sydney in 1904 and taught physics there from 1910 until 1914, when he joined the Australian Imperial Force shortly after the outbreak of the First World War. He served with the 4th Infantry Battalion at Gallipoli, where he distinguished himself in hand-to-hand fighting at the Battle of Lone Pine. In April 1916, he assumed command of the 4th Infantry Battalion on the Western Front and led it at the Battle of Pozières, Battle of Bullecourt and Battle of Broodseinde. He was promoted to brigadier general in June 1918, and led the 1st Infantry Brigade at the Battle of Hazebrouck, the Battle of Amiens and in the attack on the Hindenburg Line.
After the war, Mackay studied physics at the University of Cambridge under Ernest Rutherford before returning to Australia and his old job as a lecturer at the University of Sydney. From 1933 to 1940 he was headmaster of Cranbrook School, Sydney. He remained in the Militia between the wars, and was a major general by the time the Second World War broke out. He was selected to command the 6th Division in 1940, and led it through the Australian Army's first battles of the war. Any doubts about his ability soon disappeared with the commitment of the division to the Western Desert Campaign. During the Battle of Bardia in January 1941, the 6th Division captured
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly%20positive%20measure
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In mathematics, strict positivity is a concept in measure theory. Intuitively, a strictly positive measure is one that is "nowhere zero", or that is zero "only on points".
Definition
Let be a Hausdorff topological space and let be a -algebra on that contains the topology (so that every open set is a measurable set, and is at least as fine as the Borel -algebra on ). Then a measure on is called strictly positive if every non-empty open subset of has strictly positive measure.
More concisely, is strictly positive if and only if for all such that
Examples
Counting measure on any set (with any topology) is strictly positive.
Dirac measure is usually not strictly positive unless the topology is particularly "coarse" (contains "few" sets). For example, on the real line with its usual Borel topology and -algebra is not strictly positive; however, if is equipped with the trivial topology then is strictly positive. This example illustrates the importance of the topology in determining strict positivity.
Gaussian measure on Euclidean space (with its Borel topology and -algebra) is strictly positive.
Wiener measure on the space of continuous paths in is a strictly positive measure — Wiener measure is an example of a Gaussian measure on an infinite-dimensional space.
Lebesgue measure on (with its Borel topology and -algebra) is strictly positive.
The trivial measure is never strictly positive, regardless of the space or the topology used, except when is e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Okounkov
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Andrei Yuryevich Okounkov (, Andrej Okun'kov) (born July 26, 1969) is a Russian mathematician who works on representation theory and its applications to algebraic geometry, mathematical physics, probability theory and special functions. He is currently a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and the academic supervisor of HSE International Laboratory of Representation Theory and Mathematical Physics. In 2006, he received the Fields Medal "for his contributions to bridging probability, representation theory and algebraic geometry."
Education and career
He graduated with a B.S. in mathematics, summa cum laude, from Moscow State University in 1993 and received his doctorate, also at Moscow State, in 1995 under Alexandre Kirillov and Grigori Olshanski. He is a professor at Columbia University. He previously was a professor at Princeton University, where he was awarded a Packard Fellowship (2001), the European Mathematical Society Prize (2004), and the Fields Medal (2006); an assistant and associate professor at Berkeley, where he was awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship; and an instructor at the University of Chicago. He rejoined the faculty at Berkeley in the summer of 2022.
Work
He has worked on the representation theory of infinite symmetric groups, the statistics of plane partitions, and the quantum cohomology of the Hilbert scheme of points in the complex plane. Much of his work on Hilbert schemes was joint with Rahul Pandharipande.
Okounkov, along with Pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial%20Agents%20and%20Chemotherapy
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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology. It covers antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents and chemotherapy. The editor-in-chief is Cesar A. Arias (University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston). It was established in 1972 by Gladys Lounsbury Hobby.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2022 impact factor is 4.9.
References
External links
Delayed open access journals
Academic journals established in 1972
Pharmacology journals
Microbiology journals
English-language journals
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies
Monthly journals
American Society for Microbiology academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendelin%20Werner
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Wendelin Werner (born 23 September 1968) is a German-born French mathematician working on random processes such as self-avoiding random walks, Brownian motion, Schramm–Loewner evolution, and related theories in probability theory and mathematical physics. In 2006, at the 25th International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid, Spain he received the Fields Medal "for his contributions to the development of stochastic Loewner evolution, the geometry of two-dimensional Brownian motion, and conformal field theory". He is currently Rouse Ball professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge.
Biography
Werner was born on 23 September 1968 in Cologne, West Germany. His parents moved to France when he was nine months old and he became a French citizen in 1977. After a classe préparatoire at Lycée Hoche in Versailles, he studied at École Normale Supérieure from 1987 to 1991. His 1993 doctorate was written at the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie and supervised by Jean-François Le Gall. Werner was a researcher at the CNRS (National Center of Scientific Research, Centre national de la recherche scientifique) from 1991 to 1997, during which he also held a two-year Leibniz Fellowship, at the University of Cambridge. He was Professor at
the University of Paris-Sud from 1997 to 2013 and also taught at the École Normale Supérieure from 2005 to 2013. He was then Professor at the ETH Zürich from 2013 to 2023.
Awards and honors
Werner has received several awards besides the Fields M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20slope
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In astrophysics and planetary science, spectral slope, also called spectral gradient, is a measure of dependence of the reflectance on the wavelength.
In digital signal processing, it is a measure of how quickly the spectrum of an audio sound tails off towards the high frequencies, calculated using a linear regression.
Spectral slope in astrophysics and planetary science
The visible and infrared spectrum of the reflected sunlight is used to infer physical and chemical properties of the surface of a body. Some objects are brighter (reflect more) in longer wavelengths (red). Consequently, in visible light they will appear redder than objects showing no dependence of reflectance on the wavelength.
The diagram illustrates three slopes:
a red slope, the reflectance is increasing with the wavelengths
flat spectrum (in black)
And a blue slope, the reflectance actually diminishing with the wavelengths
The slope (spectral gradient) is defined as:
where is the reflectance measured with filters F0, F1 having the central wavelengths λ0 and λ1, respectively.
The slope is typically expressed in percentage increase of reflectance (i.e. reflexivity) per unit of wavelength: %/100 nm (or % /1000 Å)
The slope is mostly used in near infrared part of the spectrum while colour indices are commonly used in the visible part of the spectrum.
The trans-Neptunian object Sedna is a typical example of a body showing a steep red slope (20%/100 nm) while Orcus' spectrum appears flat in near infra-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20B.%20Moore
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Charles Bachman Moore Jr. (October 28, 1920 – March 2, 2010) was an American physicist, engineer and meteorologist, known for his research on atmospheric physics and his work with gas balloons. He was born in Maryville, Tennessee.
Career
Moore attended college at Georgia Institute of Technology in 1940. During World War II, he served as a weather equipment officer for the U.S. Army Air Corps in the China-Burma-India theater, and later in occupied China. Moore returned to Georgia Tech after the war, and received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1947.
Moore was recruited as a project engineer for Project Mogul in 1947 by New York University geophysicist Athelstan Spilhaus, who headed the Balloon Group within the project. Project Mogul, led by Dr. James Peoples and his assistant Albert P. Crary, made use of Moore's work in materials science allowing the construction of balloons which could better withstand cold temperatures and safely rise to significantly greater altitudes. A balloon that Moore helped launch in New Mexico on June 4, 1947, was later identified as the source of the debris found on the Foster ranch which led to UFO conspiracy theories and claims surrounding the Roswell incident.
In 1953, Moore joined the Arthur D. Little Corporation and worked with Bernard Vonnegut to develop techniques for vaporizing sodium, cesium, and calcium from rockets for high-altitude studies of winds and sodium in the upper atmosphere. They collaborated on over 50 publica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindel%C3%B6f%27s%20lemma
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In mathematics, Lindelöf's lemma is a simple but useful lemma in topology on the real line, named for the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf.
Statement of the lemma
Let the real line have its standard topology. Then every open subset of the real line is a countable union of open intervals.
Generalized Statement
Lindelöf's lemma is also known as the statement that every open cover in a second-countable space has a countable subcover (Kelley 1955:49). This means that every second-countable space is also a Lindelöf space.
Proof of the generalized statement
Let be a countable basis of . Consider an open cover, . To get prepared for the following deduction, we define two sets for convenience, , .
A straight-forward but essential observation is that, which is from the definition of base. Therefore, we can get that,
where , and is therefore at most countable. Next, by construction, for each there is some such that . We can therefore write
completing the proof.
References
J.L. Kelley (1955), General Topology, van Nostrand.
M.A. Armstrong (1983), Basic Topology, Springer.
Covering lemmas
Lemmas
Topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20F.%20Neuman
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William F Neuman (June 2, 1919 in Petoskey, Michigan – January 4, 1981 in Rochester, New York) was an American biochemist and author.
Career
Neuman was an authority on the biochemistry of bone tissue. Before joining the faculty of the University of Rochester in 1944, he headed the biochemistry section of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission at the university and helped develop the field of health physics. In 1965 he was a member of the scientific team that studied the effects of space flight on astronauts Frank Borman and James A. Lovell after their fourteen-day flight on Gemini 7. Neuman was the author or co-author of more than two hundred scholarly publications.
The William F. Neuman Award, since 1981, has been presented annually by the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research for "outstanding and major scientific research" in bone and mineral research.
Notable publications
References
1919 births
1981 deaths
20th-century American biochemists
University of Rochester faculty
People from Petoskey, Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20scheme
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In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a Hilbert scheme is a scheme that is the parameter space for the closed subschemes of some projective space (or a more general projective scheme), refining the Chow variety. The Hilbert scheme is a disjoint union of projective subschemes corresponding to Hilbert polynomials. The basic theory of Hilbert schemes was developed by . Hironaka's example shows that non-projective varieties need not have Hilbert schemes.
Hilbert scheme of projective space
The Hilbert scheme of classifies closed subschemes of projective space in the following sense: For any locally Noetherian scheme , the set of -valued points
of the Hilbert scheme is naturally isomorphic to the set of closed subschemes of that are flat over . The closed subschemes of that are flat over can informally be thought of as the families of subschemes of projective space parameterized by . The Hilbert scheme breaks up as a disjoint union of pieces corresponding to the Hilbert polynomial of the subschemes of projective space with Hilbert polynomial . Each of these pieces is projective over .
Construction as a determinantal variety
Grothendieck constructed the Hilbert scheme of -dimensional projective space as a subscheme of a Grassmannian defined by the vanishing of various determinants. Its fundamental property is that for a scheme , it represents the functor whose -valued points are the closed subschemes of that are flat over .
If is a subscheme of -dimensiona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence%20%28measure%20theory%29
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In mathematics, and specifically in measure theory, equivalence is a notion of two measures being qualitatively similar. Specifically, the two measures agree on which events have measure zero.
Definition
Let and be two measures on the measurable space and let
and
be the sets of -null sets and -null sets, respectively. Then the measure is said to be absolutely continuous in reference to if and only if This is denoted as
The two measures are called equivalent if and only if and which is denoted as That is, two measures are equivalent if they satisfy
Examples
On the real line
Define the two measures on the real line as
for all Borel sets Then and are equivalent, since all sets outside of have and measure zero, and a set inside is a -null set or a -null set exactly when it is a null set with respect to Lebesgue measure.
Abstract measure space
Look at some measurable space and let be the counting measure, so
where is the cardinality of the set a. So the counting measure has only one null set, which is the empty set. That is, So by the second definition, any other measure is equivalent to the counting measure if and only if it also has just the empty set as the only -null set.
Supporting measures
A measure is called a of a measure if is -finite and is equivalent to
References
Equivalence (mathematics)
Measure theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphedema%E2%80%93distichiasis%20syndrome
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Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome is a medical condition associated with the FOXC2 gene. People with this hereditary condition have a double row of eyelashes, which is called distichiasis, and a risk of swollen limbs due to problems in the lymphatic system.
Genetics
Lymphedema-distichiasis is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. It is estimated that only of diagnosed individuals did not inherit the condition but rather acquired the syndrome via a de novo mutation. Symptoms emerge between the life stages of puberty to early adulthood (around 30 years old). This is the result of a mutation in the FOXC2 gene.
Mutations
p.Y41F, a missense mutation, is also located in FOXC2 AD-1. p.Y41F is one of eleven mutations found in the FOXC2 gene. It was determined that of these 11 mutations, one was nonsense, six were missense, and four were frameshift mutations.
Symptoms
The main symptoms of lymphedema-distichiasis are limb swelling and a double row of eyelashes. Symptoms that have been noted in some but not all cases include cysts, light sensitivity, cardiac defects, cleft palate, and eye problems such as astigmatism and cornea scarring.
Syndrome diagnosis and management
Currently, the most accurate test to determine if an individual is affected by lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome is done via Sanger sequencing, which includes whole genome analysis and single gene and multigene testing. Sequenced DNA that exhibits mutations in the FOXC2 gene are considered confirmed clinic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20time
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In computer science and computer programming, system time represents a computer system's notion of the passage of time. In this sense, time also includes the passing of days on the calendar.
System time is measured by a system clock, which is typically implemented as a simple count of the number of ticks that have transpired since some arbitrary starting date, called the epoch. For example, Unix and POSIX-compliant systems encode system time ("Unix time") as the number of seconds elapsed since the start of the Unix epoch at 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, with exceptions for leap seconds. Systems that implement the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the Windows API, such as Windows 9x and Windows NT, provide the system time as both , represented as a year/month/day/hour/minute/second/milliseconds value, and , represented as a count of the number of 100-nanosecond ticks since 1 January 1601 00:00:00 UT as reckoned in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
System time can be converted into calendar time, which is a form more suitable for human comprehension. For example, the Unix system time seconds since the beginning of the epoch translates into the calendar time 9 September 2001 01:46:40 UT. Library subroutines that handle such conversions may also deal with adjustments for time zones, daylight saving time (DST), leap seconds, and the user's locale settings. Library routines are also generally provided that convert calendar times into system times.
Many implementations that currently
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichs%27s%20inequality
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In mathematics, Friedrichs's inequality is a theorem of functional analysis, due to Kurt Friedrichs. It places a bound on the Lp norm of a function using Lp bounds on the weak derivatives of the function and the geometry of the domain, and can be used to show that certain norms on Sobolev spaces are equivalent. Friedrichs's inequality generalizes the Poincaré–Wirtinger inequality, which deals with the case k = 1.
Statement of the inequality
Let be a bounded subset of Euclidean space with diameter . Suppose that lies in the Sobolev space , i.e., and the trace of on the boundary is zero. Then
In the above
denotes the Lp norm;
α = (α1, ..., αn) is a multi-index with norm |α| = α1 + ... + αn;
Dαu is the mixed partial derivative
See also
Poincaré inequality
References
Sobolev spaces
Inequalities
Linear functionals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Society%20of%20London%20Michael%20Faraday%20Prize
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The Royal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize is awarded for "excellence in communicating science to UK audiences". Named after Michael Faraday, the medal itself is made of silver gilt, and is accompanied by a purse of £2500.
Background
The prize was first awarded in 1986 to Charles Taylor for "his outstanding presentations of physics and applications of physics, aimed at audiences from six-year-old primary school children to adults". It is awarded annually and unlike other Royal Society awards such as the Hughes Medal, it has been presented every year since its inception. The winner is required to present a lecture as part of the Society's annual programme of public events, which is usually held in January of the following year; during the lecture, the President of the Royal Society awards the medal. Unlike other prizes awarded by the society, the committee has not always publicly provided a rationale. This has occurred five times—in 2004 to Martin Rees, in 2006 to Richard Fortey, in 2007 to Jim Al-Khalili, in 2008 to John D. Barrow and most recently in 2009 to Marcus du Sautoy.
List of recipients
References
General
Specific
Awards established in 1986
Awards of the Royal Society
Michael Faraday
Royal Society lecture series
Science communication awards
Science education in the United Kingdom
Science writing awards
1986 establishments in the United Kingdom
Recurring events established in 1986
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw%20Batsch
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Mieczysław Józef Batsch a.k.a. Bacz (1 January 1900 in Lemberg – 9 September 1977 in Przemyśl) was a Polish soccer forward. He represented both Pogoń Lwów and the Poland National Team.
Batsch was a graduate of the mechanical engineering program of Lwów's Technical University (Politechnika Lwowska).
In the 1920s, while he was on the team, Pogoń won multiple national champions (1922, 1923, 1925, 1926). Together with Wacław Kuchar and Józef Garbień, he scored several goals. His career lasted from 1916 to 1929, after which he occasionally played on the team Oldboye Lwów, which consisted of soccer veterans from Lwów.
On the national team he played in 11 games, scoring 1 goal. Batsch was a member of the side that participated in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.
References
1900 births
1977 deaths
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Poland
Footballers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Pogoń Lwów players
Footballers from Lviv
Sportspeople from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Lviv Polytechnic alumni
Men's association football forwards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Snyder%20%28scientist%29
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Harry Snyder (1867–1927) was an American agricultural scientist, a specialist in agricultural chemistry.
Biography
Harry Snyder was born in Cherry Valley, New York on January 26, 1867. He earned a B.S. from Cornell University in 1889, where he was subsequently instructor of chemistry for two years. Snyder joined the Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Minnesota in 1891 as a chemist, and in 1892 became professor of agricultural chemistry. He became professor of agricultural chemistry and soils in 1907. He left his professorship for industry in 1909 to become the chief chemist for the Russell-Miller Milling Company in Minneapolis.
He married Adelaide Churchill Craig in 1890.
Snyder died at his home in Minneapolis on October 11, 1927.
Snyder Hall, constructed in 1938 as the agricultural biochemistry building at the university, was named after him on the University of Minnesota St. Paul Campus. It is now the headquarters for the University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences. He was President of the Sigma Xi Chapter there from 1907-08.
Bibliography
Among his major publications were his books:
He also wrote many papers, including:
Snyder wrote numerous Department of Agriculture Bulletins, including United States Department of Agriculture Bulletins Nos. 67, 85, 101, 126, 143, 156, on the digestibility of bread. He also was the writer of many technical articles for the Encyclopædia Britannica.
References
External links
American
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Homestead%20at%20Denison%20University
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The Homestead at Denison University (Granville, Ohio) is a student-run intentional community with a focus on environmental sustainability and voluntary simplicity. Founded in 1977 under the guiding vision of biology professor Dr. Robert W. Alrutz, it is an evolving experiment in learning through living. Membership is limited to twelve full-time students of Denison University per semester. These students (referred to as “Homesteaders” or “Homies”) represent a variety of ages, backgrounds, and academic majors.
Description
In its core values and activities, The Homestead has much in common with intentional communities like Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage (Missouri), Sandhill Farm (Missouri), and Cobb Hill CoHousing (Vermont). It differs from these communities in its direct connection to a liberal arts college, and its lack of long-term residents. As all Homesteaders are students, their residencies last from one semester to three years.
The Homestead differs dramatically from typical college housing arrangements. It has no television, and no internet access (Homesteaders visit the Denison main campus to use the internet). Its structures and utilities are designed, built or installed, maintained, and improved by students (as feasible.) It relies heavily on alternative and renewable sources of energy. Technologies have included an off-the-grid photovoltaic system for limited electricity, wood stoves for heat and cooking, and passive solar design as another source of building h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Different%20Universe
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A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down is a 2005 physics book by Robert B. Laughlin, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the fractional quantum Hall effect. Its title is a play on the P. W. Anderson manifesto More is Different, historically important in claiming that condensed-matter physics deserves greater respect. The book extends his articles The Middle Way and The Theory of Everything, arguing the limits of reductionism. A key concept in Laughlin's works is protectorates, meaning robust physical regimes of behavior that do not depend on (that is, they are protected from the fickle details of) the underlying smaller-scale physics such as quantum noise. Such robust or reliable behavior at macroscopic scales makes possible higher-level entities, from biological life to nanotechnology. The book emphasizes more study of such macroscopic phenomena, sometimes called emergence, over the ever-downward dive into theoretically fundamental ideas such as string theory, which at some point become empirically irrelevant by having no observable consequences in our world. The arguments come full circle with modern dark energy ideas suggesting that spacetime or the vacuum may not be empty, but rather (for all we can observe) a medium, a possibility ironically glimpsed even by Einstein whose career began with demolishing the similar but too-simplistic notion of ether with his special relativity work.
References
Physics books
2005 non-fiction books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homovanillic%20acid
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Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine. Homovanillic acid is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes, and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain.
In psychiatry and neuroscience, brain and cerebrospinal fluid levels of HVA are measured as a marker of metabolic stress caused by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. HVA presence supports a diagnosis of neuroblastoma and malignant pheochromocytoma.
Fasting plasma levels of HVA are known to be higher in females than in males. This does not seem to be influenced by adult hormonal changes, as the pattern is retained in the elderly and post-menopausal as well as transgender people according to their genetic sex, both before and during cross-sex hormone administration. Differences in HVA have also been correlated to tobacco usage, with smokers showing significantly lower amounts of plasma HVA.
See also
Homovanillyl alcohol
References
Vanilloids
Acetic acids
Neurochemistry
Phenolic human metabolites
O-methylated phenols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20finite%20measure
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In mathematics, a locally finite measure is a measure for which every point of the measure space has a neighbourhood of finite measure.
Definition
Let be a Hausdorff topological space and let be a -algebra on that contains the topology (so that every open set is a measurable set, and is at least as fine as the Borel -algebra on ). A measure/signed measure/complex measure defined on is called locally finite if, for every point of the space there is an open neighbourhood of such that the -measure of is finite.
In more condensed notation, is locally finite if and only if
Examples
Any probability measure on is locally finite, since it assigns unit measure to the whole space. Similarly, any measure that assigns finite measure to the whole space is locally finite.
Lebesgue measure on Euclidean space is locally finite.
By definition, any Radon measure is locally finite.
The counting measure is sometimes locally finite and sometimes not: the counting measure on the integers with their usual discrete topology is locally finite, but the counting measure on the real line with its usual Borel topology is not.
See also
References
Measures (measure theory)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niel%20Brandt
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William Nielsen Brandt (born June 10, 1970; also known as Niel Brandt) is the Verne M. Willaman Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics and a professor of physics at the Pennsylvania State University. He is best known for his work on active galaxies, cosmological X-ray surveys, starburst galaxies, normal galaxies, and X-ray binaries.
Education
Brandt was born in Durham, North Carolina, but mostly grew up in Janesville, Wisconsin. He attended Milton High School in Milton, Wisconsin, and Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. His undergraduate studies were done at the California Institute of Technology (B.S. 1992), where he lived in Blacker Hovse (sharing a room with Ian Agol) and was awarded the George Green Prize for Creative Scholarship. His graduate studies were done at the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge with Andrew Fabian.
Career
From 1996 to 1997 Brandt held a postdoctoral fellowship at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian where he worked with colleagues including Martin Elvis and Belinda Wilkes. In 1997, he took up an assistant professor appointment at the Pennsylvania State University. He was promoted to associate professor in 2001, full professor in 2003, Distinguished Professor in 2010, and Verne M. Willaman Professor in 2014.
Research and teaching
Brandt's research focuses on observational studies of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and cosmological X-ray surveys. Specific
objects investigated include actively accreting SMBHs (i.e., a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20theorem
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In mathematics, comparison theorems are theorems whose statement involves comparisons between various mathematical objects of the same type, and often occur in fields such as calculus, differential equations and Riemannian geometry.
Differential equations
In the theory of differential equations, comparison theorems assert particular properties of solutions of a differential equation (or of a system thereof), provided that an auxiliary equation/inequality (or a system thereof) possesses a certain property.
Chaplygin inequality
Grönwall's inequality, and its various generalizations, provides a comparison principle for the solutions of first-order ordinary differential equations.
Sturm comparison theorem
Aronson and Weinberger used a comparison theorem to characterize solutions to Fisher's equation, a reaction--diffusion equation.
Hille-Wintner comparison theorem
Riemannian geometry
In Riemannian geometry, it is a traditional name for a number of theorems that compare various metrics and provide various estimates in Riemannian geometry.
Rauch comparison theorem relates the sectional curvature of a Riemannian manifold to the rate at which its geodesics spread apart.
Toponogov's theorem
Myers's theorem
Hessian comparison theorem
Laplacian comparison theorem
Morse–Schoenberg comparison theorem
Berger comparison theorem, Rauch–Berger comparison theorem
Berger–Kazdan comparison theorem
Warner comparison theorem for lengths of N-Jacobi fields (N being a submanifold of a complet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonin%20petrel
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The Bonin petrel or nunulu (Pterodroma hypoleuca) is a seabird in the family Procellariidae. It is a small gadfly petrel that is found in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its secretive habits, remote breeding colonies and limited range have resulted in few studies and many aspects of the species' biology are poorly known.
Taxonomy
The Bonin petrel was formally described in 1888 by the English naturalist Osbert Salvin and given the binomial name Oestrelata hypoleuca. He specified the type location as the "Krusenstern Islands" instead of one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Bonin petrel is now placed with the other gadfly petrels in the genus Pterodroma that was introduced by French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1856. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek pteron meaning "wing" with dromos meaning "racer" or "runner". The specific epithet hypoleuca is from the Ancient Greek hupi meaning "beneath" with leukos meaning "white".
Despite the species having two remote and separate breeding localities the species is monotypic and no subspecies are recognised.
The Bonin petrel is currently thought to be closely related to the mottled petrel and white-necked petrel in the subgenus Proaestrelata, based on a review of the whole genus Pterodroma looking at morphology, calls, breeding biology, diet and parasitic lice.
Description
The Bonin petrel is a small gadfly petrel, 30 cm long with a wingspan of around 67 cm. It has a white head with a black cap and face markings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20Barnett
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Allen M. Barnett (born June 20, 1940) was a research professor of electrical engineering at the University of Delaware. He was the principal investigator of the DARPA-funded Consortium for Very High Efficiency Solar cells. Barnett was the founder and CEO of solar-cell producer Astropower, Inc. He was also a Professor of Advanced Photovoltaics at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering (SPREE) in Sydney Australia.
Education
Barnett graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1963 and earned his doctorate in electrical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1966. He was a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Career
Barnett joined the University of Delaware (UD) as Director of the Institute of Energy Conversion and Professor of Electrical Engineering. He left UD in 1993, to dedicate his time to AstroPower Inc. which he founded in the early 1980s. He returned to UD in 2003 as the Executive Director of the Solar Power Program, Research Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering and Senior Policy Fellow at the Center of Energy and Environmental Policy.
In 2005, Barnett was the manager and co-author of the winning proposal and subsequent UD subcontract in the $100 million DARPA Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) programme. He was a co-inventor of a 38.5 percent efficient solar cell module built on advancements achieved on t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunc
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Nunc A/S of Denmark was founded in 1953. Nunc specialized in laboratory plastic ware including products for cell culture, cell biology assays, sample prep, and sample storage. The company merged with the Nalge Company, which was founded in 1949 by chemist Emanuel Goldberg of Rochester, New York in 1995.
References
Manufacturing companies of Denmark
Companies based in Roskilde Municipality
Danish companies established in 1949
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation%20theory%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics and economics, transportation theory or transport theory is a name given to the study of optimal transportation and allocation of resources. The problem was formalized by the French mathematician Gaspard Monge in 1781.
In the 1920s A.N. Tolstoi was one of the first to study the transportation problem mathematically. In 1930, in the collection Transportation Planning Volume I for the National Commissariat of Transportation of the Soviet Union, he published a paper "Methods of Finding the Minimal Kilometrage in Cargo-transportation in space".
Major advances were made in the field during World War II by the Soviet mathematician and economist Leonid Kantorovich. Consequently, the problem as it is stated is sometimes known as the Monge–Kantorovich transportation problem. The linear programming formulation of the transportation problem is also known as the Hitchcock–Koopmans transportation problem.
Motivation
Mines and factories
Suppose that we have a collection of m mines mining iron ore, and a collection of n factories which use the iron ore that the mines produce. Suppose for the sake of argument that these mines and factories form two disjoint subsets M and F of the Euclidean plane R2. Suppose also that we have a cost function c : R2 × R2 → [0, ∞), so that c(x, y) is the cost of transporting one shipment of iron from x to y. For simplicity, we ignore the time taken to do the transporting. We also assume that each mine can supply only one factory (no splitting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Immortal%20%281970%20TV%20series%29
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The Immortal is an American television series, starring Christopher George as a man whose blood chemistry and resistance to almost all diseases (including old age) makes him both almost immortal and a target of several wealthy men who would basically use him as a personal blood bank, aired on ABC from September 24, 1970, to January 14, 1971. The series is based on a pilot film of the same name, which aired on September 30, 1969, as an ABC Movie of the Week. The pilot is based on the 1964 science fiction novel The Immortals, by James Gunn.
The series music was composed by Dominic Frontiere, who is primarily known for scoring the sci-fi anthology series The Outer Limits. Although The Immortal was canceled at midseason, episodes were rerun by ABC in the summer of 1971. It was later rerun on the American Forces Network in Europe in the 1980s and on the Sci Fi Channel in the 1990s.
Series overview
Ben Richards is a test car driver for a large corporation owned by billionaire Jordan Braddock. He is 43 years old, but looks young enough to pass for 30—and he has never been sick a day in his life. Ben's life changes when he donates a pint of blood. When Braddock, who is dying, is given a blood transfusion of his donated blood, and is brought back from the brink of death, Ben's physician, Dr. Matthew Pearce, determines that his O-negative blood contains all known antibodies and immunities. This gives Ben immunity to every known disease and an estimated lifespan five to ten times that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20A.%20Kerkut
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Gerald Allan Kerkut (or G. A. Kerkut) (19 August 1927 – 6 March 2004) was a British zoologist and physiologist.
Career
He attended the University of Cambridge from 1945 to 1952 and earned a doctorate in zoology. He went on to establish the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry at University of Southampton where he remained throughout his career. He became Professor of Physiology and Biochemistry in 1966 and went on to become the Dean of Science, Chairman of the School of Biochemical and Physiological Sciences and Head of the Department of Neurophysiology.
Controversy
Kerkut's book The Implications of Evolution pointed out some existing unsolved problems and points of concern for evolutionary studies. He referred to seven evolutionary assumptions which he felt lacked sufficient evidentiary support. Kerkut concludes his 1960 book with the statement "It is not clear whether the changes that bring about speciation are of the same nature as those that brought about the development of new phyla. The answer will be found by future experimental work and not by dogmatic assertions that the General Theory of Evolution must be correct because there is nothing else that will satisfactorily take its place.". Biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky took issue with Kerkut's statements about evolution where he comments “The basic conclusion of the author is, however, something else - since we cannot yet reconstruct in all of the details the phylogeny of the animal kingdom, therefore, evol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylamine
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Benzylamine is an organic chemical compound with the condensed structural formula C6H5CH2NH2 (sometimes abbreviated as PhCH2NH2 or BnNH2). It consists of a benzyl group, C6H5CH2, attached to an amine functional group, NH2. This colorless water-soluble liquid is a common precursor in organic chemistry and used in the industrial production of many pharmaceuticals. The hydrochloride salt was used to treat motion sickness on the Mercury-Atlas 6 mission in which NASA astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth.
Manufacturing
Benzylamine can be produced by several methods, the main industrial route being the reaction of benzyl chloride and ammonia. It is also produced by the reduction of benzonitrile and reductive amination of benzaldehyde, both done over Raney nickel.
It was first produced accidentally by Rudolf Leuckart in the reaction of benzaldehyde with formamide in a process now known as the Leuckart reaction, a general process in which reductive amination of aldehydes or ketones yields the corresponding amine.
Biochemistry
Benzylamine occurs biologically from the action of the N-substituted formamide deformylase enzyme, which is produced by Arthrobacter pascens bacteria. This hydrolase catalyses the conversion of N-benzylformamide into benzylamine with formate as a by-product. Benzylamine is degraded biologically by the action of the monoamine oxidase B enzyme, resulting in benzaldehyde.
Uses
Benzylamine is used as a masked source of ammonia,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Neuroscience
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Social Neuroscience is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research in social neuroscience. It was founded in March 2006 by Jean Decety and Julian Paul Keenan. It is published by Psychology Press, a division of Taylor and Francis. The current editor is Paul J. Eslinger (Penn State Hershey Medical Center). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.0 . Originally, it published 3 issues per year (with the last issue being a double one).
References
Social Neuroscience: A new journal https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17470910600683549
External links
Neuroscience journals
Cognitive science journals
Academic journals established in 2006
Bimonthly journals
Taylor & Francis academic journals
English-language journals
Social psychology journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Howson%20%28mathematician%29
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Susan Howson (born 1973) is a British mathematician whose research is in the fields of algebraic number theory and arithmetic geometry.
Education and career
Howson received her PhD in mathematics from the University of Cambridge in 1998 with thesis title Iwasawa Theory of Elliptic Curves for ρ-Adic Lie Extensions under the supervision of John H. Coates.
Howson has taught at MIT, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, and University of Nottingham.
She then left academia and studied medicine in Southampton. After graduating she became a consultant in Child and Adolescent mental health, working in the NHS in Devon.
Recognition
In 2002, Howson won the Adams Prize for her work on number theory and elliptic curves. She was the first woman to win the prize in its 120-year history. In an interview, she indicated that the competitive and single-minded nature of higher mathematics is possibly part of what discourages women from pursuing it.
She also held a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship.
References
External links
Woman joins Adams family March 2002
Living people
British women mathematicians
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
1973 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century women mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Grossman
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Edna Grossman (born Edna Kalka) is an American mathematician. She was born in Germany, grew up in Brooklyn, New York, and graduated with a B.S. in mathematics from Brooklyn College. She earned her M.S. in mathematics from New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, where she also received her Ph.D. in mathematics in 1972; her thesis, supervised by Wilhelm Magnus, concerned the symmetries of free groups. Grossman worked for IBM, where she was part of the team that designed and analyzed the Data Encryption Standard. She is known for her development, along with Bryant Tuckerman, of the first slide attack in cryptanalysis.
References
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American cryptographers
American women mathematicians
Group theorists
Brooklyn College alumni
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century women mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20migration%20tracking
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Animal migration tracking is used in wildlife biology, conservation biology, ecology, and wildlife management to study animals' behavior in the wild. One of the first techniques was bird banding, placing passive ID tags on birds legs, to identify the bird in a future catch-and-release. Radio tracking involves attaching a small radio transmitter to the animal and following the signal with a RDF receiver. Sophisticated modern techniques use satellites to track tagged animals, and GPS tags which keep a log of the animal's location. With the Emergence of IoT the ability to make devices specific to the species or what is to be tracked is possible. One of the many goals of animal migration research has been to determine where the animals are going; however, researchers also want to know why they are going "there". Researchers not only look at the animals' migration but also what is between the migration endpoints to determine if a species is moving to new locations based on food density, a change in water temperature, or other stimulus, and the animal's ability to adapt to these changes. Migration tracking is a vital tool in efforts to control the impact of human civilization on populations of wild animals, and prevent or mitigate the ongoing extinction of endangered species.
Technologies
In the fall of 1803, American Naturalist John James Audubon wondered whether migrating birds returned to the same place each year. So he tied a string around the leg of a bird before it flew so
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah%20Sadiq
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Abdullah Sadiq (born 1940), is a Pakistani physicist and ICTP laureate who received the ICTP Prize in the honour of Nikolay Bogolyubov, in the fields of mathematics and solid state physics in 1987 for his contributions to scientific knowledge in the field of mathematics and statistical physics. He is the professor of physics and current dean of the department of physics of the Air University of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF).
Sadiq is also a renowned educationist of Pakistan with a specialisation in nuclear physics, solid-state physics, and computer programming. He has been a distinguished professor of nuclear physics and solid state physics in many universities of Pakistan.
Biography
He did his early education from Islamia Collegiate School. Therefore, after his matriculation from Islamia Collegiate school, Sadiq joined the Islamia College Peshawar in 1958. Influenced by Abdus Salam and his work, Sadiq studied for his double major in physics and mathematics, and learned the Zeeman effect, light interferences using the Pérot and Michelson interferometer. In 1962, Sadiq obtained his BSc in physics, and a minor in mathematics. In 1967, Abdullah Sadiq attended Peshawar University, where he joined the physics department as a graduate student, and taught courses in mathematics. In 1969, he received his MSc in physics under the supervision of physicist Abdul Majid Mian from the University of Peshawar. His mentor, Abdul Majid Mian, refused to recommend him for a job after his colle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Shapiro
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Linda G. Shapiro is a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, a professor of electrical engineering, and adjunct professor of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education at the University of Washington.
Education and experience
Shapiro graduated with a B.S. with highest distinction in mathematics and computer science from the University of Illinois in 1970. She completed her M.S. in computer science from University of Iowa in 1972 and her Ph.D. in computer science from University of Iowa in 1974. She was a faculty member in computer science at Kansas State University from 1974 to 1978 and at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University from 1979 to 1984. She then spent two years as director of intelligent systems at Machine Vision International in Ann Arbor, Michigan. She has been an IEEE Fellow since 1995, an IAPR fellow since 2000, and has been editor-in-chief of CVGIP: Image Understanding. Shapiro received the Pattern Recognition Society Best Paper Awards in 1989 and 1995.
Research interests
Shapiro's research interests include computer vision, medical image analysis, artificial intelligence, biomedical informatics, pattern recognition, and content-based image retrieval. According to her research laboratory website, her recent research projects include Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Devices, Expression Recognition using Deep Neural Nets, and Digital Pathology: Accuracy, Viewing Behavior and Image Characterization.
P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Leupold
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Jacob Leupold (22 July 1674 – 12 January 1727) was a German physicist, mathematician, instrument maker, mining commissioner and engineer. He wrote the seminal book Theatrum Machinarum Generale ("The General Theory of Machines").
Early life
Jacob Leupold built many instruments needed for experimental physics studies. In 1699 Leupold's interests had fully changed to mechanics and mathematics.
Working life
In 1701 Leupold obtained a position as an economist in George Military Hospital, thus ensuring a regular income but not enough free time to dedicate himself to mechanics.
In the 17th century, the main instruments for experimental physics were the telescope, the microscope, the pendulum clock and the vacuum pump, invented in 1656 by Otto von Guericke. Leupold is also credited as an early inventor of air pump. He designed his first pump in 1705, in 1707 he published a book "Antlia pneumatica illustrata". In 1711 following the advice of its president G. W. Leibniz, the Prussian Academy of Sciences acquired Leupold's pump. In 1715 Leupold became a member of academy. In 1720 Leupold started to work on the manuscript of Theatrum Machinarum. It was the first systematic analysis of mechanical engineering. It included, ahead of its time, a design for a high-pressure non-condensing steam engine, the likes of which were not built until the early 19th century.
Theatrum machinarum consists of 10 illustrated volumes. It was published in Leipzig between 1724 and 1739.
Personal life
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20Rijke
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Petrus Leonardus Rijke (11 July 1812 – 7 April 1899) was a Dutch physicist, and a professor in experimental physics at the University of Leiden. Rijke spent his scientific career exploring the physics of electricity, and is known for the Rijke tube. On 1 July 1852 he married Johanna Hamaker. They had 6 sons and 6 daughters.
Early years and education
Rijke was born in Hemmen, (now Overbetuwe municipality), Gelderland. His father, Dirk Rijke, was a pastor. His mother was Elisabeth Pieternella Beausar.
From 1830 Rijke studied physics under at the University of Leiden, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1836. The title of his Ph.D. thesis was "De origine electricitatis voltaicae".
Academic career
In 1835 he was appointed professor of physics at the Royal Athenaeum in Maastricht. In 1845 he became extraordinary professor and in 1854 he was promoted to full professor of physics at the University of Leiden.
There he started a physics laboratory with a large collection of scientific instruments. His most important students were H.A. Lorentz and J.D. van der Waals. He retired in 1882, and was succeeded by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes as professor of experimental physics at the University of Leiden.
Rijke became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1863.
Publications
See also
Rijke tube
References
External links
H.A.M. Snelders, Rijke, Petrus Leonardus (1812-1899), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. (In Dutch).
List of Ph.D. students of Pieter R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre-%C3%89tienne%20Choron
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Alexandre-Étienne Choron (21 October 1771 – 29 June 1834) was a French musicologist. For a short time he directed the Paris Opera. He made a distinction between sacred and secular music and was one of the originators of French interest in musicology.
Biography
Choron studied mathematics at the Collège de Juilly. Since his father had forbidden him to study music, he taught himself the theories of Jean-Philippe Rameau, followed by lessons in harmony from abbé Roze and Bonesi. Bonesi familiarized him with Italian music and the treatises on fugue and strict counterpoint of Nicola Sala (1713-1801). He drew from these his book Principes de composition des écoles d'Italie. He learned German, studied musical treatises in that language, then undertook to reform all branches of musical activity.
A professor of mathematics at the École Polytechnique since its founding, then a corresponding member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts, Choron was charged in 1811 with reorganizing the choir schools with the title of Director of Music of Religious Ceremonies.
Named director of the Paris Opéra on 18 January 1816, he instituted the reopening of the Paris Conservatory, which had been closed since 1815, under the name of École royale de chant et de déclamation. On 30 March 1817 he was forced to resign the directorship of the Opera, without a pension, as a result of having wanted to make too many radical changes.
In 1817, he founded and directed the Institution royale de musique classique et rel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay%20Venkatesh
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Akshay Venkatesh (born 21 November 1981) is an Australian mathematician and a professor (since 15 August 2018) at the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study. His research interests are in the fields of counting, equidistribution problems in automorphic forms and number theory, in particular representation theory, locally symmetric spaces, ergodic theory, and algebraic topology.
He was the first Australian to have won medals at both the International Physics Olympiad and International Mathematical Olympiad, which he did at the age of 12.
In 2018, he was awarded the Fields Medal for his synthesis of analytic number theory, homogeneous dynamics, topology, and representation theory. He is the second Australian and the second person of Indian descent to win the Fields Medal. He was on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2020.
Early years
Akshay Venkatesh was born in Delhi, India, and his family emigrated to Perth in Western Australia when he was two years old. He attended Scotch College. His mother, Svetha, is a computer science professor at Deakin University. A child prodigy, Akshay attended extracurricular training classes for gifted students in the state mathematical olympiad program, and in 1993, whilst aged only 11, he competed at the 24th International Physics Olympiad in Williamsburg, Virginia, winning a bronze medal. The following year, he switched his attention to mathematics and, after placing second in the Australian Mathemati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Engines%20of%20Our%20Ingenuity
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The Engines of Our Ingenuity is a daily radio series produced jointly by KUHF-FM, Houston, Texas, and the University of Houston.
The series tells the story of human invention and creativity in 3 minute essays. The stories center on engineering and technology, but they venture freely into mathematics, science, literature, medicine, music, art and other areas. The program thus reveals much of the cultural history that is formed by technology and other creative enterprises, and it reveals how culture in turn shapes technology and science. The program airs nationally on many public radio stations, and on other outlets.
History
The Engines of Our Ingenuity was first aired on January 4, 1988. It reached 3000 finished episodes in March, 2015. The series was founded by John H. Lienhard IV, now retired Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston and member of the National Academy of Engineering. The program is now done by a group of experts in several fields, including Lienhard.
Reach
The program airs nationally on many public radio stations, and on other outlets.
At any one time, the program is likely to be airing on 40 or so stations in the United States, and on such specialized outlets as Armed Forces Radio and the International Space Station, and occasional overseas radio. The program is made available free of charge and reporting of its use is not enforceable.
Part of the growing influence of the series has been an initiative to create a Spanish-la
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasinorm
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In linear algebra, functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a quasinorm is similar to a norm in that it satisfies the norm axioms, except that the triangle inequality is replaced by
for some
Definition
A on a vector space is a real-valued map on that satisfies the following conditions:
:
: for all and all scalars
there exists a real such that for all
If then this inequality reduces to the triangle inequality. It is in this sense that this condition generalizes the usual triangle inequality.
A is a quasi-seminorm that also satisfies:
Positive definite/: if satisfies then
A pair consisting of a vector space and an associated quasi-seminorm is called a .
If the quasi-seminorm is a quasinorm then it is also called a .
Multiplier
The infimum of all values of that satisfy condition (3) is called the of
The multiplier itself will also satisfy condition (3) and so it is the unique smallest real number that satisfies this condition.
The term is sometimes used to describe a quasi-seminorm whose multiplier is equal to
A (respectively, a ) is just a quasinorm (respectively, a quasi-seminorm) whose multiplier is
Thus every seminorm is a quasi-seminorm and every norm is a quasinorm (and a quasi-seminorm).
Topology
If is a quasinorm on then induces a vector topology on whose neighborhood basis at the origin is given by the sets:
as ranges over the positive integers.
A topological vector space with such a topology is called a or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message%20Understanding%20Conference
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The Message Understanding Conferences (MUC) for computing and computer science, were initiated and financed by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) to encourage the development of new and better methods of information extraction. The character of this competition, many concurrent research teams competing against one another—required the development of standards for evaluation, e.g. the adoption of metrics like precision and recall.
Topics and exercises
Only for the first conference (MUC-1) could the participant choose the output format for the extracted
information. From the second conference the output format, by which the participants'
systems would be evaluated, was prescribed. For each topic fields were given, which had to be
filled with information
from the text. Typical fields were, for example, the cause, the agent, the time and place of an event,
the consequences etc. The number of fields increased from conference to conference.
At the sixth conference (MUC-6) the task of recognition of named entities and coreference was added.
For named entity all phrases in the text were supposed to be marked as person, location, organization,
time or quantity.
The topics and text sources, which were processed, show a continuous move from military to civil themes, which mirrored
the change in business interest in information extraction taking place at the time.
Literature
Ralph Grishman, Beth Sundheim: Message Understanding Conference - 6: A Brief History. In:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium%20unfolding
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In biochemistry, equilibrium unfolding is the process of unfolding a protein or RNA molecule by gradually changing its environment, such as by changing the temperature or pressure, pH, adding chemical denaturants, or applying force as with an atomic force microscope tip. If the equilibrium was maintained at all steps, the process theoretically should be reversible during equilibrium folding. Equilibrium unfolding can be used to determine the thermodynamic stability of the protein or RNA structure, i.e. free energy difference between the folded and unfolded states.
Theoretical background
In its simplest form, equilibrium unfolding assumes that the molecule may belong to only two thermodynamic states, the folded state (typically denoted N for "native" state) and the unfolded state (typically denoted U). This "all-or-none" model of protein folding was first proposed by Tim Anson in 1945, but is believed to hold only for small, single structural domains of proteins (Jackson, 1998); larger domains and multi-domain proteins often exhibit intermediate states. As usual in statistical mechanics, these states correspond to ensembles of molecular conformations, not just one conformation.
The molecule may transition between the native and unfolded states according to a simple kinetic model
N U
with rate constants and for the folding (U -> N) and unfolding (N -> U) reactions, respectively. The dimensionless equilibrium constant can be used to determine the conformational stabi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychoanalysis
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Neuropsychoanalysis integrates both neuroscience and psychoanalysis, to create a balanced and equal study of the human mind. This overarching approach began as advances in neuroscience lead to breakthroughs which held pertinent information for the field of psychoanalysis. Despite advantages for these fields to interconnect, there is some concern that too much emphasis on neurobiological physiology of the brain will undermine the importance of dialogue and exploration that is foundational to the field of psychoanalysis. Critics will also point to the qualitative and subjective nature of the field of psychoanalysis, claiming it cannot be fully reconciled with the quantitative and objective nature of neuroscientific research. However, despite this critique, proponents of the field of neuropsychoanalysis remind critics that the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud himself, began his career as a neuroanatomist, further arguing that research in this category proves that the psychodynamic effects of the mind are inextricably linked to neural activity in the brain. Indeed, neuroscientific progress has created a shared study of many of the same cognitive phenomenon, and proponents for a distinct field under the heading of neuropsychoanalysis point to the ability for observation of both the subjective mind and empirical evidence in neurobiology to provide greater understanding and greater curative methods. Therefore, neurospsychoanalysis aims to bring a field, often viewed as belo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20modification
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Chemical modification refers to a number of various processes involving the alteration of the chemical constitution or structure of molecules.
In chemistry
Chemical modification describes the conversion of macromolecules through a chemical reaction or series of reactions.
Chemically modified electrodes
Chemically modified electrodes are electrodes that have their surfaces chemically converted to change the electrode's properties, such as its physical, chemical, electrochemical, optical, electrical, and transport characteristics. These electrodes are used for advanced purposes in research and investigation.
In biochemistry
In biochemistry, chemical modification is the technique of anatomically reacting a protein or nucleic acid with a reagent or reagents. Obtaining laboratory information through chemical modification which can be utilized to:
identify which parts of a molecule are exposed to a solvent.
determine which residues are important for a particular phenotype, e.g., which residues are important for an enzymatic activity;
introduce new groups into a macromolecule; and
crosslink macromolecules intra- and intermolecularly.
Chemical modification of protein side chains
Iodoacetamide
Iodoacetic acid
PEGylation
BisSulfosuccinimidyl suberate
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
N-Ethylmaleimide
Methyl methanethiosulfonate
MTSL
References
Protein structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20birefringence
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In biochemistry, flow birefringence is a hydrodynamic technique for measuring the rotational diffusion constants (or, equivalently, the rotational drag coefficients). The birefringence of a solution sandwiched between two concentric cylinders is measured as a function of the difference in rotational speed between the inner and outer cylinders. The flow tends to orient an ellipsoidal particle (typically, a protein, virus, etc.) in one direction, whereas rotational diffusion (tumbling) causes the molecule to become disoriented. The equilibrium between these two processes as a function of the flow provides a measure of the axial ratio of the ellipsoidal particle.
See also
Perrin friction factors
Protein structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length%20%28disambiguation%29
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Length in its basic meaning is the long dimension of an object.
Length may also refer to:
Mathematics
Arc length, the distance between two points along a section of a curve.
Length of a sequence or tuple, the number of terms. (The length of an -tuple is )
Length of a module, in abstract algebra
Length of a polynomial, the sum of the magnitudes of the coefficients of a polynomial
Length of a vector, the size of a vector
Other uses
Length (phonetics), in phonetics
Vowel length, the perceived duration of a vowel sound
Geminate consonant, the articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a single instance
Line and length, the direction and point of bouncing on the pitch of a delivery in cricket
Horse length, the length of a horse in equestrianism
Length overall, the maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20N.%20Wegman
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Mark N. Wegman is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to algorithms and compiler optimization. Wegman received his B.A. from New York University and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. He joined IBM Research in 1975, where he currently serves as head of Computer Science. He is a member of the IBM Academy of Technology and a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (1996) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He became an IBM Fellow in 2007. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2010.
Wegman is best known for being one of the inventors of the Static single assignment form, which is used in the analysis portion of most if not all modern optimizing compilers. This work was recognized by SIGPLAN in 2006 with its Programming Languages Achievement Award. He has also made contributions to algorithms and information theory including universal hashing and the LZMW data compression algorithm.
References
External links
IBM profile
American computer scientists
IBM employees
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
IBM Fellows
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Living people
IBM Research computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamping%20%28graphics%29
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In computer science, clamping, or clipping is the process of limiting a value to a range between a minimum and a maximum value. Unlike wrapping, clamping merely moves the point to the nearest available value.
In Python, clamping can be defined as follows:
def clamp(x, minimum, maximum):
if x < minimum:
return minimum
if x > maximum:
return maximum
return x
This is equivalent to for languages that support the functions min and max.
Uses
Several programming languages and libraries provide functions for fast and vectorized clamping. In Python, the pandas library offers the Series.clip and DataFrame.clip methods. The NumPy library offers the clip function. In the Wolfram Language, it is implemented as .
In OpenGL, the glClearColor function takes four GLfloat values which are then 'clamped' to the range .
One of the many uses of clamping in computer graphics is the placing of a detail inside a polygon—for example, a bullet hole on a wall. It can also be used with wrapping to create a variety of effects.
References
Computer graphics algorithms
Articles with example Python (programming language) code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncas%20A.%20Whitaker
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Uncas Aeneas Whitaker (March 22, 1900 – September 1975) was a prominent mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, lawyer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Raised in Missouri, he received a mechanical engineering degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an electrical engineering degree from Carnegie Institute of Technology and a law degree from the Cleveland Law School. At the age of 41, he founded Aircraft-Marine Products, AMP Incorporated, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, which would become the world's largest manufacturer of electrical devices and connectors. His company was instrumental in the development of miniature components and advanced computer technologies which have been incorporated into thousands of business operations and commercial products.
When Whitaker died in 1975, he left part of his fortune for a foundation to improve people's lives primarily by supporting Biomedical engineering research and education. Money provided for the Whitaker Foundation by Whitaker and his wife, Helen Whitaker, totaled $120 million. In 1994, the foundation was the sixty-first largest foundation in the United States with assets of $340 million and annual expenditures of $26 million.
During his lifetime, Whitaker also created a philanthropic program to improve the quality of life in the Harrisburg area, AMP's home community. Today the Harrisburg-area Regional Program continues this initiative.
Notable things named after U. A. Whitaker include:
Whitaker Institute of Biom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valva%20%28disambiguation%29
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Valva may refer to:
In geography:
Valva (city), an ancient city in L'Aquila province, Italy
Valva (mountain), a mountain in North Africa
Valva, Campania, a commune in Salerno province, Italy
In biology:
Valva, a clasping structure in some animals
Valva (moth), a genus of moths in the family Pyralidae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo%20Ka%C5%BEi%C4%87
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Mihajlo Kažić (in Serbian Михајло Кажић) (born in Pristina in 1960) is a Serbian novelist. He trained as an engineer, completing a civil engineering degree at the University of Novi Sad.
In 1985 he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to study in the US, and obtained his M.Sc. and PhD in Engineering from the University of California in Los Angeles in 1986 and 1988 respectively. He worked as a science researcher and lecturer in Novi Sad (Serbia), Los Angeles, Corvallis, Oregon and in Paris (France) and Stuttgart (Germany). Kazic has since worked with several construction companies in Germany.
Emperor of the Galatians is his first work to be published in English. The book was originally printed in Germany by Kiepenheuer (Leipzig) in 1993.
Kazic has written two other books, both of which were published in Serbian and German. Broken Journey was published by Prosveta (Belgrade) and by Suhrkamp (Frankfurt) in 1996. The Gates of Heaven was published by Prosveta (Belgrade) in 1998 and by Suhrkamp (Frankfurt) in 1999.
External links
www.kazic.org Author's website
Serbian novelists
1960 births
Living people
University of Novi Sad alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20S.%20Pierce
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William S. Pierce (born January 12, 1937) is the cardiothoracic surgeon and chemical engineer who led development of the first pneumatic heart assist pump. The Pierce-Donachy Ventricular Assist Device, also known as the Penn State Assist Pump, was designated an International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1990.
Born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, Pierce received his B.S. degree from Lehigh University in chemical engineering in 1958 and subsequently attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine where he obtained an M.D. degree in 1962, together with an Alpha Omega Alpha honor. He received his surgical training at the University of Pennsylvania and at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
In 1970, Pierce was asked to join the surgical faculty at the new College of Medicine of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State Hershey Medical Center). He was appointed professor of surgery in 1977 and subsequently served as chief of the Division of Artificial Organs, chief of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, director of surgical research, and associate chair of the Department of Surgery. He was awarded the Faculty Scholar Medal in 1983 and in 1986 was named Evan Pugh Professor, the university's highest academic honor.
At Penn State, Pierce established an interdisciplinary group to develop mechanical circulatory support devices and the artificial heart. The original pneumatic heart assis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower%20rule
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The tower rule may refer to one of two rules in mathematics:
Law of total expectation, in probability and stochastic theory
a rule governing the degree of a field extension of a field extension in field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Allen%20Keast
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James Allen Keast (15 November 1922 – 8 March 2009) was an Australian ornithologist, and Professor of Biology at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Born in Turramurra, New South Wales, he performed war service 1941–1945 in New Guinea and New Britain. He earned his BSc (1950) and MSc (1952) degrees at the University of Sydney, going on to earn an MA (1954) and PhD (1955) from Harvard. He started the first natural history series on Australian television in 1958–1960. A long-time member and benefactor of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU), he was elected a Fellow of the RAOU in 1960. Keast joined the faculty of Queen's in 1962, and in 1989 became a professor emeritus. In 1995 he was awarded the D.L. Serventy Medal for outstanding published work on birds in the Australasian region. As well as numerous scientific papers, he authored and edited several books.
Keast endowed a postgraduate student award - Birds Australia's (formerly Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union) Professor Allen Keast Research Award. At Queen's, the J. Allen Keast Lake Opinicon Undergraduate Research Fellowship provides funds for an undergraduate to carry out summer study at Queen's University Biological Station. The J. Allen Keast Field Biology International Exchange Fund assists exchanges of biologists between Queen's and universities in the southern hemisphere.
The fictional city-state of Keastipol, on the coast of the Great Southern Continent of K.V. Johansen's children's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon%20%28figure%29
|
In geometry, a gnomon is a plane figure formed by removing a similar parallelogram from a corner of a larger parallelogram; or, more generally, a figure that, added to a given figure, makes a larger figure of the same shape.
Building figurate numbers
Figurate numbers were a concern of Pythagorean mathematics, and Pythagoras is credited with the notion that these numbers are generated from a gnomon or basic unit. The gnomon is the piece which needs to be added to a figurate number to transform it to the next bigger one.
For example, the gnomon of the square number is the odd number, of the general form 2n + 1, n = 1, 2, 3, ... . The square of size 8 composed of gnomons looks like this:
To transform from the n-square (the square of size n) to the (n + 1)-square, one adjoins 2n + 1 elements: one to the end of each row (n elements), one to the end of each column (n elements), and a single one to the corner. For example, when transforming the 7-square to the 8-square, we add 15 elements; these adjunctions are the 8s in the above figure.
This gnomonic technique also provides a proof that the sum of the first n odd numbers is n2; the figure illustrates Applying the same technique to a multiplication table proves that each squared triangular number is a sum of cubes.
Isosceles triangles
In an acute isosceles triangle, it is possible to draw a similar but smaller triangle, one of whose sides is the base of the original triangle. The gnomon of these two similar triangles is the t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-continuous%20process
|
In mathematics, a sample-continuous process is a stochastic process whose sample paths are almost surely continuous functions.
Definition
Let (Ω, Σ, P) be a probability space. Let X : I × Ω → S be a stochastic process, where the index set I and state space S are both topological spaces. Then the process X is called sample-continuous (or almost surely continuous, or simply continuous) if the map X(ω) : I → S is continuous as a function of topological spaces for P-almost all ω in Ω.
In many examples, the index set I is an interval of time, [0, T] or [0, +∞), and the state space S is the real line or n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn.
Examples
Brownian motion (the Wiener process) on Euclidean space is sample-continuous.
For "nice" parameters of the equations, solutions to stochastic differential equations are sample-continuous. See the existence and uniqueness theorem in the stochastic differential equations article for some sufficient conditions to ensure sample continuity.
The process X : [0, +∞) × Ω → R that makes equiprobable jumps up or down every unit time according to
is not sample-continuous. In fact, it is surely discontinuous.
Properties
For sample-continuous processes, the finite-dimensional distributions determine the law, and vice versa.
See also
Continuous stochastic process
References
Stochastic processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20%28stochastic%20processes%29
|
In mathematics, the law of a stochastic process is the measure that the process induces on the collection of functions from the index set into the state space. The law encodes a lot of information about the process; in the case of a random walk, for example, the law is the probability distribution of the possible trajectories of the walk.
Definition
Let (Ω, F, P) be a probability space, T some index set, and (S, Σ) a measurable space. Let X : T × Ω → S be a stochastic process (so the map
is an (S, Σ)-measurable function for each t ∈ T). Let ST denote the collection of all functions from T into S. The process X (by way of currying) induces a function ΦX : Ω → ST, where
The law of the process X is then defined to be the pushforward measure
on ST.
Example
The law of standard Brownian motion is classical Wiener measure. (Indeed, many authors define Brownian motion to be a sample continuous process starting at the origin whose law is Wiener measure, and then proceed to derive the independence of increments and other properties from this definition; other authors prefer to work in the opposite direction.)
See also
Finite-dimensional distribution
Stochastic processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20extension%20theorem
|
In mathematics, the Kolmogorov extension theorem (also known as Kolmogorov existence theorem, the Kolmogorov consistency theorem or the Daniell-Kolmogorov theorem) is a theorem that guarantees that a suitably "consistent" collection of finite-dimensional distributions will define a stochastic process. It is credited to the English mathematician Percy John Daniell and the Russian mathematician Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov.
Statement of the theorem
Let denote some interval (thought of as "time"), and let . For each and finite sequence of distinct times , let be a probability measure on Suppose that these measures satisfy two consistency conditions:
1. for all permutations of and measurable sets ,
2. for all measurable sets ,
Then there exists a probability space and a stochastic process such that
for all , and measurable sets , i.e. has as its finite-dimensional distributions relative to times .
In fact, it is always possible to take as the underlying probability space and to take for the canonical process . Therefore, an alternative way of stating Kolmogorov's extension theorem is that, provided that the above consistency conditions hold, there exists a (unique) measure on with marginals for any finite collection of times . Kolmogorov's extension theorem applies when is uncountable, but the price to pay
for this level of generality is that the measure is only defined on the product σ-algebra of , which is not very rich.
Explanation of the conditions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxotes
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Toxotes may refer to:
Biology
the genus of the Archerfish, including the following species:
Banded archerfish (Toxotes jaculatrix), Pallas 1767
Toxotes chatareus, Hamilton 1822
Smallscale archerfish (Toxotes microlepis), Günther 1860
Big scale archerfish (Toxotes oligolepis), Bleeker 1876
Toxotes blythii, Boulenger 1892
Toxotes lorentzi, Weber 1910
Toxotes kimberleyensis, Allen 2004
Other uses
the singular of Toxotai
Toxotes, Xanthi, a village in Greece
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%20Chemistry%20Department
|
The Department of Chemistry at MIT is one of the top university faculties in the world. Research conducted covers the entire field of chemistry, ranging from organic chemistry and biological chemistry to physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, environmental chemistry, materials science and nanoscience.
History
The Department of Chemistry at MIT has been established since the Institute opened its doors in 1865. It started with two professors, Charles W. Eliot and Francis H. Storer, and a class of 15 students.
In 1866, the department moved to its then new quarters in the basement of the Rogers Building in Boston.
In 1907, MIT awarded its first Ph.D. to three students in the field of physical chemistry.
Nobel laureates
The department has several Nobel Laureates among its faculty and alumni, including the following:
Robert B. Woodward (Chemistry, 1965)
Robert S. Mulliken (Chemistry, 1966)
H. Gobind Khorana (Medicine & Physiology, 1968)
Geoffrey Wilkinson (Chemistry, 1973)
Charles J. Pedersen (Chemistry 1987)
Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech (Chemistry, 1989)
Elias J. Corey (Chemistry, 1990)
Mario Molina (Chemistry, 1995)
K. Barry Sharpless (Chemistry, 2001)
Aaron Ciechanover (Chemistry, 2004)
Richard R. Schrock (Chemistry, 2005).
Moungi Bawendi (Chemistry, 2023).
Faculty
Current members
Moungi Bawendi
Stephen L. Buchwald
Jianshu Cao
Sylvia Ceyer
Arup K. Chakraborty
Christopher C. Cummins, Ph.D. 1993
Rick L. Danheiser
John M. Deutch, S.B. 1961, Ph.D. 1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kase%20Lukman%20Lawal
|
Kase Lukman Lawal (born June 30, 1954) is a Nigerian-born businessman who lives and works in the United States.
Lawal was born June 30, 1954, in Ibadan. He obtained his Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Texas Southern University in 1976, and his MBA from Prairie View A&M University, both in Texas in 1978. He is the chairman and chief executive officer of CAMAC International Corporation, chairman and chief executive officer of Erin Energy Corporation, and chairman of Allied Energy Corporation in Houston, Texas, Chairman/Chief Executive Officer, CAMAC HOLDINGS; vice chairman, Port of Houston Authority Commission. He also serves as a member of the board of directors and is a significant shareholder in Unity National Bank, the only federally insured and licensed African-American-owned bank in Texas. Lawal was a member of the National Republican Congressional Committee's Business Advisory Council and, in 1994, he was a finalist for the United States Business Entrepreneur of the Year. Lawal is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He was awarded an honorary doctorate degree in philosophy from Fort Valley State University
Career summary
Shell Oil Refining Company, 1975–1977, process engineer
Dresser Industries, 1977–1979, research chemist
Suncrest Investment Corporation, 1980–1982, vice president
Baker Investments, 1982–1986, president
CAMAC Holdings, 1986–, chief executive officer and president
Port of Houston Authority Board of Commissioners, 1999–2000, commissioner 2000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk%20diffusion%20test
|
The disk diffusion test (also known as the agar diffusion test, Kirby–Bauer test, disc-diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test, disc-diffusion antibiotic sensitivity test and KB test) is a culture-based microbiology assay used in diagnostic and drug discovery laboratories. In diagnostic labs, the assay is used to determine the susceptibility of bacteria isolated from a patient's infection to clinically approved antibiotics. This allows physicians to prescribe the most appropriate antibiotic treatment. In drug discovery labs, especially bioprospecting labs, the assay is used to screen biological material (e.g. plant extracts, bacterial fermentation broths) and drug candidates for antibacterial activity. When bioprospecting, the assay can be performed with paired strains of bacteria to achieve dereplication and provisionally identify antibacterial mechanism of action.
In diagnostic laboratories, the test is performed by inoculating the surface of an agar plate with bacteria isolated from a patient's infection. Antibiotic-containing paper disks are then applied to the agar and the plate is incubated. If an antibiotic stops the bacteria from growing or kills the bacteria, there will be an area around the disk where the bacteria have not grown enough to be visible. This is called a zone of inhibition. The susceptibility of the bacterial isolate to each antibiotic can then be semi-quantified by comparing the size of these zones of inhibition to databases of information on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr-Brown%20Corporation
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The Burr-Brown Corporation was an American technology company in Tucson, Arizona, which designed, manufactured, and marketed a broad line of proprietary, standard, high-performance, analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs) used in electronic signal processing. The company's products were used in a wide range of applications: industrial process and control, including nuclear power generation, telecommunications, test and measurement, medical and scientific instrumentation, medical imaging, digital audio and video, personal computing and multimedia.
In September 2000, Texas Instruments acquired the company for US$7.6 billion.
History
In 1983, the company reincorporated in Delaware and went public with stock trading on NASDAQ under the symbol BBRC.
The company was incorporated in Tucson, Arizona in 1956 by founders Page Burr (Princeton 1944) and Thomas R. Brown Jr. (BS MIT 1949, MBA Harvard 1952) to commercialize semiconductor transistors; in 1959, the company posted its first profit. Brown eventually bought out Burr's share of the company.
The company employed over 1,300 people worldwide with manufacturing and technical facilities located in Tucson, Arizona; Atsugi, Japan; and Livingston, Scotland. Company headquarters was located in Tucson.
Burr-Brown was one of the principal suppliers of precision analog and data acquisition products to the electronic industry. The company pioneered many analog semiconductor products and techniques, such as active laser-tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20priori%20and%20a%20posteriori
|
('from the earlier') and ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. knowledge is independent from any experience. Examples include mathematics, tautologies, and deduction from pure reason. knowledge depends on empirical evidence. Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge.
The terms originate from the analytic methods found in Organon, a collection of works by Aristotle. Prior analytics () is about deductive logic, which comes from definitions and first principles. Posterior analytics () is about inductive logic, which comes from observational evidence.
Both terms appear in Euclid's Elements and were popularized by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, an influential work in the history of philosophy. Both terms are primarily used as modifiers to the noun knowledge (i.e., knowledge). can be used to modify other nouns such as truth. Philosophers may use apriority, apriorist, and aprioricity as nouns referring to the quality of being .
Examples
A priori
Consider the proposition: "If George V reigned at least four days, then he reigned more than three days." This is something that one knows a priori because it expresses a statement that one can derive by reason alone.
A posteriori
Consider the proposition: "George V reigned from 1910 to 1936." This is something that (if true) one must come to know a posteriori because it expres
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Biogeochemistry
|
The Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry is located in Jena, Germany. It was created in 1997, and moved into new buildings 2002. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
Departments and research groups
Biogeochemical Processes (Susan E. Trumbore)
Molecular Biogeochemistry (Gerd Gleixner)
Theoretical Ecosystem Ecology (Carlos A. Sierra)
Soil Biogeochemistry (Marion Schrumpf)
Plant Allocation (Henrik Hartmann)
Landscape Proceesses (Shaun Levick)
Emeritus Group (Ernst Detlef Schulze)
Tanguro Flux (Susan E. Trumbore)
Biogeochemical Integration (Markus Reichstein)
Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions and Experimentation (Mirco Migliavacca)
Terrestrial Biosphere Modelling (Sönke Zaehle)
Model-Data Integration (Nuno Carvalhais)
Global Diagnostic Modelling (Miguel D. Mahecha)
Empirical Inference of the Earth System (Martin Jung)
Flora Incognita (Jana Wäldchen)
Hydrology-Biosphere-Climate Interactions (René Orth)
Biogeochemical Systems (Martin Heiman, emeritus)
Atmospheric Remote Sensing (ARS) (Dietrich Feist)
Airborne trace gas measurements and mesoscale modelling (ATM) (Christoph Gerbig)
Inverse data-driven estimation (IDE) (Christian Rödenbeck)
Integrating surface-atmosphere Exchange Processes Across Scales - Modeling and Monitoring (IPAS) (Mathias Goeckede)
Tall Tower Atmospheric Gas Measurements (TAG) (Jošt Valentin Lavrič)
Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation (CCDAS) (Sönke Zaehle)
Satellite-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases (SRS) (Ju
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Biology
|
The Max Planck Institute for Biology is a research institute located in Tübingen, Germany, and was formerly known as the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology. A predecessor institution operated under the same name from 1948 to 2004.
The Kaiser Wilhelm Society, the forerunner to the Max Planck Society, established various natural science research institutes in the Berlin district of Dahlem in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them was the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology. The main aim of the newly established institutes was to supplement the universities and academies with research in the natural sciences and thus also to keep Germany internationally competitive.
In the following decades, scientists there and at the Institute of Biochemistry realized the importance of viruses as model organisms for understanding biological processes. Thus, they established a working group in the field of virus research. In 1941, Nobel Prize winner Adolf Butenandt, together with his colleagues Alfred Kühn and Fritz von Wettstein, set up their own working group for virus research. Two years later, parts of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology moved to the safer city of Tübingen. After the foundation of the Max Planck Society in 1948, the institute was renamed as the Max Planck Institute for Biology, which closed in 2004 as part of consolidation measures.
The aforementioned subsidiary institute for virus research had already broadened its base with a new focus on deve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic%20form
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In mathematics, a cubic form is a homogeneous polynomial of degree 3, and a cubic hypersurface is the zero set of a cubic form. In the case of a cubic form in three variables, the zero set is a cubic plane curve.
In , Boris Delone and Dmitry Faddeev showed that binary cubic forms with integer coefficients can be used to parametrize orders in cubic fields. Their work was generalized in to include all cubic rings (a is a ring that is isomorphic to Z3 as a Z-module), giving a discriminant-preserving bijection between orbits of a GL(2, Z)-action on the space of integral binary cubic forms and cubic rings up to isomorphism.
The classification of real cubic forms is linked to the classification of umbilical points of surfaces. The equivalence classes of such cubics form a three-dimensional real projective space and the subset of parabolic forms define a surface – the umbilic torus.
Examples
Cubic plane curve
Elliptic curve
Fermat cubic
Cubic 3-fold
Koras–Russell cubic threefold
Klein cubic threefold
Segre cubic
Notes
References
Multilinear algebra
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic varieties
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%20Herrmann
|
William Edward Herrmann (1922 – December 24, 1999) was an American creativity researcher and author, known for his research in creative thinking and whole-brain methods. He is considered the "father of brain dominance technology."
Biography
At Cornell University, Herrmann majored in both physics and music in the Class of 1943. He continued to study at the Graduate Studies R.P.I., New York University.
After graduation Hermann became manager of Management Education for General Electric (GE) in 1970. His primary responsibility was to oversee training program design; specifically, maintaining or increasing an individual's productivity, motivation, and creativity.
In 1978, Herrmann created the "Herrmann Participant Survey Form." He profiled workshop participant's thinking styles and learning preferences in accord with brain dominance theory. This quickly evolved into a theory of stable brain quadrants, independent of brain anatomy facts, each with its own characteristic "genius." He developed the Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI), the scored and analyzed Participant Survey, and designed the Applied Creative Thinking Workshop (ACT), which remains a leading personality assessment instrument and workshop topic in corporate training.
Herrmann's contributions brought him worldwide recognition. In 1992, he received the Distinguished Contribution to Human Resource Development Award from the American Society for Training & Development (ASTD). In 1993, he was elected Presi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoras%20Muntianas
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Viktoras Muntianas (born 11 November 1951 in Marijampolė, Lithuanian SSR) is a Lithuanian politician of Moldovan descent and former Speaker of the Seimas. In 1968 he graduated from the high school in Marijampolė. In 1973 he enrolled in the Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute, completing his studies in 1978. Between 1986 and 1990 he was first deputy of Kėdainiai municipality chairman. Later he started a career in business, becoming manager of Ūkio bankas filial in Kėdainiai in 1994. After two years he became vice-president of Vikonda concern.
Soon afterwards Muntianas renewed his political career. On 1997 he became mayor of Kėdainiai; in 2004 he was elected to the Seimas. Muntianas was Speaker of the Seimas from 2006 until resigning on 1 April 2008.
References
Biography of Viktoras Muntianas. Seimas (Parliament) of Lithuania.
Naujajam parlamento vadovui ankstesniojo kėdėje gerai. Kauno diena.
1951 births
Living people
People from Marijampolė
Lithuanian people of Moldovan descent
Speakers of the Seimas
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University alumni
Communist Party of Lithuania politicians
Lithuanian Peasants Party politicians
New Union (Social Liberals) politicians
Labour Party (Lithuania) politicians
Civic Democratic Party (Lithuania) politicians
21st-century Lithuanian politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couch%20%28disambiguation%29
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A couch is a piece of furniture.
Couch or couches may also refer to:
Biology
Elymus repens, also known as Couch grass
Cynodon dactylon, also known as Bermuda grass
Various species of Digitaria
Media
Film and television
Couch (film), a 1964 film by Andy Warhol
Music
Couch (band), a German post-rock band
"Couch", a song by Eves Karydas from the 2018 album Summerskin
Places
Couch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
Couches, Saône-et-Loire, a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department of France
Other uses
Couch (company), an electrical company in Massachusetts, United States
Couch (surname)
CouchDB, a distributed document-centric datastore written in Erlang
Community of Urbana Champaign Cooperative Housing, an American association of housing cooperatives
See also
Couch surfing (disambiguation)
Coach (disambiguation)
The Couch (disambiguation)
Sofa (disambiguation)
Settee (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabedit
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Gabedit is a graphical user interface to GAMESS (US), Gaussian, MOLCAS, MOLPRO, MPQC, OpenMopac, PC GAMESS, ORCA and Q-Chem computational chemistry packages.
Major features
Builds molecules by atom, ring, group, amino acid and nucleoside.
Creates an input file for computational chemistry packages.
Reads output from the ab initio packages, and supports a number of other formats.
Displays molecular orbitals or electron density as contour plots or 3D grid plots and output to a number of graphical formats.
Animates molecular vibrations, contours, isosurfaces and rotation.
See also
List of molecular graphics systems
PC GAMESS
ORCA
Quantum chemistry computer programs
SAMSON
External links
Gabedit official website
Computational chemistry software
Science software that uses GTK
Free chemistry software
Chemistry software for Linux
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar%20van%20der%20Pol
|
Balthasar van der Pol (27 January 1889 – 6 October 1959) was a Dutch physicist.
Life and work
Van der Pol began his studies of physics in Utrecht in 1911. J. A. Fleming offered van der Pol the use of the Pender Electrical Laboratory at University College for a study of the heuristics of wireless reception on board ships. In England he also worked with J. J. Thomson. Upon his return to the Netherlands, Balthsar worked with Hendrik Lorentz at Teylers Stichting. For his thesis he wrote The effect of an ionised gas on electro-magnetic wave propagation and its application to radio, as demonstrated by glow-discharge measurement under the supervision of Willem Henri Julius. He was awarded his Ph.D. in 1920. He joined Philips Research Laboratories in 1921, where he worked until his retirement in 1949.
As observed by Hendrik Casimir, "Radio might have remained a field of haphazard empiricism along with wild commercial ventures, but for the influence of men like Van der Pol who stressed the need for a more scientific approach."
The differential equations of coupled electrical systems drew his interest, and he developed the idea of "relaxation oscillations". With J. van der Mark he applied the idea to the heartbeat, which provided one of the earliest quantitative models of the action potential. These studies led him to the van der Pol equation and Oliver Heaviside’s operational calculus for dealing with differential equations. He submitted articles to Philosophical Magazine on the o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20of%20Biophysics
|
The Max Planck Institute of Biophysics () is located in Frankfurt, Germany. It was founded as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Biophysics in 1937, and moved into a new building in 2003. It is an institute of the Max Planck Society.
Since March 2003, the MPI for Biophysics has resided in a new building on the Riedberg campus of the Goethe University Frankfurt in the north of the city. At the end of 2016, a total of 178 employees were working at the institute, including 48 scientists and 50 junior researchers. The Nobel Prize winner Hartmut Michel was the director of the institute starting 1987 until he was replaced by Ana J. García-Sáez in October 2023. Scientific links to fellow researchers at Goethe University have been strengthened further, as the institute is now situated next to the university's biology, chemistry and physics laboratories. Together with the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research and the Goethe University the institute run the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, a graduate program offering a Ph.D. in the period from 2000 until 2012.
Departments
Molecular Membrane Biology (Hartmut Michel, since 1987)
Structural Biology (Werner Kühlbrandt, since 1997)
Biophysical Chemistry (Ernst Bamberg, since 1993, em. since 2016)
Theoretical Biophysics (Gerhard Hummer, since 2013)
Molecular Sociology (Martin Beck, since 2019)
Molecular Neurogenetics (Peter Mombaerts, from 2006 until 2010)
A prerequisite
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia%20T.%20Ceyer
|
Sylvia Teresse Ceyer is a professor of chemistry at MIT, holding the John C. Sheehan Chair in Chemistry. Until 2006, she held the chemistry chair of the National Academy of Sciences.
Early life and education
Ceyer graduated from Hope College in Holland, Michigan in 1974 with an A.B. in chemistry. In 1979, she was awarded a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. Her advisors were Y. T. Lee and Gabor Somorjai. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) from 1979 to 1981.
Career
MIT professor
Ceyer joined the MIT faculty in 1981. In 1987, she became tenured.
In 1994, Ceyer was one of 16 women faculty in the School of Science at MIT who drafted and co-signed a letter to the then-Dean of Science (now Chancellor of Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT.
In 2004, MIT was conducting a search for a new president, and she was appointed to the Faculty Advisory Committee to the MIT Corporation. The Corporation chose Susan Hockfield, a neurobiologist from Yale University to be MIT's next president.
The following year, she was appointed associate head of MIT's chemistry department.
On July 1, 2010, she became head of the chemistry department, saying "It is my goal to further the Department of Chemistry's commitment to outstanding chemical research and education as set by a long line of distinguished depa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%20Is%20Love
|
"She Is Love" is a song by English rock band Oasis, first released as the ninth track on their fifth studio album, Heathen Chemistry, written and sung by guitarist Noel Gallagher. In September 2002, it was released with "Little by Little" as the first double A-sided single by the band, peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song was written about Noel Gallagher's girlfriend Sara McDonald and is a light, acoustic song about being in love.
Gallagher claims it was written in the Buckingham Gate Hotel in London, and that it took 30 minutes to complete. The band commissioned British fashion art director Rachel Thomas to make a promo video for the song. However, the resulting film, a mix of animation and live action, has never been released on any format. This track is also included on the compilation album Time Flies... 1994–2009.
Inspiration
It appears that Gallagher borrowed sentiments from Khalil Gibran's book The Prophet.
"When love beckons to you, follow him, Though his ways are hard and steep. And when his wings enfold you yield to him, though the sword hidden among his pinions may wound you."
John Lennon also borrowed from the same author for his song "Julia".
Track listings
7-inch (RKID 26), CD (RKIDSCD 26), 12-inch (RKID 26T)
"Little by Little" – 4:57
"She Is Love" – 3:11
"My Generation" – 4:05 (CD and 12" only)
"My Generation" was recorded live at the BBC's Maida Vale studios on 20 January 2000. The sleevenotes claim it was recorded on 7 February 20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna%20of%20Canada
|
The fauna of Canada consist of approximately 200 mammal species, over 460 native bird species, 43 amphibian species, 43 reptile species, and 1,200 fish species. The biology survey of Canada cites that there are approximately 55,000 species of insects, and 11,000 species of mites and spiders.
The most threatened wildlife species of Canada are listed in the List of Wildlife Species at Risk in accordance with the Canadian Species at Risk Act. About 65% of Canada’s resident species are considered "Secure". Over 500 animal species are considered at risk in Canada. More than 30 wildlife species have become extinct in the wild since the arrival of European settlers. The regions with the most endangered or threatened species are those in which humans have had the greatest impact on the environment. Protected areas of Canada and National Wildlife Areas have been established to preserve and restore Canadian flora and fauna.
Vertebrates
Mammals
Mammals are found in all the regions of Canada. Members of six orders of placental mammals inhabit Canada. They are the bats, carnivores (including the pinnipeds), artiodactyls, cetaceans, insectivores, rodents, and lagomorphs. Additionally, one species of marsupial, the opossum, can now be found in southern Canada.
Because of its large wild spaces, Canada is home to many large mammals, some of which have been extirpated in more densely populated areas, for example large predators such as the grey wolf and the brown bear. Well known as
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