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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Diggs
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George M. Diggs, Jr. (born 1952) holds a Ph.D. in biology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is Professor of Biology at Austin College in Sherman, Texas. He is a specialist in the systematics of the plant genera Comarostaphylis and Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae). This recent research has focused on the floras of North Central and Eastern Texas.
Diggs is Research Associate of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT) in Fort Worth. In 1999 he was named Texas "Professor of the Year" by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education. In 2000, Diggs was awarded the Donovan Stewart Correll Memorial Award for Scientific Writing by the Native Plant Society of Texas for his book Shinners & Mahlers Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas. In 2006, Diggs and coauthors were awarded the Donovan Stewart Correll Memorial Award for Scientific Writing by the Native Plant Society of Texas for their book "Illustrated Flora of East Texas, Volume One"
His current research project is the Illustrated Flora of East Texas, a 3-volume illustrated taxonomic treatment of the 3,402 species of vascular plants occurring in the East Texas Region. This project is a collaborative effort between the Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT) in Fort Worth and the Austin College Center for Environmental Studies.
Selected publications
Shinners & Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas (Online Edition)
The Illu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobieski%20Ross
|
Sobieski Ross (May 16, 1828 – October 24, 1877) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Sobieski Ross was born in Coudersport, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools and Coudersport Academy. He engaged in civil engineering and the real estate business. He was also interested in agricultural pursuits. He was appointed as an associate judge in 1852.
Ross was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1876. He resumed the real estate business, and died in Coudersport. Interment in Eulalia Cemetery.
Sources
The Political Graveyard
External links
1828 births
1877 deaths
American real estate businesspeople
American civil engineers
People from Potter County, Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Engineers from Pennsylvania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation%20%28mathematics%29
|
In mathematics, a representation is a very general relationship that expresses similarities (or equivalences) between mathematical objects or structures. Roughly speaking, a collection Y of mathematical objects may be said to represent another collection X of objects, provided that the properties and relationships existing among the representing objects yi conform, in some consistent way, to those existing among the corresponding represented objects xi. More specifically, given a set Π of properties and relations, a Π-representation of some structure X is a structure Y that is the image of X under a homomorphism that preserves Π. The label representation is sometimes also applied to the homomorphism itself (such as group homomorphism in group theory).
Representation theory
Perhaps the most well-developed example of this general notion is the subfield of abstract algebra called representation theory, which studies the representing of elements of algebraic structures by linear transformations of vector spaces.
Other examples
Although the term representation theory is well established in the algebraic sense discussed above, there are many other uses of the term representation throughout mathematics.
Graph theory
An active area of graph theory is the exploration of isomorphisms between graphs and other structures.
A key class of such problems stems from the fact that, like adjacency in undirected graphs, intersection of sets
(or, more precisely, non-disjointness) is a symm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/353%20%28number%29
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353 (three hundred fifty-three) is the natural number following 352 and preceding 354. It is a prime number.
In mathematics
353 is a palindromic prime, an irregular prime, a super-prime, a Chen prime, a Proth prime, and an Eisentein prime.
In connection with Euler's sum of powers conjecture, 353 is the smallest number whose 4th power is equal to the sum of four other 4th powers, as discovered by R. Norrie in 1911:
In a seven-team round robin tournament, there are 353 combinatorially distinct outcomes in which no subset of teams wins all its games against the teams outside the subset; mathematically, there are 353 strongly connected tournaments on seven nodes.
353 is one of the solutions to the stamp folding problem: there are exactly 353 ways to fold a strip of eight blank stamps into a single flat pile of stamps.
353 in Mertens Function returns 0.
353 is an index of a prime Lucas number.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Pingree
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David Edwin Pingree (January 2, 1933, New Haven, Connecticut – November 11, 2005, Providence, Rhode Island) was an American historian of mathematics in the ancient world. He was a University Professor and Professor of History of Mathematics and Classics at Brown University.
Life
Pingree graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts in 1950. He studied at Harvard University, where he earned his doctorate in 1960 with a dissertation on the supposed transmission of Hellenistic astrology to India. His dissertation was supervised by Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Sr. and Otto Eduard Neugebauer. After completing his PhD, Pingree remained at Harvard three more years as a member of its Society of Fellows before moving to the University of Chicago to accept the position of Research Associate at the Oriental Institute.
He joined the History of Mathematics Department at Brown University in 1971, eventually holding the chair until his death.
As successor to Otto Neugebauer (1899–1990) in Brown's History of Mathematics Department (which Neugebauer established in 1947), Pingree numbered among his colleagues men of extraordinary learning, including Abraham Sachs and Gerald Toomer.
Career
Jon McGinnis of the University of Missouri, St. Louis, describes Pingree's life-work thus:
... Pingree devoted himself to the study of the exact sciences, such as mathematics, mathematical astronomy and astral omens. He was also acutely interested in the transmission of those sciences across
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoloop
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Cryptoloop is a Linux kernel's disk encryption module that relies on the Crypto API, which is a cryptography framework introduced in version 2.5.45 of the Linux kernel mainline. Cryptoloop was first introduced in the 2.5.x kernel series; its functionality was later incorporated into the device mapper, a generic framework used to map one block device onto another.
Cryptoloop can create an encrypted file system within a partition or from within a regular file in the regular file system. Once a file is encrypted, it can be moved to another storage device. This is accomplished by making use of a loop device, a pseudo device that enables a normal file to be mounted as if it were a physical device. By encrypting I/O to the loop device, any data being accessed must first be decrypted before passing through the regular file system; conversely, any data being stored will be encrypted.
Cryptoloop is vulnerable to watermarking attacks, making it possible to determine presence of watermarked data on the encrypted filesystem:
This attack exploits weakness in IV computation and knowledge of how file systems place files on disk. This attack works with file systems that have soft block size of 1024 or greater. At least ext2, ext3, reiserfs and minix have such property. This attack makes it possible to detect presence of specially crafted watermarked files. Watermarked files contain special bit patterns that can be detected without decryption.
Newer versions of cryptoloop's successor, dm-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20change
|
Sex change may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Sequential hermaphroditism, a phenomenon whereby some animals naturally change sex
Gender-affirming care, the medical aspect of gender transition, that is, modifying one's sex characteristics
Gender-affirming surgery, surgical procedures that alters a transgender person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics
Other uses
Sex Change (album), a 2007 album by Trans Am
Change of Sex or Sex Change, a 1976 Spanish film
A Change of Sex, 1979 television documentary about English trans woman Julia Grant
See also
Gender transition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease%20protection%20assay
|
Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells. The technique can identify one or more RNA molecules of known sequence even at low total concentration. The extracted RNA is first mixed with antisense RNA or DNA probes that are complementary to the sequence or sequences of interest and the complementary strands are hybridized to form double-stranded RNA (or a DNA-RNA hybrid). The mixture is then exposed to ribonucleases that specifically cleave only single-stranded RNA but have no activity against double-stranded RNA. When the reaction runs to completion, susceptible RNA regions are degraded to very short oligomers or to individual nucleotides; the surviving RNA fragments are those that were complementary to the added antisense strand and thus contained the sequence of interest.
Probe
The probes are prepared by cloning part of the gene of interest in a vector under the control of any of the following promoters, SP6, T7 or T3. These promoters are recognized by DNA dependent RNA polymerases originally characterized from bacteriophages. The probes produced are radioactive as they are prepared by in vitro transcription using radioactive UTPs. Uncomplemented DNA or RNA is cleaved off by nucleases. When the probe is a DNA molecule, S1 nuclease is used; when the probe is RNA, any single-strand-specific ribonuclease can be used. Thus the surviving probe-mRN
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.%20M.%20Sechenov%20Institute%20of%20Evolutionary%20Physiology%20and%20Biochemistry
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The I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPHB) is a facility in Saint Petersburg, Russia, dedicated to research in the fields of biochemistry and evolutionary physiology.
History
The Institute was founded as a research group in October 1950 by Leon Orbeli, a physiologist and a longtime collaborator with Ivan Pavlov. Initially, Orheli's research group included eight people. It subsequently expanded and transformed into the Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, with the main object of studying functions of the nervous system in animals and man during ontogenesis, and also the effects of ionizing radiation on animals.
In 1956, the Laboratory became an Institute with Orbeli serving as the first Director of Evolutionary Physiology of the Academy of Sciences. The new Institute was named after Ivan Sechenov. By the end of 1957, the Institute numbered 9 laboratories, one of them being transferred from the former P.F. Lesgaft Institute for Natural Sciences.
After Orbeli's death in 1958, the Institute was headed by his collaborator Professor Alexander Ginetsinsky. From June 1960 to March 1975, the Institute was guided by Eugenie Kreps: a former pupil of Ivan Pavlov and collaborator of Orbeli's, Kreps is known for his fundamental studies in the field of comparative physiology and biochemistry of the nervous system. Kreps promoted research in evolutionary biochemistry. In response, in 1964, the Institute adopted
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers%E2%80%93Heisenberg%20formula
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The Kramers–Heisenberg dispersion formula is an expression for the cross section for scattering of a photon by an atomic electron. It was derived before the advent of quantum mechanics by Hendrik Kramers and Werner Heisenberg in 1925, based on the correspondence principle applied to the classical dispersion formula for light. The quantum mechanical derivation was given by Paul Dirac in 1927.
The Kramers–Heisenberg formula was an important achievement when it was published, explaining the notion of "negative absorption" (stimulated emission), the Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rule, and inelastic scattering — where the energy of the scattered photon may be larger or smaller than that of the incident photon — thereby anticipating the discovery of the Raman effect.
Equation
The Kramers–Heisenberg (KH) formula for second order processes is
It represents the probability of the emission of photons of energy in the
solid angle (centered in the direction), after the excitation of the system with photons of energy . are the initial, intermediate
and final states of the system with energy respectively; the delta
function ensures the energy conservation during the whole process. is the relevant
transition operator. is the intrinsic linewidth of the intermediate state.
References
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Werner Heisenberg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra%20Network%20Technologies
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Ultra Network Technologies (previously called Ultra Corporation) was a networking company. It offered high-speed network products for the scientific computing market as well as some commercial companies. It was founded in 1986 by James N. Perdue (formerly of NASA, Ames Research Center), Drew Berding, and Wes Meador (of Control Data Corporation) to provide higher speed connectivity and networking for supercomputers and their peripherals and workstations. At the time, the only other companies offering high speed networking and connectivity for the supercomputer and high-end workstation market was Network Systems Corporation (NSC) and Computer Network Technology Corporation (CNT). They both offered 50 megabytes per second (MB/s) bandwidth between controllers but at that time, their architecture was not implemented using standard networking protocols and their applications were generally focused on supporting connectivity at high speed between large mainframes and peripherals, often only implementing only point-to-point connections. Ethernet was available in 1986 and was used by most computer centers for general networking purposes. Its bandwidth was not high enough to manage the high data rate required by the 100 MB/s supercomputer channels and 4 MB/s VMEbus channels on workstations.
Ultra's first customer, Apple Computer, purchased a system to connect their Cray 1 supercomputer to a high speed graphics framebuffer so that Apple could simulate new personal computers on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers%27%20theorem
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In quantum mechanics, the Kramers' degeneracy theorem states that for every energy eigenstate of a time-reversal symmetric system with half-integer total spin, there is another eigenstate with the same energy related by time-reversal. In other words, the degeneracy of every energy level is an even number if it has half-integer spin. The theorem is named after Dutch physicist H. A. Kramers.
In theoretical physics, the time reversal symmetry is the symmetry of physical laws under a time reversal transformation:
If the Hamiltonian operator commutes with the time-reversal operator, that is
then, for every energy eigenstate , the time reversed state is also an eigenstate with the same energy. These two states are sometimes called a Kramers pair. In general, this time-reversed state may be identical to the original one, but that is not possible in a half-integer spin system: since time reversal reverses all angular momenta, reversing a half-integer spin cannot yield the same state (the magnetic quantum number is never zero).
Mathematical statement and proof
In quantum mechanics, the time reversal operation is represented by an antiunitary operator acting on a Hilbert space . If it happens that , then we have the following simple theorem:
If is an antiunitary operator acting on a Hilbert space satisfying and a vector in , then is orthogonal to .
Proof
By the definition of an antiunitary operator, , where and are vectors in . Replacing and and using that , we get
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFL
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UFL or ufl may refer to:
Chemistry:
Upper flammable limit, the flammability limit describing the richest flammable mixture of a combustible gas
Colleges and universities:
University of Florida, a public land-grant, space-grant, research university located in Gainesville, Florida
Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, a private medical school located in Liechtenstein
Electronics:
U.FL, a miniature coaxial RF connector for high-frequency signals manufactured by Hirose Electric Group
Machine learning:
Unsupervised feature learning, learning features from unlabeled data
Sports:
UFL (video game), an upcoming association football simulation video game
United Arab Emirates Football League, is the Emirati professional football league
United Football League (1961–1964), an American football league that operated from 1961 to 1964
United Football League (2009–2012), an American football league that operated from 2009 to 2012
United Football League (Philippines), an association football league in the Philippines that operated from 2010 to 2016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram%20A%20Sarabhai%20Community%20Science%20Centre
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Vikram A. Sarabhai Community Science Centre (VASCSC) or simply known as CSC, was established in the 1960s by the eminent space scientist, Vikram Sarabhai in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The centre works towards popularising science and mathematics education among students, teachers and the public. Its mandate is to stimulate interest, encourage and expose the principles of science and scientific method and also to improve and find innovative methods of science education. It is located opposite Gujarat University. VASCSC is open to all members of the community.
Vision
The centre's vision is to take students, from both school and College, out of the rigid framework of textbooks and encourage them to think, explore and create with the combination of formal and non-formal techniques to make the process of learning enjoyable and at the same time sustained and long lasting.
VASCSC has been networking and working with several eminent institutions and organizations in India and abroad.
Associated Scientists
C. V. Raman
P. C. Vaidya
Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty
M. S. Swaminathan
K. R. Ramanathan
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Yash Pal
M. G. K. Menon
A. R. Rao
References
External links
Official Website
Organisations based in Ahmedabad
Science and technology in Gujarat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20programming%20relaxation
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In mathematics, the relaxation of a (mixed) integer linear program is the problem that arises by removing the integrality constraint of each variable.
For example, in a 0–1 integer program, all constraints are of the form
.
The relaxation of the original integer program instead uses a collection of linear constraints
The resulting relaxation is a linear program, hence the name. This relaxation technique transforms an NP-hard optimization problem (integer programming) into a related problem that is solvable in polynomial time (linear programming); the solution to the relaxed linear program can be used to gain information about the solution to the original integer program.
Example
Consider the set cover problem, the linear programming relaxation of which was first considered by . In this problem, one is given as input a family of sets F = {S0, S1, ...}; the task is to find a subfamily, with as few sets as possible, having the same union as F.
To formulate this as a 0–1 integer program, form an indicator variable xi for each set Si, that takes the value 1 when Si belongs to the chosen subfamily and 0 when it does not. Then a valid cover can be described by an assignment of values to the indicator variables satisfying the constraints
(that is, only the specified indicator variable values are allowed) and, for each element ej of the union of F,
(that is, each element is covered). The minimum set cover corresponds to the assignment of indicator variables satisfying these co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Dobrushin
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Roland Lvovich Dobrushin () (July 20, 1929 – November 12, 1995) was a mathematician who made important contributions to probability theory, mathematical physics, and information theory.
Life and work
Dobrushin received his Ph.D. at Moscow State University under the supervision of Andrey Kolmogorov.
In statistical mechanics, he introduced (simultaneously with Lanford and Ruelle) the DLR equations for the Gibbs measure. Together with Kotecký and Shlosman, he studied the formation of droplets in Ising-type models, providing mathematical justification of the Wulff construction.
He was a foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Academia Europæa and US National Academy of Sciences.
The Dobrushin prize was established in his honour.
Notes
References
External links
Memorial website.
Biography (in Russian)
Obituary from The Independent
1929 births
1995 deaths
Soviet mathematicians
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Probability theorists
Moscow State University alumni
Members of Academia Europaea
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Clark%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Keith Leonard Clark (born 29 March 1943) is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Computing at Imperial College London, England.
Education
Clark studied Mathematics at Durham University (Hatfield College), graduating in 1964 with a first-class degree. Clark then continued his studies at Cambridge University, taking a second undergraduate degree in Philosophy in 1966. He earned a Ph.D. in 1980 from the University of London with thesis titled Predicate logic as a computational formalism.
Career
Clark undertook Voluntary Service Overseas from 1967 to 1968 as a teacher of Mathematics at a school in Sierra Leone. He lectured in Computer Science at the Mathematics Department of Queen Mary College from 1969 to 1975. In 1975 he moved to Imperial College London, where he became a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science and joined Robert Kowalski in setting up the logic programming group. From 1987 to 2009 he was Professor of Computational Logic at Imperial College.
Clark's key contributions have been in the field of logic programming. His current research interests include multi-agent systems, cognitive robotics and multi-threading.
Business Interests
In 1980, with colleague Frank McCabe, he founded an Imperial College spin-off company, Logic Programming Associates, to develop and market Prolog systems for microcomputers (micro-Prolog) and to provide consultancy on expert systems and other logic programming applications. The company's star product was MacProlo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Pfenning
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Frank Pfenning is a German-American professor of computer science, adjunct professor in the department of philosophy, and head of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University.
Education and career
Pfenning grew up in Rüsselsheim in Germany. He studied mathematics and computer science at Technische Universität Darmstadt in Germany. He then moved to the US and studied at Carnegie Mellon University, where he received his M.S. and Ph.D. in the Department of Mathematics in 1987, for his dissertation entitled Proof Transformations in Higher-Order Logic. He was a student of Peter B. Andrews.
His research includes work in the area of programming languages, logic and type theory,
logical frameworks, automated deduction, and trustworthy computing. He is one of the principal authors of the Twelf system. He also developed Carnegie Mellon's introductory imperative programming course for undergraduates and the C0 programming language used in this course.
Honors and awards
In 2015 he was named a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to the logical foundations of automatic theorem proving and types for programming languages." In 2016 he received the LICS Test of Time Award for the paper "A Linear Logical Framework", co-authored with Iliano Cervesato.
Personal life
Pfenning is a competitive squash player, ranked in the top five of the university's squash ladder.
Pfenning has also appeared in an experimental film alongside Sharon Needles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline%20Rush%20%28film%29
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Adrenaline Rush: The Science of Risk is a 2002 IMAX documentary film that explores the human biology behind risk-taking—why it gives some people such a powerful physical lift, and why the human mind and body craves danger. In addition, filmmaker Marc Fafard presents an up-close look at two of the most dangerous and exciting human pastimes: parachuting and base-jumping.
References
External links
2002 films
2002 short documentary films
Canadian sports documentary films
IMAX short films
IMAX documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalent%20%28genetics%29
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A bivalent is one pair of chromosomes (homologous chromosomes) in a tetrad. A tetrad is the association of a pair of homologous chromosomes (4 sister chromatids) physically held together by at least one DNA crossover. This physical attachment allows for alignment and segregation of the homologous chromosomes in the first meiotic division. In most organisms, each replicated chromosome (composed of two identical sisters chromatid) elicits formation of DNA double-strand breaks during the leptotene phase. These breaks are repaired by homologous recombination, that uses the homologous chromosome as a template for repair. The search for the homologous target, helped by numerous proteins collectively referred as the synaptonemal complex, cause the two homologs to pair, between the leptotene and the pachytene phases of meiosis I.
Formation
The formation of a bivalent occurs during the first division of meiosis (in the zygotene stage of meiotic prophase 1). In most organisms, each replicated chromosome (composed of two identical sister chromatids) elicits formation of DNA double-strand breaks during the leptotene phase. These breaks are repaired by homologous recombination, that uses the homologous chromosome as a template for repair. The search for the homologous target, helped by numerous proteins collectively referred as the synaptonemal complex, cause the two homologs to pair, between the leptotene and the pachytene phases of meiosis I. Resolution of the DNA recombination inter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Burgess%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Mark Burgess (born 19 February 1966) is an independent researcher and writer, formerly professor at Oslo University College in Norway and creator of the CFEngine software and company, who is known for work in computer science in the field of policy-based configuration management.
Early life and education
Burgess was born in Maghull in the United Kingdom to English parents. He grew up in Bloxham, a small village in Oxfordshire from the age of 5–18, attending Bloxham Primary School, Warriner Secondary School and Banbury Upper School. He studied astrophysics at the (then) School of Physics at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, where he later switched to pure Physics and then Theoretical Physics for his bachelor's degree. He stayed on to obtain a Doctor of Philosophy in Theoretical Physics (Quantum Field Theory) in Newcastle, in the field of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Non-Abelian Gauge Theories, for which he received the Keith Runcorn Prize.
Burgess was invited to Norway for a two year Royal Society Post Doctoral fellowship in January 1991 by Professor Finn Ravndal of the University of Oslo, and stayed on for another two years funded by the Norwegian Research Council. While at the University of Oslo he developed an interest in the behaviour of computers as dynamic systems and began to apply ideas from physics to describe computer behaviour. He subsequently became the first professor with a title in Network and System administration at the same university. In 2023, in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil%20group
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In mathematics, a Weil group, introduced by , is a modification of the absolute Galois group of a local or global field, used in class field theory. For such a field F, its Weil group is generally denoted WF. There also exists "finite level" modifications of the Galois groups: if E/F is a finite extension, then the relative Weil group of E/F is WE/F = WF/ (where the superscript c denotes the commutator subgroup).
For more details about Weil groups see or or .
Class formation
The Weil group of a class formation with fundamental classes uE/F ∈ H2(E/F, AF) is a kind of modified Galois group, used in various formulations of class field theory, and in particular in the Langlands program.
If E/F is a normal layer, then the (relative) Weil group WE/F of E/F is the extension
1 → AF → WE/F → Gal(E/F) → 1
corresponding (using the interpretation of elements in the second group cohomology as central extensions) to the fundamental class uE/F in H2(Gal(E/F), AF). The Weil group of the whole formation is defined to be the inverse limit of the Weil groups of all the layers
G/F, for F an open subgroup of G.
The reciprocity map of the class formation (G, A) induces an isomorphism from AG to the abelianization of the Weil group.
Archimedean local field
For archimedean local fields the Weil group is easy to describe: for C it is the group C× of non-zero complex numbers, and for R it is a non-split extension of the Galois group of order 2 by the group of non-zero complex numbers, and c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral%20reconstruction
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Ancestral reconstruction (also known as Character Mapping or Character Optimization) is the extrapolation back in time from measured characteristics of individuals (or populations) to their common ancestors. It is an important application of phylogenetics, the reconstruction and study of the evolutionary relationships among individuals, populations or species to their ancestors. In the context of evolutionary biology, ancestral reconstruction can be used to recover different kinds of ancestral character states of organisms that lived millions of years ago. These states include the genetic sequence (ancestral sequence reconstruction), the amino acid sequence of a protein, the composition of a genome (e.g., gene order), a measurable characteristic of an organism (phenotype), and the geographic range of an ancestral population or species (ancestral range reconstruction). This is desirable because it allows us to examine parts of phylogenetic trees corresponding to the distant past, clarifying the evolutionary history of the species in the tree. Since modern genetic sequences are essentially a variation of ancient ones, access to ancient sequences may identify other variations and organisms which could have arisen from those sequences. In addition to genetic sequences, one might attempt to track the changing of one character trait to another, such as fins turning to legs.
Non-biological applications include the reconstruction of the vocabulary or phonemes of ancient languages, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20J.%20Cook
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Richard J. Cook is an American educator who served as the twentieth president of Allegheny College. He was previously the provost of Kalamazoo College. Prior to that, Cook served as a professor of chemistry.
On April 30, 2007, Cook announced he would step down as president of Allegheny College at the end of the 2007–2008 academic year.
According to Allegheny Magazine, Cook played a key role in the controversial change in Kalamazoo College's K plan from a year-round calendar to a three quarter calendar. At Allegheny College, he has promoted civic engagement.
Cook's undergraduate education was at the University of Michigan, while his graduate work in Chemistry was at Princeton University.
References
External links
Allegheny College: President's page
President Richard J. Cook To Conclude His Service After 2007-2008 Academic Year
Kalamazoo College
University of Michigan alumni
Princeton University alumni
21st-century American chemists
Living people
Presidents of Allegheny College
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap%20%28mathematics%29
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In abstract algebra, a semiheap is an algebraic structure consisting of a non-empty set H with a ternary operation denoted that satisfies a modified associativity property:
A biunitary element h of a semiheap satisfies [h,h,k] = k = [k,h,h] for every k in H.
A heap is a semiheap in which every element is biunitary.
The term heap is derived from груда, Russian for "heap", "pile", or "stack". Anton Sushkevich used the term in his Theory of Generalized Groups (1937) which influenced Viktor Wagner, promulgator of semiheaps, heaps, and generalized heaps. Груда contrasts with группа (group) which was taken into Russian by transliteration. Indeed, a heap has been called a groud in English text.)
Examples
Two element heap
Turn into the cyclic group , by defining the identity element, and . Then it produces the following heap:
Defining as the identity element and would have given the same heap.
Heap of integers
If are integers, we can set to produce a heap. We can then choose any integer to be the identity of a new group on the set of integers, with the operation
and inverse
.
Heap of a groupoid with two objects
One may generalize the notion of the heap of a group to the case of a groupoid which has two objects A and B when viewed as a category. The elements of the heap may be identified with the morphisms from A to B, such that three morphisms x, y, z define a heap operation according to:
This reduces to the heap of a group if a particular morphism between the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-broadcasting%20theorem
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In physics, the no-broadcasting theorem is a result of quantum information theory. In the case of pure quantum states, it is a corollary of the no-cloning theorem. The no-cloning theorem for pure states says that it is impossible to create two copies of an unknown state given a single copy of the state. Since quantum states cannot be copied in general, they cannot be broadcast. Here, the word "broadcast" is used in the sense of conveying the state to two or more recipients. For multiple recipients to each receive the state, there must be, in some sense, a way of duplicating the state. The no-broadcast theorem generalizes the no-cloning theorem for mixed states.
The theorem also includes a converse: if two quantum states do commute, there is a method for broadcasting them: they must have a common basis of eigenstates diagonalizing them simultaneously, and the map that clones every state of this basis is a legitimate quantum operation, requiring only physical resources independent of the input state to implement—a completely positive map. A corollary is that there is a physical process capable of broadcasting every state in some set of quantum states if, and only if, every pair of states in the set commutes. This broadcasting map, which works in the commuting case, produces an overall state in which the two copies are perfectly correlated in their eigenbasis.
Remarkably, the theorem does not hold if more than one copy of the initial state is provided: for example, broadc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshin%20Mohebbi
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Afshin Mohebbi is an Iranian-born United States businessman, best known as the former president and Chief Operating Officer of Qwest Communications International.
Education and background
A US citizen, Mohebbi was born in Iran and raised in California. Mohebbi received his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering with an emphasis on communications systems from the University of California, Irvine, in two years when he was only 18 years old. He followed this up with a Telecommunications Engineering Certificate from the University of California, Los Angeles. He also has an MBA (dean's scholar) from the University of California.
Career
Starting in 1983, Mohebbi undertook a series of posts in sales and marketing with Pacific Bell, including vice president-business markets; and later with SBC Communications. He then became president and managing director of British Telecom's United Kingdom Markets division, an $18 billion business unit serving 20 million consumers and 1.5 million businesses in the UK. At 34, he was the youngest BT Managing Director to lead a major division.
After 20 months Mohebbi left to join Qwest, managing the company's line operations, including market-facing business units; network engineering and operations; information technology and staff support functions. At age 36, Mohebbi became the youngest ever president of a major telecommunication company in the United States. He was appointed as co-chairman of merger integration for Qwest's merg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilpotent%20ideal
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In mathematics, more specifically ring theory, an ideal I of a ring R is said to be a nilpotent ideal if there exists a natural number k such that Ik = 0. By Ik, it is meant the additive subgroup generated by the set of all products of k elements in I. Therefore, I is nilpotent if and only if there is a natural number k such that the product of any k elements of I is 0.
The notion of a nilpotent ideal is much stronger than that of a nil ideal in many classes of rings. There are, however, instances when the two notions coincide—this is exemplified by Levitzky's theorem. The notion of a nilpotent ideal, although interesting in the case of commutative rings, is most interesting in the case of noncommutative rings.
Relation to nil ideals
The notion of a nil ideal has a deep connection with that of a nilpotent ideal, and in some classes of rings, the two notions coincide. If an ideal is nilpotent, it is of course nil, but a nil ideal need not be nilpotent for more than one reason. The first is that there need not be a global upper bound on the exponent required to annihilate various elements of the nil ideal, and secondly, each element being nilpotent does not force products of distinct elements to vanish.
In a right Artinian ring, any nil ideal is nilpotent. This is proven by observing that any nil ideal is contained in the Jacobson radical of the ring, and since the Jacobson radical is a nilpotent ideal (due to the Artinian hypothesis), the result follows. In fact, this can b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Pearse
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Barbara Mary Frances Pearse FRS (born 24 March 1948, Wraysbury, Buckinghamshire, England) is a British biological scientist. She works at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Education
Barbara Pearse attended the independent Lady Eleanor Holles School in Hampton in Greater London, and gained her undergraduate degree from University College London in 1969.
Career
She was appointed to the scientific staff of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1982.
Research
Pearse's main contributions lie in the structure of coated vesicles. Pearse first purified coated vesicles; she also discovered the clathrin coat molecule in 1975. Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964. The importance of them for the clearance of LDL from blood was discovered by R. G. Anderson, Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein in 1976.
Awards and honours
She was visiting professor in cell biology at Stanford University (1984-5). She was elected a member of European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 1982 and awarded the EMBO Gold Medal in 1987. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1988.
Personal life
She is married to Mark Bretscher, another scientist.
References
1948 births
20th-century British biologists
20th-century British women scientists
21st-century British biologists
21st-century British women scientists
Academics of the Univers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Fabry
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Robert Samuel Fabry, as a student at the University of Chicago worked on COMIT II and MADBUG, an interactive debugger for MAD both on CTSS.
Later while a computer science professor at the University of California, Berkeley, conceived of the idea of obtaining DARPA funding for a radically improved version of AT&T Unix and started the Computer Systems Research Group.
See also
Unix File System
References
External links
Bob Fabry, PhD, N6EK - Heard Island Expedition 1997
BSD people
Living people
University of California, Berkeley faculty
1940 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton%20High%20School
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Wilton High School is a public high school in Wilton, Connecticut, U.S., considered "one of Connecticut's top performers" in various measures of school success in 2007, including scores on standardized mathematics and reading tests. In 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked Wilton as the 7th best public high school in Connecticut and 386th in the United States.
The school's present, permanent location did not open until 1971. Since then, the school has experienced rapid population growth. From the height of the 1970s to 2006, the student body grew by 7.5 times. In fall 2001, a major multimillion-dollar construction project was completed, significantly expanding the square footage of the school. Enrollment increased by 29 percent from 2001 to 2006.
The school's current principal is Robert O'Donnell, who in 2011 replaced long-time-principal Timothy H. Canty, himself a Wilton graduate. Canty was involved in several high-profile free speech disputes with students before transferring to the Board of Education for two years and then announcing his departure from the school district in 2013.
Demographics
The demographics of the school are unusual for Connecticut. Historically, compared to other high schools in the state, the student body of Wilton High School has been more affluent and substantially Caucasian:
The most recent statistics published by the state for the student population of the district as a whole for the academic year 2015–16
History of secondary education in tow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultracold%20atom
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In condensed matter physics, an ultracold atom is an atom with a temperature near absolute zero. At such temperatures, an atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important.
To reach such low temperatures, a combination of several techniques typically has to be used. First, atoms are trapped and pre-cooled via laser cooling in a magneto-optical trap. To reach the lowest possible temperature, further cooling is performed using evaporative cooling in a magnetic or optical trap. Several Nobel prizes in physics are related to the development of the techniques to manipulate quantum properties of individual atoms (e.g. 1995-1997, 2001, 2005, 2012, 2017).
Experiments with ultracold atoms study a variety of phenomena, including quantum phase transitions, Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC), bosonic superfluidity, quantum magnetism, many-body spin dynamics, Efimov states, Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) superfluidity and the BEC–BCS crossover. Some of these research directions utilize ultracold atom systems as quantum simulators to study the physics of other systems, including the unitary Fermi gas and the Ising and Hubbard models. Ultracold atoms could also be used for realization of quantum computers.
History
Samples of ultracold atoms are typically prepared through the interactions of a dilute gas with a laser field. Evidence for radiation pressure, force due to light on atoms, was demonstrated independently by Lebedev, and Nichols and Hull in 1901. In 1933, Otto Frisch demonstr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20atom%20model
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In computational chemistry and computational physics, the embedded atom model, embedded-atom method or EAM, is an approximation describing the energy between atoms
and is a type of interatomic potential. The energy is a function of a sum of functions of the separation between an atom and its neighbors. In the original model, by Murray Daw and Mike Baskes, the latter functions represent the electron density. The EAM is related to the second moment approximation to tight binding theory, also known as the Finnis-Sinclair model. These models are particularly appropriate for metallic systems. Embedded-atom methods are widely used in molecular dynamics simulations.
Model simulation
In a simulation, the potential energy of an atom, , is given by
,
where is the distance between atoms and , is a pair-wise potential function, is the contribution to the electron charge density from atom of type at the location of atom , and is an embedding function that represents the energy required to place atom of type into the electron cloud.
Since the electron cloud density is a summation over many atoms, usually limited by a cutoff radius, the EAM potential is a multibody potential. For a single element system of atoms, three scalar functions must be specified: the embedding function, a pair-wise interaction, and an electron cloud contribution function. For a binary alloy, the EAM potential requires seven functions: three pair-wise interactions (A-A, A-B, B-B), two embedding function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmann%E2%80%93Martius%20rearrangement
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The Hofmann–Martius rearrangement in organic chemistry is a rearrangement reaction converting an N-alkylated aniline to the corresponding ortho and / or para aryl-alkylated aniline. The reaction requires heat, and the catalyst is an acid like hydrochloric acid.
When the catalyst is a metal halide the reaction is also called the Reilly–Hickinbottom rearrangement.
The reaction is also known to work for aryl ethers and two conceptually related reactions are the Fries rearrangement and the Fischer–Hepp rearrangement. Its reaction mechanism centers around dissociation of the reactant with the positively charged organic residue R attacking the aniline ring in a Friedel–Crafts alkylation.
In one study this rearrangement was applied to a 3-N(CH3)(C6H5)-2-oxindole:
The reaction is named after German chemists August Wilhelm von Hofmann and Carl Alexander von Martius.
See also
Friedel–Crafts alkylation-like reactions:
Hofmann-Martius rearrangement
Fries rearrangement
Fischer–Hepp rearrangement
References
Rearrangement reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Forestry%20%28Yezin%29
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The University of Forestry and Environmental Science (Yezin) (, ), in Yezin near Nay Pyi Taw, is the only university specialized in forestry and environmental science in Myanmar. Founded in 1923 as the Forestry Department of Yangon University, in 1992, the University of Forestry and Environmental Science became a separate entity based in Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw. It mainly offers a five-year Bachelor of Science degree program in forestry and environmental science as well as two-year master's and three-year doctoral programs. The university is administered by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation. Undergraduate students are required to take part in a field training program each winter from third year. Graduates of the university typically become forestry officers at the Forestry Department, the Dry Zone Greening Department, the Environmental Conservation Department or the Myanma Timber Enterprise. Others find employment in non-governmental conservation organizations such as FREDA, UNDP, UNEP, FAO, JICA, WCS, WWF, FFI as well as other local and international research institutions and conservation organizations.
International collaboration includes staff training with the German Academic Exchange programme (DAAD); research cooperation with Kyoto University, (Japan); postgraduate scholarships with Ritsumeikan University (Japan) and engagement in regional networks such as the Mekong Wetland network and Himalayan Universities Consortium.
History
Forestry edu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeding%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29
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Seeding a material is a concept used in fluid dynamics to describe the act of introducing specific particulates or other foreign substances into a stream of fluid being evaluated. An altered fluid will be described as having a seeded flow.
Details
These particulates are generally small enough to be carried by the fluid but large enough to be picked up using a flow visualization technique, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV). In reference to aerodynamic testing, such as wind tunnel testing, water tunnel testing, or any other test investigating the flow of a fluid which may be invisible to the naked eye, seeding a flow is often the only way to take visual measurements. Simple examples of a seeded flow include the introduction of smoke into a low speed wind tunnel to see the general path of the air, or injecting colored dye into a water tunnel to see secondary flow structures such as hairpin vortices.
As stated in The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, an ideal seeding particle should have uniform properties such that its density is the same as the fluid that it's added to.
See also
Flow visualization
Fluid dynamics
Fluid mechanics
Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines
References
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitoshi%20Doi
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is the owner of an English-language anime and voice actor information website, which was established on June 10, 1994.
Personal website and voice actor database
Born in Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Doi got his undergraduate degree in Applied Math at University of Chicago in 1985, and his master's degree in Information and Computer Science at University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in 1987. Following college, he worked as a software engineer where he has worked on operating systems. In an interview with Sailor Week, Doi said that the anime that turned him into an otaku fan was Kimagure Orange Road and Sailor Moon. When he was watching, he noticed the voices of many of the characters sounded familiar, and started comparing cast listings from the closing credits. He also learned that the voice actors sing songs, have radio shows and other things. He started collecting the data and created the seiyuu database. On June 10, 1994, he made his website public. Doi said that back then net access meant working in a science or math job, or majoring in that at school.
Doi's personal website contains over 94,000 individual pages, and he is considered to be one of the best known fans of anime and voice acting in the English-speaking world. In addition to personal information, his views on various anime and manga series, and information on his hobbies, Doi's site contains a massive "Voice Actor Database". In 2001, the database contained over 50,000 entries, and it is considered by anime fans to be a defini
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylacetylene
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Diphenylacetylene is the chemical compound C6H5C≡CC6H5. The molecule consists of two phenyl groups attached to a C2 unit. A colorless solid, it is used as a building block in organic synthesis and as a ligand in organometallic chemistry.
Preparation and structure
In one preparation for this compound, benzil is condensed with hydrazine to give the bis(hydrazone), which is oxidized with mercury(II) oxide. Alternatively stilbene is brominated, and the resulting dibromodiphenylethane is subjected to dehydrohalogenation. Yet another method involves the coupling of iodobenzene and the copper salt of phenylacetylene in the Castro-Stephens coupling. The related Sonogashira coupling involves the coupling of iodobenzene and phenylacetylene.
Diphenylacetylene is a planar molecule. The central C≡C distance is 119.8 picometers.
Derivatives
Reaction of diphenylacetylene with tetraphenylcyclopentadienone results in the formation of hexaphenylbenzene in a Diels–Alder reaction.
Diphenylacetylene can also be cyclotrimerized using dicobalt octacarbonyl to form hexaphenylbenzene.
Reaction of Ph2C2 with benzal chloride in the presence of potassium t-butoxide affords the 3-alkoxycyclopropene which converts to the cyclopropenium ion.
References
Phenyl compounds
Alkyne derivatives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20A.%20Thompson
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Lee Anne Thompson is an American psychology professor known for her work in behavior genetics and the biological processes involved in intelligence.
Career
Thompson earned her B.A. from Case Western Reserve University in 1982, then attended University of Colorado at Boulder, earning an M.A. in 1985 and her Ph.D. in 1987. She currently teaches at Case Western and is on the editorial board of Intelligence.
Thompson co-authored a widely cited twin study on communication disorders which found higher concordance in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins.
In 1994 she was one of 52 signatories on "Mainstream Science on Intelligence," an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal, which declared the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to race and intelligence following the publication of the book The Bell Curve. Thompson has published studies with other signatories, including Douglas Detterman, Robert Plomin, and David Lubinski.
She has worked on studies attempting to locate DNA markers associated with high and low intelligence quotient. Thompson has also used fMRI to localize areas in the brain related to concentration.
In February 2013, Thompson was named top educator of first-year students in the U.S.
References
External links
Lee A. Thompson profile via Case Western
21st-century American psychologists
American women psychologists
American geneticists
Psychology educators
Intelligence researchers
Case Western Reserve U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20C.%20Rowe
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David C. Rowe (27 September 1949 – 2 February 2003) was an American psychology professor known for his work studying genetic and environmental influences on adolescent onset behaviors such as delinquency and smoking. His research into interaction between genetics and environment led to the discovery of the Scarr–Rowe effect.
Life and career
Rowe earned his A.B. from Harvard University and his Ph.D. from the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he was a student at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics.
Rowe was well known for his work on the genes and the environment: how they interact, what the limits of environment and genes might be, and what mechanisms implement these effects. He also focussed on articulating the different realms of the social environment: shared in families, unique to individuals, neighbourhood or nation level social and cultural effects. His book The Limits of Family Influence: Genes, Experience and Behaviour brought together much of this work.
This work led to several substantive findings on shared and nonshared environmental influences; seminal work on the heritability of parenting behaviors (the genetics of the environment for children); on the heritability of antisocial behavior; race differences and their causes; for testing the interaction of education, and social class with genes in the development of intelligence; and for blending behavioral and molecular genetics. He made several methodological contributions, including work on modeling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam%20Mirzakhani
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Maryam Mirzakhani (, ; 12 May 1977 – 14 July 2017) was an Iranian mathematician and a professor of mathematics at Stanford University. Her research topics included Teichmüller theory, hyperbolic geometry, ergodic theory, and symplectic geometry. On 13 August 2014, Mirzakhani was honored with the Fields Medal, the most prestigious award in mathematics, becoming the first woman to win the prize, as well as the first Iranian. The award committee cited her work in "the dynamics and geometry of Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces".
On 14 July 2017, Mirzakhani died of breast cancer at the age of 40.
Early life and education
Mirzakhani was born on 12 May 1977 in Tehran, Iran. As a child, she attended Tehran Farzanegan School, part of the National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents (NODET). In her junior and senior years of high school, she won the gold medal for mathematics in the Iranian National Olympiad, thus allowing her to bypass the national college entrance exam. In 1994, Mirzakhani became the first Iranian woman to win a gold medal at the International Mathematical Olympiad in Hong Kong, scoring 41 out of 42 points. The following year, in Toronto, she became the first Iranian to achieve the full score and to win two gold medals in the International Mathematical Olympiad. Later in her life, she collaborated with friend, colleague, and Olympiad silver medalist, Roya Beheshti Zavareh (), on their book 'Elementary Number Theory, Challenging Problems', (i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20convolution
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In mathematics, the scale convolution of two functions and , also known as their logarithmic convolution is defined as the function
when this quantity exists.
Results
The logarithmic convolution can be related to the ordinary convolution by changing the variable from to :
Define and and let , then
Logarithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Shell
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Donald L. Shell (March 1, 1924 – November 2, 2015) was an American computer scientist who designed the Shellsort sorting algorithm. He acquired his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Cincinnati in 1959, and published the Shellsort algorithm in the Communications of the ACM in July that same year.
Career
Donald Shell acquired a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the Michigan College of Mining and Technology which is now Michigan Technological University. This was a four-year degree which he acquired in three years with the highest GPA given in the college's history. A record which persisted for more than 30 years. After acquiring his degree he went into the Army Corps of Engineers, and from there to the Philippines to help repair damages during World War II. When he returned after the war, he married Alice McCullough and returned to Michigan Technological University, where he taught mathematics. In 1949 they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, for Don to work for General Electric's engines division, where he developed a convergence algorithm and wrote a program to perform performance cycle calculations for GE's first aircraft jet engines. He also attended the University of Cincinnati, where in 1951 he acquired a M.S. in mathematics and, in 1959, acquired his Ph.D. in Mathematics. In July of that year he published the Shellsort algorithm and "The Share 709 System: A Cooperative Effort". In 1958, he and A. Spitzbart had published "A Chebycheff Fitting Criterion".
Although he is mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality%20and%20Reliability%20Engineering%20International
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Quality and Reliability Engineering International is a scientific journal focusing on engineering quality and reliability. This includes the quality and reliability of components, equipment, and physics of failure. It covers the fields of electrical, mechanical, and systems engineering
External links
Engineering journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Academic journals established in 1985
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anirvan%20Ghosh
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Anirvan Ghosh () is an American neuroscientist and Biotech executive.
Ghosh is a professional in the fields of Neuroscience and Biotechnology. Prior to his current role as CEO of Unity Biotechnology, he held senior positions at several renowned institutions and companies. Ghosh served on the faculty of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and as Chair of Neurobiology at UCSD, where he made significant contributions in the field of Neuroscience. From 2011 to 2016, he served as the Global Head of Neuroscience Discovery at F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Ghosh was founding CSO of E-Scape Bio from 2016 to 2017 and served as the Head of Research and Early Development at Biogen from 2017 to 2020. He was appointed CEO of Unity Biotechnology in 2020.
Biography
Anirvan Ghosh, born in 1964 in Bloomington, Indiana, spent his formative years in Kanpur, India. After completing high school at Central School Kendriya Vidyalaya IIT Kanpur, he ventured to the United States to pursue his undergraduate education at the prestigious California Institute of Technology. He graduated with a B.S. with honors in Physics from Caltech in 1985.
From 1985 to 1990, Ghosh pursued his graduate studies at Stanford University in the Neurosciences Graduate Program. Under the guidance of Carla J. Shatz, he discovered the critical role of subplate neurons in establishing connections in the mammalian brain. In 1991, he obtained his Ph.D. in Neurobiology from Stanford University. Ghosh then undertook postdoctoral training
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary%20Physics%20Education%20Project
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The Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) is an "organization of teachers, educators, and physicists" formed in 1987. The group grew out of the Conference on the Teaching of Modern Physics held at Fermilab in 1986, organized by the American Association of Physics Teachers. The group's first effort aimed to supply a chart for particle physics teaching that would rival the Periodic Table of the elements. The first version of this chart was published in 1989.
CPEP has created five charts emphasizing contemporary aspects of physics research: particles and interactions; fusion and plasma physics; nuclear science; and cosmology; and gravity.. Almost half a million of these charts and similar products have been distributed.
The group has created website support for teaching for each of the charts.
CPEP received the 2017 "Excellence in Physics Education Award" from the American Physical Society, "for leadership in providing educational materials on contemporary physics topics to students for over 25 years."
Offshoots of CPEP include the book, "The Charm of Strange Quarks: Mysteries and Revolutions of Particle Physics" (2000), by R. Michael Barnett, Henry Muehry, and Helen R. Quinn, three of the founders of CPEP. See also the web site "The Particle Adventure: The Fundamentals of Matter and Force".
R. Michael Barnett described the formation and early days of CPEP in a Nobel Symposium Lecture in 2002.
References
Physics education
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrophysics
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Petrophysics (from the Greek πέτρα, petra, "rock" and φύσις, physis, "nature") is the study of physical and chemical rock properties and their interactions with fluids.
A major application of petrophysics is in studying reservoirs for the hydrocarbon industry. Petrophysicists work together with reservoir engineers and geoscientists to understand the porous media properties of the reservoir. Particularly how the pores are interconnected in the subsurface, controlling the accumulation and migration of hydrocarbons. Some fundamental petrophysical properties determined are lithology, porosity, water saturation, permeability, and capillary pressure.
The petrophysicists workflow measures and evaluates these petrophysical properties through well-log interpretation (i.e. in-situ reservoir conditions) and core analysis in the laboratory. During well perforation, different well-log tools are used to measure the petrophysical and mineralogical properties through radioactivity and seismic technologies in the borehole. In addition, core plugs are taken from the well as sidewall core or whole core samples. These studies are combined with geological, geophysical, and reservoir engineering studies to model the reservoir and determine its economic feasibility.
While most petrophysicists work in the hydrocarbon industry, some also work in the mining, water resources, geothermal energy, and carbon capture and storage industries. Petrophysics is part of the geosciences, and its studies are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly%20Journal%20of%20Engineering%20Geology%20%26%20Hydrogeology
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The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Geological Society of London. The journal covers engineering geology and hydrogeology, including civil engineering, mining practice, and water resources. Coverage includes topics from other disciplines related to this journal's focus such as applied geophysics, environmental geology, contaminated land, waste management, land-use planning, geotechnics, rock mechanics, geomaterials, and geological hazards.
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is abstracted and indexed by the Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology, and the Chemical Abstracts Service/CASSI.
External links
Alternate website at GeoScience World
Academic journals established in 1967
Engineering journals
Quarterly journals
Geology journals
Geological Society of London academic journals
Mining journals
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoid%20%28polar%20space%29
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In mathematics, an ovoid O of a (finite) polar space of rank r is a set of points, such that every subspace of rank intersects O in exactly one point.
Cases
Symplectic polar space
An ovoid of (a symplectic polar space of rank n) would contain points.
However it only has an ovoid if and only and q is even. In that case, when the polar space is embedded into the classical way, it is also an ovoid in the projective geometry sense.
Hermitian polar space
Ovoids of and would contain points.
Hyperbolic quadrics
An ovoid of a hyperbolic quadricwould contain points.
Parabolic quadrics
An ovoid of a parabolic quadric would contain points. For , it is easy to see to obtain an ovoid by cutting the parabolic quadric with a hyperplane, such that the intersection is an elliptic quadric. The intersection is an ovoid.
If q is even, is isomorphic (as polar space) with , and thus due to the above, it has no ovoid for .
Elliptic quadrics
An ovoid of an elliptic quadric would contain points.
See also
Ovoid (projective geometry)
References
Incidence geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Anderson%20%28cognitive%20scientist%29
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James (Jim) A. Anderson (born 1940 in Detroit, Michigan) is a Professor of Cognitive Science and Brain Science at Brown University. His multi-disciplinary background includes expertise in psychology, biology, physics, neuroscience and computer science. Anderson received his Ph.D. from MIT in 1967.
Anderson's research on applications of neural networks have been instrumental to the field of cognitive science as well as numerous business applications. His neural networks have been applied to models of human concept formation, decision making, speech perception, and models of vision.
Business
Anderson's work has spawned numerous companies. Most notably, Anderson was one of the founders of Simpli, which is now owned by ValueClick. Anderson, along with Andrew Duchon, Jeff Stibel, Steve P. Reiss, George A. Miller, Paul Allopenna, John Santini, Carl Dunham, and a number of other Brown University colleagues, created a search engine based on the work of Miller's WordNet and Anderson's neural networks. The science was applied broadly to numerous technology and business applications, most notably Internet search and advertising. Anderson's neural networks were used to spread across a WordNet knowledgebase and disambiguate ambiguous search terms. As an example, the neural networks would take user input, such as a search keyword (Java), disambiguate the term (Java, in the sense of Coffee) and then expand the search term to create a more complete weighted search function (i.e., J
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Meyer-Eppler
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Werner Meyer-Eppler (30 April 1913 – 8 July 1960), was a Belgian-born German physicist, experimental acoustician, phoneticist and information theorist.
Meyer-Eppler was born in Antwerp. He studied mathematics, physics, and chemistry, first at the University of Cologne and then in Bonn, from 1936 until 1939, when he received a doctorate in Physics. From 1942 to 1945 he was a scientific assistant at the Physics Institute of the University of Bonn. From the time of his habilitation on 16 September 1942, he was also Lecturer in Experimental Physics. After the end of the war, Meyer-Eppler turned attention increasingly to phonetics and speech synthesis. In 1947 he was recruited by Paul Menzerath to the faculty of the Phonetic Institute of the University of Bonn, where he became Scientific Assistant on 1 April 1949. During this time, Meyer-Eppler published essays on synthetic language production and presented American inventions like the Coder, the Vocoder, the Visible Speech Machine. He contributed to the development of the electrolarynx, which is still used today for the speech-impaired.
In 1949, Meyer-Eppler published a book promoting the idea of producing music by purely electronic means, and in 1951 joined the sound engineer/composer Robert Beyer and the composer/musicologist/journalist Herbert Eimert in a successful proposal to the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR) for the establishment of an electronic-music studio in Cologne. After two years of work, it was officially ope
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosto%20Bousmina
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Mostapha (Mosto) Bousmina is a physical-chemist and rheologist working on nanomaterials and nanotechnology.
Prof. Bousmina is the President of the Euro-Mediterranean University of Morocco in Fez, Chancellor of the Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology-Morocco, and President of the Network of African Academies of Sciences (NASAC).
He is member at large of the Polymer Processing Society, Member of the World Academy of Sciences, and of the African Academy of Sciences.
From to 2008 to 2011, he was the Director General the Institute of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (INANOTECH), Morocco. Before that he was Professor and the holder of the Canada Research Chair on Polymer Physics and Nanomaterials at Laval University, Quebec-Canada, vice-President of the Canadian Society of Rheology. He acted also as president of the Quebec Society of Polymers (SQP), Director of SPE (Society of Plastic Engineers: Quebec section), Chair of NSERC evaluation committee (chemical and metallurgical engineering section 4). His important contributions are in physics of polymeric multiphase systems, and nanomaterials.[1]
Awards
Louis-Pasteur Award, 1993
Prize of Quebec Minister of Commerce and Industry, 1998
Morand Lambla Award from the Polymer Processing Society (PPS) "original contribution of a young researcher (under age 39) to the field of polymer processing" in 2000
Canada Top-Twenty Award, 2002
NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship, 2004.
References
Canada Research Chairs
Academic staf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana%20Yumasheva
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Tatyana Borisovna Yumasheva (, formerly Dyachenko, Дьяченко, née Yeltsina, Ельцина; born 17 January 1960) is the younger daughter of former Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Naina Yeltsina. Since 2009, Yumasheva has been a citizen of Austria.
Early life and education
She graduated from MSU Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics in 1983. She then worked at the Salyut Design Bureau and later at Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center until 1994.
Career
Yeltsin made her his personal advisor in 1996 when his re-election campaign was faltering. A memoir written by Yeltsin, as reported by The New York Times, credited her with advising against "banning Communist Party, dissolving Parliament and postponing presidential elections" in 1996. She was particularly influential as Yeltsin recovered from heart surgery in late 1996. She became the keystone in a small group of advisors known as "The Family", although the others (Alexander Voloshin and Valentin Yumashev) were not Yeltsin relatives. Boris Berezovsky and other oligarchs were often included in the group as well.
In 2000, her name came up during a corruption investigation, but no charges were brought. She remained on the staff of Yeltsin's hand-picked successor Vladimir Putin, and was a key adviser to him during his 2000 election campaign, but Putin dismissed her later that year.
She is portrayed in the 2003 satirical comedy Spinning Boris, based on the real experiences of U.S. political consultant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Cockburn%20%28ornithologist%29
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Andrew Cockburn FAA is an Australian evolutionary biologist who has been based at the Australian National University in Canberra since 1983. He has worked and published extensively on the breeding behaviour of antechinuses and superb fairy-wrens, and more generally on the biology of marsupials and cooperative breeding in birds. His work on fairy-wrens is based around a detailed long-term study of their curious mating and social system at the Australian National Botanic Gardens.
In 2001, Cockburn was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA) and awarded the Centenary Medal. He was awarded the Academy's Gottschalk Medal in 1988 and the Edgeworth David Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1987. In 2004, Cockburn was awarded the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union's D.L. Serventy Medal, which recognises excellence in published work on birds in the Australasian region. In 2010, he was awarded the Ellis Troughton Medal and Fellowship of the Australian Mammal Society for his research on Australian mammals. In 2012, he gave the Tinbergen Lecture of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Since 2014, he has been Emeritus Professor of Evolutionary Ecology and Natural History in the Research School of Biology at the Australian National University.
References
Further reading
The evolution of virulence and the birth of Darwinian medicine, Frank Fenner's science today and tomorrow, 4 October 2011, Australian Academy of Science
Living peopl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridsvagn%20122
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Stridsvagn 122 (strv 122) (;) is a Swedish main battle tank that, like the German Leopard 2A5, is based on the German Leopard 2 improved variant utilizing such newer technology as command, control, and fire-control systems, reinforced armour, and long-term combat capacity. Externally, the vehicle is distinguished from the Leopard 2A5 by the French GALIX smoke dispensers, different storage bins, and the thicker crew hatches.
Development
After the strv 2000 project for a new Swedish main battle tank (for service after the year 2000) was dismissed, the Swedish government decided in 1991 that a foreign main battle tank was to be procured to replace the strv 101, 102, 103 and 104 in service at the time. During the project "Strv Ny", three tank models were sent to Sweden to participate in trials: the American M1A2 Abrams, the German Leopard 2 Improved, and a prototype variant of the French Leclerc.
The trials concluded with the Leopard 2 approved as the winner and the M1A2 in second place. The shortcomings of the Leclerc were partly attributed to it still being in the development phase and not yet mature for service. In 1994 the Swedish government decided to acquire 120 new production tanks and 160 older Leopard 2A4s as a stopgap before the newer tanks were finished. The Leopard 2A4 in Swedish service became designated strv 121 while the new production became the strv 122. Of the 120 strv 122, 29 were manufactured by Krauss-Maffei Wegmann while the other 91 were manufactured by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin%20B%C3%BCnning
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Erwin Bünning (23 January 1906 – 4 October 1990) was a German biologist. His most famous contributions were to the field of chronobiology, where he proposed a model for the endogenous circadian rhythms governing plant photoperiodism. From these contributions, Bünning is considered a co-founder of chronobiology along with Jürgen Aschoff and Colin Pittendrigh.
Life
Early life and education
Bünning was born on 23 January 1906 in Hamburg, Germany to Heinrich Bünning and Hermine Bünning (born Winkler). A teacher of German, English, mathematics, and biology, Bünning's father was the primary academic influence on Erwin's early life, passing on to Erwin a passion for botany. Bünning received his primary education in Hamburg from 1912-1925. Bünning then attended the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin from October 1925-July 1928, where he studied biology, chemistry, physics, and philosophy. Bünning earned his Doctorate of Philosophy from the University of Berlin in May 1929. During this time, Bünning married his wife Eleanore; the two would later have three children.
Academic career
In 1930, Bünning took an assistantship under Otto Renner at the University of Jena, then one of Germany's largest botanical institutes. During the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany in the early 1930s, Renner stood in open opposition to the Nazis, publicly defending Jewish scientists. Similarly, Bünning was considered a communist sympathizer, a stance likely influenced by Bünning's fathe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Topping
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Michael Topping (1747–1796) was the Chief Marine Surveyor of Fort St. George in Chennai (then Madras) responsible for founding the oldest modern technical school outside Europe. The Survey School was completed on 17 May 1794, with an initial intake of eight students. In 1858 it became the Civil Engineering School and the College of Engineering in 1861.
Topping was also the first full-time modern professional surveyor of India having surveyed the seas off the Coromandel Coast, India's south-east coast. Topping came to Madras in 1785 as a marine surveyor aboard the East India Ship Walpole. On the suggestion of Alexander Dalrymple, he conducted a triangulation survey of the Coromandel Coast from Madras to Masulipatnam in 1788, making us of a sextant. Topping suggested that this triangulation could be done across India, however this approach was only taken up much later by William Lambton. Topping was appointed from 1794 to survey water reservoirs and in order to conduct his "tank surveys" he sought to train (in his survey school) youths of mixed, that is, of European-Indian parentage from the Madras orphanage, and deploy them across southern India at a sixth of the allowances needed for military surveyors and without the need for interpreters. Topping persuaded astronomer William Petrie to transfer his private observatory to the government and set up the first modern astronomical observatory, the Madras Observatory, in Nungambakkam. Topping succeeded Petrie as the director of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20of%20Physics
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A Master of Physics honours (or MPhys (Hons)) degree is a specific master's degree for courses in the field of physics.
United Kingdom
In England and Wales, the MPhys is an undergraduate award available after pursuing a four-year course of study at a university. In Scotland the course has a five-year duration. In some universities, the degree has the variant abbreviation MSci. These are taught courses, with a research element in the final year — this can vary from a small component to an entire year working with a research group — and are not available as postgraduate qualifications in most cases, although depending on institution the final year can be considered as approximately equivalent to an MSc.
Structure
In terms of course structure, MPhys degrees usually follow the pattern familiar from bachelor's degrees with lectures, laboratory work, coursework and exams each year. Usually one, or more commonly two, substantial projects are to be completed in the fourth year which may well have research elements. At the end of the second or third years, there is usually a threshold of academic performance in examinations to be reached to allow progression into the final year. Final results are, in most cases, awarded on the standard British undergraduate degree classification scale, although some universities award something structurally similar to 'Distinction', 'Merit', 'Pass' or 'Fail', as this is often the way that taught postgraduate master's degrees are classified.
Degree
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20African-American%20inventors%20and%20scientists
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This list of African-American inventors and scientists documents many of the African Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, and medicine.
African Americans have been the victims of oppression, discrimination and persecution throughout American history, with an impact on African-American innovation. A 2014 study by economist Lisa D. Cook linked violence towards African Americans and lack of legal protections over the period 1870–1940 to lower innovation. Despite this, many black innovators have been responsible for a large number of major inventions.
Among the earliest was George Washington Carver, whose reputation was based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, which aided in nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.
A later renowned scientist was Percy Lavon Julian, a research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20Premkumar%20Reddy
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E. Premkumar Reddy is a molecular biologist specialising in molecular oncology. He is the Director of Experimental Cancer Therapeutics program and Professor in the Departments of Oncological Sciences and Structural and Chemical Biology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
Education
Reddy obtained his PhD in molecular biology in 1971 from the Regional Research Laboratory and Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. He completed post-doctoral training in the United States of America at the UCLA School of Medicine and the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Professional career
He joined the National Cancer Institute after his post-graduation, with which he was associated till 1984 as the chief of the molecular genetics section. In 1984, he moved to Hoffman LaRoche Roche Institute of Molecular Biology as a full member and in 1986, he joined the Wistar Institute as their deputy director. In 1992, he was appointed as the Director of the Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, which is affiliated with Temple University. He moved to the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in 2010. Reddy served as a member of the board of directors of NIEHS from 1990-1995. In 1993, he was awarded the Scientific Achievement Award by the American Cancer Society.
He has published over 250 papers. The most notable of his findings are the molecular cloning and sequence determination of a number of viral oncogenes and their cellular homologues. According to data published in 2000 by the Institut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Wall%20%28composer%29
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Jack Wall (born 1964) is an American video game music composer. He has worked on video game music for over 20 games including the Myst franchise, Splinter Cell, Jade Empire, Mass Effect, and Call of Duty. Wall earned a degree in civil engineering from Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and, after a brief stint working in civil engineering, transitioned into music production. He worked with musicians such as John Cale, David Byrne, and Patti Smith, and, after performing increasingly complex production and sound engineering tasks, moved into music composition in 1995.
Wall immediately began working in the video game industry, composing the soundtrack to Vigilance. Primarily composing in an orchestral style, by 2001 he composed the soundtrack to Myst III: Exile, which was the title he says put him on the map as a video game composer. In 2002, Wall became one of around 20 co-founders of the Game Audio Network Guild (G.A.N.G.) as well as senior director. In 2005, Wall, along with G.A.N.G. founder and fellow composer Tommy Tallarico, produced the Video Games Live concert series, having served as the conductor for the international concert tour. His latest released soundtrack is that of 2020's Black Ops Cold War. His soundtracks for Myst III: Exile, Myst IV: Revelation, Rise of the Kasai, Jade Empire, Mass Effect, and Mass Effect 2 were nominated for and won multiple awards.
Early life
Jack Wall, born in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, earned a degree in civil engineeri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecagon
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In mathematics, a hexadecagon (sometimes called a hexakaidecagon or 16-gon) is a sixteen-sided polygon.
Regular hexadecagon
A regular hexadecagon is a hexadecagon in which all angles are equal and all sides are congruent. Its Schläfli symbol is {16} and can be constructed as a truncated octagon, t{8}, and a twice-truncated square tt{4}. A truncated hexadecagon, t{16}, is a triacontadigon, {32}.
Construction
As 16 = 24 (a power of two), a regular hexadecagon is constructible using compass and straightedge: this was already known to ancient Greek mathematicians.
Measurements
Each angle of a regular hexadecagon is 157.5 degrees, and the total angle measure of any hexadecagon is 2520 degrees.
The area of a regular hexadecagon with edge length t is
Because the hexadecagon has a number of sides that is a power of two, its area can be computed in terms of the circumradius R by truncating Viète's formula:
Since the area of the circumcircle is the regular hexadecagon fills approximately 97.45% of its circumcircle.
Symmetry
The regular hexadecagon has Dih16 symmetry, order 32. There are 4 dihedral subgroups: Dih8, Dih4, Dih2, and Dih1, and 5 cyclic subgroups: Z16, Z8, Z4, Z2, and Z1, the last implying no symmetry.
On the regular hexadecagon, there are 14 distinct symmetries. John Conway labels full symmetry as r32 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Smith
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Roberto Smith-Perera is a Venezuelan businessman.
Early years and education activity
Roberto Smith-Perera was born in Barquisimeto in 1958. He attended Colegio La Salle and Instituto Escuela in Caracas. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Universidad Simón Bolívar in 1981. He obtained his master's degree and a Ph.D in public policy at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, between 1983 and 1987. Married to Marina Smith since 1983, they have raised three daughters.
Public activity
As a public servant, Smith-Perera was appointed coordinator of the Eight National Development Plan (1989–1990), Minister of Transport and Communications (1990–1992) and Ambassador of Venezuela to the European Union, Belgium and Luxembourg (1992–1995).
His public contributions include the granting of preferential tariffs in the EU for Venezuelan exports, and the opening of the EU market to Orimulsion, getting more than $50 million in grants from the EU, the construction of Line 4 of the Caracas Metro, the opening of telecommunications for private investment, the privatization of the national telephone company, which has created over 40 million new telephone lines since 1991, the creation of the National Council of Telecommunications (CONATEL) the creation of the Urban Transportation Fund (FONTUR) to promote the modernization of public transport, the restructuring and regionalization of the National Ports System, the construction of two new international airports, the open
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorpe%E2%80%93Ingold%20effect
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The Thorpe–Ingold effect, gem-dimethyl effect, or angle compression is an effect observed in chemistry where increasing steric hindrance favours ring closure and intramolecular reactions. The effect was first reported by Beesley, Thorpe, and Ingold in 1915 as part of a study of cyclization reactions. It has since been generalized to many areas of chemistry.
The comparative rates of lactone formation (lactonization) of various 2-hydroxybenzenepropionic acids illustrate the effect. The placement of an increasing number of methyl groups accelerates the cyclization process.
One application of this effect is addition of a quaternary carbon (e.g., a gem-dimethyl group) in an alkyl chain to increase the reaction rate and/or equilibrium constant of cyclization reactions. An example of this is an olefin metathesis reaction: In the field of peptide foldamers, amino acid residues containing quaternary carbons such as 2-aminoisobutyric acid are used to promote formation of certain types of helices.
One proposed explanation for this effect is that the increased size of the substituents increases the angle between them. As a result, the angle between the other two substituents decreases. By moving them closer together, reactions between them are accelerated. It is thus a kinetic effect.
The effect also has some thermodynamic contribution as the in silico strain energy decreases on going from cyclobutane to 1-methylcyclobutane and 1,1-dimethylcyclobutane by a value between 8 kcal/mole
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20V.%20Apkarian
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Apkar Vania Apkarian is a professor of physiology, anesthesiology, and physical medicine and rehabilitation at Northwestern University in the Feinberg School of Medicine. He has been a pioneer in the use of Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the neurochemistry of the brain and the development of novel analytical approaches to studying consciousness, including the first demonstration of the brain's small-world network properties using fMRI. In 2008, Dr. Apkarian proposed the theory that chronic pain is a form of emotional learning, which popularized the study of reward learning within the pain research field. Dr. Apkarian earned a master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California and earned a Ph.D. in neuroscience from the State University of New York Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, New York. He is the brother of Vartkess A. Apkarian, a noted chemical physicist and laser spectroscopist at University of California at Irvine.
Dr. Apkarian's early work with primate electrophysiology established that thalamic neurons can be physiologically characterized based on morphology and projections to the cortex, which led to the discovery that the thalamus dynamically encodes nociceptive stimuli in response to features of sensory stimuli. In the 1990s, his research transitioned to human brain imaging-based investigations of pain qualia and neural mechanisms underlying chronic pain. Dr. Apkarian's body of research was pivotal in establishin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Dalziel
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Charles Dalziel (1904–1986) was a professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences
at UC Berkeley. According to volume 54 of UCB's Blue and Gold, Dalziel graduated with a Mechanics degree in 1927 and was from Santa Maria, CA. He was a member of: Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, De Molay Club (VP), and Engineers Council.
He studied the effects of electricity on animals and humans. He wrote The Effects of Electric Shock on Man, a book in which he explains the effects of different amounts of electricity on human subjects. He also invented the ground-fault circuit interrupter or GFCI in 1961. The GFCI is commonly found in home bathrooms or kitchens. The device operates normally until 5 milliamps passes from the appliance to ground. Charles Dalziel was a pioneer in understanding electric shock in humans.
Dalziel married Helen Bradford in 1931. They had a daughter, Isabelle. After Helen died of cancer in 1963, Charles married Alice Sohl Lundberg in 1969.
See also
Self-experimentation
References
Dalziel, Charles F. The effects of electric shock on man / by Charles F. Dalziel. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Health and Safety, 1956. Series: Safety and fire protection technical bulletin; no. 7
External links
ibiblio.org: Electric Safety Worksheet, from Tony Kuphaldt Socratic Electronics textbook
This Old House: An explanation of a ground-fault circuit interrupter
Photograph of Charles Dalziel
UC Berk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel%20Furstenberg
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Hillel "Harry" Furstenberg () (born September 29, 1935) is a German-born American-Israeli mathematician and professor emeritus at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and U.S. National Academy of Sciences and a laureate of the Abel Prize and the Wolf Prize in Mathematics. He is known for his application of probability theory and ergodic theory methods to other areas of mathematics, including number theory and Lie groups.
Biography
Furstenberg was born to German Jews in Nazi Germany, in 1935 (originally named "Fürstenberg"). In 1939, shortly after Kristallnacht, his family escaped to the United States and settled in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City, escaping the Holocaust. He attended Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy and then Yeshiva University, where he concluded his BA and MSc studies at the age of 20 in 1955. Furstenberg published several papers as an undergraduate, including "Note on one type of indeterminate form" (1953) and "On the infinitude of primes" (1955). Both appeared in the American Mathematical Monthly, the latter provided a topological proof of Euclid's famous theorem that there are infinitely many primes.
Academic career
Furstenberg pursued his doctorate at Princeton University under the supervision of Salomon Bochner. In 1958 he received his PhD for his thesis, Prediction Theory.
From 1959–1960, Furstenberg served as the C. L. E. Moore instructor at the Massachusetts Insti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfson%20Centre%20for%20Magnetics
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Wolfson Centre for Magnetics (WCM) is a research and knowledge centre operating within School of Engineering at Cardiff University.
Research
WCM is a centre for research, teaching and technology transfer over a wide spectrum of magnetics, including magnetic engineering, magnetic materials, magnetic devices, and the physics of magnetism.
Research within WCM focuses on several areas related to production, characterisation and applications of magnetic materials. The scope of the centre's research activities has recently been broadened by the addition of several new academic staff, allowing the Wolfson Centre for Magnetics to capitalise on the anticipated growth of research opportunities in collaborative, interdisciplinary projects in magnetism and magnetic materials. Computer aided design in magnetics, electromagnetic machines, magnetic imaging, high permeability materials, magnetostriction, magnetic sensors and actuators, nanomagnetic materials, magnetic thin films and multilayers, magnetic material for data storage, theory and modelling of magnetic materials are all areas of research currently under investigation in the centre.
Postgraduate research and industrial contract projects are carried out with the support of equipment and research facilities recently upgraded through major infrastructure investments.
WCM has collaborative links with leading research groups in magnetics throughout Europe, Asia, North and South America, Japan, China, India and Korea. Its members p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsioh-ren%20Wei
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Hsioh-Ren Wei or Wei Xueren (; 1899–1987) was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu. He entered the private University of Nanking in 1918 and received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1922.
In 1925, he received a scholarship to pursue graduate studies in physics at the University of Chicago.
In 1928, upon obtaining a doctoral degree in Physics from the University of Chicago, he returned to China and became a physics professor at the Private University of Nanking as China's first nuclear-physicist.
In 1929, he became the founding dean of science at University of Nanking.
Later in his career, he served for several years as the representative of the Republic of China on the United Nations Security Council.
He is the father of Betty Peh-t'i Wei.
References
Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
1899 births
1987 deaths
Permanent Representatives of the Republic of China to the United Nations
Politicians from Nanjing
University of Chicago alumni
Physicists from Jiangsu
Educators from Nanjing
Academic staff of the University of Nanking
Scientists from Nanjing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvin%20C.%20Stakman
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Elvin Charles Stakman (May 17, 1885 – January 22, 1979) was an American plant pathologist who was a pioneer of methods of identifying and combatting disease in wheat. He became an internationally renowned phytopathologist for his studies of the genetics and epidemiology of stem rust. Stakman is credited with improving crop yields both in North America and worldwide as part of the Green Revolution.
Career
Elvin Charles Stakman was born on May 17, 1885, near Ahnapee (later Algoma, Wisconsin) to Frederick and Emelie Eberhardt Stakman. Soon after the family moved to Brownton, Minnesota. He took more advanced high school classes in St. Paul and Glencoe before attending the University of Minnesota.
After earning his B.A. degree in German, botany and political science, Stakman taught school for a couple of years, before joining the plant pathology department at the University of Minnesota as an assistant professor. He received an M.A. degree in 1910 and a Ph.D. in 1913. Soon after he was appointed head of the Section of Plant Pathology. In 1940, he was promoted to head of the full Department of Plant Pathology, where he remained until retiring in 1953.
Stakman was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1923, the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1934, and the American Philosophical Society in 1940.
Beginning in 1918, Stakman organized a campaign to eradicate barberries, an alternate host of black stem rust fungus that affected about 1/3 of the Unite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey%20D.%20Leake
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Chauncey Depew Leake (September 5, 1896 – January 11, 1978) was an American pharmacologist, medical historian and ethicist. Leake received a bachelor's degree with majors in biology, chemistry, and philosophy from Princeton University. He received his M.S. (1920) and Ph.D. (1923) from the University of Wisconsin in pharmacology and physiology.
Leake was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. At age 10, he was treated by the ophthalmologist Karl Koller.
Leake married the microbiologist Elisabeth Wilson in 1921, and they collaborated for many years. They had two sons and remained married until her death in 1977.
Leake discovered the anesthetic divinyl ether. One of his publications was a translation of the 1628 physiological work De motu cordis (On the Motion of the Heart) from Latin to English.
Leake became a fulltime university administrator from 1942, first at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and from 1962 at Ohio State University.
In 1973, Leake was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto II.
He was awarded the UCSF medal in 1975.
A collection of his papers is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.
References
Literature
Robinson, Victor: Victory Over Pain: A History of Anaesthesia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20081010212901/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/leake.html
The old Egyptian medical papyri Logan Clendening lecture on the history and philosophy of medicine, University of Kansas, 1952. F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina%20Rees
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Mina Spiegel Rees (August 2, 1902 – October 25, 1997) was an American mathematician. She was the first female President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1971) and head of the mathematics department of the Office of Naval Research of the United States. Rees was a pioneer in the history of computing and helped establish funding streams and institutional infrastructure for research. Rees was also the founding president and president emerita of the Graduate School and University Center at CUNY. She received the Public Welfare Medal, the highest honor of the National Academy of Sciences; the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom (UK) and at least 18 honorary doctorates.
Personal life
Rees was the daughter of Moses and Alice Louise (née Stackhouse) Rees. The family moved from Cleveland, Ohio to New York where Rees received her primary education in the city's public schools. In 1955, Rees married physician Leopold Brahdy (1892–1977). She died in 1997 at the Mary Manning Walsh home in Manhattan.
Education
She was valedictorian at Hunter College High School in New York City. She graduated summa cum laude with a math major at Hunter College in 1923. She received a master's degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1925, where she also studied law. At that time she was told unofficially that "the Columbia mathematics department was not really interested in having women candidates for Ph.D's". She started teaching at Hunter College then
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20M.%20Rieser
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Leonard Moos Rieser (May 18, 1922 – December 15, 1998) was an American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and later for nuclear disarmament. Rieser was a professor of physics and provost at Dartmouth College.
Biography
Riesner was born May 18, 1922 in Chicago. He studied at Dartmouth College from 1940 to 1942 before transferring to the University of Chicago and graduating with a bachelor's degree in physics in 1943. In 1942 he enlisted in the Army Signal Corps and after graduating from Chicago was assigned to work on the secret Manhattan Project, developing the atomic bomb. Rieser first worked at the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago, then at Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico where he witnessed the first atomic explosion. In 1944 he married Rosemary Littledale.
Rieser left the army and Los Alamos in 1946 to begin postgraduate studies at Stanford University, graduating with a PhD in 1952. That year he began teaching physics at Dartmouth College, where he worked until his retirement in 1992. He became an associate professor in 1957, and a professor in 1960. He held various administrative positions at the college, including provost and dean of the faculty.
Riesner served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from 1972 to 1975. He was chair of the board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists from 1985 to 1998. The Bulletin's Leonard M. Rieser Award for Young Authors bears his name. Starting in 1985, he was the keeper of the B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Belelubsky
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Nikolai Apollonovich Belelubsky (; 1 March [13 March New Style] 1845, Kharkiv – August 4, 1922, Petrograd) was a distinguished Russian academic specialising in railway and civil engineering. Over the course of his life he became a member of many learned societies and the author of many papers and lectures.
Early life
Nikolai Belelubsky was born on 1 (13) March 1845 in Kharkiv into a noble Russian family descended from the 16th century. His family was not well off. He spent his childhood and youth in Taganrog, and graduated with a gold medal from the Taganrog Boys Gymnasium in 1862. In the same year he entered the Institute of Transport (today the St. Petersburg State Transport University), from which he graduated in 1867. Belelubsky was considered to be one of the Institute's greatest graduates. After his graduation he continued to work at the Institute as a private tutor.
He developed an interest in science, especially in bridge building. In 1873, he was appointed Extraordinary Professor in the Department for Building Materials, and three years later he already held the position of Full Professor. He gained international recognition for his research and practice in the fields of bridge engineering and building materials. In 1881, Belelubsky became a member of the Engineering Council of the Ministry of Transport Communications.
Bridge builder
Belelubsky personally designed and managed over 100 projects, including the steel railway bridges across the rivers Don, Danube, V
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijer%20G-function
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In mathematics, the G-function was introduced by as a very general function intended to include most of the known special functions as particular cases. This was not the only attempt of its kind: the generalized hypergeometric function and the MacRobert E-function had the same aim, but Meijer's G-function was able to include those as particular cases as well. The first definition was made by Meijer using a series; nowadays the accepted and more general definition is via a line integral in the complex plane, introduced in its full generality by Arthur Erdélyi in 1953.
With the modern definition, the majority of the established special functions can be represented in terms of the Meijer G-function. A notable property is the closure of the set of all G-functions not only under differentiation but also under indefinite integration. In combination with a functional equation that allows to liberate from a G-function G(z) any factor zρ that is a constant power of its argument z, the closure implies that whenever a function is expressible as a G-function of a constant multiple of some constant power of the function argument, f(x) = G(cxγ), the derivative and the antiderivative of this function are expressible so too.
The wide coverage of special functions also lends power to uses of Meijer's G-function other than the representation and manipulation of derivatives and antiderivatives. For example, the definite integral over the positive real axis of any function g(x) that can be wr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington%20Grammar%20School%20for%20Boys
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Wilmington Grammar School for Boys (WGSB) is a selective grammar school with academy status in Wilmington, Kent.
From 1954 to 1982, the school was called Dartford Technical High School. Today it is a specialist engineering school with a strong emphasis on design technology, mathematics and physics.
The uniform consists of navy blue blazers, white shirts, grey or black trousers and different ties for each house within the school.. Suits are worn in the sixth form. The school is situated directly alongside Wilmington Academy and has multiple bus services that also serve Dartford Grammar School for Girls, Dartford Grammar School, Wilmington Grammar School for Girls and Wilmington Academy.
Departments
The school has the following departments: Science, Mathematics, Design & Technology, Business and Economics, Geography, History/Government and Politics, English, Art, Modern Languages (including German, French and Spanish), Media, Information Communication Technology, Religious Education, PE and Music. The school no longer teaches Drama.
Houses
There are 6 different houses in WGSB:
Brunel, (Dark Blue, Yellow, Light Blue and a Purple Stripe)
Darwin, (Dark Blue, Yellow, Light Blue and a White Stripe)
Newton, (Dark Blue, Yellow, Light Blue and a Black Stripe)
Stevenson, (Dark blue, Yellow, Light Blue and a Green Stripe)
Telford, (Dark Blue, Yellow, Light Blue and a Red Stripe)
Hawking (from 2020), (Dark Blue, Yellow, Light Blue and a Yellow Stripe)
Notable pupils
Paul Carr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto%20Righi
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Augusto Righi (27 August 1850 – 8 June 1920) was an Italian physicist and a pioneer in the study of electromagnetism. He was born and died in Bologna.
Biography
Born in Bologna, Righi was educated in his home town, taught physics at Bologna Technical College between 1873 and 1880, and left to take up the newly established chair of physics at the University of Palermo. He was a professor of physics at the University of Padua (1885–89) and later returned to a professorship at the University of Bologna.
Righi's early research, conducted in Bologna between 1872 and 1880, was primarily in electrostatics. He invented an induction electrometer, with the help of Dr. Matthew Van Schaeick of the Humboldt University of Berlin, in 1872, capable of detecting and amplifying small electrostatic charges, formulated mathematical descriptions of vibrational motion, and discovered magnetic hysteresis in 1880. Whilst an ordinary professor in physics at the University of Palermo, he studied the conduction of heat and electricity in bismuth. From 1885 to 1889 in Padua, he studied the photoelectric effect. Towards the end of 1889, he was called to the University of Bologna, his home city, where he worked for the rest of his life on subjects such as the Zeeman effect, 'Roentgen rays', magnetism and the results of Michelson's experiments.
His most well-known work is his 1890s investigations of Hertzian waves (radio waves), which had been discovered in 1887. In 1894 Righi (along with Indian physici
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphecodina%20abbottii
|
Sphecodina abbottii, or Abbott's sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by William John Swainson in 1821.
Distribution
It lives in eastern North America.
Biology
Adults fly in May and June in the north, but have several generations in the south. Larvae feed on grapes (Vitis), Parthenocissus quinquefolia and Ampelopsis (Wagner 2005).
Description
The underwings have a strong yellow band and in flight, the moth buzzes, appearing like a bee. The forewings are violet grey when fresh and have a "barklike pattern of swirling black lines" according to David Beadle and Seabrooke Leckie. At rest, they raise their abdomens and are well camouflaged on tree bark, looking like a broken branch (Wagner 2005).
Early instars are a pale greenish white, with at first a horn, but later a brown knob near the hind end. Final instars (75 mm in length) come in two patterns: one has brown bands such that there are ten large pale green spots on the back and an eyespot on the rear. This form may mimic grapes. Others are completely brown, with a wood-grain patterning, and with the rear eyespot (Wagner 2005). In the final instar the knob looks a lot like a vertebrate eye, down to the white reflection spot. If it is pinched or poked, the larva squeaks and bites at the attacker (Wagner 2005).
Gallery
References
Wagner, David L. 2005. Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton Univ. Press. p. 270
External links
"Sphecodina abbottii The Abbott's Sphinx".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20oceanography
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Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system. Biological oceanography may also be referred to as ocean ecology, in which the root word of ecology is Oikos (oικoσ), meaning ‘house’ or ‘habitat’ in Greek. With that in mind, it is of no surprise then that the main focus of biological oceanography is on the microorganisms within the ocean; looking at how they are affected by their environment and how that affects larger marine creatures and their ecosystem. Biological oceanography is similar to marine biology, but is different because of the perspective used to study the ocean. Biological oceanography takes a bottom-up approach (in terms of the food web), while marine biology studies the ocean from a top-down perspective. Biological oceanography mainly focuses on the ecosystem of the ocean with an emphasis on plankton: their diversity (morphology, nutritional sources, motility, and metabolism); their productivity and how that plays a role in the global carbon cycle; and their distribution (predation and life cycle).
History
In 325 BC, Pytheas of Massalia, a Greek geographer, explored much of the coast of England and Norway and developed the means of determining latitude from the declination of the North Star. His account of tides is also one of the earliest accounts that suggest a relationship between them and the moon. This relationship was later developed by English monk Bede
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArDM
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The ArDM (Argon Dark Matter) Experiment was a particle physics experiment based on a liquid argon detector, aiming at measuring signals from WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), which may constitute the Dark Matter in the universe. Elastic scattering of WIMPs from argon nuclei is measurable by observing free electrons from ionization and photons from scintillation, which are produced by the recoiling nucleus interacting with neighbouring atoms. The ionization and scintillation signals can be measured with dedicated readout techniques, which constituted a fundamental part of the detector.
In order to get a high enough target mass the noble gas argon was used in the liquid phase as target material. Since the boiling point of argon is at 87 K at normal pressure, the operation of the detector required a cryogenic system.
The ArDM experiment ended in 2019 when data taking was stopped and the experiment's apparatus decommissioned. The ArDM experiment's apparatus was then reused for another physics experiment, DArT (part of the DarkSide program), at Canfranc Underground Laboratory.
ArDM did not find signals of dark matter particles.
Detecting WIMPs with argon
The ArDM detector aimed at directly detecting signals from WIMPs via elastic scattering from argon nuclei. During the scattering, a certain recoil energy - typically lying between 1 keV and 100 keV - is supposedly transferred from the WIMP to the argon nucleus.
It is not known how frequently a signal from WIMP-ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim%20Harari
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Haim Harari (Hebrew: חיים הררי; born 18 November 1940) is an Israeli theoretical physicist who has made contributions in particle physics, science education, and other fields. He was the President of the Weizmann Institute of Science from 1988 to 2001.
Biography
Haim Harari was born in Jerusalem in Israel. His family has lived in the area which is now Israel for five generations. His parents were Knesset member Yizhar Harari and Dina Neumann. Harari received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Physics from Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Academic career
In 1967, after completing his Ph.D, he became the youngest professor ever at the Weizmann Institute. He has been the founder and first chairman of the Board (1999-2015) of the Davidson Institute of Science Education at the Weizmann Institute and he is currently Chair of the Management Committee of the Weizmann Global Endowment Management Trust in New York. In 1979 he was elected as Chairman of the Planning and Budgeting Committee (PBC) of the Council of Higher Education, serving two terms until 1985. During his tenure as chairman of the PBC, he established the Israel Inter-University Computation Center (IUCC) and laid the foundations for the university computer network in Israel. He was the President, from 1988 to 2001, of the Weizmann Institute of Science. During his presidency, the Weizmann Institute, entirely dedicated to basic research, became one of the leading royalty earning academic research organizations in the world.
Harari
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McGinness
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John Edward McGinness (born November 19, 1943), is an American physicist and physician. McGinness worked in the fields of organic electronics and nanotechnology.
Education
McGinness studied physics at the University of Houston, and after his B.S. in 1966 he received his PhD in Nuclear Physics, Material Science, and Space Science at Rice University in 1970.
He received his MD from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) in 1985 and worked in internal medicine for one year, changing to psychiatry and working at the Department of Psychiatry, UTHealth, from 1989 to 1992. He authored roughly 40 research publications, book chapters, and presentations.
Work
John McGinness materially contributed to the modern field of organic electronics.
In 1972, while working at the Metallurgy department at Youngstown State University, McGinness suggested that electronic conduction in melanins (polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline "blacks" and their copolymers) is analogous to conduction in amorphous solids such as the chalcogenide glasses. This area was originally pioneered by Sir Nevill Mott, among others. That is, it involves such things as mobility gaps, phonon-assisted hopping, polarons, quantum tunneling, and so forth.
From Youngstown, McGinness moved to the Physics Department of The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. The department had an interest in the physical properties of melanin as a possible hook to treating melanoma. W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20dabble
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In computer science, the double dabble algorithm is used to convert binary numbers into binary-coded decimal (BCD) notation. It is also known as the shift-and-add-3 algorithm, and can be implemented using a small number of gates in computer hardware, but at the expense of high latency.
Algorithm
The algorithm operates as follows:
Suppose the original number to be converted is stored in a register that is n bits wide. Reserve a scratch space wide enough to hold both the original number and its BCD representation; bits will be enough. It takes a maximum of 4 bits in binary to store each decimal digit.
Then partition the scratch space into BCD digits (on the left) and the original register (on the right). For example, if the original number to be converted is eight bits wide, the scratch space would be partitioned as follows:
Hundreds Tens Ones Original
0010 0100 0011 11110011
The diagram above shows the binary representation of 24310 in the original register, and the BCD representation of 243 on the left.
The scratch space is initialized to all zeros, and then the value to be converted is copied into the "original register" space on the right.
0000 0000 0000 11110011
The algorithm then iterates n times. On each iteration, any BCD digit which is at least 5 (0101 in binary) is incremented by 3 (0011); then the entire scratch space is left-shifted one bit. The increment ensures that a value of 5, incremented and left-shifted, becomes 16 (10000), thus correctl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Holgu%C3%ADn
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The University of Holguín "Oscar Lucero Moya" (Spanish: Universidad de Holguín "Oscar Lucero Moya", UHO) is a public university located in Holguín, Cuba. It was founded in 1973.
Organization
The university is divided into eight faculties:
Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics Website
Faculty of Economics Website
Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Tourism Website
Faculty of Engineering Website
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Website
Faculty of Humanities Website
Faculty of Law Website
Faculty of Social Sciences Website
See also
Education in Cuba
List of universities in Cuba
Holguín
References
External links
University of Holguín Website
Master on Applied Mathematics and Informatics for Management Website
Holguin
Buildings and structures in Holguín
Universities and colleges established in 1973
Buildings and structures in Holguín Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomsen%E2%80%93Berthelot%20principle
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In thermochemistry, the Thomsen–Berthelot principle is a hypothesis in the history of chemistry which argued that all chemical changes are accompanied by the production of heat and that processes which occur will be ones in which the most heat is produced. This principle was formulated in slightly different versions by the Danish chemist Julius Thomsen in 1854 and by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot in 1864. This early postulate in classical thermochemistry became the controversial foundation of a research program that would last three decades.
This principle came to be associated with what was called the thermal theory of affinity, which postulated that the heat evolved in a chemical reaction was the true measure of its affinity.
Limitations
The experimental objections to the Thomsen–Berthelot principle include incomplete dissociation, reversibility, and spontaneous endothermic processes. Such cases were dismissed by orthadox thermochemist as outliers not covered by the principle, or the experiments were manipulated to fit it through with somewhat contrived justifications was later disproved. In 1873 Even Thomsen acknowledged that his theory might not have universal or definitive credibility. It was later the principle was only valid under very specific circumstances, specifically at absolute zero temperature. Thomsen openly admitted that his initial understanding was merely a close estimate of the reality, emphasizing that while chemical reactions typically releas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20mining
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Process mining is a family of techniques relating the fields of data science and process management to support the analysis of operational processes based on event logs. The goal of process mining is to turn event data into insights and actions. Process mining is an integral part of data science, fueled by the availability of event data and the desire to improve processes. Process mining techniques use event data to show what people, machines, and organizations are really doing. Process mining provides novel insights that can be used to identify the execution paths taken by operational processes and address their performance and compliance problems.
Process mining starts from event data. Input for process mining is an event log. An event log views a process from a particular angle. Each event in the log should contain (1) a unique identifier for a particular process instance (called case id), (2) an activity (description of the event that is occurring), and (3) a timestamp. There may be additional event attributes referring to resources, costs, etc., but these are optional. With some effort, such data can be extracted from any information system supporting operational processes. Process mining uses these event data to answer a variety of process-related questions.
There are three main classes of process mining techniques: process discovery, conformance checking, and process enhancement. In the past terms like Workflow Mining and Automated Business Process Discovery (ABPD) w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Beckwith
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Jonathan Roger Beckwith (born December 25, 1935, in Cambridge, Massachusetts) is an American microbiologist and geneticist. He is the American Cancer Society Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts.
Biography
He trained with Sydney Brenner, Arthur Pardee, and François Jacob at the Institut Pasteur in France before arriving at Harvard University.
Research
Beckwith led the research group that in 1969 isolated the first gene from a bacterial chromosome. Some of the researchers worked in the Beckwith laboratory at the Harvard Medical School and consisted of several now well-known scientists and doctors including James A. Shapiro and Lawrence Eron, MD.; others ( Lorne MacHattie and Garret Ihler ) were located in the laboratory of Charles Thomas. The procedure used was devised by Garret Ihler and Karin Ippen. Complementary strands of the gene, carried within non-complementary strands of viral DNA, from viruses transducing the gene in reverse orientations which had been separated by a poly U,G density-gradient technique, were annealed to form double-stranded DNA. The single-stranded DNA was then removed using a single-strand specific DNase under investigation in the Thomas laboratory, leaving the double-stranded gene intact. The elegant electron micrographs of the pre- and post-digested DNA were taken by MacHatty in the Thomas laboratory. Before and following this experiment, Beckwith made important
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanant
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In mathematics, the immanant of a matrix was defined by Dudley E. Littlewood and Archibald Read Richardson as a generalisation of the concepts of determinant and permanent.
Let be a partition of an integer and let be the corresponding irreducible representation-theoretic character of the symmetric group . The immanant of an matrix associated with the character is defined as the expression
Examples
The determinant is a special case of the immanant, where is the alternating character , of Sn, defined by the parity of a permutation.
The permanent is the case where is the trivial character, which is identically equal to 1.
For example, for matrices, there are three irreducible representations of , as shown in the character table:
As stated above, produces the permanent and produces the determinant, but produces the operation that maps as follows:
Properties
The immanant shares several properties with determinant and permanent. In particular, the immanant is multilinear in the rows and columns of the matrix; and the immanant is invariant under simultaneous permutations of the rows or columns by the same element of the symmetric group.
Littlewood and Richardson studied the relation of the immanant to Schur functions in the representation theory of the symmetric group.
The necessary and sufficient conditions for the immanant of a Gram matrix to be are given by Gamas's Theorem.
References
Algebra
Linear algebra
Matrix theory
Permutations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Patrick%20Gray
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J. Patrick Gray is a professor of anthropology at University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
His research fields are holocultural research, sociobiology, methodology, and religion. He received his PhD degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1974. He has authored sixteen articles, one book, co-edited another book with James Silverberg, and was Editor of the World Cultures eJournal from 1992 to 2013 superseded by Gregory Truex.
Book publication
Silverberg, J., and J. Patrick Gray (eds.) Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {1992}
Patrick Gray Primate Sociobiology (Paperback) New Haven: HRAF Press. {1985}
American anthropologists
Anthropology educators
Cross-cultural studies
University of Colorado alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic journal editors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Malitz
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Isaac Richard Jay Malitz (born 1947, in Cleveland, Ohio) is a logician who introduced the subject of positive set theory in his 1976 Ph.D. Thesis at UCLA.
References
Isaac (Richard) Jay Malitz – entry in the Mathematics Genealogy Project
1947 births
Living people
American logicians
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Scientists from Cleveland
Date of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groud
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Groud may refer to:
Groud (mathematics), an algebraic structure
Gilbert G. Groud, African artist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20mixing%20console
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In professional audio, a digital mixing console (DMC) is a type of mixing console used to combine, route, and change the dynamics, equalization and other properties of multiple audio input signals, using digital signal processing rather than analog circuitry. The digital audio samples, which is the internal representation of the analog inputs, are summed to what is known as a master channel to produce a combined output. A professional digital mixing console is a dedicated desk or control surface produced exclusively for the task and is typically more robust in terms of user control, processing power and quality of audio effects. However, a computer can also perform the same function since it can mimic its interface, input and output.
Uses
Digital mixing consoles are typically used in recording studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems, broadcasting, television, and film post-production.
Common sound system problems and solutions
Most DMCs are expensive and sophisticated tools. The most common issue related to the DMC is the complex structure, which can be difficult to navigate without previous experience or knowledge of the system. The user usually requires a basic understanding of signal flow, audio terminology, and hardware implementation.
Part of the solution to alleviate operator issues is to automate whenever possible. The advent of modern digital computer technology has now made it possible to install sound system components that will, to some exte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Gua%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, De Gua's theorem is a three-dimensional analog of the Pythagorean theorem named after Jean Paul de Gua de Malves. It states that if a tetrahedron has a right-angle corner (like the corner of a cube), then the square of the area of the face opposite the right-angle corner is the sum of the squares of the areas of the other three faces:
De Gua's theorem can be applied for proving a special case of Heron's formula.
Generalizations
The Pythagorean theorem and de Gua's theorem are special cases () of a general theorem about n-simplices with a right-angle corner, proved by P. S. Donchian and H. S. M. Coxeter in 1935. This, in turn, is a special case of a yet more general theorem by Donald R. Conant and William A. Beyer (1974), which can be stated as follows.
Let U be a measurable subset of a k-dimensional affine subspace of (so ). For any subset with exactly k elements, let be the orthogonal projection of U onto the linear span of , where and is the standard basis for . Then
where is the k-dimensional volume of U and the sum is over all subsets with exactly k elements.
De Gua's theorem and its generalisation (above) to n-simplices with right-angle corners correspond to the special case where k = n−1 and U is an (n−1)-simplex in with vertices on the co-ordinate axes. For example, suppose , and U is the triangle in with vertices A, B and C lying on the -, - and -axes, respectively. The subsets of with exactly 2 elements are , and . By definiti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiawei%20Han
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Jiawei Han (; born August 10, 1949) is a Chinese-American computer scientist and writer. He currently holds the position of Michael Aiken Chair Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His research focuses on data mining, text mining, database systems, information networks, data mining from spatiotemporal data, Web data, and social/information network data.
Biography
Born in Shanghai on 10 August 1949, Han received his BS from University of Science and Technology of China in 1979 and earned his PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Computer Science in 1985.
Currently he is a professor at the Department of Computer Science in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he teaches courses on Data Mining, Text Mining, and Information Networks. Han served as the Director of Information Network Academic Research Center (INARC) supported by Network Science Collaborative Technology Alliance (NSCTA) program of U.S. Army Research Lab (ARL) from 2009–2016, and the Co-Director of KnowEng, a BD2k (Big Data to Knowledge) research center funded by NIH in 2014–2019.
Han has chaired or served on over 100 program committees of international conferences and workshops, including PC co-chair of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD 1996), 2005 (IEEE), International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), Americas Coordinator of 2006 International Conference on Very Large Data Ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20arithmetic
|
Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that is widely used for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations.
Essence of arithmetic
Elementary arithmetic
Decimal arithmetic
Decimal point
Numeral
Place value
Face value
History of arithmetic
Arithmetic operations and related concepts
Order of Operations
Addition
Summation – Answer after adding a sequence of numbers
Additive Inverse
Subtraction – Taking away numbers
Multiplication – Repeated addition
Multiple – Product of Multiplication
Least Common Multiple
Multiplicative Inverse
Division – Repeated Subtraction
Modulo – The remainder of division
Quotient – Result of Division
Quotition and Partition – How many parts are there, and what is the size of each part
Fraction – A number that isn't whole, often shown as a divsion equation
Decimal Fraction – Representation of a Fraction in the form of a number
Proper Fraction – Fraction with a Numerator that is less than the Denominator
Improper Fraction – Fractions with a Numerator that is any number
Ratio – Showing how much one number can go into another
Least Common Denominator – Least Common Multiple of 2 or more fractions' denominators
Factoring – Breaking a number down into its products
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Prime number – Number divisable by only 1 or itself
Prime number theorem
Distribution of primes
Composite number – Number made of 2 smaller integers
Factor – A number that can be divided from it's origina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20algebra
|
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to algebra:
Algebra is one of the main branches of mathematics, covering the study of structure, relation and quantity. Algebra studies the effects of adding and multiplying numbers, variables, and polynomials, along with their factorization and determining their roots. In addition to working directly with numbers, algebra also covers symbols, variables, and set elements. Addition and multiplication are general operations, but their precise definitions lead to structures such as groups, rings, and fields.
Branches
Pre-algebra
Elementary algebra
Boolean algebra
Abstract algebra
Linear algebra
Universal algebra
Algebraic equations
An algebraic equation is an equation involving only algebraic expressions in the unknowns. These are further classified by degree.
Linear equation – algebraic equation of degree one.
Polynomial equation – equation in which a polynomial is set equal to another polynomial.
Transcendental equation – equation involving a transcendental function of one of its variables.
Functional equation – equation in which the unknowns are functions rather than simple quantities.
Differential equation – equation involving derivatives.
Integral equation – equation involving integrals.
Diophantine equation – equation where the only solutions of interest of the unknowns are the integer ones.
History
History of algebra
General algebra concepts
Fundamental theorem of algebra – state
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie%20%28surname%29
|
Louie is a Chinese surname.
Alexina Louie (born 1949), Canadian composer
Janis Louie (born 1971), chemistry professor working at the University of Utah
Brandt C. Louie (born 1943), Canadian accountant and businessman
Clarence Louie (born 1960), Canadian First Nations leader and businessman
David M. Louie (born 1951), American attorney, former Attorney General of Hawaii
David Wong Louie (born 1954), American novelist, short story writer and essayist.
Gilman Louie (born 1960), American game designer and venture capitalist
Juliette Louie (born 1994), Miss Hong Kong 2017
"Lakewood" Louie, American poker player best known for his success at the World Series of Poker in the late 1970s and early 1980s
Steven Gwon Sheng Louie (born 1949), Canadian Chinese physicist
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20geometry
|
Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Geometry is one of the oldest mathematical sciences.
Classical branches
Geometry
Analytic geometry
Differential geometry
Euclidean geometry
Non-Euclidean geometry
Projective geometry
Riemannian geometry
Contemporary branches
Absolute geometry
Affine geometry
Archimedes' use of infinitesimals
Birational geometry
Complex geometry
Combinatorial geometry
Computational geometry
Conformal geometry
Constructive solid geometry
Contact geometry
Convex geometry
Descriptive geometry
Digital geometry
Discrete geometry
Distance geometry
Elliptic geometry
Enumerative geometry
Epipolar geometry
Finite geometry
Geometry of numbers
Hyperbolic geometry
Incidence geometry
Information geometry
Integral geometry
Inversive geometry
Klein geometry
Lie sphere geometry
Numerical geometry
Ordered geometry
Parabolic geometry
Plane geometry
Quantum geometry
Ruppeiner geometry
Spherical geometry
Symplectic geometry
Synthetic geometry
Systolic geometry
Taxicab geometry
Toric geometry
Transformation geometry
Tropical geometry
History of geometry
History of geometry
Timeline of geometry
Babylonian geometry
Egyptian geometry
Ancient Greek geometry
Euclidean geometry
Pythagorean theorem
Euclid's Elements
Measurement of a Circle
Indian mathematics
Bakhshali manuscript
Modern geometry
History of analytic geometr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Visser
|
Matt Visser () is a mathematics Professor at Victoria University of Wellington, in New Zealand.
Career
Visser completed a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley, supervised by Mary K. Gaillard.
Visser's research interests include general relativity, quantum field theory and cosmology.
Visser has produced a large number of research papers on the subject of wormholes, gravitational horizons and notably the emerging subject of acoustic metrics.
He is the author of the reference book on the current state of wormhole theory, Lorentzian Wormholes — from Einstein to Hawking (1996) and co-editor of Artificial Black Holes (2002).
Awards
In 2013 Visser was awarded the Dan Walls Medal by the New Zealand Institute of Physics.
Books
David L Wiltshire, Matt Visser & Susan Scott, The Kerr Spacetime: Rotating black holes in general relativity (2009)
M Novello, Matt Visser & G E Volovik, Artificial Black Holes (2002)
Matt Visser, Lorentzian Wormholes: From Einstein To Hawking (1995)
See also
Roman ring
References
External links
Matt Visser's personalized homepage
research papers by Matt Visser on arXiv
New Zealand mathematicians
Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
Academic staff of Victoria University of Wellington
Living people
New Zealand people of Dutch descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at St Bernard's College, Lower Hutt
Fellows of the American Physical Society
James Cook Research Fellows
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertional%20mutagenesis
|
In molecular biology, insertional mutagenesis is the creation of mutations in DNA by the addition of one or more base pairs. Such insertional mutations can occur naturally, mediated by viruses or transposons, or can be artificially created for research purposes in the lab.
Signature tagged mutagenesis
This is a technique used to study the function of genes. A transposon such as the P element of Drosophila melanogaster is allowed to integrate at random locations in the genome of the organism being studied. Mutants generated by this method are then screened for any unusual phenotypes. If such a phenotype is found then it can be assumed that the insertion has caused the gene relating to the usual phenotype to be inactivated. Because the sequence of the transposon is known, the gene can be identified, either by sequencing the whole genome and searching for the sequence, or by using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify specifically that gene.
Virus insertional mutagenesis
Because many viruses integrate their own genomes into the genomes of their host cells in order to replicate, mutagenesis caused by viral infections is a fairly common occurrence. Not all integrating viruses cause insertional mutagenesis, however.
Some DNA insertions will lead to no noticeable mutation. Historically, lentiviral vectors included strong viral promoters which had a side effect of insertional mutagenesis, nuclear DNA mutations that effect the function of a gene. These strong viral promotors
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