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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Nelson	David or Dave Nelson may refer to: Academia David Nelson (abolitionist) (1793–1844), founder of Marion College and Mission Institute, Presbyterian minister David Robert Nelson (born 1951), American physicist, professor of biophysics at Harvard University David L. Nelson (born 1956), American human geneticist David Nelson (mathematician) (born 1938), English mathematician Arts and entertainment Dave Nelson (trumpeter) (1905–1946), American jazz trumpeter David Nelson (musician) (born 1943), American guitarist David Nelson (actor) (1936–2011), American actor, director, and producer David Nelson, member of The Last Poets Dave Nelson, guitarist with Nektar Dave Nelson, character on the sitcom NewsRadio played by Dave Foley Law and politics David Aldrich Nelson (1932–2010), United States federal judge David Sutherland Nelson (1933–1998), United States federal judge David Nelson (Alaska politician) (born 1996), Alaska state representative David Nelson (Oregon politician) (born 1941), Oregon state senator David Nelson (Idaho politician), Idaho state senator David R. Nelson (politician) (born 1942), Massachusetts state representative David D. Nelson (born 1956), United States Ambassador to Uruguay, 2009–2011 David Nelson (Utah activist) (born 1962), American activist for the protection of equal rights for LGBT people Sports Dave Nelson (Australian footballer) (1910–1986), Australian rules footballer Dave Nelson (1944–2018), American baseball player and sport
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush%20Holt%20Jr.	Rush Dew Holt Jr. (born October 15, 1948) is an American scientist and politician who served as the U.S. representative for from 1999 to 2015. He is a member of the Democratic Party and son of former West Virginia U.S. Senator Rush D. Holt Sr. He worked as a professor of public policy and physics, and during his tenure in Congress he was one of two physicists and the only Quaker there. Holt sought the Democratic nomination in the 2013 special primary election to fill the seat of U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg, who died in office on June 3, 2013. He lost the nomination to Newark Mayor Cory Booker. Holt announced on February 18, 2014 that he would not seek re-election to the U.S. House that year. In February 2015, Holt became chief executive officer of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and executive publisher of the Science family of journals. He served in that role until his retirement in September 2019. Early life and education Holt was born in Weston, West Virginia, to Rush Holt Sr. (1905–1955), who served as a United States Senator from West Virginia (1935–1941), and his wife, Helen Froelich Holt (1913–2015), the first woman to be appointed Secretary of State of West Virginia (1957–1959). The senior Holt was the youngest person ever to be popularly elected to the U.S. Senate, at age 29. He died of cancer when Rush Jr. was six years old. Holt graduated from the Landon School in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1966, then later graduated Phi Beta Kapp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20School%20Lectures	Theory and Techniques for Design of Electronic Digital Computers (popularly called the "Moore School Lectures") was a course in the construction of electronic digital computers held at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering between July 8, 1946, and August 30, 1946, and was the first time any computer topics had ever been taught to an assemblage of people. The course disseminated the ideas developed for the EDVAC (then being built at the Moore School as the successor computer to the ENIAC) and initiated an explosion of computer construction activity in the United States and internationally, especially in the United Kingdom. Background The Moore School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was at the center of developments in high-speed electronic computing in 1946. On February 14 of that year it had publicly unveiled the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, developed in secret beginning in 1943 for the Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory. Prior even to the ENIAC's completion, work had begun on a second-generation electronic digital computer, the EDVAC, which incorporated the stored program model. Work at the Moore School attracted researchers including John von Neumann, who served as a consultant to the EDVAC project, and Stan Frankel and Nicholas Metropolis of the Manhattan Project, who arrived to run one of the first major programs written for the ENIAC, a mathematical simulation for the hydrogen bomb project. World
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20%28video%20game%29	Quantum is a color vector arcade video game developed at General Computer Corporation for Atari, Inc. and released in December 1982. It was designed by Betty Ryan () who was the first female developer at GCC. The premise of the game is related loosely to quantum physics; the player directs a probe with a trackball to encircle atomic "particles" for points, without touching various other particles. Once the particles are surrounded by the probe's tail they are destroyed. Gameplay High score table To enter initials for a high score, the player uses the trackball to circle letters in the same fashion used during gameplay. If the player achieves the highest score on the table, the initials screen is preceded by another on which adept players can use the trackball to draw their initials. Legacy A screenshot of a clone called Tachyon was previewed in Atari 8-bit family magazine ANALOG Computing, but the game was never completed. A remake, Quantum Recharged, was released in August 2023 for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. It is part of Atari SA's Recharged remake series. See also Disco No. 1 Libble Rabble References External links Quantum at Arcade History 1982 video games Arcade video games Arcade-only video games Atari arcade games Drawing video games Trackball video games Vector arcade video games Video games about microbes Video games about nuclear technology Video games developed in the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hall%20Gladstone	John Hall Gladstone FRS (7 March 1827 – 6 October 1902) was a British chemist. He served as President of the Physical Society between 1874 and 1876 and during 1877–1879 was President of the Chemical Society. Apart from chemistry, where one of his most notable publications was on bromination of rubber, he undertook pioneering work in optics and spectroscopy. Biography He was born to John Gladstone, a wholesale draper in Hackney, London and Alison Hall, as the eldest of three sons. The three brothers were educated entirely at home under tutors, and from very early days all showed a strong inclination toward natural science. In 1842, the father retired from business, and the family spent a year in travelling on the continent. Part of this time was passed in Italy with their old friends: Charles Tilt, his wife and their daughter May, who in 1852 became the wife of John Hall Gladstone. They had seven children, including Isabella Holmes, who later became a noted social reformer, and an expert on London's burial grounds. From early years Gladstone had shown strong religious tendencies, and when, at the age of seventeen, the question of his future career came to be discussed, he wished to enter the Christian ministry. From this course he was dissuaded both by his father and by Mr. Tilt, and in December 1844 he entered University College, London. Here he attended Graham's lectures on chemistry and worked in his private laboratory, and here he prepared his earliest scientific contrib
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Wislicenus	Johannes Wislicenus (; 24 June 18355 December 1902) was a German chemist, most famous for his work in early stereochemistry. Biography The son of the radical Protestant theologian Gustav Wislicenus, Johannes was born on 24 June 1835 in Kleineichstedt (now part of Querfurt, Saxony-Anhalt) in Prussian Saxony, and entered University of Halle-Wittenberg in 1853. In October 1853 he immigrated to the United States with his family. For a brief time he acted as assistant to Harvard chemist Eben Horsford, and in 1855 was appointed lecturer at the Mechanics' Institute in New York. Returning to Europe in 1856, he continued to study chemistry with Wilhelm Heinrich Heintz at the University of Halle. In 1860, he began lecturing at the University of Zürich, and at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute and by 1868 he was Professor of Chemistry at the university. In 1870, he was chosen to succeed Georg Staedeler as Professor of General Chemistry at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute in Zürich, retaining also the position of full professor at the University of Zürich. In 1872, he succeeded Adolph Strecker in the chair of chemistry at University of Würzburg, and in 1885, he succeeded Hermann Kolbe as Professor of Chemistry at the University of Leipzig, where he died on 6 December 1902. Research By the late 1860s, Wislicenus devoted his research to organic chemistry. His work on the isomeric lactic acids from 1868 to 1872 resulted in the discovery of two substances with different physical propert
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen-Hsiung%20Li	Wen-Hsiung Li (; born 1942) is a Taiwanese-American scientist working in the fields of molecular evolution, population genetics, and genomics. He is currently the James Watson Professor of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago and a Principal Investigator at the Institute of Information Science and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Biography Li was born in 1942 in Taiwan. In 1968 he received a M.S. in geophysics from National Central University. In 1972 he received his Ph.D in applied mathematics at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. From 1972 to 1973 he was a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Wisconsin Madison (genetics), working with James F. Crow. In 1973 he moved to the University of Texas, where he was appointed as a professor in 1984. Since 1998 he has been a professor at The University of Chicago. Scientific contributions Li is best known for his studies on the molecular clock (i.e. rates and patterns of DNA sequence evolution) and on the patterns and consequences of gene duplication. In 2003, he received the international Balzan Prize for his contribution to genetics and evolutionary biology, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, who cited his role in "establishing theoretical foundations for molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary genomics". He is the author of the first textbook in the field of molecular evolution, Molecular Evolution and Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution (co-authored with D
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene%20chemistry	Fullerene chemistry is a field of organic chemistry devoted to the chemical properties of fullerenes. Research in this field is driven by the need to functionalize fullerenes and tune their properties. For example, fullerene is notoriously insoluble and adding a suitable group can enhance solubility. By adding a polymerizable group, a fullerene polymer can be obtained. Functionalized fullerenes are divided into two classes: exohedral fullerenes with substituents outside the cage and endohedral fullerenes with trapped molecules inside the cage. This article covers the chemistry of these so-called "buckyballs," while the chemistry of carbon nanotubes is covered in carbon nanotube chemistry. Chemical properties of fullerenes Fullerene or C60 is soccer-ball-shaped or Ih with 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. According to Euler's theorem these 12 pentagons are required for closure of the carbon network consisting of n hexagons and C60 is the first stable fullerene because it is the smallest possible to obey this rule. In this structure none of the pentagons make contact with each other. Both C60 and its relative C70 obey this so-called isolated pentagon rule (IPR). The next homologue C84 has 24 IPR isomers of which several are isolated and another 51,568 non-IPR isomers. Non-IPR fullerenes have thus far only been isolated as endohedral fullerenes such as Tb3N@C84 with two fused pentagons at the apex of an egg-shaped cage. or as fullerenes with exohedral stabilization such as C50C
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARM	Sarm or SARM may refer to: Places Sarm, Iran Sarm East Studios, a recording studio that was located at the southern end of Brick Lane in east London Sarm West Studios, a recording studio located in Notting Hill, London Special Administrative Region of Macau Biology and medicine Selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), a class of experimental drugs SARM1, an enzyme Organizations Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities Service d'action et de renseignements militaires, military intelligence service of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, succeeded by DEMIAP
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin%20Haller	Albin Haller (7 March 1849, Fellering – 1 May 1925) was a French chemist. Haller founded the École Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques in Nancy and in 1917 won the Davy Medal of the Royal Society "On the ground of his important researches in the domain of organic chemistry". Appointed to the French Academy of Sciences in 1900, he served as its president beginning in 1923. He was also a member of the French Académie Nationale de Médecine. Selected publications A. Haller (1894) Produits chimiques et pharmaceutiques: materiel de la peinture parfumerie, savonnerie (Imprimerie Nationale) A. Haller (1895) L'industrie chimique (J.B. Baillière et fils) A. Haller (1903) Les industries chimiques et pharmaceutiques (Gauthier-Villars) References 1849 births 1925 deaths People from Haut-Rhin Academic staff of ESPCI Paris Members of the French Academy of Sciences Foreign Members of the Royal Society
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Gaolian	Gaolian Liu (, born July, 1932) is a scientist of Engineering Thermal Physics and Hydrodynamics, a professor of Shanghai University, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography Professor Liu has taught at Shanghai University Mechanics Research Institute. He has long been engaged in the research of pneumatic theory of turbomachine and hydromechanics. Based on Wu Zhonghua's 3D fluid theory of turbomachine, he established a new theory system with the variation theory as a foundation. Liu introduced a systematic channel of the establishment and transformation of the hydromechanical variation principle. He was the first scientist to set up variation principle and broad-sense variation principle families of positive proposition, reverse proposition and cross proposition of turbomachine's 3D flow. Professor Liu discovered optimized design theory about the 3D cascade and runner, combined with optimized cybernetics. He developed a field change and variation theory and a finite element method in which various unknown interfaces can be automatically captured. He also put forward a series of new general functions for hydromechanics, and explored general theory and solution about mapping space of 3D flow reverse - cross proposition. In the last few decades, Liu has emphasized new directions, such as reverse proposition of nonsteady pneumatic mechanics, reverse proposition of multi-working condition points hydromechanics and pneumatic - thermal - elastic coupling the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Yuanfang	Liu Yuanfang (; born February 1931) is a Chinese nuclear chemist. He is a chemist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), who is now Professor of Chemistry at Shanghai University. He has studied nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry for forty years and pioneered education in that field in China. References 1931 births Living people Chemists from Zhejiang Educators from Ningbo Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Nuclear chemists Academic staff of Peking University Scientists from Ningbo Academic staff of Shanghai University University of Shanghai alumni Yenching University alumni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Burks	Alice Burks (née Rowe, August 20, 1920 – November 21, 2017) was an American author of children's books and books about the history of electronic computers. Early life and education Burks was born Alice Rowe in East Cleveland, Ohio, in 1920. She began her undergraduate degree at Oberlin College on a competitive mathematics scholarship and transferred to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia where she completed her B.A. in mathematics in 1944. During this period, she was employed as a human computer at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Career Burks retired from full-time employment after marrying Moore School lecturer Dr. Arthur Burks, a mathematician who served as one of the principal engineers in the construction of the ENIAC, the world's first general-purpose electronic digital computer, built at the Moore School between 1943 and 1946. Unlike some of the Moore School women computers, she never worked directly with the ENIAC. At the conclusion of Arthur's work with the Moore School and at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1946, Burks moved with her husband to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he joined the faculty of the University of Michigan and helped to found the computer science department. She returned to school, earning an M.S. in educational psychology in 1957 from Michigan. Starting in the 1970s following the decision of Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, the federal court case that invalidated the ENIAC patent, she and husban
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry%20%28disambiguation%29	Geometry is a branch of mathematics dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry or geometric may also refer to: Geometric distribution of probability theory and statistics Geometric series, a mathematical series with a constant ratio between successive terms Music Geometry (Robert Rich album), a 1991 album by American musician Robert Rich Geometry (Ivo Perelman album), a 1997 album by Brazilian saxophonist Ivo Perelman Geometry (Jega album), a 2000 album by English musician Jega Other uses Geometric (typeface classification), a class of sans-serif typeface styles Geometry (car marque) Chinese car brand manufactured by Geely "Geometry", a Series G episode of the television series QI (2010) Gia Metric, Canadian drag queen See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing%20%28chemistry%29	Curing is a chemical process employed in polymer chemistry and process engineering that produces the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains. Even if it is strongly associated with the production of thermosetting polymers, the term "curing" can be used for all the processes where a solid product is obtained from a liquid solution, such as with PVC plastisols. Curing process During the curing process, single monomers and oligomers, mixed with or without a curing agent, react to form a tridimensional polymeric network. In the very first part of the reaction branches of molecules with various architectures are formed, and their molecular weight increases in time with the extent of the reaction until the network size is equal to the size of the system. The system has lost its solubility and its viscosity tends to infinite. The remaining molecules start to coexist with the macroscopic network until they react with the network creating other crosslinks. The crosslink density increases until the system reaches the end of the chemical reaction. Curing can be induced by heat, radiation, electron beams, or chemical additives. To quote from IUPAC: curing "might or might not require mixing with a chemical curing agent." Thus, two broad classes are (i) curing induced by chemical additives (also called curing agents, hardeners) and (ii) curing in the absence of additives. An intermediate case involves a mixture of resin and additives that req
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Rapoport	Henry Rapoport (November 16, 1918 – March 6, 2002) was an internationally renowned organic chemist and Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. He is widely recognized for his work in the development of the chemical synthesis of biologically important compounds and pharmaceuticals. Henry Rapoport obtained a B.S. in chemistry in 1940, an M.S. in chemistry in 1941, and a Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1943, each from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He then worked at Heyden Chemical Corporation and the National Institutes of Health for several years. In 1946, he became a professor at UC Berkeley where he remained for the rest of his career. In 1989, he retired but continued his research as professor emeritus until his death from pneumonia in 2002. He was particularly noted for the total synthesis of heterocyclic drugs and natural products, including porphyrins, camptothecin, saxitoxin, psoralens, antibiotics, antitumor compounds, and opium alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, and hydromorphone. His research led to the publication over 400 papers and 33 patents. His discoveries were the scientific foundation for numerous companies that Rapoport helped to start including HRI Research, HRI Associates, Advanced Genetics Research Institute, Cerus Corporation, ChemQuip, and Oncologic. In his honor, UC Berkeley has established the Henry Rapoport Endowed Chair in Organic Chemistry, currently held by John F. Hartwig. Daniel E. Levy dedicated
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton%20Heathcock	Clayton Heathcock is an organic chemist, professor of chemistry, and dean of the college of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. Heathcock is well known for his accomplishments in the synthesis of complex polycyclic natural products and for his contributions to the chemistry community. In 1995 he became a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Heathcock received his B.Sc. in chemistry in 1958 from Abilene Christian University and a Ph.D in organic chemistry in 1963 from the University of Colorado. His graduate work was carried out under the direction of Alfred Hassner and dealt with the synthesis of steroidal heterocycles. He then completed a postdoctoral fellowship with Gilbert Stork at Columbia University. In 1964, he joined the faculty at UC Berkeley, where he is currently professor in the graduate school and dean of the college of chemistry. Heathcock is known for tackling the chemical synthesis of complex, polycyclic natural products, often possessing unusual biological activity including Daphniphyllum alkaloids, altohyrtin, zaragozic acid, spongistatins, and many others. He has also developed novel methodology for organic synthesis such as a modification of the Evans aldol reaction. In addition to his research and teaching accomplishments, Heathcock has contributed to the chemical community by serving as chairman of the Division of organic chemistry of the American Chemical Society (ACS), chairman of the National Institutes of Health Medicin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Halavais	Alexander Halavais (born July 21, 1971) is an Associate Professor and Graduate Director of the Social Data Science master's program at Arizona State University, a social media researcher and former President of the Association of Internet Researchers. Before joining the faculty at Arizona State University, Halavais taught in the Interactive Media program at Quinnipiac University, the School of Informatics at the University at Buffalo and at the University of Washington. In 1993, Halavais earned a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of California, Irvine and a Ph.D. in communication from the University of Washington in 2001. His dissertation examined the social implications of the Slashdot website. He also completed coursework in communication and cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego and complex adaptive systems at the Santa Fe Institute. Online Journalism Review has referred to Halavais as one of a number of "blogologists," exploring the ways in which social computing affects the society at large. His work has explored how blogs are used in education, the patterns of international hyperlinks, the benefits and pitfalls of personal branding, and the role of pornography on the Internet. He is the editor of a volume on cyberporn and society.<ref>Halavais, Alexander, Cyberporn and Society, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 2006.</ref> In one project, Lackaff and Halavais explored Wikipedia's topical coverage using the Library o
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOvA	The NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance) experiment is a particle physics experiment designed to detect neutrinos in Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam. Intended to be the successor to MINOS, NOνA consists of two detectors, one at Fermilab (the near detector), and one in northern Minnesota (the far detector). Neutrinos from NuMI pass through 810 km of Earth to reach the far detector. NOνA's main goal is to observe the oscillation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. The primary physics goals of NOvA are: Precise measurement, for neutrinos and antineutrinos, of the mixing angle θ23, especially whether it is larger than, smaller than, or equal to 45° Precise measurement, for neutrinos and antineutrinos, of the associated mass splitting Δm232 Strong constraints on the CP-violating phase δ Strong constraints on the neutrino mass hierarchy Physics goals Primary goals Neutrino oscillation is parameterized by the PMNS matrix and the mass squared differences between the neutrino mass eigenstates. Assuming that three flavors of neutrinos participate in neutrino mixing, there are six variables that affect neutrino oscillation: the three angles θ12, θ23, and θ13, a CP-violating phase δ, and any two of the three mass squared differences. There is currently no compelling theoretical reason to expect any particular value of, or relationship between, these parameters. θ23 and θ12 have been measured to be non-zero by several experiments but the most sensitiv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nv%20network	A Nv network is a term used in BEAM robotics referring to the small electrical Neural Networks that make up the bulk of BEAM-based robot control mechanisms. Building blocks The most basic component included in Nv Networks is the Nv neuron. The purpose of a Nv neuron is simply to take an input, do something with it, and give an output. The most common action of Nv neurons is to give a delay. BEAM Nv Neurons The standard for BEAM-based neurons is a capacitor that has one lead as an input, and the other going into the input line of an inverter. That inverter's output is the output of the neuron. The capacitor lead that is inputting into the inverter is pulled to ground with a resistor. The neuron functions because when an input is received (positive power on the input line), it charges the capacitor. Once the input is lost (negative power on the input line), the capacitor discharges into the inverter, causing the inverter to produce an output that is passed to the next neuron. The rate that the capacitor discharges is tied to the resistor that is pulling the input to the inverter to the negative. The larger the resistor, the longer it will take for the capacitor to fully discharge, and the longer it will take for that neuron to completely fire. Types There are many common network topologies used in BEAM robots, the most common of which are listed here. Bicore Probably the most utilized Nv Net topology in BEAM, the Bicore consists of two neurons placed in a loop that alter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Character%20of%20Physical%20Law	The Character of Physical Law is a series of seven lectures by physicist Richard Feynman concerning the nature of the laws of physics. Feynman delivered the lectures in 1964 at Cornell University, as part of the Messenger Lectures series. The BBC recorded the lectures, and published a book under the same title the following year; Cornell published the BBC's recordings online in September 2015. In 2017 MIT Press published, with a new foreword by Frank Wilczek, a paperback reprint of the 1965 book. Topics The lectures covered the following topics: The law of gravitation, an example of physical law The relation of mathematics and physics The great conservation principles Symmetry in physical law The distinction of past and future Probability and uncertainty - the quantum mechanical view of nature Seeking new laws Reception Critical reception has been positive. The journal The Physics Teacher, in recommending it to both scientists and non-scientists alike, gave The Character of Physical Law a favorable review, writing that although the book was initially intended to supplement the recordings, it was "complete in itself and will appeal to a far wider audience". Selections "In general we look for a new law by the following process. First we guess it. ...", – See also QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter The Feynman Lectures on Physics References Works by Richard Feynman Physics books 1965 non-fiction books Books of lectures
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid%20file	In computer science, a grid file or bucket grid is a point access method which splits a space into a non-periodic grid where one or more cells of the grid refer to a small set of points. Grid files (a symmetric data structure) provide an efficient method of storing these indexes on disk to perform complex data lookups. It provides a grid of n-dimensions where n represents how many keys can be used to reference a single point. Grid files do not contain any data themselves but instead contain references to the correct bucket. Uses A grid file is usually used in cases where a single value can be referenced by multiple keys. A grid file began being used because "traditional file structures that provide multikey access to records, for example, inverted files, are extensions of file structures originally designed for single-key access. They manifest various deficiencies in particular for multikey access to highly dynamic files." In a traditional single dimensional data structure (e.g. hash), a search on a single criterion is usually very simple but searching for a second criterion can be much more complex. Grid files represent a special kind of hashing, where the traditional hash is replaced by a grid directory. Examples Census DatabaseElmasri & Navathe Fundamentals of Database Systems, Third Edition. Addison-Wesley, 2000. . Section 6.4.3: Grid Files, pp.185. Consider a database containing data from a census. A single record represents a single household, and all records ar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Antonio%20Regional%20Hospital	San Antonio Regional Hospital (SARH), previously known as San Antonio Community Hospital, is an acute, full service medical center in Upland, California. The hospital offers a comprehensive range of general medical and surgical services, along with cardiac care, cancer care, orthopedics, neurosciences, women’s health, maternity and neonatal care, and emergency services. It was founded in 1907 at 792 W. Arrow Highway by Dr. William H. Craig with only 18 beds and 5 physicians. SARH also owns several satellite facilities throughout the surrounding community including Rancho San Antonio Medical Plaza in the city of Rancho Cucamonga, California, Sierra San Antonio Medical Plaza in the city of Fontana, California, and Eastvale San Antonio Medical Plaza in the city of Eastvale, California, effectively giving them a regional monopoly. References External links Hospitals in San Bernardino County, California Upland, California
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography%20law	Cryptography is the practice and study of encrypting information, or in other words, securing information from unauthorized access. There are many different cryptography laws in different nations. Some countries prohibit export of cryptography software and/or encryption algorithms or cryptoanalysis methods. Some countries require decryption keys to be recoverable in case of a police investigation. Overview Issues regarding cryptography law fall into four categories: Export control, which is the restriction on export of cryptography methods within a country to other countries or commercial entities. There are international export control agreements, the main one being the Wassenaar Arrangement. The Wassenaar Arrangement was created after the dissolution of COCOM (Coordinating committee for Multilateral Export Controls), which in 1989 "decontrolled password and authentication-only cryptography." Import controls, which is the restriction on using certain types of cryptography within a country. Patent issues, which deal with the use of cryptography tools that are patented. Search and seizure issues, on whether and under what circumstances, a person can be compelled to decrypt data files or reveal an encryption key. Legal issues Prohibitions Cryptography has long been of interest to intelligence gathering and law enforcement agencies. Secret communications may be criminal or even treasonous . Because of its facilitation of privacy, and the diminution of privacy attendant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alar%20Kotli	Alar Kotli (27 August 1904 in Väike-Maarja – 4 October 1963 in Tallinn) was an Estonian architect. He studied sculpture at the art school Pallas in Tartu during 1922–1923 and mathematics at the University of Tartu. He graduated from the University of technology in Gdańsk (then Free City of Danzig) in 1927 as an architect. Among the most famous and influential Estonian architects, Kotli has created several important landmarks in Tallinn. These include the Estonian Song Festival grounds (1957–1960, with Henno Sepmann & E. Paalmann), the main building of Tallinn University (1938–1940, with Erika Nõva), the Art Fund building (1949–1953) and the administrative building in Kadriorg park (currently the residence of the president of the Republic of Estonia) in conjunction with architect Olev Siinmaa (1937–1938). Kotli has also created many experimental apartment building projects, which were widely used after World War II when there was a serious need for new dwellings. Smaller buildings (for two families) were used in the 1950s as lottery jackpots. Kotli's style has varied over the years. He has designed many functionalistic buildings in the 1930s, for example — schoolhouses in Rakvere (1935–1938) and Tapa (1936–1939). The Presidential Palace, also dating from the 1930s, can be categorised as historicism, while his 1950s and 1960s style is similar to brutalism. Gallery External links 1904 births 1963 deaths People from Väike-Maarja People from the Governorate of Estonia Moderni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Dourish	Paul Dourish (born 1966) is a computer scientist best known for his work and research at the intersection of computer science and social science. Born in Scotland, he holds the Steckler Endowed Chair of Information and Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine, where he joined the faculty in 2000, and where he directs the Steckler Center for Responsible, Ethical, and Accessible Technology. He is a Fellow of the AAAS, the ACM, and the BCS, and is a two-time winner of the ACM CSCW "Lasting Impact" award, in 2016 and 2021. Dourish has published three books and over 100 scientific articles, and holds 19 US patents. Life Born and raised in Glasgow, Scotland, Dourish studied at St Aloysius' College. He then received a B.Sc. in Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science from the University of Edinburgh in 1989. He moved to work at Rank Xerox EuroPARC (later the Xerox Research Center Europe) in Cambridge, UK, during which time he completed a Ph.D. in Computer Science at University College London (UCL). After completing his Ph.D, he moved to California, working for Apple Computer in Cupertino, California. He worked in research laboratories at Apple Computer until they closed 10 months later and then at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. In 2000, Dourish moved to Southern California, when he joined the faculty at the University of California, Irvine. Since then, he has remained a full professor of Informatics. He has held visiting positions at Intel, Microsoft,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtoneritimorpha	Cyrtoneritimorpha, also Cyrtoneritida, is a clade of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Neritimorpha. This order contains two extinct families: Orthonychiidae and Vltaviellidae. References The Paleobiology Database Prehistoric gastropods
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy%20mapping	In genetics, HAPPY Mapping, first proposed by Paul H. Dear and Peter R. Cook in 1989, is a method used to study the linkage between two or more DNA sequences. According to the Single Molecule Genomics Group, it is "Mapping based on the analysis of approximately HAPloid DNA samples using the PolYmerase chain reaction". In genomics, HAPPY mapping can be applied to assess the synteny and orientation of various DNA sequences across a particular genome - the generation of a "genomic" map. As with linkage mapping, HAPPY mapping relies on the differential probability of two or more DNA sequences being separated. In genetic mapping, the probability of a recombination event between two genetic loci on the same chromosome is directly proportional to the distance between them. HAPPY mapping replaces recombination with fragmentation - instead of relying on recombination to separate genetic loci, the entire genome is fragmented, for example, by radiation or mechanical shearing. If the DNA is broken on a random basis, the longer the distance between two DNA sequences, the higher the chances of it to break between the two, and vice versa. HAPPY mapping retains the benefits of genetic mapping while removing some of the problems associated with recombination. I.e., the need for polymorphism, and breeding. Also, recombination can be locale specific whereas breakage of genomic DNA by radiation or mechanical shearing seems to be more random. It has been used to genetically map several organis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea%20Steriade	Mircea Steriade (August 20, 1924 – April 14, 2006), MD, DSc, was a prominent researcher in systems neuroscience. He was born in Bucharest, Romania, and studied medicine at University of Bucharest. He emigrated to Canada in 1968, where he became a professor of physiology at Université Laval in Quebec, a position he held for the rest of his life. He is the father of linguist, Donca Steriade. Research While at Laval University, he discovered that the slow oscillations of NREM sleep arise when groups of neurons fire together for a little while (so-called "on periods"), then fall silent for about a fraction of a second ("off periods"), and then resume their synchronized firing. This was one of the fundamental discoveries in sleep research. After his discovery, scientists have also discovered that in birds and mammals, the slow waves are large if preceded by a long period of wakefulness and become smaller as sleep goes on. The majority of his research was on corticothalamic oscillations. He was among the first to study the dynamics of the brain during sleep, and one of his key discoveries was determining the role of thalamic reticular neurons as pacemakers in producing the sleep spindle rhythm. He also discovered slow (<1 Hz) sleep rhythms associated with intracortical activity. Honors In 1998 he was the recipient of the Gloor-Award (American Clinical Neurophysiology Society). References Nature obituary Society for Neuroscience obituary New Hypothesis Explains Why We Sleep
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20accelerated%20region%201	In molecular biology, Human Accelerated Region 1 (Highly Accelerated Region 1, HAR1) is a segment of the human genome found on the long arm of chromosome 20. It is a human accelerated region. It is located within a pair of overlapping long non-coding RNA genes, HAR1A (HAR1F) and HAR1B (HAR1R). HAR1A HAR1A is expressed in Cajal–Retzius cells, contemporaneously with the protein reelin. HAR1A was identified in August 2006 when human accelerated regions (HARs) were first investigated. These 49 regions represent parts of the human genome that differ significantly from highly conserved regions of our closest ancestors in terms of evolution. Many of the HARs are associated with genes known to play a role in neurodevelopment. One particularly altered region, HAR1, was found in a stretch of genome with no known protein-coding RNA sequences. Two RNA genes, HAR1F and HAR1R, were identified partly within the region. The RNA structure of HAR1A has been shown to be stable, with a secondary structure unlike those previously described. HAR1A is active in the developing human brain between the 7th and 18th gestational weeks. It is found in the dorsal telencephalon in fetuses. In adult humans, it is found throughout the cerebellum and forebrain; it is also found in the testes. There is evidence that HAR1 is repressed by REST in individuals with Huntington's disease, perhaps contributing to the neurodegeneration associated with the disease. Further work on the secondary structure of HAR1A h
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland%20Academy%20for%20Science%2C%20Mathematics%20and%20Technology	The Queensland Academies – Science Mathematics & Technology Campus (QASMT) is a high school in Toowong, Queensland, Australia. It was developed in partnership with the University of Queensland. QASMT offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme to students in Years 11 and 12, and also offers the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme to Years 7–10 students. In 2021, Better Education ranked Queensland Academies for Science Mathematics & Technology Campus as the top performing school in the state of Queensland. History Premier Peter Beattie announced the creation of the Queensland Academies on 17 April 2005 as part of the Queensland Government's Smart State Strategy – a policy designed to foster knowledge, creativity, and innovation within QLD. The Queensland Academies – Science Mathematics & Technology Campus (QASMT) subsequently opened in January 2007. The school was established in partnership with the University of Queensland with a focus on sciences and mathematics. The site occupied by QASMT was formerly Toowong College; this location was chosen "to capitalise on its close educational and geographic links with the University of Queensland." The site was occupied by the house known as Ormlie originally and later as Easton Gray and owned by Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer, Premier of Queensland and subsequently the residence of his brother-in-law Hugh Mosman (who discovered gold at Charters Towers). Easton Gray was sold in 1944 for the construction of Too
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20P.%20Morse	Stephen Paul Morse (born May 1940) is the architect of the Intel 8086 chip and is the originator of the "One Step" search page tools used by genealogists. Early life Morse was born in Brooklyn, New York. He has degrees in electrical engineering from the City College of New York, the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and New York University. Career Intel 8086 Morse worked for Bell Laboratories, IBM's Watson Research Center, Intel, and General Electric Corporate Research and Development. He was a principal architect of Intel 8086 microprocessor chip, designed by Intel between early 1976 and June 8, 1978. He is quoted as saying:"While I'd like to think that the PC wouldn't exist today if I hadn't designed the 8086, the reality is that it would be based on some other processor family. The instruction set would be radically different, but there would still be a PC. I was just fortunate enough to be at the right place at the right time." Genealogy In the early 2000-ies, he has applied his technology expertise to web-based genealogy search tools. His "One Step" search pages are widely used by genealogists all over the world. He is also a co-author, with linguist Alexander Beider, of the Beider–Morse phonetic name matching algorithm. Notes External links Living people American electrical engineers Scientists at Bell Labs 1940 births Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifion%20Jones	William Eifion Jones (1925 – March 2004) was a Welsh marine botanist, noted for his study of marine algae. He was born and brought up in Aberystwyth and studied botany at the University of Wales under Professor Lilly Newton. He moved to Bangor in 1953 to join the newly founded Marine Biology Station as a lecturer with Denis Crisp, and completed his PhD in 1957. He had a wife, Marian, and two children, Rhiannon and Aled. He retired early in 1986, but went on to lecture in Kuwait, returning to do part-time lecturing at the University of Wales, Bangor. He died in a car accident at Gaerwen, aged 79. He wrote A key to the Genera of the British Seaweeds (1962). It was most valuable as an update to Newton's Handbook of 1931 had become out-of-date and this was required to identify the genera of algae to be found on the shores of the British Isles. He joined the British Phycological Society in 1955 and served as a Member of Council (1959 and 1974–1977), as Assistant Secretary (1959) and Hon. Treasurer (1964–1968). At the Eighth International Seaweed Symposium, held in Bangor in 1974, he was a member of the organizing committee and secretary. He was President of the North Wales Wildlife Trust and Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory. Publications Jones, W.E. 1956. Effect of spore coalescence on the early development of Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss. Nature, Lond. 178: 426 - 427. Jones, W.E. 1958. Experiments on some effects of certain environmental factors on Gracilar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20C.%20Taylor%20%28philosopher%29	Mark C. Taylor (born 13 December 1945) is a postmodern religious and cultural critic. He has published more than twenty books on theology, metaphysics, art and architecture, media, technology, economics, and postmodernity. After graduating from Wesleyan University in 1968, he received his doctorate in the study of religion from Harvard University and began teaching at Williams College in 1973. In 2007, Taylor moved from Williams College to Columbia University, where he chaired the Department of Religion until 2015. Work Taylor's first book, Kierkegaard’s Pseudonymous Authorship: A Study of Time and the Self was published by Princeton University Press in 1975. This was followed in 1980 by the work for which Taylor received his Doctorate, Journeys to Selfhood: Hegel and Kierkegaard (University of California Press; reissued by Fordham University Press in 2000). Taylor's early study of Kierkegaard and Hegel forms the foundation for all his subsequent work. In the early 1980s, Taylor began exploring the texts of Jacques Derrida and his most important followers. Erring: A Postmodern A/Theology (University of Chicago Press, 1984) was one of the earliest attempts to study religion from the standpoint of poststructuralist philosophy and was followed by two closely related works, the sourcebook Deconstruction in Context: Literature and Philosophy (Chicago, 1986) and Altarity (Chicago, 1987). In 1989, Taylor founded the Religion and Postmodernism series at the University of Chicag
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NNLS	NNLS may refer to Non-negative least squares, an optimization problem in mathematics New North London Synagogue, see Sternberg Centre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel%20polynomials	In mathematics, the Bessel polynomials are an orthogonal sequence of polynomials. There are a number of different but closely related definitions. The definition favored by mathematicians is given by the series Another definition, favored by electrical engineers, is sometimes known as the reverse Bessel polynomials The coefficients of the second definition are the same as the first but in reverse order. For example, the third-degree Bessel polynomial is while the third-degree reverse Bessel polynomial is The reverse Bessel polynomial is used in the design of Bessel electronic filters. Properties Definition in terms of Bessel functions The Bessel polynomial may also be defined using Bessel functions from which the polynomial draws its name. where Kn(x) is a modified Bessel function of the second kind, yn(x) is the ordinary polynomial, and θn(x) is the reverse polynomial . For example: Definition as a hypergeometric function The Bessel polynomial may also be defined as a confluent hypergeometric function A similar expression holds true for the generalized Bessel polynomials (see below): The reverse Bessel polynomial may be defined as a generalized Laguerre polynomial: from which it follows that it may also be defined as a hypergeometric function: where (−2n)n is the Pochhammer symbol (rising factorial). Generating function The Bessel polynomials, with index shifted, have the generating function Differentiating with respect to , cancelling , yields the generati
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20cohesion	In sociology, structural cohesion is the conception of a useful formal definition and measure of cohesion in social groups. It is defined as the minimal number of actors in a social network that need to be removed to disconnect the group. It is thus identical to the question of the node connectivity of a given graph in discrete mathematics. The vertex-cut version of Menger's theorem also proves that the disconnection number is equivalent to a maximally sized group with a network in which every pair of persons has at least this number of separate paths between them. It is also useful to know that -cohesive graphs (or -components) are always a subgraph of a -core, although a -core is not always -cohesive. A -core is simply a subgraph in which all nodes have at least neighbors but it need not even be connected. The boundaries of structural endogamy in a kinship group are a special case of structural cohesion. Software Cohesive.blocking is the R program for computing structural cohesion according to the Moody-White (2003) algorithm. This wiki site provides numerous examples and a tutorial for use with R. Examples Some illustrative examples are presented in the gallery below: Perceived cohesion Perceived Cohesion Scale (PCS) is a six item scale that is used to measure structural cohesion in groups. In 1990, Bollen and Hoyle used the PCS and applied it to a study of large groups which were used to assess the psychometric qualities of their scale. See also Community coh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobaea	Jacobaea is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Senecioneae and the family Asteraceae. Its members used to be placed in the genus Senecio, but have been separated into the segregate genus Jacobaea on the basis of molecular phylogenetics in order to maintain genera that are monophyletic. Species The following species are recognised by The Plant List: Jacobaea abrotanifolia (L.) Moench Jacobaea adonidifolia (Loisel.) Pelser & Veldkamp Jacobaea alpina (L.) Moench Jacobaea ambigua (Biv.) Pelser & Veldkamp Jacobaea andrzejowskyi (Tzvelev) B.Nord. & Greuter Jacobaea aquatica (Hill) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. Jacobaea argunensis (Turcz.) B.Nord. Jacobaea arnautorum (Velen.) Pelser Jacobaea auricula (Bourg. ex Coss.) Pelser Jacobaea boissieri (DC.) Pelser Jacobaea borysthenica (DC.) B.Nord. & Greuter Jacobaea buschiana (Sosn.) B.Nord. & Greuter Jacobaea candida (C.Presl) B.Nord. & Greuter Jacobaea cannabifolia (Less.) E.Wiebe Jacobaea cilicia (Boiss.) B.Nord. Jacobaea delphiniifolia (Vahl) Pelser & Veldkamp Jacobaea erratica (Bertol.) Fourr. Jacobaea erucifolia (L.) P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Schreb. Jacobaea ferganensis (Schischk.) B.Nord. & Greuter Jacobaea gallerandiana (Coss. & Durieu) Pelser Jacobaea gibbosa (Guss.) B.Nord. & Greuter Jacobaea gigantea (Desf.) Pelser Jacobaea gnaphalioides (Sieber ex Spreng.) Veldkamp Jacobaea incana (L.) Veldkamp Jacobaea inops (Boiss. & Balansa) B.Nord. Jacobaea leucophylla (DC.) Pelser Jacobaea lycopifolia (Poir.) Greuter & B.Nord. Jacobaea m
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl%20Arrowsmith	Cheryl H. Arrowsmith is a Canadian structural biologist and is the Chief Scientist at the Toronto laboratory of the Structural Genomics Consortium. Her contributions to protein structural biology includes the use of NMR and X-ray crystallography to pursue structures of proteins on a proteome wide scale. She received her Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of Toronto in 1987 and post-doctoral training at Stanford University working with Oleg Jardetzky. One of her areas of interest is the tumour suppressor p53 and related proteins. Her current research is to determine the 3-dimensional structures of human proteins of therapeutic relevance by structural proteomics. She has made significant contributions to epigenetic signaling in the context of drug discovery. Arrowsmith was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2015. References Living people University of Toronto alumni Canadian company founders Technology company founders Canadian women company founders Structural biologists Canadian geneticists Canadian biochemists Women biochemists Canadian women geneticists Canadian women biologists Canadian women chemists 21st-century Canadian women scientists 21st-century Canadian biologists 21st-century chemists Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-interacting%20dark%20matter	In astrophysics and particle physics, self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) is an alternative class of dark matter particles which have strong interactions, in contrast to the standard cold dark matter model (CDM). SIDM was postulated in 2000 as a solution to the core-cusp problem. In the simplest models of DM self-interactions, a Yukawa-type potential and a force carrier φ mediates between two dark matter particles. On galactic scales, DM self-interaction leads to energy and momentum exchange between DM particles. Over cosmological time scales this results in isothermal cores in the central region of dark matter haloes. If the self-interacting dark matter is in hydrostatic equilibrium, its pressure and density follow: where and are the gravitational potential of the dark matter and a baryon respectively. The equation naturally correlates the dark matter distribution to that of the baryonic matter distribution. With this correlation, the self-interacting dark matter can explain phenomena such as the Tully–Fisher relation. Self-interacting dark matter has also been postulated as an explanation for the DAMA annual modulation signal. Moreover, it is shown that it can serve the seed of supermassive black holes at high redshift. See also MACS J0025.4-1222, astronomical observations that constrain DM self-interaction ESO 146-5, the core of Abell 3827 that was claimed as the first evidence of SIDM Strongly interacting massive particle (SIMP), proposed to explain cosmic ray data
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20of%20knowledge	In cryptography, a proof of knowledge is an interactive proof in which the prover succeeds in 'convincing' a verifier that the prover knows something. What it means for a machine to 'know something' is defined in terms of computation. A machine 'knows something', if this something can be computed, given the machine as an input. As the program of the prover does not necessarily spit out the knowledge itself (as is the case for zero-knowledge proofs) a machine with a different program, called the knowledge extractor is introduced to capture this idea. We are mostly interested in what can be proven by polynomial time bounded machines. In this case the set of knowledge elements is limited to a set of witnesses of some language in NP. Let be a statement of language in NP, and the set of witnesses for x that should be accepted in the proof. This allows us to define the following relation: . A proof of knowledge for relation with knowledge error is a two party protocol with a prover and a verifier with the following two properties: Completeness: If , then the prover who knows witness for succeeds in convincing the verifier of his knowledge. More formally: , i.e. given the interaction between the prover P and the verifier V, the probability that the verifier is convinced is 1. Validity: Validity requires that the success probability of a knowledge extractor in extracting the witness, given oracle access to a possibly malicious prover , must be at least as high as the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Quinn	Helen Rhoda Arnold Quinn (born 19 May 1943) is an Australian-born particle physicist and educator who has made major contributions to both fields. Her contributions to theoretical physics include the Peccei–Quinn theory which implies a corresponding symmetry of nature (related to matter-antimatter symmetry and the possible source of the dark matter that pervades the universe) and contributions to the search for a unified theory for the three types of particle interactions (strong, electromagnetic, and weak). As Chair of the Board on Science Education of the National Academy of Sciences, Quinn led the effort that produced A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas—the basis for the Next Generation Science Standards adopted by many states. Her honours include the Dirac Medal of the International Center for Theoretical Physics, the Oskar Klein Medal from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, appointment as an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia, the J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics from the American Physical Society, the Karl Taylor Compton Medal for Leadership in Physics from the American Institute of Physics, and the 2018 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics from the Franklin Institute. Life Quinn grew up in Australia. Of her childhood with her three brothers, she says, "I learned very young how to make myself heard." She graduated in 1959 from Tintern Grammar, Tintern Church of England Girls' Grammar Sch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble%20%28physics%29	A bubble is a globule of a gas substance in a liquid. In the opposite case, a globule of a liquid in a gas, is called a drop. Due to the Marangoni effect, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance. Common examples Bubbles are seen in many places in everyday life, for example: As spontaneous nucleation of supersaturated carbon dioxide in soft drinks As vapor in boiling water As air mixed into agitated water, such as below a waterfall As sea foam As a soap bubble As given off in chemical reactions, e.g., baking soda + vinegar As a gas trapped in glass during its manufacture As the indicator in a spirit level Physics and chemistry Bubbles form and coalesce into globular shapes because those shapes are at a lower energy state. For the physics and chemistry behind it, see nucleation. Appearance Bubbles are visible because they have a different refractive index (RI) than the surrounding substance. For example, the RI of air is approximately 1.0003 and the RI of water is approximately 1.333. Snell's Law describes how electromagnetic waves change direction at the interface between two mediums with different RI; thus bubbles can be identified from the accompanying refraction and internal reflection even though both the immersed and immersing mediums are transparent. The above explanation only holds for bubbles of one medium submerged in another medium (e.g. bubbles of gas in a soft drink); the volume of a membrane bubble (e.g. soap
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Rasp	Charles Rasp, born Hieronymous Salvator Lopez von Pereira, (7 October 1846 – 22 May 1907) is known as the first person to identify the economic potential of the ore deposits at Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. He was born at Stuttgart, Duchy of Württemberg, where he was educated and he was trained in chemistry. He emigrated to Australia to improve his health in 1869 and worked at a variety of jobs on rural stations, eventually ending up at the Mount Gipps Station managed by George McCulloch, where he was employed as a boundary rider (Coulls, 1976 and Camilleri, 2006). Biography Inspired by the silver rush to nearby Silverton, he began to prospect in the area of Broken Hill. One day while mustering sheep in the Broken Hill paddock towards the end of September 1883, he was struck by the mineral appearance and formation of the 'Broken Hill'. He joined forces with local contractors David James and James Poole, and they took out a mining lease on part of Broken Hill and sank a small shaft. Though discouraged by early assay results, they persisted and soon after were joined by four others (all working on Mount Gipps) forming the Syndicate of Seven. George McCulloch and Charles Rasp pegged out further leases which took in the whole of Broken Hill, the original name of which was said to be Wilyu-Wilyu-yong (Curtis, 1908). They were prospecting for tin, but early assay results found only low grade lead ore and traces of silver (Curtis, 1908). It was not until late 1884
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity%20%28disambiguation%29	Complexity is the behaviour of a system whose components interact in multiple ways so possible interactions are difficult to describe. Complexity may also refer to: Complexity (journal), a scientific journal Computational complexity, in computer science Computational complexity theory Game complexity, in combinatorial game theory Complexity Gaming, an American professional esports organization "Complexity", a song by Front Line Assembly from the 1997 re-release of album The Initial Command "Complexity", a song by Eagles of Death Metal from the 2015 album Zipper Down "Complexities", a song by Daniel Caesar from the 2019 album Case Study 01 See also Complex (disambiguation) Complexity theory (disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Barry%20Bernstein	Richard Barry Bernstein (October 31, 1923 – July 8, 1990) was an American physical chemist. He is primarily known for his research in chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics by molecular beam scattering and laser techniques. He is credited with having founded femtochemistry, which laid the groundwork for developments in femtobiology. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970. Among his awards were the National Medal of Science and the Willard Gibbs Award, both in 1989. Bernstein received his doctorate in chemistry from Columbia University in 1948. Bernstein had a heart attack in Moscow and died shortly afterwards in Helsinki, Finland, aged 66. References Online Archive of California - ''University of California: In Memoriam, Richard B. Bernstein External links National Medal of Science National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir 1923 births 1990 deaths Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences National Medal of Science laureates American physical chemists Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni University of Michigan faculty Fellows of the American Physical Society 20th-century American chemists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Cantor	Charles R. Cantor (born August 26, 1942) is an American molecular geneticist who, in conjunction with David Schwartz, developed pulse field gel electrophoresis for very large DNA molecules. Cantor's three-volume book Biophysical Chemistry, co-authored with Paul Schimmel, was an influential textbook in the 1980s and 1990s. Career Charles Cantor received his AB from Columbia University in 1963 and PhD from University of California, Berkeley in 1966. He is Director of the Center for Advanced Biotechnology at Boston University. While on a two-year sabbatical acting as Chief Scientific Officer at Sequenom, Inc. he maintained his research laboratory at Boston University. He is also a co-founder and Director of Retrotope, a US-based company using heavier isotopes of carbon (13C) and hydrogen (2H, deuterium) to stabilize essential compounds like amino acids, nucleic acids and lipids to target age-related diseases. Cantor held positions at Columbia University (1981–1989) and the University of California, Berkeley (1989–1992), before moving to Boston University in 1992. In 2017 he became Professor Adjunct in Molecular Medicine at Scripps Research. He has been director of the Department of Energy Human Genome Project and Chairman of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Boston University. He is a consultant to more than 16 biotech firms, has published more than 400 peer reviewed articles, been granted 54 US patents, and co-authored a three-volume textbook on Biophysical Che
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frattini%27s%20argument	In group theory, a branch of mathematics, Frattini's argument is an important lemma in the structure theory of finite groups. It is named after Giovanni Frattini, who used it in a paper from 1885 when defining the Frattini subgroup of a group. The argument was taken by Frattini, as he himself admits, from a paper of Alfredo Capelli dated 1884. Frattini's Argument Statement If is a finite group with normal subgroup , and if is a Sylow p-subgroup of , then where denotes the normalizer of in and means the product of group subsets. Proof The group is a Sylow -subgroup of , so every Sylow -subgroup of is an -conjugate of , that is, it is of the form , for some (see Sylow theorems). Let be any element of . Since is normal in , the subgroup is contained in . This means that is a Sylow -subgroup of . Then by the above, it must be -conjugate to : that is, for some , and so . Thus, , and therefore . But was arbitrary, and so Applications Frattini's argument can be used as part of a proof that any finite nilpotent group is a direct product of its Sylow subgroups. By applying Frattini's argument to , it can be shown that whenever is a finite group and is a Sylow -subgroup of . More generally, if a subgroup contains for some Sylow -subgroup of , then is self-normalizing, i.e. . External links Frattini's Argument on ProofWiki References (See Chapter 10, especially Section 10.4.) Lemmas in group theory Articles containing proofs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%20manager	An object manager is a concept, and often a piece of software, found in object-oriented programming. The object manager provides rules for retention, naming and security of objects. Object (computer science)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.%20M.%20Dharmadasa	I.M. Dharmadasa is Professor of Applied Physics and leads the Electronic Materials and Solar Energy (solar cells and other Semiconductor Devices) Group at Sheffield Hallam University, UK. Dharme has worked in semiconductor research since becoming a PhD student at Durham University as a Commonwealth Scholar in 1977, under the supervision of the late Sir Gareth Roberts. His interest in the electrodeposition of thin film solar cells grew when he joined the Apollo Project at BP Solar in 1988. He continued this area of research on joining Sheffield Hallam University in 1990. Career and research He has published over 200 refereed and conference papers, has six British patents on thin film solar cells and has made over 175 conference presentations. He has made five book contributions and is the author of the book Advances in Thin Film Solar cells, which was published in 2012. Dharmadasa has also successfully supervised 20 Ph.D. and M.Phil. candidates and 14 years of PDRA support. He has gained research council and international government funding, and was included in the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise for Metallurgy and Materials which gained the top rating of five. His recent scientific breakthroughs [1-2], which are fundamental to describing the photovoltaic activity of cadmium telluride/cadmium sulfide solar cells, were summarised in a "new theoretical model for CdTe”. Based on these novel ideas he has reported a higher efficiency of 18% for cadmium telluride/cadmium sulfid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LORAX	The Life On ice: Robotic Antarctic eXplorer or LORAX is an experimental robotics project being developed by the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, supported by NASA. The intent of the project is to create an autonomous rover to survey the distribution of microbes on Antarctica's ice sheets. It is unknown whether it intentionally shares a name with The Lorax, the environmentalist Dr. Seuss character. The goal is to create a robotic platform with full navigational autonomy and clean, sustainable power systems. This complete isolation will allow the robot to operate unattended and avoid any possible contamination of its results. The project aims for the robot to be able to operate for one month without human intervention. The rover's power systems incorporate a combination of solar power and wind power. Several solar panels are mounted on the shell of the rover. It also has a deployable wind turbine for generating further power. A working model of the LORAX rover called Nomad was tested in 2005 on the frozen Mascoma Lake in New Hampshire. The rover completed a ten kilometer test run, traversed ice obstacles and conducted a successful test of its wind turbine. The rover, independent of any human guidance, traveled over fourteen kilometers in all on the frozen lake and returned to its starting point. The test also yielded further calibrations to many of the rover's systems. See also Scarab (rover) References Notes Sources External links Project Page at th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction%20map	A restriction map is a map of known restriction sites within a sequence of DNA. Restriction mapping requires the use of restriction enzymes. In molecular biology, restriction maps are used as a reference to engineer plasmids or other relatively short pieces of DNA, and sometimes for longer genomic DNA. There are other ways of mapping features on DNA for longer length DNA molecules, such as mapping by transduction. One approach in constructing a restriction map of a DNA molecule is to sequence the whole molecule and to run the sequence through a computer program that will find the recognition sites that are present for every restriction enzyme known. Before sequencing was automated, it would have been prohibitively expensive to sequence an entire DNA strand. To find the relative positions of restriction sites on a plasmid, a technique involving single and double restriction digests is used. Based on the sizes of the resultant DNA fragments the positions of the sites can be inferred. Restriction mapping is a very useful technique when used for determining the orientation of an insert in a cloning vector, by mapping the position of an off-center restriction site in the insert. Method The experimental procedure first requires an aliquot of purified plasmid DNA (see appendix) for each digest to be run. Digestion is then performed with each enzyme(s) chosen. The resulting samples are subsequently run on an electrophoresis gel, typically on agarose gel. The first step following
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drucker%20Medal	The Daniel C. Drucker medal was instituted in 1997 by the Applied Mechanics Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The Drucker Medal is conferred in recognition of distinguished contributions to the fields of applied mechanics and mechanical engineering. The award is given in honor of Daniel C. Drucker, who was internationally known for contributions to the theory of plasticity and its application to analysis and design in metal structures. The recipient is given a medal and an honorarium. Nomination procedure The Drucker Medal Committee consists of the five recent Drucker Medalists, the five members of the executive committee of the ASME International Applied Mechanics Division (AMD), and the five recent past chairs of the AMD. Upon receiving recommendations from the international community of applied mechanics, the Committee nominates a single medalist every year. This nomination is subsequently approved by the ASME; no case has been reported that the ASME has ever overruled a nomination of the Drucker Medal Committee. See the list of current members of the Committee. Recipients Source: ASME 1998 Daniel C. Drucker 1999 Ascher H. Shapiro 2000 Philip G. Hodge, Jr. 2001 Bruno A. Boley 2002 George J. Dvorak 2003 Leon M. Keer 2004 Frank A. McClintock 2005 Robert L. Taylor 2006 Alan Needleman 2007 Albert S. Kobayashi 2008 Thomas C.T. Ting 2009 James R. Barber 2010 Rohan Abeyaratne 2011 John W. Rudnicki 2012 James W. Dally 2013 Yonggang Huang, Nor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Needleman	Alan Needleman (born September 2, 1944) is a professor of materials science & engineering at Texas A&M University. Prior to 2009, he was Florence Pirce Grant University Professor of Mechanics of Solids and Structures at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Early life and education Needleman received his B.S. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1966, an M.S. and Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1967 and 1970 respectively, advised by John W. Hutchinson. Research and career He was an instructor and assistant professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1970 to 1975. He was a professor of engineering at Brown University starting in 1975, and served as the dean of the Engineering Department from 1988 to 1991. He was the chair of the Applied Mechanics Division. Needleman's main research interests are in the computational modeling of deformation and fracture processes in structural materials, in particular metals. A general objective is to provide quantitative relations between the measurable (and hopefully controllable) features of the materials' micro-scale structure and its macroscopic mechanical behavior. Ongoing research projects involve studies of ductile fracture and ductile-brittle transitions; crack growth in heterogeneous microstructures with particular emphasis on the role of interfaces; nonlocal and discrete dislocation plasticity; fatigue crack growth; and fast fracture in brittle solids. Profe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofnet	Roofnet was an experimental 802.11b/g mesh network developed by the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Research included link-level measurements of 802.11, finding high-throughput routes in the face of lossy links, link adaptation, and developing new protocols which take advantage of radio’s unique properties (ExOR). The software developed for this project is available free as open source. Routing protocol The routing protocol is called SrcRR. There are two broadcasts used with the protocol. The first is periodic broadcasts used to determine a metric called ETX. These public broadcasts measure the probability that a packet between two nodes in radio contact reaches its destination. The second broadcast type is used to build up routing tables. A node 0 will broadcast that it wants to find a route to D. Then each node that receives the broadcast will add its id to the route and forward the packet. When node D receives a packet, it will reply back along the route that was found for that packet. Then node 0 can use this information to determine the best route using the ETX metrics and the route information returned from its query. Media access and forwarding One media access and forwarding protocol tested with RoofNet was ExOR. ExOR simulates some advantages of multicasted data networks by using conventional 802.11 digital radios operated in broadcast modes. The source radio uses routing data to establ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steorn	Steorn Ltd () was a small, private technology development company based in Dublin, Ireland. In August 2006, it announced that it had developed a technology to provide "free, clean, and constant energy" via an apparent perpetual motion machine, something which is contrary to the law of conservation of energy, a fundamental principle of physics. Steorn challenged the scientific community to investigate its claim and, in December 2006, said that it had chosen a jury of scientists to do so. In June 2009 the jury gave its unanimous verdict that Steorn had not demonstrated the production of energy. Steorn gave two public demonstrations of its technology. In the first demonstration, in July 2007 at the Kinetica Museum in London, the device failed to work. The second demonstration, which ran from December 2009 to February 2010 at the Waterways Visitor Centre in Dublin, involved a motor powered by a battery and provided no independent evidence that excess energy was being generated. It was dismissed by the press as an attempt to build a perpetual motion machine, and a publicity stunt. In November 2016, the company laid off its staff, closed its facility, and prepared for liquidation. History Steorn was founded in 2000 and, in October 2001, its website stated that it was a "specialist service company providing programme management and technical assessment advice for European companies engaging in e-commerce projects". Steorn is a Norse word meaning to guide or manage. In May 2006,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium%20on%20Logic%20in%20Computer%20Science	The ACM–IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS) is an annual academic conference on the theory and practice of computer science in relation to mathematical logic. Extended versions of selected papers of each year's conference appear in renowned international journals such as Logical Methods in Computer Science and ACM Transactions on Computational Logic. History LICS was originally sponsored solely by the IEEE, but as of the 2014 founding of the ACM Special Interest Group on Logic and Computation LICS has become the flagship conference of SIGLOG, under the joint sponsorship of ACM and IEEE. From the first installment in 1988 until 2013, the cover page of the conference proceedings has featured an artwork entitled Irrational Tiling by Logical Quantifiers, by Alvy Ray Smith. Since 1995, each year the Kleene award is given to the best student paper. In addition, since 2006, the LICS Test-of-Time Award is given annually to one among the twenty-year-old LICS papers that have best met the test of time. LICS Awards Test-of-Time Award Each year, since 2006, the LICS Test-of-Time Award recognizes those articles from LICS proceedings 20 years earlier, which have become influential. 2006 Leo Bachmair, Nachum Dershowitz, Jieh Hsiang, "Orderings for Equational Proofs" E. Allen Emerson, Chin-Laung Lei, "Efficient Model Checking in Fragments of the Propositional Mu-Calculus (Extended Abstract)" Moshe Y. Vardi, Pierre Wolper, "An Automata-Theoretic Approach to Automatic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organocopper%20chemistry	Organocopper chemistry is the study of the physical properties, reactions, and synthesis of organocopper compounds, which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to copper chemical bond. They are reagents in organic chemistry. The first organocopper compound, the explosive copper(I) acetylide (), was synthesized by Rudolf Christian Böttger in 1859 by passing acetylene gas through a solution of copper(I) chloride: Structure and bonding Organocopper compounds are diverse in structure and reactivity, but almost all are based on copper with an oxidation state of +1, sometimes denoted Cu(I) or . With 10 electrons in its valence shell, the bonding behavior of Cu(I) is similar to Ni(0), but owing to its higher oxidation state, it engages in less pi-backbonding. Organic derivatives of copper's higher oxidation states +2 and +3 are sometimes encountered as reaction intermediates, but rarely isolated or even observed. Organocopper compounds form complexes with a variety of soft ligands such as alkylphosphines (), thioethers (), and cyanide (). Due to the spherical electronic shell of , copper(I) complexes have symmetrical structures - either linear, trigonal planar or tetrahedral, depending on the number of ligands. Simple complexes with CO, alkene, and Cp ligands Copper(I) salts have long been known to bind CO, albeit weakly. A representative complex is CuCl(CO), which is polymeric. In contrast to classical metal carbonyls, pi-backbonding is not strong in these compound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalziel%20Hammick	Dalziel Llewellyn Hammick FRS (8 March 1887 in West Norwood, London, England – 17 October 1966) was an English research chemist. His major work was in synthetic organic chemistry. Along with Walter Illingworth he promulgated the Hammick-Illingworth rule, which predicts the order of substitution in benzene derivatives. He also developed the Hammick reaction which generates ortho-substituted pyridines. Early life The son of L. S. H. Hammick, Dalziel Hammick was educated at Whitgift School, Magdalen College, Oxford (where he was a demy), and at the University of Munich. He graduated Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences in 1910 and MA in 1921. At Oxford, he was a Cadet in the university's Officers' Training Corps, and in July 1911 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant for service with the Gresham's School OTC. Career After some ten years as a schoolmaster at Gresham's and Winchester, in 1920 Hammick was elected to a fellowship of Oriel College, Oxford, where he remained until his death in 1966. For most of his time at Oriel, he was also a lecturer in natural sciences at Corpus Christi College. His early research was on inorganic substances. He studied sulphur and its compounds and suggested structures for liquid and plastic sulphur. In 1922 he showed that the polymer polyoxymethylene results from the sublimation of trioxymethylene. It was not until the 1960s that this polymer was to be used commercially. He also translated scientific books from French into Englis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learnable%20evolution%20model	The learnable evolution model (LEM) is a non-Darwinian methodology for evolutionary computation that employs machine learning to guide the generation of new individuals (candidate problem solutions). Unlike standard, Darwinian-type evolutionary computation methods that use random or semi-random operators for generating new individuals (such as mutations and/or recombinations), LEM employs hypothesis generation and instantiation operators. The hypothesis generation operator applies a machine learning program to induce descriptions that distinguish between high-fitness and low-fitness individuals in each consecutive population. Such descriptions delineate areas in the search space that most likely contain the desirable solutions. Subsequently the instantiation operator samples these areas to create new individuals. LEM has been modified from optimization domain to classification domain by augmented LEM with ID3 (February 2013 by M. Elemam Shehab, K. Badran, M. Zaki and Gouda I. Salama). Selected references Evolutionary computation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%20University%20Computer%20Engineering%20Science%20School	Shanghai University School of Computer Engineering and Science is considered a leading school in computer science and engineering fields in Shanghai, China, the school was one of earliest established in Shanghai. Professor Sanli Li, Dean of the school, is one of China's pioneers in computer science and engineering. The school undertakes around 150 projects every year with support from the Natural Science Foundation of China, the Committee of Science and Technology of Shanghai Municipal Government, the Shanghai Municipal Education Committee, as well as from many other private firms or companies. The school has also received nine national and ministerial awards for scientific and engineering advancement. Departments: Department of Computer Application Technology Department of Computer Software and Theory Department of Computer Architecture and Organization Research Institutes: High Performance Computing and Application Laboratory Fault Tolerant Technology and Application Laboratory Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory Multi-media and Network Laboratory Center for Advanced Computing and Applications Laboratory Shanghai University
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Tokyo%20people	Notable alumni Nobel prize laureates Of UTokyo winners, five have been physicists, one chemists, two for literature, one for physiology or medicine and one for efforts towards peace. Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968 Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973 Eisaku Satō, Peace, 1974 Kenzaburō Ōe, Literature, 1994 Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002 Yoichiro Nambu, Physics, 2008 Ei-ichi Negishi, Chemistry, 2010 Takaaki Kajita, Physics, 2015 Yoshinori Ohsumi, Physiology or Medicine, 2016 Syukuro Manabe, Physics, 2021 In addition, Shin'ichirō Tomonaga and Satoshi Ōmura have obtained a UTokyo doctorate degree through dissertation review, but have never been educated in UTokyo and are not alumni. Prime Ministers Hara Takashi (1918–1921) Katō Takaaki (1924–1926) Wakatsuki Reijirō (1926-1927, 1931-1931) Osachi Hamaguchi (1929–1931) Kōki Hirota (1936–1937) Fumimaro Konoe (1937–1939, 1940–1941) Hiranuma Kiichirō (1939-1939) Kijūrō Shidehara (1945–1946) Shigeru Yoshida (吉田茂) (1946–1947, 1948–1954) Tetsu Katayama (1947–1948) Hitoshi Ashida (1948-1948) Ichirō Hatoyama (1954–1956) Nobusuke Kishi (岸信介) (1957–1960) Eisaku Satō (佐藤栄作), Nobel laureate (1964–1972) Takeo Fukuda (福田赳夫) (1976–1978) Yasuhiro Nakasone (中曽根康弘) (1982–1987) Kiichi Miyazawa (宮沢喜一) (1991–1993) Yukio Hatoyama (鳩山由紀夫) (2009–2010) Mathematicians Tadatoshi Akiba Kiyoshi Itō Kenkichi Iwasawa Tosio Kato Kunihiko Kodaira, Fields Medal winner Shoshichi Kobayashi Mitio Nagumo Narutaka Ozawa Mikio Sato Goro Shimura Teiji Takagi Yutaka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Henric%20Svanberg	Carl-Henric Svanberg (born 29 May 1952), is a Swedish businessman and current Chairman of Volvo. He was Chairman of BP for eight years, from 2010 to 2018. Life and career Svanberg holds a master's degree in applied physics from the Linköping Institute of Technology and a bachelor's degree in business administration from Uppsala University. Svanberg holds honorary doctorates from Luleå University of Technology and Linköping University. Svanberg served as CEO of telecom company Ericsson from 8 April 2003 to 31 December 2009. Following his resignation, he remained on the board of Ericsson and holds 3,234,441 shares in the company. Before joining Ericsson, he led another Swedish industrial company - Assa Abloy. Svanberg serves on other boards, including: The investment company Melker Schörling AB Stockholm Challenge Advisory Board Svanberg joined the BP board as chairman-designate on 1 September 2009, and succeeded Peter Sutherland as chairman on 1 January 2010. He and his wife Agneta, an associate professor at Uppsala University, filed for divorce on 17 September 2009. They were married for 26 years and have three children together. Svanberg is a dedicated fan of Djurgårdens IF and serves on the board of Djurgårdens IF Hockey. He is a former ice hockey player himself, having played for IF Björklöven in Umeå during his youth. Svanberg has received the Lifetime Achievement Award, given out by the security trade magazine Detektor, for his work in Assa Abloy and Securitas,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker%E2%80%93Sochacki%20method	In mathematics, the Parker–Sochacki method is an algorithm for solving systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), developed by G. Edgar Parker and James Sochacki, of the James Madison University Mathematics Department. The method produces Maclaurin series solutions to systems of differential equations, with the coefficients in either algebraic or numerical form. Summary The Parker–Sochacki method rests on two simple observations: If a set of ODEs has a particular form, then the Picard method can be used to find their solution in the form of a power series. If the ODEs do not have the required form, it is nearly always possible to find an expanded set of equations that do have the required form, such that a subset of the solution is a solution of the original ODEs. Several coefficients of the power series are calculated in turn, a time step is chosen, the series is evaluated at that time, and the process repeats. The end result is a high order piecewise solution to the original ODE problem. The order of the solution desired is an adjustable variable in the program that can change between steps. The order of the solution is only limited by the floating point representation on the machine running the program. And in some cases can be either extended by using arbitrary precision floating point numbers, or for special cases by finding solution with only integer or rational coefficients. Advantages The method requires only addition, subtraction, and multiplicatio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram%20Boltwood	Bertram Borden Boltwood (July 27, 1870 Amherst, Massachusetts – August 15, 1927, Hancock Point, Maine) was an American pioneer of radiochemistry. Boltwood attended Yale University, became a professor there and in 1910 was appointed chair of the first academic department of radiochemistry. He established that lead was the final decay product of uranium, noted that the lead-uranium ratio was greater in older rocks and, acting on a suggestion by Ernest Rutherford, was the first to measure the age of rocks by the decay of uranium to lead, in 1907. He got results of ages of 400 to 2200 million years, the first successful use of radioactive decay by Pb/U chemical dating. More recently, older mineral deposits have been dated to about 4.4 billion years old, close to the best estimate of the age of earth. His work with the uranium decay series led to the discovery of the parent of radium, a new element that he named ionium. Once the existence of isotopes was established, ionium was shown to in fact be thorium-230. Although Boltwood did not get his element on the periodic table, he later got a mineral namesake: Boltwoodite is named after him. In his later days, Boltwood suffered from depression and committed suicide on August 15, 1927. Early life and family Bertram Boltwood was born on July 27, 1870, in the Amherst, Massachusetts home of his grandfather, Lucius Boltwood. After relocating from England in the 17th century, the Boltwood family was active in the Amherst community for
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightness%20of%20measures	In mathematics, tightness is a concept in measure theory. The intuitive idea is that a given collection of measures does not "escape to infinity". Definitions Let be a Hausdorff space, and let be a σ-algebra on that contains the topology . (Thus, every open subset of is a measurable set and is at least as fine as the Borel σ-algebra on .) Let be a collection of (possibly signed or complex) measures defined on . The collection is called tight (or sometimes uniformly tight) if, for any , there is a compact subset of such that, for all measures , where is the total variation measure of . Very often, the measures in question are probability measures, so the last part can be written as If a tight collection consists of a single measure , then (depending upon the author) may either be said to be a tight measure or to be an inner regular measure. If is an -valued random variable whose probability distribution on is a tight measure then is said to be a separable random variable or a Radon random variable. Examples Compact spaces If is a metrisable compact space, then every collection of (possibly complex) measures on is tight. This is not necessarily so for non-metrisable compact spaces. If we take with its order topology, then there exists a measure on it that is not inner regular. Therefore, the singleton is not tight. Polish spaces If is a Polish space, then every probability measure on is tight. Furthermore, by Prokhorov's theorem, a collection of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo%20Trancho	Gonzalo Javier Trancho Gayo (Madrid, 8 February 1955) is a Spanish anthropologist. He obtained doctor and bachelor degrees in Biological Sciences at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, where he is also a professor in the Zoology and Anthropology Department. His thesis dealt with a cell biology study of populations of Nilotides and he has taken part in several researches in Spain and more countries (for instance, El hombre arcaico costero: su biodiversidad y bioadaptación, Chile). He's a member of the Asociación Española de Paleopatología Partial bibliography Paleodieta de la población ibérica de Villasviejas del Tamuja : análisis de la necrópolis de el Mercadillo (Botija, Cáceres), 1998. Dieta, indicadores de salud y caracterización biomorfológica de la población medieval musulmana de Xarea (Vélez Rubio, Almería), 1998. Investigaciones antropológicas en España, 1997. External links Asociación Española de Paleopatología Boletín 1955 births Living people Spanish anthropologists Spanish biologists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Eckhardt%20%28trader%29	William Eckhardt is a trader. Education Eckhardt never finished his PhD in mathematics, claiming that he left graduate school for the trading pits after an unexpected change of thesis advisors. Despite leaving academia prematurely, Eckhardt has published several papers in academic journals. In 1993, Eckhardt's article "Probability Theory and the Doomsday Argument" was published in the philosophical journal Mind. His follow-up article, "A Shooting-Room view of Doomsday" was published in The Journal of Philosophy in 1997. Both articles make arguments skeptical of the Doomsday Argument as formulated by John Leslie. In 2006, he published "Causal time asymmetry" in the journal Studies In History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. In 2013, he published a book "Paradoxes in Probability Theory" References Notes Further reading 1955 births American money managers American derivatives traders American financial analysts American hedge fund managers Living people Stock and commodity market managers 20th-century American businesspeople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20calculus	Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of contemporary mathematics education. Calculus has widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient. Branches of calculus Differential calculus Integral calculus Multivariable calculus Fractional calculus Differential Geometry History of calculus History of calculus Important publications in calculus General calculus concepts Continuous function Derivative Fundamental theorem of calculus Integral Limit Non-standard analysis Partial derivative Infinite Series Calculus scholars Sir Isaac Newton Gottfried Leibniz Calculus lists List of calculus topics See also Glossary of calculus Table of mathematical symbols References External links Calculus Made Easy (1914) by Silvanus P. Thompson Full text in PDF Calculus.org: The Calculus page at University of California, Davis – contains resources and links to other sites COW: Calculus on the Web at Temple University - contains resources ranging from pre-calculus and associated algebra Online Integrator (WebMathematica) from Wolfram Research The Role of Calculus in College Mathematics from ERICDigests.org OpenCourseWare Calculus from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Infinitesimal Calculus – an article on its historical development, in Encyclopaedia of Mathemat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s%20Kornai	András Kornai (born 1957 in Budapest), son of economist János Kornai, is a mathematical linguist. He has earned two PhDs. He earned his first in Mathematics in 1983 from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, where his advisor was Miklós Ajtai, and his second in Linguistics in 1991 from Stanford University, where his advisor was Paul Kiparsky. He is a professor in the Department of Algebra at the Budapest Institute of Technology, where he works on an open source Hungarian morphological analyzer. He was Chief Scientist at MetaCarta, where he worked on information extraction before the company was acquired by Nokia. Prior to MetaCarta, he was Chief Scientist at Northern Light. He is on the board of the journal Grammars and YourAmigo PLC. His research interests include all mathematical aspects of natural language processing, speech recognition, and OCR. As Area Editor he was responsible for the Mathematical Linguistics area of the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, and his joint work with Geoffrey Pullum, "The X-bar Theory of Phrase Structure", formally reconstructed that then-popular linguistic theory. Monographs Semantics. Springer Nature, 2020. Mathematical Linguistics. Springer Verlag, in the series Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing, November 2007. Hardbound, approximately 300 pages. See description. Formal Phonology. In the series Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics, Garland Publishing, 1994, , hardbound, 240 pages Contents, Preface, In
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMC	CAMC may refer to: Charleston Area Medical Center, a complex of hospitals in Charleston, West Virginia Carlsberg Meridian Telescope, formerly known as the Carlsberg Automatic Meridian Circle Computer-Aided Manufacturing Capability Committee on the American Mathematics Competitions, the organization that oversees the American Mathematics Competitions A brand name of Chinese truck manufacturer Hualing Xingma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopa%20%28disambiguation%29	Scopa may refer to: Scopa, a card game Scopa (biology), an anatomical feature of insects Scopa, Piedmont, a municipality in Italy An acronym for the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania SCOPA FC, a Samoan football club See also SOCPA, the Serious Organized Crimes and Police Act, a UK anti-terrorism law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar%20Despi%C4%87	Aleksandar Despić (January 6, 1927–April 7, 2005) was a Serbian physicist and academic. Despić received his PhD degree from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. He was a professor at the Faculty of Technology, University of Belgrade and his scientific interests include fundamental and applied electrochemistry. He was the President of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1994 to 1998. Selected works A.R.Despic, K.I.Popov, Transport Controlled Deposition and Dissolution of Metals, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Plenum Press, New York, 1972, Vol.7, Ch.4 A.R.Despic, Deposition and Dissolution of Metals and Alloys, part B: Mechanism, Kinetics, Texture and Morphology, in: Comprehensive Treatise on Electrochemιstry, ed. J.O.M.Bockris, B.E.Conway, E.Yeager, Plenum Press, New York, 1983, Vol.7, Ch.7b A.Despic, V.Parkhutik, Electrochemistry of Aluminium in Aqueous Solutions and Physics of Its Anodic Oxides, in: Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, ed. J.O.M.Bockris, R.E.White, B.E.Conway, Plenum Press, New York, 1989, Vol.20, Ch.6. A.R.Despic, The use of aluminium in energy conversion and storage, in: Chemistry and Energy - I, ed.C.A.C.Sequeira, Sintra (Portugal), 1990. (Materials science monographs, 65.) A.R.Despic, V.D.Jovic, Electrochemical Deposition and Dissolution of Alloys and Metal Composites - Fundamentals Aspects, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Plenum Press, New York, 1995, Vol.27, Ch.2. Sources Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME%20Object%20Security%20Services	MIME Object Security Services (MOSS) is a protocol that uses the multipart/signed and multipart/encrypted framework to apply digital signature and encryption services to MIME objects. Details The services are offered through the use of end-to-end cryptography between an originator and a recipient at the application layer. Asymmetric (public key) cryptography is used in support of the digital signature service and encryption key management. Symmetric (secret key) cryptography is used in support of the encryption service. The procedures are intended to be compatible with a wide range of public key management approaches, including both ad hoc and certificate-based schemes. Mechanisms are provided to support many public key management approaches. Spreading MOSS was never widely deployed and is now abandoned, largely due to the popularity of PGP. References External links Internet Standards Cryptography MIME
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20G.%20Debus	Allen George Debus (August 16, 1926 – March 6, 2009) was an American historian of science, known primarily for his work on the history of chemistry and alchemy. In 1991 he was honored at the University of Chicago with an academic conference held in his name. Paul H. Theerman and Karen Hunger Parshall edited the proceedings, and Debus contributed his autobiography of which this article is a digest. Early life Allen Debus attended the Evanston public school system where he showed an early interest in history. A great aunt passed on her legacy of an epoch of music to him in the form of a 1908 Victrola and a record collection up to 1923. Due to the topical material and dialect songs, he wrote "studying this music gave me an opportunity early on to place past events in their historical context". In the contextual approach to history, developments should be compared across fields, and this is a feature of the school of Alexandre Koyre, I. Bernard Cohen, and Walter Pagel, the latter two being teachers of Debus. Higher education Debus studied chemical engineering and history, graduating with a major in chemistry in the summer of 1947 from Northwestern University. He pursued his master's degree at Indiana University Bloomington where he had followed John J. Murray. In June 1949 he presented his master's thesis Robert Boyle and Chemistry in England 1660-1700 under John J. Murray. Subsequently, he worked towards a master's in chemistry at the same institution. He went to work for Abbo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%20Wigderson	Avi Wigderson (; born 9 September 1956) is an Israeli mathematician and computer scientist. He is the Herbert H. Maass Professor in the school of mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America. His research interests include complexity theory, parallel algorithms, graph theory, cryptography, distributed computing, and neural networks. Wigderson received the Abel Prize in 2021 for his work in theoretical computer science. Biography Avi Wigderson was born in Haifa, Israel, to Holocaust survivors. Wigderson is a graduate of the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa, and did his undergraduate studies at the Technion in Haifa, Israel, graduating in 1980, and went on to graduate study at Princeton University. He received his PhD in computer science in 1983 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "Studies in computational complexity", under the supervision of Richard Lipton. After short-term positions at the University of California, Berkeley, the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, and the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, he joined the faculty of Hebrew University in 1986. In 1999 he also took a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, and in 2003 he gave up his Hebrew University position to take up full-time residence at the IAS. Awards and honors Wigderson received the Nevanlinna Prize in 1994 for his work on computational complexity. Along with Omer Reingold and Salil Vadhan he won t
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Gaitsgory	Dennis Gaitsgory is a professor of mathematics at Harvard University known for his research on the geometric Langlands program. Born in Chișinău, now in Moldova, he grew up in Tajikistan, before studying at Tel Aviv University under Joseph Bernstein (1990–1996). He received his doctorate in 1997 for a thesis entitled "Automorphic Sheaves and Eisenstein Series". He has been awarded a Harvard Junior Fellowship, a Clay Research Fellowship, and the prize of the European Mathematical Society for his work. His work in geometric Langlands culminated in a joint 2002 paper with Edward Frenkel and Kari Vilonen, establishing the conjecture for finite fields, and a separate 2004 paper, generalizing the proof to include the field of complex numbers as well. Prior to his 2005 appointment at Harvard, he was an associate professor at the University of Chicago from 2001–2005. Selected publications References External links Gaitsgory's thesis Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Scientists from Chișinău Tel Aviv University alumni University of Chicago faculty Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty Harvard University faculty 20th-century American mathematicians 21st-century American mathematicians Israeli mathematicians Israeli people of Russian-Jewish descent Max Planck Institute directors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder%20set%20measure	In mathematics, cylinder set measure (or promeasure, or premeasure, or quasi-measure, or CSM) is a kind of prototype for a measure on an infinite-dimensional vector space. An example is the Gaussian cylinder set measure on Hilbert space. Cylinder set measures are in general not measures (and in particular need not be countably additive but only finitely additive), but can be used to define measures, such as classical Wiener measure on the set of continuous paths starting at the origin in Euclidean space. Definition Let be a separable real topological vector space. Let denote the collection of all surjective continuous linear maps defined on whose image is some finite-dimensional real vector space : A cylinder set measure on is a collection of probability measures where is a probability measure on These measures are required to satisfy the following consistency condition: if is a surjective projection, then the push forward of the measure is as follows: Remarks The consistency condition is modelled on the way that true measures push forward (see the section cylinder set measures versus true measures). However, it is important to understand that in the case of cylinder set measures, this is a requirement that is part of the definition, not a result. A cylinder set measure can be intuitively understood as defining a finitely additive function on the cylinder sets of the topological vector space The cylinder sets are the pre-images in of measurable sets in :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sixth%20Dimension	The Sixth Dimension or Sixth Dimension may refer to: Six-dimensional space, a concept in mathematics and physics Sixth Dimension, a 2017 album by Power Quest The Sixth Dimension, a fictional place in the 1982 film Forbidden Zone The Sixth Dimension, a fictional place in the British-Canadian TV series Ace Lightning
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20self	The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human self: Self – individuality, from one's own perspective. To each person, self is that person. Oneself can be a subject of philosophy, psychology and developmental psychology; religion and spirituality, social science and neuroscience. In general Human Human condition Individuality (selfhood) – state or quality of being an individual; particularly of being a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs or goals, rights and responsibilities. The exact definition of an individual is important in the fields of biology, law, and philosophy. Person – being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility. Personhood – status of being a person. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in philosophy and law and is closely tied with legal and political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty. According to law, only a natural person or legal personality has rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and legal liability. Philosophy of self Psychology of self Religious views on the self Components of self Body Brain / Mind / Intelligence Character Experience Sentience Gender Personal identity (see below) Personality (see below) Self-concept Self-awaren
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20measure	In mathematics, Gaussian measure is a Borel measure on finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, closely related to the normal distribution in statistics. There is also a generalization to infinite-dimensional spaces. Gaussian measures are named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. One reason why Gaussian measures are so ubiquitous in probability theory is the central limit theorem. Loosely speaking, it states that if a random variable X is obtained by summing a large number N of independent random variables of order 1, then X is of order and its law is approximately Gaussian. Definitions Let n ∈ N and let B0(Rn) denote the completion of the Borel σ-algebra on Rn. Let λn : B0(Rn) → [0, +∞] denote the usual n-dimensional Lebesgue measure. Then the standard Gaussian measure γn : B0(Rn) → [0, 1] is defined by for any measurable set A ∈ B0(Rn). In terms of the Radon–Nikodym derivative, More generally, the Gaussian measure with mean μ ∈ Rn and variance σ2 > 0 is given by Gaussian measures with mean μ = 0 are known as centred Gaussian measures. The Dirac measure δμ is the weak limit of as σ → 0, and is considered to be a degenerate Gaussian measure; in contrast, Gaussian measures with finite, non-zero variance are called non-degenerate Gaussian measures. Properties The standard Gaussian measure γn on Rn is a Borel measure (in fact, as remarked above, it is defined on the completion of the Borel sigma algebra, which is a finer structure); is equivalent to Lebe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Martin%20theorem	In mathematics, the Cameron–Martin theorem or Cameron–Martin formula (named after Robert Horton Cameron and W. T. Martin) is a theorem of measure theory that describes how abstract Wiener measure changes under translation by certain elements of the Cameron–Martin Hilbert space. Motivation The standard Gaussian measure on -dimensional Euclidean space is not translation-invariant. (In fact, there is a unique translation invariant Radon measure up to scale by Haar's theorem: the -dimensional Lebesgue measure, denoted here .) Instead, a measurable subset has Gaussian measure Here refers to the standard Euclidean dot product in . The Gaussian measure of the translation of by a vector is So under translation through , the Gaussian measure scales by the distribution function appearing in the last display: The measure that associates to the set the number is the pushforward measure, denoted . Here refers to the translation map: . The above calculation shows that the Radon–Nikodym derivative of the pushforward measure with respect to the original Gaussian measure is given by The abstract Wiener measure on a separable Banach space , where is an abstract Wiener space, is also a "Gaussian measure" in a suitable sense. How does it change under translation? It turns out that a similar formula to the one above holds if we consider only translations by elements of the dense subspace . Statement of the theorem Let be an abstract Wiener space with abstract Wiener measu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional%20Lie%20algebra	In mathematics, an exceptional Lie algebra is a complex simple Lie algebra whose Dynkin diagram is of exceptional (nonclassical) type. There are exactly five of them: ; their respective dimensions are 14, 52, 78, 133, 248. The corresponding diagrams are: G2 : F4 : E6 : E7 : E8 : In contrast, simple Lie algebras that are not exceptional are called classical Lie algebras (there are infinitely many of them). Construction There is no simple universally accepted way to construct exceptional Lie algebras; in fact, they were discovered only in the process of the classification program. Here are some constructions: § 22.1-2 of give a detailed construction of . Exceptional Lie algebras may be realized as the derivation algebras of appropriate nonassociative algebras. Construct first and then find as subalgebras. Tits has given a uniformed construction of the five exceptional Lie algebras. References Further reading https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Lie_algebra,_exceptional http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/node13.html Lie algebras
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGH	CGH may refer to: Comparative genomic hybridization Computer-generated holography the IATA airport code of Congonhas-São Paulo Airport Changi General Hospital, a hospital in Simei, Singapore Colorado General Hospital, former name of University of Colorado Hospital cGh physics, a characterization of unified physical theories encompassing relativity, gravitation and quantum mechanics Coventry Godiva Harriers Chief of the Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya Camiguin General Hospital, a hospital in Mambajao, Philippines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland%20High%20School%20%28Bakersfield%2C%20California%29	Highland High School is a public high school in Bakersfield, California, United States, providing technology-based instruction across the curriculum. Advanced Placement (AP) and Honors classes are offered for juniors and seniors in English, calculus, statistics, math analysis, U.S. History, government/economics, chemistry, physics, psychology, geology, environmental science, Spanish, and French. Starting in 2015, they offered AP World History to sophomores. The school offers a college preparatory which includes four years of English, four years of mathematics through calculus, four years of Spanish and French, three years of social studies including world civilizations, U.S. history, U.S. government, and economics, and three years of science chosen from biology, earth science, chemistry, and physics. Approximately 10 percent of Highland's graduates go directly to a four-year college or university with an additional 40 percent attending community and technical colleges. The fine arts department provides a wide variety of enrichment courses including orchestra, intermediate and advanced band (Symphonic Band and Wind Ensemble), five choirs, beginning, intermediate, and advanced arts/crafts, as well as beginning, intermediate, and advanced drama/theater studies. Forensics (public speaking) and journalism/ publications are taught through the English department. Additionally, Highland offers two four-year Project Lead the Way programs: engineering and biomedicine. Students are hig
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioureas	In organic chemistry, thioureas are members of a family of organosulfur compounds with the formula and structure . The parent member of this class of compounds is thiourea (). The thiourea functional group has a planar core. Structure and bonding Thioureas have planar core. The bond distance is near 1.71 Å, which is 0.1 Å longer than in normal ketones (). The C–N bond distances are short. Thioureas occurs in two tautomeric forms. For the parent thiourea, the thione form predominates in aqueous solutions. The thiol form, known as an isothiourea, can be encountered in substituted compounds such as isothiouronium salts. Synthesis N,N′-unsubstituted thioureas can be prepared by treating the corresponding cyanamide with hydrogen sulfide or similar sulfide sources. Organic ammonium salts react with potassium thiocyanate as the source of the thiocarbonyl (). Alternatively, N,N′-disubstituted thioureas can be prepared by coupling two amines with thiophosgene: 2 HNR2 + Cl2S=C -> 2 S=C(NR2)2 + 2 HCl Amines also condense with organic thiocyanates to give thioureas: HNR2 + S=C=NR' -> S=C(NR2)(NHR') Cyclic thioureas are prepared by transamidation of thiourea with diamines. Ethylene thiourea is synthesized by treating ethylenediamine with carbon disulfide. In some cases, thioureas can be prepared by thiation of ureas using phosphorus pentasulfide. Applications Precursor to heterocycles Thioureas are building blocks to pyrimidine derivatives. Thus thioureas condense with β-dic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendren%20v.%20Campbell	Hendren et al. v. Campbell et al. was a 1977 ruling by an Indiana state superior court that the young-earth creationist textbook could not be used in Indiana public schools. Jon Hendren, a ninth-grade student in the West Clark Community Schools, sued when the district picked Biology: A Search For Order In Complexity, published by the Creation Research Society and promoted through the Institute for Creation Research, as the sole biology textbook. The textbook was edited by creationists John N. Moore and Harold Schultz Slusher. Decision The ruling declared: "The question is whether a text obviously designed to present only the view of Biblical Creationism in a favorable light is constitutionally acceptable in the public schools of Indiana. Two hundred years of constitutional government demand that the answer be no." Campbell was a forerunner to the federal decisions in McLean v. Arkansas and Edwards v. Aguillard. In Aguillard, the United States Supreme Court – using logic similar to that in Campbell – ruled that creation science was religiously motivated and could not be taught in public schools. References Establishment Clause case law United States creationism and evolution case law 1977 in United States case law Law articles needing an infobox Indiana state case law 1977 in Indiana 1977 in religion Public education in Indiana Textbook controversies Education in Clark County, Indiana Education controversies in the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita%20Dolly%20Panek	Anita Dolly Haubenstock Panek is a Brazilian biochemist. She emigrated from Poland to Brazil because of World War II. She received a B.Sc. in Chemistry, 1954 and a Ph.D. in 1962. She became a professor at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. In 1988 she showed that endogenous trehalose protects cells against the damage caused by freezing. Memberships Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1986. Latin American Academy of Sciences, Caracas, Venezuela, 1989. Third World Academy of Sciences, 1989. Awards Commander of the National Order of Scientific Merit, Brazil, 1996. References External links Anita Dolly Panek Brazilian scientists Living people Polish biochemists Polish women chemists Commanders of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil) Brazilian people of Polish-Jewish descent Brazilian women scientists 20th-century Polish women scientists Women biochemists 20th-century women scientists Polish women academics 20th-century Polish scientists Year of birth missing (living people) 20th-century Polish women Polish emigrants to Brazil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean%20Journal%20of%20Science	The Caribbean Journal of Science is a triannual peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal publishing articles, research notes, and book reviews related to science in the Caribbean, with an emphasis on botany, zoology, ecology, conservation biology, geology, archaeology, and paleontology. The journal was established in 1961 with the sponsorship of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, and The Zoological Record. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.200. References External links Caribbean Journal of Science fulltext at BioOne (2007-2016) Academic journals established in 1961 Multidisciplinary scientific journals Triannual journals English-language journals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20evolutionary%20genetics	Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from another human genome, the evolutionary past that gave rise to the human genome, and its current effects. Differences between genomes have anthropological, medical, historical and forensic implications and applications. Genetic data can provide important insights into human evolution. Origin of apes Biologists classify humans, along with only a few other species, as great apes (species in the family Hominidae). The living Hominidae include two distinct species of chimpanzee (the bonobo, Pan paniscus, and the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes), two species of gorilla (the western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla, and the eastern gorilla, Gorilla graueri), and two species of orangutan (the Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, and the Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii). The great apes with the family Hylobatidae of gibbons form the superfamily Hominoidea of apes. Apes, in turn, belong to the primate order (>400 species), along with the Old World monkeys, the New World monkeys, and others. Data from both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) indicate that primates belong to the group of Euarchontoglires, together with Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Dermoptera, and Scandentia. This is further supported by Alu-like short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) which have been found only in members of the Euarchontoglires. Phylogenetics A phylogenetic tree is usually derived from DNA or protein sequences from populations. Often
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos%20Steiner	Lajos Steiner (14 June 1903, in Nagyvárad (Oradea) – 22 April 1975, in Sydney) was a Hungarian–born Australian chess master. Steiner was one of four children of Bernat Steiner, a mathematics teacher, and his wife Cecilia,(née Schwarz). His elder brother was Endre Steiner. He was educated at the Technical High School in Budapest, and graduated in 1926 with a diploma in mechanical engineering from the Technikum Mittweida in Germany. In 1923, he tied for 4-5th in Vienna. In 1925 he took 2nd, behind Sándor Takács, in Budapest. In 1927, he won in Schandau and tied for 2nd-3rd in Kecskemét. In 1927/28, he took 2nd. In 1929, he took 2nd in Bradley Beach. In 1931, he won in Budapest (HUN-ch), took 5th in Vienna, and tied for 5-6th in Berlin. The event was won by Herman Steiner. In 1932/33, he tied for 3rd-4th in Hastings (Salo Flohr won). In 1933, he tied for 2nd-3rd in Maehrisch-Ostrau (Ostrava). The event was won by Ernst Grünfeld. In 1933, he took 4th in Budapest. In 1934, he tied for 1st-2nd with Vasja Pirc in Maribor (Marburg). In 1935, he tied for 1st-2nd with Erich Eliskases in Vienna (the 18th Trebitsch Memorial). In 1935, he tied for 5-6th in Łódź (Savielly Tartakower won) and took 4th in Tatatovaros (László Szabó won). In 1936, he won, with Mieczysław Najdorf, in Budapest (HUN-ch). In 1937, he took 2nd in Brno (Brunn), and took 3rd in Zoppot (Sopot). In 1937/38, he won in Vienna (the 20th Trebitsch Memorial). In 1938, he tied for 3rd-4th in Ljubljana (Laibach). The ev
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20First%20Immortal	The First Immortal (1998) is a novel by James L. Halperin about life of a man born in 1925 who dies in 1988 and is re-animated after a cryonics procedure. The novel spans 200 years and gives a futuristic account of the first immortal human. The novel explores the future prospects of cryonics, A.I., nanotechnology, and eternal life. It is the sequel to Halperin's earlier book, The Truth Machine. It is recommended as an educational resource by the two major cryonics organizations, Alcor Life Extension Foundation and Cryonics Institute. The novel was optioned as a Hallmark Hall of Fame miniseries, but the miniseries was never produced. 1998 novels Fiction about suspended animation Transhumanist books Del Rey books
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Historic%20Mechanical%20Engineering%20Landmarks	The following is a list of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks as designated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) since it began the program in 1971. The designation is granted to existing artifacts or systems representing significant mechanical engineering technology. Mechanical Engineering Heritage Sites are particular locales at which some event or development occurred or which some machine, building, or complex of significance occupied. Also Mechanical Engineering Heritage Collections refers to a museum or collection that includes related objects of special significance to, but not necessarily a major evolutionary step in, the historical development of mechanical engineering. Clicking the landmark number in the first column will take you to the ASME page on the site where you will also find the downloadable brochure from the dedication. There are over 275 landmarks on the list. See also American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Institution of Mechanical Engineers List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan) References External links American Society of Mechanical Engineers Landmarks American Society of Mechanical Engineers Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks Mechanical Engineering Landmarks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level%20set%20%28data%20structures%29	In computer science a level set data structure is designed to represent discretely sampled dynamic level sets functions. A common use of this form of data structure is in efficient image rendering. The underlying method constructs a signed distance field that extends from the boundary, and can be used to solve the motion of the boundary in this field. Chronological developments The powerful level-set method is due to Osher and Sethian 1988. However, the straightforward implementation via a dense d-dimensional array of values, results in both time and storage complexity of , where is the cross sectional resolution of the spatial extents of the domain and is the number of spatial dimensions of the domain. Narrow band The narrow band level set method, introduced in 1995 by Adalsteinsson and Sethian, restricted most computations to a thin band of active voxels immediately surrounding the interface, thus reducing the time complexity in three dimensions to for most operations. Periodic updates of the narrowband structure, to rebuild the list of active voxels, were required which entailed an operation in which voxels over the entire volume were accessed. The storage complexity for this narrowband scheme was still Differential constructions over the narrow band domain edge require careful interpolation and domain alteration schemes to stabilise the solution. Sparse field This time complexity was eliminated in the approximate "sparse field" level set method introduced by Whi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico%20Barone	Enrico Barone (; 22 December 1859, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – 14 May 1924, Rome, Italy) was a soldier, military historian, and an economist. Biography Barone studied the classics and mathematics before becoming an army officer. He taught military history for eight years from 1894 at the Officers' Training School. There he wrote a series of influential historical military works. In these he employed a method of successive approximations to which his study in economics had introduced him. In 1902, he became head of the historical office of the General Staff. He resigned his commission in 1906. From 1894 he collaborated with Maffeo Pantaleoni and Vilfredo Pareto in the Giornale degli Economisti. Impact He was the first to state conditions under which a competitive market would be Pareto efficient.<ref>William D. Nordhaus, 1992. "The Ecology of Markets," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89(3), Feb. 1, p. 845. [Pp. 843–850. </ref> He introduced variable factor proportions into neoclassical economics, contributing to the marginal-productivity theory of factor-income distribution. He extended conditions of general equilibrium in Walrasian theory, suggesting the feasibility of trial-and-error movement to market equilibrium. He pioneered the economic theory of index numbers. His contributions were made without use of utility or even indifference curves. Barone has been described as a "founder of the pure theory of a social
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisha%20Pessl	Marisha Pessl (born October 26, 1977) is an American writer known for her novels Special Topics in Calamity Physics, Night Film, and Neverworld Wake. Early life Pessl was born in Clarkston, Michigan, to Klaus, an Austrian engineer for General Motors, and Anne, an American homemaker. Pessl's parents divorced when she was three, and she moved to Asheville, North Carolina with her mother and sister. Pessl had an intellectually stimulating upbringing, recalling that her mother read "a fair chunk of the Western canon out loud" to her and her sister before bed, and entered her in lessons for riding, painting, jazz, and French. She was also a fan of The Chronicles of Narnia, A Wrinkle in Time, and the Nancy Drew books. Pessl started high school at the Asheville School, a private, co-educational boarding school, but graduated from Asheville High School in 1995. She attended Northwestern University for two years before transferring to Barnard College. Career After graduating, she worked as a financial consultant at PricewaterhouseCoopers, while writing in her free time. After two failed attempts at novels, Pessl began writing a third novel in 2001 about the relationship between a daughter and her controlling, charismatic father. Pessl completed the novel, titled Special Topics in Calamity Physics, in 2004 and it was published in 2006 by Viking Penguin to "almost universally positive" reviews, translated into thirty languages, and eventually becoming a New York Times Best Seller
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Greenblatt	Jack Greenblatt is the Ann and Max Tannenbaum Professor of Molecular Genetics at the University of Toronto, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology. He has been a recipient of a Medical Research Council of Canada Distinguished Scientist Award, and an International Research Scholar of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is the recipient of the 2011 Tony Pawson Proteomics Award from the Canadian National Proteomics Network. He earned a BSc (First Class Honours in Physics) from McGill University in 1967. Greenblatt received his Ph.D. in biophysics from Harvard University in 1973, studying under Walter Gilbert, and his postdoctoral training at the University of Geneva and the Pasteur Institute. Greenblatt's group has discovered important protein factors required for initiation of transcription in eukaryotic cells. References External links University of Toronto homepage http://www.cnpn.ca/about/past_award_winners.html Living people Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni University of Geneva alumni McGill University Faculty of Science alumni Academic staff of the University of Toronto Canadian microbiologists Canadian geneticists Year of birth missing (living people) Scientists from Toronto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley%E2%80%93Wiener%20integral	In mathematics, the Paley–Wiener integral is a simple stochastic integral. When applied to classical Wiener space, it is less general than the Itō integral, but the two agree when they are both defined. The integral is named after its discoverers, Raymond Paley and Norbert Wiener. Definition Let be an abstract Wiener space with abstract Wiener measure on . Let be the adjoint of . (We have abused notation slightly: strictly speaking, , but since is a Hilbert space, it is isometrically isomorphic to its dual space , by the Riesz representation theorem.) It can be shown that is an injective function and has dense image in . Furthermore, it can be shown that every linear functional is also square-integrable: in fact, This defines a natural linear map from to , under which goes to the equivalence class of in . This is well-defined since is injective. This map is an isometry, so it is continuous. However, since a continuous linear map between Banach spaces such as and is uniquely determined by its values on any dense subspace of its domain, there is a unique continuous linear extension of the above natural map to the whole of . This isometry is known as the Paley–Wiener map. , also denoted , is a function on and is known as the Paley–Wiener integral (with respect to ). It is important to note that the Paley–Wiener integral for a particular element is a function on . The notation does not really denote an inner product (since and belong to two different s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Fedkiw	Ronald Paul "Ron" Fedkiw (born February 27, 1968) is a full professor in the Stanford University department of computer science and a leading researcher in the field of computer graphics, focusing on topics relating to physically based simulation of natural phenomena and machine learning. His techniques have been employed in many motion pictures. He has earned recognition at the 80th Academy Awards and the 87th Academy Awards as well as from the National Academy of Sciences. His first Academy Award was awarded for developing techniques that enabled many technically sophisticated adaptations including the visual effects in 21st century movies in the Star Wars, Harry Potter, Terminator, and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises. Fedkiw has designed a platform that has been used to create many of the movie world's most advanced special effects since it was first used on the T-X character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines. His second Academy Award was awarded for computer graphics techniques for special effects for large scale destruction. Although he has won an Oscar for his work, he does not design the visual effects that use his technique. Instead, he has developed a system that other award-winning technicians and engineers have used to create visual effects for some of the world's most expensive and highest-grossing movies. Early life and family Fedkiw was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1968. He received his Ph.D. in applied mathematics from UCLA in 1996. His disserta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%E2%80%93Mazur%20theorem	In functional analysis, a field of mathematics, the Banach–Mazur theorem is a theorem roughly stating that most well-behaved normed spaces are subspaces of the space of continuous paths. It is named after Stefan Banach and Stanisław Mazur. Statement Every real, separable Banach space is isometrically isomorphic to a closed subspace of , the space of all continuous functions from the unit interval into the real line. Comments On the one hand, the Banach–Mazur theorem seems to tell us that the seemingly vast collection of all separable Banach spaces is not that vast or difficult to work with, since a separable Banach space is "only" a collection of continuous paths. On the other hand, the theorem tells us that is a "really big" space, big enough to contain every possible separable Banach space. Non-separable Banach spaces cannot embed isometrically in the separable space , but for every Banach space , one can find a compact Hausdorff space and an isometric linear embedding of into the space of scalar continuous functions on . The simplest choice is to let be the unit ball of the continuous dual , equipped with the w*-topology. This unit ball is then compact by the Banach–Alaoglu theorem. The embedding is introduced by saying that for every , the continuous function on is defined by The mapping is linear, and it is isometric by the Hahn–Banach theorem. Another generalization was given by Kleiber and Pervin (1969): a metric space of density equal to an infinite c

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