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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%28benzene%29chromium
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Bis(benzene)chromium is the organometallic compound with the formula . It is sometimes called dibenzenechromium. The compound played an important role in the development of sandwich compounds in organometallic chemistry and is the prototypical complex containing two arene ligands.
Historical background
In the late 1910s, Franz Hein started the investigation of "triphenylchromium" by reacting chromium trichloride with a Grignard reagent, phenyl magnesium bromide. Such a reaction gave a mixture of phenyl chromium and Hein suggested that it contained a Cr(VI) species, "", generated via valence disproportionation.
This event marked an advance in organochromium chemistry at the time and "" was described to have salt-like properties. However, the reported workup procedures for "" was challenging and the yield was low. Later scrutinization by Zeiss and Tsutsui revealed that Hein's formulation of the chromium-containing products was flawed.
Preparation
The actual discovery of bis(benzene)chromium was largely contributed by Ernst Otto Fischer and Walter Hafner in the 1950s. Ernst Otto Fischer postulated that it might be possible to synthesize a neutral chromium(0) complex with two benzene ligands, which has a sandwich structure, similar to that of ferrocene. In 1954, Walter Hafner, a PhD student of Ernst Otto Fischer at the time, put the idea into practice. A reaction of chromium trichloride, aluminium trichloride, aluminium powder in m-xylene resulted in the formation of yellow ,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien%20Charnoz
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Pr. Sébastien Charnoz (born 1974) is a planetary scientist who studies planetary dynamics at the Université Paris Cité and Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris. He also works for the CEA (Center for Atomic Energy) in France.
His work covers problems relating to collisional dynamics such as the physics of planetary rings and the formation of the Solar System. He specializes in numerical simulations. Along with André Brahic (Professor at Université Paris 7) he is involved in the imaging team of the Cassini mission, led by Carolyn Porco. Using numerical code he wrote for automatic satellite detection (among hundreds of images provided by the ISS camera system), he helped the Imaging Team discover the two smallest known moons of the Saturn system in 2004,,,: Methone and Pallene.
References
External links
Homepage of Sébastien Charnoz
NASA press release describing the discovery of the two satellites methone and Pallene
20th-century French astronomers
Living people
Planetary scientists
21st-century French astronomers
1974 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20Radiobiology%20Research%20Institute
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The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) is an American triservice research laboratory in Bethesda, Maryland chartered by Congress in 1960 and formally established in 1961. It conducts research in the field of radiobiology and related matters which are essential to the operational and medical support of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and the U.S. military services. AFRRI provides services and performs cooperative research with other federal and civilian agencies and institutions.
History
Department of Defense (DoD) interest in the health effects of exposure to radiological agents (radiobiology), born in the wake of the Manhattan Project, motivated a 1958 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery proposal that a bionuclear research facility be established to study such issues. On June 8, 1960, Public Law 86-500 authorized the construction of such a facility, including a laboratory and vivarium under the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA, now the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)); on December 2, 1960, DASA and the surgeons general of the Army, Navy, and Air Force approved a charter for the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFFRI). The institute was formally established on May 12, 1961, by DoD Directive 5154.16 as a joint agency of the Army, Navy, and Air Force under the command and administrative control of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD).
Research at AFRRI began in January 1962, although the laboratory became fully operational only
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Brown%20%28Canadian%20politician%29
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Roderick Neil Brown, Q.C. is a lawyer, biologist, Canadian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, representing the constituency of Calgary-Nose Hill as a Progressive Conservative.
Early life
Brown was born in Calgary, and earned a Bachelor of Science in biology from the University of Calgary in 1971. He subsequently earned a Master of Science in zoology from the University of Alaska in 1974 and a Ph.D. in biology from McGill University in 1977. He worked as an assistant professor of biology at Trent University before returning to the University of Calgary to earn his Bachelor of Laws, which he received in 1982. He worked for McLaws and Company (now Parlee McLaws LLP) in civil litigation before opening his own practice in 1987.
Political career
Brown first sought election in the 2004 provincial election, when he ran as the Progressive Conservative candidate in the newly formed Calgary-Nose Hill. He defeated his closest challenger, Liberal Len Borowski, by more than 1,500 votes. During his first term, in addition to his responsibilities as an MLA, Brown served as chair of both the Private Bills Committee and the Conflicts of Interest Act Review Committee. He was also a member of the Cabinet Policy Committee on Resources and the Environment, the Standing Committee on Government Services, the MLA Committee on AISH Review, the MLA Committee on Métis Harvesting, the Agenda and Priorities Committee, the Public Accounts Committee, and the Legislativ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope%20fractionation
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Isotope fractionation describes fractionation processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, phenomena which are taken advantage of in isotope geochemistry and other fields. Normally, the focus is on stable isotopes of the same element. Isotopic fractionation can be measured by isotope analysis, using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry or cavity ring-down spectroscopy to measure ratios of isotopes, an important tool to understand geochemical and biological systems. For example, biochemical processes cause changes in ratios of stable carbon isotopes incorporated into biomass.
Definition
Stable isotopes partitioning between two substances A and B can be expressed by the use of the isotopic fractionation factor (alpha):
where R is the ratio of the heavy to light isotope (e.g., 2H/1H or 18O/16O). Values for alpha tend to be very close to 1.
Types
There are four types of isotope fractionation (of which the first two are normally most important): equilibrium fractionation, kinetic fractionation, mass-independent fractionation (or non-mass-dependent fractionation), and transient kinetic isotope fractionation.
Example
Isotope fractionation occurs during a phase transition, when the ratio of light to heavy isotopes in the involved molecules changes. When water vapor condenses (an equilibrium fractionation), the heavier water isotopes (18O and 2H) become enriched in the liquid phase while the lighter isotopes (16O and 1H) tend toward the vapor phase.
See also
Isotope se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWA%20Telerobot
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The UWA telerobot is a teleoperable robot belonging to the school of mechanical and civil engineering at the University of Western Australia.
Development
The UWA telerobot is a historic landmark for the Internet and The University of Western Australia. It was the first telerobot device made available for general use on the Internet in 1994. The UWA telerobot was originally developed as part of a PhD thesis by Kenneth Taylor and was the subject of a later PhD by Barney Dalton.
The first robot on the Internet, a plastic toy robot with only 2 degrees of freedom, was placed online by a team under Ken Goldberg at the University of Southern California only three weeks before the UWA team released their website. The USC robot only lasted for seven months. The UWA robot is still online today, although the original robot was replaced in 1996 and the robot is no longer available for unrestricted public access, though interested parties can request permission.
Implementation
The current UWA telerobot is an ABB IRB1400 model 6 DOF serial chain robot fitted with a pneumatic gripper attachment. The robot runs on a standard ABB S4 Robot Controller linked to a Linux server and which in turn communicates with a second server running ABB's RobComm software and a National Instruments Labview application that was custom written for the task by James Trevelyan with assistance from Perth-based Icon Technologies and students. The robot forms part of the UWA telelabs project.
The Telerobot has
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead%27s%20point-free%20geometry
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In mathematics, point-free geometry is a geometry whose primitive ontological notion is region rather than point. Two axiomatic systems are set out below, one grounded in mereology, the other in mereotopology and known as connection theory.
Point-free geometry was first formulated in Whitehead (1919, 1920), not as a theory of geometry or of spacetime, but of "events" and of an "extension relation" between events. Whitehead's purposes were as much philosophical as scientific and mathematical.
Formalizations
Whitehead did not set out his theories in a manner that would satisfy present-day canons of formality. The two formal first-order theories described in this entry were devised by others in order to clarify and refine Whitehead's theories. The domain of discourse for both theories consists of "regions." All unquantified variables in this entry should be taken as tacitly universally quantified; hence all axioms should be taken as universal closures. No axiom requires more than three quantified variables; hence a translation of first-order theories into relation algebra is possible. Each set of axioms has but four existential quantifiers.
Inclusion-based point-free geometry (mereology)
The fundamental primitive binary relation is inclusion, denoted by the infix operator "≤", which corresponds to the binary Parthood relation that is a standard feature in mereological theories. The intuitive meaning of x ≤ y is "x is part of y." Assuming that equality, denoted by the infix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paal%E2%80%93Knorr%20synthesis
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In organic chemistry, the Paal–Knorr Synthesis is a reaction used to synthesize substituted furans, pyrroles, or thiophenes from 1,4-diketones. It is a synthetically valuable method for obtaining substituted furans and pyrroles, which are common structural components of many natural products. It was initially reported independently by German chemists Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr in 1884 as a method for the preparation of furans, and has been adapted for pyrroles and thiophenes. Although the Paal–Knorr synthesis has seen widespread use, the mechanism wasn't fully understood until it was elucidated by V. Amarnath et al. in the 1990s.
The furan synthesis requires an acid catalyst:
In the pyrrole synthesis a primary amine participates:
and in that of thiophene for instance the compound phosphorus pentasulfide:
Mechanisms
Furan synthesis
The acid catalyzed furan synthesis proceeds by protonation of one carbonyl which is attacked by the forming enol of the other carbonyl. Dehydration of the hemiacetal gives the resultant furan.
The mechanism of the Paal–Knorr furan synthesis was elucidated in 1995 by V. Amarnath et al. Amarnath's work showed that the diastereomers of 3,4-disubstituted-2,5-hexane diones react at different rates. In the commonly accepted mechanism, these diones would go through a common enol intermediate, meaning that the meso and d,l-racemic isomers would cyclize at the same rate as they form from a common intermediate. The implication of different reaction is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Cipher%20Challenge
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The National Cipher Challenge is an annual cryptographic competition organised by the University of Southampton School of Mathematics. Competitors attempt to break cryptograms published on the competition website. In the 2017, more than 7,500 students took part in the competition. Participants must be in full-time school level education in order to qualify for prizes.
Format
The competition is organised into eight to ten challenges, which are further subdivided into parts A and B. The part A challenge consists of a comparatively simpler cryptogram, and usually provides some useful information to assist in the solving of part B. Part B is usually more complex. In later challenges the cryptograms become harder to break. In the past, part A cryptograms have been encrypted with the Caesar cipher, the Affine cipher, the Keyword cipher, the Transposition cipher, the Vigenère cipher and the 2x2 Hill cipher.
The part B challenges are intended to be harder. These begin with relatively simple substitution ciphers, including the Bacon cipher and Polybius square, before moving on to transposition ciphers, Playfair ciphers and polyalphabetic ciphers such as the Vigenère cipher, the Autokey cipher and the Alberti cipher. In the later stages of the competition, the ADFGVX cipher, the Solitaire cipher, the Double Playfair cipher, the Hill cipher, the Book cipher and versions of the Enigma and Fialka cipher machines have all been used. The 2009 challenge ended with a Jefferson Disk cipher
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca%20Raton%20Regional%20Hospital
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Boca Raton Regional Hospital is a 400-bed, not-for-profit health care organization located in Boca Raton, Florida. It was established in 1967 and provides patient care in areas such as cardiovascular, oncology, women's health, orthopedics, emergency medicine and the neurosciences. Presently, the hospital has 400 licensed beds, 800 physicians, a nursing and support staff of 2000 and 1200 volunteers.
History
In 1962, Gloria and Robert Drummond's two young children, Debra and James Randall, were fatally poisoned. Had medical treatment been closer than 30 minutes away from Boca Raton, the children's lives may have been saved. The Debbie-Rand Memorial Service League was formed that year with the mission of raising the funds needed to build a medical facility in Boca Raton. Outside consultants were called in who informed the league that Boca Raton would never warrant a hospital. By 1967, the league had raised $3.5 million and “The Miracle on Meadows Road” was opened with 104 beds on July 17 of that year.
On August 19, 2010, the hospital announced that it was changing its name from Boca Raton Community Hospital to its current name.
References
External links
Boca Raton Regional Hospital
Hospital buildings completed in 1906
Hospitals in Florida
Buildings and structures in Boca Raton, Florida
1906 establishments in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congrua
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Congrua may refer to:
the plural of congruum, in mathematics, the difference of an arithmetic progression of squares
congrua portio, the lowest sum proper for the yearly income of a cleric
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton%20Merricks
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Trenton Merricks () is an American philosopher and the Commonwealth Professor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. While Merricks' primary field of study is metaphysics, he has also published scholarship in epistemology, philosophy of language, and philosophy of religion.
Education and academic postings
Merricks attended Ohio State University as an undergraduate and received his doctorate in philosophy the University of Notre Dame under the supervision of the well-known Christian philosopher Alvin Plantinga. Before holding his professorship at the University of Virginia, Merricks served as an Assistant Professor and then an Associate Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University.
Philosophical scholarship
Merricks's published articles include "Endurance and Indiscernibility" (Journal of Philosophy), "On the Incompatibility of Enduring and Perduring Objects" (Mind), "Persistence, Parts, and Presentism" (Nous), "There are No Criteria of Identity Over Time" (Nous), "Warrant Entails Truth" (Philosophy and Phenomenological Research), "Varieties of Vagueness" (Philosophy and Phenomenological Research), and "Composition and Vagueness" (Mind).
He has also authored and published four books:
Objects and Persons (Oxford University Press, 2001)
Truth and Ontology (Oxford University Press, 2007)
Propositions (Oxford University Press, 2015)
Self and Identity (Oxford University Press, 2022)
See also
Mereological nihilism
Philosophy of religion
Growing block universe
P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20Auroral%20SnapshoT%20Explorer
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The Fast Auroral SnapshoT Explorer (FAST or Explorer 70) was a NASA plasma physics satellite, and was the second spacecraft in the Small Explorer program (SMEX). It was launched on 21 August 1996, from Vandenberg Air Force Base aboard a Pegasus XL launch vehicle. The spacecraft was designed and built by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Flight operations were handled by GSFC for the first three years, and thereafter were transferred to the University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory.
Mission
FAST was designed to observe and measure the plasma physics of the auroral phenomena which occur around both of Earth's poles. While its Electric Field Experiment failed around 2002, all other instruments continued to operate normally until science operations were ended on 4 May 2009. Various engineering tests were conducted afterward.
FAST investigates the plasma physics of auroral phenomena at extremely high time and spatial resolution using the full complement of particle and fields instruments. FAST is the second spacecraft (SAMPEX was first) in the Small Explorer (SMEX) program at NASA-GSFC. SMEX was established to provide rapid (3 year development) low cost (US$35M development) mission opportunities (1 per year) to the space science community using a single designated principal investigator (PI).
In order to capture the auroral phenomena over small time (microseconds) and spatial scales, FAST utilizes high speed data sampling, a large, fast-loading ("
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Wallach
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Steven "Steve" J. Wallach (born September 1945 in Brooklyn, New York) is an engineer, consultant and technology manager. He is a Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award recipient.
Education
Wallach received his BS in electrical engineering from Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, his MS in electrical engineering, from University of Pennsylvania and an MBA from Boston University.
Career
Wallach retired from Micron, and is currently a guest scientist at LANL (Los Alamos). He is also a visiting scientist at the Barcelona Supercomputer Center (BSC). Main focus on HPC RISC-V technology. Wallach was the co-founder and CTO of Convey Computers. After Micron Technology bought Convey, Wallach became a design director. Wallach was previously Vice President of technology for Chiaro Networks and was co-founder of Convex Computer, their Chief Technology Officer and Senior V.P. of Development.
After Hewlett-Packard bought Convex, Wallach became the chief technology officer of Hewlett-Packard's large systems group. He was also a visiting professor at Rice University from 1998–1999. Prior to Convex, he was manager of Advanced Development for Data General. His efforts on the MV/8000 are chronicled in Tracy Kidder's Pulitzer Prize winner The Soul of a New Machine. Prior to that, he was an engineer at Raytheon, where he worked on the All Applications Digital Computer (AADC).
Wallach has 81 american patents and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, an IEEE Fellow and was a f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOLAB
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SNOLAB is a Canadian underground science laboratory specializing in neutrino and dark matter physics. Located 2 km below the surface in Vale's Creighton nickel mine near Sudbury, Ontario, SNOLAB is an expansion of the existing facilities constructed for the original Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) solar neutrino experiment.
SNOLAB is the world's deepest operational clean room facility. Although accessed through an active mine, the laboratory proper is maintained as a class-2000 cleanroom, with very low levels of dust and background radiation. SNOLAB's 2070 m (6800 feet) of overburden rock provides 6010 metre water equivalent (MWE) shielding from cosmic rays, providing a low-background environment for experiments requiring high sensitivities and extremely low counting The combination of great depth and cleanliness that SNOLAB affords allows extremely rare interactions and weak processes to be studied. In addition to neutrino and dark matter physics, SNOLAB is also host to biological experiments in an underground environment.
History
The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory was the world's deepest underground experiment since the Kolar Gold Fields experiments ended with the closing of that mine in 1992. Many research collaborations were, and still are, interested in conducting experiments in the 6000 MWE location.
In 2002, funding was approved by the Canada Foundation for Innovation to expand the SNO facilities into a general-purpose laboratory, and more funding was received
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20logic
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Logic is the formal science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics and to a lesser extent computer science. Logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and the study of arguments in natural language. The scope of logic can therefore be very large, ranging from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes, to specialized analyses of reasoning such as probability, correct reasoning, and arguments involving causality. One of the aims of logic is to identify the correct (or valid) and incorrect (or fallacious) inferences. Logicians study the criteria for the evaluation of arguments.
Foundations of logic
Philosophy of logic
Analytic-synthetic distinction
Antinomy
A priori and a posteriori
Definition
Description
Entailment
Identity (philosophy)
Inference
Logical form
Logical implication
Logical truth
Logical consequence
Name
Necessity
Material conditional
Meaning (linguistic)
Meaning (non-linguistic)
Paradox (list)
Possible world
Presupposition
Probability
Quantification
Reason
Reasoning
Reference
Semantics
Strict conditional
Syntax (logic)
Truth
Truth value
Validity
Branches of logic
Affine logic
Alethic logic
Aristotelian logic
Boolean logic
Buddhist logic
Bunched logic
Categorical logic
Classical logic
Computability logic
Deontic logic
Dependence logic
Description logic
Deviant logic
Doxasti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta%20potential
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In quantum mechanics the delta potential is a potential well mathematically described by the Dirac delta function - a generalized function. Qualitatively, it corresponds to a potential which is zero everywhere, except at a single point, where it takes an infinite value. This can be used to simulate situations where a particle is free to move in two regions of space with a barrier between the two regions. For example, an electron can move almost freely in a conducting material, but if two conducting surfaces are put close together, the interface between them acts as a barrier for the electron that can be approximated by a delta potential.
The delta potential well is a limiting case of the finite potential well, which is obtained if one maintains the product of the width of the well and the potential constant while decreasing the well's width and increasing the potential.
This article, for simplicity, only considers a one-dimensional potential well, but analysis could be expanded to more dimensions.
Single delta potential
The time-independent Schrödinger equation for the wave function of a particle in one dimension in a potential is
where is the reduced Planck constant, and is the energy of the particle.
The delta potential is the potential
where is the Dirac delta function.
It is called a delta potential well if is negative, and a delta potential barrier if is positive. The delta has been defined to occur at the origin for simplicity; a shift in the delta fun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/201%20%28number%29
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201 (two hundred [and] one) is the natural number following 200 and preceding 202.
In mathematics
As the two proper factors of 201 are both Gaussian primes, 201 is a Blum integer.
In computing
201 is an HTTP status code indicating a new resource was successfully created in response to the request, with the textual part of the response line indicating the URL of the newly created document.
In astronomy
201 is a Saros cycle; the next solar eclipse in this cycle is predicted to take place in AD 3223..
The New General Catalogue object NGC201 is a magnitude 15 spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus.
201 Penelope is a large Main belt asteroid discovered in 1879.
In other fields
A 201 file is the term used in the U.S. Army for the set of documents maintained by the US government for members of the Armed Forces recording their service history. It is also referred to as the Official Military Personnel File.
201 in binary (11001001) is the title of an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Area code 201 is the area code assigned to northern New Jersey in the United States.
201 is the course number of basic or entry-level courses at some Canadian universities (such as the University of Calgary and Athabasca University), especially if the number 101 is allocated to remedial courses.
201 is also short for 201 Poplar, the jail in Memphis, Tennessee, and alluded to in many rap songs from Memphis artists.
in Philippine employment, a 201 file is a file detailing an employ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202%20%28number%29
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202 (two hundred [and] two) is the natural number following 201 and preceding 203.
In mathematics
202 is a Smith number, meaning that its digit sum and the sum of digits of its prime factors are equal. It is also a strobogrammatic number, meaning that when shown on a seven-segment display, turning the display upside-down shows the same number.
There are exactly 202 partitions of 32 (a power of two) into smaller powers of two. There are also 202 distinct (non-congruent) polygons that can be formed by connecting all eight vertices of a regular octagon into a cycle, and 202 distinct (non-isomorphic) directed graphs on four unlabeled vertices, not having any isolated vertices.
See also
Area code 202, the area code assigned to Washington D.C.
HTTP status code 202 meaning the request was accepted but has not yet been fulfilled
List of highways numbered 202
The Peugeot 202 automobile
Potassium sorbate, a preservative whose E number is 202
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203%20%28number%29
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203 (two hundred [and] three) is the natural number following 202 and preceding 204.
In mathematics
203 is the seventh Bell number, giving the number of partitions of a set of size 6. 203 different triangles can be made from three rods with integer lengths of at most 12, and 203 integer squares (not necessarily of unit size) can be found in a staircase-shaped polyomino formed by stacks of unit squares of heights ranging from 1 to 12.
In other fields
203 is the HTTP status code for non-authoritative information, indicating that the request was successful but the enclosed payload has been modified from that of the origin server's 200 (OK) response by a transforming proxy.
See also
Area code 203, in Connecticut
The year 203
Hill 203, near Lüshunkou, China
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/204%20%28number%29
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204 (two hundred [and] four) is the natural number following 203 and preceding 205.
In mathematics
204 is a refactorable number. 204 is a square pyramidal number: 204 balls may be stacked in a pyramid whose base is an 8 × 8 square. Its square, 2042 = 41616, is the fourth square triangular number. As a figurate number, 204 is also a nonagonal number and a truncated triangular pyramid number. 204 is a member of the Mian-Chowla sequence.
There are exactly 204 irreducible quintic polynomials over a four-element field, exactly 204 ways to place three non-attacking chess queens on a 5 × 5 board, exactly 204 squares of an infinite chess move that are eight knight's moves from the center, exactly 204 strings of length 11 over a three-letter alphabet with no consecutively-repeated substring, and exactly 204 ways of immersing an oriented circle into the oriented plane so that it has four double points.
Both 204 and its square are sums of a pair of twin primes: 204 = 101 + 103 and 2042 = 41616 = 20807 + 20809. The only smaller numbers with the same property are 12 and 84.
204 is a sum of all the perfect squares from 1 to 64 (i.e. 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 + 72 + 82 = 204).
In other fields
In telecommunications, area code 204 is a North American telephone area code for the Canadian province of Manitoba. 204 is one of the original 86 area codes assigned in 1947 in the contiguous United States and the then-nine-province extent of Canada. More recently a second area code (431) was a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/205%20%28number%29
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205 (two hundred [and] five) is the natural number following 204 and preceding 206.
In mathematics
205 is a lucky number, and a Wolstenholme number.
On an infinite chessboard, a knight can reach exactly 205 squares within four moves. There are 205 different ways of forming a connected graph by adding six edges to a set of five labeled vertices.
In other fields
The atomic number of an element temporarily called Binilpentium
See also
List of highways numbered 205
205 Martha, a large Main belt asteroid
205 Yonge Street, a building in Toronto
205 series, a commuter train type in Japan
Peugeot 205, a French car
WWE 205 Live, an American professional wrestling program
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/206%20%28number%29
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206 (two hundred [and] six) is the natural number following 205 and preceding 207.
In mathematics
206 is both a nontotient and a noncototient. 206 is an untouchable number. It is the lowest positive integer (when written in English as "two hundred and six") to employ all of the vowels once only, not including Y. The other numbers sharing this property are 230, 250, 260, 602, 640, 5000, 8000, 9000, 80,000 and 90,000. 206 and 207 form the second pair of consecutive numbers (after 14 and 15) whose sums of divisors are equal. There are exactly 206 different linear forests on five labeled nodes, and exactly 206 regular semigroups of order four up to isomorphism and anti-isomorphism.
In science
There are 206 bones in the typical adult human body.
See also
The Year 206 AD
Cessna 206, a single engine light aircraft
Bell 206, a light helicopter
The Peugeot 206, a French supermini automobile
US Area code 206, and The 206 slang terminology for the urban part of the greater Seattle area
206 (Ulster) Battery Royal Artillery (Volunteers) "The Ulster Gunners", part of British Army's 105th Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers)
206 Hersilia, a fairly large Main belt asteroid
206 Bones, a novel by Kathy Reichs
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/207%20%28number%29
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207 (two hundred [and] seven) is the natural number following 206 and preceding 208. It is an odd composite number with a prime factorization of .
In Mathematics
207 is a Wedderburn-Etherington number. There are exactly 207 different matchstick graphs with eight edges. 207 is also a deficient number, as 207's proper divisors (divisors not including the number itself) only add up to 105:
See also
Peugeot 207
List of highways numbered 207
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/209%20%28number%29
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209 (two hundred [and] nine) is the natural number following 208 and preceding 210.
In mathematics
There are 209 spanning trees in a 2 × 5 grid graph, 209 partial permutations on four elements, and 209 distinct undirected simple graphs on 7 or fewer unlabeled vertices.
209 is the smallest number with six representations as a sum of three positive squares. These representations are:
209 .
By Legendre's three-square theorem, all numbers congruent to 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6 mod 8 have representations as sums of three squares, but this theorem does not explain the high number of such representations for 209.
, one less than the product of the first four prime numbers. Therefore, 209 is a Euclid number of the second kind, also called a Kummer number. One standard proof of Euclid's theorem that there are infinitely many primes uses the Kummer numbers, by observing that the prime factors of any Kummer number must be distinct from the primes in its product formula as a Kummer number. However, the Kummer numbers are not all prime, and as a semiprime (the product of two smaller prime numbers ), 209 is the first example of a composite Kummer number.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/214%20%28number%29
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214 (two hundred [and] fourteen) is the natural number following 213 and preceding 215.
In mathematics
214 is a composite number (with prime factorization 2 * 107) and a triacontakaiheptagonal number (37-gonal number).
214!! − 1 is a 205-digit prime number.
The 11th perfect number 2106×(2107−1) has 214 divisors.
Number of regions into which a figure made up of a row of 5 adjacent congruent rectangles is divided upon drawing diagonals of all possible rectangles.
In other fields
214 is a song by Rivermaya.
214 Aschera is a Main belt asteroid.
E214 is the E number of Ethylparaben.
The Bell 214 is a helicopter.
The Tupolev 214 is an airliner.
Type 214 submarine
There are several highways numbered 214.
Form DD 214 documents discharge from the U.S. Armed Forces.
The number of Wainwright-listed summits of the English Lake District
214 is also:
The first area code of metropolitan Dallas, Texas
The number of Chinese radicals for the writing of Chinese characters according to the 1716 Kangxi Dictionary.
SMTP status code for a reply message to a help command
The Dewey Decimal Classification for Theodicy (the problem of evil).
References
Wells, D. (1987). The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers (p. 143). London: Penguin Group.
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/215%20%28number%29
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215 (two hundred [and] fifteen) is the natural number following 214 and preceding 216.
In mathematics
215 is a composite number and a semiprime ().
215 is the second smallest integer (after 5) such that is twice a square: .
215 is a vertically symmetric number on a calculator display .
There are 215 sequences of four integers, counting re-arrangements as distinct, such that the sum of their reciprocals is 1. These are
24 arrangements of (2,3,7,42), (2,3,8,24), (2,3,9,18), (2,3,10,15), (2,4,5,20) and (2,4,6,12).
12 arrangements of (3,3,4,12), (3,4,4,6), (2,3,12,12), (2,4,8,8) and (2,5,5,10).
6 arrangements of (3,3,6,6).
4 arrangements of (2,6,6,6).
1 arrangement of (4,4,4,4).
In other fields
215 Oenone is a main belt asteroid.
E215 is the E number of Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate.
There are several highways numbered 215.
215 is also:
The Dewey Decimal Classification for Science and religion.
The year AD 215 or 215 BC
215 is often used as slang for marijuana, from California Proposition 215, legalizing it for medical use.
The first area code of metropolitan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
References
Integers
ca:Nombre 210#Nombres del 211 al 219
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/217%20%28number%29
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217 (two hundred [and] seventeen) is the natural number following 216 and preceding 218.
In mathematics
217 is a centered hexagonal number, a 12-gonal number, a centered 36-gonal number, a Fermat pseudoprime to base 5, and a Blum integer. It is both the sum of two positive cubes and the difference of two positive consecutive cubes in exactly one way: . When written in binary, it is a non-repetitive Kaprekar number. It is also the sum of all the divisors of .
See also
217, the year
References
Integers
ca:Nombre 210#Nombres del 211 al 219
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/218%20%28number%29
|
218 (two hundred [and] eighteen) is the natural number following 217 and preceding 219.
In mathematics
Mertens function(218) = 3, a record high.
218 is nontotient and also noncototient.
218 is the number of inequivalent ways to color the 12 edges of a cube using at most 2 colors, where two colorings are equivalent if they differ only by a rotation of the cube.
There are 218 nondegenerate Boolean functions of 3 variables.
The number of surface points on a 73 cube.
In other fields
218 is the current number of votes in the US House of Representatives a party or coalition needs to win in order to achieve a majority.
The years 218 and 218 BC
Area code 218, for northern Minnesota.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/226%20%28number%29
|
226 (two hundred [and] twenty-six) is the natural number following 225 and preceding 227.
In mathematics
226 is a happy number, and a semiprime (2×113),
and a member of Aronson's sequence.
At most 226 different permutation patterns can occur within a single 9-element permutation.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/232%20%28number%29
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232 (two hundred [and] thirty-two) is the natural number following 231 and preceding 233.
In mathematics
232 is both a central polygonal number and a cake number.
It is both a decagonal number and a centered 11-gonal number. It is also
a refactorable number,
a Motzkin sum,
an idoneal number, a Riordan number and a noncototient.
232 is a telephone number: in a system of seven telephone users, there are 232 different ways of pairing up some of the users.
There are also exactly 232 different eight-vertex connected indifference graphs, and 232 bracelets with eight beads of one color and seven of another. Because this number has the form , it follows that there are exactly 232 different functions from a set of four elements to a proper subset of the same set.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/238%20%28number%29
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238 (two hundred [and] thirty-eight) is the natural number following 237 and preceding 239.
In mathematics
238 is an untouchable number.
There are 238 2-vertex-connected graphs on five labeled vertices, and 238 order-5 polydiamonds (polyiamonds that can partitioned into 5 diamonds). Out of the 720 permutations of six elements, exactly 238 of them have a unique longest increasing subsequence.
There are 238 compact and paracompact hyperbolic groups of ranks 3 through 10.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/252%20%28number%29
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252 (two hundred [and] fifty-two) is the natural number following 251 and preceding 253.
In mathematics
252 is:
the central binomial coefficient , the largest one divisible by all coefficients in the previous line
, where is the Ramanujan tau function.
, where is the function that sums the cubes of the divisors of its argument:
a practical number,
a refactorable number,
a hexagonal pyramidal number.
a member of the Mian-Chowla sequence.
There are 252 points on the surface of a cuboctahedron of radius five in the face-centered cubic lattice, 252 ways of writing the number 4 as a sum of six squares of integers, 252 ways of choosing four squares from a 4×4 chessboard up to reflections and rotations, and 252 ways of placing three pieces on a Connect Four board.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/253%20%28number%29
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253 (two hundred [and] fifty-three) is the natural number following 252 and preceding 254.
In mathematics
253 is:
a semiprime since it is the product of 2 primes.
a triangular number.
a star number.
a centered heptagonal number.
a centered nonagonal number.
a Blum integer.
a member of the 13-aliquot tree.
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/258%20%28number%29
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258 (two hundred [and] fifty-eight) is the natural number following 257 and preceding 259.
In mathematics
258 is:
a sphenic number
a nontotient
the sum of four consecutive prime numbers because 258 = 59 + 61 + 67 + 71
63 + 62 + 6
an Ulam number
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/259%20%28number%29
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259 (two hundred [and] fifty-nine) is the natural number following 258 and preceding 260.
In mathematics
259 is:
a semiprime
63 + 62 + 6 + 1, so 259 is a repdigit in base 6 (11116)
a lucky number
References
Integers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/276%20%28number%29
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276 (two hundred [and] seventy-six) is the natural number following 275 and preceding 277.
In mathematics
276 is the sum of 3 consecutive fifth powers (276 = 15 + 25 + 35). As a figurate number it is a triangular number, a hexagonal number, and a centered pentagonal number, the third number after 1 and 6 to have this combination of properties.
276 is the size of the largest set of equiangular lines in 23 dimensions. The maximal set of such lines, derived from the Leech lattice, provides the highest dimension in which the "Gerzon bound" of is known to be attained; its symmetry group is the third Conway group, Co3.
276 is the smallest number for which it is not known if the corresponding aliquot sequence either terminates or ends in a repeating cycle.
In the Bible
In Acts 27 verses 37-44 the Bible refers to 276 people on board a ship all of which made it to safety after the ship ran aground.
In other fields
In the Christian calendar, there are 276 days from the Annunciation on March 25 to Christmas on December 25, a number considered significant by some authors.
References
Integers
ca:Nombre 270#Nombres del 271 al 279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/288%20%28number%29
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288 (two hundred [and] eighty-eight) is the natural number following 287 and preceding 289.
Because 288 = 2 · 12 · 12, it may also be called "two gross" or "two dozen dozen".
In mathematics
Factorization properties
Because its prime factorization contains only the first two prime numbers 2 and 3, 288 is a 3-smooth number. This factorization also makes it a highly powerful number, a number with a record-setting value of the product of the exponents in its factorization. Among the highly abundant numbers, numbers with record-setting sums of divisors, it is one of only 13 such numbers with an odd divisor sum.
Both 288 and are powerful numbers, numbers in which all exponents of the prime factorization are larger than one. This property is closely connected to being highly abundant with an odd divisor sum: all sufficiently large highly abundant numbers have an odd prime factor with exponent one, causing their divisor sum to be even. 288 and 289 form only the second consecutive pair of powerful numbers after
Factorial properties
288 is a superfactorial, a product of consecutive factorials, since Coincidentally, as well as being a product of descending powers, 288 is a sum of ascending powers:
288 appears prominently in Stirling's approximation for the factorial, as the denominator of the second term of the Stirling series
Figurate properties
288 is connected to the figurate numbers in multiple ways. It is a pentagonal pyramidal number and a dodecagonal number. Additionall
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Computer%20Camps
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National Computer Camps are computer camps for children and teens founded in 1977 by Dr. Michael Zabinski. There are locations at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut, where Dr. Zabinski is a professor of physics and engineering; Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, Georgia; and Baldwin Wallace University in Cleveland, Ohio.
The focus of NCC is 2D and 3D video game design, computer programming, digital video production, web page design, A+ and Network+ certification, Android App programming, and software applications including animation, Flash and Photoshop. An optional sports program is also available. Each week, all levels of programming are offered in Basic, C++, Java, assembler, HTML, XML, and JavaScript. Campers may attend one or multi-week sessions.
NCC was the first summer camp for children founded with a primary focus on computing.
References
External links
National Computer Camps Official Website
1977 establishments in Connecticut
Computing and society
Summer camps in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock%20convoy
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In computer science, a lock convoy is a performance problem that can occur when using locks for concurrency control in a multithreaded application.
A lock convoy occurs when multiple threads of equal priority contend repeatedly for the same lock. Unlike deadlock and livelock situations, the threads in a lock convoy do progress; however, each time a thread attempts to acquire the lock and fails, it relinquishes the remainder of its scheduling quantum and forces a context switch. The overhead of repeated context switches and underutilization of scheduling quanta degrade overall performance.
Lock convoys often occur when concurrency control primitives such as locks serialize access to a commonly used resource, such as a memory heap or a thread pool. They can sometimes be addressed by using non-locking alternatives such as lock-free algorithms or by altering the relative priorities of the contending threads.
See also
Thundering herd problem
References
Concurrency control
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christos%20Verelis
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Christos Verelis (, born 3 June 1950) is a Greek politician.
Born in Athens, was the Greek Minister for Transport and Communications from April 13, 2000, to March 10, 2004. Graduating from the German School of Athens, Christos Verelis studied chemistry at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and later on completed his Ph.D. in the chemistry of natural products in Germany. Christos Verelis speaks the languages English, German and French. In the general elections of 1996 and 2000, he was elected MP (PASOK) for Aetolia-Acarnania. From 1996 to 13 April 2000, Verelis was Deputy Minister for the Environment, Town Planning and Public Works. Besides that, he was managing director of the Hellenic Oil Refinery in Aspropyrgos, and president of the ASPROFOS company (1986–1989). Worked in the private sector (1989–1993). President of the Public Petroleum Corporation (1993–1996); during his term, he recommended the merger of the group into a single company and a share issue. Chairman and managing director of the Public Gas Corporation (1993–1996). Chairman of the Greek Chemists’ Union (1985–1993). Member of the PASOK Central Committee since 1996. President of the Greek Community in Heidelberg, and member of the Presidium of the Greek Communities in Germany. He had worked for large chemical companies in Germany and then in Greece until 1996. Christos Verelis is also member of the Standing Committee on Economic Affairs. He is the father of a son and three daughters.
In May 2009, he resi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Calvert
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John Calvert may refer to:
John Calvert (1726–1804), British politician, MP for Tamworth, Wendover and Hertford
John Calvert (died 1844) (c. 1758–1844), British politician, MP for Tamworth, Huntingdon, St Albans and Malmesbury
John Calvert (mine owner) (1812–1890), a Yorkshireman who came to South Wales as a civil engineering contractor and became an important developer of the Rhondda coalfield.
John Calvert (magician) (1911–2013), American magician
John Calvert (radio), radio commercials producer and voiceover artist
John Calvert Griffiths, Attorney General of Hong Kong
John Calvert (scholar), US scholar of Islamism at Creighton University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Bundy
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Alan Richard Bundy is a professor at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh, known for his contributions to automated reasoning, especially to proof planning, the use of meta-level reasoning to guide proof search.
Education
Alan Bundy was educated as a mathematician, obtaining an honours degree in mathematics in 1968 from the University of Leicester and a PhD in mathematical logic in 1971, also from Leicester.
Career and research
Since 1971, Bundy has worked at the University of Edinburgh: initially in the 'Metamathematics' Unit, which in 1972 became the Department of Computational Logic, in 1974 was absorbed into the new Department of Artificial Intelligence, and in 1998 was absorbed into the new School of Informatics. From 1971 to 1973, he was a research fellow on Prof. B. Meltzer's Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) grant Theorem Proving by Computer; in 1973, he was appointed a university lecturer; in 1984, he was promoted to reader; in 1987, he was promoted to professorial fellow; and in 1990, he was promoted to professor. From 1987 to 1992, he held a SERC Senior Fellowship. From 1998 to 2001 he was Head of the newly formed Division (subsequently School) of Informatics at Edinburgh.
From 2000 to 2005, he was a founder and convener of the UK Computing Research Committee, which plays an advocacy role for computing research in the UK. From 2010 to 2012, he served as a vice-president and trustee of the British Computer Society with special r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20William%20Recht
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Albert William Recht (1898–1962) was an American mathematician and astronomer.
Initially he applied to work as a Spanish instructor at University of Denver. Instead he was hired by the Mathematics Department. He became chair of the mathematics department in 1943–44 and 1947–49.
While at the university he pursued his interest in astronomy, working at the Chamberlin Observatory under the instruction of Herbert Howe. In 1926 Recht became director of the observatory, and full director in 1928.
Over the following eleven years he studied during the summer months to earn his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1939, working at Yerkes Observatory. He did his thesis work on the 6P/d'Arrest comet. Following his graduation, he was most noted for his work on the popularization of astronomy. During the 1950s he began a popular program of public viewing nights at the observatory. However his efforts to preserve the observatory at the time were unsuccessful.
The crater Recht on the far side of the Moon is named after him.
References
External links
Chamberlin Observatory Tour
1898 births
1962 deaths
American astronomers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFR%20Centre%20for%20Applicable%20Mathematics
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The TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics is part of the School of Mathematics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
The centre originated from the school's efforts since the mid-1970s to develop areas in applicable mathematics. In fact, B. V. Sreekantan had proposed setting up this centre during the "Fifth Plan period". Along with the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics and the National Centre for Biological Sciences, the centre was established in the two decades following the 1970s. Many renowned mathematicians from India and overseas have contributed to the centre's development.
Research and consulting
At the centre, research at advanced level is currently pursued in both theoretical and numerical aspects of differential equations, especially the following subtopics:
Applications of Nonlinear Functional Analysis in the Study of Differential Equations
Control Aspects of Partial Differential Equations
Hyperbolic Equations and Conservation Laws
Homogenization and Solid Fluid Interactions
Numerical Analysis of PDE (Special Reference to Atmospheric Dynamics)
Microlocal Analysis
The centre offers consulting at the individual and institutional levels in applying theory to engineering-related problems and in exposition of underlying mathematics.
Education and programs
The centre has had an active role in training students in areas of applicable mathematics through the IISc-TIFR Joint Programme. Following the deemed university status of TIFR, the TIFR Centre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Rich
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Alexander Rich (15 November 1924 – 27 April 2015) was an American biologist and biophysicist. He was the William Thompson Sedgwick Professor of Biophysics at MIT (since 1958) and Harvard Medical School. Rich earned an A.B. (magna cum laude) and an M.D. (cum laude) from Harvard University. He was a post-doc of Linus Pauling. During this time he was a member of the RNA Tie Club, a social and discussion group which attacked the question of how DNA encodes proteins. He had over 600 publications to his name.
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Rich was the founder of Alkermes and was a director beginning in 1987. Dr. Rich was co-chairman of the board of directors of Repligen Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company. He also served on the editorial board of Genomics and the Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.
Personal life
Rich spent his early life in Springfield, Massachusetts. He grew up in a working-class family and worked in the U.S. Armory while he was in high school. From 1943 to 1946, Rich was in the U.S. Navy.
He obtained a bachelor's in biochemical sciences from Harvard University in 1947 and a medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1949. Rich died on 27 April 2015, aged 90.
Academic career
At Harvard, Rich studied with John Edsall, who inspired him to pursue an academic career. In 1949, he moved to the California Institute of Technology to perform postdoctoral research with Linus Pauling. He met James Watson during his time in Pauling's lab. He stayed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense%20order
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In mathematics, a partial order or total order < on a set is said to be dense if, for all and in for which , there is a in such that . That is, for any two elements, one less than the other, there is another element between them. For total orders this can be simplified to "for any two distinct elements, there is another element between them", since all elements of a total order are comparable.
Example
The rational numbers as a linearly ordered set are a densely ordered set in this sense, as are the algebraic numbers, the real numbers, the dyadic rationals and the decimal fractions. In fact, every Archimedean ordered ring extension of the integers is a densely ordered set.
On the other hand, the linear ordering on the integers is not dense.
Uniqueness for total dense orders without endpoints
Georg Cantor proved that every two non-empty dense totally ordered countable sets without lower or upper bounds are order-isomorphic. This makes the theory of dense linear orders without bounds an example of an ω-categorical theory where ω is the smallest limit ordinal. For example, there exists an order-isomorphism between the rational numbers and other densely ordered countable sets including the dyadic rationals and the algebraic numbers. The proofs of these results use the back-and-forth method.
Minkowski's question mark function can be used to determine the order isomorphisms between the quadratic algebraic numbers and the rational numbers, and between the rationals and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20peptide%20peptidase
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In molecular biology, the Signal Peptide Peptidase (SPP) is a type of protein that specifically cleaves parts of other proteins. It is an intramembrane aspartyl protease with the conserved active site motifs 'YD' and 'GxGD' in adjacent transmembrane domains (TMDs). Its sequences is highly conserved in different vertebrate species. SPP cleaves remnant signal peptides left behind in membrane by the action of signal peptidase and also plays key roles in immune surveillance and the maturation of certain viral proteins.
Biological function
Physiologically SPP processes signal peptides of classical MHC class I preproteins. A nine amino acid-long cleavage fragment is then presented on HLA-E receptors and modulates the activity of natural killer cells.
SPP also plays a pathophysiological role; it cleaves the structural nucleocapsid protein (also known as core protein) of the Hepatitis C virus and thus influences viral reproduction rate.
In mice, a nonamer peptide originating from the SPP protein serves as minor histocompatibility antigen HM13 that plays a role in transplant rejection
The homologous proteases SPPL2A and SPPL2B promote the intramembrane cleavage of TNFα in activated dendritic cells and might play an immunomodulatory role. For SPPL2c and SPPL3 no substrates are known.
SPPs do not require cofactors as demonstrated by expression in bacteria and purification of a proteolytically active form. The C-terminal region defines the functional domain, which is in itself suff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Franke
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Werner Wilhelm Franke (31 January 1940 – 14 November 2022) was a German biologist and a professor of cell and molecular biology at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg. He was an anti-doping pioneer in Germany.
Life
Franke was born in Paderborn on 31 January 1940. After completing high school (Abitur at Gymnasium Theodorianum), he studied chemistry, biology and physics at the University of Heidelberg. Following completion of his doctorate (Heidelberg) and habilitation (Freiburg) he became a university professor in Heidelberg and, at the same time, became the head of a department at the German Cancer Research Center. In 1982, Franke became the president of the European Cell Biology Organization (ECBO), a post he held until 1990. His main research field was the molecular characterization of the cytoskeleton in normal and transformed cells. He was also a doping expert.
Franke died on 14 November 2022 from an intracerebral hemorrhage, at age 82.
Drug abuse in sports
Franke is considered to have been a leading expert in performance-enhancing drugs and one of the most ardent critics of drug abuse in sports. Together with his wife, Brigitte Berendonk, once an Olympic discus thrower and shot putter, he fought against drug abuse in sports. He assisted his wife in researching the 1991 book Doping: From Research to Deceit, uncovering the systematic use of doping by East German athletes.
Franke defended cyclist Danilo Hondo after the banned substance Carphedon was found i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Fiske
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Thomas Scott Fiske (1865–January 10, 1944) was an American mathematician.
He was born in New York City and graduated in 1885 (Ph.D., 1888) from Columbia University, where he was a fellow, assistant, tutor, instructor, and adjunct professor until 1897, when he became professor of mathematics. In 1899 he was acting dean of Barnard College. He was president in 1902–04 of the American Mathematical Society, and he also edited the Bulletin (1891–99) and Transactions (1899–1905) of this society. In 1902 he became secretary of the College Entrance Examination Board. In 1905–06 he also served as president of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics of the Middle States and Maryland. Besides his mathematical papers, he was author of Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable (1906; fourth edition, 1907)
Writings
Functions of a complex variable (New York: J. Wiley, 1907)
References
External links
Thomas Fiske Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
1865 births
1944 deaths
Scientists from New York City
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American non-fiction writers
American male journalists
Journalists from New York City
Presidents of the American Mathematical Society
19th-century American male writers
Mathematicians from New York (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STR%20analysis
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Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is a common molecular biology method used to compare allele repeats at specific loci in DNA between two or more samples. A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite with repeat units that are 2 to 7 base pairs in length, with the number of repeats varying among individuals, making STRs effective for human identification purposes. This method differs from restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) since STR analysis does not cut the DNA with restriction enzymes. Instead, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is employed to discover the lengths of the short tandem repeats based on the length of the PCR product.
Forensic uses
STR analysis is a tool in forensic analysis that evaluates specific STR regions found on nuclear DNA. The variable (polymorphic) nature of the STR regions that are analyzed for forensic testing intensifies the discrimination between one DNA profile and another. Scientific tools such as FBI approved STRmix incorporate this research technique. Forensic science takes advantage of the population's variability in STR lengths, enabling scientists to distinguish one DNA sample from another. The system of DNA profiling used today is based on PCR and uses simple sequences or short tandem repeats (STR). This method uses highly polymorphic regions that have short repeated sequences of DNA (the most common is 4 bases repeated, but there are other lengths in use, including 3 and 5 bases). Because unrelated people almost cert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion%20%28music%29
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Distortion and overdrive are forms of audio signal processing used to alter the sound of amplified electric musical instruments, usually by increasing their gain, producing a "fuzzy", "growling", or "gritty" tone. Distortion is most commonly used with the electric guitar, but may also be used with other electric instruments such as electric bass, electric piano, synthesizer and Hammond organ. Guitarists playing electric blues originally obtained an overdriven sound by turning up their vacuum tube-powered guitar amplifiers to high volumes, which caused the signal to distort. While overdriven tube amps are still used to obtain overdrive, especially in genres like blues and rockabilly, a number of other ways to produce distortion have been developed since the 1960s, such as distortion effect pedals. The growling tone of a distorted electric guitar is a key part of many genres, including blues and many rock music genres, notably hard rock, punk rock, hardcore punk, acid rock, and heavy metal music, while the use of distorted bass has been essential in a genre of hip hop music and alternative hip hop known as "SoundCloud rap".
The effects alter the instrument sound by clipping the signal (pushing it past its maximum, which shears off the peaks and troughs of the signal waves), adding sustain and harmonic and inharmonic overtones and leading to a compressed sound that is often described as "warm" and "dirty", depending on the type and intensity of distortion used. The terms distor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmian%20sequence
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In mathematics, a Sturmian sequence may refer to:
A Sturmian word: a sequence with minimal complexity function
A sequence used to determine the number of distinct real roots of a polynomial by Sturm's theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picower%20Institute%20for%20Learning%20and%20Memory
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The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory is, along with the McGovern Institute for Brain Research and the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, one of the three neuroscience groups at MIT. The institute is focused on studying all aspects of learning and memory; specifically, it has received over US$50 million to study Alzheimer's, schizophrenia and similar diseases.
When it was established in 1994, the institute was primarily funded by the Sherman Fairchild Foundation, the RIKEN Brain Science Institute and the National Institute of Mental Health. It was renamed after a $50 million grant by the Picower Foundation in 2002.
On July 1, 2009, Professor Li-Huei Tsai became the director of the Picower Institute. The institute was directed by founder and Nobel Prize laureate Susumu Tonegawa until he resigned on December 31, 2006, motivated by his belief that “a new generation of leadership is needed.”
Notes
External links
Official website
Massachusetts Institute of Technology research institutes
Cognitive science research institutes
Neuroscience research centers in the United States
Research institutes in Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Cast%C3%A9r%C3%A8de
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Jacques Castérède (10 April 1926 – 6 April 2014) was a French composer and pianist.
Life
Born in Paris, Castérède studied at Lycée Buffon. He earned his baccalauréat in elementary mathematics, then entered the Paris Conservatory in 1944 and began studying piano under Armand Ferté, composition under Tony Aubin, and analysis under Olivier Messiaen. While at the Conservatory, between 1948 and 1953 he received five first prizes (in piano, chamber music, analysis, composition, and harmony). He also won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1953 with his cantata La Boîte de Pandore (Pandora's Box). The following year, he went to Rome, where he stayed at the Villa Medici until 1958.
In 1960, he was appointed professor of solfège in the Paris Conservatory, then counseller of piano studies (Conseilleur aux Études) in 1966, and analysis in 1971. In addition, he taught composition at the École Normale from 1983 to 1988, and analysis from 1988 to 1998. On an invitation from the Chinese government, he became a professor of composition at the Central Academy in Beijing. He received numerous awards as a composer, among them the Paris Civil Award in 1991, the Charles Cros Award, and the Record Academy Award in 1995. His many works, which include symphonies, concertos, ballets, and ensemble and chamber music, have been performed throughout France, Germany, and Italy as well as in the United States and Canada.
His music is essentially melodic, often using modal scales over rich and varied structures.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal
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Biometal or biometals may refer to:
Biometal (biology), metal ions important in biology, biochemistry, and medicine
BioMetals (journal)
Video games
BioMetal (video game), a 1993 video game
A technological device used in the Mega Man ZX series of video games
Battlezone (1998 video game), a video game where Biometal is the resource
Battlezone II: Combat Commander, a 1999 video game where Biometal is the resource
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometal%20%28biology%29
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Biometals are metals normally present, in small but important and measurable amounts, in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. The metals copper, zinc, iron, and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of most plants and the bodies of most animals, such as the human body. A few (calcium, potassium, sodium) are present in relatively larger amounts, whereas most others are trace metals, present in smaller but important amounts (the image shows the percentages for humans). Approximately 2/3 of the existing periodic table is composed of metals with varying properties, accounting for the diverse ways in which metals (usually in ionic form) have been utilized in nature and medicine.
History
At first, the study of biometals was referred to as bioinorganic chemistry. Each branch of bioinorganic chemistry studied separate, particular sub-fields of the subject. However, this led to an isolated view of each particular aspect in a biological system. This view was revised into a holistic approach of biometals in metallomics.
Metal ions in biology were studied in various specializations. In nutrition, it was to define the essentials for life; in toxicology, to define how the adverse effects of certain metal ions in biological systems and in pharmacology for their therapeutic effects. In each field, at first, they were studied and separated on a basis of concentration. In low amounts, metal ions in a biological system could perform at their optimal f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole%20Barndorff-Nielsen
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Ole Eiler Barndorff-Nielsen (18 March, 1935 – 26 June, 2022) was a Danish statistician who has contributed to many areas of statistical science.
Education and career
He was born in Copenhagen, and became interested in statistics when, as a student of actuarial mathematics at the University of Copenhagen, he worked part-time at the Department of Biostatistics of the Danish State Serum Institute. He graduated from the University of Aarhus (Denmark) in 1960, where he has spent most of his academic life, and where he became professor of statistics in 1973. However, in 1962-1963 and 1963-1964 he stayed at the University of Minnesota and Stanford University, respectively, and from August 1974 to February 1975 he was an Overseas Fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge, and visitor at Statistical Laboratory, Cambridge University.
Barndorff-Nielsen became Professor Emeritus at Aarhus University at the Thiele Centre for Applied Mathematics in Natural Science and affiliated with the Center for Research in Econometric Analysis of Time Series (CREATES) on a part-time basis and since 2008 also affiliated to Institute of Advanced Studies, Technical University Munich.
Works of Barndorff-Nielsen
Among Barndorff-Nielsen's early scientific contributions are his work on exponential families and on the foundations of statistics, in particular sufficiency and conditional inference. In 1977 he introduced the hyperbolic distribution as a mathematical model of the size distribution of sand grains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%20rational%20functions
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In mathematics the Legendre rational functions are a sequence of orthogonal functions on [0, ∞). They are obtained by composing the Cayley transform with Legendre polynomials.
A rational Legendre function of degree n is defined as:
where is a Legendre polynomial. These functions are eigenfunctions of the singular Sturm–Liouville problem:
with eigenvalues
Properties
Many properties can be derived from the properties of the Legendre polynomials of the first kind. Other properties are unique to the functions themselves.
Recursion
and
Limiting behavior
It can be shown that
and
Orthogonality
where is the Kronecker delta function.
Particular values
References
Rational functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Cox%20%28physicist%29
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Brian Edward Cox (born 3 March 1968) is an English physicist and former musician who is a professor of particle physics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester and The Royal Society Professor for Public Engagement in Science. He is best known to the public as the presenter of science programmes, especially BBC Radio 4’s The Infinite Monkey Cage and the Wonders of... series and for popular science books, such as Why Does E=mc²? and The Quantum Universe.
Cox has been described as the natural successor for the BBC's scientific programming by both David Attenborough and Patrick Moore. Before his academic career, Cox was a keyboard player for the British bands Dare and D:Ream.
Early life and education
Cox was born on 3 March 1968 in the Royal Oldham Hospital, later living in nearby Chadderton from 1971. He has a younger sister. His parents worked for Yorkshire Bank, his mother as a cashier and his father as a middle-manager in the same branch. He recalls a happy childhood in Oldham that included pursuits such as dance, gymnastics, and plane and bus spotting. He attended the private Hulme Grammar School in Oldham from 1979 to 1986.
He has stated in many interviews and in an episode of Wonders of the Universe that when he was 12, the book Cosmos by Carl Sagan was a key factor in inspiring him to become a physicist. He said on The Jonathan Ross Show that he performed poorly on his maths A-level exam: "I got a D ... I was really not very good ... I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20L.%20Wagner
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David L. Wagner (born 1956) is an entomologist and a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Connecticut. He is the author of Caterpillars of Eastern North America, widely regarded as one of the most authoritative field guides on caterpillars. He also serves as an advisor for the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.
He lists his current areas of interest as "Insect systematics and biology. Biosystematics of Lepidoptera, especially basal lineages. Conservation biology of invertebrates." He received a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.
Awards and honors
2006: National Outdoor Book Award (Nature Guidebook), Caterpillars of Eastern North America
Works
Caterpillars of Eastern North America : A Guide to Identification and Natural History. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 2005. (cl. : alk. paper) (pb. : alk. paper)
References
External links
UConn faculty page
American entomologists
University of Connecticut faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
1956 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Calvin%20Bowman
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Charles Calvin Bowman (November 14, 1852 – July 3, 1941) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Charles Calvin Bowman was born in Troy, New York. He attended Lansingburgh Academy in Troy, and learned the woodworking trade.
He graduated in civil engineering from Union College in Schenectady, New York, in 1875. He was engaged in civil engineering work for the State of Massachusetts at Danvers, Massachusetts, in 1875.
He organized the western shipping department of the Pennsylvania Coal Company of Pittston, Pennsylvania, in 1876, which he managed the company until 1883. He served as general manager of the Florence Coal Co., in 1883 and 1884, later operating as an independent miner and shipper of anthracite coal. He served as mayor of Pittston in 1896, and served as a member of the city council for sixteen terms. He was a delegate to the Independent Republican State convention in 1890 and to the Republican State convention in 1898.
Bowman presented credentials as a Republican Member-elect to the Sixty-second Congress, but his election was contested by his opponent George B. McLean. McLean argued that Bowman reported only $7,000 in campaign expenditures but actually spent more than $9,000. The House Committee on Elections found that this was not an error, but active fraud as evidenced by "erasures on check stubs and alteration of memoranda". As a result, the House declared that Bowman had not be elected. Bowman served from March 4, 1911
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Doniach
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Sebastian Doniach (born 1934, in Paris, France) is a British-American physicist and professor at Stanford University. His research interests include theoretical condensed matter physics, superconductivity, and biophysics.
Family
His mother was the distinguished clinical immunologist Deborah Doniach (1912-2004) and his father was Israel "Sonny" Doniach (1911-2001). Sebastian had one sibling, a sister Vera (1936-1958).
Sebastian and his first wife, Sarah Bridget Doniach (26 June 1932 – 18 September 2000) had several children. The couple relocated to Palo Alto, California, where Sarah Doniach died in 2000. He later remarried, to Jennifer Mallon.
Career
Sebastian Doniach received a B.A. from Christ's College, Cambridge in 1954 and a Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool with Herbert Fröhlich in 1958.
His contributions to the field of condensed matter physics include the Lawrence-Doniach model of superconductivity and his book on Green's functions in solid state physics with E. H. Sondheimer .
Sebastian Doniach is one of the pioneers of synchrotron X-ray sources and served as the first director of the Stanford Synchrotron.
His research group at Stanford currently uses radiation from the Stanford Synchrotron and from the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory for studies of protein and RNA structure and dynamics.
Publications
Sebastian Doniach: Publications 1995-2005
External links
Sebastian Doniach
1934 births
Living people
21st-century American physicists
B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-factory
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In particle physics, a B-factory, or sometimes a beauty factory, is a particle collider experiment designed to produce and detect a large number of B mesons so that their properties and behavior can be measured with small statistical uncertainty. Tau leptons and D mesons are also copiously produced at B-factories.
History and development
A sort of "prototype" or "precursor" B-factory was the HERA-B experiment at DESY that was planned to study B-meson physics in the 1990–2000s, before the actual B-factories were constructed/operational. However, usually HERA-B is not considered a B-factory.
Two B-factories were designed and built in the 1990s, and they operated from late 1999 onward: the Belle experiment at the KEKB collider in Tsukuba, Japan, and the BaBar experiment at the PEP-II collider at SLAC in California, United States. They were both electron-positron colliders with the center of mass energy tuned to the ϒ(4S) resonance peak, which is just above the threshold for decay into two B mesons (both experiments took smaller data samples at different center of mass energies). BaBar prematurely ceased data collection in 2008 due to budget cuts, but Belle ran until 2010, when it stopped data collection both because it had reached its intended integrated luminosity and because construction was to begin on upgrades to the experiment (see below).
Current experiments
Three "next generation" B-factories were to be built in the 2010s and 2020s: SuperB near Rome in Italy; Belle II,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Wolke
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Robert L. Wolke (; April 2, 1928 – August 29, 2021) was an American chemist, professor emeritus of chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. He was a food columnist for The Washington Post, and had written multiple books, which aim to explain everyday phenomena in non-technical terms:
What Einstein Didn't Know: Scientific Answers to Everyday Questions contains answers to everyday questions (e.g. "Why do car batteries go dead in winter?" and "Why does warm beer go flat?"), attempting to explain them scientifically but without using technical terms (though it often shows technical terms after their definitions). It also contains bar bets and "Try it" experiments related to the current subject.
What Einstein Told His Barber: More Scientific Answers to Everyday Questions is a nonfiction book written by Wolke. It is the sequel to What Einstein Didn't Know: Scientific Answers to Everyday Questions.
What Einstein Told His Cook: Kitchen Science Explained provides answers to common food science questions. The book also contains recipes by Wolke's wife, Marlene Parrish. Both the James Beard Foundation and International Association of Culinary Professionals have nominated this book as 2005's best technical or reference book.
What Einstein Told His Cook 2, The Sequel: Further Adventures in Kitchen Science () is a nonfiction book and sequel to What Einstein Told His Cook: Kitchen Science Explained; this book provides answers to common questions related to kitchen science.
Awards
Wol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-weighted%20spherical%20harmonics
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In special functions, a topic in mathematics, spin-weighted spherical harmonics are generalizations of the standard spherical harmonics and—like the usual spherical harmonics—are functions on the sphere. Unlike ordinary spherical harmonics, the spin-weighted harmonics are gauge fields rather than scalar fields: mathematically, they take values in a complex line bundle. The spin-weighted harmonics are organized by degree , just like ordinary spherical harmonics, but have an additional spin weight that reflects the additional symmetry. A special basis of harmonics can be derived from the Laplace spherical harmonics , and are typically denoted by , where and are the usual parameters familiar from the standard Laplace spherical harmonics. In this special basis, the spin-weighted spherical harmonics appear as actual functions, because the choice of a polar axis fixes the gauge ambiguity. The spin-weighted spherical harmonics can be obtained from the standard spherical harmonics by application of spin raising and lowering operators. In particular, the spin-weighted spherical harmonics of spin weight are simply the standard spherical harmonics:
Spaces of spin-weighted spherical harmonics were first identified in connection with the representation theory of the Lorentz group . They were subsequently and independently rediscovered by and applied to describe gravitational radiation, and again by as so-called "monopole harmonics" in the study of Dirac monopoles.
Spin-w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20High%20Energy%20Physics%20Group
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The Tennessee High Energy Physics Group is located at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, TN. It has greatly benefited over the years from its close proximity and special relationship with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Members of the group are involved in the BaBar collaboration, CMS, E-144, E687, and KamLAND among others.
See also
Particle physics
External links
Homepage of the Tennessee High Energy Physics Group
BaBar Homepage
CMS Homepage
E-144 Homepage
E687 Homepage
KamLAND Tennessee Homepage
University of Tennessee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20College%20of%20Chemistry
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The Royal College of Chemistry (RCC) was a college originally based on Oxford Street in central London, England. It operated between 1845 and 1872.
The original building was designed by the English architect James Lockyer in 1846 with the foundation stone being laid by Albert, Prince Consort on June 16, 1846.
The College was set up to teach practical chemistry. Many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert.
The first director was August Wilhelm von Hofmann. Frederick Augustus Abel studied under von Hofmann. Sir William Crookes, Edward Divers and J. A. R. Newlands also attended the college.
The young William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled 'the second chemical revolution'.
The college was merged into the Royal School of Mines in 1853. It was the first constituent college of Imperial College London and eventually became the Imperial College Chemistry Department.
References
External links
Site of the Royal College of Chemistry — 22 May 2003, Oxford Street, London
Chemistry at Imperial College: the first 150 years
Ro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achterbahn%20%28stream%20cipher%29
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In cryptography, Achterbahn is the name of a synchronous stream cipher algorithm submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
In the final specification the cipher is called ACHTERBAHN-128/80, because it supports the key lengths of 80 bits and 128 bits, respectively.
Achterbahn was developed by Berndt Gammel, Rainer Göttfert and Oliver Kniffler.
Achterbahn means rollercoaster (in German), though a literal translation of the term would be eight-track, which indicates that the cipher can encrypt eight bit streams in parallel.
The parameters of the cipher are given in the following table:
ACHTERBAHN-128 is downward compatible and can produce the same keystream as ACHTERBAHN-80 if so desired. The keystream generator of ACHTERBAHN-128/80 is based on the design principle of the nonlinear combination generator, however it deploys primitive nonlinear feedback shift registers (NLFSR) instead of linear ones (LFSR).
Security
There are no known cryptanalytic attacks against ACHTERBAHN-128/80 for the tabulated parameters that are faster than brute force attack.
Recent analysis showed that attacks are possible if larger frame (packet) lengths are used in a communication protocol.
The cipher's authors recommend a maximum frame length of 244 bits. This value does however not imply practical limitations.
Performance
The ACHTERBAHN-128/80 stream cipher is optimized for hardware applications with restricted resources, such as limited gate count and power consumption. An imple
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryptMT
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In cryptography, CryptMT is a stream cipher algorithm which internally uses the Mersenne twister. It was developed by Makoto Matsumoto, Mariko Hagita, Takuji Nishimura and Mutsuo Saito and is patented. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM project of the eCRYPT network.
In that submission to eSTREAM, the authors also included another cipher named Fubuki, which also uses the Mersenne twister.
External links
eStream page on CryptMT
CryptMT author's page
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude%20research
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There are a wide range of potential applications for research at high altitude, including medical, physiological, and cosmic physics research.
High-altitude medical research
The most obvious and direct application of high-altitude research is to understand altitude illnesses such as acute mountain sickness, and the rare but rapidly fatal conditions, high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Research at high altitude is also an important way to learn about sea level conditions that are caused or complicated by hypoxia such as chronic lung disease and sepsis. Patients with these conditions are very complex and usually suffer from several other diseases at the same time, so it is virtually impossible to work out which of their problems is caused by lack of oxygen. Altitude research gets round this by studying the effects of oxygen deprivation on otherwise healthy people.
Travelling to high altitude is often used as a way of studying the way the body responds to a shortage of oxygen. It is difficult and prohibitively expensive to conduct some of this research at sea level.
Although the shortage of air contributes to the effects on the human body, research has found that most altitude sicknesses can be linked to the lack of atmospheric pressure. At low elevation, the pressure is higher because the molecules of air are compressed from the weight of the air above them. However, at higher elevations, the pressure is lower and the molecules are m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECIM
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In cryptography, DECIM is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Come Berbain, Olivier Billet, Anne Canteaut, Nicolas Courtois, Blandine Debraize, Henri Gilbert, Louis Goubin, Aline Gouget, Louis Granboulan, Cédric Lauradoux, Marine Minier, Thomas Pornin and Hervé Sibert.
DECIM algorithm was partly patented but its authors wished for it to remain freely available. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
History
DECIM was announced in 2005. In 2006 two flaws were identified which could leave the encypted ciphertext vulnerable to attack. A revised version of cipher, DECIM v2, as well as a 128-bit security version were developed, both proving vulnerable to attack.
References
Footnotes
Sources
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DICING
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In cryptography, DICING is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Li An-Ping. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-FCSR
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In cryptography, F-FCSR is a stream cipher developed by Thierry Berger, François Arnault, and Cédric Lauradoux. The core of the cipher is a Feedback with Carry Shift Register (FCSR) automaton, which is similar to a LFSR, but they perform operations with carries so their transition function is nonlinear.
F-FCSR was one of the eight algorithms selected for the eCRYPT network's eSTREAM Portfolio, but it was later removed because further analysis showed weaknesses.
References
Broken stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes8
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In cryptography, Hermes8 is the name of a stream cypher algorithm designed by Ulrich Kaiser. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has been classified as an 'archive' algorithm and will not be further considered.
Security
In the paper "An Analysis of the Hermes8 Stream Ciphers" the authors claim, 'an attack on the latest version of the cipher (Hermes8F), which requires very few known keystream bytes and recovers the cipher's secret key in less than a second on a normal PC'.
References
"An Analysis of the Hermes8 Stream Ciphers" paper by Steve Babbage et al.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSQUITO
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In cryptography, MOSQUITO was a stream cipher algorithm designed by Joan Daemen and Paris Kitsos. It was submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. After the initial design was broken by Joux and Muller, a tweaked version named MOUSTIQUE was proposed which made it to Phase 3 of the eSTREAM evaluation process as the only self-synchronizing cipher remaining. However, MOUSTIQUE was subsequently broken by Käsper et al., leaving the design of a secure and efficient self-synchronising stream cipher as an open research problem.
Cryptographic algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLS%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, NLS is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Gregory Rose, Philip Hawkes, Michael Paddon, and Miriam Wiggers de Vries. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20Bear%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Polar Bear is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Johan Håstad and Mats Näslund. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
External links
Polar Bear eStream submission
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFINKS
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Sfinks (Polish for "Sphynx") was also the initial name of the Janusz A. Zajdel Award
In cryptography, SFINKS is a stream cypher algorithm developed by An Braeken, Joseph Lano, Nele Mentens, Bart Preneel, and Ingrid Verbauwhede. It includes a message authentication code. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
Cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC-3
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In cryptography, TSC-3 is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Jin Hong, Dong Hoon Lee, Yongjin Yeom, Daewan Han, and Seongtaek Chee. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WG%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, WG is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Guang Gong and Yassir Nawaz. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamb
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In cryptography, Yamb is a stream cypher algorithm developed by LAN Crypto. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
External links
Archived eSTREAM Phase 1 page for Yamb
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogbit%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Frogbit is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Thierry Moreau and is patented. It includes a message authentication code feature. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected as a focus algorithm nor for Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAG%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, MAG is stream cipher algorithm developed by Rade Vuckovac. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected for focus, nor for consideration in Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-1
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In cryptography, Mir-1 is a software-oriented stream cypher algorithm developed by Alexander Maximov. The algorithm was submitted to the eSTREAM project of the eCRYPT network in 2005. Mir-1 is named after the Russian space station Mir.
Mir-1 uses a multiword T-function with four 64-bit words. The data in each word is processed, generating a keystream. Its key size is 128 bits, and its IV is 64 bits.
The designer claimed that Mir-1 had a security level of 2128, i.e., that it could not be "broken" faster than an exhaustive search. At SASC 2006, a successful key-recovery attack on Mir-1 was shown. Maximov did not dispute the attack, and the algorithm was archived after Phase 1 by the eSTREAM committee.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSS%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, SSS is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Gregory Rose, Philip Hawkes, Michael Paddon, and Miriam Wiggers de Vries. It includes a message authentication code feature. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not selected for focus nor for consideration during Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
References
Stream ciphers
Message authentication codes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRBDK3%20YAEA
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In cryptography, TRBDK3 YAEA is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Timothy Brigham. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected for focus nor for consideration during at Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicomplex%20number
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In mathematics, the multicomplex number systems are defined inductively as follows: Let C0 be the real number system. For every let in be a square root of −1, that is, an imaginary unit. Then . In the multicomplex number systems one also requires that (commutativity). Then is the complex number system, is the bicomplex number system, is the tricomplex number system of Corrado Segre, and is the multicomplex number system of order n.
Each forms a Banach algebra. G. Bayley Price has written about the function theory of multicomplex systems, providing details for the bicomplex system
The multicomplex number systems are not to be confused with Clifford numbers (elements of a Clifford algebra), since Clifford's square roots of −1 anti-commute ( when for Clifford).
Because the multicomplex numbers have several square roots of –1 that commute, they also have zero divisors: despite and , and despite and . Any product of two distinct multicomplex units behaves as the of the split-complex numbers, and therefore the multicomplex numbers contain a number of copies of the split-complex number plane.
With respect to subalgebra , k = 0, 1, ..., , the multicomplex system is of dimension over
References
G. Baley Price (1991) An Introduction to Multicomplex Spaces and Functions, Marcel Dekker.
Corrado Segre (1892) "The real representation of complex elements and hyperalgebraic entities" (Italian), Mathematische Annalen 40:413–67 (see especially pages 455–67).
Hypercom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJCSG
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In cryptography, CJCSG is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Cees Jansen and Alexander Kolosha. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has been classified as an archival algorithm and will not be further considered.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC%20%28stream%20cipher%29
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In cryptography, ABC is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Vladimir Anashin, Andrey Bogdanov, Ilya Kizhvatov, and Sandeep Kumar. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20photochemistry
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Organic photochemistry encompasses organic reactions that are induced by the action of light. The absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules often leads to reactions. In the earliest days, sunlight was employed, while in more modern times ultraviolet lamps are employed. Organic photochemistry has proven to be a very useful synthetic tool. Complex organic products can be obtained simply.
History
Early examples were often uncovered by the observation of precipitates or color changes from samples that were exposed to sunlights. The first reported case was by Ciamician that sunlight converted santonin to a yellow photoproduct:
An early example of a precipitate was the photodimerization of anthracene, characterized by Yulii Fedorovich Fritzsche and confirmed by Elbs. Similar observations focused on the dimerization of cinnamic acid to truxillic acid. Many photodimers are now recognized, e.g. pyrimidine dimer, thiophosgene, diamantane.
Another example was uncovered by Egbert Havinga in 1956. The curious result was activation on photolysis by a meta nitro group in contrast to the usual activation by ortho and para groups.
Organic photochemistry advanced with the development of the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Illustrative, these rules help rationalize the photochemically driven electrocyclic ring-closure of hexa-2,4-diene, which proceeds in a disrotatory fashion.
Organic reactions that obey these rules are said to be symmetry allowed. Reactions that take the opposite cou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory%20McClintock
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Emory McClintock (1840–1916), born John Emory McClintock was an American actuary, born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Columbia University, where he was tutor in mathematics in 1859–1860. From 1863 to 1866 he served as United States consular agent at Bradford, England. He served as president of the American Mathematical Society in 1890–1894 and of the Actuarial Society of America in 1895–1897.
Early life and career
He was born to John and Caroline Augusta Wakeman McClintock. His father was a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, who was also a professor of mathematics, and ancient languages at Dickinson College in Carlisle. His father was also involved in an 1847 a riot over slavery, as he tried to prevent slavechasers from taking African-American citizens of Pennsylvania into slavery.
He was actuary of the Asbury Life Insurance Company, New York (1867–1871), of the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, (1871–1889), and of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, New York (1889–1911).
At the Mutual, he was vice president from 1905 to 1911, a trustee after 1905, and a consulting actuary after 1911.
References
Thomas S. Fiske, Emory McClintock, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 23, (1917), pp. 353–357. (includes a list of his publications)
External links
Archives and Special Collections, Dickinson College, J. Emory McClintock, Family Papers 1853-1918
Columbia University faculty
Columbia University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Finin
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Timothy Wilking Finin (born 1949 in Walworth, Wisconsin) is the Willard and Lillian Hackerman Chair in Engineering and is a Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC). His research has focused on the applications of artificial intelligence to problems in information systems and has included contributions to natural language processing, expert systems, the theory and applications of multiagent systems, the semantic web, and mobile computing.
Education
Finin earned an undergraduate degree in Electrical Engineering from MIT in 1971 and a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1980.
Career
Prior to joining the UMBC, he held positions at the Unisys Paoli Research Center, the University of Pennsylvania, and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Since 2007 he has been an affiliate faculty member at the Human Language Technology Center of Excellence at Johns Hopkins University. He is the author of more than 450 refereed publications and has received research grants and contracts from a variety of sources.
He has been an organizer of several major conferences, including the IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Applications, ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, ACM Autonomous Agents conference, ACM Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing, International Semantic Web Conference and IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Secur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Albert%20Cotton
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Frank Albert Cotton FRS (April 9, 1930 – February 20, 2007) was an American chemist. He was the W.T. Doherty-Welch Foundation Chair and Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Texas A&M University. He authored over 1600 scientific articles. Cotton was recognized for his research on the chemistry of the transition metals.
Early life and education
Cotton, known as "Al" Cotton, or "F Albert" on publications, was born on April 9, 1930, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended local public schools before attending Drexel University and then Temple University, both in Philadelphia. After earning his Bachelor of Arts degree from Temple in 1951, Cotton pursued a Ph.D. thesis under the guidance of Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson at Harvard University where he worked on metallocenes. He received his Ph.D. in 1955.
Career
Following his graduation from Harvard University, Cotton began teaching at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1961, at 31-years-old, he became the youngest person to have received a full professorship at MIT. His work emphasized both electronic structure and chemical synthesis. He pioneered the study of multiple bonding between transition metal atoms, starting with research on rhenium halides, and in 1964 identified the quadruple bond in the ion. His work soon focused on other metal-metal bonded species, elucidating the structure of chromium(II) acetate.
He was an early proponent of single crystal X-ray diffraction as a tool for elucidating the extensiv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20S.%20Hatcher
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William S. Hatcher (1935–2005) was a mathematician, philosopher, educator and a member of the Baháʼí Faith. He held a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Neuchatel, Switzerland, and bachelor's and master's degrees from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. A specialist in the philosophical alloying of science and religion, for over thirty years he held university positions in North America, Europe, and Russia.
Biography
He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States on 20 September 1935, and died on 27 November 2005.
Work and achievements
Hatcher is one of eight Platonist philosophers listed for the second half of the twentieth century in the Encyclopedie Philosophique Universelle.
Hatcher was the author of over fifty monographs, books, and articles in the mathematical sciences, logic and philosophy. Among the publications of which he is author or coauthor are:
The Foundations of Mathematics (1968)
Absolute Algebra (with Stephen Whitney, 1978)
The Science of Religion (1980)
The Logical Foundations of Mathematics (1982)
The Baha'i Faith: The Emerging Global Religion (1984)
Logic and Logos: Essays on Science, Religion and Philosophy (1990)
The Law of Love Enshrined (1996)
The Ethics of Authenticity (1997)
Love, Power, and Justice (1998)
Minimalism: A Bridge between Classical Philosophy and the Baha'i Revelation (2002)
Relationship to the Baháʼí Faith
He served on National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Canada (1983–91) as well as on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20Danchin
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Antoine Danchin (born 7 May 1944) is a French geneticist. He is best known for his research in several fields of biology, from the structure and function of adenylate cyclase, to modelling of learning in the nervous system and the early development of genomics and bioinformatics. He is the Chairman of the startup AMAbiotics which specialises in metabolic bioremediation and synthetic biology. He was the director of the Department Genomes and Genetics at the Institut Pasteur in Paris where he headed the Genetics of Bacterial Genomes Unit.
Early life and career
He was trained as a mathematician at the Institut Henri Poincaré and a physicist at the École Normale Supérieure. Working first with Mildred Cohn, Marianne Grunberg-Manago and Ionel Solomon in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Danchin became an experimental microbiologist in the early seventies.
He created with Philippe Courrège and Jean-Pierre Changeux at the in Paris, France, a working seminar where they worked together on the construction of mathematical models of learning and memory.
Interested in University training he created, with Maurice Guéron, the first semester of Biology at the École Polytechnique, and developed his teaching during four years. Among his first students one can find Daniel Kahn, Patrick Charnay, and many others. The main goal of his research has been to try to understand how genes can function collectively in the cell. This led him to work on regulation systems which control global gene expression
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Burchard%20Fine
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Henry Burchard Fine (September 14, 1858 – December 22, 1928) was an American university dean and mathematician.
Life and career
Henry Burchard Fine (1858 – 1928) played a critical role in modernizing the American university and raising American mathematics “from a state of approximate nullity to one verging on parity with the European nations”. This tribute in Oswald Veblen’s obituary [see in "Obituary" below] accurately recognized Fine’s role both in training American mathematicians to provide international leadership to this field and in building Princeton University’s reputation in mathematics and science. Fine’s efforts contributed greatly toward making Princeton the site of Albert Einstein’s first North American lectures, and eventually his home.
Fine began his time as a Princeton undergraduate studying Greek and Latin, but a mathematics tutor, George B. Halstead, convinced him to switch his considerable talents to mathematics. He ranked highest academically in his Class of 1880 for all four years, during which he caught the attention of President James McCosh. As a result, Fine was among a small group of highly talented undergraduates whom McCosh invited to his house for informal seminars and nurtured as future faculty.
After graduation, Fine remained at Princeton (then called the College of New Jersey) for a year of post-graduate work followed by three more years as a tutor. Then, as Germany was the leading center of mathematics scholarship, he went to the Unive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20Goldstein
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Sydney Goldstein FRS (3 December 1903, Kingston upon Hull – 22 January 1989, Cambridge, MA) was a British mathematician noted for his contribution to fluid dynamics. He is described as: "... one of those who most influenced progress in fluid dynamics during the 20th century."
He was especially known for his work on steady-flow laminar boundary-layer equations and on the turbulent resistance to rotation of a disk in a fluid. Goldstein was extremely knowledgeable on aerodynamics and his work had a significant impact in that area.
Early life
Goldstein was born into the Jewish community of Hull, where his family ran a furniture store. After his mother died he moved to live with an aunt and attended Bede Collegiate School in Sunderland. At the University of Leeds in 1921 he studied mathematics, but was to move to St John's College, Cambridge, graduating from the Mathematical Tripos in 1925 and gaining the Smith's Prize in 1927. He was awarded an Isaac Newton Studentship to continue research in applied mathematics under Harold Jeffreys. His 1928 PhD thesis was entitled The Theory And Application Of Mathieu Functions.
Career
He was appointed Rockefeller Research Fellow and spent a year working in University of Göttingen. In 1929 he became a fellow of St John's College but later the same year was appointed to a lectureship in Mathematics at the University of Manchester. At Manchester the influence of Osborne Reynolds and Horace Lamb in fluid dynamics was still felt there and had
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Lautman
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Albert Lautman (8 February 1908 – 1 August 1944) was a French philosopher of mathematics, born in Paris. An escaped prisoner of war, he was shot by the Nazi authorities in Toulouse on 1 August 1944.
Family
His father was a Jewish emigrant from Vienna who became a medical doctor after he was seriously wounded in the First World War.
Selected bibliography
Essai sur les Notions de Structure et d'Existence en Mathématiques
Essai sur l'Unité des Sciences Mathématiques
Symétrie et Dissymétrie en Mathématiques et en Physique
Les Mathématiques, les idées et le réel physique
Translations
Mathematics, Ideas and the Physical Real (2011) - this volume advertises itself as "the first English collection of the work of Albert Lautman"
Notes
External links
Fractal Ontology (English) with translations of Lautman's work by Taylor Adkins and Joseph Weissman.
1908 births
1944 deaths
Writers from Paris
Jews in the French resistance
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Philosophers of mathematics
20th-century French philosophers
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
French prisoners of war in World War II
Deaths by firearm in France
People executed by Germany by firearm
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
French people executed by Nazi Germany
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20Opinion%20in%20Cell%20Biology
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Current Opinion in Cell Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering all aspects of cell biology including genetics, cell communication, and metabolism. It was established in 1998 and is part of the Elsevier Current Opinion series of journals. The editors-in-chief are Tom Mistley (National Institutes of Health) and Anne Ridley.
The journal has a 2018 impact factor of 8.233.
References
External links
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Elsevier academic journals
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