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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Kochin
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Nikolai Yevgrafovich Kochin (; 19 May 1901, St Petersburg – 31 December 1944, Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet mathematician specialising in applied mathematics, and especially fluid and gas mechanics.
Biography
Kochin graduated from Petrograd University in 1923. He taught mathematics and mechanics at Leningrad State University from 1924 to 1934.
In 1925 Kochin married Pelageya Polubarinova. They had two daughters.
In 1928 Kochin spent a semester in Göttingen, where he helped Gamow to solve the alpha decay problem through quantum tunneling.
Kochin moved to Moscow 1934. He taught mathematics and mechanics at Moscow State University from 1934 until his death, and was the head of the mechanics section of the Mechanics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1939 to 1944.
In 1943 Kochin became ill with sarcoma and died in 1944.
Research interests
Kochin's research was on meteorology, gas dynamics and shock waves in compressible fluids. He gave the solution to the problem of small amplitude waves on the surface of an uncompressed liquid in Towards a Theory of Cauchy-Poisson Waves in 1935.
He also worked on the pitch and roll of ships. In aerodynamics he introduced formulae for aerodynamic force and for the distribution of pressure.
Bibliography
Kochin wrote textbooks on hydromechanics and vector analysis:
Theoretical hydromechanics, by N. E. Kochin, I. A. Kibel, and N. V. Roze. Translated from the fifth Russian ed. by D. Boyanovitch. Edited by J. R. M. Radok. Publis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Vsevolodovich%20Meshcherskiy
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Ivan Vsevolodovich Meshchersky (, 1859–1935) was a Russian Empire and Soviet mathematician who gained fame for his work on mechanics, notably the motion of bodies of variable mass.
Biography
Ivan Vsevolodovich Meshcherskiy was born in Arkhangelsk. After graduation from Arkhangelsk Gymnasium, Meshcherskiy studied mathematics at the Saint Petersburg Imperial University from 1878 to 1882.
References
1859 births
1935 deaths
Mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Soviet mathematicians
Burials at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery
People from Arkhangelsk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Dayan
|
Peter Dayan is a British neuroscientist and computer scientist who is director at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany. He is co-author of Theoretical Neuroscience, an influential textbook on computational neuroscience. He is known for applying Bayesian methods from machine learning and artificial intelligence to understand neural function and is particularly recognized for relating neurotransmitter levels to prediction errors and Bayesian uncertainties. He has pioneered the field of reinforcement learning (RL) where he helped develop the Q-learning algorithm, and made contributions to unsupervised learning, including the wake-sleep algorithm for neural networks and the Helmholtz machine.
Education
Dayan studied mathematics at the University of Cambridge and then continued for a PhD in artificial intelligence at the University of Edinburgh School of Informatics on statistical learning supervised by David Willshaw and David Wallace, focusing on associative memory and reinforcement learning.
Career and research
After his PhD, Dayan held postdoctoral research positions with Terry Sejnowski at the Salk Institute and Geoffrey Hinton at the University of Toronto. He then took up an assistant professor position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and moved to the Gatsby Charitable Foundation computational neuroscience unit at University College London (UCL) in 1998, becoming professor and director in 2002. In September 2018, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoire%20d%27Informatique%20Fondamentale%20de%20Lille
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The Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille (LIFL), is a computer science research laboratory of University of Lille, in Lille, France. LIFL was founded in 1983 and currently employs more than 200 employees. Since January 2015, the LIFL has merged with another laboratory, the Laboratoire d'Automatique, Génie Informatique et Signal (LAGIS). The resulting laboratory is now CRIStAL.
Most of the projects and teams at LIFL are supported and funded by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control (INRIA).
References
LIFL
CRIStAL
INRIA
University of Lille 1
European Doctoral College Lille Nord-Pas de Calais
University of Lille Nord de France
Computer science institutes in France
1983 establishments in France
French National Centre for Scientific Research
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20J.%20Van%20Loon
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Richard Van Loon (born 1940) is a former Canadian civil servant and ex-president of Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario.
Van Loon was the first president of Carleton who was also a Carleton alumnus. He got his Bachelor of Science in chemistry there in 1961, as well as an MA in 1965. He completed a PhD in political studies at Queen's University in 1968, and for several years he taught that subject at Queen's, Carleton and the University of Ottawa.
His career in the federal civil service has included stints in the Department of Energy and the Treasury Board. He has been an associate deputy minister of the federal departments of Health and Indian Affairs. source
When he was appointed president of Carleton in August 1996, Van Loon inherited a school $12.9-million in debt whose enrolment and retention rates were beginning to decline. The "open-door" admissions policy of one of his predecessors, William Edwin Beckel, had earned Carleton a reputation as "Last Chance U," but his immediate predecessor, Robin Hugh Farquhar, had managed by the end of his term to get Board and Senate approval for an increase in admission standards. Consequently, during Van Loon's first two years in office, although Carleton's accumulated deficit ballooned to almost $30 million, its entrance averages rose and he organized a massive faculty restructuring to focus on two core academic strengths: public affairs and high-technology programs. Van Loon's cutbacks also phased out several humanities and for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20density
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In mathematics, the Dirichlet density (or analytic density) of a set of primes, named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, is a measure of the size of the set that is easier to use than the natural density.
Definition
If A is a subset of the prime numbers, the Dirichlet density of A
is the limit
if it exists. Note that since as (see Prime zeta function), this is also equal to
This expression is usually the order of the "pole" of
at s = 1, (though in general it is not really a pole as it has non-integral order), at least if this function is a holomorphic function times a (real) power of s−1 near s = 1. For example, if A is the set of all primes, it is the Riemann zeta function which has a pole of order 1 at s = 1, so the set of all primes has Dirichlet density 1.
More generally, one can define the Dirichlet density of a sequence of primes (or prime powers), possibly with repetitions, in the same way.
Properties
If a subset of primes A has a natural density, given by the limit of
(number of elements of A less than N)/(number of primes less than N)
then it also has a Dirichlet density, and the two densities are the same.
However it is usually easier to show that a set of primes has a Dirichlet density, and this is good enough for many purposes. For example, in proving Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, it is easy to show that the set of primes
in an arithmetic progression a + nb (for a, b coprime) has Dirichlet density 1/φ(b), which is enough to sho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit%20theorem
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Limit theorem may refer to:
Central limit theorem, in probability theory
Edgeworth's limit theorem, in economics
Plastic limit theorems, in continuum mechanics
Mathematics disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20and%20Resistance
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Control and Resistance is the second and final album by progressive metal band Watchtower, released in 1989. This was the band's last album before disbanding in 1993 while working on its never-released third album Mathematics, and their first release with vocalist Alan Tecchio and guitarist Ron Jarzombek. Control and Resistance combines elements of thrash metal, progressive metal and jazz fusion, and has been cited as one of the most influential albums in the technical thrash metal genre, as well as a major influence on the then-emerging technical death metal scene.
Reception
Control and Resistance was hailed by Guitar World magazine as one of "The Top Ten Shred Albums of the 80's" in a retrospective feature, "Sounding like the twisted scion of Metallica and the Mahavishnu Orchestra, Watchtower was the most brilliant weird band of its time. Guitarist Ron Jarzombek, with his complex harmony solos, strange scales and furious staccato lead bursts, performs tricks on his guitar that will leave you more than sufficiently breathless."
Track listing
"Instruments of Random Murder" – 4:06
"The Eldritch" – 3:17
"Mayday in Kiev" – 5:48
"The Fall of Reason" – 8:01
"Control and Resistance" – 6:58
"Hidden Instincts" – 3:51
"Life Cycles" – 6:48
"Dangerous Toy" – 4:20
tracks 1, 2, 4 & 5 written by Doug Keyser
tracks 3, 6, 7 & 8 written by Doug Keyser and Ron Jarzombek
Notes
The vinyl and compact disc versions of the album each feature distinctly different front cover artwork.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Axel%20Rydberg
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Per Axel Rydberg (July 6, 1860 – July 25, 1931) was a Swedish-born, American botanist who was the first curator of the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium.
Biography
Per Axel Rydberg was born in Odh, Västergötland, Sweden and emigrated to the United States in 1882. From 1884 to 1890, he taught mathematics at Luther Academy in Wahoo, Nebraska, while he studied at the University of Nebraska. He graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (B.S. in 1891) and (M.A. in 1895). He earned his graduate degree from Columbia University (Ph.D. in 1898).
After he graduated, Rydberg received a commission from the United States Department of Agriculture to undertake a botanical exploration of western Nebraska. He received another one in 1892 to explore the Black Hills of South Dakota, and in 1893 he was in the Sand Hills, again in western Nebraska. During this time he continued to teach at the Luther Academy.
In 1900 Rydberg conducted field work in southeast Colorado. In 1901 he visited Kew Gardens in England and made a return trip to Sweden as well. In 1905 he was collecting in Utah with visits to the University of Wyoming, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. In 1911 he undertook an exploration of southeast Utah and in 1925, the Allegheny Mountains. A trip in 1926 took him to Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and the Dakotas. His final field expedition was in 1929 to Kansas and Minnesota but it was cut short due to illness and only included work in Kansas.
He was a prolific rese
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20receptor
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In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins responsible for sensing steroids, thyroid hormones, vitamins, and certain other molecules. These intracellular receptors work with other proteins to regulate the expression of specific genes thereby controlling the development, homeostasis, and metabolism of the organism.
Nuclear receptors bind directly to DNA regulating the expression of adjacent genes; hence these receptors are classified as transcription factors. The regulation of gene expression by nuclear receptors often occurs in the presence of a ligand—a molecule that affects the receptor's behavior. Ligand binding to a nuclear receptor results in a conformational change activating the receptor. The result is up- or down-regulation of gene expression.
A unique property of nuclear receptors that differentiates them from other classes of receptors is their direct control of genomic DNA. Nuclear receptors play key roles in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. As discussed below nuclear receptors are classified according to mechanism or homology.
Species distribution
Nuclear receptors are specific to metazoans (animals) and are not found in protists, algae, fungi, or plants. Amongst the early-branching animal lineages with sequenced genomes, two have been reported from the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica, two from the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi four from the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens and 17 from the cnidarian Nematos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich%20compound
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In organometallic chemistry, a sandwich compound is a chemical compound featuring a metal bound by haptic, covalent bonds to two arene (ring) ligands. The arenes have the formula , substituted derivatives (for example ) and heterocyclic derivatives (for example ). Because the metal is usually situated between the two rings, it is said to be "sandwiched". A special class of sandwich complexes are the metallocenes.
The term sandwich compound was introduced in organometallic nomenclature in 1956 in a report by J. D. Dunitz, L. E. Orgel and R. A. Rich, who confirmed the structure of ferrocene by X-ray crystallography. The correct structure, in which the molecule features an iron atom sandwiched between two parallel cyclopentadienyl rings, had been proposed several years previously by Robert Burns Woodward and, separately, by Ernst Otto Fischer. The structure helped explain puzzles about ferrocene's conformers. This result further demonstrated the power of X-ray crystallography and accelerated the growth of organometallic chemistry.
Classes
The best known members are the metallocenes of the formula where M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Pb, Zr, Ru, Rh, Os, Sm, Ti, V, Mo, W, Zn. These species are also called bis(cyclopentadienyl)metal complexes. Other arenes can serve as ligands as well.
Mixed cyclopentadienyl complexes: . Some examples are where the fullerene ligand is acting as a cyclopentadienyl analogue.
Bis(benzene) complexes: , the best known example being bis(benzene)chromium.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Christopher%20Zeise
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William Christopher Zeise (15 October 1789 – 12 November 1847) was a Danish organic chemist. He is best known for synthesising one of the first organometallic compounds, named Zeise's salt in his honour. He also performed pioneering studies in organosulfur chemistry, discovering the xanthates in 1823.
Early life
William Christopher Zeise was born 15 October 1789 in Slagelse, the son of an apothecary, Frederick Zeise (1754–1836), who was an old friend of physicist Hans Christian Ørsted's father. Zeise attended Slagelse Latin school until he went to Copenhagen in 1805 to take up an apprenticeship under Gottfried Becker as a pharmacy assistant (Apoteksmedhjælper) at the Royal Court Pharmacy. Gottfried Becker, was an accomplished chemist who was employed as extraordinary Professor of Chemistry at the University. However Zeise felt dissatisfied there and returned home complaining of his health after having been there only a few months.
Around this time his interest in science (Natural Philosophy) began to develop. He familiarised himself with the new quantitative chemical theory of Antoine Lavosier; and read widely, including - Nicolai Tychsen's "Apothekerkunst" (Theoretical and practical instructions for Pharmacists, 1804), Gren's Chemistry, Adam Hauch's Principles of Natural Philosophy and Ørsted's papers in Scandinavian Literature and Letters (whose treatise on spontaneous combustion made an especially strong impression on him). At the same time he experimented with a home-m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20R.%20Rao
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Kamisetty Ramamohan Rao was an Indian-American electrical engineer. He was a professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington (UT Arlington). Academically known as K. R. Rao, he is credited with the co-invention of discrete cosine transform (DCT), along with Nasir Ahmed and T. Natarajan due to their landmark publication, Discrete Cosine Transform.
Education
Rao received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the College of Engineering, Guindy, affiliated with the University of Madras, in 1952. In 1959, he received his Master of Science Electrical Engineering degree from the University of Florida in 1959 followed by a Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Florida in 1960. He received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque in 1966.
Career
Rao had been with the University of Texas at Arlington since 1966. He was a professor of electrical engineering, and the director of the Multimedia Processing Laboratory. He also taught undergraduate courses on Discrete Signals and Systems and Fundamentals of Telecommunication systems. He also taught graduate courses on Digital Video Coding, Digital Image Processing, Discrete Transforms, and Multimedia Processing.
He had been an external examiner for graduate students from universities in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan. He was a visiting professor at universities in Australia, India, Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Smyth
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Professor Malcolm Smyth is and Irish chemist. He is also the dean of the Faculty of Science & Health at Dublin City University, in Dublin, Ireland. Smyth is also the president of the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) and is the first analytical chemist from the Republic of Ireland to hold the position. He has received awards from the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) and the SAC Gold Medal for Analytical Chemistry from the Analytical Division of the RSC.
Career
Smyth obtained his BSc degree in Biochemistry from The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom in 1972, and his PhD in Analytical Chemistry from the University of London in 1976. He later conducted research as a postdoctoral fellow at Colorado State University between 1976–78, and was subsequently employed as a visiting research scientist at the Nuclear Research Centre in Jülich, Germany between 1979–81. In 1981 Smyth was appointed to a lectureship in Analytical Chemistry at Dublin City University. He then became a senior lecturer at Dublin City University in 1985, and took over as head of the School of Chemical Sciences between 1990–1993. In 1990 Smyth was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) from The Queen's University of Belfast. In 1992 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Dublin City University, and in 1995 took over as dean of the Faculty of Science & Health. Smyth is a Fellow of both the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Institute of Chemistry of Ireland a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20von%20Jank%C3%B3
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Paul von Jankó (2 June 1856 – 17 March 1919) was a Hungarian pianist, engineer and Idist.
He first studied mathematics and music in Vienna, where he was a pupil of H. Schmitt, J. Krenn and Anton Bruckner. He then moved to Berlin where he during the years 1881 and 1882 studied mathematics at the city's University, and piano with H. Erlich.
Jankó was also a proponent of the international auxiliary language Ido, though he had formerly been an Esperantist. On the 16th of August 1909, Jankó became a member of the Ido-Akademio, the predecessor to the ULI. He was secretary of the Academy from 1912 to 1913. Jankó also created the Ido-Stelo, the symbol of the Ido movement, modelled after the Verda Stelo.
In 1882 Jankó patented the Jankó keyboard, with six rows of keys, drawing upon earlier designs by Conrad Henfling (1708), Johann Rohleder (1791) and William Lunn (1843). From the year 1886 he used this instrument at his own concert journeys. The Norwegian pianist Tekla Nathan Bjerke was a pupil of Jankó, and played many concerts in Norway using this instrument. The Jankó keyboard wasn't used by many people as it was hard for them to relearn new fingering on a strange keyboard.
External links
Obituary in Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau, Vol. 40, 1919-20
References
1856 births
1919 deaths
Hungarian classical pianists
Hungarian male musicians
Male classical pianists
Hungarian engineers
Hungarian inventors
Idists
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century male musicians
Musici
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20New%20South%20Wales%20alumni
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This is a list of University of New South Wales alumni.
Academia
Toby Walsh, computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert
Dijana Alić, architect and academic
Michael Barber, mathematician, physicist and Vice-Chancellor of Flinders University from 2008 until 2014 (Mathematics)
Gernot Heiser, John Lions chair and computer scientist
Sharon Beder, arts academic (Engineering)
Glyn Davis , current Vice-Chancellor of University of Melbourne (Political science)
John Deeble, Architect of Medicare Australia
Rosalyn Diprose, philosopher and UNSW academic (Philosophy)
Ross Fitzgerald , academic, historian, novelist, secularist, and political commentator (PhD Politics)
Michael Fullilove, public and international policy academic, executive director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy (Arts/Law)
David Gonski , prominent businessman, Chancellor of UNSW Sydney (Commerce/LLB)
Atiqul Islam, accountant and current Vice-chancellor of North South University, Bangladesh (Commerce)
Koo Tsai Kee, Singaporean academic and former politician (Surveying)
Chandran Kukathas, Malaysian-born Australian political theorist and academic (MA, Politics)
Jane Stapleton, academic and Master at Christ's College, Cambridge
Tony Vinson, Emeritus Professor, Education and Social Work
Business
Rodney Adler, former FAI Insurance chief executive
Cheryl Bart , lawyer, company director and mountain climber (Commerce/LLB 1986)
Mark Bouris, chairman of Yellow Brick Road and television personality
Mik
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix%20sum
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In computer science, the prefix sum, cumulative sum, inclusive scan, or simply scan of a sequence of numbers is a second sequence of numbers , the sums of prefixes (running totals) of the input sequence:
...
For instance, the prefix sums of the natural numbers are the triangular numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!input numbers
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || ...
|-
!prefix sums
| 1 || 3 || 6 || 10 || 15 || 21 || ...
|}
Prefix sums are trivial to compute in sequential models of computation, by using the formula to compute each output value in sequence order. However, despite their ease of computation, prefix sums are a useful primitive in certain algorithms such as counting sort,
and they form the basis of the scan higher-order function in functional programming languages. Prefix sums have also been much studied in parallel algorithms, both as a test problem to be solved and as a useful primitive to be used as a subroutine in other parallel algorithms.
Abstractly, a prefix sum requires only a binary associative operator ⊕, making it useful for many applications from calculating well-separated pair decompositions of points to string processing.
Mathematically, the operation of taking prefix sums can be generalized from finite to infinite sequences; in that context, a prefix sum is known as a partial sum of a series. Prefix summation or partial summation form linear operators on the vector spaces of finite or infinite sequences; their inverses are finite differenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM-ODP
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Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) is a reference model in computer science, which provides a co-ordinating framework for the standardization of open distributed processing (ODP). It supports distribution, interworking, platform and technology independence, and portability, together with an enterprise architecture framework for the specification of ODP systems.
RM-ODP, also named ITU-T Rec. X.901-X.904 and ISO/IEC 10746, is a joint effort by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T).
Overview
The RM-ODP is a reference model based on precise concepts derived from current distributed processing developments and, as far as possible, on the use of formal description techniques for specification of the architecture. Many RM-ODP concepts, possibly under different names, have been around for a long time and have been rigorously described and explained in exact philosophy (for example, in the works of Mario Bunge) and in systems thinking (for example, in the works of Friedrich Hayek). Some of these concepts—such as abstraction, composition, and emergence—have recently been provided with a solid mathematical foundation in category theory.
RM-ODP has four fundamental elements:
an object modelling approach to system specification;
the specification of a system in terms of separate but interrelated viewpoint specifications;
the definit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizaveta%20Litvinova
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Elizaveta Fedorovna Litvinova (1845–1919?) was a Russian mathematician and pedagogue. She is the author of over 70 articles about mathematics education.
Early life and education
Born in 1845 in czarist Russia as Elizaveta Fedorovna Ivashkina, she completed her early education at a women's high school in Saint Petersburg. In 1866 Elizaveta married Viktor Litvinov, which, unlike Vladimir Kovalevsky (Sofia Kovalevskaya's husband), would not allow her to travel to Europe to study at the universities there. Thus, Litvinova started to study with Strannoliubskii, who had also privately tutored Kovalevskaya.
In 1872, as soon as her husband died, Litvinova went to Zürich and enrolled at a polytechnic institute. In 1873 the Russian czar decreed all Russian women studying in Zürich had to return to Russia or face the consequences. Litvinova was one of the few to ignore the decree and she remained to continue her studies, earning her baccalaureate in Zürich in 1876 and her doctoral degree in 1878 from the University of Bern.
Career and later life
When Litvinova returned to Russia, she was denied university appointments because she had defied the 1873 recall. She taught at a women's high school and supplemented her meager income by writing biographies of more famous mathematicians such as Kovalevskaya and Aristotle. After retiring, it is believed that Litvinova died during the Russian Revolution in 1919.
Bibliography
A. H. Koblitz, Sofia Vasilevna Kovalevskaia in
External links
"El
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitrii%20Sintsov
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Dmitrii Matveevich Sintsov (21 November 1867, in Vyatka – 28 January 1946) was a Russian mathematician known for his work in the theory of conic sections and non-holonomic geometry.
He took a leading role in the development of mathematics at the University of Kharkiv, serving as chairman of the Kharkov Mathematical Society for forty years, from 1906 until his death at the age of 78.
See also
Aleksandr Lyapunov
Bibliography
External links
1867 births
1946 deaths
People from Kirov, Kirov Oblast
People from Vyatsky Uyezd
Mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Soviet mathematicians
Academic staff of the National University of Kharkiv
First convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliks%20Bara%C5%84ski
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Feliks Barański (1915-2006) was a Polish mathematician and an active member of the so-called Lwów School of Mathematics. Born May 1915 in Lwów, Austria-Hungary (modern Lviv, Ukraine), he joined the circle of young, talented mathematicians formed around Stefan Banach and Hugo Steinhaus. During the period of German occupation of his hometown he made his living as a lice feeder in the institute of Rudolf Weigl. Expelled from Lwow after the war, he settled in Kraków, where he joined the local Kraków University of Technology. He was also admitted into the Polish Mathematics Society.
Lwów School of Mathematics
1915 births
2006 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Rajewski
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Jan Rajewski (14 May 1857 – 30/31 December 1906) was a professor of the University of Lviv. He was a mathematician.
External links
Mathematics at Lviv University
Mathematicians from Austria-Hungary
1857 births
1906 deaths
Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev%20rational%20functions
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In mathematics, the Chebyshev rational functions are a sequence of functions which are both rational and orthogonal. They are named after Pafnuty Chebyshev. A rational Chebyshev function of degree is defined as:
where is a Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind.
Properties
Many properties can be derived from the properties of the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Other properties are unique to the functions themselves.
Recursion
Differential equations
Orthogonality
Defining:
The orthogonality of the Chebyshev rational functions may be written:
where for and for ; is the Kronecker delta function.
Expansion of an arbitrary function
For an arbitrary function the orthogonality relationship can be used to expand :
where
Particular values
Partial fraction expansion
References
Rational functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FELICS
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FELICS, which stands for Fast Efficient & Lossless Image Compression System, is a lossless image compression algorithm
that performs 5-times faster than the original lossless JPEG codec and achieves a similar compression ratio.
History
It was invented by Paul G. Howard and Jeffrey S. Vitter of the Department of Computer Science at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, and was first presented at the 1993 IEEE Data Compression Conference in Snowbird, Utah. It was successfully implemented in hardware and deployed as part of HiRISE on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Principle
Like other lossless codecs for continuous-tone images, FELICS operates by decorrelating the image and encoding it with an entropy coder. The decorrelation is the context where
and where are the pixel's two nearest neighbors (causal, already coded and known at the decoder) used for providing the context to code the
present pixel .
Except at the top and left edges, these are the pixel above and the pixel to the left.
For example, the neighbors of pixel X in the diagram are A and B, but if X were at the left side, its neighbors would be B and D.
P lies within the closed interval [L, H] roughly half the time.
Otherwise, it is above H or below L. These can be encoded as 1, 01, and 00 respectively (p. 4).
The following figure shows the (idealized) histogram
of the pixels and their intensity values along the x-axis, and frequency of occurrence along the y-axis.
The distribution of P within t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FVC
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FVC may refer to:
Fair Vote Canada, an electoral reform advocacy group in Canada
Ferraz de Vasconcelos (CPTM), a railway station in Brazil
Financial vehicle corporation in the European Union
Fingerprint Verification Competition
FIRST Vex Challenge, a high school robotics competition
Forced vital capacity
Fortuneo–Vital Concept, a French cycling team
Forth Valley College in Scotland
Fraser Valley College, now the University of the Fraser Valley, in British Columbia, Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Rousseau
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Denis L. Rousseau (signing papers as D. L. Rousseau) is an American scientist. He is currently professor and university chairman of the department of physiology and biophysics at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
Biography
Rousseau is professor and university chairman of physiology and biophysics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, of Yeshiva University, a position he has held since 1996. He received his B.A. from Bowdoin College and received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Princeton University. After holding a position as research associate in the physics department at the University of Southern California, studying with Sergio Porto, he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969.
Research
In the 1970s, he used infrared spectroscopy to demonstrate that what was thought to be a newly discovered form of water, polywater, was structurally similar to human sweat. This result suggested that the novel properties of polywater were due to contamination from biological impurities, and later described the proposal of polywater as an example of Pathological science. He is also a pioneer in using resonance Raman spectroscopy to study heme proteins, notably hemoglobin, Cytochrome c oxidase, Nitric oxide synthase, and the folding of cytochrome c.
Significant publications
References
External links
Rousseau Laboratory
Bowdoin College alumni
Academics from New Hampshire
American biophysicists
American physical chemists
Princeton University alumni
University of Southern C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collisionless
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Collisionless may refer to:
In information theory and computer science, computer networking architectures where collisions between packets of data cannot occur
In computer science, situations where collisions, or occurrences of the same value, cannot occur in a structure (and prevent reliable lookups)
In cosmology and physics, a medium in which the interaction cross-section between particles is so low that collisions between particles have no significant effect on the system. See Shock waves in astrophysics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly%20Vlasov
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Anatoly Aleksandrovich Vlasov (; – 22 December 1975) was a Russian, later Soviet, theoretical physicist prominent in the fields of statistical mechanics, kinetics, and especially in plasma physics.
Biography
Anatoly Vlasov was born in Balashov, in the family of a steamfitter. In 1927 he entered into the Moscow State University (MSU) and graduated from the MSU in 1931. After the graduation Vlasov continued to work in the MSU, where he spent all his life, collaborating with Nobelists Pyotr Kapitsa, Lev Landau, and other leading physicists. He became a full Professor at the Moscow State University in 1944 and was the head of the theoretical physics department in the Faculty of Physics at Moscow State University from 1945 to 1953. He was a member of Communist Party of USSR since 1944
In 1970 he received the Lenin Prize.
Research
His main works are in optics, plasma physics, physics of crystals, theory of gravitation, and statistical physics.
Optics
In optics he analyzed, partially with Vasily Fursov, spectral line broadening in gases at large densities (1936—1938). A new suggestion in these works was to use long range collective interactions between atoms for a correct description of spectra line broadening at large densities.
Plasma physics
Vlasov became world-famous for his work on plasma physics (1938) (see also ). He showed that the Boltzmann equation is not suitable for a description of plasma dynamics due to the existence of long range collective forces in the plasma.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LICS
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LICS may refer to:
Leeds Industrial Co-operative Society
LICS (character set), Lotus International Character Set
LICS (conference), Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
Liberal and Centre Union (, LiCS), a Lithuanian political party
Logic in computer science, field of logic and computer science
See also
LIC (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloexopeptidase
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A metalloexopeptidase is a type of enzyme that acts as a metalloproteinase exopeptidase.
These enzymes have a catalytic mechanism involving a metal, often zinc. They function in molecular biology as agents that cut the terminal (or penultimate) peptide bonds ending peptide chains. Analogous to slicing the end off a loaf of bread, the process releases a single amino acid (or dipeptide) for use.
Metallocarboxypeptidase
The terms "metallo carboxypeptidase", "metallo-carboxypeptidase" and "metallocarboxypeptidase" are used to describe a metalloexopeptidase carboxypeptidase. These peptidases specifically target the C-terminus, the unbound carboxyl group (-COOH) at one distinct end of the amino acid chain (cutting one side from a loaf of bread rather than the end).
Enzyme Commission number
Using the Enzyme Commission number (EC number) system, metallocarboxypeptidases fall under EC 3.4.17. Examples of these compounds in the human genome include AGBL1 and AGBL2, known also as ATP/GTP Binding Protein-Like 1 and 2, respectively. The former resides in Chromosome 15 and is made up of 951,392 base pairs (bases) while the latter resides in Chromosome 11 and is made up of 56,221 bases.
See also
Enzyme catalysis
Hydrolase
References
External links
EC 3.4.17
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%20A
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Mathematics courses named Math A, Maths A, and similar are found in:
Mathematics education in New York: Math A, Math A/B, Math B
Mathematics education in Australia: Maths A, Maths B, Maths C
Mathematics disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella%20virus%20P22
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Salmonella virus P22 is a bacteriophage in the Podoviridae family that infects Salmonella typhimurium. Like many phages, it has been used in molecular biology to induce mutations in cultured bacteria and to introduce foreign genetic material. P22 has been used in generalized transduction and is an important tool for investigating Salmonella genetics.
Morphology, classification and relatives
P22 shares many similarities in genetic structure and regulation with bacteriophage λ. It is a temperate double stranded DNA phage as well as a lambdoid phage since it carries control of gene expression regions and early operons similar to those of bacteriophage λ. However, the genes which encode proteins that build the virion are different from those of bacteriophage λ. P22 has a 60 nm diameter icosahedral (T=7) virion head and a short tail. This virion morphology puts P22 in the formal Podoviridae group. Traditionally, P22 is associated with viruses with similar genomic transcription patterns and life cycles including bacteriophage λ and all the other lambdoid phages. However, this relatedness seems to be overestimated. Other relatives with similar short-tailed morphology and DNA homology in the protein genes of the virion include bacteriophages λ and Ε34. Many Podoviridae, for example phages T7 and Φ29, share few DNA similarities with P22, even though their virion morphologies are similar.
Genomics
P22 has a linear, double-stranded DNA chromosome within its virion that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio%20Cornalia
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Emilio Cornalia (25 August 1824 – 8 June 1882) was an Italian naturalist. He was born in Milan and died in the same city.
He was conservator from 1851 to 1866, and director from 1866 till his death, of the Milan Museum of Natural History, and was interested in all areas of biology.
He was one of the group of leading scientists instrumental in founding La Società Entomologica Italiana, the Italian Entomological Society.
He was the author of important works of applied entomology, such as Monografia del bombice del gelso published in 1856, and was part of a scientific expedition to the upper Nile valley in 1873.
References
Cornalia
Cornalia
Cornalia
Cornalia
Cornalia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo%20Ladislao%20Holmberg
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Eduardo Ladislao Holmberg (27 July 1852, in Buenos Aires – 4 November 1937) was an Argentine natural historian and novelist, one of the leading figures in Argentine biology. Together with Florentino Ameghino he undertook the inventory of Argentine flora and fauna, and explored all the ecoregions in the country, summarizing for the first time the biodiversity of its territory. The son of botanical aficionado and grandson of the Baron Holmberg, Holmburg accompanied Argentine Libertador Manuel Belgrano on his campaigns and introduced the cultivation of the camellia to Argentina. As director of the Buenos Aires Zoological Garden he greatly developed its scientific aspect, publishing booklets and providing printed media for a learned appreciation of its contents. He also directed the Natural History Cabinet of the University of Buenos Aires and published the standard reference works on botany and zoology used in his country for most of the 20th century.
While less distinguished for his writing, he was arguably the first science fiction writer in Latin America. He wrote the first Latin American science fiction novel, Viaje maravilloso del señor Nic-Nac al planeta Marte (Eng. The Marvellous Journey of Mr. Nic-Nac to the Planet Mars). In 1879, he wrote Horacio Kalibang o los autómatas (Eng. Horacio Kalibang or The Automatons), the first short science fiction story of Latin America.
Early life
Coming from a European Bourgeois family, Holmberg had mastered English, French, and Ger
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanes%20%28organic%20chemistry%29
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Phanes are abstractions of highly complex organic molecules introduced for simplification of the naming of these highly complex molecules.
Systematic nomenclature of organic chemistry consists of building a name for the structure of an organic compound by a collection of names of its composite parts but describing also its relative positions within the structure. Naming information is summarised by IUPAC:
"Phane nomenclature is a new method for building names for organic structures by assembling names that describe component parts of a complex structure. It is based on the idea that a relatively simple skeleton for a parent hydride can be modified by an operation called 'amplification', a process that replaces one or more special atoms (superatoms) of a simplified skeleton by multiatomic structures".
Whilst the cyclophane name describes only a limited number of sub-structures of benzene rings interconnected by individual atoms or chains, 'phane' is a class name which includes others, hence heterocyclic rings as well. Therefore, the various cyclophanes are perfectly good for the general class of phanes as well keeping in mind that the cyclic structures in phanes could have much greater diversity.
Operations
Amplification
Numbering
Interaction with skeletal replacement
Examples
References
Chemical nomenclature
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Dolphin
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David H. Dolphin, (born January 15, 1940) is a Canadian biochemist.
He is an internationally recognized expert in porphyrin chemistry and biochemistry. He was the lead creator of Visudyne, a medication used in conjunction with laser treatment to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as the wet form of macular degeneration.
Born in London, England, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1962 and a Ph.D. in 1965 from the University of Nottingham. He then attended Harvard University as a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Harvard organic chemist Robert B. Woodward. In 1966, he was appointed an assistant professor at Harvard. In 1974, he joined the faculty of science at the University of British Columbia where he became the Killam Research Professor. From 1988 to 1989, he was the acting Dean of Science. From 1999 to 2000, he was the acting Vice President of Research.
He is Chief Executive Officer of the BC Innovation Council and Vice-President, Technology Development at Quadra Logic Technologies Incorporated (QLT Inc.).
He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Society, Canadian Institute of Chemistry, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. In 2006, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2005, he was awarded the Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, "with a guarantee of $1 million in research funding over the next five years from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Counc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD11
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In cell biology, CD11 is the α (alpha) component of various integrins, especially ones in which the β (beta) component is CD18 (β2) and mediate leukocyte adhesion. For example,
LFA1 (CD11a/CD18) short representation of Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen 1, also called αLβ2 integrin
Mac1 (CD11b/CD18) present on macrophages that is also called Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) and αMβ2 integrin.
CD11c/CD18 also called complement receptor 4 (CR4) and αXβ2 integrin.
References
Clusters of differentiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20design
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The Natural Design Perspective is an approach to psychology and biology that (among other things) holds that concepts such as "motivation", "emotion", "development", "adaptation" refer to objectively observable patterns, rather than hidden causes. It was developed by Nicholas S. Thompson (Professor Emeritus of Ethology and Psychology, Clark University), and has its roots in philosophical behaviorism and the new realism.
Natural Design may also refer to an holistic approach to Design called for by Prof David W. Orr (Professor of Environmental Studies and Politics, Oberlin College USA) and developed for research practice by Prof Seaton Baxter (Emeritus Professor for the Study of Natural Design, Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee).
History
Darwin intended natural selection to explain the presence of design in nature. However, the term "design" has been out of favor since the watchmaker analogy attacks from William Paley. Thompson believes that is a mistake, because without the concept of design, it is easy for evolutionary theory to become a tautology.
Natural design is design-without-a-designer, in the same sense that natural selection is selection-without-a-selector. Design is a term we use to refer to a matching of form and function, and we can recognize the presence of design independently of the cause of that design:
A kitchen can become well designed for efficient food preparation due to the actions of a home designer.
The han
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele%20Diamond
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Adele Dorothy Diamond is a professor of neuroscience at the University of British Columbia, where she is currently a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. One of the pioneers in the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience, Diamond researches how executive functions are affected by biological and environmental factors, especially in children. Her discoveries have improved treatment for disorders such as phenylketonuria and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and they have impacted early education.
Early life and education
Diamond's father, Jerome Diamond, was born in 1903 in the Catskills of New York. His was the first Jewish family in Monticello, NY. In the early years they were met with signs everywhere that said, "No Jews and dogs allowed." He attended a one-room schoolhouse and left school to help in the family grocery business. He died as she was entering her senior year in high school. Diamond's mother, Mildred Golden, weighed 2 pounds when she was born in 1916 in New York City. She was placed in a small egg box, put in the oven (to keep her warm), and fed with an eye dropper. She attended Tilden High School in Brooklyn and would have attended college if not for the Great Depression, but instead became the bookkeeper for the family business, Golden Pickle Works. She died in 1997.
Diamond grew up in Brooklyn and Queens and attended public schools (PS 165, Parsons Junior High, and John Bowne High School). She graduated from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy%20Rosier
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Cathy Rosier (January 2, 1945 in Fort-de-France – May 17, 2004) was a model and actress born in Martinique, French West Indies. She died in Marrakech, Morocco from a ruptured aorta.
Rosier was the daughter of the Martiniquais writer and painter Yva (née de Montaigne) and her husband, politician and mathematics instructor Thélus Léro.
She is perhaps best known for her role as the pianist Valerie in Jean-Pierre Melville's Le Samouraï (1967).
She also released her own musical album, entitled Cathy Banana.
References
External links
1945 births
2004 deaths
People from Fort-de-France
French film actresses
French television actresses
20th-century French actresses
French female models
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Martiniquais actresses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Wheeler
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Albert H. Wheeler (1915 – April 4, 1994) was an American life-sciences professor and politician in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He became the city's first African-American mayor, serving in the office from 1975 to 1978.
Early career
Wheeler was raised in St. Louis, Missouri, and attended Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, majoring in biology. He then studied for his master's in microbiology at Iowa State University in Iowa. He moved to Ann Arbor to continue his studies, working toward a Ph.D. at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. After completing the doctoral degree, Wheeler took a job as a research associate at the university.
In 1952, he became an assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Michigan, and eventually became the university's first tenured African-American professor. Influenced by experiences of discrimination at the university and in attempting to secure a home mortgage in Ann Arbor, Wheeler also worked as a civil-rights activist on campus and in the city. He co-founded the Ann Arbor Civic Forum, which was conceived of and founded by Thomas S. Harrison, Jr., and which later became the city's NAACP chapter, and served as president of that body in the late 1960s. Wheeler, who was a Roman Catholic, took leave from the university in the early 1970s to serve in the Archdiocese of Detroit.
1975 mayoral election
Wheeler first made a bid for the office of Ann Arbor mayor in April 1975. Running as a Democrat, he unseated the Re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20of%20structure
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In mathematics, particularly in universal algebra and category theory, transport of structure refers to the process whereby a mathematical object acquires a new structure and its canonical definitions, as a result of being isomorphic to (or otherwise identified with) another object with a pre-existing structure. Definitions by transport of structure are regarded as canonical.
Since mathematical structures are often defined in reference to an underlying space, many examples of transport of structure involve spaces and mappings between them. For example, if and are vector spaces with being an inner product on , such that there is an isomorphism from to , then one can define an inner product on by the following rule:
Although the equation makes sense even when is not an isomorphism, it only defines an inner product on when is, since otherwise it will cause to be degenerate. The idea is that allows one to consider and as "the same" vector space, and by following this analogy, then one can transport an inner product from one space to the other.
A more elaborated example comes from differential topology, in which the notion of smooth manifold is involved: if is such a manifold, and if is any topological space which is homeomorphic to , then one can consider as a smooth manifold as well. That is, given a homeomorphism , one can define coordinate charts on by "pulling back" coordinate charts on through . Recall that a coordinate chart on is an open set toge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon%20Gorge%20%28Falkirk%29
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The Avon Gorge () is a small wooded gorge in Falkirk, Scotland.
Biology
An area of of the gorge is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest; it was notified in 1986. The steep wooded banks constitute one of the few remaining ancient, semi-natural woodland sites in Falkirk District.
Plants found here which are rare in Falkirk District include alternate-leaved golden saxifrage (chrysosplenium alternifolium), moschatel (adoxa moschatellina) and hemp agrimony (eupatorium cannabinum). The site also contains pendulous sedge (carex pendula) and lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) both of which are uncommon in Scotland.
The Avon Gorge is one of the few remaining oak-dominated woodlands in the central belt of Scotland, others include the nearby Callendar wood.
History
After defeat at the Battle of Falkirk, William Wallace reportedly took refuge in a cave in the Avon Gorge. The cave is signposted from a nearby road as 'Wallace's Cave'.
Transport
The A801 road cuts through the Avon Gorge and has a small crossing point accompanied by steep dips. This has been recognised as an accident blackspot particularly in bad weather conditions. There have been numerous calls from local politicians for upgrades to take place and for a new bridge crossing to be built over the gorge. However there have been no firm commitments from local authorities or national government for such a scheme.
See also
Avon Aqueduct
River Avon
References
Landforms of Falkirk (council area)
Canyon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Gabai
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David Gabai is an American mathematician and the Hughes-Rogers Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. Focused on low-dimensional topology and hyperbolic geometry, he is a leading researcher in those subjects.
Biography
David Gabai received his B.S. in mathematics from MIT in 1976 and his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1980. Gabai completed his doctoral dissertation, titled "Foliations and genera of links", under the supervision of William Thurston.
After positions at Harvard and University of Pennsylvania, Gabai spent most of the period of 1986–2001 at Caltech, and has been at Princeton since 2001. Gabai was the Chair of the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University from 2012 to 2019.
Honours and awards
In 2004, David Gabai was awarded the Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry, given every three years by the American Mathematical Society.
He was an invited speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians 2010, Hyderabad on the topic of topology.
In 2011, he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Gabai was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014.
Work
David Gabai has played a key role in the field of topology of 3-manifolds in the last three decades. Some of the foundational results he and his collaborators have proved are as follows: Existence of taut foliation in 3-manifolds, Property R Conjecture, foun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womersley%20number
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The Womersley number ( or ) is a dimensionless number in biofluid mechanics and biofluid dynamics. It is a dimensionless expression of the pulsatile flow frequency in relation to viscous effects. It is named after John R. Womersley (1907–1958) for his work with blood flow in arteries. The Womersley number is important in keeping dynamic similarity when scaling an experiment. An example of this is scaling up the vascular system for experimental study. The Womersley number is also important in determining the thickness of the boundary layer to see if entrance effects can be ignored.
The square root of this number is also referred to as Stokes number, , due to the pioneering work done by Sir George Stokes on the Stokes second problem.
Derivation
The Womersley number, usually denoted , is defined by the relation
where is an appropriate length scale (for example the radius of a pipe), is the angular frequency of the oscillations, and , , are the kinematic viscosity, density, and dynamic viscosity of the fluid, respectively. The Womersley number is normally written in the powerless form
In the cardiovascular system, the pulsation frequency, density, and dynamic viscosity are constant, however the Characteristic length, which in the case of blood flow is the vessel diameter, changes by three orders of magnitudes (OoM) between the aorta and fine capillaries. The Womersley number thus changes due to the variations in vessel size across the vasculature system. The Womersley nu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanes%20%28disambiguation%29
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Phanes is a Greek deity. Phanes may also refer to:
Phanes coins, the most ancient inscribed coins, which have the name "Phanes" on them
Phanes (organic chemistry), a structural sub-unit in nomenclature
Phanes of Halicarnassus, a councilman serving Amasis, who would eventually help Cambyses II to conquer Egypt
Phanes (butterfly), a genus of butterflies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxin%201
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Ataxin-1 is a DNA-binding protein which in humans is encoded by the ATXN1 gene.
Mutations in ataxin-1 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of cerebellar neurons, particularly Purkinje neurons.
Genetics
ATXN1 is conserved across multiple species, including humans, mice, and Drosophila.
In humans, ATXN1 is located on the short arm of chromosome 6. The gene contains 9 exons, two of which are protein-coding. There is a CAG repeat in the coding sequence which is longer in humans than other species (6-38 uninterrupted CAG repeats in healthy humans versus 2 in the mouse gene). This repeat is prone to errors in DNA replication and can vary widely in length between individuals.
Structure
Notable features of the Ataxin-1 protein structure include:
A polyglutamine tract of variable length, encoded by the CAG repeat in ATXN1.
A region which mediates protein-protein interactions, known as the AXH domain
A nuclear localization sequence
A phosphorylation site which regulates the protein's stability and interactions with its binding partners
Function
The function of Ataxin-1 is not completely understood. It appears to be involved in regulating gene expression based on its location in the nucleus of the cell, its association with promoter regions of several genes, and its interactions with transcriptional regulators and parts of the RNA splicing machinery.
Interactions
Ataxin 1 has been shown to interact
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinzolamide
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Brinzolamide (trade name Azopt) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to lower intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
Brinzolamide was approved as a generic medication in the United States in November 2020.
Chemistry
Brinzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (specifically, carbonic anhydrase II). Carbonic anhydrase is found primarily in erythrocytes (but also in other tissues including the eye). It exists as a number of isoenzymes, the most active of which is carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II).
Indications
Use for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and raised intraocular pressure due to either excess aqueous humor production or inadequate drainage of the humor via the trabecular meshwork.
Pharmacodynamics
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases aqueous humor secretion and thus lowers the intraocular pressure in the anterior chamber, presumably by reducing the rate of formation of bicarbonate ions with subsequent reduction in sodium and fluid transport; this may alleviate the effects of open-angle glaucoma.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
The recommended frequency for topical application is two times per day. Following ocular instillation, the suspension is systemically absorbed to some degree; however the plasma concentrations are low and generally below the limits of detection (less than 10 ng/mL) due to extensive binding by tissues and erythrocytes. Oral administration is less-favored
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental%20cognitive%20neuroscience
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Developmental cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary scientific field devoted to understanding psychological processes and their neurological bases in the developing organism. It examines how the mind changes as children grow up, interrelations between that and how the brain is changing, and environmental and biological influences on the developing mind and brain.
Developmental cognitive neuroscience is at the boundaries of neuroscience (behavioral, systems, & cognitive neuroscience), psychology (developmental, cognitive, & biobehavioral/ physiological psychology), developmental science (which includes sociology, anthropology, & biology in addition to psychology & neuroscience), cognitive science (which includes computer science, philosophy, dynamical systems, & linguistics in addition to psychology), and even includes socio-emotional development and developmental aspects of social neuroscience and affective neuroscience.
The scientific interface between cognitive neuroscience and human development has evoked considerable interest in recent years, as technological advances make it possible to map in detail the changes in brain structure that take place during development. Developmental cognitive neuroscience overlaps somewhat with fields such as developmental psychology, developmental neuropsychology, developmental psychopathology, and developmental neuroscience, but is distinct from each of them as well. Developmental cognitive neuroscience is concerned with the br
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Reich%20%28geneticist%29
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David Emil Reich (born July 14, 1974) is an American geneticist known for his research into the population genetics of ancient humans, including their migrations and the mixing of populations, discovered by analysis of genome-wide patterns of mutations. He is professor in the department of genetics at the Harvard Medical School, and an associate of the Broad Institute. Reich was highlighted as one of Nature's 10 for his contributions to science in 2015. He received the Dan David Prize in 2017, the NAS Award in Molecular Biology, the Wiley Prize, and the Darwin–Wallace Medal in 2019. In 2021 he was awarded the Massry Prize.
Early life
Reich grew up as part of a Jewish family in Washington, D.C. His parents are novelist Tova Reich (sister of Rabbi Avi Weiss) and Walter Reich, a professor at George Washington University, who served as the first director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. David Reich started out as a sociology major as an undergraduate at Harvard College, but later turned his attention to physics and medicine. After graduation, he attended the University of Oxford, originally with the intent of preparing for medical school. He was awarded a PhD in zoology in 1999 for research supervised by David Goldstein. His thesis was titled "Genetic analysis of human evolutionary history with implications for gene mapping".
Academic career
Reich received a BA in physics from Harvard University and a PhD in zoology from St. Catherine's College in the University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeffe%27s%20method
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In mathematics, Graeffe's method or Dandelin–Lobachesky–Graeffe method is an algorithm for finding all of the roots of a polynomial. It was developed independently by Germinal Pierre Dandelin in 1826 and Lobachevsky in 1834. In 1837 Karl Heinrich Gräffe also discovered the principal idea of the method. The method separates the roots of a polynomial by squaring them repeatedly. This squaring of the roots is done implicitly, that is, only working on the coefficients of the polynomial. Finally, Viète's formulas are used in order to approximate the roots.
Dandelin–Graeffe iteration
Let be a polynomial of degree
Then
Let be the polynomial which has the squares as its roots,
Then we can write:
can now be computed by algebraic operations on the coefficients of the polynomial alone. Let:
then the coefficients are related by
Graeffe observed that if one separates into its odd and even parts:
then one obtains a simplified algebraic expression for :
This expression involves the squaring of two polynomials of only half the degree, and is therefore used in most implementations of the method.
Iterating this procedure several times separates the roots with respect to their magnitudes. Repeating k times gives a polynomial of degree :
with roots
If the magnitudes of the roots of the original polynomial were separated by some factor , that is, , then the roots of the k-th iterate are separated by a fast growing factor
.
Classical Graeffe's method
Next the Vieta r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20F.%20Havill
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Steven F. Havill is an American author of mysteries and westerns.
Havill lives in Datil, New Mexico, with his wife Kathleen, a writer and artist. A high school teacher of biology and English by day, Havill earned both his B.A. and M.A. from the University of New Mexico. He has written two series of police procedurals set in the fictional Posadas County, New Mexico; along with other works.
Novels of the American West
The Killer (1981)
The Worst Enemy (1984)
LeadFire (1985)
TimberBlood (1989)
The Bill Gastner mystery series
Set in the fictional Posadas County, New Mexico, this series features septuagenarian Bill Gastner as Undersheriff, then Sheriff, of Posadas County.
Easy Errors (2017) Although this was written in 2017 it happens at the very beginning of the Bill Gastner series so it is the prequel to the prequel.
One Perfect Shot (2012) Although this book was written in 2012, it is a prequel to the series. Bill Gastner is Undersheriff.
Heartshot (1991)
Bitter Recoil (1992)
Twice Buried (1994)
Before She Dies (1996)
Privileged to Kill (1997)
Prolonged Exposure (1998)
Out of Season (1999)
Dead Weight (2000)
Bag Limit (2001)
The Posadas County mystery series
This series focuses on Undersheriff Estella Reyes-Guzman, after Bill Gastner's retirement.
Red, Green, or Murder (2009) Although this book was written in 2009, it happens before the first book in this series so it is the prequel to The Posadas County mystery series
Scavengers (2002)
A Discount for Death
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng%20Cui
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Zheng Cui is a biochemist currently serving as an Associate Professor of Pathology (Tumor Biology) at Wake Forest University. As an oncologist and a cancer researcher Cui has proposed the unique idea that certain individuals (estimated at 10% to 15% of the human population) naturally produce a special kind of white blood cell that contains an inherent resistance to cancer. This idea is extremely controversial within the cancer biology community. These white blood cells, in Cui's view, could potentially be extracted from donors and given to cancer victims, thus endowing them with cancer resistance. Cui's research seems to indicate that the resistance includes many types of cancer. Cui's research is based on experiments on mice. These experiments resulted in Cui being able to cure cancer in several otherwise terminally sick mice. Cui is proposing eventual experimentation of the technique on human subjects.
In 2003 Cui published his discovery of mice possessing a powerful innate immune system which rendered them resistant to cancer, and able to cause regression of cancer. These mice were designated SR/CR (Spontaneous Regression/Cancer Resistant). Cui was unable to create or understand the mechanism of creation of the SR/CR mice. Cui subsequently published a number of other papers demonstrating the capabilities of SR/CR mice, the last one published in 2010. The following year he published a study showing that the leukocytes of humans possess varying degrees of "cancer killi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast%20wave
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In fluid dynamics, a blast wave is the increased pressure and flow resulting from the deposition of a large amount of energy in a small, very localised volume. The flow field can be approximated as a lead shock wave, followed by a self-similar subsonic flow field. In simpler terms, a blast wave is an area of pressure expanding supersonically outward from an explosive core. It has a leading shock front of compressed gases. The blast wave is followed by a blast wind of negative gauge pressure, which sucks items back in towards the center. The blast wave is harmful especially when one is very close to the center or at a location of constructive interference. High explosives that detonate generate blast waves.
Sources
High-order explosives (HE) are more powerful than low-order explosives (LE). HE detonate to produce a defining supersonic over-pressurization shock wave. Several sources of HE include trinitrotoluene, C-4, Semtex, nitroglycerin, and ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO). LE deflagrate to create a subsonic explosion and lack HE's over-pressurization wave. Sources of LE include pipe bombs, gunpowder, and most pure petroleum-based incendiary bombs such as Molotov cocktails or aircraft improvised as guided missiles. HE and LE induce different injury patterns. Only HE produce true blast waves.
History
The classic flow solution—the so-called Taylor–von Neumann–Sedov blast wave solution—was independently devised by John von Neumann and British mathematician Geoffrey Ingram Ta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid%20Sedov
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Leonid Ivanovich Sedov (; 14 November 1907 – 5 September 1999) was a Russian physicist who worked as an engineer in the former Soviet space program.
In 1930 Sedov graduated from the Moscow State University, where he had been a student of Sergey Chaplygin, with the degree of Doctor of Physics and Mathematical Sciences. He later became a professor at the university.
During World War II, he devised the so-called Sedov Similarity Solution for a blast wave. In 1947 he was awarded the . He was the first chairman of the USSR Space Exploration program and broke first news of its existence in 1955. He was president of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) from 1959 to 1961. Until recently, it had been thought that Sedov was the principal engineer behind the Soviet Sputnik project.
Awards
1981 - Allan D. Emil Memorial Award
See also
Taylor–von Neumann–Sedov blast wave
References
Bibliography
Reference to 1955 announcement
Obituary notice in Minutes of General Assembly Meetings, 2000 section
Sedov, L. I., 1959, Similarity and Dimensional Methods in Mechanics, 4th edn. Academic.
L.I. Sedov, A course in continuum mechanics. Volumes. I-IV. Wolters-Noordhoff Publishing, Netherlands, 1971.
Sedov, L. I., "Propagation of strong shock waves," Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol. 10, pages 241–250 (1946). (See also: Barber–Layden–Power effect)
Reference to confusion with Ukrainian physicist Sergei Korolyov .
1907 births
1999 deaths
Soviet physicists
Academic sta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterologous
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The term heterologous has several meanings in biology.
Gene expression
In cell biology and protein biochemistry, heterologous expression means that a protein is experimentally put into a cell that does not normally make (i.e., express) that protein. Heterologous (meaning 'derived from a different organism') refers to the fact that often the transferred protein was initially cloned from or derived from a different cell type or a different species from the recipient.
Typically the protein itself is not transferred, but instead the 'correctly edited' genetic material coding for the protein (the complementary DNA or cDNA) is added to the recipient cell. The genetic material that is transferred typically must be within a format that encourages the recipient cell to express the cDNA as a protein (i.e., it is put in an expression vector).
Methods for transferring foreign genetic material into a recipient cell include transfection and transduction. The choice of recipient cell type is often based on an experimental need to examine the protein's function in detail, and the most prevalent recipients, known as heterologous expression systems, are chosen usually because they are easy to transfer DNA into or because they allow for a simpler assessment of the protein's function.
Stem cells
In stem cell biology, a heterologous transplant refers to cells from a mixed population of donor cells. This is in contrast to an autologous transplant where the cells are derived from the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuart%20Campbell
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Steuart Campbell (born in ) is a British writer who lives in Edinburgh.
Career
Campbell trained as an architect and worked as one until the mid-1970s. He then gained a degree in mathematics and science from the Open University (BA, 1983).
Campbell is the Secretary/Treasurer of the Edinburgh Secular Society.
Writings
The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence. 1986 The Aquarian Press (Thorsons Publishing Group) Wellingborough: ; Revised ed. 1991 Aberdeen University Press (Macmillan Pergamon Publishing Corporation) Aberdeen: ; 1996 Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh: ; 1997 (without subtitle); Prometheus Books, Amhurst: ; 2002 Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh 1997: ). Argues against the existence of the Loch Ness Monster by analysis of the purported evidence.
The UFO Mystery Solved 1994 Explicit Books, Edinburgh: . A critical examination of UFO reports and their explanation in terms of meteorological and astronomical phenomena;
The Rise and Fall of Jesus with a foreword by Prof. James Thrower 1996 Explicit Books, Edinburgh: ; 2009 Revised and updated ed. WPS (WritersPrintShop): ; 2019 Revised 3rd ed. Tectum Verlag (Nomos Publishing Company), Marburg: (print), (ePDF). Exploration of the origins of Christianity, asserting that Jesus wanted to be crucified.
Chinook Crash (The crash of RAF Chinook helicopter ZD576 on the Mull of Kintyre) 2004 Pen & Sword Aviation (Pen & Sword Books Ltd, Barnsley) (print) (ebook). An examination of and an explanation for the fatal crash on 2 June 1994.
References
Ext
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-memory%20BFGS
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Limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS or LM-BFGS) is an optimization algorithm in the family of quasi-Newton methods that approximates the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm (BFGS) using a limited amount of computer memory. It is a popular algorithm for parameter estimation in machine learning. The algorithm's target problem is to minimize over unconstrained values of the real-vector where is a differentiable scalar function.
Like the original BFGS, L-BFGS uses an estimate of the inverse Hessian matrix to steer its search through variable space, but where BFGS stores a dense approximation to the inverse Hessian (n being the number of variables in the problem), L-BFGS stores only a few vectors that represent the approximation implicitly. Due to its resulting linear memory requirement, the L-BFGS method is particularly well suited for optimization problems with many variables. Instead of the inverse Hessian Hk, L-BFGS maintains a history of the past m updates of the position x and gradient ∇f(x), where generally the history size m can be small (often ). These updates are used to implicitly do operations requiring the Hk-vector product.
Algorithm
The algorithm starts with an initial estimate of the optimal value, , and proceeds iteratively to refine that estimate with a sequence of better estimates . The derivatives of the function are used as a key driver of the algorithm to identify the direction of steepest descent, and also to form an estimate of the Hessian matrix (sec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFF
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WFF may refer to:
Wallops Flight Facility, a NASA facility
Well-formed formula, in logic, linguistics, and computer science, a symbol or string of symbols that is generated by the formal grammar of a formal language
Montreal World Film Festival
Woodhull Freedom Foundation & Federation, a nonprofit created "to affirm sexual freedom as a fundamental human right"
World's Funniest Fails, a U.S. TV series
World Fitness Federation
See also
WFF 'N PROOF, a game developed to teach principles of logic through well-formed formulas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Doran
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Peter T. Doran is an Americana earth scientist who is Professor of Geology and Geophysics and John Franks Endowed Chair at Louisiana State University. Prior to 2015, he was faculty in Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Doran specializes in polar regions, especially Antarctic climate and ecosystems. Doran was the lead author of a research paper about Antarctic temperatures that was published in the journal Nature in January 2002. Because he and his colleagues found that some parts of Antarctica had cooled between 1964 and 2000, his paper has been frequently cited by opponents of the global warming theory, such as Ann Coulter and Michael Crichton. In an opinion piece in the July 27, 2006 New York Times, Doran characterized this as a "misinterpretation" and stated, "I have never thought such a thing ... I would like to remove my name from the list of scientists who dispute global warming." (The temporary phenomenon is related to the "hole" in the ozone. As the "hole heals" the Antarctic will dramatically warm quickly. )
Doran and his graduate student Maggie Kendall Zimmerman also published a paper in the January 27, 2009 issue of Eos showing that active climate researchers almost unanimously agree (97.4%) that humans have had a significant impact on the Earth's climate. This was the first of three different studies by three different groups to establish this scientific consensus figure of 97 to 98% agreement, the others being Andereg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer%20machine
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In theoretical computer science, a pointer machine is an atomistic abstract computational machine whose storage structure is a graph. A pointer algorithm could also be an algorithm restricted to the pointer machine model.
Some particular types of pointer machines are called a linking automaton, a KU-machine, an SMM, an atomistic LISP machine, a tree-pointer machine, etc.
Pointer machines do not have arithmetic instructions. Computation proceeds only by reading input symbols, modifying and doing various tests on its storage structure—the pattern of nodes and pointers, and outputting symbols based on the tests. In this sense, the model is similar to the Turing machine.
Types of "pointer machines"
Both Gurevich and Ben-Amram list a number of very similar "atomistic" models of "abstract machines"; Ben-Amram believes that the "atomistic models" must be distinguished from "high-level" models. The following atomistic models will be presented below:
Schönhage's storage modification machines (SMM),
Kolmogorov–Uspenskii machines (KUM or KU-Machines).
Ben-Amram also presents the following varieties, not further discussed in this article:
Atomistic pure-LISP machine (APLM)
Atomistic full-LISP machine (AFLM),
General atomistic pointer machines,
Jone's I language (two types).
Schönhage's storage modification machine (SMM) model
The following presentation follows van Emde Boas.<ref name="vEB">Peter van Emde Boas, Machine Models and Simulations pp. 3–66 in: Jan van Leeuwen, ed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geri%20Winkler
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Geri Winkler (born 13 April 1956 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian mountaineer, who was the first insulin-dependent diabetic to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
Since 1984, Winkler has taught mathematics, French, and German language in Vienna. In September 1984, he was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 1. In April 1987, he ran the Vienna marathon, marking the first time a diabetic patient had finished a marathon.
In the 1990s he ascended Popocatepetl in Mexico and Muztagh Ata (7546 m) in China. In the summer of 2001, he climbed Elbrus in Russia, the highest mountain in Europe. In the winter of 2002 and 2003, Winkler climbed Aconcagua in Argentina, the tallest mountain in South America.
In late 2005, Winkler started a six-month tour of seven countries that started at the Dead Sea by bicycle and ended at Mount Everest. On 20 May 2006, Winkler became the first insulin-dependent diabetic to reach the top of Mount Everest.
Summits
Two examples
On May 20, 2006, Geri Winkler is recorded to have summited Mount Everest
On September 30, 2009 Geri Winkler is recorded to have summited Cho Oyu
Publications
Winkler G. (Ed.) Aufbruch in die Grenzenlosigkeit. Die Freiheit eines Diabetikerlebens. (German lang.). 2000. .
Winkler G. Sieben Welten - Seven Summits. Mein Weg zu den höchsten Gipfeln aller Kontinente. (German lang.). Tyrolia-Verlag, Innsbruck and Wien 2011. .
References
Connie Levett, TheAge 2006 (Newspaper / Australia): The deadly business of climbing Everest
Ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20coding
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Neural coding (or neural representation) is a neuroscience field concerned with characterising the hypothetical relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among the electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble. Based on the theory that
sensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons, it is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information.
Overview
Neurons have an ability uncommon among the cells of the body to propagate signals rapidly over large distances by generating characteristic electrical pulses called action potentials: voltage spikes that can travel down axons. Sensory neurons change their activities by firing sequences of action potentials in various temporal patterns, with the presence of external sensory stimuli, such as light, sound, taste, smell and touch. Information about the stimulus is encoded in this pattern of action potentials and transmitted into and around the brain. Beyond this, specialized neurons, such as those of the retina, can communicate more information through graded potentials. This differs from action potentials because information about the strength of a stimulus directly correlates with the strength of the neurons output. The signal decays much faster for graded potentials, necessitating short inter-neuron distances and high neuronal density. The advantage of graded potentials are higher information rates capable of enco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline%20lysis
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Alkaline lysis or alkaline extraction is a method used in molecular biology to isolate plasmid DNA from bacteria.
Method
Bacteria containing the plasmid of interest are first cultured, then a sample is centrifuged in order to concentrate cellular material (including DNA) into a pellet at the bottom of the containing vessel. The supernatant is discarded, and the pellet is then re-suspended in an EDTA-containing physiological buffer. The purpose of the EDTA is to chelate divalent metal cations such as Mg2+ and Ca2+, which are required for the function of DNA degrading enzymes (DNAses) and also serve to de-stabilise the DNA phosphate backbone and cell wall. Glucose in the buffer will maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell in order to prevent the cell from bursting. Tris in the buffer will retain the pH of the cell with 8.0 and RNase will remove the RNA which will disrupt the experiment.
Separately, a strong alkaline solution consisting of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is prepared and then added. The resulting mixture is incubated for a few minutes. During this time, the detergent disrupts cell membranes and allows the alkali to contact and denature both chromosomal and plasmid DNA.
After tearing apart the cell membrane by SDS, the cell content will neutralize the NaOH; this is why the pH of the lysis goes down from 12.8 to 12.3. So if there are not enough bacterial cells, the extra NaOH will function to generate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Barto
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Andrew G. Barto (born 1948) is an American computer scientist, currently Professor Emeritus of computer science at University of Massachusetts Amherst. Barto is best known for his foundational contributions to the field of modern computational reinforcement learning.
Early life and education
Barto received his B.S. with distinction in mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1970, after having initially majored in naval architecture and engineering. After reading work by Michael Arbib and McCulloch and Pitts he became interested in using computers and mathematics to model the brain, and five years later was awarded a Ph.D. in computer science for a thesis on cellular automata.
Career
In 1977, Barto joined the College of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst as a postdoctoral research associate, was promoted to associate professor in 1982, and full professor in 1991. He was department chair from 2007 to 2011 and a core faculty member of the Neuroscience and Behavior program.
During this time at UMass, Barto co-directed the Autonomous Learning Laboratory (initially the Adaptive Network Laboratory), which generated several key ideas in reinforcement learning. Richard Sutton, with whom he co-authored the influential book Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (MIT Press 1998; 2nd edition 2018), was his first PhD student. Barto graduated 27 PhD students, thirteen of which went on to become professors.
Barto published over one h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Towsley%20%28computer%20scientist%29
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Donald Fred Towsley (born 1949) is an American computer scientist who has been a
distinguished university professor in the College of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
His research interests include network measurement, modeling, and analysis. Towsley currently serves as editor-in-chief of the IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking and on the editorial boards of Journal of the ACM and IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications. He is currently the chair of the IFIP Working Group 7.3 on computer performance measurement, modeling, and analysis. He has also served on numerous editorial boards, including those of IEEE Transactions on Communications and Performance Evaluation. He has been active in the program committees for numerous conferences, including IEEE Infocom, ACM SIGCOMM, ACM SIGMETRICS, and IFIP Performance conferences for many years, and has served as technical program co-chair for ACM SIGMETRICS and Performance conferences. He has received the 2008 ACM SIGCOMM Award, the 2007 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award, the 2007 ACM SIGMETRICS Achievement Award, the 1999 IEEE Communications Society William Bennett Award, and several conference/workshop best paper awards. He is also the recipient of the University of Massachusetts Chancellor's Medal and the Outstanding Research Award from the College of Natural Science and Mathematics at the University of Massachusetts. He is one of the founders of the Comput
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide%20concept
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In nuclear chemistry, the actinide concept (also known as actinide hypothesis) proposed that the actinides form a second inner transition series homologous to the lanthanides. Its origins stem from observation of lanthanide-like properties in transuranic elements in contrast to the distinct complex chemistry of previously known actinides. Glenn Theodore Seaborg, one of the researchers who synthesized transuranic elements, proposed the actinide concept in 1944 as an explanation for observed deviations and a hypothesis to guide future experiments. It was accepted shortly thereafter, resulting in the placement of a new actinide series comprising elements 89 (actinium) to 103 (lawrencium) below the lanthanides in Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table of the elements.
Origin
In the late 1930s, the first four actinides (actinium, thorium, protactinium, and uranium) were known. They were believed to form a fourth series of transition metals, characterized by the filling of 6d orbitals, in which thorium, protactinium, and uranium were respective homologs of hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. This view was widely accepted as chemical investigations of these elements revealed various high oxidation states and characteristics that closely resembled the 5d transition metals. Nevertheless, research into quantum theory by Niels Bohr and subsequent publications proposed that these elements should constitute a 5f series analogous to the lanthanides, with calculations that the first 5f electron s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%E2%80%93Potter%20set%20theory
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An approach to the foundations of mathematics that is of relatively recent origin, Scott–Potter set theory is a collection of nested axiomatic set theories set out by the philosopher Michael Potter, building on earlier work by the mathematician Dana Scott and the philosopher George Boolos.
Potter (1990, 2004) clarified and simplified the approach of Scott (1974), and showed how the resulting axiomatic set theory can do what is expected of such theory, namely grounding the cardinal and ordinal numbers, Peano arithmetic and the other usual number systems, and the theory of relations.
ZU etc.
Preliminaries
This section and the next follow Part I of Potter (2004) closely. The background logic is first-order logic with identity. The ontology includes urelements as well as sets, which makes it clear that there can be sets of entities defined by first-order theories not based on sets. The urelements are not essential in that other mathematical structures can be defined as sets, and it is permissible for the set of urelements to be empty.
Some terminology peculiar to Potter's set theory:
ι is a definite description operator and binds a variable. (In Potter's notation the iota symbol is inverted.)
The predicate U holds for all urelements (non-collections).
ιxΦ(x) exists iff (∃!x)Φ(x). (Potter uses Φ and other upper-case Greek letters to represent formulas.)
{x : Φ(x)} is an abbreviation for ιy(not U(y) and (∀x)(x ∈ y ⇔ Φ(x))).
a is a collection if {x : x∈a} exists. (All set
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal%20mtDNA%20transmission
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In genetics, paternal mtDNA transmission and paternal mtDNA inheritance refer to the incidence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) being passed from a father to his offspring. Paternal mtDNA inheritance is observed in a small proportion of species; in general, mtDNA is passed unchanged from a mother to her offspring, making it an example of non-Mendelian inheritance. In contrast, mtDNA transmission from both parents occurs regularly in certain bivalves.
In animals
Paternal mtDNA inheritance in animals varies. For example, in Mytilidae mussels, paternal mtDNA "is transmitted through the sperm and establishes itself only in the male gonad." In testing 172 sheep, "The Mitochondrial DNA from three lambs in two half-sib families were found to show paternal inheritance." An instance of paternal leakage resulted in a study on chickens. There has been evidences that paternal leakage is an integral part of mitochondrial inheritance of Drosophila simulans.
In humans
In human mitochondrial genetics, there is debate over whether or not paternal mtDNA transmission is possible. Many studies hold that paternal mtDNA is never transmitted to offspring. This thought is central to mtDNA genealogical DNA testing and to the theory of mitochondrial Eve. The fact that mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited enables researchers to trace maternal lineage far back in time. Y chromosomal DNA, paternally inherited, is used in an analogous way to trace the agnate lineage.
In sexual reproduction, p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20chemistry
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In flow chemistry, also called reactor engineering, a chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production. In other words, pumps move fluid into a reactor, and where tubes join one another, the fluids contact one another. If these fluids are reactive, a reaction takes place. Flow chemistry is a well-established technique for use at a large scale when manufacturing large quantities of a given material. However, the term has only been coined recently for its application on a laboratory scale by chemists and describes small pilot plants, and lab-scale continuous plants. Often, microreactors are used.
Batch vs. flow
Comparing parameter definitions in Batch vs Flow
Reaction stoichiometry: In batch production this is defined by the concentration of chemical reagents and their volumetric ratio. In flow this is defined by the concentration of reagents and the ratio of their flow rate.
Residence time: In batch production this is determined by how long a vessel is held at a given temperature. In flow the volumetric residence time is given by the ratio of the volume of the reactor and the overall flow rate, as most often, plug flow reactors are used.
Running flow reactions
Choosing to run a chemical reaction using flow chemistry, either in a microreactor or other mixing device offers a variety of pros and cons.
Advantages
Reaction temperature can be raised above the solvent's boiling point as the volume of the laboratory devices is typic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled%20lab%20reactor
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In chemistry, a Controlled Lab Reactor or CLR is any reaction system where there is an element of automated control. Generally these devices refers to a jacketed glass vessel where a circulating chiller unit pumps a thermal control fluid through the jacket to accurately control the temperature of the vessel contents. Additional to this, it is common to have a series of sensors (temperature, pH, pressure) measuring and recording parameters about the reactor contents. It is additionally possible to control pumps to act on the reactor.
Historical background
The first controlled lab reactors were derived from the control systems used in chemical plants. These were generally dedicated to specific tasks as reprogramming was difficult. These first systems were often home built and used hardware that was adapted rather than designed for the task
Current systems
Modern CLR systems take a wide range of forms with the ability to work on a range of different volume reactors (and indeed reactor styles). Data is usually transmitted back to a PC to be recorded (and indeed complex recipe based control is usually performed here too) though other systems may use off-line data logging.
Embedded sensors
In the most sophisticated systems that exist, analytical instruments such as raman spectrometers and FTIR probes can also be integrated with the reactor. These more sophisticated systems also allow the closed loop control of the reactor as a result of taking readings from the sensors and an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immittance
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Immittance is a term used within electrical engineering and acoustics, specifically bioacoustics and the inner ear, to describe the combined measure of electrical or acoustic admittance and electrical or acoustic impedance. Immittance was initially coined by H. W. Bode in 1945, and was first used to describe the electrical admittance or impedance of either a nodal or a mesh network. Bode also suggested the name "adpedence", however the current name was more widely adopted. In bioacoustics, immittance is typically used to help define the characteristics of noise reverberation within the middle ear and assist with differential diagnosis of middle-ear disease. Immittance is typically a complex number which can represent either or both the impedance and the admittance (ratio of voltage to current or vice versa in electrical circuits, or volume velocity to sound pressure or vice versa in acoustical systems) of a system.
Immittance does not have an associated unit because it applies to both impedance, which is measured in ohms () or acoustic ohms, and admittance, which is commonly measured in siemens () and historically has also been measured in mhos (), the reciprocal of ohms.
Notable usage
Bioacoustics
In audiology, tympanometry is sometimes referred to as immittance testing. Tympanometry is especially effective when both the impedance and admittance of the inner ear are accounted for. Immittance allows for the analysis of both, and therefore is crucial to multiple-component,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Varghese
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George Varghese (born 1960) is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research. Before joining MSR's lab in Silicon Valley in 2013, he was a Professor of Computer Science at the University of California San Diego, where he led the Internet Algorithms Lab and also worked with the Center for Network Systems and the Center for Internet Epidemiology. He is the author of the textbook Network Algorithmics, published by Morgan Kaufmann in 2004.
Education
Varghese received his B.Tech in electrical engineering from IIT Bombay in 1981, his M.S. in computer studies from NCSU in 1983 and his Ph.D. in computer science from MIT in 1993, where his advisor was Nancy Lynch. He is a Fellow of the ACM since 2002.
Research
Transparent Bridge Architecture
Before his Ph.D., George spent several years as part of the network architecture and advanced development group at Digital Equipment Corporation, where he wrote the first specification for the first transparent bridge architecture (based on the inventions of Mark Kempf and Radia Perlman). After several iterations and other authors, this became the IEEE 802 bridge specification, a widely implemented standard that is the basis of the billion dollar transparent bridging industry{{According to whom}}. He was also part of the DEC team that invented the Gigaswitch and the Giganet (a precursor to Gigabit Ethernet).
Network Algorithmics
Varghese is best known for helping define network algorithmics, a field of study which resolves networking bottlen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titu%20Andreescu
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Titu Andreescu (born August 19, 1956) is an associate professor of mathematics at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is firmly involved in mathematics contests and olympiads, having been the Director of American Mathematics Competitions (as appointed by the Mathematical Association of America), Director of the Mathematical Olympiad Program, Head Coach of the United States International Mathematical Olympiad Team, and Chairman of the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad. He has also authored a large number of books on the topic of problem solving and olympiad-style mathematics.
Biography
Andreescu was born in the Romanian city of Timișoara in 1956. From an early age, an interest in higher-level mathematics was encouraged by his father and by his uncle Andrew, who was a retired university professor. As a high school student, he excelled in mathematics, and in 1973, 1974, and 1975 won the Romanian national problem solving contests organized by the journal Gazeta Matematică. After graduating with a B.S. degree from the University of Timișoara, Andreescu was appointed a professor of mathematics at the Constantin Diaconovici Loga school of Mathematics and Physics. Between the years 1981–1989 he also worked as the editor-in-chief of the Periodical Revista mathematică din Timișoara. In 1990, as the Eastern Bloc began to collapse, Andreescu emigrated to the United States, where he first taught at the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy. He earned a Ph.D. degree fro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transterm
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Transterm is a database of mRNA sequences, codon usage, and associated cis-regulatory elements that regulate gene expression. Many of these elements are in the 3' UTR. Transterm is a database provided by the Biochemistry department of The University of Otago. Transterm is used to look at the protein binding sites within mRNA. Transterm is continually updated based upon results in peer-reviewed journals.
References
External links
Transterm database online
Biological databases
Biology websites
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather%20Reid
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Heather Margaret Murray Reid (born c. 1969), also known as "Heather the Weather", is a Scottish meteorologist, physicist, science communicator and educator. She was formerly a broadcaster and weather presenter for BBC Scotland.
Career
Reid was born in Paisley. She graduated from the University of Edinburgh with an honours degree in physics followed by a master's degree in satellite image processing from the University's Meteorology Department. In 1993 Reid took a position at the UK Met Office working in satellite research. From 1994 to 2009 she worked as a weather presenter for BBC Scotland, presenting on Reporting Scotland. She became BBC Scotland's senior weather forecaster, and gave her final broadcast for Reporting Scotland on 22 December 2009. Reid now works as a science education consultant, and in the public promotion of science.
From 1999 to 2001 Reid was Chairperson of the Institute of Physics in Scotland, she has also served as a Council member and non-executive director of the Institute in London.
In the summer of 2006 Reid became a member of the Board of Trustees of Glasgow Science Centre, maintaining a connection that has seen her involved in various stages with the Centre, notably developing educational weather shows and workshops.
Reid is a member of the Science and Engineering Education Advisory Group set up by the Scottish Government.
Awards and honours
Reid is a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, and has an honorary lectureship in the Physic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML%20Events
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In computer science and web development, XML Events is a W3C standard for handling events that occur in an XML document. These events are typically caused by users interacting with the web page using a device, such as a web browser on a personal computer or mobile phone.
Formal definition
An XML Event is the representation of some asynchronous occurrence (such as a mouse button click) that gets associated with a data element in an XML document. XML Events provides a static, syntactic binding to the DOM Events interface, allowing the event to be handled.
Motivation
The XML Events standard is defined to provide XML-based languages with the ability to uniformly integrate event listeners and associated event handlers with Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 event interfaces. The result is to provide a declarative, interoperable way of associating behaviors with XML-based documents such as XHTML.
Advantages of XML Events
XML Events uses a separation of concerns design pattern, and is technology-neutral with regard to handlers. It gives authors freedom in organizing their code and allows separation of document content from scripting.
Legacy HTML and early SVG versions bind events to presentation elements by encoding the event name in an attribute name, such that the value of the attribute is the action for that event at that element. For example, (with JavaScript’s onclick attribute):
Stay <a href="http://www.example.org" onclick="window.alert('Hello!'); return false;">here
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20of%20everything%20%28philosophy%29
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In philosophy, a theory of everything (ToE) is an ultimate, all-encompassing explanation or description of nature or reality. Adopting the term from physics, where the search for a theory of everything is ongoing, philosophers have discussed the viability of the concept and analyzed its properties and implications. Among the questions to be addressed by a philosophical theory of everything are: "Why is reality understandable?" – "Why are the laws of nature as they are?" – "Why is there anything at all?"
A philosophical theory of everything, would need to, as much as is possible or makes sense, unify analytic and continental philosophy. Questions such as "Why is there anything at all?" are arguably metaphysics questions and not so much related to a philosophical ToE.
Comprehensive philosophical systems
The "system building" style of metaphysics attempts to answer all the important questions in a coherent way, providing a complete picture of the world. The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle could be said to be early examples of comprehensive systems. In the early modern period (17th and 18th centuries), the system-building scope of philosophy is often linked to the rationalist method of philosophy, that is the technique of deducing the nature of the world by pure a priori reason. Examples from the early modern period include Leibniz's monadology, Descartes's dualism, and Spinoza's monism. Hegel's absolute idealism and Whitehead's process philosophy were later systems. At
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher%20residuosity%20problem
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In cryptography, most public key cryptosystems are founded on problems that are believed to be intractable. The higher residuosity problem (also called the n th-residuosity problem) is one such problem. This problem is easier to solve than integer factorization, so the assumption that this problem is hard to solve is stronger than the assumption that integer factorization is hard.
Mathematical background
If n is an integer, then the integers modulo n form a ring. If n=pq where p and q are primes, then the Chinese remainder theorem tells us that
The group of units of any ring form a group, and the group of units in is traditionally denoted .
From the isomorphism above, we have
as an isomorphism of groups. Since p and q were assumed to be prime, the groups and are cyclic of orders p-1 and q-1 respectively. If d is a divisor of p-1, then the set of dth powers in form a subgroup of index d. If gcd(d,q-1) = 1, then every element in is a dth power, so the set of dth powers in is also a subgroup of index d. In general, if gcd(d,q-1) = g, then there are (q-1)/(g) dth powers in , so the set of dth powers in has index dg.
This is most commonly seen when d=2, and we are considering the subgroup of quadratic residues, it is well known that exactly one quarter of the elements in are
quadratic residues (when n is the product of exactly two primes, as it is here).
The important point is that for any divisor d of p-1 (or q-1) the set of dth powers forms a subgroup of
Pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal%20%CE%BC-calculus
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In theoretical computer science, the modal μ-calculus (Lμ, Lμ, sometimes just μ-calculus, although this can have a more general meaning) is an extension of propositional modal logic (with many modalities) by adding the least fixed point operator μ and the greatest fixed point operator ν, thus a fixed-point logic.
The (propositional, modal) μ-calculus originates with Dana Scott and Jaco de Bakker, and was further developed by Dexter Kozen into the version most used nowadays. It is used to describe properties of labelled transition systems and for verifying these properties. Many temporal logics can be encoded in the μ-calculus, including CTL* and its widely used fragments—linear temporal logic and computational tree logic.
An algebraic view is to see it as an algebra of monotonic functions over a complete lattice, with operators consisting of functional composition plus the least and greatest fixed point operators; from this viewpoint, the modal μ-calculus is over the lattice of a power set algebra. The game semantics of μ-calculus is related to two-player games with perfect information, particularly infinite parity games.
Syntax
Let P (propositions) and A (actions) be two finite sets of symbols, and let Var be a countably infinite set of variables. The set of formulas of (propositional, modal) μ-calculus is defined as follows:
each proposition and each variable is a formula;
if and are formulas, then is a formula;
if is a formula, then is a formula;
if is a form
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyharmonic%20spline
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In applied mathematics, polyharmonic splines are used for function approximation and data interpolation. They are very useful for interpolating and fitting scattered data in many dimensions. Special cases include thin plate splines and natural cubic splines in one dimension.
Definition
A polyharmonic spline is a linear combination of polyharmonic radial basis functions (RBFs) denoted by plus a polynomial term:
where
( denotes matrix transpose, meaning is a column vector) is a real-valued vector of independent variables,
are vectors of the same size as (often called centers) that the curve or surface must interpolate,
are the weights of the RBFs,
are the weights of the polynomial.
The polynomial with the coefficients improves fitting accuracy for polyharmonic smoothing splines and also improves extrapolation away from the centers See figure below for comparison of splines with polynomial term and without polynomial term.
The polyharmonic RBFs are of the form:
Other values of the exponent are not useful (such as ), because a solution of the interpolation problem might not exist. To avoid problems at (since ), the polyharmonic RBFs with the natural logarithm might be implemented as:
or, more simply adding a continuity extension in
The weights and are determined such that the function interpolates given points (for ) and fulfills the orthogonality conditions
All together, these constraints are equivalent to the symmetric linear system of equat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrosynthesis
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In electrochemistry, electrosynthesis is the synthesis of chemical compounds in an electrochemical cell. Compared to ordinary redox reactions, electrosynthesis sometimes offers improved selectivity and yields. Electrosynthesis is actively studied as a science and also has industrial applications. Electrooxidation has potential for wastewater treatment as well.
Experimental setup
The basic setup in electrosynthesis is a galvanic cell, a potentiostat and two electrodes. Typical solvent and electrolyte combinations minimizes electrical resistance. Protic conditions often use alcohol-water or dioxane-water solvent mixtures with an electrolyte such as a soluble salt, acid or base. Aprotic conditions often use an organic solvent such as acetonitrile or dichloromethane with electrolytes such as lithium perchlorate or tetrabutylammonium salts. The choice of electrodes with respect to their composition and surface area can be decisive. For example, in aqueous conditions the competing reactions in the cell are the formation of oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode. In this case a graphite anode and lead cathode could be used effectively because of their high overpotentials for oxygen and hydrogen formation respectively. Many other materials can be used as electrodes. Other examples include platinum, magnesium, mercury (as a liquid pool in the reactor), stainless steel or reticulated vitreous carbon. Some reactions use a sacrificial electrode that is consumed during the react
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Trewavas
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Anthony James Trewavas (born 1939) FRS FRSE is Emeritus Professor in the School of Biological Sciences of the University of Edinburgh best known for his research in the fields of plant physiology and molecular biology. His research investigates plant behaviour.
Education and early life
Trewavas was born in 1939 and educated at John Roans Grammar School, Blackheath, London which he left in 1958 with five A levels. He obtained both his undergraduate degree and Ph.D in Biochemistry at University College London investigating aspects of phosphate metabolism of plants, with special reference to the action of growth hormones on Avena.
Career
Following his PhD, Trewavas did his postdoctoral research at the newly constituted University of East Anglia. He moved to the University of Edinburgh in 1970 and was Professor of Plant Biochemistry 1990–2004. In 1972 he was invited to be first Visiting Professor at the prestigious Plant Research laboratory in Michigan State University. At the time this laboratory was regarded as the foremost laboratory dealing with plant research. He also, after invitation, spent periods of time as Visiting Professor at other Universities in the Americas and Europe usually providing up to 20 lectures. He is the author of some 250 scientific papers and three books both as editor and author. He was made Professor Emeritus in the University of Edinburgh in 2004.
Research
Plant behaviour is simply the response of plants to environmental problems or change. His
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20educational%20software
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This is a list of educational software that is computer software whose primary purpose is teaching or self-learning.
Educational software by subject
Anatomy
3D Indiana
Bodyworks Voyager – Mission in Anatomy
Primal Pictures
Visible Human Project
Chemistry
Aqion - simulates water chemistry
Children's software
Bobo Explores Light
ClueFinders titles
Delta Drawing
Edmark
Fun School titles
GCompris - free software (GPL)
Gold Series
JumpStart titles
Kiwaka
KidPix
Lola Panda
Museum Madness
Ozzie series
Reader Rabbit titles
Tux Paint - free software (GPL)
Zoombinis titles
Computer science
JFLAP - Java Formal language and Automata Package
Cryptography
CrypTool - illustrates cryptographic and cryptanalytic concepts
Dictionaries and reference
Britannica
Encarta
Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite
Geography and Astronomy
Cartopedia: The Ultimate World Reference Atlas
Celestia
Google Earth - (proprietary license)
Gravit - a free (GPL) Newtonian gravity simulator
KGeography
KStars
NASA World Wind - free software (NASA open source)
Stellarium
Swamp Gas Visits the United States of America - a game that teaches geography to children
Where is Carmen Sandiego? game series
WorldWide Telescope - a freeware from Microsoft
Health
TeachAids
History
Encyclopedia Encarta Timeline
Euratlas
Back in Time (iPad)
Balance of Power
Lemonade Stand
Number Munchers
Odell Lake
Spellevator
Windfall: The Oil Crisis Game
Word Munchers
Liter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Gruber%20%28author%29
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Michael Gruber (born October 1, 1940) is an American author.
Gruber was born in Brooklyn and currently lives in Seattle, Washington. He attended Columbia University and received his Ph.D. in biology from the University of Miami. He worked as a cook, a marine biologist, a speech writer, a policy advisor for the Jimmy Carter White House, and a bureaucrat for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) before becoming a novelist.
Gruber was the ghostwriter of the popular Robert K. Tanenbaum series of Butch Karp novels starting with No Lesser Plea and ending with Resolved. After the partnership with Tanenbaum ended, Gruber began publishing novels using his own name. The Book of Air and Shadows became a national bestseller shortly after its release in March 2007.
Published works
Tropic of Night - The detective Jimmy Paz investigates a series of mysteries involving African sorcery in Miami. Themes explored include the nature of race, "magic," and the perceived illusions of reality. (2003)
Valley of Bones - Jimmy Paz becomes intertwined with the life of a nun (Emmylou Dideroff) from a little-known Catholic order who is wrapped up in the Sudanese civil war. Themes include redemption and the mysteries of faith. (2005)
Night of the Jaguar - Paz investigates a string of murders revolving around an Indian shaman from the Amazon rain forest and a guardian jaguar spirit. Environmental devastation, greed, and the failures of science to explain the unknown are some of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrold%20E.%20Marsden
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Jerrold Eldon Marsden (August 17, 1942 – September 21, 2010) was a Canadian mathematician. He was the Carl F. Braun Professor of Engineering and Control & Dynamical Systems at the California Institute of Technology. Marsden is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher.
Career
Marsden earned his B.Sc. in mathematics at the University of Toronto and his Ph.D. in mathematical physics at Princeton University in 1968 under Arthur S. Wightman. Thereafter, he worked at various universities and research institutes in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom, France and Germany. He was one of the founders of the Fields Institute in Toronto, Canada, and directed it until 1994. At the California Institute of Technology he was the Carl F. Braun Professor of Engineering and Control & Dynamical Systems.
Marsden, together with Alan Weinstein, was one of the world leading authorities in mathematical and theoretical classical mechanics. He has laid much of the foundation for symplectic topology. The Marsden-Weinstein quotient is named after him.
In 1973, Marsden (along with Arthur E. Fischer) won the Gravitational Research Foundation Prize. He was also the recipient of a Carnegie Fellowship in 1977, and a Miller Professorship in 1981-82. Also in 1981, Marsden won the Jeffery–Williams Prize. And in 1990, he received the Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics, jointly awarded by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) and the American Mathematical Society. Marsden was honoure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC%20Herzberg%20Astronomy%20and%20Astrophysics%20Research%20Centre
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The NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre (NRC Herzberg, HAA) is the leading Canadian centre for astronomy and astrophysics. It is based in Victoria, British Columbia. The current director-general, as of 2021, is Luc Simard.
History
Named for the Nobel laureate Gerhard Herzberg, it was formed in 1975 as part of the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. The NRC-HIA headquarters were moved to Victoria, British Columbia in 1995 to the site of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. In 2012, the organization was restructured and renamed NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Facilities
NRC-HAA also operates the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory outside of Penticton, British Columbia and the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre as well as managing Canadian involvement in the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, Gemini Observatory, Atacama Large Millimeter Array, the Square Kilometre Array, and the Thirty Meter Telescope, as well as Canada's national astronomy data centre.
The institute is also involved in the development and construction of instruments and telescopes.
Members of NRC-HAA are currently involved in The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey.
Members of NRC-HAA are currently involved with Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey.
Plaskett Fellowship
The Plaskett Fellowship is named after John Stanley Plaskett and is awarded to an outstanding, recent doctoral graduate in astrophysics or a closely related discipline. Fellows conduct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomorphism
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In mathematics, two objects, especially systems of axioms or semantics for them, are called cryptomorphic if they are equivalent but not obviously equivalent. In particular, two definitions or axiomatizations of the same object are "cryptomorphic" if it is not obvious that they define the same object. Examples of cryptomorphic definitions abound in matroid theory and others can be found elsewhere, e.g., in group theory the definition of a group by a single operation of division, which is not obviously equivalent to the usual three "operations" of identity element, inverse, and multiplication.
This word is a play on the many morphisms in mathematics, but "cryptomorphism" is only very distantly related to "isomorphism", "homomorphism", or "morphisms". The equivalence may in a cryptomorphism, if it is not actual identity, be informal, or may be formalized in terms of a bijection or equivalence of categories between the mathematical objects defined by the two cryptomorphic axiom systems.
Etymology
The word was coined by Garrett Birkhoff before 1967, for use in the third edition of his book Lattice Theory. Birkhoff did not give it a formal definition, though others working in the field have made some attempts since.
Use in matroid theory
Its informal sense was popularized (and greatly expanded in scope) by Gian-Carlo Rota in the context of matroid theory: there are dozens of equivalent axiomatic approaches to matroids, but two different systems of axioms often look very di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20V.%20Roberts
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Paul V. Roberts (November 27, 1938 - February 2006) was a prominent environmental engineer. He made major contributions to environmental engineering by applying fundamental principles of mass transport and chemistry to drinking water treatment and wastewater reclamation research. An author of more than 200 scientific publications, he was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the Swiss Academy of Sciences.
Biography
Paul Roberts graduated with a BS degree in chemical engineering from Princeton University in 1960, and received a Ph.D. degree in chemical engineering from Cornell University in 1966. He taught at the Universidad Católica de Valparaíso and the Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María in Chile, and worked as a process engineer with Chevron Research Company in Richmond, California. In 1968, he joined the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park. After he received a M.S. degree in environmental engineering at Stanford University in 1971, he joined the Swiss Federal Institute of Water Supply and Water Pollution Control. In 1976 he left his position as the head of the engineering department at the Institute and began his career at Stanford. In 1989 Roberts was named the C.L. Peck, Class of 1906 Professor in the School of Engineering. He died of leukemia in February, 2006, at his home in Cupertino.
Major contributions
Paul Roberts was a pioneer in applying fundamental principles of mass transport and chemistry to engineered environmental systems. His
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajetan%20Georg%20von%20Kaiser
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Kajetan Georg von Kaiser (5 January 1803 – 28 August 1871) was a German chemistry professor, researcher and inventor.
Biography
He was born at Kelheim on the Danube, in Bavaria, on 5 January 1803. He was appointed professor of technology at the University of Munich in 1851, and in 1868 became professor of applied chemistry at the Technical University Munich.
His scientific researches into the chemistry of fermentation are of importance; a saccharometer invented by him in 1842 serves for the determination of the percentages of the contents of wort.
He died at Munich, 28 August 1871.
Writings
In addition to articles in scientific journals, he published the paper "Ueber Bieruntersuchungen und Fehler, welche dabei gemacht werden können" about researches into beer and their errors (Munich, 1846).
He also brought out the scientific works of his friend, the chemist and mineralogist Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs (d. 1856), under the title "Gesammelte Schriften des Joh. Nep. von Fuchs" (Munich, 1856), adding an obituary notice of that scientist.
Sources
19th-century German chemists
German science writers
19th-century German inventors
Science teachers
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
1803 births
1871 deaths
German male non-fiction writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20W.%20Jones
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Douglas W. Jones is an American computer scientist at the University of Iowa. His research focuses primarily on computer security, particularly electronic voting.
Jones received a B.S. in physics from Carnegie Mellon University in 1973, and a M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1976 and 1980 respectively.
Jones' involvement with electronic voting research began in 1994, when he was appointed to the Iowa Board of Examiners for Voting Machines and Electronic Voting Systems. He chaired the board from 1999 to 2003, and has testified before the United States Commission on Civil Rights, the United States House Committee on Science and the Federal Election Commission on voting issues. In 2005 he participated as an election observer for the presidential election in Kazakhstan. Jones was the technical advisor for HBO's documentary on electronic voting machine issues, "Hacking Democracy", that was released in 2006. He was a member of the ACCURATE electronic voting project from 2005 to 2011. On December 11, 2009, the Election Assistance Commission appointed Douglas Jones to the Technical Guidelines Development Committee.
Together with Barbara Simons, Jones has published a book on electronic voting entitled Broken Ballots: Will Your Vote Count?. Jones's most widely cited work centers on the evaluation of priority queue implementations. This work has been credited with helping relaunch the empirical study of algorithm performan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswaldo%20Luizar
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Oswaldo Luizar Obregón (born 13 November 1962) a Peruvian politician. He studied Physics. He is formerly a Congressman representing Cusco for the period 2006–2011, and belongs to the Peruvian Nationalist Party. He ran again in the 2016 elections, this time under the Fujimorist Popular Force, but he was not elected.
Biography
He is the son of Jesús Orestes Luizar Fernández and María Celia Obregón Sánchez. He completed his primary and secondary studies at the Science College between 1969 and 1978. In 1979 he traveled to Russia where he studied Physics at the Faculty of Sciences of the Peoples Friendship University until 1985. Between 1996 and 2001 he did postgraduate studies in Physics magnetospheric at the University of Santiago de Chile.
References
Living people
Union for Peru politicians
Members of the Congress of the Republic of Peru
1962 births
Fujimorista politicians
Peruvian Nationalist Party politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Harriot%20College%20of%20Arts%20and%20Sciences
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The Thomas Harriot College of Arts and Sciences is the liberal arts college at East Carolina University. Its Departments comprise courses of study in mathematics, the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities.
In 1941, the Board of Trustees approved an undergraduate degree program in liberal arts disciplines for students wanting to pursue a non-teaching degree. When East Carolina College was elevated to university status in 1967, the School of Arts and Sciences became the College of Arts and Sciences, the home of the liberal arts. The school is named for Thomas Harriot, a cartographer, historian, and surveyor who took part in Sir Walter Raleigh's second expedition to Virginia.
Organization
The Departments of the College are:
Anthropology
Biology
Chemistry
Economics
English
Foreign Languages and Literatures
Geography
Geology
History
Mathematics
Philosophy
Physics
Political Science
Psychology
Sociology
Urban and Regional Planning
There are interdisciplinary programs in:
Asian studies
African and African-American studies
Classical studies
Coastal and marine studies
The Great Books
Institute for Historical and Cultural Research (IHCR)
International studies
Medieval and Renaissance studies
North Carolinian studies
Religious studies
Russian studies
Security studies
Women's studies
External links
Official website
East Carolina University divisions
Liberal arts colleges at universities in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20light%20scattering
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Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in solution. In the scope of DLS, temporal fluctuations are usually analyzed using the intensity or photon auto-correlation function (also known as photon correlation spectroscopy - PCS or quasi-elastic light scattering - QELS). In the time domain analysis, the autocorrelation function (ACF) usually decays starting from zero delay time, and faster dynamics due to smaller particles lead to faster decorrelation of scattered intensity trace. It has been shown that the intensity ACF is the Fourier transform of the power spectrum, and therefore the DLS measurements can be equally well performed in the spectral domain. DLS can also be used to probe the behavior of complex fluids such as concentrated polymer solutions.
Setup
A monochromatic light source, usually a laser, is shot through a polarizer and into a sample. The scattered light then goes through a second polarizer where it is collected by a photomultiplier and the resulting image is projected onto a screen. This is known as a speckle pattern (Figure 1).
All of the molecules in the solution are being hit with the light and all of the molecules diffract the light in all directions. The diffracted light from all of the molecules can either interfere constructively (light regions) or destructively (dark regions). This process is repeated at short time intervals and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BasicX
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BasicX is a free programming language designed specifically for NetMedia's BX-24 microcontroller and based on the BASIC programming language. It is used in the design of robotics projects such as the Robodyssey Systems Mouse robot.
Further reading
Odom, Chris D. BasicX and Robotics. Robodyssey Systems LLC,
External links
NetMedia Home Page
BasicX Free Downloads
Sample Code
, programmed in BasicX
Videos, Sample Code, and Tutorials from the author of BasicX and Robotics
BASIC compilers
Embedded systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar%20Wolfgang%20Nordheim
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Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim (November 7, 1899, Munich – October 5, 1985, La Jolla, California) was a German born Jewish American theoretical physicist. He was a pioneer in the applications of quantum mechanics to solid-state problems, such as thermionic emission, work function of metals, field electron emission, rectification in metal-semiconductor contacts and electrical resistance in metals and alloys. He also worked in the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, cosmic rays and in nuclear physics.
Life
He obtained his PhD in 1923, under the supervision of Max Born in the University of Göttingen. He also worked with Edward Teller on the muon, sparkling his interest in cosmic rays.
As a "physical assistant" to David Hilbert (like his teacher Born before him), he worked with him John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner on the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics in 1928.
He wrote extensive articles for the Lehrbuch der Physik by J.H.J. Müller and Claude Pouillet on the quantum theory of magnetism and the conduction phenomena in metals. During the same period was the holder of a Rockefeller Foundation Research Fellowship, a Lorentz Fellowship. He lectured at Göttingen and was also a visiting professor at the University of Moscow.
In the early 1930s he got interested in Fermi's theory of beta decay and worked with Hans Bethe on meson decay.
Upon his immigration to the United States in 1934 Nordheim served as a visiting professor at Purdue University, working on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychotomy
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A polychotomy (päl′i kät′ə mē; plural polychotomies) is a division or separation into many parts or classes. Polychotomy is a generalization of dichotomy, which is a polychotomy of exactly two parts. In evolutionary biology, the term polychotomy can also be considered a historically-based misspelling of polytomy.
See also
Polychotomous key
References
External links
Examples of usage
Another Approach to Polychotomous Classification
Polyclass: polychotomous regression and multiple classification
The Development of a Hierarchical Polychotomous ADL-IADL Scale for Noninstitutionalized Elders
Probabilistic Forecasting - A Primer
Structured polychotomous machine diagnosis of multiple cancer types using gene expression
Biological concepts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20E%20%28mtDNA%29
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In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M9.
Origin
Two contrasting proposals have been made for the location and time of the origin of Haplogroup E.
One view is that the clade was formed over 30,000 years ago, around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, on the northeast coast of Sundaland (near modern Borneo).
In this model, the haplogroup was dispersed by rising sea levels during the Late Glacial period.
In 2014, the mitochondrial DNA of an 8,000-year-old skeleton found on Liang Island, one of the Matsu Islands off the southeast China coast, was found to belong to Haplogroup E, with two of the four mutations characteristic of the E1 subgroup.
From this, Ko and colleagues argue that Haplogroup E arose 8,000 to 11,000 years ago near the north Fujian coast, travelled to Taiwan with Neolithic settlers 6,000 years ago, and from there spread to Maritime Southeast Asia with the Austronesian language dispersal.
Soares et al caution against over-emphasizing a single sample, and maintain that a constant molecular clock implies the earlier date (and more southerly origin) remains more likely.
Distribution
Haplogroup E is found throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.
It is nearly absent from mainland East Asia, where its sister group M9a (also found in Japan) is common.
In particular, it is found among speakers of Austronesian languages, and it is rare even in Southea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasant%20K.%20Prabhu
|
Dr. Vasant K. Prabhu is a professor in the Electrical Engineering department at the University of Texas at Arlington. He has taught at UTA since 1991. He specializes in teaching and researching digital communication systems.
In 1958, Prabhu received his Bachelor of Science degree from Karnatak University. He also received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from the Indian Institute of Science in 1962, a Master of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963, and a Doctor of Science in 1966. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and a recipient of the Alfred Hay Gold medal from the Indian Institute of Science (1961), the Centennial Medal of IEEE (1984), and the Robert Q. Lee Excellence in Teaching award from UTA (1998). He has more than 30 years of experience as member of the technical staff at Bell Labs. In 1986, we was elevated to the grade of IEEE fellow for contribution to interference, noise, and spectral analysis of analog and digital communications systems.
References
External links
IEEE Fellow Citation
Homepage @ UTA
Indian emigrants to the United States
American electrical engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Karnatak University alumni
Indian Institute of Science alumni
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Scientists at Bell Labs
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
University of Texas at Arlington faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB84
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BB84 is a quantum key distribution scheme developed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. It is the first quantum cryptography protocol. The protocol is provably secure assuming a perfect implementation, relying on two conditions: (1) the quantum property that information gain is only possible at the expense of disturbing the signal if the two states one is trying to distinguish are not orthogonal (see no-cloning theorem); and (2) the existence of an authenticated public classical channel. It is usually explained as a method of securely communicating a private key from one party to another for use in one-time pad encryption.
The proof of BB84 depends on a perfect implementation. Side channel attacks exist, taking advantage of non-quantum sources of information. Since this information is non-quantum, it can be intercepted without measuring or cloning quantum particles.
Description
In the BB84 scheme, Alice wishes to send a private key to Bob. She begins with two strings of bits, and , each bits long. She then encodes these two strings as a tensor product of qubits:
where and are the -th bits of and respectively. Together, give us an index into the following four qubit states:
Note that the bit is what decides which basis is encoded in (either in the computational basis or the Hadamard basis). The qubits are now in states that are not mutually orthogonal, and thus it is impossible to distinguish all of them with certainty without knowing .
Alic
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