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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle%20of%20maximum%20work
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In the history of science, the principle of maximum work was a postulate concerning the relationship between chemical reactions, heat evolution, and the potential work produced there from. The principle was developed in approximate form in 1875 by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, in the field of thermochemistry, and then in 1876 by American mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs, in the field of thermodynamics, in a more accurate form. Berthelot's version was essentially: "every pure chemical reaction is accompanied by evolution of heat." (and that this yields the maximum amount of work). The effects of irreversibility, however, showed this version to be incorrect. This was rectified, in thermodynamics, by incorporating the concept of entropy.
Overview
Berthelot independently enunciated a generalization (commonly known as Berthelot's Third Principle, or Principle of Maximum Work), which may be briefly stated as: every pure chemical reaction is accompanied by evolution of heat. Whilst this principle is undoubtedly applicable to the great majority of chemical actions under ordinary conditions, it is subject to numerous exceptions, and cannot therefore be taken (as its authors originally intended) as a secure basis for theoretical reasoning on the connection between thermal effect and chemical affinity. The existence of reactions which are reversible on slight alteration of conditions at once invalidates the principle, for if the action proceeding in one direction evolves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93hydrogen%20bond%20activation
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In organic chemistry, carbon–hydrogen bond functionalization ( functionalization) is a type of organic reaction in which a carbon–hydrogen bond is cleaved and replaced with a bond (where X is usually carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen). The term usually implies that a transition metal is involved in the cleavage process. Reactions classified by the term typically involve the hydrocarbon first to react with a metal catalyst to create an organometallic complex in which the hydrocarbon is coordinated to the inner-sphere
of a metal, either via an intermediate "alkane or arene complex" or as a transition state leading to a "" intermediate. The intermediate of this first step (known as activation and sometimes used interchangeably with functionalization) can then undergo subsequent reactions to produce the functionalized product. Important to this definition is the requirement that during the cleavage event, the hydrocarbyl species remains associated in the inner-sphere and under the influence of "M".
As an alternative definition, other authors use the term functionalization to mean any organic transformation in which the net result is the transformation of a relatively inert bond into a bond (i.e., a functional group), irrespective of the reaction mechanism (or with an agnostic attitude towards it). In particular, this definition does not require a transition metal coordination to the hydrocarbon in the mechanism. This broader definition includes the narrower definition give
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20White%20%28author%29
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Michael White (16 February 1959 – 6 February 2018) was a British writer who was based in Perth, Australia. He studied at King's College London (1977–1982) and was a chemistry lecturer at d'Overbroeck's College, Oxford (1984–1991).
He was a science editor of British GQ, a columnist for the Sunday Express in London and, 'in a previous incarnation', he was a member of . Colour Me Pop featured on the "Europe in the Year Zero" EP in 1982 with Yazoo and Sudeten Creche and he was then a member of the group The Thompson Twins (1982).
He moved to Australia in 2002 and was made an Honorary Research Fellow at Curtin University in 2005.
He was the author of thirty-five books: these include Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science; Leonardo: The First Scientist; Tolkien: A Biography; and C. S. Lewis: The Boy Who Chronicled Narnia. His first novel Equinox – thriller, an occult mystery reached the Top Ten in the bestseller list in the UK and has been translated into 35 languages. His non-fiction production included the biography Galileo: Antichrist Novels following Equinox include The Medici Secret, The Borgia Ring and The Art of Murder.
White wrote under two further names, Tom West and Sam Fisher. He used the latter pseudonym to publish the E-Force trilogy, State of Emergency, Aftershock, and Nano.
A further novel by White, The Venetian Detective, features characters including Galileo and Elizabeth.
White wrote a biography of Isaac Newton, The Last Sorcerer. He was both short-listed and lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%20Woolsey
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Kit Woolsey (born Christopher Robin Woolsey in 1943) is an American bridge and backgammon player. He was inducted into the ACBL Hall of Fame in 2005.
Personal life
Woolsey was born in Washington, DC. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1964 and earned a master's degree in mathematics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1965. He lives in Kensington, California with his wife, world champion finalist bridge player Sally Woolsey.
Career
In bridge, he was the winner of the 1986 Rosenblum Cup world teams championship. He was also runner-up in the 1982 Rosenblum Cup, 1989 Bermuda Bowl and won the Senior Teams at the 2000 World Team Olympiad, and another gold at the 2003 Senior Bowl, as well as more than a dozen American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championships (NABC-level) events. Many of his successes were in partnership with Ed Manfield. He is a World Bridge Federation (WBF) World Grand Master and was Inducted into the ACBL Hall of Fame in 2005. In backgammon he was runner-up in the 1996 World Cup; as of 2007 he was the 5th-rank player in the world.
Woolsey has written many bridge and backgammon books, and contributed to the bridge bidding theory with innovations including the two-way checkback convention and Woolsey, a defense against opposing notrump openings. He won the 1978 International Bridge Press Association (IBPA) award for Best Article or Series on a System or Convention. Since 1984, Woolsey has been one of four (befor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20La%20Salle%20University%20College%20of%20Science
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The College of Science (COS) of De La Salle University was originally part of the College of Arts and Sciences. In 1982, the departments of Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics separated to form the College of Science while the liberal arts departments formed the College of Liberal Arts. Although the College of Science is the youngest and the second smallest college formed in the university, its contribution to the academe and to the country has had tremendous impact to scientific research development and nation-building. And thus in recognition of their efforts, all of the Science and Mathematics programs of the college have been granted the recognition of Center of Excellence in the Philippines by the Commission on Higher Education.
Academic departments of COS
Biology
The Department of Biology focuses itself in laboratory work, lectures, research, and field trips. The Department boasts of its advanced facilities, located in the either St. Joseph Building and in STRC Building. It is a Center for Excellence in Biology by CHED.
Chemistry
The Department of Chemistry has been awarded as a center of excellence by the CHED. It has since been teaming up with the various departments of the university to provide Engineering and Liberal Arts students with the important facts of Chemistry. The Department also encourages the use of computers in Chemical analyses. The Department has three programs, Bachelor of Science in Chemistry, Bachelor of Science in Chemistry Minor in Bus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majid%20Naini
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Majid Naini (Persian: مجید نایینی; born 24 October 1963) is a scholar and speaker.
Biography
Majid Naini was born on 24 October 1963. Naini earned a B.S. in Electronics Engineering, Master's Degree in Computer Science, and Ph.D. in Computer & Information Science & Technology from University of Pennsylvania.
Naini has been a keynote speaker at over 500 events. In the U.S., he has presented workshops and lectures and been an invited keynote speaker at the end of General Assembly at the United Nations on the occasion of Rumi's birthday.
Naini has spoken at the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, Johns Hopkins University, Yale University, George Washington University, Rutgers University, Stanford University, UCSD, UCLA, UCSB, Ventura College, Caltech, USC, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, John Carroll University, University of Tennessee, University of New Mexico, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida International University, and Florida Atlantic University. Naini was keynote speaker for Rumi Shine for Peace at James Bridges Theatre at UCLA. For Rumi's 805th birthday, Naini was invited by University of Southern California for their Visions & Voices program in Bovard Auditorium. Religious and cultural institutions that have hosted him include the Molana House, IMAN, Kashi Center, Chaplain Associations, Unity Churches, Science of Mind Centers, Milagro Center, and the Museum of Art and Science in Melbourne.
Naini was honored by Florida's capital
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Tavenas
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François Tavenas, (12 September 1942 – 13 February 2004) was a Canadian engineer and academic.
Born in Bourg-de-Péage, Drôme, France, he received an engineering degree in civil engineering from Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon in 1963 and a doctorate with specialization in soil mechanics in 1965 from the Université de Grenoble. In 1968, he moved to Canada to become a lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering at Université Laval. A Canadian citizen since 15 July 1971, he became an assistant professor in 1970, an associate professor in 1973, and a professor in 1978. He was the dean, Faculty of Science and Engineering from 1985 to 1989.
From 1989 to 1990, he was the vice-principal (Planning and Computing) at McGill University. From 1990 to 1997, he was the Vice-Principal (Planning and Resources) at McGill University. From 1995 to 1997, he was the acting vice-principal (Macdonald Campus). As well, he was a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics. In 1997, he was appointed the rector of Université Laval and a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and in 2003 left to become the founding rector of the Université du Luxembourg.
Honours
1991 Elected as a fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada.
1999 Made a chevalier of the French Legion of Honor.
2002 Awarded the Commander's Cross (Komturkreuz) of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
2004 Made an officer of the National Order of Quebec.
Refer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYS
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In cryptography, What You See Is What You Sign (WYSIWYS) is a property of digital signature systems that ensures the semantic content of signed messages can not be changed, either by accident or intent.
Mechanism of WYSIWYS
When digitally signing a document, the integrity of the signature relies not just on the soundness of the digital signature algorithms that are used, but also on the security of the computing platform used to sign the document. The WYSIWYS property of digital signature systems aims to tackle this problem by defining a desirable property that the visual representation of a digital document should be consistent across computing systems, particularly at the points of digital signature and digital signature verification.
It is relatively easy to change the interpretation of a digital document by implementing changes on the computer system where the document is being processed, and the greater the semantic distance, the easier it gets. From a semantic perspective this creates uncertainty about what exactly has been signed. WYSIWYS is a property of a digital signature system that ensures that the semantic interpretation of a digitally signed message cannot be changed, either by accident or by intent. This property also ensures that a digital document to be signed can not contain hidden semantic content that can be revealed after the signature has been applied. Though a WYSIWYS implementation is only as secure as the computing platform it is running on, variou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%20Motz
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Lloyd Motz (June 5, 1909, Susquehanna, Pennsylvania – March 14, 2004, New York City) was an American astronomer.
Biography
Born in Pennsylvania, Motz graduated from the City College of New York 1930 and earned a Ph.D. in physics from Columbia University in 1936. Motz began teaching at Columbia the same year he completed his Ph.D., but over the years also taught courses at the City College of New York, Queens College, Polytechnic University, and The New School. From 1959 to 1992 he mentored in a program he initiated, the Columbia University Science Honors Program for high school students. (His course for ninth graders on 'astronomy to the three-body problem' was known as "Motz for Tots.") College courses he taught included introductory astronomy, astronomical physics, and celestial mechanics. During the 1970s he hosted a television program, Exploration of the Universe. He founded the Phi Beta Kappa chapter at Columbia's School of General Studies. A scholarship was established at Columbia in Motz's honor in 1996.
Motz was noted for having defeated Enrico Fermi in a tennis match, and then discussing not his strategy (which was to play the net), but to give a speech on how the conservation of momentum applied to tennis balls and the tightness of strings on the racquets.
Publications
Lloyd Motz was the author of 21 books on astronomy, including The Constellations (1988, ) co-authored with Carol Nathanson. He also teamed with Jefferson Hane Weaver in authoring books on astronom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Altshuler
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Boris Leonidovich Altshuler (, born 27 January 1955, Leningrad, USSR) is a professor of theoretical physics at Columbia University. His specialty is theoretical condensed matter physics.
Education and career
Altshuler attended State Secondary School 489 in Saint Petersburg. He received his diploma in physics from Leningrad State University in 1976. Altshuler continued on at the Leningrad Institute for Nuclear Physics, where he was awarded his Ph.D. in physics in 1979. Altshuler stayed at the institute for the next ten years as a research fellow.
In 1989, Altshuler joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While there, he received the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize (now called the Agilent Physics Prize) and became a fellow of the American Physical Society.
Altshuler left MIT in 1996 to take a professorship at Princeton University. While there, he became affiliated with NEC Laboratories America. Recently, Altshuler has joined the faculty of Columbia and continues to work with the NEC Labs.
Research
Althuler's contributions to condensed matter physics are broad and manifold. He is particularly famous for his work on disordered electronic systems, where he was the first to calculate singular quantum interference corrections to electron transport due to interactions (Altshuler-Aronov corrections). Together with Aronov, he has also developed theory of dephasing in weak-localization. In collaboration with Boris Shklovskii, Althsuler developed the theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating%20tank
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A rotating tank is a device used for fluid dynamics experiments. Typically cylinders filled with water on a rotating platform, the tanks can be used in various ways to simulate the atmosphere or ocean.
For example, a rotating tank with an ice bucket in the center can represent the Earth, with a cold pole simulated by the ice bucket. Just as in the atmosphere, eddies and a westerly jetstream form in the water.
External links
Rotating tank experiment descriptions and movies
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangular%20potential%20barrier
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In quantum mechanics, the rectangular (or, at times, square) potential barrier is a standard one-dimensional problem that demonstrates the phenomena of wave-mechanical tunneling (also called "quantum tunneling") and wave-mechanical reflection. The problem consists of solving the one-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation for a particle encountering a rectangular potential energy barrier. It is usually assumed, as here, that a free particle impinges on the barrier from the left.
Although classically a particle behaving as a point mass would be reflected if its energy is less than a particle actually behaving as a matter wave has a non-zero probability of penetrating the barrier and continuing its travel as a wave on the other side. In classical wave-physics, this effect is known as evanescent wave coupling. The likelihood that the particle will pass through the barrier is given by the transmission coefficient, whereas the likelihood that it is reflected is given by the reflection coefficient. Schrödinger's wave-equation allows these coefficients to be calculated.
Calculation
The time-independent Schrödinger equation for the wave function reads
where is the Hamiltonian, is the (reduced)
Planck constant, is the mass, the energy of the particle and
is the barrier potential with height and width .
is the Heaviside step function, i.e.,
The barrier is positioned between and . The barrier can be shifted to any position without changing the results. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Dinneen
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Michael J. Dinneen is an American-New Zealand mathematician and computer scientist working as a senior lecturer at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He is co-director of the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science. He does research in combinatorial algorithms, distributive programming, experimental graph theory, and experimental algorithmic information theory.
Selected bibliography
Michael J. Dinneen, Georgy Gimel'farb, and Mark C. Wilson. Introduction to Algorithms, Data Structures and Formal Languages. Pearson (Education New Zealand), 2004. (pages 253).
Cristian S. Calude, Michael J. Dinneen, and Chi-Kou Shu. Computing a glimpse of randomness. "Experimental Mathematics", 11(2):369-378, 2002. http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~cristian/Calude361_370.pdf
Joshua J. Arulanandham, Cristian S. Calude, and Michael J. Dinneen. A fast natural algorithm for searching. "Theoretical Computer Science", 320(1):3-13, 2004. http://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0304397504001914
Michael J. Dinneen, Bakhadyr Khoussainov, André Nies (eds.). Computation, Physics and Beyond - International Workshop on Theoretical Computer Science, WTCS 2012, Dedicated to Cristian S. Calude on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Auckland, New Zealand, February 21-24, 2012, Revised Selected and Invited Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7160, Springer 2012. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642276538
External links
Michael J. Dinneen Home Page
List of publications of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Arnoldi
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Vladimir Mitrofanovich Arnoldi () (Kozlov (Michurinsk), Russia (1871–1924)) was a Russian professor of biology. He was a Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences and scientifically listed a number of valuable plants in Malaysia.
He lived in the Russian city of Tambov for much of his life. His son Konstantin Arnoldi became a prominent entomologist.
He is honoured in the name of Arnoldiella, which is a genus of green algae in the family Pithophoraceae.
References
1871 births
1924 deaths
20th-century Russian botanists
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Academic staff of Moscow State University
19th-century botanists from the Russian Empire
Writers from the Russian Empire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okorokov%20effect
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The Okorokov effect () or resonant coherent excitation, occurs when heavy ions move in crystals under channeling conditions. V. Okorokov predicted this effect in 1965 and it was first observed by Sheldon Datz in 1978.
References
Charge carriers
Ions
Physical chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Milan
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The following is a list of people from Milan.
Scientists
Mathematics
Eugenio Calabi (1923–2023)
Marco Abate (born 1962)
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), the world's first woman to write a mathematics handbook and the first woman appointed as a mathematics professor at a university, wrote the first book discussing both differential and integral calculus
Enzo Tonti (1935–2021)
Fencing theorists
Camillo Agrippa (1535–1595), is considered to be one of the greatest fencing theorists of all time
Fine arts
Architects
Donato Felice d'Allio (16771761), Rococo style, worked in Austria
Sculptors
Carlo Abate (18591941)
Painters
Filippo Abbiati (16401715)
Mario Acerbi (painter) (18871982)
Angelo Achini (18501930)
Franz Adam (18151886)
Luigi Ademollo (17641849)
Carlo Paolo Agazzi (18701922)
Federico Agnelli (16261702), engraver
Claudio Detto (born 1950), Italian contemporary art painter
Giorgio Salmoiraghi (1936–2022)
Guglielmo Stella (1828–1888), painter and writer
Photographers
Gabriele Basilico (19442013)
Fabio Ponzio (born 1959)
Oliviero Toscani (born 1942)
Writers and historians
Ottavio Codogno (1570/74–1630), author of a guidebook to the postal services of early 17th-century Europe
Musicians
Arrangers
Pino Presti (born 1943) Italian bassist, arranger, composer, conductor and record producer
Pianists
Marcello Abbado (19262020)
Maria Teresa Agnesi Pinottini (17201795), harpsichordist
Singers
Iris Adami Corradetti (19041998)
Alessandro Mahmoud (born 1992), sing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%20intermediate
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In chemistry, a reaction intermediate, or intermediate, is a molecular entity arising within the sequence of a stepwise chemical reaction. It is formed as the reaction product of an elementary step, from the reactants and/or preceding intermediates, but is consumed in a later step. It does not appear in the chemical equation for the overall reaction.
For example, consider this hypothetical reaction:
A + B -> C + D
If this overall reaction comprises two elementary steps thus:
A + B -> X
X -> C + D
then X is a reaction intermediate.
The phrase itself, reaction intermediate, is very often abbreviated to the single word intermediate, and this is IUPAC's preferred form of the term.<ref
></ref> But this shorter form has other uses. It often refers to reactive intermediates. It is also used more widely for chemicals such as cumene which are traded within the chemical industry but are not generally of value outside it.
IUPAC definition
The IUPAC Gold Book defines an intermediate as a compound that has a lifetime greater than a molecular vibration, is formed (directly or indirectly) from the reactants, and reacts further to give (either directly or indirectly) the products of a chemical reaction. The lifetime condition distinguishes true, chemically distinct intermediates, both from vibrational states and from transition states (which, by definition, have lifetimes close to that of molecular vibration).
The different steps of a multi-step reaction often differ widely in thei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOM%20%28journal%29
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JOM is a technical journal devoted to exploring the many aspects of materials, science and engineering published monthly by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) (a member-based professional society). JOM reports scholarly work that explores the many aspects of materials science and engineering within the broad topical areas of light metals, structural materials, functional materials, extraction and processing, and materials processing and manufacturing. JOM strives to balance the interests of the laboratory and the marketplace by reporting academic, industrial, and government-sponsored work from around the world.
History
From 1949 through 1988, the journal was named Journal of Metals. With materials systems becoming commonplace and with the journal frequently covering composites, plastics, and other materials, its name was changed to JOM. It is published by TMS, which is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
References
External links
JOM home page
Open-access JOM articles
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Materials science journals
Engineering magazines
Magazines established in 1949
Magazines published in Pittsburgh
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgical%20and%20Materials%20Transactions
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Metallurgical and Materials Transactions is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published in three sections (A, B, and E) covering metallurgy and materials science. The journals are jointly published by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
This monthly section focuses on physical metallurgy and materials science, and publishes international scientific contributions on all aspects of physical metallurgy and materials science, with a special emphasis on relationships among the processing, structure, and properties of materials.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B
This bimonthly section is uniquely focused on process metallurgy and materials processing science. Coverage emphasizes the theoretical and engineering aspects of the processing of metals and other materials, including studies of electro- and physical chemistry, mass transport, modeling, and related computer applications.
External links
Materials science journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Publications with year of establishment missing
English-language journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20and%20Misra%20method
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The Miles and Misra Method (or surface viable count) is a technique used in Microbiology to determine the number of colony forming units in a bacterial suspension or homogenate.
The technique was first described in 1938 by Miles, Misra and Irwin who at the time were working at the LSHTM. The Miles and Misra method has been shown to be precise.
Materials
A calibrated dropping pipette, or automatic pipette, delivering drops of 20μl.
Petri dishes containing nutrient agar or other appropriate medium.
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) or other appropriate diluent.
Bacterial suspension or homogenate.
Method
The inoculum / suspension is serially diluted by adding 1x of suspension to 9x of diluent. When the quantity of bacteria is unknown, dilutions should be made to at least 10−8.
Three plates are needed for each dilution series, for statistical reasons an average of at least 3 counts are needed.
The surface of the plates need to be sufficiently dry to allow a 20μl drop to be absorbed in 15–20 minutes.
Plates are divided into equal sectors (it is possible to use up to 8 per plate). The sectors are labelled with the dilutions.
In each sector, 1 x 20 μl of the appropriate dilution is dropped onto the surface of the agar and the drop allowed to spread naturally. In the original description of the method a drop from a height of 2.5 cm spread over an area of 1.5-2.0 cm. It is important to avoid touching the surface of the agar with the pipette.
The plates are left upright on the ben
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govindadasa%20College
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Govindadasa College (established in 1967) is affiliated to Mangalore University in Mangalore, India. It offers bachelor's degree courses in Science (Bsc), Commerce (Bcom), Arts (BA) and Management (BBA), BCA. The college is also offers Mcom and Msc in chemistry. When the college was started, it was affiliated to University of Mysore as Mangalore University was non existent then. The college is also the study centre for Karnataka state open university.
The college is situated in front of Iddya Mahalingeshwara temple at Surathkal adjoining National Highway 66 (previously NH 17). The college is managed by the Hindu Vidyadayanee Sangha, which also manages other educational institutions like Vidyadayanee High School at Suratkal, Vidyadayani Higher Primary School, and Venkataramana Primary School.
The college provides people from rural areas access to higher education. It has been included in University Grants Commission's list with permanent affiliation. The college has bagged several ranks in the past in examinations conducted by Mangalore University.
Infrastructure available
The college has its own building with spacious classrooms. It has its own playground, gymnasium, laboratories, computer centre and library. All these are equipped to take care the requirements of undergraduate and postgraduate students. It has also hostel for ladies.
Govindadasa Pre University College
The pre university section teaching PUC (10+2) of the Karnataka Board in science, arts and commerce st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonamide%20%28disambiguation%29
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Sulfonamide or sulphonamide may refer to:
Sulfonamide (chemistry) – the sulfonamide functional group in organic chemistry
Sulfonamide (medicine) – the group of sulfonamide antibacterial drugs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20nationale%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20de%20chimie%2C%20de%20biologie%20et%20de%20physique
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The École nationale supérieure de chimie, de biologie et de physique or ENSCPB (or "CPB" in common parlance) - which can be translated as Graduate School of Chemistry, Biology and Physics - is one of the French grandes écoles, whose main purpose is to form chemical and physical engineers (with a level "bac+5"). It is located on the campus of the Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux, in the town of Pessac, close to the famous city of Bordeaux.
In 2009, the school merged with the Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux (or "ISTAB"). This is when the school changed its name to the current one: École nationale supérieure de chimie, de biologie et de physique (or ENSCBP). Different schooling are proposed in the school, the two biggest being the engineering programs in Chemistry and Physics (or "Formation CP") and in Food Science (or "Formation BA"). The students mostly go abroad for at least 5 months during their 3-year study program, and obtain an Engineering School Diploma, equivalent of a master's degree in Engineering.
References
External links
Official website
Bordeaux
Engineering universities and colleges in France
Educational institutions established in 2009
2009 establishments in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidderdale
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Lidderdale may refer to:
People
Charles Sillem Lidderdale (1830-1895), British painter
Kathleen Lidderdale (1894 - 1973), English hockey and tennis player
William Lidderdale (1832–1902), governor of the Bank of England
Places
Lidderdale, Iowa, United States
Biology
Lidderdale's dawnfly (Capila lidderdali), a butterfly of India and Southeast Asia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Ali%20Taraghijah
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Mohammad-Ali Taraghijah (; 1943 – August 12, 2010) was an Iranian painter, whose work often featured rural, Iranian, landscape imagery.
Biography
Born 1943 in Tehran, Iran. He graduated from the College of Science & Technology with a degree in Mechanical Engineering, yet his heart was set on creating art. He participated in the Iran National Art Competition in 1968 and he won the Golden Award that year. In 1970 he returned to Tehran and decided to take up painting professionally.
In 1994, the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art selected some of his works for the museum collection and printed a collection of these works. In 1998, UNICEF selected two of his paintings for their Christmas cards.
His beautiful works have been exhibited in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, France, United States and Japan. His paintings were selected by the International Museum of 20th Century Arts to present Iran's art.
His elder son, Mohammad Taraghijah, is an architect, and his younger son, Ali Taraghijah, is also a painter.
Exhibitions
2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1996 Galerie Arcade Chausse-Coqs, Genève, Switzerland.
2009 Christie's Auction, Dubai, UEA (International Modern and Contemporary Art)
2009 The First Fadjr International Visual Arts Festival.
2008 Christie's Auction, Dubai, UEA (International Modern and Contemporary Art)
2008 Bonhams auction Royal Mirage Hotel Dubai (Modern and Contemporary Arab, Iranian, Indian, and Pakistani Art)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Rosenbaum
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Joel Rosenbaum (born October 4, 1933) is a professor of cell biology at Yale University.
Rosenbaum received his bachelor's degree from Syracuse University in 1955, and later his M.Sc. Ed. from St. Lawrence University in 1957. He returned later to Syracuse for his master's degree in 1959 and Ph.D. in 1963.
His lab at Yale studies cilia and flagella, small tail-like organelles, using the model species Chlamydomonas, a single-cell alga. The lab is best known for its discovery of intraflagellar transport, a vital molecular process now linked to many human diseases, in 1993. Rosenbaum has continued to pursue intraflagellar transport as his main research interest.
Rosenbaum received the E.B. Wilson Medal from the ASCB in 2006, the highest award given in the field of cell biology.
References
External links
"Joel Rosenbaum," member profile from the American Society for Cell Biology website. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
21st-century American biologists
Yale University faculty
Syracuse University alumni
Living people
1933 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SynthEdit
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SynthEdit is a modular audio plugin development environment which uses a visual editor. First conceived in 1987 by programmer Jeff McClintock and initially distributed in 1999, it was officially released in 2005.
Along with Native Instruments' Reaktor and the closely related FlowStone (previously known as SynthMaker) by DSPRobotics, SynthEdit has been recognised as one of the few tools for independent synthesizer development that don't require traditional programming like JUCE, and the only visual programming environment with 64-bit VST 3 support.
Overview
SynthEdit provides a GUI editing system and a full MIDI interface for hardware controllers. It can export projects as VST plugins, allowing creations to be used as instruments and effects inside of most DAWs and on macOS, where SynthEdit isn't available.
Interface
Below a toolbar containing a switch (stylised as a green power button) to start and stop the audio engine, SynthEdit's interface is divided into three vertical sections: a left panel containing a list of modules, a section for the detached visual editing windows in the middle, and a panel showing the highlighted modules' properties and values on the right. Any number of modules can be nested in an organised structure called a container, which will reveal its contents in another window upon being clicked, and any module can receive or send input of various types from other modules through colour-coded nodes.
Features
Modules
The SynthEdit SDK is an accompan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Military%20Academy
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Eastern Military Academy (EMA) was a high school military academy founded in 1944 in Connecticut, United States, by Roland R. Robinson, a former mathematics teacher at Peekskill Military Academy (now also defunct), and his brother-in-law, Carleton Witham. The relationship with the local town was poor from the start, and in 1948 the school moved to Cold Spring Hills on Long Island, New York, until the school closed in 1979.
History
At its new location, the school was based in one of the largest mansions ever constructed in the United States, Oheka Castle, built by Otto Kahn, a multimillionaire. Following Kahn's death in 1934, his heirs had little interest in the estate, and the town of Huntington briefly used it as a retirement home for municipal employees.
EMA was organized for most of its existence as a battalion, with a band company, troop (using horses stabled a few miles away), two infantry companies of high school and junior high school students, a company of children sixth grade and below, a company of day students, i.e. students who did not board in the school, battalion staff of two to four members, and a four-member color guard. For several years of very high enrollment, the school organized as a regiment.
Robinson and Witham died within six weeks of one another in the summer of 1968, leaving the school in the hands of Alice Robinson, who was Robinson's widow and Witham's sister. According to an article in Newsday on September 30, 1968, she was then the first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics%20as%20Hamiltonian%20flows
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In mathematics, the geodesic equations are second-order non-linear differential equations, and are commonly presented in the form of Euler–Lagrange equations of motion. However, they can also be presented as a set of coupled first-order equations, in the form of Hamilton's equations. This latter formulation is developed in this article.
Overview
It is frequently said that geodesics are "straight lines in curved space". By using the Hamilton–Jacobi approach to the geodesic equation, this statement can be given a very intuitive meaning: geodesics describe the motions of particles that are not experiencing any forces. In flat space, it is well known that a particle moving in a straight line will continue to move in a straight line if it experiences no external forces; this is Newton's first law. The Hamiltonian describing such motion is well known to be with p being the momentum. It is the conservation of momentum that leads to the straight motion of a particle. On a curved surface, exactly the same ideas are at play, except that, in order to measure distances correctly, one must use the Riemannian metric. To measure momenta correctly, one must use the inverse of the metric. The motion of a free particle on a curved surface still has exactly the same form as above, i.e. consisting entirely of a kinetic term. The resulting motion is still, in a sense, a "straight line", which is why it is sometimes said that geodesics are "straight lines in curved space". This idea is developed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Jech
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Thomas J. Jech (, ; born January 29, 1944, in Prague) is a mathematician specializing in set theory who was at Penn State for more than 25 years.
Life
He was educated at Charles University (his advisor was Petr Vopěnka) and from 2000 is at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
Work
Jech's research also includes mathematical logic, algebra, analysis, topology, and measure theory.
Jech gave the first published proof of the consistency of the existence of a Suslin line.
With Karel Prikry, he introduced the notion of precipitous ideal. He gave several models where the axiom of choice failed, for example one with ω1 measurable. The concept of a Jech–Kunen tree is named after him and Kenneth Kunen.
Bibliography
Lectures in set theory, with particular emphasis on the method of forcing, Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Mathematics 217 (1971) ()
The axiom of choice, North-Holland 1973 (Dover paperback edition )
(with K. Hrbáček) Introduction to set theory, Marcel Dekker, 3rd edition 1999 ()
Multiple forcing, Cambridge University Press 1986 ()
Set Theory: The Third Millennium Edition, revised and expanded, 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, . 1st ed. 1978; 2nd (corrected) ed. 1997
References
External links
Home page, with a copy at Penn state.
1944 births
Living people
20th-century Czech mathematicians
21st-century Czech mathematicians
Set theorists
Czechoslovak mathematicians
Charles University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Sears%20McCulloh
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Richard Sears McCulloh (18 March 1818 – 1894) was an American civil engineer and professor of mechanics and thermodynamics at the Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia.
Career
McCulloh was born on 18 March 1818 in Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
He graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1836, then studied chemistry in Philadelphia with James Curtis Booth from 1838 to 1839.
From 1846 to 1849 he worked for the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia.
He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1846. McCulloh was appointed professor of natural philosophy at Princeton University on 24 October 1849, and then professor of natural and experimental philosophy at Columbia College on 3 April 1854.
During the American Civil War, McCulloh disappeared from New York after the draft riots and in October 1863 McCulloh went to Richmond, Virginia to become the consulting chemist of the Confederate Nitre and Mining Bureau.
In response, Columbia College expelled him from his professorship.
While in Richmond, he helped "the Confederacy in making a chemical weapon".
His experiments in creating a lethal gas were proved successful in February 1865, but before the weapon could be used in practice Richmond fell in April 1865. McCulloh fled the city but was captured two months later off the coast of Florida, and for almost two years was imprisoned in the Virginia State Penitentiary.
After being released, in 1866 McCulloh was appointed to the new "McCormick Professorship of Exper
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Pinsky
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Mark A. Pinsky (15 July 1940 – 8 December 2016) was Professor of Mathematics at Northwestern University. His research areas included probability theory, mathematical analysis, Fourier Analysis and wavelets. Pinsky earned his Ph.D at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
His published works include 125 research papers and ten books, including several conference proceedings and textbooks. His 2002 book, Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Wavelets, has been translated into Spanish.
Biography
Pinsky was at Northwestern beginning in 1968, following a two-year postdoctoral position at Stanford. He completed the Ph.D. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966, under the direction of Henry McKean and became Full Professor in 1976. He was married to the artist Joanna Pinsky since 1963; they have three children, Seth, Jonathan and Lea, and four grandchildren, Nathan, Jason, Justin and Jasper.
Academic memberships and services
Pinsky was a member of the American Mathematical Society (AMS), a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Mathematical Association of America, and has provided services for Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), most recently as Consulting Editor for the AMS. He served on the Executive Committee of MSRI for the period 1996–2000.
Pinsky was an invited speaker at the meeting to honor Stanley Zietz in Philadelphia at University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, on 20 March 2008.
Pinsky was a Fellow of the Institute of Mat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction%20%28disambiguation%29
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Abstraction is a process or result of generalization, removal of properties, or distancing of ideas from objects.
Abstraction may also refer to:
Abstraction (art), art unconcerned with the literal depiction of things from the visible world
Abstraction (computer science), a process of hiding details of implementation in programs and data
Abstraction layer, an application of abstraction in computing
Hardware abstraction, an abstraction layer on top of hardware
Abstraction (linguistics), use of terms for concepts removed from the objects to which they were originally attached
Abstraction (mathematics), a process of removing the dependence of a mathematical concept on real-world objects
Hypostatic abstraction, a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation
Lambda abstraction, a definition of an anonymous function that produces a valid term in lambda calculus
Abstraction (sociology), a process of considering sociological concepts at a more theoretical level
Nucleophilic abstraction, a nucleophilic attack which causes part or all of a ligand to be removed from a metal
Water abstraction, the process of taking water from any source
Abstracting electricity, the crime of diverting electricity around an electricity meter and/or using it without paying for it
"Abstraction", a song by Sara Groves from her album Tell Me What You Know
See also
Abstract (disambiguation)
Abstracting service
Abstract art, a movement in 20th-century Western art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Zhi%20%28guitarist%29
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Chen Zhi () is a Chinese guitar teacher (pedagogue) and promoter, who is today known for the exceptionally high level that his classical guitar students reach. He is one of China's best-known personalities of the guitar in general (not just the classical guitar).
Chen Zhi studied Mathematics and Chemistry.
Chen Zhi learned to play the guitar privately from two Russian immigrants who came to Shanghai from Belarus. He did not receive a formal institution-based (e.g. conservatory) musical education/training.
Chen Zhi played acoustic "Western" and electric Hawaii guitar and made some recordings e.g. in the early 1980s. Only thereafter, since approx. 1982 did he begin to dedicatedly focus on teaching the classical guitar, which is what he is best known for today.
Guitar promotion in China and career
Today Chen is professor of classical guitar at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. In 1982 he founded China's first school of classical guitar, the Chen Zhi School of Classical Guitar. In 1986 he assumed the post as council director of the China Beijing Guitar Society.
As initiator and artistic director, Chen Zhi organized the first China International Guitar Festival in 1987 and numerous events since then. He is honorary council member of the China International Culture Exchange Center.
He has hosted the radio program Classical Guitar Lesson Once a Week since 1984. Since 1993, he has hosted the China Central Television (CCTV) television program The Skill and Expressio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflux
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Efflux may refer to:
Efflux (microbiology), a mechanism responsible for moving compounds out of cells
e-flux, a publishing platform and archive
See also
Efflux time, part of a measure of paint viscosity
Flux (biology), movement of a substance between compartments
Influx (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo%20Marchiori
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Massimo Marchiori (Padua, 1970) is an Italian mathematician and computer scientist.
Biography
In July, 2004, he was awarded the TR35 prize by Technology Review (the best 35 researchers in the world under the age of 35).
He is Professor in Computer Science at the University of Padua, and Research Scientist at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) in the World Wide Web Consortium.
He was the creator of HyperSearch, a search engine where the results were based not only on single page ranks, but on the relationship between single pages and the rest of the Web. Afterwards, Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin cited HyperSearch when they introduced PageRank.
He has been chief editor of the world standard for privacy on the Web (P3P), and co-author of the companion APPEL specification.
Initiator of the Query Languages effort at W3C (see for instance QL'98), he started the XML-Query project, deemed to develop the corresponding world standard for querying XML (XQuery), finally providing the due integration between the Web and the database world.
He co-developed the first version of the Web Ontology Language (OWL) standard.
In April 2010 he became the Chief Technology Officer of Atomium Culture.
He was the creator of the social search engine Volunia, launched on February 2012. On 8 June 2012 Marchiori announced, with an open letter, that he had been excluded from the CTO position in the company "because someone else wants to do it inste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Plomin
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Robert Joseph Plomin (born 1948) is an American/British psychologist and geneticist best known for his work in twin studies and behavior genetics. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Plomin as the 71st most cited psychologist of the 20th century. He is the author of several books on genetics and psychology.
Biography
Plomin was born in Chicago to a family of Polish-German extraction. He graduated high school from DePaul University Academy in Chicago, he then earned a B.A. in psychology from DePaul University in 1970 and a Ph.D. in psychology in 1974 from the University of Texas at Austin under personality psychologist Arnold H. Buss. He then worked at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado Boulder. From 1986 until 1994 he worked at Pennsylvania State University, studying elderly twins reared apart and twins reared together to study aging and since 1994 has been at the Institute of Psychiatry (King's College London). He has been president of the Behavior Genetics Association.
In 1987 Plomin married Judith Dunn, a British psychologist and academic.
Honors and awards
In 2002, the Behavior Genetics Association awarded him the Dobzhansky Memorial Award for a Lifetime of Outstanding Scholarship in Behavior Genetics. He was awarded the William James Fellow Award by the Association for Psychological Science in 2004 and the 2011 Lifetime Achievement Award of the International Society for Intelligence Research. In 2017, Plo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubert%20Stryer
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Lubert Stryer (born March 2, 1938, in Tianjin, China) is the Emeritus Mrs. George A. Winzer Professor of Cell Biology, at Stanford University School of Medicine. His research over more than four decades has been centered on the interplay of light and life. In 2007 he received the National Medal of Science from President Bush at a ceremony at the White House for elucidating the biochemical basis of signal amplification in vision, pioneering the development of high density microarrays for genetic analysis, and authoring the standard undergraduate biochemistry textbook, Biochemistry. It is now in its ninth edition and also edited by Jeremy Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Gregory J. Gatto, Jr.
Stryer received his B.S. degree from the University of Chicago in 1957 and his M.D. degree from Harvard Medical School. He was a Helen Hay Whitney Research Fellow in the department of physics at Harvard and then at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, before joining the faculty of the department of biochemistry at Stanford in 1963. In 1969 he moved to Yale to become Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and in 1976, he returned to Stanford to head a new Department of Structural Biology.
Research profile
Stryer and coworkers pioneered the use of fluorescence spectroscopy, particularly Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), to monitor the structure and dynamics of biological macromolecules. In 1967, Stryer and Haugland showed that the efficiency of ener
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pine%20Barrens
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The Pine Barrens is a 1968 book by American writer John McPhee about the history, people and biology of the New Jersey Pine Barrens that originally appeared in The New Yorker in 1967.
The book is an early example of McPhee's acclaimed creative nonfiction literary style. The book employs a nonlinear narrative that incorporates profiles of contemporary residents, local history and culture, unique geography and environment, and current issues then facing the region.
Synopsis
The Pine Barrens is divided into nine chapters, or installments.
In "The Woods From Hog Wallow," McPhee introduces the Pine Barrens as the six hundred and fifty thousand acre virgin forest reserve that dominates the southern half of New Jersey. The Pine Barrens region is sparsely populated at about 15 people/square mile, in contrast to New Jersey's average population density elsewhere of 1,000 people/square mile (the greatest in the US). Local residents, who inhabit mostly small forest towns amid vast stretches of wilderness, refer to the area as "pine belt" "the pinelands," or "the pines."
In speaking to these locals - or "Pineys," a term which has contested connotations - McPhee claims that his interest in the untouched region stems from its proximity to major urban centers (i.e. Philadelphia and New York). Burlington and Ocean County developed plans to construct a supersonic jet port, but these plans have never been executed - and most people (including "Pineys") believe that they never will be.
T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly%20%28robot%29
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Polly was a robot created at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Ian Horswill for his PhD and published in 1993 as a technical report.
Polly was the first mobile robot to move at animal-like speeds (1m per second) using computer vision for its navigation. It was an example of behavior-based robotics. Horswill's PhD supervisors were Rodney Brooks and Lynn Andrea Stein. For a few years Polly gave tours of the AI laboratory's seventh floor, using canned speech to point out landmarks such as Anita Flynn's office. When someone approached Polly, it would introduce itself and offer a tour, asking them to answer by waving their foot.
The "Polly algorithm" is a way to navigate in a cluttered space using very low resolution vision to find uncluttered areas to move forward into, assuming that the pixels at the bottom of the frame (the closest to the robot) show an example of an uncluttered area. Since this could be done 60 times a second, the algorithm only needed to discriminate three categories: telling the robot at each instant to go straight, towards the right or towards the left.
Polly was built from minimalist machinery and runs on a hardware platform that could be duplicated for less than $10,000. The machine was intended to show that very simple visual machinery can be used to solve real tasks in unmodified environments.
References
Rolling robots
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1993 robots
Robots of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunath%20Dhondo%20Karve
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Raghunath Dhondo Karve (14 January 1882 – 14 October 1953) was a professor of mathematics and a social reformer from Maharashtra, India. He was a pioneer in initiating family planning and birth control for masses in Mumbai in 1921.
Born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family, Raghunath was the eldest son of Bharat Ratna Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve. His mother Radhabai died during childbirth in 1891, when he was nine. He was born in Murud. He studied at New English School, Pune. He stood first in a matriculation examination conducted in 1899. He went to Fergusson College, Pune where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1904. Karve started his professional career as a professor of mathematics at Wilson College in Mumbai. However, when he started publicly expressing his views about family planning, population control, and women's right to experience sexual/sensual pleasure as much as men, the conservative Christian administrators of the college asked him to resign from the professorship. He then devoted himself to the above causes.
On his own initiative, Karve started the very first birth control clinic in India in 1921, the same year when the first birth control clinic opened in London.
Books authored
‘Santatiniyaman Aachar ani Vichar’ (Family planning: Thoughts and Action) in 1923
‘Guptrogapasun Bachav’ & ‘Aadhunik Kaamashastra’
In 1927 he published ‘Samajswasthya’; a monthly on social health, and continued it till death (14 October 1953). Through this monthly, he tried to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Oatley
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Sir Charles William Oatley OBE, FRS FREng (14 February 1904 – 11 March 1996) was Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Cambridge, 1960–1971, and developer of one of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes. He was also a founder member of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Biography
He was born in Frome on Valentine's Day, 14 February 1904. A plaque has been placed on the house at the junction of Badcox Parade and Catherine Hill.
He was educated at Bedford Modern School and St. John's College, Cambridge. He lectured at King's College London for 12 years, until the war. He was a director of the English Electric Valve Company from 1966 to 1985.
In 1969 he was elected to the Royal Society.
Oatley also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1974. In that same year, he was knighted.
He received an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Bath in 1977.
He retired from the English Electric Valve Company in 1985.
He was awarded the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1989. He died on 11 March 1996.
Graduate students
Oatley and the graduate students he supervised made substantial contributions, particularly to the development of the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
His students included:
Thomas Everhart, former President of Caltech
Alec Broers, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and former president of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Haroon Ahmed, former Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamminecobalt%28III%29%20chloride
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Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula [Co(NH3)6]Cl3. It is the chloride salt of the coordination complex [Co(NH3)6]3+, which is considered an archetypal "Werner complex", named after the pioneer of coordination chemistry, Alfred Werner. The cation itself is a metal ammine complex with six ammonia ligands attached to the cobalt(III) ion.
Originally salts of [Co(NH3)6]3+ were described as the luteo (Latin: yellow) complex of cobalt. This name has been discarded as modern chemistry considers color less important than molecular structure. Other similar complexes also had color names, such as purpureo (Latin: purple) for a cobalt pentammine complex, and praseo (Greek: green) and violeo (Latin: violet) for two isomeric tetrammine complexes.
Properties and structure
[Co(NH3)6]3+ is diamagnetic, with a low-spin 3d6 octahedral Co(III) center. The cation obeys the 18-electron rule and is considered to be a classic example of an exchange inert metal complex. As a manifestation of its inertness, [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 can be recrystallized unchanged from concentrated hydrochloric acid: the NH3 is so tightly bound to the Co(III) centers that it does not dissociate to allow its protonation. In contrast, labile metal ammine complexes, such as [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2, react rapidly with acids, reflecting the lability of the Ni(II)–NH3 bonds. Upon heating, hexamminecobalt(III) begins to lose some of its ammine ligands, eventually producing a stronger oxidant.
The chlo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkovich
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Berkovich () is an Ashkenazi Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
E.S. Berkovich, Russian scientist and inventor of the Berkovich hardness indenter
Eyal Berkovich (born 1972), Israeli football player
Miki Berkovich (born 1954), Israeli basketball player
Vladimir Berkovich, Israeli mathematician
Berkovich space in mathematics
Yuli Berkovich, Russian cosmonaut
See also
Berkovic
Berković
Berkovits
Berkowitz
Surnames of Jewish origin
Ukrainian-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgerigar%20colour%20genetics
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The science of budgerigar color genetics deals with the heredity of mutations which cause color variation in the feathers of the species known scientifically as Melopsittacus undulatus. Birds of this species are commonly known by the terms 'budgerigar', or informally just 'budgie'.
Background
The wildtype (natural-coloured or wild occurring) budgerigar's color is called Lightgreen. The feathers of most parrot species, including budgerigars, contain both a black type of melanin named eumelanin along with a basic yellow pigment named psittacofulvin (psittacin for short). Some other parrot species produces a third pigment named advanced-psittacin which enables color & tones ranging from oranges, peaches, pinks to reds. When these feathers are exposed to a white light source, such as sunlight, only the blue part of the spectrum is reflected by the eumelanin granules. This reflected blue light passes through the yellow pigment layer, resulting in the green colouration known as lightgreen in only the budgerigar and/or green in any other naturally green coloured parrot species.
The many color variations of budgerigars, such as albino, blue, cinnamon, Clearwinged, the various Fallows, Grey, Greygreen, Greywing, Lutino, Mauve, Olive, Opaline, Spangled, Suffused and Violet are the result of mutations that have occurred within specific genes. There are actually at least thirty-two known primary mutations established among budgerigars. These can combine to form hundreds of secondary m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20McEuen
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Paul McEuen (born 1963) is an American physicist. He received his B.S. in engineering physics at the University of Oklahoma (1985), and his Ph.D. in applied physics at Yale University (1991). After postdoctoral work at MIT (1990–1991), he became an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He moved to Cornell University in 2001, where he is currently the Goldwin Smith Professor of Physics. He is one of the experts on the electrical property of carbon nanotubes and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Research focus
Paul McEuen studies the electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes, scanning probe microscopy of nanostructures, molecular electronics, and applications of nanoelectronics in chemistry and biology. His group publishes their work frequently in Nature and Science, and McEuen has a Hirsch number of 90.
Novel
McEuen wrote a scientific thriller, Spiral (released in 2011), in which an emeritus Cornell biology professor is murdered as part of a plot involving a biological weapon, which received positive reviews by the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times. The German translation became available on October 29, 2010. McEuen sold the movie rights for "Spiral" to Chockstone Pictures.
Positions
Goldwin Smith Professor of Physics, Cornell University, (2008–present)
Professor, physics, Cornell University, (2001–present)
Associate professor, Physics, University of California, Berkeley (1996-2000)
Assistant professor, Phys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommerfeld%20radiation%20condition
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In applied mathematics, and theoretical physics the Sommerfeld radiation condition is a concept from theory of differential equations and scattering theory used for choosing a particular solution to the Helmholtz equation. It was introduced by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1912
and is closely related to the limiting absorption principle (1905) and the limiting amplitude principle (1948).
The boundary condition established by the principle essentially chooses a solution of some wave equations which only radiates outwards from known sources. It, instead, of allowing arbitrary inbound waves from the infinity propagating in instead detracts from them.
The theorem most underpinned by the condition only holds true in three spatial dimensions. In two it breaks down because wave motion doesn't retain its power as one over radius squared. On the other hand, in spatial dimensions four and above, power in wave motion falls off much faster in distance.
Formulation
Arnold Sommerfeld defined the condition of radiation for a scalar field satisfying the Helmholtz equation as
"the sources must be sources, not sinks of energy. The energy which is radiated from the sources must scatter to infinity; no energy may be radiated from infinity into ... the field."
Mathematically, consider the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation
where is the dimension of the space, is a given function with compact support representing a bounded source of energy, and is a constant, called the wavenumber. A solution to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC-RAS
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HEC-RAS is simulation software used in computational fluid dynamics – specifically, to model the hydraulics of water flow through natural rivers and other channels. Prior to the 2016 update to Version 5.0, the program was one-dimensional, meaning that there is no direct modeling of the hydraulic effect of cross section shape changes, bends, and other two- and three-dimensional aspects of flow. The release of Version 5.0 introduced two-dimensional modeling of flow as well as sediment transfer modeling capabilities. The program was developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in order to manage the rivers, harbors, and other public works under their jurisdiction; it has found wide acceptance by many others since its public release in 1995.
The Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) in Davis, California, developed the River Analysis System (RAS) to aid hydraulic engineers in channel flow analysis and floodplain determination. It includes numerous data entry capabilities, hydraulic analysis components, data storage and management capabilities, and graphing and reporting capabilities.
Functionality
The basic computational procedure of HEC-RAS for steady flow is based on the solution of the one-dimensional energy equation. Energy losses are evaluated by friction and contraction / expansion. The momentum equation may be used in situations where the water surface profile is rapidly varied. These situations include hydraulic jumps, hydraulics of bridges, and evaluating pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraph
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Epigraph may refer to:
An inscription, as studied in the archeological sub-discipline of epigraphy
Epigraph (literature), a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a document or component
Epigraph (mathematics), the set of points lying on or above the graph of a function
Epigraphs (album), an album by Ketil Bjørnstad and David Darling
See also
Epigram (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindran%20Kannan
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Ravindran Kannan (; born 12 March 1953, Madras) is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research India, where he leads the algorithms research group. He is also the first adjunct faculty of Computer Science and Automation Department of Indian Institute of Science.
Before joining Microsoft, he was the William K. Lanman Jr. Professor of Computer Science and Professor of Applied Mathematics at Yale University. He has also taught at MIT, CMU and IISc. The ACM Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) presented its 2011 Knuth Prize to Ravi Kannan for developing influential algorithmic techniques aimed at solving long-standing computational problems. He also served on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2012 and 2013.
Ravi Kannan did his B.Tech at IIT, Bombay. He received his PhD in 1980 at Cornell University under Leslie Earl Trotter, Jr. His research interests include Algorithms, Theoretical Computer Science and Discrete Mathematics as well as Optimization. His work has mainly focused on efficient algorithms for problems of a mathematical (often geometric) flavor that arise in Computer Science. He has worked on algorithms for integer programming and the geometry of numbers, random walks in n-space, randomized algorithms for linear algebra and learning algorithms for convex sets.
Key contributions
Among his many contributions, two are
Polynomial-time algorithm for approximating the volume of convex bodies
Algorithmic version for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Towers
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George Hugh Neil Towers FRSC (28 September 1923 – 15 November 2004) was Emeritus Professor of Botany at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
He was awarded the Flavelle Medal in 1986 and was cited extensively for his work in medicinal phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants.
He was born in Bombay, India and was the eldest son of Lieutenant-Colonel George William Towers D.S.O., O.B.E. (Royal Engineers).
His scientific curiosity was aroused by the vast array of insect, plant and reptile life in the tropical climate of Burma where his mother Kathleen Mary Thompson had been born. His mother's family had lived continuously in Burma since the late 18th century.
During World War II he served with distinction in the Royal Navy aboard Corvettes reaching the rank of Lieutenant.
After obtaining his PhD at Cornell University in 1954, he worked at McGill University and the National Research Council of Canada before being recruited to the University of British Columbia as Head of the Botany Department.
References
Professor George Hugh Neil Towers, Ph.D., F.R.S.C. Botanical Electronic News, 337. Accessed online: 20 February 2010.
Science.ca profile. Accessed online: 20 February 2010.
1923 births
2004 deaths
Scientists from Mumbai
20th-century Canadian botanists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
British people in colonial India
British expatriates in the United States
Brit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bei%20Shizhang
|
Bei Shizhang (; October 10, 1903 – October 29, 2009), or Shi-Zhang Bei, was a Chinese biophysicist, embryologist, politician, and writer. He was an academician at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
He was born in Zhenhai, Zhejiang province, on October 10, 1903.He found the department of biology, Zhejiang University in 1929, and work there for 20 years. He was the oldest member of both the Academia Sinica and the Chinese Academy of Sciences at the time of his death. He was the founder, the first chief director and honorary director of the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
He was a pioneer of Chinese cytology, embryology and the founder of Chinese biophysics. He was considered the "Father of Chinese Biophysics". The asteroid 31065 Beishizhang was named in his honour on the occasion of his 100th birthday. He obtained his doctorate from University of Tübingen in 1928.
Death
Bei Shizhang died in his home in Beijing on October 29, 2009, aged 106.
References
1903 births
2009 deaths
Biologists from Zhejiang
Cell biologists
Chinese biophysicists
Chinese centenarians
Embryologists
Delegates to the 1st National People's Congress
Delegates to the 2nd National People's Congress
Delegates to the 3rd National People's Congress
Delegates to the 4th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 5th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 6th National People's Congress
Educators from Ningbo
Members of Academia Sinica
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Men cente
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Schmidt
|
Brian Paul Schmidt (born 24 February 1967) is the Vice-Chancellor of the Australian National University (ANU). He was previously a Distinguished Professor, Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow and astrophysicist at the University's Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He is known for his research in using supernovae as cosmological probes. He currently holds an Australian Research Council Federation Fellowship and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2012. Schmidt shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, making him the only Montana-born Nobel laureate.
Early life and education
Schmidt, an only child, was born in Missoula, Montana, where his father Dana C. Schmidt was a fisheries biologist. When he was 13, his family relocated to Anchorage, Alaska.
Schmidt attended Bartlett High School in Anchorage, Alaska, and graduated in 1985. He has said that he wanted to be a meteorologist "since I was about five-years-old [but] ... I did some work at the USA National Weather Service up in Anchorage and didn't enjoy it very much. It was less scientific, not as exciting as I thought it would be—there was a lot of routine. But I guess I was just a little naive about what being a meteorologist meant." His decision to study astronomy, which he had seen as "a minor pastime", was ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFARI-1
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SAFARI-1 is a 20 MW light water-cooled, beryllium reflected, pool-type research reactor, initially used for high level nuclear physics research programmes and was commissioned in 1965.
The reactor is owned and operated by South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) at their facility in Pelindaba, South Africa.
The reactor is a tank in pool type reactor and is designed to run on enriched uranium. Currently the fuel in use is the remains of the decommissioned South African nuclear weapons.
History
The reactor was built in cooperation with the Atoms for Peace program run by the US Dept Of Energy in the 1950s and '60s.
Planning started in 1960 and construction occurred between 1961 and 1965. In March 1965 the reactor was commissioned and initially operated at 6.75 MW, a limitation imposed by the capacity of the secondary cooling circuit. Output was increased to 20 MW in 1968 after the secondary cooling circuit was upgraded.
Initially the reactor was fueled with High Enriched uranium (HEU) supplied by the United States, but in 1975 exports of HEU from the USA to South Africa was suspended in protest of South Africa's nuclear weapons program and the construction of the Valindaba Y-plant. In order to conserve the available fuel supply, reactor output was reduced to 5 MW and operating hours were dramatically reduced
In 1979 the Valindaba Y-plant started producing 45% HEU and in 1981 the first fuel assemblies from Valindaba were made available to fuel SAFARI-1. Operating
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20scientific%20priority%20disputes
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This is a list of priority disputes in science and science-related fields (such as mathematics).
Mathematics
Rule for solving cubic equations: Niccolò Tartaglia, Gerolamo Cardano
Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy: Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz
Physics
Mechanical equivalent of heat: James Prescott Joule, Julius von Mayer
Radio waves: James Clerk Maxwell, Oliver Lodge, Heinrich Hertz, David Edward Hughes
Special relativity priority dispute: Albert Einstein, Henri Poincaré, Hendrik Lorentz
General relativity priority dispute: Albert Einstein, David Hilbert
Chandrasekhar limit: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Edmund Clifton Stoner, Wilhelm Anderson
Eightfold Way: Murray Gell-Mann, Yuval Ne'eman
Accelerating expansion of the universe: High-Z Supernova Search Team, Supernova Cosmology Project.
Astronomy
Controversy over the discovery of Haumea: José Luis Ortiz Moreno et al., Michael E. Brown et al.
Sunspots: Galileo, Christoph Scheiner
Geoheliocentric system: Tycho Brahe, Nicolaus Raimarus Ursus
Galilean moons: Galileo, Simon Marius
Prediction of Neptune: Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams
Chemistry
Oxygen: Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Periodic table: Dmitri Mendeleev, Lothar Meyer
Biology and medicine
Evolution: Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, Patrick Matthew
Opiate receptor: Candace Pert, Solomon H. Snyder
DNA structure: Francis Crick, James D. Watson, Rosalind Franklin, Erwin Chargaff, Oswald Avery
Lymphatic system: Olo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necklace%20%28disambiguation%29
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A necklace is an article of jewelry worn around the neck.
Necklace may also refer to:
Necklace (combinatorics) or fixed necklace, a concept in combinatorial mathematics
"The Necklace", a short story by Guy de Maupassant
"The Necklace (Dynasty)", a 1981 episode of the TV series Dynasty
Necklace (horse)
See also
Necklace of Harmonia, a fabled object in Greek mythology
Necklace splitting problem, another application in combinatorics
The Affair of the Necklace (disambiguation)
Antoine's necklace, in topology
Necklacing, a form of execution
Necklace Nebula, nebula located in the constellation Sagitta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lya%20Prize
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Pólya Prize may refer to:
George Pólya Prize, awarded by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM)
Pólya Prize (LMS), awarded by the London Mathematical Society
See also
George Pólya Award, awarded by the Mathematical Association of America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20P%C3%B3lya%20Prize
|
The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) has three prizes named after George Pólya: the George Pólya Prize for Mathematical Exposition, established in 2013; the George Pólya Prize in Applied Combinatorics, established in 1969, and first awarded in 1971; and the George Pólya Prize in Mathematics, established in 1992, to complement the exposition and applied combinatorics prizes.
Frank Harary and William T. Tutte donated money to establish the original 1969 prize in combinatorics. Currently, funding for the three SIAM prizes is provided by the estate of Stella Pólya, the wife of George Pólya.
Combinatorics Winners
1971 Ronald L. Graham, Klaus Leeb, B. L. Rothschild, A. W. Hales, and R. I. Jewett
1975 Richard P. Stanley, Endre Szemerédi, and Richard M. Wilson
1979 László Lovász
1983 Anders Björner and Paul Seymour
1987 Andrew Yao
1992 Gil Kalai and Saharon Shelah
1994 Gregory Chudnovsky and Harry Kesten
1996 Jeff Kahn and David Reimer
1998 Percy Deift, Xin Zhou, and Peter Sarnak
2000 Noga Alon
2002 Craig Tracy and Harold Widom
2004 Neil Robertson and Paul Seymour
2006 Gregory F. Lawler, Oded Schramm, Wendelin Werner
2008 Van H. Vu
2010 Emmanuel Candès and Terence Tao
2012 Vojtěch Rödl and Mathias Schacht
2014 Adam Marcus, Daniel Spielman and Nikhil Srivastava
2016 Jozsef Balogh, Robert Morris, and Wojciech Samotij, David Saxton and Andrew Thomason
2018 No Award Given
2021 Assefaw Gebremedhin, Fredrik Manne, Alex Pothen
2022 Antti Kupiain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia%20Alexander
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Claudia Joan Alexander (May 30, 1959 – July 11, 2015) was a Canadian-born American research scientist specializing in geophysics and planetary science. She worked for the United States Geological Survey and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. She was the last project manager of NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter and until the time of her death had served as project manager and scientist of NASA's role in the European-led Rosetta mission to study Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
Early life
Alexander was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Her mother was Gaynelle Justena Williams Alexander (1929-2017), a corporate librarian for Intel; her father was Harold Alfred Alexander (1917-2010), a social worker. Alexander's siblings are Suzanne and David. Alexander was raised by her mother in Santa Clara, California.
Alexander wanted to be a journalist but her parents—who were paying for her education—wanted her to become an engineer. After a summer job at the Ames Research Center, she became interested in planetary science. Although she had been hired to work in the engineering section, she would sneak off to the science section where she found that not only was she good at the work, but that it was easier and more enjoyable to her than she had expected.
Education
In 1983, Alexander received a Bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley in geophysics, which she thought would be a good background for a planetary scientist. Alexander earned her Master's from the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Berry%20%28statistician%29
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Donald Arthur Berry (born May 26, 1940) is an American statistician and a practitioner and proponent of Bayesian statistics in medical science. He was the chairman of the Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1999-2010, where he played a role in the use of Bayesian methods to develop innovative, adaptive clinical trials. He is best known for the development of statistical theory relating to the design of clinical trials. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and the Institute of Mathematical Sciences. He founded Berry Consultants, a statistical consulting group, with Scott Berry in 2000.
Biography
Berry was born in Southbridge, Massachusetts, in 1940, and obtained an A.B. in mathematics from Dartmouth College, before moving to Yale University where he received an M.A. and Ph.D. in statistics. Berry initially "flunked out" of his undergraduate education at Dartmouth and joined the army, being stationed in Panama, but at the request of his Dean he returned to Dartmouth to complete his undergraduate education in mathematics.
References
External links
1940 births
Living people
American statisticians
Bayesian statisticians
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Duke University faculty
University of Texas faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Dartmouth College alumni
People from Southbridge, Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20P%20Moore
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Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc. (d/b/a Walter P Moore) is an international company providing structural engineering, diagnostics, civil engineering, traffic engineering, parking consulting, transportation engineering, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) engineering, and water resources engineering services. Headquartered in Houston, Texas, the firm employs more than 850 professionals and operates 24 U.S. and seven international offices.
History
In 1931, just as America's Great Depression entered its worst years, Walter P. Moore, Sr. started his own company by selling a Stutz Bearcat he had received in lieu of employment wages. The firm's earliest projects consisted of designing foundations for residential estates at $5 each, but they would later go on to engineer the world's first domed stadium (the Astrodome) and become pioneers in moveable structures, particularly retractable roof sports stadia. They also designed the first (and only, as of 2015) retractable playing field (also called a moving pitch) in North America.
While the company originated as a family-owned structural engineering firm, they have since expanded their services to include comprehensive infrastructure engineering (civil, traffic, transportation, ITS, and water resources engineering) and transitioned leadership into an employee-owned company governed by a board of directors and Chief Executive Officer (Dilip Choudhuri, 2015–present; Raymond Messer 1992–2014).
Notable projects
Empower Field
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPP
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HPP may refer to:
Medicine
Allopurinol, a medication
Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis, a blood disorder
HPP epoxidase, an enzyme
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, a muscle disease
Hypophosphatasia, a bone disease
Hypoxia preconditioned plasma
Other uses
Hardy-Pomeau-Pazzis model, in computational fluid dynamics
Harrington Park Press, an American publisher
Harris Performance Products, a British motorcycle racing/parts manufacturer
Hawaiian Paradise Park, a community on the island of Hawaii
Head Phones President, a Japanese metal band
Health Partners Plans, a health insurance network
High Performance Programme, in cricket
High pressure processing of food
Holme Pierrepont National Watersports Centre, in England
Human Proteome Project
Hydroelectric power plant
Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant, in Egypt
C++ Header file
Headturn Preference Procedure, in statistical language acquisition
Honda Power Port, a type of two-stroke power valve system
Handan East railway station, China Railway telegraph code HPP
Hosted Payment Page (also known as Hosted Checkout), used in ecommerce for secure checkouts.
HTTP parameter pollution
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Energy%20Research%20Scientific%20Computing%20Center
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The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), is a high-performance computing (supercomputer) National User Facility operated by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for the United States Department of Energy Office of Science. As the mission computing center for the Office of Science, NERSC houses high performance computing and data systems used by 9,000 scientists at national laboratories and universities around the country. Research at NERSC is focused on fundamental and applied research in energy efficiency, storage, and generation; Earth systems science, and understanding of fundamental forces of nature and the universe. The largest research areas are in High Energy Physics, Materials Science, Chemical Sciences, Climate and Environmental Sciences, Nuclear Physics, and Fusion Energy research. NERSC's newest and largest supercomputer is Perlmutter, which debuted in 2021 ranked 5th on the TOP500 list of world's fastest supercomputers.
History
NERSC was founded in 1974 as the Controlled Thermonuclear Research Computer Center, or CTRCC, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The center was created to provide computing resources to the fusion energy research community, and began with a Control Data Corporation 6600 computer (SN-1). The first machine procured directly by the center was a CDC 7600, installed in 1975 with a peak performance of 36 megaflop/s (36 million floating point operations per second). In 1976, the center was renamed the Nat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch%20negativity
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The mismatch negativity (MMN) or mismatch field (MMF) is a component of the event-related potential (ERP) to an odd stimulus in a sequence of stimuli. It arises from electrical activity in the brain and is studied within the field of cognitive neuroscience and psychology. It can occur in any sensory system, but has most frequently been studied for hearing and for vision, in which case it is abbreviated to vMMN. The (v)MMN occurs after an infrequent change in a repetitive sequence of stimuli (sometimes the entire sequence is called an oddball sequence.) For example, a rare deviant (d) stimulus can be interspersed among a series of frequent standard (s) stimuli (e.g., s s s s s s s s s d s s s s s s d s s s d s s s s...). In hearing, a deviant sound can differ from the standards in one or more perceptual features such as pitch, duration, loudness, or location. The MMN can be elicited regardless of whether someone is paying attention to the sequence. During auditory sequences, a person can be reading or watching a silent subtitled movie, yet still show a clear MMN. In the case of visual stimuli, the MMN occurs after an infrequent change in a repetitive sequence of images.
MMN refers to the mismatch response in electroencephalography (EEG); MMF or MMNM refer to the mismatch response in magnetoencephalography (MEG).
History
The auditory MMN was discovered in 1978 by Risto Näätänen, A. W. K. Gaillard, and S. Mäntysalo at the Institute for Perception, TNO in The Netherlands.
The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouyang%20Ziyuan
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Ouyang Ziyuan (, born 9 October 1935) is a Chinese cosmochemist, geochemist and space advocate. He is a research professor at the Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Asteroid 8919 Ouyangziyuan, discovered in 1996, was named in his honor.
Career
Ouyang was born in 1935 in Ji'an, Jiangxi. He obtained a degree in geology at the Beijing College of Geology and a doctorate in mineral deposits and geochemistry at the Beijing Institute of Geology. Thereafter, Ouyang spent many years conducting studies in deep mines. He later studied nuclear physics and worked in a particle accelerator laboratory. He later put forward a hypothesis of the formation of iron meteorites, an evolutionary model of the formation of the meteorites which fell at Jilin in 1976, and a theory of multi-stage cosmic ray radiation history. His works include Celestial Chemistry, and he has published more than 160 scientific treatises. He was elected a Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1991.
Space advocacy
As an expert in geological research on underground nuclear tests and extraterrestrial materials, Ouyang was among the first to advocate not only the exploitation of lunar reserves of metals such as iron, but also the mining of lunar helium-3, an ideal fuel for nuclear fusion power plants. Ouyang is now the chief scientist of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP), also known as the Chang'e program. He is the most prominent supporter of the Chinese crewed lunar explorati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microporous%20material
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A microporous material is a material containing pores with diameters less than 2 nm. Examples of microporous materials include zeolites and metal-organic frameworks.
Porous materials are classified into several kinds by their size. The recommendations of a panel convened by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are:
Microporous materials have pore diameters of less than 2 nm.
Mesoporous materials have pore diameters between 2 nm and 50 nm.
Macroporous materials have pore diameters of greater than 50 nm.
Micropores may be defined differently in other contexts. For example, in the context of porous aggregations such as soil, micropores are defined as cavities with sizes less than 30 μm.
Uses in laboratories
Microporous materials are often used in laboratory environments to facilitate contaminant-free exchange of gases. Mold spores, bacteria, and other airborne contaminants will become trapped, while gases are allowed to pass through the material. This allows for a sterile environment within the contained area.
Other uses
Microporous media are used in large format printing applications, normally with a pigment based ink, to maintain colour balance and life expectancy of the resultant printed image.
Microporous materials are also used as high performance insulation in applications ranging from homes to metal furnaces requiring material that can withstand more than 1000 Celsius.
See also
Characterisation of pore space in soil
Nanoporous materials
Co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodart
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Brodart Company is an international products and services company that serves libraries. Brodart is made up of three divisions: Books & Automation, Contract Library Furniture, and Supplies & Furnishings.
History
Brodart was established as Library Service in 1939, when Columbia University Electrical Engineering student Arthur Brody, the son of pharmacy owners and owners of the Bro-Delle Book Shoppe in Newark, New Jersey, invented the plastic book jacket. Brody washed the emulsion off some film and folded it around his books for added protection. The covers are used to protect the original paper jackets of books.
In 1946, the company's name was changed to Bro-Dart (later revised to Brodart).
The company grew, and in 1959 Brodart began manufacturing furniture. Brodart’s furniture is sold to schools, universities, and libraries internationally.
In the 1950s Brodart expanded into book distribution. Many books are offered to libraries already cataloged.
Starting in about 1980, Bro-Dart expanded into the area of stationery stores (now commonly called office-supply stores) and book stores. It acquired the California stores of the Oregon-based J. K. Gill Company in the first half of 1980, and in September 1980 acquired the entire J. K. Gill company, which had 36 stores and about 500 employees in four western states. In 1982, Bro-Dart Industries (BDI Investment, Inc.) acquired Burrows, an Ohio chain of book- and office-supply stores, which was based in Cleveland and had 45 st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anka%20%C4%90oki%C4%87
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Dušanka Đokić-Ristanović (born November 22, 1938) is a former professor of theoretical physics at the Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade.
Biography
Đokić performed research on theoretical physics, in particular involving canonical transformations in degenerate systems, and received her PhD degree in theoretical physics from the University of Belgrade in January 1976 with a thesis entitled "The Generalization of Dirac's Degenerate Systems Theory in Classic Field Theory". She published more than 20 articles in international journals and participated in many scientific conferences. During nearly four decades Đokić taught Theoretical mechanics and Classical physics to numerous generations of students. In 1973 she was awarded a special certificate of thanks by her students.
In 1960 Đokić co-initiated the annual statewide high school competition in physics and was the member of the competition jury for nearly two decades. In 1978 she initiated similar competition for primary school students. Later she co-authored a book, a collection of solved physics problems.
In the 1970s and 1980s she published numerous scientific articles on biophysics, mathematical modeling of biological processes, neurophysiology and biostatistics together with her husband Dušan Ristanović, professor of biophysics at the University of Belgrade, including work on dipole models for the visual cortex.
In September 1980 Đokić become a part-time professor at the Pedagogical Academy in Belgrade, and was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched%20DNA%20assay
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In biology, a branched DNA assay is a signal amplification assay (as opposed to a target amplification assay) that is used to detect nucleic acid molecules.
Method
A branched DNA assay begins with a dish or some other solid support (e.g., a plastic dipstick). The dish is peppered with small, single stranded DNA molecules (or chains) that stick out into the solution. These are known as capture probe DNA molecules. Next, an extender DNA molecule is added. Each extender has two domains; one that hybridizes to the capture DNA molecule and one that sticks out above the surface. The purpose of the extender is two-fold. First, it creates more available surface area for target DNA molecules to bind, and second, it allows the assay to be easily adapted to detect a variety of target DNA molecules.
Once the capture and extender molecules are in place and they have hybridized, the sample can be added. Target molecules in the sample will bind to the extender molecule. This results in a base peppered with capture probes, which are hybridized to extender probes, which in turn are hybridized to target molecules.
At this point, signal amplification takes place. A label extender DNA molecule is added that has two domains (similar to the first extender). The label extender hybridizes to the target and to a pre-amplified molecule. The preamplifier molecule has two domains. First, it binds to the label extender and second, it binds to the amplifier molecule. An example amplifier molecule is an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis%20%28operating%20system%29
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Nemesis was an operating system that was designed by the University of Cambridge, the University of Glasgow, the Swedish Institute of Computer Science and Citrix Systems.
Nemesis was conceived with multimedia uses in mind. It was designed with a small lightweight kernel, using shared libraries to perform functions that most operating systems perform in the kernel. This reduces the processing that is performed in the kernel on behalf of application processes, transferring the activity to the processes themselves and facilitating accounting for resource usage.
The ISAs that Nemesis supports include x86 (Intel i486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II), Alpha and ARM (StrongARM SA–110). Nemesis also runs on evaluation boards (21064 and 21164).
See also
Exokernel
Xen
Kernel-wide design approaches
References
External links
Nemesis At Cambridge
Free software operating systems
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Citrix Systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroclinic%20network
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In mathematics, a heteroclinic network is an invariant set in the phase space of a dynamical system. It can be thought of loosely as the union of more than one heteroclinic cycle. Heteroclinic networks arise naturally in a number of different types of applications, including fluid dynamics and populations dynamics.
The dynamics of trajectories near to heteroclinic networks is intermittent: trajectories spend a long time performing one type of behaviour (often, close to equilibrium), before switching rapidly to another type of behaviour. This type of intermittent switching behaviour has led to several different groups of researchers using them as a way to model and understand various type of neural dynamics.
References
Dynamical systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20H.%20Smith%20%28mathematician%29
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John Howard Smith is an American mathematician and retired professor of mathematics at Boston College. He received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963, under the supervision of Kenkichi Iwasawa.
In voting theory, he is known for the Smith set, the smallest nonempty set of candidates such that, in every pairwise matchup (two-candidate election/runoff) between a member and a non-member, the member is the winner by majority rule, and for the Smith criterion, a property of certain election systems in which the winner is guaranteed to belong to the Smith set. He has also made contributions to spectral graph theory and additive number theory.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Voting theorists
Graph theorists
Number theorists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Boston College faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMSF
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In biochemistry, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) is a serine protease inhibitor (serine hydrolase inactivator) commonly used in the preparation of cell lysates. PMSF does not inactivate all serine proteases. The effective concentration of PMSF is between 0.1 - 1 mM. The half-life is short in aqueous solutions (110 min at pH 7, 55 min at pH 7.5, and 35 min at pH 8, all at 25 °C). At 4˚C, pH 8, PMSF is almost completely degraded after 1 day. Stock solutions are usually made up in anhydrous ethanol, isopropanol, or corn oil and diluted immediately before use.
PMSF reacts specifically with the active site serine residue in serine hydrolases. It does not bind to any other serine residues in the protein. This is a result of the hyperactivity of that serine residue caused by the specific environmental conditions in the enzyme's active site (catalytic triad). Because PMSF bonds covalently to the enzyme, the complex can be viewed by X-ray crystallography; it can therefore be used as a chemical label to identify an essential active site serine in an enzyme.
Enzyme(active)Ser-O-H + F-SO2CH2C6H5 → EnzymeSer-O-SO2CH2C6H5 + HF
Serine protease + PMSF → Irreversible enzyme-PMS complex + HF
The median lethal dose between 150–215 mg/kg (acetylcholine esterase inactivator). PMSF should be handled only inside a fume hood and while wearing gloves. DMSO is sometimes recommended as solvent for stock solutions, but should not be used as it makes intact skin permeable for PMSF.
Stability
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%20Department%20of%20Physics
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The MIT Department of Physics has over 120 faculty members, is often cited as the largest physics department in the United States, and hosts top-ranked programs. It offers the SB, SM, PhD, and ScD degrees. Fourteen alumni of the department and nine current or former faculty members (two of whom were also students at MIT) have won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Academics
Undergraduate academics
There are two paths to earning a bachelor's degree (SB) in physics from MIT. The first, "Course 8 Focused Option", is for students intending to continue studying physics in graduate school. The track offers a rigorous education in various fields in fundamental physics including classical and quantum mechanics, statistical physics, general relativity, electrodynamics, and higher mathematics.
The second, "Course 8 Flexible Option" is designed for those students who would like to develop a strong background in physics but who would like to branch off into other research directions or more unconventional career paths, such as information theory, computer science, finance, and biophysics. A significant part of the student's third and fourth undergraduate years are left open for relevant electives and graduate classes, which then form a specialization. Both tracks have a strong emphasis on laboratory instruction, with the third year often reserved for two "Junior Lab" courses. Most students partaking in undergraduate research or a research-oriented internship.
Graduate academics
The departm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiara%20Nappi
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Chiara Rosanna Nappi (born 21 February 1951) is an Italian physicist. Her research areas have included mathematical physics, particle physics, and string theory.
Academic career
Nappi obtained the Diploma della Scuola di Perfezionamento in physics from the University of Naples in 1976. Her advisor was Giovanni Jona-Lasinio of the University of Rome. She moved to the United States to carry out academic research, first at Harvard University, and later at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study. She has since been a professor of physics at the University of Southern California (1999–2001) and Princeton University (2001–present). In May 2013, Nappi obtained emerita status in Princeton.
Research
Chiara Nappi's early work focused on rigorous statistical mechanics. Her work with R. Figari and R. Hoegh-Krohn resulted in one of the first proposals of a thermal interpretation of quantum field theory in de Sitter space. In the 1980s, with G. Adkins and E. Witten, she investigated the static properties of baryons in the Skyrme model, and with A. Abouelsaood, C. G. Callan, and S. A. Yost, she worked on the behavior of open strings in background electromagnetic fields. She has also contributed to the analysis of black hole solutions and noncommutativity in string theory and integrability in string theories and gauge theories. Nappi has also written a number of articles on education and women in science.
Personal life
Nappi is married to Edward Witten, a mathematical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%20quantization
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In quantum mechanics, Landau quantization refers to the quantization of the cyclotron orbits of charged particles in a uniform magnetic field. As a result, the charged particles can only occupy orbits with discrete, equidistant energy values, called Landau levels. These levels are degenerate, with the number of electrons per level directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. It is named after the Soviet physicist Lev Landau.
Landau quantization is directly responsible for the electronic susceptibility of metals, known as Landau diamagnetism. Under strong magnetic fields, Landau quantization leads to oscillations in electronic properties of materials as a function of the applied magnetic field known as the De Haas–Van Alphen and Shubnikov–de Haas effects.
Landau quantization is a key ingredient to explain the integer quantum Hall effect.
Derivation
Consider a system of non-interacting particles with charge and spin confined to an area in the plane. Apply a uniform magnetic field along the -axis. In SI units, the Hamiltonian of this system (here, the effects of spin are neglected) is
Here, is the canonical momentum operator and is the operator for the electromagnetic vector potential (in position space ).
The vector potential is related to the magnetic field by
There is some gauge freedom in the choice of vector potential for a given magnetic field. The Hamiltonian is gauge invariant, which means that adding the gradient of a scalar fi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20French
|
Anthony Philip French (November 19, 1920 – February 3, 2017) was a British physicist. At the time of his death he was professor emeritus of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Biography
French was born November 19, 1920 in Brighton, England. French won a scholarship to study at Sydney Sussex College at Cambridge University, receiving his B.A. in physics in 1942.
In 1942, he was recruited by Egon Bretscher to the British effort to build an atomic bomb (codenamed Tube Alloys) at the Cavendish Laboratory. By 1944, Tube Alloys had been merged with the American Manhattan Project and French was sent to Los Alamos.
In 1945 he married Los Alamos mathematician Naomi Livesay.
When the war ended, French returned to Cambridge University and the Cavendish Laboratory where he joined the faculty at Pembroke College, becoming a fellow and director of studies in natural sciences. He was awarded a Ph.D. in 1948 based some of his declassified work from Los Alamos. French also briefly worked at the newly formed Atomic Energy Research Establishment in Harwell, Oxfordshire.
In 1955, French relocated to the University of South Carolina and was soon appointed chair of the physics department. At this time he wrote the textbook Principles of Modern Physics. He left South Carolina in 1962 to take a faculty position in the MIT Physics Department, where he remained for the rest of his career. French's main interest was undergraduate physics education. He was chairman of the Commis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT%20Pro%20Series
|
GT Pro Series is a racing video game developed by MTO and published by Ubisoft as a launch title for Wii. It includes over 80 licensed Japanese cars, next-gen physics and many gameplay modes, including Championship, Quick Race, Time Attack, Versus (4 players), Drift, and Replay. The game uses a cel-shaded style. Critics found the graphics underwhelming.
Gameplay
GT Pro Series features eighty Japanese cars from various companies, including Honda, Subaru, Toyota, and Nissan. The tracks are in the same vein as those found in the Gran Turismo series of games, but are of a less overall graphical quality.
The game features cel-shaded cars driving in more realistic settings.
Wii Steering Wheel
As with Monster 4x4: World Circuit, a steering wheel shell for the Wii Remote is bundled with the game. The peripheral steering wheel is created by Thrustmaster. Other games, such as Mario Kart Wii, which are controlled by turning (but not tilting) the Wii Remote can be used with this peripheral as well.
Development
GT Pro Series was first purchased by Ubisoft on August 3, 2006. By September, GameSpot was able to get a glimpse of the game through a small video demo, reporting that though the cars looked cartoonish, they still had a certain realistic flair to them. A few weeks later, GameSpot looked at the game again, and walked away "impressed with the controls." IGN also looked in-depth at the game, commenting on the high quality of the control schemes. Both sites later gave poor marks to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/359%20%28number%29
|
359 (three hundred [and] fifty-nine) is the natural number following 358 and preceding 360. 359 is the 72nd prime number.
In mathematics
359 is a Sophie Germain prime: (also a Sophie Germain prime).
It is also a safe prime, because subtracting 1 and halving it gives another prime number (179, itself also safe).
Since the reversal of its digits gives 953, which is prime, it is also an emirp.
359 is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and a Chen prime.
It is a strictly non-palindromic number.
In other fields
According to the author Douglas Adams, 359 is the funniest three-digit number.
Integers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20cognition
|
Numerical cognition is a subdiscipline of cognitive science that studies the cognitive, developmental and neural bases of numbers and mathematics. As with many cognitive science endeavors, this is a highly interdisciplinary topic, and includes researchers in cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, neuroscience and cognitive linguistics. This discipline, although it may interact with questions in the philosophy of mathematics, is primarily concerned with empirical questions.
Topics included in the domain of numerical cognition include:
How do non-human animals process numerosity?
How do infants acquire an understanding of numbers (and how much is inborn)?
How do humans associate linguistic symbols with numerical quantities?
How do these capacities underlie our ability to perform complex calculations?
What are the neural bases of these abilities, both in humans and in non-humans?
What metaphorical capacities and processes allow us to extend our numerical understanding into complex domains such as the concept of infinity, the infinitesimal or the concept of the limit in calculus?
Heuristics in numerical cognition
Comparative studies
A variety of research has demonstrated that non-human animals, including rats, lions and various species of primates have an approximate sense of number (referred to as "numerosity"). For example, when a rat is trained to press a bar 8 or 16 times to receive a food reward, the number of bar presses will approximate a Gaussian or Normal di
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterial
|
A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose, either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one. The corresponding field of study, called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering, is about fifty years old. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.
Note that a biomaterial is different from a biological material, such as bone, that is produced by a biological system. Additionally, care should be exercised in defining a biomaterial as biocompatible, since it is application-specific. A biomaterial that is biocompatible or suitable for one application may not be biocompatible in another.
Introduction
Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or synthesized in the laboratory using a variety of chemical approaches utilizing metallic components, polymers, ceramics or composite materials. They are often used and/or adapted for a medical application, and thus comprise the whole or part of a living structure or biomedical device which performs, augments, or replaces a natural function. Such functions may be relatively passive, like being used for a heart valve, or maybe bioactive with a more interactive functionality such a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto%20N%C3%A4%C3%A4t%C3%A4nen
|
Risto Kalervo Näätänen (14 June 1939 – 5 October 2023) was a Finnish psychological scientist, pioneer in the field of cognitive neuroscience, and known worldwide as one of the discoverers of the electrophysiological mismatch negativity. He was a much-cited social scientist and one of the few individuals appointed permanent Academy Professor of the Academy of Finland. He retired in 2007 and retained a title of Academy Professor emeritus of the Academy of Finland. He was a professor at the University of Tartu starting in 2007.
Biography
Education
Näätänen started to study psychology in the University of Helsinki in 1958, training in cognitive electrophysiology at the laboratory of Donald B. Lindsley at the University of California, Los Angeles (1965–1966). Under Lindsley's supervision, he defended his doctoral dissertation about brain mechanisms of selective attention at the University of Helsinki in 1967. As early as that he started to influence the scientific world: in his thesis he refuted a then well-known experimental design and no works have ever been published using that design again.
Career
In 1975, at an age of 36, having published 13 academic articles, he was appointed a Professor of General Psychology at the University of Helsinki. In practice, he was at that department until 1999, but officially on leave from 1983, being salaried as an Academy Professor of The Academy of Finland. He was founder of the Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU) at the University of H
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios%20Karakasis
|
Dimitrios Karakasis () was a Greek physician.
He was born in Siatista in 1734. He went to Halle, in Saxony, where he studied medicine, philosophy and mathematics. He took a Degree in medicine in 1760. He exercised his occupation as physician in Vienna, Larisa, Siatista, Kozani, Bucharest, and also taught in his birthplace, Siatista, in Macedonia.
See also
List of Macedonians (Greek)
External links
List of Great Macedonians (15th-19th century)
1734 births
Year of death unknown
People from Siatista
Greek Macedonians
18th-century Greek physicians
18th-century physicians from the Ottoman Empire
Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
18th-century Greek educators
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Tiedje
|
James Michael Tiedje (born 1942) is University Distinguished Professor and the director of the NSF Center for Microbial Ecology (CME) at Michigan State University, as well as a Professor of Crop and Soil Sciences and Microbiology. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 and served as president of the American Society for Microbiology from 2004-2005. The Center he directed developed novel methods for microbial community analysis that have greatly expanded knowledge about complex microbial communities in soil, sediments, engineered systems, the oceans and within animals. He also created experiments to detect life on Mars that were carried aboard the Viking Mars landers.
He received a B.S. degree (1964) from Iowa State University and earned his M.S. (1966) and Ph.D. 1968 degrees from Cornell University.
ASM Election
CME
References
Michigan State University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Iowa State University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Living people
Fellows of the Ecological Society of America
1942 births
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20traversal
|
In computer science, graph traversal (also known as graph search) refers to the process of visiting (checking and/or updating) each vertex in a graph. Such traversals are classified by the order in which the vertices are visited. Tree traversal is a special case of graph traversal.
Redundancy
Unlike tree traversal, graph traversal may require that some vertices be visited more than once, since it is not necessarily known before transitioning to a vertex that it has already been explored. As graphs become more dense, this redundancy becomes more prevalent, causing computation time to increase; as graphs become more sparse, the opposite holds true.
Thus, it is usually necessary to remember which vertices have already been explored by the algorithm, so that vertices are revisited as infrequently as possible (or in the worst case, to prevent the traversal from continuing indefinitely). This may be accomplished by associating each vertex of the graph with a "color" or "visitation" state during the traversal, which is then checked and updated as the algorithm visits each vertex. If the vertex has already been visited, it is ignored and the path is pursued no further; otherwise, the algorithm checks/updates the vertex and continues down its current path.
Several special cases of graphs imply the visitation of other vertices in their structure, and thus do not require that visitation be explicitly recorded during the traversal. An important example of this is a tree: during a trav
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20effect
|
Due to Einstein's prolific output, the term Einstein effect may refer to any one of a large number of possible effects in different fields of physics.
These may include:
Gravitational redshift
Gravitational lensing
and more specifically,
The Bose-Einstein effect
The Einstein-de Haas effect
See also
List of things named after Albert Einstein
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Demos
|
Peter T. Demos (July 18, 1918 – September 18, 2012) was a professor in the Department of Physics and the Laboratory for Nuclear Science at MIT. A native of Peterborough, Ontario, Demos attended Peterborough Collegiate and Vocational School and Queen's University, and received a Ph.D. in Physics from MIT in 1951. He was a founder and former director of the Bates Linear Accelerator at MIT and served as advisor on nuclear science to John F. Kennedy.
Work
References
1918 births
2012 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Canadian emigrants to the United States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20R.%20Canizares
|
Claude R. Canizares is an American physicist who stepped down June 30, 2015 from his post as Vice President of MIT. He remains the Bruno Rossi Professor of Physics at MIT and associate director for MIT of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory Center.
Academic career
Canizares earned his B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from Harvard University. He came to MIT as a postdoctoral fellow in 1971 and joined the physics faculty in 1974. In 1984, he was made a full professor.
From 1990 to 2002, Canizares was the director of MIT's Center for Space Research (now known as the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research). In 2002, he was appointed associate provost and vice president for research. He left the associate provostship and VPR positions to become VP in 2013.
Canizares is also the principal investigator for the Chandra X-ray Observatory's High Resolution Transmission Grating Spectrometer instrument.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1989 for "pioneering investigations in x-ray astrophysics, particularly in the analysis of astrophysical plasmas by high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy"
Selected publications
Canizares is the author or co-author of more than 170 scientific papers.
"Simulating the X-ray Forest"
T Fang, GL Bryan, and C.R. Canizares
ApJ 564, 604 (2002)
"The High Resolution X-ray Spectrum of SS 433 using the Chandra HETGS"
H.L Marshall, C.R. Canizares and N.S. Schulz
ApJ 564, 941-952 (2002)
"A High Resolution X-ray
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acene
|
In organic chemistry, the acenes or polyacenes are a class of organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons made up of benzene () rings which have been linearly fused. They follow the general molecular formula .
The larger representatives have potential interest in optoelectronic applications and are actively researched in chemistry and electrical engineering. Pentacene has been incorporated into organic field-effect transistors, reaching charge carrier mobilities as high as 5 cm2/Vs.
The first 5 unsubstituted members are listed in the following table:
Hexacene is not stable in air, and dimerises upon isolation. Heptacene (and larger acenes) is very reactive and has only been isolated in a matrix. However, bis(trialkylsilylethynylated) versions of heptacene have been isolated as crystalline solids.
Larger acenes
Due to their increased conjugation length the larger acenes are also studied. Theoretically, a number of reports are available on longer chains using density functional methods. They are also building blocks for nanotubes and graphene. Unsubstituted octacene (n=8) and nonacene (n=9) have been detected in matrix isolation. The first reports of stable nonacene derivatives claimed that due to the electronic effects of the thioaryl substituents the compound is not a diradical but a closed-shell compound with the lowest HOMO-LUMO gap reported for any acene, an observation in violation of Kasha's rule. Subsequent work by others on different derivatives inclu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic%20rational%20functions
|
In mathematics the elliptic rational functions are a sequence of rational functions with real coefficients. Elliptic rational functions are extensively used in the design of elliptic electronic filters. (These functions are sometimes called Chebyshev rational functions, not to be confused with certain other functions of the same name).
Rational elliptic functions are identified by a positive integer order n and include a parameter ξ ≥ 1 called the selectivity factor. A rational elliptic function of degree n in x with selectivity factor ξ is generally defined as:
where
cd(u,k) is the Jacobi elliptic cosine function.
K() is a complete elliptic integral of the first kind.
is the discrimination factor, equal to the minimum value of the magnitude of for .
For many cases, in particular for orders of the form n = 2a3b where a and b are integers, the elliptic rational functions can be expressed using algebraic functions alone. Elliptic rational functions are closely related to the Chebyshev polynomials: Just as the circular trigonometric functions are special cases of the Jacobi elliptic functions, so the Chebyshev polynomials are special cases of the elliptic rational functions.
Expression as a ratio of polynomials
For even orders, the elliptic rational functions may be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials, both of order n.
(for n even)
where are the zeroes and are the poles, and is a normalizing constant chosen such that . The above form would be true for
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Westbrook
|
Jeff Westbrook is a TV writer best known for his work on The Simpsons and Futurama, for which he is a three-time winner of the WGA Award.
Education and pre-TV
Prior to becoming a TV writer, Westbrook was a successful algorithms researcher. After majoring in physics and history of science at Harvard University, he studied computer science with Robert Tarjan at Princeton University, receiving his Ph.D. in 1989 with a thesis entitled Algorithms and Data Structures for Dynamic Graph Algorithms. He then took a faculty position at Yale University, later becoming a researcher for AT&T Laboratories before leaving research for Hollywood.
Erdős and Bacon numbers
Westbrook's Erdős number is three due to his research collaborations with Tarjan and others. His Bacon number is also three, due to his appearance as an extra in the movie Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, giving a combined Erdős–Bacon number of six.
Writing credits
Futurama episodes
"The Day the Earth Stood Stupid" (2001)
"The 30% Iron Chef" (2002)
"Teenage Mutant Leela's Hurdles" (2003)
The Simpsons episodes
"On a Clear Day I Can't See My Sister" (2005)
"The Wettest Stories Ever Told" (2006)
"Kill Gil, Volumes I & II" (2006) – Won 2007 WGA Award in the Animation category
"Apocalypse Cow" (2008) – Won 2008 WGA Award in the Animation category
"No Loan Again, Naturally" (2009)
"Pranks and Greens" (2009)
"The Ned-Liest Catch" (2011)
"The Man in the Blue Flannel Pants" (2011)
"Ned 'n Edna's Blend" (2012) – Wo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longsnout%20pipefish
|
The longsnout pipefish (Leptonotus norae) is a pipefish of the family Syngnathidae. It has only been recorded from midwater and bottom trawls at depths of . The habitat and biology of this species are almost unknown but juveniles have been recorded in the stomachs of blue penguins and Snares penguins.
Etymology
The fish is named per Waite in 1911: “I have associated with this pretty species the name of Miss Nora Niven,” for whom the trawler Nora Niven, from which the type specimen was collected, was named; Nora was the youngest daughter of James Just Niven (1856-1913) the owner of the Napier Fish Supply Company in Napier, New Zealand, from whom Waite “received many kindnesses while in Napier”.
See also
Long-snouted pipefish, Stigmatopora macropterygia A. H. A. Duméril.
Longsnout pipefish, Syngnathus temminckii Kaup, 1856.
References
longsnout pipefish
Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
Ovoviviparous fish
Taxa named by Edgar Ravenswood Waite
longsnout pipefish
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20B.%20Wake
|
David Burton Wake (June 8, 1936 – April 29, 2021) was an American herpetologist. He was professor of integrative biology and Director and curator of herpetology of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. Wake is known for his work on the biology and evolution of salamanders as well as general issues of vertebrate evolutionary biology. He has served as president of the Society for the Study of Evolution, the American Society of Naturalists, and American Society of Zoologists. He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Linnean Society of London, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and in 1998 was elected into the National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the 2006 Leidy Award from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Wake was born in Webster, South Dakota, and grew up in nearby Pierpont. His mother was a high school biology teacher. He cited as a strong influence his maternal grandfather, a Lutheran pastor and amateur naturalist who took David on botanical walks and introduced him to Latin terminology and evolutionary principles. When Wake was in high school his family moved to Washington state where he completed high school and enrolled in Pacific Lutheran College, declaring a history major and considering a career in law. He soon decided to become a biologist instead, graduating in 1958, and chose to pursue graduate school at the University of So
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Duncan
|
Wayne Duncan is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Jonathon Sammy-Lee. He made his first screen appearance as Wayne during the episode broadcast on 4 February 1993. Wayne becomes a chemistry teacher at Erinsborough High with an unorthodox approach. He is arrogant, intelligent and articulate – all traits that make him confident in arguments. A country man and strong believer in violence when protecting property – Wayne's attitude and gun possession polarized the way other characters viewed him. He has a destructive romance with Gaby Willis (Rachel Blakely). The pair enjoy sparring throughout their relationship but eventually realise they need to separate.
Wayne also has relationships with Beth Brennan (Natalie Imbruglia) and Lauren Carpenter (Sarah Vandenbergh). One notable storyline for Wayne saw him brutally assaulted by a bike gang, which subsequently saw the leader being found dead and Wayne fighting a murder charge. Sammy-Lee was annoyed when the storyline came to an abrupt end. He decided to leave the role after one year, as he feared that staying longer would type cast him as a soap opera actor. His final appearance aired on 4 March 1994, seeing Wayne return to live on the farm. Critics have noted that Wayne was popular for his attractive appearance and smug persona.
Casting
Sammy-Lee secured the role of Wayne following two years of training to be an actor. He viewed the role as a "brilliant way" to learn more about the professi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Avril
|
Philippe Avril (1654 – 1698 (presumed)) was a Jesuit explorer of the Far East. He was born at Angoulême, France on 16 September 1654.
Avril was a professor of philosophy and mathematics at Paris when he was dispatched to the Jesuit missions of China. Following the instructions of Ferdinand Verbiest, another Jesuit, then at Peking, he attempted an overland journey, and traveled for six years through Kurdistan, Armenia, Astrakhan, Persia, and other countries of eastern Asia.
Arriving at Moscow, Avril was refused permission to pass through Tatary, and was sent by the Government to Poland, whence he made his way to Istanbul and from there went back to France. Though exhausted by disease, he set out again on a vessel, which was lost at sea. Avril presumably died in a 1698 shipwreck.
Avril's journal and writings provide a significant amount of useful material for modern historians and demographers.
References
Sources
1654 births
French explorers
17th-century French Jesuits
1698 deaths
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Jesuit missionaries in China
French expatriates in China
Jesuit missionaries
Deaths due to shipwreck at sea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado%20Sim%C3%B3n
|
Diosdado Simón Villares (Torremenga, October 15, 1954-Cáceres, April 28, 2002) was a Spanish researcher, biologist, botanist, tree surgeon and environmental teacher.
He studied Biology in UCM, and investigated Extremaduran vegetation. He was the manager of Cáceres' parks and gardens and a member of ADENEX. This association paid him a tribute in 2003 when they gave his name to their price ADENEX- Diosdado Simón.
He died of lung cancer in 2002 when he was preparing the exhibition of orchids Por huevos (by eggs, Orchis means testis in Latin). He was married to the lawyer Dolores Neria and they had two children.
Cáceres City Council gave his name to a garden he designed, Jardín Diosdado Simón, which is located between the museums, Museo de Pedrilla and Museo de Guayasamín, which hosted his last exhibition Por huevos.
Bibliography
Cáceres verde : el paseo de Cánovas, Diosdado Simón Villares, Jose María Corrales Vázquez
Badajoz : Institución Cultural El Brocense, 2001.
Árboles Notables de Extremadura, Diosdado Simón Villares, ADENEX, 1999
1954 births
2002 deaths
People from the Province of Cáceres
Deaths from lung cancer in Spain
Spanish biologists
20th-century Spanish botanists
20th-century biologists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20Stratton%20High%20School
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Long Stratton High School is a secondary school located in the town of Long Stratton in the English county of Norfolk. It educates children from ages 11 to 16 and has around 650 pupils at any one time. The school has a specialism in teaching Mathematics and ICT.
Description
The school was last fully inspected in 2012, and the inspectors found a smaller than-average secondary school which meets the expectations for attainment and progress. The students were almost exclusively white British: the proportion of students from minority ethnic groups is low all speak English as a first language. The proportion supported at school action is above average but the proportion of disabled students is below average, as is the number with statements of special educational need. Students behave well. Exclusions are very low and attendance is on an upward trend and is above average.
Curriculum
Virtually all maintained schools and academies follow the National Curriculum, and are inspected by Ofsted on how well they succeed in delivering a 'broad and balanced curriculum'.
The school teaches Key Stage 3 over three years.
Key Stage 3
Years 7-9 "enjoy a wide breadth of subjects. They develop as artists, designers and performers, as linguists, geographers and historians, as scientists and as sportsmen and women."
Key Stage 4
In Key Stage 4 , years 10 and 11, students principally study a range of GCSE courses so they achieve the English Baccalaureate. In order to do this, they study the core
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20G.%20Woolston
|
Thomas G. Woolston is a patent attorney, and the patented inventor of several online auction business methods. He is also the founder of MercExchange.
Mr. Woolston served in the US Air Force, has an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from George Washington University and a law degree. He has also worked for the CIA.
In 1995 Woolston filed his first patent application on on-line auction technology. The patent was granted in December 1998. He then founded MercExchange to commercialize his technology. He has since had several other patents issue along with other coinventors.
eBay approached MercExchange to purchase the Woolston patents. Negotiations broke down when Woolston discovered that eBay was already infringing the patents. He sued eBay for patent infringement. The patents were found to be valid and willfully infringed. Damages to MercExchange by eBay's infringement were initially assessed at $35 million (later reduced to $25 million).
However, the case also resulted in the clarification of the rules regarding the application of permanent injunctions in patent infringement cases. As a result, it is now much more difficult for non-practicing entities to obtain permanent injunctions.
Woolston patents
Consignment nodes
Method and apparatus for using search agents to search plurality of markets for items
Facilitating internet commerce through internetworked auctions
Facilitating electronic commerce through two-tiered electronic markets and au
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Nabarro
|
Frank Reginald Nunes Nabarro MBE OMS FRS (7 March 1916 – 20 July 2006) was an English-born South African physicist and one of the pioneers of solid-state physics, which underpins much of 21st-century technology.
Education
Born 7 March 1916 in London, UK, into a Sephardi Jewish family, he studied at Nottingham High School, then at New College, Oxford where he obtained a first-class honours degree in physics in 1937 and another in mathematics in 1938. At the University of Bristol his work under Professor Nevill Francis Mott, a future Nobel Laureate in physics, earned him the Oxford degree of BSc (then equivalent to an MSc elsewhere). Then followed an M.A. in 1945. Within a few years he had risen to a leading role in the field of crystal lattice dislocations and plasticity. In this period he wrote a number of seminal papers which are still cited. Later papers and the books that he published cemented his dominance of the field. (See also Egon Orowan)
Military and academic career
At the outbreak of World War II, Nabarro became involved in the aerial defence of London and joined the Army Operational Research Group, headed by then Brigadier B. F. J. Schonland. His work on the explosive effects of shells resulted in his being made an MBE.
From 1945 to 1949, Nabarro was a research fellow at the University of Bristol and later became a lecturer in metallurgy at the University of Birmingham, for which the university awarded him a D.Sc. in 1953. In this year, he was invited to become
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Kleiner
|
Alfred Kleiner (24 April 1849 – 3 July 1916) was a Swiss physicist and Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Zurich. He was Albert Einstein's doctoral advisor or Doktorvater. Initially Einstein's advisor was Heinrich F. Weber. However, they had a major falling out, and Einstein chose to switch to Kleiner.
Education
He received his PhD in 1874 from the University of Zurich, for a thesis entitled Zur Theorie der intermittirenden Netzhautreizung (on the theory of diffusion of light), under Johann Jakob Müller.
Career
Alfred Kleiner was professor of physics at the University of Zurich. He also held several other positions and titles throughout his career, including: Privatdozent (private lecturer) in 1870, Außerordentlicher Professor (Associate Professor) in 1880, Ordentlicher Professor (Full Professor) in 1885, Rektor (Chancellor) from 1908 to 1910, Honorarprofessor (Emeritus Professor) in 1915, and Privatdozent from 1875 to 1885 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, also called Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich or ETH (the "Polytechnikum", also at Zurich).
In the early 1890s, with his students Fritz Laager and Theordor Erismann, Kleiner conducted experiments to determine if changes in gravitational attraction could be caused by shielding. No effect greater than the experimental error was observed. Kleiner published his results on this in 1905, Laager in 1904, and Erismann in 1908 and 1911. Their work on this was motivated by the papers by
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