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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekmel%20%C3%96zbay
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Ekmel Özbay is a Turkish professor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Physics Departments at Bilkent University and the director of the Nanotechnology Research Center, and Space Technologies Research Center (BILUZAY) in Ankara.
Biography
Ekmel Özbay was born on March 25, 1966, in Ankara, Turkey. He received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey in 1987. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1989 and 1992.
From 1992 to 1993, Özbay worked as a postdoctoral research associate at Stanford University. His research in Stanford focused on high speed resonant tunneling and optoelectronic devices.
Between 1993 and 1995, he worked as a scientist in the Department of Energy's Ames National Laboratory at Iowa State University in the area of photonic band gap materials.
He joined Bilkent University (Ankara, Turkey) in 1995, where he is currently a full professor in the physics and electrical electronics engineering departments. His research areas include metamaterials, photonic crystals,
MOCVD growth, fabrication and characterization of nanoelectronic and nanophotonic GaN/AlGaN devices, and high performance near-infrared semiconductor photodetectors and lasers.
Since 2002, he is a topical editor of the journal Optics Letters. He has published 410 journal articles and 435 international conference proceedings. His publications have received more than 11500
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure%20assessment
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Exposure assessment is a branch of environmental science and occupational hygiene that focuses on the processes that take place at the interface between the environment containing the contaminant of interest and the organism being considered. These are the final steps in the path to release an environmental contaminant, through transport to its effect in a biological system. It tries to measure how much of a contaminant can be absorbed by an exposed target organism, in what form, at what rate and how much of the absorbed amount is actually available to produce a biological effect. Although the same general concepts apply to other organisms, the overwhelming majority of applications of exposure assessment are concerned with human health, making it an important tool in public health.
Definition
Exposure assessment is the process of estimating or measuring the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposure to an agent, along
with the number and characteristics of the population exposed. Ideally, it describes the sources, pathways, routes, and the uncertainties in the assessment. It is a necessary part of risk analysis and hence risk assessment.
Exposure analysis is the science that describes how an individual or population comes in contact with a contaminant, including quantification of the amount of contact across space and time. 'Exposure assessment' and 'exposure analysis' are often used as synonyms in many practical contexts. Risk is a function of exposure and hazard. For
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchwald%E2%80%93Hartwig%20amination
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In organic chemistry, the Buchwald–Hartwig amination is a chemical reaction for the synthesis of carbon–nitrogen bonds via the palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of amines with aryl halides. Although Pd-catalyzed C–N couplings were reported as early as 1983, Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig have been credited, whose publications between 1994 and the late 2000s established the scope of the transformation. The reaction's synthetic utility stems primarily from the shortcomings of typical methods (nucleophilic substitution, reductive amination, etc.) for the synthesis of aromatic bonds, with most methods suffering from limited substrate scope and functional group tolerance. The development of the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction allowed for the facile synthesis of aryl amines, replacing to an extent harsher methods (the Goldberg reaction, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, etc.) while significantly expanding the repertoire of possible bond formations.
Over the course of its development, several 'generations' of catalyst systems have been developed, with each system allowing greater scope in terms of coupling partners and milder conditions, allowing virtually any amine to be coupled with a wide variety of aryl coupling partners. Because of the ubiquity of aryl C–N bonds in pharmaceuticals and natural products, the reaction has gained wide use in synthetic organic chemistry, with application in many total syntheses and the industrial preparation of numerous pharmaceutica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut%20Butter%20Wolf%27s%20Jukebox%2045%27s
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Peanut Butter Wolf's Jukebox 45's is a compilation album of Stones Throw Records, an American hip hop label. Most of the album is performed or produced by Madlib, though other Stones Throw artists have songs also.
Track listing
"Chops & Thangs"
Performed by Beat Konducta
"Microphone Mathematics [Remix]"
Performed by Quasimoto
"Flowers"
Performed by Dudley Perkins
"Things Could Be Better"
Performed by Ernie & The Top Notes
Featuring Raymond Winnfield
"Harlem River Drive Interlude"
Performed by Yesterdays New Quintet
"I Am Singing"
Performed by Yesterdays New Quintet
"My 2600"
Performed by Capt. Funkaho
"Breaks Of Meditate"
Performed by Beat Conductor
"The Ox (Fantastic Four)"
Performed by Madlib Invazion
Featuring Medaphoar, Oh No
"Rocket Ship"
Performed by Stark Reality
"Place Your Bet"
Performed by Medaphoar
"Poppin' Popcorn"
Performed by The Highlighters Band
"Getcho Soul Togetha (Part Two)"
Performed by Breakestra
"Devotion '92"
Performed by Charizma
"Conducted Rhythms"
Performed by Beat Conductor
"Enter Ralph Wiggum"
Performed by A-Trak
"Take Me"
Performed by Fabulous Souls
"Color"
Performed by L.A. Carnival
"Lost Lust"
Performed by Beat Conductor
"Mystic Brew Interlude"
Performed by Yesterdays New Quintet
"Knucklehead"
Performed by Yesterdays New Quintet
"On Point"
Performed by Lootpack
Record label compilation albums
Madlib albums
Hip hop compilation albums
2002 compilation albums
Stones Throw Records compilation albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard%20Hugo%20von%20Zeipel
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Edvard Hugo von Zeipel (8 February 1873 – 8 June 1959) was a Swedish astronomer, with the specialist fields of study of celestial mechanics, astrophotography, and theoretical astrophysics. He worked at the Stockholm Observatory from 1897 to 1900, participated in scientific expeditions to Spitzbergen in 1898, 1901, and 1902, then worked at the Pulkovo Observatory from 1901 to 1902, the Paris observatory from 1904 to 1906, and the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory from 1911. He proved a key theorem about the Painlevé conjecture.
Von Zeipel specialized in 'celestial mechanics, especially distribution of stars and globular star clusters, asteroid motions, and problems of radiation equilibrium. "
In 1930, von Zeipel was awarded the A. Cressy Morrison Prize from the New York Academy of Sciences for his theory that "the stars like the Sun were recurrent novae."
Named after von Zeipel
The crater Von Zeipel on the Moon is named after him.
8870 von Zeipel is an asteroid discovered on March 6, 1992. It is also named after him.
Von Zeipel theorem, linking stellar radiative flux to local effective gravity.
References
External links
Hugo von Zeipel
Hugo von Zeipel in ''Nordisk familjebok, 33 (1922), col. 711. (in Swedish)
1873 births
1959 deaths
People from Haninge Municipality
20th-century Swedish astronomers
19th-century Swedish astronomers
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20M.%20Olin
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John Merrill Olin (November 10, 1892 – September 8, 1982) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the son of Franklin W. Olin.
Early life
Born in Alton, Illinois, Olin graduated from Cornell University with a B.Sc. degree in chemistry and as a brother of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity and was a founding member of the Alpha Chi Sigma fraternity Tau chapter. With major financial contributions to the Olin Business School and the Olin Library at Washington University in St. Louis, both buildings were named after him. In addition, the Olin Library at Cornell University bears his name, as does a classroom building, Olin Hall, at Johns Hopkins University, and Olin-Sang Hall at Brandeis University.
He married twice. By his first wife, the former Adele Levis, a granddaughter of the founder of Illinois Glass Company, he had two daughters, Adele Louise and Georgene. With his second wife, Evelyn Brown, he had one stepdaughter, Evelyn.
Business
Olin started his career in 1913 as a chemical engineer for his father's Western Cartridge Company, a predecessor of Olin Industries, Inc. In 1935, following Western Cartridge's acquisition of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, he was named first vice-president of the merged Winchester-Western and head of the Winchester division. He became president of Olin Industries in 1944 and upon merger of the company with Mathieson Chemical Corporation in 1954 became chairman of the board of the new corporation, named Olin Mathieson Chemical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophysectomy
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Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). It is most commonly performed to treat tumors, especially craniopharyngioma tumors. Sometimes it is used to treat Cushing's syndrome due to pituitary adenoma or Simmond's disease It is also applied in neurosciences (in experiments with lab animals) to understand the functioning of hypophysis. There are various ways a hypophysectomy can be carried out. These methods include transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, open craniotomy, and stereotactic radiosurgery.
Medications that are given as hormone replacement therapy following a complete hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary gland) are often glucocorticoids. Secondary Addison's and hyperlipidemia can occur. Thyroid hormone is useful in controlling cholesterol metabolism that has been affected by pituitary deletion.
Methods of hypophysectomy
Hypophysectomies can be performed in three ways. These include transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, open craniotomy, and stereotactic radiosurgery. Each of these methods differ in the method in which the pituitary gland is removed.
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
In a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, the pituitary gland or section of the pituitary gland is removed through the sphenoid sinus and out through the nose.
Open craniotomy
In an open craniotomy, a cavity is opened within the skull to reach the pituitary gland. Once the cavity is open, the pituitary gland is removed through the cavity.
Stereotactic radiosurg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielden%20Professor%20of%20Pure%20Mathematics
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The Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics is an endowed professorial position in the School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, England.
History
In 1870 Samuel Fielden, a wealthy mill owner from Todmorden, donated £150 to Owens College (as the Victoria University of Manchester was then called) for the teaching of evening classes and a further £3000 for the development of natural sciences at the college. From 1877 this supported the Fielden Lecturer, subsequently to become the Fielden Reader with the appointment of L. J. Mordell in 1922 and then Fielden Professor in 1923. Alex Wilkie FRS was appointed to the post in 2007.
Holders
Previous holders of the Fielden Chair (and lectureship) are:
A. T. Bentley (1876–1880) Lecturer in Pure Mathematics
J. E. A. Steggall (1880–1883) Lecturer in Pure Mathematics
R. F. Gwyther (1883–1907) Lecturer in Mathematics
F. T. Swanwick (1907–1912) Lecturer in Mathematics
H. R. Hasse (1912–1918) Lecturer in Mathematics
George Henry Livens (1920–1922) Lecturer in Mathematics
Louis Mordell (1923–1945)
Max Newman (1945–1964)
Frank Adams (1964–1971)
Ian G. Macdonald (1972–1976)
Norman Blackburn (1978–1994)
Mark Pollicott (1996–2004)
Alex Wilkie (2007–)
Related chairs
The other endowed chairs in mathematics at the University of Manchester are the Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics, the Sir Horace Lamb Chair and the Richardson Chair of Applied Mathematics.
References
Professorships in mathematics
Mathematics education
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Benjamin%20Boyer
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Carl Benjamin Boyer (November 3, 1906 – April 26, 1976) was an American historian of sciences, and especially mathematics. Novelist David Foster Wallace called him the "Gibbon of math history". It has been written that he was one of few historians of mathematics of his time to "keep open links with contemporary history of science."
Life and career
Boyer was valedictorian of his high school class. He received a B.A. from Columbia College in 1928 and an M.A. in 1929. He received his Ph.D. in Mathematics from Columbia University in 1939. He was a full professor of Mathematics at the City University of New York's Brooklyn College from 1952 until his death, although he had begun tutoring and teaching at Brooklyn College in 1928.
Along with Carolyn Eisele of CUNY's Hunter College; C. Doris Hellman of the Pratt Institute, and later CUNY's Queens College; and Lynn Thorndike of Columbia University, Boyer was instrumental in the 1953 founding of the Metropolitan New York Section of the History of Science Society.
In 1954, Boyer was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship to further his work in the history of science. In particular, the grant made reference to "the history of the theory of the rainbow".
Boyer wrote the books The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development (1959), originally published as The Concepts of the Calculus (1939), History of Analytic Geometry (1956), The Rainbow: From Myth to Mathematics (1959), and A History of Mathematics (1968). He served a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston%2C%20Oregon
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Charleston () is an unincorporated community in Coos County, Oregon, United States. Charleston is the least populated (Pop. 795 [2017]) community in Oregon's Bay Area and is Home to a large commercial fishing fleet, it is adjacent to the ocean entrance to Coos Bay. Charleston is the site of the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and the United States Coast Guard Charleston Lifeboat Station.
Charleston was named for Charles Haskell, a settler who filed a land claim along South Slough in 1853. South Slough is an arm of Coos Bay, which it enters near the bay's mouth on the Pacific Ocean. Oregon Route 540, which crosses the slough southwest of Barview, passes through Charleston and links it to three state parks further south along the coast: Sunset Bay, Shore Acres, and Cape Arago.
Postal authorities established a post office in Charleston in 1924. The community's ZIP code is 97420.
Estuarine Research Reserve
The South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, a reserve along the Coos Bay Estuary, was established in Charleston in 1974. It was the first of 28 such reserves in the United States and the only one in Oregon.
References
Unincorporated communities in Coos County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon
Populated coastal places in Oregon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20misnamed%20theorems
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This is a list of misnamed theorems in mathematics. It includes theorems (and lemmas, corollaries, conjectures, laws, and perhaps even the odd object) that are well known in mathematics, but which are not named for the originator. That is, these items on this list illustrate Stigler's law of eponymy (which is not, of course, due to Stephen Stigler, who credits Robert K Merton).
== Applied mathematics ==
Benford's law. This was first stated in 1881 by Simon Newcomb, and rediscovered in 1938 by Frank Benford. The first rigorous formulation and proof seems to be due to Ted Hill in 1988.; see also the contribution by Persi Diaconis.
Bertrand's ballot theorem. This result concerning the probability that the winner of an election was ahead at each step of ballot counting was first published by W. A. Whitworth in 1878, but named after Joseph Louis François Bertrand who rediscovered it in 1887. A common proof uses André's reflection method, though the proof by Désiré André did not use any reflections.
Algebra
Burnside's lemma. This was stated and proved without attribution in Burnside's 1897 textbook, but it had previously been discussed by Augustin Cauchy, in 1845, and by Georg Frobenius in 1887.
Cayley–Hamilton theorem. The theorem was first proved in the easy special case of 2×2 matrices by Cayley, and later for the case of 4×4 matrices by Hamilton. But it was only proved in general by Frobenius in 1878.
Hölder's inequality. This inequality was first established by Leonard Jam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20battery%20types
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This list is a summary of notable electric battery types composed of one or more electrochemical cells. Three lists are provided in the table. The primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) cell lists are lists of battery chemistry. The third list is a list of battery applications.
Battery cell types
Batteries by application
Automotive battery
Backup battery
Battery (vacuum tube)
Battery pack
Battery room
Battery-storage power station
Biobattery
Button cell
CMOS battery
Common battery
Commodity cell
Electric-vehicle battery
Flow battery
Home energy storage
Inverter battery
Lantern battery
Nanobatteries
Nanowire battery
Local battery
Polapulse battery
Photoflash battery
Reserve battery
Smart battery system
Watch battery
Water-activated battery
See also
Baghdad Battery
Battery nomenclature
Carnot battery
Comparison of commercial battery types
History of the battery
List of battery sizes
List of energy densities
Search for the Super Battery (2017 PBS film)
Fuel cell
References
Battery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Salzberg
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Steven Lloyd Salzberg (born 1960) is an American computational biologist and computer scientist who is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science, and Biostatistics at Johns Hopkins University, where he is also Director of the Center for Computational Biology.
Early life and education
Salzberg was born in 1960 as one of four children to Herman Salzberg, a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychology, and Adele Salzberg, a retired school teacher. Salzberg did his undergraduate studies at Yale University where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1980. In 1981 he returned to Yale, and he received his Master of Science and Master of Philosophy degrees in Computer Science in 1982 and 1984, respectively. After several years in a startup company, he enrolled at Harvard University, where he earned a Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1989.
Career
After obtaining his undergraduate degree, he worked for a local power company in South Carolina, where he gained programming experience using IBM mainframe. He also learned COBOL and IBM Assembler. He then joined a Boston-based AI startup upon completion of his masters degree in Computer Science.
After earning his Ph.D., Salzberg joined Johns Hopkins University as an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science, and was promoted to associate professor in 1997. From 1998 to 2005, he was the head of the Bioinformatics department at The Institute for Genomic Research, one of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner%20regular%20measure
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In mathematics, an inner regular measure is one for which the measure of a set can be approximated from within by compact subsets.
Definition
Let (X, T) be a Hausdorff topological space and let Σ be a σ-algebra on X that contains the topology T (so that every open set is a measurable set, and Σ is at least as fine as the Borel σ-algebra on X). Then a measure μ on the measurable space (X, Σ) is called inner regular if, for every set A in Σ,
This property is sometimes referred to in words as "approximation from within by compact sets."
Some authors use the term tight as a synonym for inner regular. This use of the term is closely related to tightness of a family of measures, since a finite measure μ is inner regular if and only if, for all ε > 0, there is some compact subset K of X such that μ(X \ K) < ε. This is precisely the condition that the singleton collection of measures {μ} is tight.
Examples
When the real line R is given its usual Euclidean topology,
Lebesgue measure on R is inner regular; and
Gaussian measure (the normal distribution on R) is an inner regular probability measure.
However, if the topology on R is changed, then these measures can fail to be inner regular. For example, if R is given the lower limit topology (which generates the same σ-algebra as the Euclidean topology), then both of the above measures fail to be inner regular, because compact sets in that topology are necessarily countable, and hence of measure zero.
References
See also
Rad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradi%E2%80%93H%C3%BCnermann%20syndrome
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Conradi–Hünermann syndrome is a rare type of chondrodysplasia punctata. It is associated with the EBP gene and affects between one in 100,000 and one in 200,000 babies.
Signs and symptoms
Possible signs and symptoms may include
Genetics
Conradi–Hünermann syndrome is a form of chondrodysplasia punctata, a group of rare genetic disorders of skeletal development involving abnormal accumulations of calcium salts within the growing ends of long bones. Conradi–Hünermann syndrome is commonly associated with mild to moderate growth deficiency, disproportionate shortening of long bones, particularly those of the upper arms and the thigh bones, short stature, and/or curvature of the spine. In rare cases, intellectual disability may also be present. While evidence suggests that Conradi–Hünermann syndrome predominantly occurs in females and is usually inherited as an X-linked dominant trait, rare cases in which males were affected have also been reported.
The genetics of Conradi–Hünermann syndrome have perplexed medical geneticists, pediatricians and dermatologists for some time, but a number of perplexing features of the genetics of the syndrome have now been resolved, including the fact that the disease is caused by mutations in a gene, and these mutations are simple substitutions, deletions or insertions and are therefore not "unstable". Scientists are still trying to understand exactly where the mutation occurs so that they can correct it.
Diagnosis
An important test to confirm a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan%27s%20congruences
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In mathematics, Ramanujan's congruences are some remarkable congruences for the partition function p(n). The mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan discovered the congruences
This means that:
If a number is 4 more than a multiple of 5, i.e. it is in the sequence
4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, . . .
then the number of its partitions is a multiple of 5.
If a number is 5 more than a multiple of 7, i.e. it is in the sequence
5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40, . . .
then the number of its partitions is a multiple of 7.
If a number is 6 more than a multiple of 11, i.e. it is in the sequence
6, 17, 28, 39, 50, 61, . . .
then the number of its partitions is a multiple of 11.
Background
In his 1919 paper, he proved the first two congruences using the following identities (using q-Pochhammer symbol notation):
He then stated that "It appears there are no equally simple properties for any moduli involving primes other than these".
After Ramanujan died in 1920, G. H. Hardy extracted proofs of all three congruences from an unpublished manuscript of Ramanujan on p(n) (Ramanujan, 1921). The proof in this manuscript employs the Eisenstein series.
In 1944, Freeman Dyson defined the rank function and conjectured the existence of a crank function for partitions that would provide a combinatorial proof of Ramanujan's congruences modulo 11. Forty years later, George Andrews and Frank Garvan found such a function, and proved the celebrated result that the crank simultaneously "explains" the three Ramanuja
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian%20dynamics
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In physics, Brownian dynamics is a mathematical approach for describing the dynamics of molecular systems in the diffusive regime. It is a simplified version of Langevin dynamics and corresponds to the limit where no average acceleration takes place. This approximation is also known as overdamped Langevin dynamics or as Langevin dynamics without inertia.
Definition
In Brownian dynamics, the following equation of motion is used to describe the dynamics of a stochastic system with coordinates :
where:
is the velocity, the dot being a time derivative
is the particle interaction potential
is the gradient operator, such that is the force calculated from the particle interaction potential.
is Boltzmann's constant.
is the temperature.
is a diffusion coefficient in units of .
is a white noise term, in units of , satisfying and
Derivation
In Langevin dynamics, the equation of motion using the same notation as above is as follows:
where:
is the mass of the particle.
is the acceleration
is the friction constant or tensor, in units of .
It is often of form , where is the collision frequency with the solvent, a damping constant in units of .
For spherical particles of radius r in the limit of low Reynolds number, Stokes' law gives .
The above equation may be rewritten as In Brownian dynamics, the inertial force term is so much smaller than the other three that it is considered negligible. In this case, the equation is approximately
For spherical particles of radi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Bainbridge
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Stephen Bainbridge (born 1958, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania) is the William D. Warren Professor of Law at UCLA, teaching courses on corporations and business law. Bainbridge graduated with an A.B. Western Maryland College, 1980; a Master of Science in Chemistry, University of Virginia, 1983; and a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia, 1985. Bainbridge has been a law professor at UCLA since 1997.
Bainbridge has written numerous law review articles and books, with a strong emphasis on the law and economics of public corporations. He is a leading advocate of Director Primacy in corporate governance, and has written numerous law review articles on the subject.
In 2008, Bainbridge received the UCLA School of Law's Rutter Award for Excellence in Teaching. In 2008, Directorship Magazine named Bainbridge one of the 100 most influential people in the field of corporate governance.
Bainbridge created and operates ProfessorBainbridge.com, a blog that focuses on law and business, but also discusses politics, religion, culture, and wine and food.
He is a member of the Federalist Society. He has been critical of President George W. Bush's handling of economic and foreign policy issues.
Bainbridge had donated consistently to Republican political candidates including a donation of $2,700 (the maximum allowed by law) to Donald Trump, but in 2020 he donated to the American Solidarity Party as well. He has since joined the American Solidarity Party.
Director primacy
Director prim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstein%20metric
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In mathematics, the Wasserstein distance or Kantorovich–Rubinstein metric is a distance function defined between probability distributions on a given metric space . It is named after Leonid Vaseršteĭn.
Intuitively, if each distribution is viewed as a unit amount of earth (soil) piled on , the metric is the minimum "cost" of turning one pile into the other, which is assumed to be the amount of earth that needs to be moved times the mean distance it has to be moved. This problem was first formalised by Gaspard Monge in 1781. Because of this analogy, the metric is known in computer science as the earth mover's distance.
The name "Wasserstein distance" was coined by R. L. Dobrushin in 1970, after learning of it in the work of Leonid Vaseršteĭn on Markov processes describing large systems of automata (Russian, 1969). However the metric was first defined by Leonid Kantorovich in The Mathematical Method of Production Planning and Organization (Russian original 1939) in the context of optimal transport planning of goods and materials. Some scholars thus encourage use of the terms "Kantorovich metric" and "Kantorovich distance". Most English-language publications use the German spelling "Wasserstein" (attributed to the name "Vaseršteĭn" () being of German origin).
Definition
Let be a metric space that is a Radon space. For , the Wasserstein -distance between two probability measures and on with finite -moments is
where is the set of all couplings of and ; is defined to b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20Arithmetic
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Philosophy of Arithmetic: Psychological and Logical Investigations () is an 1891 book about the philosophy of mathematics by the philosopher Edmund Husserl. Husserl's first published book, it is a synthesis of his studies in mathematics, under Karl Weierstrass, with his studies in philosophy and psychology, under Franz Brentano, to whom it is dedicated, and Carl Stumpf.
Structure
The Philosophy of Arithmetic constitutes the first volume of a work which Husserl intended to comprise two volumes, of which the second was never published. Comprehensively it would have encompassed four parts and an Appendix.
The first volume is divided in two parts, in the first of which Husserl purports to analyse the "Proper concepts of multiplicity, unity and amount" (Die eigentliche Begriffe von Vielheit, Einheit und Anzahl) and in the second "The symbolic amount-concepts and the logical sources of amount-arithmetic" (Die symbolischen Anzahlbegrife und die logischen Quellen der Anzahlen-Arithmetik).
Content
The basic issue of the book is a philosophical analysis of the concept of number, which is the most basic concept on which the entire edifice of arithmetic and mathematics can be founded. In order to proceed with this analysis, Husserl, following Brentano and Stumpf, uses the tools of psychology to look for the "origin and content" of the concept of number. He begins with the classical definition, already given by Euclid, Thomas Hobbes and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, that "number is a mu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varifold
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In mathematics, a varifold is, loosely speaking, a measure-theoretic generalization of the concept of a differentiable manifold, by replacing differentiability requirements with those provided by rectifiable sets, while maintaining the general algebraic structure usually seen in differential geometry. Varifolds generalize the idea of a rectifiable current, and are studied in geometric measure theory.
Historical note
Varifolds were first introduced by Laurence Chisholm Young in , under the name "generalized surfaces". Frederick J. Almgren Jr. slightly modified the definition in his mimeographed notes and coined the name varifold: he wanted to emphasize that these objects are substitutes for ordinary manifolds in problems of the calculus of variations. The modern approach to the theory was based on Almgren's notes and laid down by William K. Allard, in the paper .
Definition
Given an open subset of Euclidean space , an m-dimensional varifold on is defined as a Radon measure on the set
where is the Grassmannian of all m-dimensional linear subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space. The Grassmannian is used to allow the construction of analogs to differential forms as duals to vector fields in the approximate tangent space of the set .
The particular case of a rectifiable varifold is the data of a m-rectifiable set M (which is measurable with respect to the m-dimensional Hausdorff measure), and a density function defined on M, which is a positive function θ measurable an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Diego%20State%20University%20College%20of%20Engineering
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San Diego State University College of Engineering provides San Diego State University students with undergraduate and graduate engineering education. The College of Engineering offers eight degree programs. The Aerospace Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Construction Engineering programs are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET.
Academics
Degrees
The degrees available through the College of Engineering are Bachelor of Sciences (BS), MA, Master of Engineering, MS, Ed.D, Ph.D.
Special Degrees
The Master of Engineering degree is an interdisciplinary program with the College of Engineering and the College of Business Administration.
A joint doctoral program in Engineering Science/Applied Mechanics is available in conjunction with University of California, San Diego (UCSD).
As of 2005, several new degree programs have been established in bioengineering and in construction engineering.
Departments
The College of Engineering includes eight academic departments: Aerospace Engineering, Bioengineering, Civil Engineering, Construction Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. The aerospace engineering program was ranked #37 among graduate aerospace programs in the United States by the U.S. News & World Report in 2017.
Institutes/Research Centers
Communication Systems and Signal Proces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography%20and%20NMR%20system
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CNS or Crystallography and NMR system, is a software library for computational structural biology. It is an offshoot of X-PLOR and uses much of the same syntax. It is used in the fields of X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy of biological macromolecules.
References
External links
The program's webpage and reference manual
Science software
Computer libraries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiso
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Quiso may refer to:
A fictionary island in the novel Shardik
A Quasi-isomorphism in mathematics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Lowther%20Edson
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Norman Lowther Edson (1 March 1904 – 12 May 1970), FRSNZ, FNZIC, was the first Professor of Biochemistry (1949–1967) in the University of New Zealand based at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand where he founded a department of biochemistry. Edson made contributions to the understanding of, ketone body metabolism in mammals and birds, metabolic pathways of Mycobacteria and specificity rules for polyol dehydrogenases.
Edson made contributions to knowledge of cellular intermediary metabolism; developed a system of education in the elements of biochemistry for students of medicine, dentistry, and home science; a programme for a training in biochemistry leading to BSc/MSc; supervised postgraduate students in biochemistry to PhD; and was the medical member of the enquiry on the fluoridation of the New Zealand public water supply.
Early life
Edson was the only surviving child of Norman Percival Edson (1868–1908), a pharmacist, and Phoebe, née Moses, a photographic colourist. Following her husband's early death, Phoebe Edson did not remarry but devoted herself to caring for her only child. Family money provided a comfortable home.
At Auckland Grammar School Edson won a Junior National Scholarship (1921) and was in the top ten Scholars for New Zealand. He entered the University of Otago School of Medicine in 1922, and his mother moved to Dunedin to housekeep for him. In 1927 he graduated Bachelor of Medical Science (BMedSc), the first to do so. Edson had a distinguished
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakless%20universe
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A weakless universe is a hypothetical universe that contains no weak interactions, but is otherwise very similar to our own universe.
In particular, a weakless universe is constructed to have atomic physics and chemistry identical to standard atomic physics and chemistry. The dynamics of a weakless universe includes a period of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, star formation, stars with sufficient fuel to burn for billions of years, stellar nuclear synthesis of heavy elements and also supernovae that distribute the heavy elements into the interstellar medium.
Motivation and anthropics
The strength of the weak interaction is an outstanding problem in modern particle physics. A theory should ideally explain why the weak interaction is 32 orders of magnitude stronger than gravity; this is known as the hierarchy problem. There are various models that address the hierarchy problem in a dynamical and natural way, for example, supersymmetry, technicolor, warped extra dimensions, and so on.
An alternative approach to explaining the hierarchy problem is to invoke the anthropic principle: One assumes that there are many other patches of the universe (or multiverse) in which physics is very different. In particular one can assume that the “landscape” of possible universes contains ones where the weak force has a different strength compared to our own. In such a scenario observers would presumably evolve wherever they can. If the observed strength of the weak force is then vital for the eme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20astronomy%20acronyms
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This is a compilation of initialisms and acronyms commonly used in astronomy. Most are drawn from professional astronomy, and are used quite frequently in scientific publications. A few are frequently used by the general public or by amateur astronomers.
The acronyms listed below were placed into one or more of these categories:
Astrophysics terminology – physics-related acronyms
Catalog – collections of tabulated scientific data
Communications network – any network that functions primarily to communicate with spacecraft rather than performing astronomy
Data – astrophysical data not associated with any single catalog or observing program
Celestial object – acronyms for natural objects in space and for adjectives applied to objects in space
Instrumentation – telescope and other spacecraft equipment, particularly detectors such as imagers and spectrometers
Meeting – meetings that are not named after organizations
Observing program – astronomical programs, often surveys, performed by one or more individuals; may include the groups that perform surveys
Organization – any large private organization, government organization, or company
Person – individual people
Publication – magazines, scientific journals, and similar astronomy-related publications
Software – software excluding catalogued data (which is categorized as "catalog") and scientific images
Spacecraft – any spacecraft except space telescopes
Telescope – ground-based and space telescopes; organizations tha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20Michael%20Griffiths%20Newman
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Oliver Michael Griffiths Newman (born 1941) is an Australian metallurgist, administrator and amateur ornithologist who has worked for many years with Pasminco EZ Ltd in Tasmania and Newcastle, New South Wales. In Tasmania he was involved with studies on waders, especially the breeding biology of pied oystercatchers. He became a member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) in 1968. He was regional organizer for the RAOU's Atlas of Australian Birds project 1977–1981. He served on the RAOU Council 1982–1988, and again from 1999, including chairing the Research Committee. He was elected a Fellow of the RAOU in 2003.
See also
List of ornithologists
References
Robin, Libby. (2001). The Flight of the Emu: a hundred years of Australian ornithology 1901-2001. Carlton, Vic. Melbourne University Press.
Newman, Mike
1941 births
Living people
Australian metallurgists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegula%20%28gastropod%29
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Tegula is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Tegulidae.
Biology
The function of the heart in Tegula snails may have a critical importance for their temperature tolerance.
Species
Species within the genus Tegula include:
Tegula argyrostoma (Gmelin, 1791)
Tegula atra (Lesson, 1830)
Tegula aureotincta (Forbes, 1850) - gilded tegula
Tegula bergeroni McLean, 1970
Tegula brunnea Philippi, 1848 - brown tegula:
Tegula cooksoni (E.A. Smith, 1877)
Tegula corrugata (A. Adams, 1853)
Tegula corteziana Mclean, 1970
Tegula corvus (Philippi, 1850)
Tegula eiseni Jordan, 1936 - banded tegula, western banded tegula
Tegula euryomphala (Jonas, 1844)
Tegula excavata (Lamarck, 1822) - green-base tegula
Tegula felipensis McLean, 1970
Tegula funebralis (A. Adams, 1855) - black tegula:
Tegula gallina (Forbes, 1850) - speckled tegula
Tegula globulus (Carpenter, 1857)
Tegula gruneri (Philippi, 1849) - gem tegula
Tegula hotessieriana (d'Orbigny, 1842) - Caribbean tegula
Tegula ignota Ramírez-Böhme, 1976
Tegula kusairo Yamazaki, Hirano, Chiba & Fukuda, 2020
Tegula ligulata (Menke, 1850)
Tegula luctuosa (d'Orbigny, 1841)
Tegula mariana Dall, 1919
Tegula melaleucos (Jonas, 1844)
Tegula montereyi (Kiener, 1850) Monterey tegula:
Tegula nigerrima (Gmelin, 1791)
Tegula panamensis (Philippi, 1849)
Tegula patagonica (d'Orbigny, 1840)
Tegula pellisserpentis Wood, 1828
Tegula pfeifferi (Philiippi, 1846)
Tegula picta McLean, 197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons%20of%20page%20construction
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The canons of page construction are historical reconstructions, based on careful measurement of extant books and what is known of the mathematics and engineering methods of the time, of manuscript-framework methods that may have been used in Medieval- or Renaissance-era book design to divide a page into pleasing proportions. Since their popularization in the 20th century, these canons have influenced modern-day book design in the ways that page proportions, margins and type areas (print spaces) of books are constructed.
The notion of canons, or laws of form, of book page construction was popularized by Jan Tschichold in the mid to late twentieth century, based on the work of J. A. van de Graaf, Raúl Rosarivo, Hans Kayser, and others. Tschichold wrote, "Though largely forgotten today, methods and rules upon which it is impossible to improve have been developed for centuries. To produce perfect books these rules have to be brought to life and applied." as cited in . Kayser's 1946 Ein harmonikaler Teilungskanon had earlier used the term canon in this context.
Typographers and book designers are influenced by these principles to this day in page layout, with variations related to the availability of standardized paper sizes, and the diverse types of commercially printed books.
Van de Graaf canon
The Van de Graaf canon is a historical reconstruction of a method that may have been used in book design to divide a page in pleasing proportions. This canon is also known as the "se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Jaffe
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Arthur Michael Jaffe (; born December 22, 1937) is an American mathematical physicist at Harvard University, where in 1985 he succeeded George Mackey as the Landon T. Clay Professor of Mathematics and Theoretical Science.
Education and career
After graduating from Pelham Memorial High School in 1955, Jaffe attended Princeton University as an undergraduate obtaining a degree in chemistry in 1959, and later Clare College, Cambridge, as a Marshall Scholar, obtaining a degree in mathematics in 1961. He then returned to Princeton, obtaining a doctorate in physics in 1966 with Arthur Wightman. His whole career has been spent teaching mathematical physics and pursuing research at Harvard University. His 26 doctoral students include Joel Feldman, Ezra Getzler, and Clifford Taubes. He has had many post-doctoral collaborators, including Robert Schrader, Konrad Osterwalder, Juerg Froehlich, , Thomas Spencer, and Antti Kupiainen.
For several years Jaffe was president of the International Association of Mathematical Physics, and later of the American Mathematical Society. He chaired the Council of Scientific Society Presidents. He presently serves as chair of the board of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Theoretical Physics.
Jaffe conceived the idea of the Clay Mathematics Institute and its programs, including the employment of research fellows and the Millennium Prizes in mathematics. He served as a founding member, a founding member of the board, and the foundi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Lamarre
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Jacques Lamarre, OC is a Canadian businessman and civil engineer. He became the CEO of SNC-Lavalin, one of the largest engineering corporations in the world, in 1996 and left his post in 2009. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Arts and Science in civil engineering from Université Laval in Quebec City. He also attended Harvard University's Executive Development Program.
In November 1994, he was appointed executive vice-president, SNC-Lavalin Group Inc. In May 1996, Jacques Lamarre was named president and chief executive officer.
Jacques has an older brother, Bernard Lamarre, who controlled Groupe Lavalin in the early 1990s, and was the president of the Board of the École Polytechnique de Montréal from 2002 to 2012.
Jacques Lamarre is a member of the Engineering Institute of Canada, the Association of Consulting Engineers of Canada and l'Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec
On November 12, 2009, Mr Lamarre was appointed to the board of directors of Suncor Energy Inc, Canada's largest energy company.
On January 1, 2010, Mr. Lamarre joined the Canadian law firm of Heenan Blaikie as counsel, where he provided strategic counsel to clients on major infrastructure projects and finance. The firm is now defunct.
References
Building the World, Canada Style, Globe and Mail
Living people
Canadian chief executives
Directors of Royal Bank of Canada
Businesspeople from Montreal
Université Laval alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
Year of birth missing (living peopl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20interest%20high%20schools%20in%20South%20Australia
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South Australian high schools that offer specialised courses and programs. Some schools have a selection process for entry into their special programs.
Aberfoyle Park High School, Ignite: Students with High Intellectual Potential
Adelaide Botanic High School, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Adelaide High School, Language, Cricket, Rowing and centre of hearing impaired
Australian Science and Mathematics School, Science/Maths
Blackwood High School, Netball
Brighton Secondary School, Music and Volleyball
Charles Campbell Secondary School, Dance/Drama/Music/Performing Arts
Glenunga International High School, Ignite: Students with High Intellectual Potential
Golden Grove High School, Dance/Drama
Grant High School, Baseball
Heathfield High School, Volleyball
Henley High School, Sport and Physical Education
Marryatville High School, Music and Tennis
Mount Gambier High School, athletics, cricket, Australian rules football and netball
Pasadena High School, Basketball
Playford International College formerly Fremont–Elizabeth City High School, Music
Seaton High School, Baseball, (previously Students with High Intellectual Potential (SHIP))
Seaview High School, Tennis
The Heights School
Underdale High School, Soccer, music, dancing and choir
Urrbrae Agricultural High School, Agriculture
Wirreanda High School, Sport and Physical Education
Woodville High School, Music
The four Special Interest Music Centres cover four distinct geographical areas of Adelaide, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian%20Gang
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Tian Gang (; born November 24, 1958) is a Chinese mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at Peking University and Higgins Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. He is known for contributions to the mathematical fields of Kähler geometry, Gromov-Witten theory, and geometric analysis.
As of 2020, he is the Vice Chairman of the China Democratic League and the President of the Chinese Mathematical Society. From 2017 to 2019 he served as the Vice President of Peking University.
Biography
Tian was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. He qualified in the second college entrance exam after Cultural Revolution in 1978. He graduated from Nanjing University in 1982, and received a master's degree from Peking University in 1984. In 1988, he received a Ph.D. in mathematics from Harvard University, under the supervision of Shing-Tung Yau.
In 1998, he was appointed as a Cheung Kong Scholar professor at Peking University. Later his appointment was changed to Cheung Kong Scholar chair professorship. He was a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1995 to 2006 (holding the chair of Simons Professor of Mathematics from 1996). His employment at Princeton started from 2003, and was later appointed the Higgins Professor of Mathematics. Starting 2005, he has been the director of the Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research (BICMR); from 2013 to 2017 he was the Dean of School of Mathematical Sciences at Peking University. He and John Mi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumetasone
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Flumetasone, also known as flumethasone, is a corticosteroid for topical use.
It was patented in 1951 and approved for medical use in 1964.
Chemistry
Flumethasone is 420 times as potent as cortisone in an animal model for anti-inflammatory activity.
Society and culture
Names
Trade names include Locacorten, Locorten, and Orsalin. It is available in combination with clioquinol, under the brand name Locacorten-Vioform (in some countries Locorten-Vioform), for the treatment of otitis externa and otomycosis. It is usually formulated as the pivalic acid ester prodrug called flumetasone pivalate.
Veterinary uses
In April 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the first generic version of flumethasone (Bimasone), for certain diseases that cause inflammation in horses, dogs, and cats. Flumetasone is recommended for the various rheumatic, allergic, dermatologic and other disease states that are known to be responsive to anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e., corticoids) in these species.
In horses, flumetasone is approved for use for musculoskeletal conditions due to inflammation, such as bursitis (a painful condition that affects the fluid-filled sacs that cushion the bones, tendons and muscles near a horse’s joints, often in the hip or shoulder), carpitis (inflammation of the connective tissues near the horse’s carpus, which is comparable to the human wrist), osselets (arthritis in the fetlock joint of a horse, often in the front legs), and myositis (rapid muscle wasting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la%20Sz%C5%91kefalvi-Nagy
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Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy (29 July 1913, Kolozsvár – 21 December 1998, Szeged) was a Hungarian mathematician. His father, Gyula Szőkefalvi-Nagy was also a famed mathematician. Szőkefalvi-Nagy collaborated with Alfréd Haar and Frigyes Riesz, founders of the Szegedian school of mathematics. He contributed to the theory of Fourier series and approximation theory. His most important achievements were made in functional analysis, especially, in the theory of Hilbert space operators. He was editor-in-chief of the Zentralblatt für Mathematik, the Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum, and the Analysis Mathematica. He was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1953, along with his co-author F. Riesz, for his book Leçons d'analyse fonctionnelle. He was awarded the Lomonosov Medal in 1979. The Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy Medal honoring his memory is awarded yearly by Bolyai Institute.
His books
Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy: Spektraldarstellung linearer Transformationen des Hilbertschen Raumes.(German) Berlin, 1942. 80 p.; 1967. 82 p.
Frederic Riesz, Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy: Leçons d'analyse fonctionnelle. (French) 2e éd. Akadémiai Kiado, Budapest, 1953, VIII+455 pp.
Ciprian Foiaş, Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy: Analyse harmonique des opérateurs de l'espace de Hilbert. (French) Masson et Cie, Paris; Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1967 xi+373 pp.
Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Frederic Riesz: Funkcionálanalízis. Budapest, 1988. 534 p. (English: Functional Analysis (1990). Dover. )
His articles
Diagonalization of matrices over H∞. Act
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20the%20mathematics%20of%20general%20relativity
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The mathematics of general relativity is complex. In Newton's theories of motion, an object's length and the rate at which time passes remain constant while the object accelerates, meaning that many problems in Newtonian mechanics may be solved by algebra alone. In relativity, however, an object's length and the rate at which time passes both change appreciably as the object's speed approaches the speed of light, meaning that more variables and more complicated mathematics are required to calculate the object's motion. As a result, relativity requires the use of concepts such as vectors, tensors, pseudotensors and curvilinear coordinates.
For an introduction based on the example of particles following circular orbits about a large mass, nonrelativistic and relativistic treatments are given in, respectively, Newtonian motivations for general relativity and Theoretical motivation for general relativity.
Vectors and tensors
Vectors
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector (sometimes called a geometric or spatial vector, or – as here – simply a vector) is a geometric object that has both a magnitude (or length) and direction. A vector is what is needed to "carry" the point to the point ; the Latin word vector means "one who carries". The magnitude of the vector is the distance between the two points and the direction refers to the direction of displacement from to . Many algebraic operations on real numbers such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammadreza%20Ghadiri
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M. Reza Ghadiri is an Iranian-American chemist who studies nanoscale science and technology.
Ghadiri holds a Ph.D. degree in chemistry (1987) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is currently a Professor of chemistry at The Scripps Research Institute.
The 1998 Feynman Prize was awarded to Ghadiri for work in constructing molecular structures through the use of self-organization. His lab also pioneered the development of peptide self-replication.
Awards
Searle Scholars Award 1991-1994;
Arnold & Mabel Beckman Foundation, Beckman Young Investigators Award, 1991-1993;
Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow 1993-1995;
Eli Lilly Grantee 1994-1995;
ACS Award in Pure Chemistry 1995;
Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, American Chemical Society 1999;
Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology 1998;
Merck-Frosst Lecturer, University of Victoria, British Columbia 2001;
Belleau Lecturer, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec 2001.
See also
Iranian science
References
External links
Faculty profile at The Scripps Research Institute
Iranian chemists
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
American people of Iranian descent
Living people
Scripps Research faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Deutsch
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Martin Deutsch (29 January 1917 – 16 August 2002) was an Austrian-American professor of physics at MIT. He is best known for being the discoverer of positronium.
Early life
Deutsch was born in Vienna during the First World War to a Jewish family. Both of his parents were physicians; his mother Helene Deutsch was a professor of psychiatry at the University of Vienna and a student and colleague of Sigmund Freud.
In 1934, after the Fascist seizure of power in Austria, Deutsch moved to Zürich, Switzerland. He completed secondary school there and attended the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology for one semester.
The following year, young Martin Deutsch accompanied his mother on a trip to the United States. During their outbound journey, the Italians invaded Ethiopia; the family decided that it would be best to resettle in America. They moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where both parents became influential psychiatrists.
Deutsch enrolled at MIT, where he excelled at mathematics and physics. He received his BS degree in 1937, after two years of study. In 1939, he married Suzanne Zeitlin, a native Bostonian who had just graduated from Simmons College with a master's degree in social work. They had two children, L. Peter Deutsch and Nicholas Deutsch. Martin earned his Ph.D. in physics in 1941, under Robley D. Evans leading to a thesis entitled: A Study of Nuclear Radiations by Means of a Magnetic Lens Beta Ray Spectrometer.
Work on the Manhattan Project
Since Deutsch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20choice
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Theory choice was a main problem in the philosophy of science in the early 20th century, and under the impact of the new and controversial theories of relativity and quantum physics, came to involve how scientists should choose between competing theories.
The classical answer would be to select the theory which was best verified, against which Karl Popper argued that competing theories should be subjected to comparative tests and the one chosen which survived the tests. If two theories could not, for practical reasons, be tested one should prefer the one with the highest degree of empirical content, said Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery.
Mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré instead, like many others, proposed simplicity as a criterion. One should choose the mathematically simplest or most elegant approach. Many have sympathized with this view, but the problem is that the idea of simplicity is highly intuitive and even personal, and that no one has managed to formulate it in precise and acceptable terms.
Popper's solution was subsequently criticized by Thomas S. Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. He denied that competing theories (or paradigms) could be compared in the way that Popper had claimed, and substituted instead what can be briefly described as pragmatic success. This led to an intense discussion with Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend the best known participants.
The discussion has continued, but no general and uncontroversial solutio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20Floyd%20Kvamme
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Earl Floyd Kvamme (born 1938) is an American engineer, venture capitalist, and government advisor.
Early life
The son of Norwegian immigrant parents, Kvamme grew up in Northern California graduating from Jefferson High School of Daly City in 1955. He earned a BS in Electrical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley in 1959 and an MS in Semiconductor Materials Science and Engineering from Syracuse University in 1962.
Career
In 1967, Kvamme was one of the original members of a team to establish new National Semiconductor headquarters in Silicon Valley. In 1982, Kvamme became Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Apple Computer. While at Apple, he was instrumental in deciding to air the 1984 advertisement. He has been a director (and later Partner Emeritus) at venture capital firm Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers since March 1984. In the corporate world he has served on the boards of Brio Technology, Gemfire, Harmonic, National Semiconductor, Photon Dynamics, Power Integrations, and Silicon Genesis.
In the public realm, he is best known for his appointment by President George W. Bush to be Co-Chairman of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) in 2001; Kvamme has also advised every president from Ronald Reagan to George W. Bush. Kvamme previously served as Chairman of advocacy group Empower America. He serves on the board of the National Venture Capital Association. In 1998, Kvamme served as Chairman of the Califor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Conway
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Samuel Charles Conway (born June 4, 1965) is an American researcher in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and agrochemical fields of organic chemistry. He holds a Ph.D. in chemistry from Dartmouth College. Aside from his scientific career, Conway is known for his activities in the furry fandom, having served since 1999 as chairman and chief organizer of Anthrocon, one of the top largest furry conventions in the world. He is a published author, and has acted as a volunteer emergency coordinator, entertainer, and auctioneer.
Academic and scientific activities
A graduate of Ursinus College, Pennsylvania in 1986, Conway subsequently studied at the Burke Chemical Laboratories of Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1991. His thesis concerned the attempted generation of indolyne (an aromatic compound related to indole).
After college, Conway took a postdoctoral appointment in Chicago, later working as a contractor for the Food and Drug Administration, a researcher for Bionetics, a medicinal chemist for Avid Therapeutics (March 1995 – August 1997) and researcher for Message Pharmaceuticals (August 1997 – April 1999). He spent two years in organ distribution at the National Disease Research Interchange, and was subsequently employed by crop protection company Cerexagri as a regulatory chemist from May 2001 to June 2007, when he became a principal chemist for West Pharmaceutical Services. As of July 2013, he was working for a group near Raleigh, North Carol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheruz%20Sethna
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Beheruz Nariman Sethna (born 1948) is a professor of business and retired sixth president of the University of West Georgia (UWG).
Early life and education
Sethna’s educational credentials include a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (at which institution he has been named a Distinguished Alumnus), an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (named a Distinguished Alumnus as well), an M.Phil. and Ph.D. from Columbia University in New York, and participation in post-doctoral programs at Harvard and Indiana. He is a Certified Computer Professional and a certified Six Sigma Green Belt.
Career
Early career
Sethna’s previous work experience includes 13 years at Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York (Carnegie classification: Research University with high research activity; Doctoral, STEM dominant) and five years at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas. He held tenured positions at both institutions and a named professorship at Lamar, in addition to administrative positions of increasing responsibility from the department chair to the executive vice president levels. He also has significant corporate experience having worked in major multinational companies in the U.S. and overseas.
University of West Georgia
Sethna remains active in teaching and scholarship. He has taught undergraduates every year since arriving at UWG, even while serving in the University System Office. He was elected Honors Professor of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane%20Fanning
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Diane Fanning (born, June 21, 1950) is an American crime writer and author who writes nonfiction and mystery novels.
Biography
Fanning was born Diane Lynn Butcher in Baltimore, Maryland. She graduated from Perry Hall High School, and then Lynchburg College in Virginia, where she majored in chemistry. She and her husband live in Bedford, Virginia.
Career
After college, she wrote for the advertising field, earning more than 70 Addy Awards for her work. During that time, she wrote as a freelance writer.
Her career shifted into nonprofit work with a move to New Braunfels, Texas. Fanning worked for fundraising groups, including Another Way Texas Shares and the National Association for Choice in Giving. She began her first book while living in Texas. She is co-founder of Women in Crime Ink, described by The Wall Street Journal as "a blog worth reading."
In 2002, Fanning corresponded with serial killer Tommy Lynn Sells, who, in a letter to her, confessed to murdering 10-year-old Joel Kirkpatrick, whose mother had been convicted of killing her son. According to the Innocence Project, Fanning's testimony before a prison review board about the letter and her book Through the Window, which details Sells' crime spree, were said to help prove Harper's innocence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.illinoistimes.com/Springfield/article-3319-the-end.html |title=Illinois Times, "Who Killed Joel?" October 2003 |access-date=2010-09-22 |archive-date=2012-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20reconstruction
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Surface reconstruction refers to the process by which atoms at the surface of a crystal assume a different structure than that of the bulk. Surface reconstructions are important in that they help in the understanding of surface chemistry for various materials, especially in the case where another material is adsorbed onto the surface.
Basic principles
In an ideal infinite crystal, the equilibrium position of each individual atom is determined by the forces exerted by all the other atoms in the crystal, resulting in a periodic structure. If a surface is introduced to the surroundings by terminating the crystal along a given plane, then these forces are altered, changing the equilibrium positions of the remaining atoms. This is most noticeable for the atoms at or near the surface plane, as they now only experience inter-atomic forces from one direction. This imbalance results in the atoms near the surface assuming positions with different spacing and/or symmetry from the bulk atoms, creating a different surface structure. This change in equilibrium positions near the surface can be categorized as either a relaxation or a reconstruction.
Relaxation refers to a change in the position of surface atoms relative to the bulk positions, while the bulk unit cell is preserved at the surface. Often this is a purely normal relaxation: that is, the surface atoms move in a direction normal to the surface plane, usually resulting in a smaller-than-usual inter-layer spacing. This makes int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Kraitchik
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Maurice Borisovich Kraitchik (21 April 1882 – 19 August 1957) was a Belgian mathematician and populariser. His main interests were the theory of numbers and recreational mathematics.
He was born to a Jewish family in Minsk. He wrote several books on number theory during 1922–1930 and after the war, and from 1931 to 1939 edited Sphinx, a periodical devoted to recreational mathematics. During World War II, he emigrated to the United States, where he taught a course at the New School for Social Research in New York City on the general topic of "mathematical recreations."
Kraïtchik was agrégé of the Free University of Brussels, engineer at the Société Financière de Transports et d'Entreprises Industrielles (Sofina), and director of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Belgique. He died in Brussels.
Kraïtchik is famous for having inspired the two envelopes problem in 1953, with the following puzzle in La mathématique des jeux:
Two people, equally rich, meet to compare the contents of their wallets. Each is ignorant of the contents of the two wallets. The game is as follows: whoever has the least money receives the contents of the wallet of the other (in the case where the amounts are equal, nothing happens). One of the two men can reason: "Suppose that I have the amount A in my wallet. That's the maximum that I could lose. If I win (probability 0.5), the amount that I'll have in my possession at the end of the game will be more than 2A. Therefore the game is favourable to me." T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Brooke
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Keith Brooke is a science fiction author, editor, web publisher and anthologist from Essex, England. He is the founder and editor of the infinity plus webzine. He also writes children's fiction under the name Nick Gifford.
Biography and publishing history
Keith Brooke studied environmental science at university, and took a year out after graduating to write a novel. That novel, Keepers of the Peace, was published by Gollancz in 1990. He remained a full-time writer for some eight years, before finding work in various multimedia, web development and editorial roles at the Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education (now the University of Gloucestershire) and the University of Essex; in 2014 he returned to full-time writing and editing.
Brooke's first story was published in the British small press magazine Dream in 1989, but it was his first sale to Interzone, the story 'Adenotropic Man', which first brought him notice. He continued to be published in Interzone throughout the 1990s. There was, however, a nine-year gap between his third novel, Expatria Incorporated, and his fourth, Lord of Stone (although the latter was originally published on-line in 1997). In 2001 and 2002, US-based Cosmos Books published Brooke's three novels from the early 1990s in their first US editions. 2006 saw publication of Genetopia, achieving publisher Pyr's first ever starred review in Publishers Weekly. His 2009 novel The Accord picked up a second starred PW review. His 2012 novel, Harm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20transcription%20factor
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Artificial transcription factors (ATFs) are engineered individual or multi molecule transcription factors that either activate or repress gene transcription (biology).
ATFs often contain two main components linked together, a DNA-binding domain and a regulatory domain, also known as an effector domain or modulatory domain. The DNA-binding domain targets a specific DNA sequence with high affinity, and the regulatory domain is responsible for activating or repressing the bound gene. The ATF can directly regulate gene expression, can recruit proteins and other transcription factors to initiate transcription, or recruit proteins and other transcription factors to compact the DNA which inhibits RNA polymerase from binding and transcribing the DNA; an example of transcription factors up-regulating gene expression is displayed in figure 1 on the left. Because ATFs are composed of two separable components, the DNA-binding domain and the regulatory domain, the two domains are interchangeable, permitting the design of new ATFs from existing natural transcription factors.
Some applications of ATFs include reprogramming cell state, cancer treatment, and a plausible treatment for Angelman Syndrome.
ATF Design
DNA-Binding Domain
The DNA-binding domain routes the ATF to a specific gene sequence. Natural DNA binding proteins are commonly used because of their high affinity for their DNA target sequence, however currently no algorithm that matches the protein amino-acid sequence to the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Behavioral%20Physiology
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The former Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology was located in Bulldern, Westphalia, Germany, moved to Seewiesen in 1957. It was one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
Background
A working group was founded in 1954 by Erich von Holst (Max Planck Institute for Oceanic biology, Wilhelmshaven) and Konrad Lorenz. In 1958 it moved into new buildings in Seewiesen. After working from 1951 to 1965, Irenaeus Eibl-Eibesfeldt became director of the institute in 1975. It became an independent institute 1987. In 1997 the Max Planck Society was required to cut its budget and four institutes, including the Behavioral Physiology unit, were chosen for closure, reportedly because their directors were nearing retirement and not due to any failures in scientific research. A part of it survived as the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology.
Famous scientists
Erich von Holst
Irenaeus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
Horst Mittelstaedt
References
External links
Homepage of the institute
Behavioral Physiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Risner
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Friedrich Risner (c.1533 – 15 September 1580) (in Latin Fridericus Risnerus) was a German mathematician from Hersfeld, Hesse. He was an assistant to Petrus Ramus (from around 1565) and was the first chair of mathematics at Collège Royale de France (1576).
Risner is known for his 1572 publication of "Opticae thesaurus: Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nuncprimum editi; Eiusdem liber De Crepusculis et nubium ascensionibus, Item Vitellonis Thuringopoloni libri X" (Optical Treasure: Seven books of Alhazen the Arab, published for the first time; His book On Twilight and the Rising of Clouds, Also of Vitello Thuringopoloni book X), an edition of works by Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen) and Erazmus Ciołek Witelo (Vitello), two men who were both early pioneers in the field of optics. The publication became a major benefit to a number of mathematicians and scientists, such as Kepler, Snellius, Descartes and Huygens
He was the first to propose the idea of a portable camera obscura, which purportedly was to be used as an aid in the creation of artistic works. His idea consisted of a lightweight wooden hut that had small holes fitted with lenses in each wall, and a cube of paper placed in the centre for drawing.
After St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, Risner fled back to Hersfeld and died there eight years later. Risner was buried in Hersfeld Abbey, where his gravestone is well preserved.
The Latin circumscription on the gravestone is: "Anno Domini 1580. 17. Cal. Octob. pie in Christo obiit clar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laymen%27s%20Evangelical%20Fellowship%20International
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Laymen's Evangelical Fellowship International is a Christian organization founded in 1935 in Madras, India by N. Daniel (1897-1963/12/18), a former mathematics teacher at McLaurin High School in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, was headed from 1963 to 2014 by his son Joshua Daniel (1928/02/06 - 2014/10/18), and now by grandson John Daniel (1962/09/30 - ).
Headquartered in Chennai, India, the Church has centres in many parts of India, with the majority in the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, as well as churches in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Jharkhand, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Maharashtra and several other Indian states.
Additionally, it has "tentmaker" missionaries (supported through their own work rather than by the organisation) in various countries such as Cyprus, Guyana, Venezuela, Ireland and the Brixton area of London, and radio broadcasts named "The Lord's Challenge" from Guyana, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Australia, and parts of the United States: in Buffalo, New York, Atlanta, Georgia, Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Detroit, Michigan). Since January 2007, a weekly series of half-hour television broadcasts with same title as the radio broadcasts (The Lord's Challenge), have been going forth from Novi, Michigan. A RealVideo copy of each broadcast is available for play or download from the organisation's website.
Beautiful Books is the literature division of the Laymen's Evangelical Fellowship which publish
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Advanced%20Level%20subjects
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This is a list of Advanced Level (usually referred to as A-Level) subjects.
Withdrawn subjects
Anthropology
Archaeology
Citizenship Studies
Classics
Communication and Culture
Creative Writing
Critical Thinking
Dutch
Economics and Business
Engineering
General Studies
Global Development (AS)
Home Economics
Human Biology
Humanities
Information and communication technology
Leisure studies
Performance studies
Pure Mathematics
Quantitative Methods (AS)
Science in Society
Use of Mathematics (AS)
World Development
See also
List of CIE Advanced Level subjects
References
Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom
School qualifications
School examinations
United Kingdom education-related lists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliophysics
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Heliophysics (from the prefix "helio", from Attic Greek hḗlios, meaning Sun, and the noun "physics": the science of matter and energy and their interactions) is the physics of the Sun and its connection with the Solar System. NASA defines heliophysics as "(1) the comprehensive new term for the science of the Sun - Solar System Connection, (2) the exploration, discovery, and understanding of Earth's space environment, and (3) the system science that unites all of the linked phenomena in the region of the cosmos influenced by a star like our Sun."
Heliophysics concentrates on the Sun's effects on Earth and other bodies within the Solar System, as well as the changing conditions in space. It is primarily concerned with the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, and upper atmosphere of the Earth and other planets. Heliophysics combines the science of the Sun, corona, heliosphere and geospace, and encompasses a wide variety of astronomical phenomena, including "cosmic rays and particle acceleration, space weather and radiation, dust and magnetic reconnection, nuclear energy generation and internal solar dynamics, solar activity and stellar magnetic fields, aeronomy and space plasmas, magnetic fields and global change", and the interactions of the Solar System with the Milky Way Galaxy.
Term “heliophysics” (Russian: “гелиофизика”) was widely used in Russian-language scientific literature. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia third edition (1969—1978) defines “Heliophysics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulhaber%27s%20formula
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In mathematics, Faulhaber's formula, named after the early 17th century mathematician Johann Faulhaber, expresses the sum of the p-th powers of the first n positive integers
as a polynomial in n. In modern notation, Faulhaber's formula is
Here, is the binomial coefficient "p + 1 choose k", and the Bj are the Bernoulli numbers with the convention that .
The result: Faulhaber's formula
Faulhaber's formula concerns expressing the sum of the p-th powers of the first n positive integers
as a (p + 1)th-degree polynomial function of n.
The first few examples are well known. For p = 0, we have
For p = 1, we have the triangular numbers
For p = 2, we have the square pyramidal numbers
The coefficients of Faulhaber's formula in its general form involve the Bernoulli numbers Bj. The Bernoulli numbers begin
where here we use the convention that . The Bernoulli numbers have various definitions (see Bernoulli_number#Definitions), such as that they are the coefficients of the exponential generating function
Then Faulhaber's formula is that
Here, the Bj are the Bernoulli numbers as above, and
is the binomial coefficient "p + 1 choose k".
Examples
So, for example, one has for ,
The first seven examples of Faulhaber's formula are
History
Faulhaber's formula is also called Bernoulli's formula. Faulhaber did not know the properties of the coefficients later discovered by Bernoulli. Rather, he knew at least the first 17 cases, as well as the existence of the Faulhaber polynomia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Villars
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Felix Villars (; 6 January 1921 – 27 April 2002) was a Swiss-born American emeritus professor of physics at MIT. He is best known for the Pauli–Villars regularization, an important principle in quantum field theory.
Early life
Villars was born in Biel, Switzerland and served in the Swiss Army during the Second World War, working as a meteorologist. In 1945, he graduated from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology with degrees in physics and mathematics. His undergraduate thesis earned him the Institute's Kern Medal for Excellence. The following year, Villars earned his doctorate in physics from the same institution.
From 1946 to 1949, Villars worked as a research assistant at the Swiss Federal Institute. While there, he collaborated with Wolfgang Pauli on work in quantum electrodynamics. They developed a method of dealing with mathematical singularities in quantum field theory, in order to extract finite physical results. This method, Pauli–Villars regularization, is used by physicists when working with field theory.
In 1949, Villars married the former Jacqueline Dubois and moved to the United States. He worked for a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
MIT career
In 1950, Villars was hired as a research associate at MIT and eventually became a full professor in 1959. Along with Victor Weisskopf, he studied the scattering of radio waves owing to atmospheric turbulence. With Herman Feshbach, he studied the effect of the Earth's ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Rubin
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Karl Cooper Rubin (born January 27, 1956) is an American mathematician at University of California, Irvine as Thorp Professor of Mathematics. Between 1997 and 2006, he was a professor at Stanford, and before that worked at Ohio State University between 1987 and 1999. His research interest is in elliptic curves. He was the first mathematician (1986) to show that some elliptic curves over the rationals have finite Tate–Shafarevich groups. It is widely believed that these groups are always finite.
Education and career
Rubin graduated from Princeton University in 1976, and obtained his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1981. His thesis advisor was Andrew Wiles. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1974, and a Sloan Research Fellow in 1985.
In 1988, Rubin received a National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator award, and in 1992 won the American Mathematical Society Cole Prize in number theory. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Rubin's parents were mathematician Robert Joshua Rubin and astronomer Vera Rubin. Rubin is brother to astronomer and physicist Judith Young.
See also
CEILIDH
Torus-based cryptography
Euler system
Stark conjectures
References
External links
Karl Cooper Rubin at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Karl Rubin's Home page
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
University of California, Irvine faculty
Ohio State University faculty
Columbia University faculty
1956 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helly%27s%20selection%20theorem
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In mathematics, Helly's selection theorem (also called the Helly selection principle) states that a uniformly bounded sequence of monotone real functions admits a convergent subsequence.
In other words, it is a sequential compactness theorem for the space of uniformly bounded monotone functions.
It is named for the Austrian mathematician Eduard Helly.
A more general version of the theorem asserts compactness of the space BVloc of functions locally of bounded total variation that are uniformly bounded at a point.
The theorem has applications throughout mathematical analysis. In probability theory, the result implies compactness of a tight family of measures.
Statement of the theorem
Let (fn)n ∈ N be a sequence of increasing functions mapping the real line R into itself,
and suppose that it is uniformly bounded: there are a,b ∈ R such that a ≤ fn ≤ b for every n ∈ N.
Then the sequence (fn)n ∈ N admits a pointwise convergent subsequence.
Generalisation to BVloc
Let U be an open subset of the real line and let fn : U → R, n ∈ N, be a sequence of functions. Suppose that
(fn) has uniformly bounded total variation on any W that is compactly embedded in U. That is, for all sets W ⊆ U with compact closure W̄ ⊆ U,
where the derivative is taken in the sense of tempered distributions;
and (fn) is uniformly bounded at a point. That is, for some t ∈ U, { fn(t) | n ∈ N } ⊆ R is a bounded set.
Then there exists a subsequence fnk, k ∈ N, of fn and a function f : U → R, locally of b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denso%20Ten
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is a Japanese company developing and manufacturing car audio, video, navigation and control systems. The headquarters is located in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. As its name shows, Denso Ten belongs to the Denso group led by Denso Corp., which is the second-largest auto parts supplier in the world.
Originally the company was established as , a subsidiary company of Denso Ltd. which is one of the leading electronics companies in Japan. The parent company was changed from Fujitsu to Denso on November 1, 2017.
The major products of Denso Ten are the Eclipse brand car audio and navigation systems. It is also a supplier of OEM products to major automobile companies in Japan and the U.S.
DENSO TEN AMERICA Limited, the U.S. headquarters, is located in Novi, Michigan is a subsidiary of Denso Ten that supplies products to the U.S. market and industry.
Name
The Ten in the company's name does not refer to the number 10, but rather comes from the Chinese character Ten (天), meaning heaven in Chinese and Japanese.
History
Fujitsu Ten was created in 1972 when it was spun out by Fujitsu Limited. It took with it the automotive and radio electronics departments. The intention was that creating a separate company would give more focus to these areas. The automotive and radio departments were themselves the result of a merger between Fujitsu Limited and Kobe Industries Corp. in 1968.
In September 2016, Denso agreed with Fujitsu to purchase the stock of Fujitsu Ten. The deal was made on N
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20crown
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The live crown is the top part of a tree, the part that has green leaves (as opposed to the bare trunk, bare branches, and dead leaves). The ratio of the size of a tree's live crown to its total height is used in estimating its health and its level of competition with neighboring trees.
Trees
Biology terminology
Sustainable forest management
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Sandoval%20Vallarta
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Manuel Sandoval Vallarta (11 February 1899 – 18 April 1977) was a Mexican physicist. He was a Physics professor at both MIT and the Institute of Physics at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
Biography
Sandoval Vallarta was born in Mexico City into a family that descended from Ignacio Vallarta, a prominent liberal leader during the War of Reform. He received his B.S. in physics from MIT in 1921; in 1924, MIT awarded him his Ph.D. He joined MIT's physics faculty in 1923, eventually rising to the rank of full professor. In 1927, Vallarta received a two-year Guggenheim Fellowship to study physics in Germany. The Universities of Berlin and Leipzig hosted him, and he was able to learn from Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Erwin Schrödinger, and Werner Heisenberg. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1928.
While at MIT, Vallarta was a mentor to Richard Feynman and Julius Stratton. In fact, he was the co-author of Feynman's first scientific publication, a letter to Physical Review concerning the scattering of cosmic rays. This led to an interesting Feynman story:
Vallarta let his student in on a secret of mentor-protégé publishing: the senior scientist's name comes first. Feynman had his revenge a few years later, when Heisenberg concluded an entire book in cosmic rays with the phrase: "such an effect is not to be expected according to Vallarta and Feynman." When they next met, Feynman asked gleefully whether Vallarta had seen Heisen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxycitric%20acid
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Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa.
There are four isomers, (+)- and (-)-hydroxycitric acid, and (+)- and (-)-allo-hydroxycitric acid. The (-)-hydroxycitric acid isomer is the one found in Garcinia.
Chemistry
Hydroxy citric acid as such cannot be isolated from garcinia fruits or hibiscus sabdariffa fruits. Hydroxy citric acid exist in both the open and lactone forms. The presence of two chiral centres in the molecule is exploited to construct molecular skeletons that are otherwise difficult to synthesize, thus demonstrating the lactones use as chirons.
Biological effects
(-)-HCA is a competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, which converts citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA. The reverse of this conversion is a step in the citric acid cycle.
Laboratory and animal studies of HCA have produced results that indicate a potential for modulation of lipid metabolism. However, a clinical study has demonstrated that HCA has no effect in terms of weight loss or reduction of fat mass. A meta-analysis published in 2010 revealed that gastrointestinal adverse effects were twice as likely for users of hydroxycitric acid.
The use of HCA is contraindicated in patients suffering Colitis or Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
One isomer of HCA, known as (2S,3R)-HCA, inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase, leading to a reduction in carbohydrate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Sarchet
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Tony Sarchet is a British television and radio writer for alternative comedy shows.
Sarchet studied chemistry at University College, Oxford, where he was a member of the University College Players and wrote a revue called Gargoyles at the Oxford Playhouse with John Albery and Graham Wall in 1978.
He started his professional career writing for hit shows including Three of a Kind and Spitting Image, and for comedians such as Lenny Henry and Jasper Carrott.
In 1984, his Sony Award-winning BBC Radio 4 satire Delve Special begun, a comedic parody of Roger Cook's investigative journalism series 'Checkpoint'. This time starring Stephen Fry as investigative journalist David Lander. When Roger Cook moved to television, so did his parody, in the Tony Sarchet written series This is David Lander and This is David Harper (this last series with Tony Slattery in the main role).
Sarchet went on to write the Screen One TV film Trust Me starring Alfred Molina and in 2001 the ITV sitcom High Stakes with Richard Wilson.
Tony Sarchet is married to the writer Andrea Solomons.
References
External links
Tony Sarchet at The BBC Comedy Guide
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of University College, Oxford
English comedy writers
British television writers
British radio writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Polymer%20Research
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The Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research () is a scientific center in the field of polymer science located in Mainz, Germany. The institute was founded in 1983 by Erhard W. Fischer and Gerhard Wegner. Belonging to the Chemistry, Physics and Technology Section, it is one of over 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft).
Research
Using a basic research approach, its scientists strive to design and characterize innovative applications in the fields of electronics, energy technology, medicine and nanomaterials. The institute specializes in new approaches to synthesis, supramolecular architectures, developing new methods, functional materials and components, structure and dynamics and surfaces and interfaces.
Organization
The beginning of 2014 saw a total of 511 people working at the institute, of whom 134 were supported by third-party funding and 79 were privately sponsored. The workforce was made up of 123 scientists, 150 doctoral and diploma students, 41 visiting scientists and 164 technical, administrative and auxiliary staff, altogether from approximately 40 different countries.
Departments
The MPIP consists of six departments each managed by a director:
Molecular Electronics, Paul Blom
Molecular Spectroscopy, Mischa Bonn
Physics of Interfaces, Hans-Jürgen Butt
Polymer Theory, Kurt Kremer
Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Katharina Landfester
Synthesis of Macromolecules, Tanja Weil
Emeriti and former directors
Emeriti
Hans-Wolfgang Spie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Experimental%20Medicine
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The Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine () was a research institute of the Max Planck Society, located in Göttingen, Germany. On January 1, 2022, the institute merged with the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen to form the Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences.
It was founded in 1947 as the Medical Research Institution of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (), and was integrated into the Max Planck Society in 1948. It retained its original name until 1965. The research focus of the institute was on neuroscience: its research activities were organized into the Department of Neurogenetics, the Department of Molecular Neurobiology, and the Department of Molecular Biology of Neuron Signals.
Research
The institute's research activities in the area of neuroscience covered a wide spectrum of topics, ranging from basic molecular analyses of neuronal processes to clinical studies on novel therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders in patients. The central aim of the studies was to understand basic molecular and cellular processes in brain function, to analyze their pathological dysfunction in psychiatric and neurological diseases, and ultimately to develop novel therapies for these disorders.
Departments
Neurogenetics
The Department of Neurogenetics, led by Klaus-Armin Nave, uses transgenic techniques, natural and engineered mouse mutants and the tools of molecular and cellular biology to study neural development and the pathomech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20embedding
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In mathematics, the notion of being compactly embedded expresses the idea that one set or space is "well contained" inside another. There are versions of this concept appropriate to general topology and functional analysis.
Definition (topological spaces)
Let (X, T) be a topological space, and let V and W be subsets of X. We say that V is compactly embedded in W, and write V ⊂⊂ W, if
V ⊆ Cl(V) ⊆ Int(W), where Cl(V) denotes the closure of V, and Int(W) denotes the interior of W; and
Cl(V) is compact.
Definition (normed spaces)
Let X and Y be two normed vector spaces with norms ||•||X and ||•||Y respectively, and suppose that X ⊆ Y. We say that X is compactly embedded in Y, and write X ⊂⊂ Y, if
X is continuously embedded in Y; i.e., there is a constant C such that ||x||Y ≤ C||x||X for all x in X; and
The embedding of X into Y is a compact operator: any bounded set in X is totally bounded in Y, i.e. every sequence in such a bounded set has a subsequence that is Cauchy in the norm ||•||Y.
If Y is a Banach space, an equivalent definition is that the embedding operator (the identity) i : X → Y is a compact operator.
When applied to functional analysis, this version of compact embedding is usually used with Banach spaces of functions. Several of the Sobolev embedding theorems are compact embedding theorems. When an embedding is not compact, it may possess a related, but weaker, property of cocompactness.
References
.
.
.
Compactness (mathematics)
Functional analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhenge%40Home
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Spinhenge@home was a volunteer computing project on the BOINC platform, which performs extensive numerical simulations concerning the physical characteristics of magnetic molecules. It is a project of the Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, in cooperation with the University of Osnabrück and Ames Laboratory.
The project began beta testing on September 1, 2006 and used the Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm to calculate and simulate spin dynamics in nanoscale molecular magnets.
On September 28, 2011, a hiatus was announced while the project team reviewed results and upgraded hardware. As of July 10, 2022 the hiatus continues and it is likely that the project has been closed down permanently.
See also
Spintronics
BOINC
List of volunteer computing projects
References
External links
Project Website
More Information about Spinhenge@Home
Project Statistics at BOINCStats
Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Evolutionary%20Biology
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The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology is a German institute for evolutionary biology. It is located in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
History
The institute was founded by German zoologist Otto Zacharias as Hydrobiologische Station zu Plön. Working in Italy in the 1880s, Zacharias was inspired by the highly recognised Stazione Zoologica in Naples, founded in 1870 by Anton Dohrn, to set up the first biological station for freshwater research in Germany. He secured financial support from the Prussian government and several private individuals to establish it on Großer Plöner See in 1891, as a private research institute.
As the director, Zacharias published research reports from 1893 on the Station's activities, which were recorded from 1905 in the Archives of Hydrobiology. In so-called "summer schools" Zacharias trained teachers and laity interested in working with the microscope.
It became part of the Max Planck Society in 1948, and was renamed in 1966 as the Max Planck Institute of Limnology.
It was renamed again as Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in 2007, marking a change of the research focus towards evolutionary biology.
Departments
Evolutionary Genetics (Diethard Tautz)
Evolutionary Theory (Arne Traulsen)
Microbial Population Biology (Paul Rainey)
Research groups
Behavioural Genomics ()
Biological Clocks (Tobias Kaiser)
Dynamics of Social Behavior (Christian Hilbe)
Evolutionary Cell Biology (Javier López Garrido)
Craniofacial Biol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material
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Material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function. Materials science is the study of materials, their properties and their applications.
Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by synthesis.
In industry, materials are inputs to manufacturing processes to produce products or more complex materials.
Historical elements
Materials chart the history of humanity. The system of the three prehistoric ages (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age) were succeeded by historical ages: steel age in the 19th century, polymer age in the middle of the following century (plastic age) and silicon age in the second half of the 20th century.
Classification by use
Materials can be broadly categorized in terms of their use, for example:
Building materials are used for construction
Building insulation materials are used to retain heat within buildings
Refractory materials are used for high-temperature applications
Nuclear materials are used for nuclear power and weapons
Aerospace materials are used in aircraft and other aerospace applications
Biomaterials are used for applications interacting with living systems
Material selecti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Westmacott
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Michael Horatio Westmacott (12 April 1925 – 20 June 2012) was a prominent British mountaineer.
Westmacott was a member of the 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition led by John Hunt. He was educated at Radley College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he read mathematics.
During World War II, Westmacott served as an officer with the British Indian Army Corps of Engineers in Burma.
He climbed extensively in the United Kingdom and the European Alps prior to Everest, and later opened new routes in Peru, the Hindu Kush and Alaska. He became president of the Alpine Club and the Climbers Club and worked for Shell International after he ceased serious mountaineering.
References
External links
Royal Geographical Society
1925 births
2012 deaths
English mountain climbers
Presidents of the Alpine Club (UK)
People educated at Radley College
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
British Indian Army officers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Torquay
British expatriates in British Burma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Grojsman
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Sophia Grojsman is a Belarus-born American perfumer. Grojsman is a Vice President of International Flavors and Fragrances, a perfume and scent company.
Early years and education
Sophia Grojsman was born in Belarus, at that time a Soviet state. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in analytical chemistry in Poland (Gliwice).
In 1965, Grojsman immigrated to the United States and soon later began to work at International Flavors and Fragrances as a lab technician.
Honours
In 1994, Sophia Grojsman received the Cosmetic Executive Women's Achiever Award for her lifetime contributions to perfumery. She received the Living Legend Award from the American Society of Perfumers in 1996, In 1999 Grojsman was honored by the Cosmetic Executive Women for her lifetime achievements in the fragrance industry. In 2016, Grojsman received the Perfumer of Year, Lifetime Achievement Award by the Fragrance Foundation.
Creations
Among the best-selling fragrances that Grojsman has created:
Bill Blass Nude (1990)
Boucheron Jaipur (1994)
Bvlgari Bvlgari Pour Femme (1994)
Calvin Klein Eternity (1988)
Calvin Klein Eternity Purple Orchid (2002)
Celine Magic (1996)
Christian Lacroix Christian Lacroix (1999)
Coty, Inc. Ex'cla-ma'tion (1988)
Elizabeth Taylor Diamonds and Rubies (1993)
Estée Lauder Beautiful (1985)
Estée Lauder Spellbound (1992)
Estée Lauder White Linen (1978)
Frederic Malle Outrageous! (2007)
Gloria Vanderbilt Vanderbilt (1982)
IVS Elite Group Désir Coulant (2012)
HRH
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor%20spherical%20harmonics
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In quantum mechanics, the spinor spherical harmonics (also known as spin spherical harmonics, spinor harmonics and Pauli spinors) are special functions defined over the sphere. The spinor spherical harmonics are the natural spinor analog of the vector spherical harmonics. While the standard spherical harmonics are a basis for the angular momentum operator, the spinor spherical harmonics are a basis for the total angular momentum operator (angular momentum plus spin). These functions are used in analytical solutions to Dirac equation in a radial potential. The spinor spherical harmonics are sometimes called Pauli central field spinors, in honor to Wolfgang Pauli who employed them in the solution of the hydrogen atom with spin–orbit interaction.
Properties
The spinor spherical harmonics are the spinors eigenstates of the total angular momentum operator squared:
where , where , , and are the (dimensionless) total, orbital and spin angular momentum operators, j is the total azimuthal quantum number and m is the total magnetic quantum number.
Under a parity operation, we have
For spin-½ systems, they are given in matrix form by
where are the usual spherical harmonics.
References
Spinors
Rotational symmetry
Special functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner%20space
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In mathematics, Bochner spaces are a generalization of the concept of spaces to functions whose values lie in a Banach space which is not necessarily the space or of real or complex numbers.
The space consists of (equivalence classes of) all Bochner measurable functions with values in the Banach space whose norm lies in the standard space. Thus, if is the set of complex numbers, it is the standard Lebesgue space.
Almost all standard results on spaces do hold on Bochner spaces too; in particular, the Bochner spaces are Banach spaces for
Bochner spaces are named for the mathematician Salomon Bochner.
Definition
Given a measure space a Banach space and the Bochner space is defined to be the Kolmogorov quotient (by equality almost everywhere) of the space of all Bochner measurable functions such that the corresponding norm is finite:
In other words, as is usual in the study of spaces, is a space of equivalence classes of functions, where two functions are defined to be equivalent if they are equal everywhere except upon a -measure zero subset of As is also usual in the study of such spaces, it is usual to abuse notation and speak of a "function" in rather than an equivalence class (which would be more technically correct).
Applications
Bochner spaces are often used in the functional analysis approach to the study of partial differential equations that depend on time, e.g. the heat equation: if the temperature is a scalar function of time and space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20inference
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In philosophy of science, strong inference is a model of scientific inquiry that emphasizes the need for alternative hypotheses, rather than a single hypothesis to avoid confirmation bias.
The term "strong inference" was coined by John R. Platt, a biophysicist at the University of Chicago. Platt notes that some fields, such as molecular biology and high-energy physics, seem to adhere strongly to strong inference, with very beneficial results for the rate of progress in those fields.
The single hypothesis problem
The problem with single hypotheses, confirmation bias, was aptly described by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin in 1897:
Despite the admonitions of Platt, reviewers of grant-applications often require "A Hypothesis" as part of the proposal (note the singular). Peer-review of research can help avoid the mistakes of single-hypotheses, but only so long as the reviewers are not in the thrall of the same hypothesis. If there is a shared enthrallment among the reviewers in a commonly believed hypothesis, then innovation becomes difficult because alternative hypotheses are not seriously considered, and sometimes not even permitted.
Strong Inference
The method, very similar to the scientific method, is described as:
Devising alternative hypotheses;
Devising a crucial experiment (or several of them), with alternative possible outcomes, each of which will, as nearly as possible, exclude one or more of the hypotheses;
Carrying out the experiment(s) so as to get a clean result;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Journal%20of%20Human%20Genetics
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The American Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of human genetics. It was established in 1948 by the American Society of Human Genetics and covers all aspects of heredity in humans, including the application of genetics in medicine and public policy, as well as the related areas of molecular and cell biology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 10.502. The journal is published by Cell Press an imprint of Elsevier. Bruce R. Korf became the editor-in-chief in the winter of 2017–2018.
Past editors-in-chief
1948–1951 — Charles W. Cotterham
1952–1954 — Herluf H. Strandskov (1898–1984)
1955— Laurence H. Snyder
1956–1961 — Arthur G. Steinberg
1962–1963 — C. Nash Herndon
1964–1969 — H. Eldon Sutton
1970–1975 — Arno Motulsky
1976–1978 — William J. Mellman
1979–1986 — David E. Comings
1986–1993 — Charles J. Epstein
1993–1999 — Peter H. Byers
1999–2005 — Stephen T. Warren
2005–2011 — Cynthia C. Morton
2011–2017 — David L. Nelson
See also
American Journal of Medical Genetics
References
External links
Cell Press academic journals
Medical genetics journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1948
English-language journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landolt%E2%80%93B%C3%B6rnstein
|
Landolt–Börnstein is a collection of property data in materials science and the closely related fields of chemistry, physics and engineering published by Springer Nature.
History
On July 28, 1882, Dr. Hans Heinrich Landolt and Dr. Richard Börnstein, both professors at the "Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule" (Agricultural College) at Berlin, signed a contract with the publisher Ferdinand Springer on the publication of a collection of tables with physical-chemical data. The title of this book "Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen" (Physical-Chemical Tables) published in 1883 was soon forgotten. Owing to its success the data collection has been known for more than a hundred years by each scientist only as "The Landolt-Börnstein".
1250 copies of the 1st Edition were printed and sold. In 1894, the 2nd Edition was published, in 1905 the 3rd Edition, in 1912 the 4th Edition, and finally in 1923 the 5th Edition. Supplementary volumes of the latter were printed until as late as 1936. New Editions saw changes in large expansion of volumes, number of authors, updated structure, additional tables and coverage of new areas of physics and chemistry.
The 5th Edition was eventually published in 1923, consisting of two volumes and comprising a total of 1,695 pages. Sixty three authors had contributed to it. The growth that had already been noticed in previous editions, continued. It was clear, that "another edition in approximately 10 years" was no solution. A complete conceptual change of the Lan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Petersburg%20Lyceum%20239
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Presidential Physics and Mathematics Lyceum No. 239 (), is a public high school in Saint Petersburg, Russia that specializes in mathematics and physics. The school opened in 1918 and it became a specialized city school in 1961. The school is noted for its strong academic programs. It is the alma mater of numerous winners of International Mathematical Olympiads and it has produced many notable alumni. The lyceum has been named the best school in Russia in 2015, 2016, and 2017.
History
The school was founded in 1918. Originally, it was located in the Lobanov-Rostovsky Palace, also known as "house with lions" at the corner of Saint Isaac's Square and Admiralteysky Prospect. It was one of only handful of schools to remain open during Siege of Leningrad. In 1961 the school was granted status of city's school with specialization in physics and mathematics. In 1964 the school moved to the building on Kazansky Street 48/1, which was previously occupied by school of working youth, and in 1966 it moved again to Moika River, 108. Finally, in 1975 the school relocated to its current location, into the historic Annenschule building.
In 1990, the Russian Ministry of Education granted school the status of physico-mathematical lyceum and experimental laboratory for standard of education in physics, mathematics and informatics in Saint Petersburg. In 1994, the school won the George Soros grant. The US Mathematical society voted the school as one of top ten schools of former Soviet Union. Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunton%20Academy
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Braunton Academy (formerly Braunton School and Community College) is a coeducational secondary school with academy status in Braunton, North Devon, England. The school specialises in mathematics and computing.
The school first opened in 1937 with 140 pupils, and now has around 740 pupils aged 11 to 16.
The school has various sports facilities, which include four tennis courts, a climbing wall, a dance studio, access to Tweedies Field and the North Devon Athletics Track. A new multi-usage games area was opened in 2014 supported by Fullabrook and is used by the school as well as being accessible to local primary schools and to other sports clubs.
Braunton Academy secured £750,000 from the government to build a new library, reception and supported study centre which opened in Spring 2015.
Principals
1992 – 1997: Mr Hunkin
1997 – 1999: Mr Roff (acting)
1999 – 2001: Mr Scutt
2002 – 2006: Mr V Game
2006 – 2014: David Sharratt
September 2014 – July 2021: Michael Cammack
September 2021 – Present: Fay Bowler
House and Tutor Systems
Houses
Braunton Academy has four houses, each with their own colour: Croyde (yellow), Putsborough (green), Saunton (red) and Woolacombe (blue). They are named after 4 of the beaches in the local North Devon area.
Tutors
Braunton Academy's tutor group system was originally vertical, with students from all 5 year groups making up a tutor. This was then changed to have distinct KS3 and KS4 groups, with students changing to their KS4 tutor at the end
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganic%20chemistry
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Bioorganic chemistry is a scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. It is that branch of life science that deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods. Protein and enzyme function are examples of these processes.
Sometimes biochemistry is used interchangeably for bioorganic chemistry; the distinction being that bioorganic chemistry is organic chemistry that is focused on the biological aspects. While biochemistry aims at understanding biological processes using chemistry, bioorganic chemistry attempts to expand organic-chemical researches (that is, structures, synthesis, and kinetics) toward biology. When investigating metalloenzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry.
Sub disciplines
Biophysical organic chemistry is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry.
Natural product chemistry is the process of Identifying compounds found in nature to determine their properties. Compound discoveries have and often lead to medicinal uses, development of herbicides and insecticides.
References
Biochemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Edward%20Taylor
|
Alfred Edward Taylor (22 December 1869 – 31 October 1945), usually cited as A. E. Taylor, was a British idealist philosopher most famous for his contributions to the philosophy of idealism in his writings on metaphysics, the philosophy of religion, moral philosophy, and the scholarship of Plato. He was a fellow of the British Academy (1911) and president of the Aristotelian Society from 1928 to 1929. At Oxford he was made an honorary fellow of New College in 1931. In an age of universal upheaval and strife, he was a notable defender of Idealism in the Anglophone world.
Career
Taylor was both a philosopher in his own right, addressing all the central problems of philosophy, and a philosophical scholar.
Educated at Oxford in the closing days of the great European idealist movement, Taylor was early influenced by the school of British idealism, especially neo-Hegelianism. He was educated at New College, where he obtained a First in Literae Humaniores or 'Greats' in 1891 and held a prize fellowship at Merton College (1891–96); he was re-elected as a Fellow in 1902. His first major book, Elements of Metaphysics (1903), dedicated (in heartfelt acknowledgment) to F. H. Bradley, is a systematic treatise of metaphysics covering such topics as ontology, cosmology, and rational psychology, and influenced by scholars including Josiah Royce, James Ward, George Frederick Stout, Richard Avenarius, and Hugo Munsterberg, as well as Robert Adamson, Wilhelm Ostwald, Bertrand Russell, and even
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20%28geography%29
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In the context of spatial analysis, geographic information systems, and geographic information science, a field is a property that fills space, and varies over space, such as temperature or density. This use of the term has been adopted from physics and mathematics, due to their similarity to physical fields (vector or scalar) such as the electromagnetic field or gravitational field. Synonymous terms include spatially dependent variable (geostatistics), statistical surface ( thematic mapping), and intensive property (physics and chemistry) and crossbreeding between these disciplines is common. The simplest formal model for a field is the function, which yields a single value given a point in space (i.e., t = f(x, y, z) )
History
The modeling and analysis of fields in geographic applications was developed in five essentially separate movements, all of which arose during the 1950s and 1960s:
Cartographic techniques for visualizing fields in thematic maps, including choropleth and isarithmic maps. In theoretical cartography, the concept of a "statistical surface" had gained wide acceptance by 1960, using the metaphor of a third dimension to conceptualize continuous quantitative variation in a variable. The statistical surface as a concept and term has persisted in cartography to the present.
The quantitative revolution of geography, starting in the 1950s, and leading to the modern discipline of spatial analysis; especially techniques such as the Gravity model and models of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20key
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In cryptography, a group key is a cryptographic key that is shared between a group of users. Typically, group keys are distributed by sending them to individual users, either physically, or encrypted individually for each user using either that user's pre-distributed private key.
A common use of group keys is to allow a group of users to decrypt a broadcast message that is intended for that entire group of users, and no one else.
For example, in the Second World War, group keys (known as "iodoforms", a term invented by a classically educated non-chemist, and nothing to do with the chemical of the same name) were sent to groups of agents by the Special Operations Executive. These group keys allowed all the agents in a particular group to receive a single coded message.
In present-day applications, group keys are commonly used in conditional access systems, where the key is the common key used to decrypt the broadcast signal, and the group in question is the group of all paying subscribers. In this case, the group key is typically distributed to the subscribers' receivers using a combination of a physically distributed secure cryptoprocessor in the form of a smartcard and encrypted over-the-air messages.
References
Cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaru%20Tomita
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is a Japanese scientist in the fields of systems biology and computer science, best known as the founder of the E-Cell simulation system and/or the inventor of GLR parser algorithm. He served a professor of Keio University, Director of the Institute for Advanced Biosciences, and the founder and board member of various spinout companies, including Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc. and Spiber Inc. He is also the co-founder and on the board of directors of The Metabolomics Society. His father was the renowned composer and synthesiser pioneer Isao Tomita.
From Oct. 2005 to Sep. 2007, he served as Dean of Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University.
He received an M.S. (1983) and a Ph.D. (1985) in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) under Jaime Carbonell, and two other doctoral degrees in electronic engineering and molecular biology from Kyoto University (1994) and Keio University (1998).
At CMU, starting in 1985, Tomita achieved a series of academic promotions from assistant professor to associate professor of computer science and from 1986 he became an associate director of the Center for Machine Translation.
In 1990, he returned to Keio University and served as associate professor, professor, and Dean of the faculty of Environmental Information. At Keio University, he shifted his research emphasis to the studies of molecular biology and systems biology. In 2001, he founded Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University in Tsuruo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealism%20%28philosophy%29
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Irrealism is a philosophical position first advanced by Nelson Goodman in "Ways of Worldmaking", encompassing epistemology, metaphysics, and aesthetics.
Nelson Goodman's irrealism
Irrealism was initially motivated by the debate between phenomenalism and physicalism in epistemology. Rather than viewing either as prior to the other, Goodman described them both as alternative "world-versions", both useful in some circumstances, but neither capable of capturing the other in an entirely satisfactory way, a point he emphasizes with examples from psychology. He goes on to extend this epistemic pluralism to all areas of knowledge, from equivalent formal systems in mathematics (sometimes it is useful to think of points as primitives, sometimes it is more useful to consider lines the primitive) to alternative schools of art (for some paintings thinking in terms of representational accuracy is the most useful way of considering them, for others it is not). However, in line with his consideration of phenomenalism and physicalism, Goodman goes beyond saying merely that these are "world-versions" of the world, instead he describes worlds as "made by making such versions".
Metaphysically, Goodman's irrealism is distinct from anti-realism though the two concepts are frequently confused. "We are not speaking in terms of multiple possible alternatives to a single actual world but of multiple actual worlds." He makes no assertions regarding "the way the world is" and that there is no primary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological%20Museum%20of%20Budapest
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The Geological Museum of Budapest or Hungarian Institute of Geology and Geophysics is the main museum of geology in Hungary. It is located on the Stefánia út in the western part of Pest.
The building was originally the home of the Hungarian Geological Society, which was established in 1869. The building was designed by Ödön Lechner in 1896. It still houses the Geological Institute of Hungary.
Its collection consists of minerals, prehistoric footprints, general information on Hungarian geology and its history, and an exhibition dedicated to Ödön Lechner.
External links
Geological Museum of Hungary site
Museums in Budapest
Geology museums
Natural history museums in Hungary
Art Nouveau architecture in Budapest
Art Nouveau museum buildings
Visionary environments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorokhod%27s%20representation%20theorem
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In mathematics and statistics, Skorokhod's representation theorem is a result that shows that a weakly convergent sequence of probability measures whose limit measure is sufficiently well-behaved can be represented as the distribution/law of a pointwise convergent sequence of random variables defined on a common probability space. It is named for the Soviet mathematician A. V. Skorokhod.
Statement
Let be a sequence of probability measures on a metric space such that converges weakly to some probability measure on as . Suppose also that the support of is separable. Then there exist -valued random variables defined on a common probability space such that the law of is for all (including ) and such that converges to , -almost surely.
See also
Convergence in distribution
References
(see p. 7 for weak convergence, p. 24 for convergence in distribution and p. 70 for Skorokhod's theorem)
Probability theorems
Theorems in statistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl%20anion
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In chemistry, the cyclopentadienyl anion or cyclopentadienide is an aromatic species with a formula of and abbreviated as Cp−. It is formed by the deprotonation of cyclopentadiene. The cyclopentadienyl anion is a ligand which binds to a metal in organometallic chemistry.
Resonance and aromaticity
The cyclopentadienyl anion is a planar, cyclic, regular-pentagonal ion; it has 6 π-electrons (4n + 2, where n = 1), which fulfills Hückel's rule of aromaticity. Each double bond and lone pair provides 2 π-electrons, which are delocalized into the ring. The cyclopentadienyl anion is a conjugated system because there are alternating π and 𝜎 bonds.
Cyclopentadiene has a pKa of about 16. It is acidic relative to many carbon acids. The enhanced acidity is attributed to stabilization of the conjugate base, cyclopentadienyl anion.
Ligand
Cyclopentadienyl anions form a variety of cyclopentadienyl complexes.
See also
Cyclopentadienyl radical, •
Cyclopentadienyl cation,
Cyclooctatetraenide anion,
References
Anions
Non-benzenoid aromatic carbocycles
Simple aromatic rings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabor%20atom
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In applied mathematics, Gabor atoms, or Gabor functions, are functions used in the analysis proposed by Dennis Gabor in 1946 in which a family of functions is built from translations and modulations of a generating function.
Overview
In 1946, Dennis Gabor suggested the idea of using a granular system to produce sound. In his work, Gabor discussed the problems with Fourier analysis. Although he found the mathematics to be correct, it did not reflect the behaviour of sound in the world, because sounds, such as the sound of a siren, have variable frequencies over time. Another problem was the underlying supposition, as we use sine waves analysis, that the signal under concern has infinite duration even though sounds in real life have limited duration – see time–frequency analysis. Gabor applied ideas from quantum physics to sound, allowing an analogy between sound and quanta. He proposed a mathematical method to reduce Fourier analysis into cells. His research aimed at the information transmission through communication channels. Gabor saw in his atoms a possibility to transmit the same information but using less data. Instead of transmitting the signal itself it would be possible to transmit only the coefficients which represent the same signal using his atoms.
Mathematical definition
The Gabor function is defined by
where a and b are constants and g is a fixed function in L2(R), such that ||g|| = 1. Depending on , , and , a Gabor system may be a basis for L2(R), which is de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballotechnics
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In chemistry, ballotechnics are a class of materials that undergo a chemical reaction when quickly subjected to extreme pressures. These pressures are of the order of tens of thousands of atmospheres, and the chemical reactions are initiated by shock waves transmitted through the material. The reaction progresses with little change in volume, and are therefore not "explosive", i.e. the energy is released in the form of heat, rather than work.
Research
While most of the research performed on ballotechnics originates from Sandia National Laboratories, the researchers involved primarily focus on chemical and simulation research, not nuclear weapons research. Other research has been performed at the Georgia Institute of Technology. A critical reevaluation was written in 1995, concluding that shock compression data do not provide evidence for strong exothermic reactions, but this report was not publicly released by Sandia until 2017.
References
Chemical processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrabeam%20scattering
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Intrabeam scattering (IBS) is an effect in accelerator physics where collisions between particles couple the beam emittance in all three dimensions. This generally causes the beam size to grow. In proton accelerators, intrabeam scattering causes the beam to grow slowly over a period of several hours. This limits the luminosity lifetime. In circular lepton accelerators, intrabeam scattering is counteracted by radiation damping, resulting in a new equilibrium beam emittance with a relaxation time on the order of milliseconds. Intrabeam scattering creates an inverse relationship between the smallness of the beam and the number of particles it contains, therefore limiting luminosity.
The two principal methods for calculating the effects of intrabeam scattering were done by Anton Piwinski in 1974 and James Bjorken and Sekazi Mtingwa in 1983. The Bjorken-Mtingwa formulation is regarded as being the most general solution. Both of these methods are computationally intensive. Several approximations of these methods have been done that are easier to evaluate, but less general. These approximations are summarized in Intrabeam scattering formulas for high energy beams by K. Kubo et al.
Intrabeam scattering rates have a dependence. This means that its effects diminish with increasing beam energy. Other ways of mitigating IBS effects are the use of wigglers, and reducing beam intensity. Transverse intrabeam scattering rates are sensitive to dispersion.
Intrabeam scattering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csit
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CSIT may refer to:
Education
Carleton School of Information Technology
Center for Information Security Technologies
Chhatrapati Shivaji Institute of Technology
Cyber Security
The Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT)
Computing
Computer Science Information Technology
Other uses
Channel state information at the transmitter, wireless communication term
Coral Sea Islands Territory, an external territory of Australia
CSIT - International Workers and Amateurs in Sports Confederation ()
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Materials
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Advanced Materials is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering materials science. It includes communications, reviews, and feature articles on topics in chemistry, physics, nanotechnology, ceramics, metallurgy, and biomaterials. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 29.4.
History
The journal was established in 1988 as a supplement to the general chemistry journal Angewandte Chemie and remained part of that journal for the first 18 months of its existence. Founder and editor-in-chief was Peter Goelitz (then editor of Angewandte Chemie). The current editor-in-chief is Jos Lenders.
Originally the journal appeared monthly; it switched to 15 issues in 1997, 18 issues in 1998, and 24 issues in 2000. In 2009, it started to publish weekly, with 48 issues per year. Since 2018, it publishes 52 issues per year.
Sister journals
As the volume of research in materials science increased significantly since the 1990s, several journals have been spun off, including:
Advanced Engineering Materials, 1999
Advanced Functional Materials, 2001
Small, 2005
Advanced Energy Materials, 2011
Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2012
Advanced Optical Materials, 2013
Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2014
Advanced Electronic Materials, 2015
Advanced Materials Technologies, 2016
Small Methods, 2017
Solar RRL, 2017
Advanced Therapeutics, 2018
Advanced Intelligent Systems, 2019
References
External links
Materials science journals
Academic journals establish
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concern
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Concern may refer to:
Constructs
Worry, an emotion
Concern (computer science), an abstract concept about program behavior
Enterprises and organizations
Concern (business), a German type of group company
Concern (organisation), a student society at the Indian Institute of Science, India
CONCERN Program, a Con Edison program that offers eligible customers a specially trained representative and advice about government aid programs, safety tips, and ways to save money on one's energy bill
Concern Worldwide, an Irish charity
Other uses
Concern (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
See also
Care (disambiguation)
Concerned, a webcomic parodying the video game Half-Life 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment
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Entrainment may refer to:
Air entrainment, the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete
Brainwave entrainment, the practice of entraining one's brainwaves to a desired frequency
Entrainment (biomusicology), the synchronization of organisms to an external rhythm
Entrainment (chronobiology), the alignment of a circadian system's period and phase to the period and phase of an external rhythm
Entrainment (engineering), the entrapment of one substance by another substance
Entrainment (hydrodynamics), the movement of one fluid by another
Entrainment (meteorology), a phenomenon of the atmosphere
Entrainment (physical geography), the process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow
Entrainment (physics), the process whereby two interacting oscillating systems assume the same period
Lexical entrainment, the process in conversational linguistics of the subject adopting the terms of their interlocutor
Photoentrainment (chronobiology), the synchronization by light of organisms to environment rhythm
See also
"That's Entrainment", a Van Morrison song
Entrains-sur-Nohain, a commune in the Nièvre department in central France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRST%20quantization
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In theoretical physics, the BRST formalism, or BRST quantization (where the BRST refers to the last names of Carlo Becchi, Alain Rouet, Raymond Stora and Igor Tyutin) denotes a relatively rigorous mathematical approach to quantizing a field theory with a gauge symmetry. Quantization rules in earlier quantum field theory (QFT) frameworks resembled "prescriptions" or "heuristics" more than proofs, especially in non-abelian QFT, where the use of "ghost fields" with superficially bizarre properties is almost unavoidable for technical reasons related to renormalization and anomaly cancellation.
The BRST global supersymmetry introduced in the mid-1970s was quickly understood to rationalize the introduction of these Faddeev–Popov ghosts and their exclusion from "physical" asymptotic states when performing QFT calculations. Crucially, this symmetry of the path integral is preserved in loop order, and thus prevents introduction of counterterms which might spoil renormalizability of gauge theories. Work by other authors a few years later related the BRST operator to the existence of a rigorous alternative to path integrals when quantizing a gauge theory.
Only in the late 1980s, when QFT was reformulated in fiber bundle language for application to problems in the topology of low-dimensional manifolds (topological quantum field theory), did it become apparent that the BRST "transformation" is fundamentally geometrical in character. In this light, "BRST quantization" becomes more th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%E2%80%93Parrinello%20molecular%20dynamics
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Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics or CPMD refers to either a method used in molecular dynamics (also known as the Car–Parrinello method) or the computational chemistry software package used to implement this method.
The CPMD method is one of the major methods for calculating ab-initio molecular dynamics (ab-initio MD or AIMD).
Ab initio molecular dynamics (ab initio MD) is a computational method that uses first principles, or fundamental laws of nature, to simulate the motion of atoms in a system. It is a type of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation that does not rely on empirical potentials or force fields to describe the interactions between atoms, but rather calculates these interactions directly from the electronic structure of the system using quantum mechanics.
In an ab initio MD simulation, the total energy of the system is calculated at each time step using density functional theory (DFT) or another method of quantum chemistry. The forces acting on each atom are then determined from the gradient of the energy with respect to the atomic coordinates, and the equations of motion are solved to predict the trajectory of the atoms.
AIMD permits chemical bond breaking and forming events to occur and accounts for electronic polarization effect. Therefore, Ab initio MD simulations can be used to study a wide range of phenomena, including the structural, thermodynamic, and dynamic properties of materials and chemical reactions. They are particularly useful for systems that ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20%28disambiguation%29
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Linear is used to describe linearity in mathematics.
Linear may also refer to:
Mathematics
Linear algebra
Linear code
Linear cryptanalysis
Linear equation
Linear function
Linear functional
Linear map
Linear programming, a type of optimization problem
Linear system
Linear system of equations
Linear transformation
Technology
Particularly in electronics, a device whose characteristic or transfer function is linear, in the mathematical sense, is called linear
Linear amplifier, a component of amateur radio equipment
Linear element, part of an electric circuit
Linear motor a type of electric motor
Linear phase, a property of an electronic filter
Linear Technology, an integrated circuit manufacturer
Linearity (computer and video games)
Other uses
A kind of leaf shape in botany
LINEAR, the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research project
Linear A, one of two scripts used in ancient Crete
Linear B, a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek
Linear counterpoint in music
Linear narrative structure
Linear (group), a pop music group popular in the 1990s
Linear (album), their group's debut album
Linear (film), a film that was released with the U2 album No Line on the Horizon
Linear molecular geometry in chemistry
Linear motion, motion along a straight line
Linearity (writing), describing whether symbols in a writing system are composed of lines
A kind of typeface in the VOX-ATypI classification
See also
Curvilinear
Rectilinear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Mart%C3%ADnez
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Todd J. Martínez is a David Mulvane Ehrsam and Edward Curtis Franklin Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University and a Professor of Photon Science at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
Education
He attended Carol Morgan School in the Dominican Republic before receiving his B.S. from Calvin College in 1989 and his Ph.D. from UCLA in 1994. He was a Fulbright Fellow at the Fritz Haber Institute for Molecular Dynamics at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel and later a University of California Presidential Postdoctoral Fellow at UCLA.
Career
Afteer completing his postdoctoral fellowships, Martínez joined the faculty at the University of Illinois in 1996. He was named a Gutgsell Professor of Chemistry at the University of Illinois in 2006. He joined the Stanford faculty in 2009.
Martínez was appointed a co-editor of the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry in 2012 and is credited beginning with its 2014 issue.
Professor Martínez is a theoretical chemist whose research focuses primarily on developing first-principles approaches to chemical reaction dynamics, starting from the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. He is particularly interested in electronically excited states and the response of molecules to light. Reactions of electronically excited molecules often involve conical intersections, around which the potential energy surfaces have the shape of intersecting cones. He developed a method known as ab initio multiple spawning, or AIMS, which predicts t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Grunstein
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Michael Grunstein (born 1946, in Romania) is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Biological Chemistry at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
The only surviving child of Holocaust survivors, he obtained his Bachelor of Science degree from McGill University in Montreal, and his PhD from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. He did his post-doctoral training at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, where he invented the colony hybridization screening technique for recombinant DNAs in David Hogness' laboratory.
After coming to UCLA in 1975, Grunstein pioneered the genetic analysis of histones in yeast and showed for the first time that histones are regulators of gene activity in living cells., confirming the previous demonstration of the regulation of transcription by histones in vitro His laboratory's studies provided inspiration for the eukaryotic histone code and underlie the modern study of epigenetics. His work, which "catapulted the field forward", was recognized in 2018 with the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.
Honors and awards
2003 Massry Prize from the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (with Roger Kornberg and C. David Allis).
April 2008, Grunstein was elected into the National Academy of Sciences.
2011 Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Basic Medical Research (shared with C. David Allis)
2016 Gruber Prize in Genetics from The Gruber Foundation (at Yale University) (jointly with C. David
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergnart%20Carl%20Lewy
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Bergnart (Bernhard) Carl Lewy was a Danish chemist; born in Copenhagen on 5 July 1817. He died there on 1 January 1863. He obtained the degree of graduate of pharmacy in 1835, and then studied chemistry for three years at the polytechnic school. In 1839 he studied in Berlin (Ph.D.), and spent the winter of 1839–40 in Rome. He then obtained a position as assistant in the private laboratory of J. B. Dumas in Paris.
Lewy soon proved himself to be the possessor of great experimental ability; so that the Académie des Sciences in 1841 entrusted him with the task of studying the atmospheric conditions around the North and Baltic seas, as well as in Copenhagen. Later he made a comparative test of the atmospheric conditions in Paris and in the surrounding country.
In 1847 Lewy was appointed professor of chemistry at Bogotá, New Granada, where he enjoyed great popularity and filled many honorary offices. He was decorated by the King of Denmark, and in 1859 was awarded the gold medal of honor. His writings have appeared in Annales de Chimie et de Physique, "Comptes Rendus" of the French Institute (Académie des Sciences), and in "Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske Naturforskeres fjerde Möde" (1844).
References
1817 births
1863 deaths
Danish chemists
Jewish Danish scientists
Scientists from Copenhagen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapod%20%28robotics%29
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A six-legged walking robot should not be confused with a Stewart platform, a kind of parallel manipulator used in robotics applications.
A hexapod robot is a mechanical vehicle that walks on six legs. Since a robot can be statically stable on three or more legs, a hexapod robot has a great deal of flexibility in how it can move. If legs become disabled, the robot may still be able to walk. Furthermore, not all of the robot's legs are needed for stability; other legs are free to reach new foot placements or manipulate a payload.
Many hexapod robots are biologically inspired by Hexapoda locomotion – the insectoid robots. Hexapods may be used to test biological theories about insect locomotion, motor control, and neurobiology.
Designs
Hexapod designs vary in leg arrangement. Insect-inspired robots are typically laterally symmetric, such as the RiSE robot at Carnegie Mellon. A radially symmetric hexapod is ATHLETE (All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer) robot at JPL.
Typically, individual legs range from two to six degrees of freedom. Hexapod feet are typically pointed, but can also be tipped with adhesive material to help climb walls or wheels so the robot can drive quickly when the ground is flat.
Locomotion
Most often, hexapods are controlled by gaits, which allow the robot to move forward, turn, and perhaps side-step. Some of the
most common gaits are as follows:
Alternating tripod: 3 legs on the ground at a time.
Quadruped.
Crawl: move just one l
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