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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesbronite
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Cesbronite is a copper-tellurium oxysalt mineral with the chemical formula Cu3Te6+O4(OH)4 (IMA 17-C). It is colored green and its crystals are orthorhombic dipyramidal. Cesbronite is rated 3 on the Mohs Scale. It is named after Fabien Cesbron (born 1938), a French mineralogist.
Occurrence
It was first found in the Bambollita ("La Oriental") mine in the Mexican state of Sonora. It also occurs in the Tombstone District of Cochise County, Arizona and the Tintic District of the East Tintic Mountains, Juab County, Utah. It is often associated with argentian gold, teineite, carlfriesite, xocomecatlite, utahite, leisingite, jensenite and hematite.
See also
List of minerals named after people
List of minerals
References
Copper(II) minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine%20decarboxylase
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The enzyme histidine decarboxylase (, HDC) is transcribed on chromosome 15, region q21.1-21.2, and catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine. In mammals, histamine is an important biogenic amine with regulatory roles in neurotransmission, gastric acid secretion and immune response. Histidine decarboxylase is the sole member of the histamine synthesis pathway, producing histamine in a one-step reaction. Histamine cannot be generated by any other known enzyme. HDC is therefore the primary source of histamine in most mammals and eukaryotes. The enzyme employs a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) cofactor, in similarity to many amino acid decarboxylases. Eukaryotes, as well as gram-negative bacteria share a common HDC, while gram-positive bacteria employ an evolutionarily unrelated pyruvoyl-dependent HDC. In humans, histidine decarboxylase is encoded by the HDC gene.
Structure
Histidine decarboxylase is a group II pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase, along with aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase, and tyrosine decarboxylase. HDC is expressed as a 74 kDa polypeptide which is not enzymatically functional. Only after post-translational processing does the enzyme become active. This processing consists of truncating much of the protein's C-terminal chain, reducing the peptide molecular weight to 54 kDa.
Histidine decarboxylase exists as a homodimer, with several amino acids from the respective opposing chain stabilizing the HDC active site. In HDC's resting state, PLP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline%20process%20refractometer
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Inline process refractometers are a type of refractometer designed for the continuous measurement of a fluid flowing through a pipe or inside a tank. First patented by Carl A. Vossberg Jr. US2807976A - Refractometer US2549402A, these refractometers typically consist of a sensor, placed inline with the fluid flow, coupled to a control box. The control box usually provides a digital readout as well as 4-20 mA analog outputs and relay outputs for controlling pumps and valves. Instead of placing the sensor inline of the process, it can be placed in a bypass, attached by a thin tube.
This measurement has been an important element in the process control of the chemical and refining, pulp and paper, food, sugar and pharmaceutical industries for more than a century. For instance, the in-line concentration measurement can be used as a real-time predictive tool for the final concentration. A quick and accurate response is needed to optimize production. Cost reduction is possible by reducing the variation of mean average of the product concentration. The cost saving is related to the value of the component being measured.
A digital inline process refractometer sensor measures the refractive index and the temperature of the processing medium. The measurement is based on the refraction of light in the process medium, i.e. the critical angle of refraction using a light source. The measured refractive index and temperature of the process medium are sent to the control box. It calculates t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaya
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Nanaya (Sumerian , DNA.NA.A; also transcribed as "Nanāy", "Nanaja", "Nanāja", '"Nanāya", or "Nanai"; antiquated transcription: "Nanâ"; in Greek: Ναναια or Νανα; Aramaic: ננױננאױ; Syriac: ܢܢܝ) was a Mesopotamian goddess of love, closely associated with Inanna.
While she is well attested in Mesopotamian textual sources from many periods, from the times of the Third Dynasty of Ur to the conquest of Babylonia by the Achaemenids and beyond, and was among the most commonly worshipped goddesses through much of Mesopotamian history, both her origin and the meaning of her name are unknown. It has been proposed that she originated either as a minor Akkadian goddess or as a hypostasis of Sumerian Inanna, but the evidence is inconclusive.
Her primary role was that of a goddess of love, and she was associated with eroticism and sensuality, though she was also a patron of lovers, including rejected or betrayed ones. Especially in early scholarship she was often assumed to be a goddess of the planet Venus like Inanna, but this view is no longer supported by most Assyriologists.
In addition to Inanna, she could be associated with other deities connected either to love or to the city of Uruk, such as Ishara, Kanisurra or Uṣur-amāssu.
Name and origin
It is accepted in modern literature that "Nanaya" is more likely to be the correct form of the goddess' name than "Nana," sometimes used in past scholarship. The meaning of the name is unknown. Joan Goodnick Westenholz notes that based on t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept%20S
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Concept S may refer to:
Lamborghini Concept S, a 2005 concept car based on the ' Lamborghini Gallardo '
Rimac Concept S, a derivative of the ' Rimac Concept One '
See also
Concept (disambiguation)
S (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSTCP
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HighSpeed TCP (HSTCP) is a congestion control algorithm protocol defined in RFC 3649 for Transport Control Protocol (TCP). Standard TCP performs poorly in networks with a large bandwidth-delay product. It is unable to fully utilize available bandwidth. HSTCP makes minor modifications to standard TCP's congestion control mechanism to overcome this limitation.
Algorithm
When an ACK is received (in congestion avoidance), the window is increased by and when a loss is detected through triple duplicate acknowledgments, the window equals , where w is the current window size. When the congestion window is small, HSTCP behaves exactly like standard TCP so a(w) is 1 and b(w) is 0.5. When TCP's congestion window is beyond a certain threshold, a(w) and b(w) become functions of the current window size. In this region, as the congestion window increases, the value of a(w) increases and the value of b(w) decreases. This means that HSTCP's window will grow faster than standard TCP and also recover from losses more quickly. This behavior allows HSTCP to be friendly to standard TCP flows in normal networks and also to quickly utilize available bandwidth in networks with large bandwidth delay products.
HSTCP has the same slow start/timeout behavior as standard TCP.
Since only the congestion control mechanism is modified, HSTCP can be used with other TCP options like SACK. In real implementations, determining the increase and decrease parameters given a current window size is implemented a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSN3
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CSN3 may refer to:
CSN3 (gene), a human gene which encodes the protein kappa-casein
Saint-Jérôme Aerodrome, a private airport in Quebec, Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commelinids
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In plant taxonomy, commelinids (originally commelinoids) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid.
The commelinids are the only clade that the APG IV system has informally named within the monocots. The remaining monocots are a paraphyletic unit. Also known as the commelinid monocots it forms one of three groupings within the monocots, and the final branch; the other two groups are the alismatid monocots and the lilioid monocots.
Description
Members of the commelinid clade have cell walls containing UV-fluorescent ferulic acid.
Taxonomy
The commelinids were first recognized as a formal group in 1967 by Armen Takhtajan, who named them the Commelinidae and assigned them to a subclass of Liliopsida (monocots). The name was also used in the 1981 Cronquist system. However, by the release of his 1980 system of classification, Takhtajan had merged this subclass into a larger one, and no longer considered it to be a clade.
Takhtajan system
The Takhtajan system treated this as one of six subclasses within the class Liliopsida (=monocotyledons). It consisted of the following:
subclass Commelinidae
superorder Bromelianae
order Bromeliales
order Velloziales
superorder Pontederianae
order Philydrales
order Pontederiales
order Haemodorales
superorder Zingiberanae
order Musales
order Lowiales
order Zingiberales
order Cannales
superorder Commelinanae
order Commelinales
order Mayacales
order Xyridales
order Rapateal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20C%20deficiency
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Protein C deficiency is a rare genetic trait that predisposes to thrombotic disease. It was first described in 1981. The disease belongs to a group of genetic disorders known as thrombophilias. Protein C deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (relative risk 8–10), whereas no association with arterial thrombotic disease has been found.
Presentation
Symptoms
People with a mild protein C deficiency often do not exhibit any symptoms, even into adulthood. However, they are at higher risk for venous thromboembolism, especially deep vein thrombosis.
Babies with severe protein C deficiency may experience symptoms within hours or days of their birth. Some symptoms include blood clots primarily in the blood vessels of the limbs (purpura fulminans, disseminated intravascular coagulation), abnormal bleeding into affected areas, and large purple patches or spots anywhere on the body.
Complications
Protein C is vitamin K-dependent. Patients with Protein C deficiency are at an increased risk of developing skin necrosis while on warfarin. Protein C has a short half life (8 hour) compared with other vitamin K-dependent factors and therefore is rapidly depleted with warfarin initiation, resulting in a transient hypercoagulable state.
Pathophysiology
The main function of protein C is its anticoagulant property as an inhibitor of coagulation factors V and VIII. A deficiency results in a loss of the normal cleaving of Factors Va and VIIIa. There are t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20transform
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In mathematics, Borel transform may refer to
A transform used in Borel summation
A generalization of this in Nachbin's theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Carlo%20localization
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Monte Carlo localization (MCL), also known as particle filter localization, is an algorithm for robots to localize using a particle filter. Given a map of the environment, the algorithm estimates the position and orientation of a robot as it moves and senses the environment. The algorithm uses a particle filter to represent the distribution of likely states, with each particle representing a possible state, i.e., a hypothesis of where the robot is. The algorithm typically starts with a uniform random distribution of particles over the configuration space, meaning the robot has no information about where it is and assumes it is equally likely to be at any point in space. Whenever the robot moves, it shifts the particles to predict its new state after the movement. Whenever the robot senses something, the particles are resampled based on recursive Bayesian estimation, i.e., how well the actual sensed data correlate with the predicted state. Ultimately, the particles should converge towards the actual position of the robot.
Basic description
Consider a robot with an internal map of its environment. When the robot moves around, it needs to know where it is within this map. Determining its location and rotation (more generally, the pose) by using its sensor observations is known as robot localization.
Because the robot may not always behave in a perfectly predictable way, it generates many random guesses of where it is going to be next. These guesses are known as particles. Eac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20stain
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In microscopy, negative staining is an established method, often used in diagnostic microscopy, for contrasting a thin specimen with an optically opaque fluid. In this technique, the background is stained, leaving the actual specimen untouched, and thus visible. This contrasts with positive staining, in which the actual specimen is stained.
Bright field microscopy
For bright-field microscopy, negative staining is typically performed using a black ink fluid such as nigrosin and India ink. The specimen, such as a wet bacterial culture spread on a glass slide, is mixed with the negative stain and allowed to dry. When viewed with the microscope the bacterial cells, and perhaps their spores, appear light against the dark surrounding background. An alternative method has been developed using an ordinary waterproof marking pen to deliver the negative stain.
Transmission electron microscopy
In the case of transmission electron microscopy, opaqueness to electrons is related to the atomic number, i.e., the number of protons. Some suitable negative stains include ammonium molybdate, uranyl acetate, uranyl formate, phosphotungstic acid, osmium tetroxide, osmium ferricyanide and auroglucothionate. These have been chosen because they scatter electrons strongly and also adsorb to biological matter well. The structures which can be negatively stained are much smaller than those studied with the light microscope. Here, the method is used to view viruses, bacteria, bacterial flagella, biol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAFA
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MAFA (Mast cell function-associated antigen) is a type II membrane glycoprotein, first identified on the surface of rat mucosal-type mast cells of the RBL-2H3 line. More recently, human and mouse homologues of MAFA have been discovered yet also (or only) expressed by NK and T-cells. MAFA is closely linked with the type 1 Fcɛ receptors in not only mucosal mast cells of humans and mice but also in the serosal mast cells of these same organisms.
It has the ability to function as both a channel for calcium ions along with interact with other receptors to inhibit certain cell processes. It function is based on its specialized structure, which contains many specialized motifs and sequences that allow its functions to take place.
Discovery
Experimental discovery
MAFA was initially discovered by Enrique Ortega and Israel Pecht in 1988 while studying the type 1 Fcɛ receptors (FcɛRI) and the unknown Ca2+ channels that allowed these receptors to work in the cellular membrane. Ortega and Pecht experimented through using a series of monoclonal antibodies on the RBL -2H3 line of rat mast cells. While experimenting and trying to find a specific antibody that would raise a response, the G63 monoclonal antibody was shown to raise a response by inhibiting the cellular secretions linked to the FcɛRI receptors in these rat mucosal mast cells. The G63 antibody attached to a specific membrane receptor protein that caused the inhibition process to occur. Specifically, the inhibition occurred by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic%20esophagitis
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Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory condition of the esophagus that involves eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. In healthy individuals, the esophagus is typically devoid of eosinophils. In EoE, eosinophils migrate to the esophagus in large numbers. When a trigger food is eaten, the eosinophils contribute to tissue damage and inflammation. Symptoms include swallowing difficulty, food impaction, vomiting, and heartburn.
Eosinophilic esophagitis was first described in children but also occurs in adults. The condition is not well understood, but food allergy may play a significant role. The treatment may consist of removal of known or suspected triggers and medication to suppress the immune response. In severe cases, it may be necessary to enlarge the esophagus with an endoscopy procedure.
While knowledge about EoE has been increasing rapidly, diagnosis of EoE can be challenging because the symptoms and histo-pathologic findings are not specific.
Signs and symptoms
EoE often presents with difficulty swallowing, food impaction, stomach pains, regurgitation or vomiting, and decreased appetite. Although the typical onset of EoE is in childhood, the disease can be found in all age groups, and symptoms vary depending on the age of presentation. In addition, young children with EoE may present with feeding difficulties and poor weight gain. It is more common in males, and affects both adults and children.
Predominant symptoms in school-aged children a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20class%20model
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In statistics, a latent class model (LCM) relates a set of observed (usually discrete) multivariate variables to a set of latent variables. It is a type of latent variable model. It is called a latent class model because the latent variable is discrete. A class is characterized by a pattern of conditional probabilities that indicate the chance that variables take on certain values.
Latent class analysis (LCA) is a subset of structural equation modeling, used to find groups or subtypes of cases in multivariate categorical data. These subtypes are called "latent classes".
Confronted with a situation as follows, a researcher might choose to use LCA to understand the data: Imagine that symptoms a-d have been measured in a range of patients with diseases X, Y, and Z, and that disease X is associated with the presence of symptoms a, b, and c, disease Y with symptoms b, c, d, and disease Z with symptoms a, c and d.
The LCA will attempt to detect the presence of latent classes (the disease entities), creating patterns of association in the symptoms. As in factor analysis, the LCA can also be used to classify case according to their maximum likelihood class membership.
Because the criterion for solving the LCA is to achieve latent classes within which there is no longer any association of one symptom with another (because the class is the disease which causes their association), and the set of diseases a patient has (or class a case is a member of) causes the symptom association,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance%20Bar
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Balance Bar, sometimes styled as balance bar, is the brand name of a nutritional energy bar based on the 40-30-30 dietary principle, that is, a diet containing 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein and 30% dietary fat. The 40-30-30 nutritional philosophy was popularized by Dr. Barry Sears, a biochemist, and later expounded in his Zone diet books.
The product was first released in 1992. Since that time, the product line has expanded to include Balance Bar, Balance Gold, Balance Trail Mix, Balance Plus, Balance CarbWell, Balance Gold Crunch, Balance Outdoor, Balance Organic, Balance 100 Calories, Balance Bare, and 40-30-30 Balance Drink Mix. Balance Bar is a subsidiary of NBTY.
Company history
Founding and early years
The Balance Bar Company was founded in 1992 by Thomas Davidson and Richard Lamb. Davidson, Lamb and two other investors acquired rights to a bar based on Sears' zone diet. The company was originally called Bio Foods Inc. and was located in Santa Barbara, California. Balance Bars were originally sold through natural food stores, and were introduced into mainstream stores in 1996.
Kraft acquisition
The company's speedy growth caught the attention of Kraft Foods, which purchased the company for $268 million ($19.40 per share) in January 2000 as part of a strategy to expand its product line to natural foods. Earlier that same week, Kraft had announced it would acquire Boca Burger. Kraft paid a 37% premium over Balance Bar's then-current trading price.
Analysts cited B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine%20nasal%20cysts
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Equine nasal cysts are abnormal fluid filled sacs which occur inside the nasal sinuses of horses. The cysts are lined with epithelium, and usually occur in the ventral conchae or maxillary sinuses, most commonly in horses less than one year old. Surgical removal of the cyst has a good prognosis for the horse.
Characteristics
The most common sign of a nasal cyst is facial swelling, with obstruction of the nasal passage. Sometimes, a mucoid nasal discharge occurs, which is caused by obstruction to mucociliary clearance, and therefore does not resolve following antibiotic treatment. If the cyst is located in the caudal maxillary sinus, it may cause the eyeball on the affected side to bulge out of the orbit, known as exophthalmos.
Diagnosis
Radiographs generally provide better results than endoscopic examination when diagnosing these problems; multiloculated densities and fluid lines show up more readily in the sinuses, occasionally with dental displacement and also dental and jaw line distortion, flattened roots in the teeth, mineralization and soft tissue calcification, and major deviation of the septum and vomer bones.
Treatment
Cysts are removed by surgery, which may be performed with the horse standing and sedated, or under general anesthesia. Treatment involves surgical removal of the cyst and any of the involved lining of the concha.
Prognosis
The prognosis for a complete recovery is good, and the rate of any recurrence is minimal. Some horses may have a mild mucous d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score%20function
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The term score function may refer to:
Scoring rule, in decision theory, measures the accuracy of probabilistic predictions
Score (statistics), the derivative of the log-likelihood function with respect to the parameter
In positional voting, a function mapping the rank of a candidate to the number of points this candidate receives.
See also
Scorer's functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone%27s%20a%20Critic
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Everyone's a Critic (EaC) was a film community website. It began as an experiment using a collaborative filtering algorithm to obtain film recommendations from people who share similar tastes in film. Over time, this recommendation system website grew into an internet community of cinephiles, critics and reviewers.
History
In 2002 Dan Seidner, a software developer from suburban Philadelphia, created a website where people could get film recommendations from other people who share their tastes in movies. Site members (hereforth referred to as critics) grade movies and get a list of all other critics from the site, in order of how close individual ratings are to theirs. From there, a critic can look through their closest critic's ratings to get film recommendations.
By clicking on the name of critics closest to your film tastes, you get a list of the movies they've seen that you haven't; in order from their highest rated films, down to the lowest rated. This method allows critics to not only use recommendations for what movies to go see, also what movies to avoid seeing.
EaC has evolved from a place to get film recommendations, to a community of film critics and cinephiles who write in-depth reviews, participate in film discussion, polls, contests and games. EaC has grown to over 2,900 critics, over 900,000 film ratings, over 19,000 film reviews, and over 170,000 films in the database.
Grading films
EaC critics grade films using a scale similar to United States School Syst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furoxan
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Furoxan or 1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxide is a heterocycle of the isoxazole family and an amine oxide derivative of furazan. It is a nitric oxide donor. As such, furoxan and its derivatives are actively researched as potential new drugs (Ipramidil) and insensitive high density explosives (4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan).
Furoxanes can be formed by dimerization of nitrile oxides.
References
Amine oxides
Oxadiazoles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligation
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Ligation may refer to:
Ligation (molecular biology), the covalent linking of two ends of DNA or RNA molecules
Chemical ligation, the chemoselective condensation of unprotected peptides
In medicine, the making of a ligature (tie)
Tubal ligation, a method of female sterilization
Rubber band ligation, a treatment for hemorrhoids
In coordination chemistry, making a bond between a ligand and a Lewis acid
In orthodontics, a method of attaching the archwires to the brackets
KAHA Ligation
Ligation-independent cloning
Typographic ligature forming
pl:Ligacja
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgene
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A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. Transgene describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a different organism. This non-native segment of DNA may either retain the ability to produce RNA or protein in the transgenic organism or alter the normal function of the transgenic organism's genetic code. In general, the DNA is incorporated into the organism's germ line. For example, in higher vertebrates this can be accomplished by injecting the foreign DNA into the nucleus of a fertilized ovum. This technique is routinely used to introduce human disease genes or other genes of interest into strains of laboratory mice to study the function or pathology involved with that particular gene.
The construction of a transgene requires the assembly of a few main parts. The transgene must contain a promoter, which is a regulatory sequence that will determine where and when the transgene is active, an exon, a protein coding sequence (usually derived from the cDNA for the protein of interest), and a stop sequence. These are typically combined in a bacterial plasmid and the coding sequences are typically chosen from transgenes with previously known functions.
Transgenic or genetically mod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrophilite
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Natrophilite is a mineral with the chemical formula NaMnPO4. In a pure form it has a yellow coloration. Its crystals are orthorhombic to dipyramidal. It is transparent to translucent. It is not radioactive. Natrophilite is rated 4.5 to 5 on the Mohs Scale.
References
Webmineral entry
Sodium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenbergite
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Rosenbergite is a mineral with the chemical formula AlF3·3H2O. It is a trihydrate of aluminium fluoride.
It is colorless. Its crystals are tetragonal to dipyramidal. It is named after Philip E. Rosenberg, a United States geochemist. It is found in the Celtine Mine in Tuscany, Italy and Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica. It is not radioactive. Rosenbergite is rated 3–3.5 on the Mohs Scale.
References
External links
Webmineral - Rosenbergite
Mindat.org - Rosenbergite
Handbook of Mineralogy - Rosenbergite
Aluminium minerals
Fluorine minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 85
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20balance%20analysis
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Flux balance analysis (FBA) is a mathematical method for simulating metabolism in genome-scale reconstructions of metabolic networks. In comparison to traditional methods of modeling, FBA is less intensive in terms of the input data required for constructing the model. Simulations performed using FBA are computationally inexpensive and can calculate steady-state metabolic fluxes for large models (over 2000 reactions) in a few seconds on modern personal computers. The related method of metabolic pathway analysis seeks to find and list all possible pathways between metabolites.
FBA finds applications in bioprocess engineering to systematically identify modifications to the metabolic networks of microbes used in fermentation processes that improve product yields of industrially important chemicals such as ethanol and succinic acid. It has also been used for the identification of putative drug targets in cancer and pathogens, rational design of culture media, and host–pathogen interactions. The results of FBA can be visualized using flux maps similar to the image on the right, which illustrates the steady-state fluxes carried by reactions in glycolysis. The thickness of the arrows is proportional to the flux through the reaction.
FBA formalizes the system of equations describing the concentration changes in a metabolic network as the dot product of a matrix of the stoichiometric coefficients (the stoichiometric matrix S) and the vector v of the unsolved fluxes. The right-hand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spafford
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Spafford may refer to:
People
Belle S. Spafford (1895–1982), American president of the Relief Society
Gene Spafford (born 1956), American professor of computer science at Purdue University
Horatio Spafford (1828–1888), American author of the hymn "It Is Well With My Soul"
Michael Spafford (1935–2022), American artist
Patricia Spafford Smith (1925–2002), American politician
Suzy Spafford (born 1945), American cartoonist, creator of "Suzy'z Zoo"
Places
United States
Spafford, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
Spafford, New York, a town
Other uses
Spafford (band), a band from Prescott, Arizona, United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldert%20van%20der%20Ziel
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Aldert van der Ziel (12 December 1910, Zandeweer – 20 January 1991, Minneapolis), was a Dutch physicist who studied electronic noise processes in materials such as semiconductors and metals.
Biography
Aldert van der Ziel was a pioneering researcher into the phenomenon of flicker noise in physical electronics. He published 15 books and more than 500 scientific papers. He was also a writer on Christianity, particularly the relationship between science and religion. Van der Ziel belonged to a conservative Lutheran church.
Van der Ziel obtained a Ph.D. in 1934 from the University of Groningen. He worked at Philips in Eindhoven until 1947. In 1947 he went to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and moved to the University of Minnesota in 1950 to become professor of electrical engineering. He was also associated, later, with the University of Florida at Gainesville. Aldert van der Ziel was elected in 1978 as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering for contributions to the study of noise in electron devices and contributions to graduate education.
The IEEE has an award named after Aldert van der Ziel, which is given during the biennial International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS) sponsored by the IEEE Electron Devices Society, for "a distinguished career in education and research". Past recipients are Lester Eastmann, Herbert Kroemer (Nobel Prize in Physics winner), Michael Shur, Marvin H. White,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPLA
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LPLA may refer to:
Lajes Field
Lipoate—protein ligase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ships%20of%20Russia%20by%20project%20number
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The list of ships of Russia by project number includes all Soviet and Russian ships by known assigned project numbers. Ship descriptions are Russian assigned classifications when known. The Russian term проект (tr. proyekt) can be translated either as the cognate "project" or as "design". Warsaw Pact states and Post-Soviet states also used an equivalent term to classify their ships, such as the Polish Project 664 torpedo boat or the Ukrainian Project 58155 Hyurza-M armoured gunboat.
See also
U.S. Navy SCB projects list
References
Bibliography
External links
Project
Ships
de:Boote der sowjetischen und russischen Marine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20gene
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A nuclear gene is a gene whose physical DNA nucleotide sequence is located in the cell nucleus of a eukaryote. The term is used to distinguish nuclear genes from genes found in mitochondria or chloroplasts. The vast majority of genes in eukaryotes are nuclear.
Endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria and plastids evolved from free-living prokaryotes into current cytoplasmic organelles through endosymbiotic evolution. Mitochondria are thought to be necessary for eukaryotic life to exist. They are known as the cell's powerhouses because they provide the majority of the energy or ATP required by the cell. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is replicated separately from the host genome. Human mtDNA codes for 13 proteins, most of which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The nuclear genome encodes the remaining mitochondrial proteins, which are then transported into the mitochondria. The genomes of these organelles have become far smaller than those of their free-living predecessors. This is mostly due to the widespread transfer of genes from prokaryote progenitors to the nuclear genome, followed by their elimination from organelle genomes. In evolutionary timescales, the continuous entry of organelle DNA into the nucleus has provided novel nuclear genes.
Endosymbiotic organelle interactions
Though separated from one another within the cell, nuclear genes and those of mitochondria and chloroplasts can affect each other in a number of ways. Nuclear genes play major roles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER%20locomotive%20numbering%20and%20classification
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A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for the locomotives owned by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and its constituent companies. This page explains the principal systems that were used. The following abbreviations for the constituent companies are used on this page:
Principal Constituents
Great Central Railway (GCR), Great Eastern Railway (GER), Great Northern Railway (GNR), Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR), Hull and Barnsley Railway (HBR), North British Railway (NBR), and North Eastern Railway (NER)
Minor Companies (absorbed between July 1923 and July 1924)
Colne Valley and Halstead Railway (CV&HR), East and West Yorkshire Union Railway (E&WYUR), and Mid-Suffolk Light Railway (MSLR)
Later Additions
Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (M&GNJR) - absorbed October 1936
Ex-Metropolitan Railway steam locomotives (via the London Passenger Transport Board) - absorbed November 1937
For information about individual classes and locomotives, see: Locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway
Numbering
Constituent Companies
The constituent companies of the LNER operated no specific numbering system. Locomotives were numbered in a range starting from 1, with new locomotives being given numbers according to one of three different ways:
New numbers at the end of the existing series;
'Significant numbers' (e.g. the first of the GER's new passenger locomotive class built from 1900 was numbered '1900', leaving many
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR%20locomotive%20numbering%20and%20classification
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A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for the locomotives owned by the Southern Railway (SR) and its constituent companies. This page explains the principal systems that were used.
For information about individual classes and locomotives, see: Locomotives of the Southern Railway
Numbering
Post-grouping numbering
When the SR was created in 1923, it immediately set about finding a solution to the problem that many of its inherited locomotives carried the same numbers. The first solution, was to prefix all locomotive numbers with a letter derived from the first letter of the main locomotive works on each section of the SR. New locomotives were then given a prefixed number in the appropriate series for the area in which they worked. Later, the letter prefix was dropped and numbers were increased by a certain number of thousands, as follows:
Ex-South Eastern and Chatham Railway: 'A' (for Ashford), later 1000 added
Ex-London, Brighton and South Coast Railway: 'B' (for Brighton), later 2000 added
Ex-London and South Western Railway: 'E' (for Eastleigh), later reverted to original numbers
The LSWR had renumbered its older locomotives into a 'duplicate list' series (for locomotives that were no longer in capital stock, but which were not yet life-expired) by adding '0' to the front of their original number (e.g. 0298). When the prefix letters were dropped by the SR, the surviving locomotives in this list had the '0' replaced with a '3' (e.g. 029
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebamipide
|
Rebamipide, an amino acid derivative of 2-(1H)-quinolinone, is used for mucosal protection, healing of gastroduodenal ulcers, and treatment of gastritis. It works by enhancing mucosal defense, scavenging free radicals, and temporarily activating genes encoding cyclooxygenase-2.
Studies have shown that rebamipide can fight the damaging effects of NSAIDs on the GIT mucosa, and more recently, the small intestine, but not for naproxen-induced gastric damage.
Availability
Rebamipide is used in a number of Asian countries including Japan (marketed as Mucosta), South Korea, China and India (where it is marketed under the trade name Rebagen). It is also approved in Russia under the brand name Rebagit.
References
Alpha-Amino acids
2-Quinolones
Benzamides
Chloroarenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20W.%20Eichler
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August Wilhelm Eichler, also known under his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus Eichler (22 April 1839 – 2 March 1887), was a German botanist who developed a new system of classification of plants to reflect the concept of evolution.
His author abbreviation in botany is Eichler.
Biography
Born in Neukirchen, Hesse, Eichler studied at the University of Marburg, Germany, and in 1871 became Professor of Botany at Technische Hochschule (Technical University) of Graz and director of the botanical garden in that city. In 1872 he received an appointment at the University of Kiel, where he remained until 1878 when he became director of the herbarium at the University of Berlin. He died in Berlin on March 2, 1887, of leukaemia.
Eichler made important contributions to the study of the comparative structure of flowers (mainly on floral symmetry in his work Blütendiagramme). He wrote extensively on the Coniferae, Cycadaceae and other plant groups of Brazil.
Eichler System
The Eichler System divided the plant kingdom into non-floral plants (Cryptogamae) and floral plants (Phanerogamae). It was the first to accept the concept of evolution and therefore also the first to be considered phylogenetic. Moreover, Eichler was the first taxonomist to separate the Phanerogamae into Angiosperms and Gymnosperms and the former into Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae.
The Eichler system was the foundation for Adolf Engler's System and was widely accepted in Europe and other parts of the world.
Wo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-8-4T
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles (usually in a trailing bogie).
Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: D2, D2' (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 042
Turkish classification: 46
Swiss classification: 4/6
Examples
All examples of this wheel arrangement were tank locomotives; there are no 0-8-4 tender locomotives recorded.
United Kingdom
The tank locomotives were themselves rare. Two separate classes were built in the UK, by two different railway companies. Both of these had their origins with an 0-8-0 tender design. Both classes were designed as powerful, but slow-speed, locomotives for heavy shunting. They did not require high speed or long range, so had no need for a leading truck or the greater coal capacity of a tender. Other than this though, they were quite distinct.
The first example was the Great Central Railway Class 8H of 1907. These were designed for hump shunting and so required high tractive effort, good adhesion and traction for starting from rest. Although developed from the 8A tender class, and having some interchangeable parts in their running gear, they also had three cylinders rather than two. The three cylinder tank locomotive was in fashion at this time, as a means
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-8-0%2B0-8-2
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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, the is a Garratt locomotive. The wheel arrangement is effectively two 2-8-0 locomotives operating back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between the two power units. Each power unit has a single pair of leading wheels in a leading truck, followed by four coupled pairs of driving wheels and no trailing wheels. Since the 2-8-0 type is sometimes known as a Consolidation, the corresponding Garratt type could be referred to as a Double Consolidation.
A similar wheel arrangement exists for Mallet type locomotives, but is referred to as since only the front engine unit swivels.
Overview
This Garratt wheel arrangement was somewhat common, especially for locomotives intended for freight service. The first locomotive was a single metre gauge locomotive built by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1924 for the Burma Railways as their class GA.I. The second, and perhaps the better known, was the single Class U1 of the London & North Eastern Railway (LNER), built in 1925.
Use
Burma
Apart from their first single class GA.I locomotive of 1924, the Burma Railways acquired another locomotive from Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1927, classifying it GA.II. In that same year, another four of class GA.III were placed in service, also from Beyer, Peacock. In 1929, Krupp of Essen in Germany delivered eight more, designated Class GA.IV.
India
The Bengal Nagpur Railway in India used two of the class HSG
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%27s%20Tauberian%20theorem
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In mathematical analysis, Wiener's tauberian theorem is any of several related results proved by Norbert Wiener in 1932. They provide a necessary and sufficient condition under which any function in or
can be approximated by linear combinations of translations of a given function.
Informally, if the Fourier transform of a function vanishes on a certain set , the Fourier transform of any linear combination of translations of also vanishes on . Therefore, the linear combinations of translations of cannot approximate a function whose Fourier transform does not vanish
on .
Wiener's theorems make this precise, stating that linear combinations of translations of are dense if and only if the zero set of the Fourier
transform of is empty (in the case of ) or of Lebesgue measure zero (in the case of ).
Gelfand reformulated Wiener's theorem in terms of commutative C*-algebras, when it states that the spectrum of the group ring
of the group of real numbers is the dual group of . A similar result is true when
is replaced by any locally compact abelian group.
The condition in
Let be an integrable function. The span of translations
is dense in if and only if the Fourier transform of has no real zeros.
Tauberian reformulation
The following statement is equivalent to the previous result, and explains why Wiener's result is a Tauberian theorem:
Suppose the Fourier transform of has no real zeros, and suppose the convolution
tends to zero at infinity for some . T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20fabrication%20plant
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In the microelectronics industry, a semiconductor fabrication plant (commonly called a fab; sometimes foundry) is a factory for semiconductor device fabrication.
Fabs require many expensive devices to function. Estimates put the cost of building a new fab over one billion U.S. dollars with values as high as $3–4 billion not being uncommon. TSMC invested $9.3 billion in its Fab15 300 mm wafer manufacturing facility in Taiwan. The same company estimations suggest that their future fab might cost $20 billion. A foundry model emerged in the 1990s: Foundries that produced their own designs were known as integrated device manufacturers (IDMs). Companies that farmed out manufacturing of their designs to foundries were termed fabless semiconductor companies. Those foundries, which did not create their own designs, were called pure-play semiconductor foundries.
The central part of a fab is the clean room, an area where the environment is controlled to eliminate all dust, since even a single speck can ruin a microcircuit, which has nanoscale features much smaller than dust particles. The clean room must also be damped against vibration to enable nanometer-scale alignment of machines and must be kept within narrow bands of temperature and humidity. Vibration control may be achieved by using deep piles in the cleanroom's foundation that anchor the cleanroom to the bedrock, careful selection of the construction site, and/or using vibration dampers. Controlling temperature and humidity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20H.%20Cormen
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Thomas H. Cormen is the co-author of Introduction to Algorithms, along with Charles Leiserson, Ron Rivest, and Cliff Stein. In 2013, he published a new book titled Algorithms Unlocked. He is an emeritus professor of computer science at Dartmouth College and former Chairman of the Dartmouth College Department of Computer Science. Between 2004 and 2008 he directed the Dartmouth College Writing Program. His research interests are algorithm engineering, parallel computing, and speeding up computations with high latency. In 2022, he was elected as a Democratic member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.
Early life and education
Thomas H. Cormen was born in New York City in 1956. He grew up in Oceanside, New York.
He received his bachelor's degree summa cum laude in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Princeton University in June 1978.
He then went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned his master's degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in May 1986 with a thesis on "Concentrator Switches for Routing Messages in Parallel Computers" and his PhD with a thesis on "Virtual Memory for Data-Parallel Computing" in February 1993.
From July 2004 through June 2008, he was the director of the Dartmouth Institute for Writing and Rhetoric.
Honors and awards
During his career he received several honors and awards:
Elected to Phi Beta Kappa, Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu.
National Science Foundation Fellowship.
Best Presentation A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20signaling
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In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) or cell communication is the ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signals that originate from outside a cell (or extracellular signals) can be physical agents like mechanical pressure, voltage, temperature, light, or chemical signals (e.g., small molecules, peptides, or gas). Cell signaling can occur over short or long distances, and as a result can be classified as autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, or endocrine. Signaling molecules can be synthesized from various biosynthetic pathways and released through passive or active transports, or even from cell damage.
Receptors play a key role in cell signaling as they are able to detect chemical signals or physical stimuli. Receptors are generally proteins located on the cell surface or within the interior of the cell such as the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus. Cell surface receptors usually bind with extracellular signals (or ligands), which causes a conformational change in the receptor that leads it to initiate enzymic activity, or to open or close ion channel activity. Some receptors do not contain enzymatic or channel-like domains but are instead linked to enzymes or transporters. Other intracellular receptors like nuclear receptors have a different mechanism such as changing their DNA bin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccia%20fluitans
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Riccia fluitans, the floating crystalwort, is an aquatic floating plant of the liverwort genus Riccia which is popular among aquarists as a retreat for young fry and is used in live-bearing tanks. It can be found floating in ponds, and often forms thick mats on and under the water surface.
It normally grows quickly at the surface. When kept about two to three inches below an ordinary fluorescent bulb or in a pond exposed to full sunlight, it will form dense, bright green mats. Any single branch or antler bud can reproduce into a large colony if the plant is kept in proper conditions. It normally floats, but can also be attached to underwater objects such as logs and rocks. It can be attached with plastic mesh.
Floating crystalwort is generally not compatible with duckweeds, as they cover the surface of the water quite rapidly, crowding the Riccia out. It is also easily overtaken by hair algae.
The species epithet fluitans is Latin for floating.
References
External links
Care information for Riccia Fluitans
AquaHobby
Krib discussions
Natural Aquariums
Ricciaceae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacrite
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Nacrite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 is a clay mineral that is polymorphous (or polytypic) with kaolinite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system. X-ray diffraction analysis is required for positive identification.
Nacrite was first described in 1807 for an occurrence in Saxony, Germany. The name is from nacre in reference to the dull luster of the surface of nacrite masses scattering light with slight iridescences resembling those of the mother of pearls secreted by oysters.
References
Clay minerals group
Polymorphism (materials science)
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 9
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20%28The%20Office%29
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"The Secret" is the thirteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's nineteenth episode overall. It was written by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky and directed by Dennie Gordon. The episode first aired on January 19, 2006 on NBC.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is forced into spending time with Michael Scott (Steve Carell) so that Michael will not reveal Jim's feelings for Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer). Meanwhile, Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) takes a "sick day" and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) investigates whether he is actually sick.
"The Secret" was written in roughly 26 hours and was the fastest episode written for the series at the time. The title for the episode is purposely vague and refers to Jim's hidden feelings for Pam, Dwight and Angela's relationship, and Oscar's homosexuality. "The Secret" is also the first episode where many of the actors not credited in the opening sequence are credited directly afterwards instead of as guest appearances. The scenes at the Hooters restaurant were filmed relatively early in the day, and a majority of the scenes were improvised by Carell. "The Secret" received largely positive reviews from television critics and was watched by 8.7 million viewers, ranking as the forty-fourth most-watched television episode of the wee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann%E2%80%93Schwinger%20equation
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The Lippmann–Schwinger equation (named after Bernard Lippmann and Julian Schwinger) is one of the most used equations to describe particle collisions – or, more precisely, scattering – in quantum mechanics. It may be used in scattering of molecules, atoms, neutrons, photons or any other particles and is important mainly in atomic, molecular, and optical physics, nuclear physics and particle physics, but also for seismic scattering problems in geophysics. It relates the scattered wave function with the interaction that produces the scattering (the scattering potential) and therefore allows calculation of the relevant experimental parameters (scattering amplitude and cross sections).
The most fundamental equation to describe any quantum phenomenon, including scattering, is the Schrödinger equation. In physical problems, this differential equation must be solved with the input of an additional set of initial and/or boundary conditions for the specific physical system studied. The Lippmann–Schwinger equation is equivalent to the Schrödinger equation plus the typical boundary conditions for scattering problems. In order to embed the boundary conditions, the Lippmann–Schwinger equation must be written as an integral equation. For scattering problems, the Lippmann–Schwinger equation is often more convenient than the original Schrödinger equation.
The Lippmann–Schwinger equation's general form is (in reality, two equations are shown below, one for the sign and other for the sign)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrachromosomal%20DNA
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Extrachromosomal DNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes contained in the nucleus. Multiple forms of extrachromosomal DNA exist, and, while some of these serve important biological functions, they can also play a role in diseases such as cancer.
In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. The fact that this organelle contains its own DNA supports the hypothesis that mitochondria originated as bacterial cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research into replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.
Although extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is found in normal eukaryotic cells, extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a distinct entity that has been identified in the nuclei of cancer cells and has been shown to carry many copies of driver oncogenes. ecDNA is considered to be a primary mechanism of gene amplification, resulting in many copies of driver oncogenes and very aggressive cancers.
Extrachromosomal DNA in the cytoplasm has been found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%20distribution%20function
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The Wigner distribution function (WDF) is used in signal processing as a transform in time-frequency analysis.
The WDF was first proposed in physics to account for quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics in 1932 by Eugene Wigner, and it is of importance in quantum mechanics in phase space (see, by way of comparison: Wigner quasi-probability distribution, also called the Wigner function or the Wigner–Ville distribution).
Given the shared algebraic structure between position-momentum and time-frequency conjugate pairs, it also usefully serves in signal processing, as a transform in time-frequency analysis, the subject of this article. Compared to a short-time Fourier transform, such as the Gabor transform, the Wigner distribution function provides the highest possible temporal vs frequency resolution which is mathematically possible within the limitations of the uncertainty principle. The downside is the introduction of large cross terms between every pair of signal components and between positive and negative frequencies, which makes the original formulation of the function a poor fit for most analysis applications. Subsequent modifications have been proposed which preserve the sharpness of the Wigner distribution function but largely suppress cross terms.
Mathematical definition
There are several different definitions for the Wigner distribution function. The definition given here is specific to time-frequency analysis. Given the time series , its non-stat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20Coast
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The Wild Coast can refer to:
WildCoast is an international conservation non-profit organization based in California and Mexico. WILDCOAST conserves coastal and marine ecosystems and addresses climate change with natural solutions.
The Wild Coast Region, Eastern Cape, a coastal region in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
The Wild Coast (Greyhawk), a fictional region located in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game.
See also
Wildcoast, an international conservation non-profit organization with offices in Del Mar, CA, Imperial Beach, California, Ensenada and Huatulco, Mexico. WILDCOAST is dedicated to protecting coastal and ocean habitat and the wildlife that lives there.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20injection%20logic
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Integrated injection logic (IIL, I2L, or I2L) is a class of digital circuits built with multiple collector bipolar junction transistors (BJT). When introduced it had speed comparable to TTL yet was almost as low power as CMOS, making it ideal for use in VLSI (and larger) integrated circuits. The gates can be made smaller with this logic family than with CMOS because complementary transistors are not needed. Although the logic voltage levels are very close (High: 0.7V, Low: 0.2V), I2L has high noise immunity because it operates by current instead of voltage. I2L was developed in 1971 by Siegfried K. Wiedmann and Horst H. Berger who originally called it merged-transistor logic (MTL).
A disadvantage of this logic family is that the gates draw power when not switching unlike with CMOS.
Construction
The I2L inverter gate is constructed with a PNP common base current source transistor and an NPN common emitter open collector inverter transistor (i.e. they are connected to the GND). On a wafer, these two transistors are merged. A small voltage (around 1 volts) is supplied to the emitter of the current source transistor to control the current supplied to the inverter transistor. Transistors are used for current sources on integrated circuits because they are much smaller than resistors.
Because the inverter is open collector, a wired AND operation may be performed by connecting an output from each of two or more gates together. Thus the fan-out of an output used in such a way is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20window
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The round window is one of the two openings from the middle ear into the inner ear. It is sealed by the secondary tympanic membrane (round window membrane), which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur.
Structure
The round window is situated below (inferior to) and a little behind (posterior to) the oval window, from which it is separated by a rounded elevation, the promontory.
It is located at the bottom of a funnel-shaped depression (the round window niche) and, in the macerated bone, opens into the cochlea of the internal ear; in the fresh state it is closed by a membrane, the secondary tympanic membrane (, or ) or round window membrane, which is a complex saddle point shape. The visible central portion is concave (curved inwards) toward the tympanic cavity and convex (curved outwards) toward the cochlea; but towards the edges, where it is hidden in the round window niche, it curves the other way.
This membrane consists of three layers:
an external, or mucous, derived from the mucous lining of the tympanic cavity;
an internal, from the lining membrane of the cochlea;
and an intermediate, or fibrous layer.
The membrane vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window as the fluid in the cochlea is displaced when pressed by the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglioglioma
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Ganglioglioma is a rare, slow-growing primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor which most frequently occurs in the temporal lobes of children and young adults
Classification
Gangliogliomas are generally benign WHO grade I tumors; the presence of anaplastic changes in the glial component is considered to represent WHO grade III (anaplastic ganglioglioma). Criteria for WHO grade II have been suggested, but are not established. Malignant transformation of spinal ganglioglioma has been seen in only a select few cases. Poor prognostic factors for adults with gangliogliomas include older age at diagnosis, male sex, and malignant histologic features.
Histopathology
Histologically, ganglioglioma is composed of both neoplastic glial and ganglion cells which are disorganized, variably cellular, and non-infiltrative. Occasionally, it may be challenging to differentiate ganglion cell tumors from an infiltrating glioma with entrapped neurons. The presence of neoplastic ganglion cells forming abnormal clusters, the presence of binucleation and dysmorphic neurons are helpful clues favoring ganglioglioma over glioma. The glial component of ganglioglioma includes fibrillary astrocytes with varying degrees of cellular atypia. The neoplastic neuronal components are often clustered or irregularly oriented. Fibrovascular stroma confined to the neuronal component, perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates, and small foci of calcification are common, as is immunopositivity for synaptophysin, neuro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodiarrhea
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Pseudodiarrhea, also known as hyperdefecation or excess stool, is defined as increased stool frequency (more than three times daily) with a normal daily stool weight of less than 300 g.
Pseudodiarrhea is often associated with rectal urgency and accompanies irritable bowel syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and anorectal disorders such as proctitis. Patients with rectal obstruction (e.g., from fecal impaction, obstruction due to a vaginal pessary) may also present with pseudodiarrhea, since only liquid stool can make it through.
Pseudodiarrhea may be more common than chronic diarrhea and should always be considered in patients complaining of chronic diarrhea.
References
Gastrointestinal tract disorders
Digestive disease symptoms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20road
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C road may refer to:
In Malaysia, Malaysian State Roads system, in Pahang
In Namibia, C roads in Namibia
In Great Britain, Great Britain road numbering scheme#Other classifications
In the Isle of Man, List of roads on the Isle of Man#"C" roads
In the United States:
C-Road, California, a census-designated place in Plumas County
Colorado State Highway 470, the only Colorado route to use the label
County-designated highways in zone C in Michigan
Corridor C, part of the Appalachian Development Highway System
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lending%20library
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A lending library is a library from which books and other media are lent out. The major classifications are endowed libraries, institutional libraries (the most diverse), public libraries, and subscription libraries. It may also refer to a library or other institution that sends materials on request to another library, usually via interlibrary loan.
History
The earliest reference to or use of the term "lending library" yet located in English correspondence dates from ca. 1586; C'Tess Pembroke Ps. CXII. v, "He is ... Most liberall and lending," referring to the books of an unknown type of library, and later in a context familiar to users of contemporary English, in 1708, by J. Chamberlayne; St. Gt. Brit.; III. xii. 475 "[The Libraries] of Cambridge are Lending-libraries; that is, he that is qualified may borrow out of it any book he wants". This definition is closely associated with libraries in England before the Public Libraries Act 1850 was passed which allowed cities to use taxes to create and maintain libraries but did not require cities build them. This definition is also applicable in the United States before 1850 and widespread School District Library Acts which were passed in many states at the same time.
Types of lending libraries
Professor Thomas Gram Bell Kelly was the first library historian to address the problem of classification and nomenclature of libraries in his book Early public libraries: a history of public libraries in Great Britain before 1850. Leed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comin%27%20at%20Ya%21
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Comin' at Ya! is a Spanish-American 3D Western film, featuring Tony Anthony, Victoria Abril and Gene Quintano and directed by Ferdinando Baldi.
It was produced as a co-production between American company Filmways and The Lupo-Anthony-Quintano Company, an independent company. Released in 1981, the film effectively started the 3D film boom of the early 1980s. The same filmmakers returned in 1983 with Treasure of the Four Crowns.
Plot
H.H. Hart, a bank robber, loses his wife to kidnappers on their wedding day. Subsequently, she is traded as a prostitute by villain Pike Thompson. H.H. Hart races against time to find his wife, with the help of a Scottish preacher. The film features many 3D effects, many of which are intended to "fly off the screen" at the audience.
Cast
Tony Anthony as H.H. Hart
Gene Quintano as Pike Thompson
Victoria Abril as Abeline
Ricardo Palacios as Polk Thompson
Lewis Gordon as The Preacher
Development
Quintano and Lupo were Xerox salesmen who formed their own office supply firm who were interested in getting into filmmaking. They were partners in a publishing firm with Tony Anthony, a filmmaker who had made a number of spaghetti westerns. Looking for an angle they decided to make a film in 3-D, believing many younger film goers would not be familiar with it.
3-D had been a brief craze in the early 1950s with films such as Bwana Devil but quickly fell out of fashion. It was also a Western when those films were not very common.
Quintano and his pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alick%20Glennie
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Alick Edwards Glennie (1925–2003) was a British computer scientist, most famous for having developed Autocode, which many people regard as the first ever computer compiler.
Glennie worked with Alan Turing on several projects, including the Manchester Mark 1.
Glennie subsequently worked at Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE) where he was responsible in the early 1960s in developing FORTRAN compilers for several large computers inc. IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7030 ("Stretch") and also ICT Atlas. He pioneered a method of developing the compiler for the Atlas on the IBM 7030 in advance of delivery of the Atlas, using an interpretive technique.
References
External links
A move by move version of Turing and Glennie's chess game
British computer scientists
1925 births
2003 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PComb3H
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pComb3H, a derivative of pComb3 optimized for expression of human fragments, is a phagemid used to express proteins such as zinc finger proteins and antibody fragments on phage pili for the purpose of phage display selection.
For the purpose of phage production, it contains the bacterial ampicillin resistance gene (for B-lactamase), allowing the growth of only transformed bacteria.
References
Molecular biology
Plasmids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%20A1%20receptor
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Adenosine A1 receptor}}
The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.
Biochemistry
A1 receptors are implicated in sleep promotion by inhibiting wake-promoting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. A1 receptors are also present in smooth muscle throughout the vascular system.
The adenosine A1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body.
Signalling
Activation of the adenosine A1 receptor by an agonist causes binding of Gi1/2/3 or Go protein. Binding of Gi1/2/3 causes an inhibition of adenylate cyclase and, therefore, a decrease in the cAMP concentration. An increase of the inositol triphosphate/diacylglycerol concentration is caused by an activation of phospholipase C, whereas the elevated levels of arachidonic acid are mediated by DAG lipase, which cleaves DAG to form arachidonic acid.
Several types of potassium channels are activated but N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels are inhibited.
Mechanism
This receptor has an inhibitory function on most of the tissues in which it rests. In the brain, it slows metabolic activity by a combination of actions. At the neuron's synapse, it reduces synaptic vesicle release.
Ligands
Caffeine, as well as theophylline, has been found to antagonize both A1 and A2A receptors in the brain.
Agonists
2-Chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA).
N6-Cyclopentyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
Tecadenoson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carveol
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Carveol is a natural unsaturated, monocyclic monoterpenoid alcohol that is a constituent of spearmint essential oil in the form of cis-(−)-carveol. It is a colorless fluid soluble in oils, but insoluble in water and has an odor and flavor that resemble those of spearmint and caraway. Consequently, it is used as a fragrance in cosmetics and as a flavor additive in the food industry.
It has been found to exhibit chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis (prevents breast cancer).
An alpha-trans-dihydroxy derivative, (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol, possesses potent antiparkinsonian activity in animal models.
References
Monoterpenes
Cyclohexenols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanylate%20cyclase%202C
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Guanylate cyclase 2C, also known as guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), intestinal guanylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase-C receptor, or the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (hSTAR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY2C gene.
Guanylyl cyclase is an enzyme found in the luminal aspect of intestinal epithelium and dopamine neurons in the brain. The receptor has an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane region, a region with sequence similar to that of protein kinases, and a C-terminal guanylate cyclase domain. Tyrosine kinase activity mediates the GC-C signaling pathway within the cell.
Functions
GC-C is a key receptor for heat-stable enterotoxins that are responsible for acute secretory diarrhea. Heat-stable enterotoxins are produced by pathogens such as Escherichia coli. Knockout mice deficient in the GC-C gene do not show secretory diarrhea on infection with E. coli, though they do with cholera toxin. This demonstrates the specificity of the GC-C receptor.
In medicine
Guanylate cyclase 2C is the target of linaclotide and plecanatide, oligopeptide agonists used for the treatment of chronic constipation.
References
Further reading
External links
GCC testing for colorectal cancer staging
GC-C knock-out mice
EC 4.6.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GC-C
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GC-C may refer to:
Guanylyl cyclase C, an enzyme
Prodelphinidin B3 (Gallocatechin 4→8 catechin dimer), a condensed tannin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20dependency
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A data dependency in computer science is a situation in which a program statement (instruction) refers to the data of a preceding statement. In compiler theory, the technique used to discover data dependencies among statements (or instructions) is called dependence analysis.
There are three types of dependencies: data, name, and control.
Data dependencies
Assuming statement and , depends on if:
where:
is the set of memory locations read by
is the set of memory locations written by and
there is a feasible run-time execution path from to
This Condition is called Bernstein Condition, named by A. J. Bernstein.
Three cases exist:
Anti-dependence: , and reads something before overwrites it
Flow (data) dependence: , and writes before something read by
Output dependence: , and both write the same memory location.
Flow dependency (True dependency)
A Flow dependency, also known as a data dependency or true dependency or read-after-write (RAW), occurs when an instruction depends on the result of a previous instruction.
1. A = 3
2. B = A
3. C = B
Instruction 3 is truly dependent on instruction 2, as the final value of C depends on the instruction updating B. Instruction 2 is truly dependent on instruction 1, as the final value of B depends on the instruction updating A. Since instruction 3 is truly dependent upon instruction 2 and instruction 2 is truly dependent on instruction 1, instruction 3 is also truly dependent on instruction 1. Instructi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottky%20defect
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A Schottky defect is an excitation of the site occupations in a crystal lattice leading to point defects named after Walter H. Schottky. In ionic crystals, this defect forms when oppositely charged ions leave their lattice sites and become incorporated for instance at the surface, creating oppositely charged vacancies. These vacancies are formed in stoichiometric units, to maintain an overall neutral charge in the ionic solid.
Definition
Schottky defects consist of unoccupied anion and cation sites in a stoichiometric ratio. For a simple ionic crystal of type A−B+, a Schottky defect consists of a single anion vacancy (A) and a single cation vacancy (B), or v + v following Kröger–Vink notation. For a more general crystal with formula AxBy, a Schottky cluster is formed of x vacancies of A and y vacancies of B, thus the overall stoichiometry and charge neutrality are conserved. Conceptually, a Schottky defect is generated if the crystal is expanded by one unit cell, whose a prior empty sites are filled by atoms that diffused out of the interior, thus creating vacancies in the crystal.
Schottky defects are observed most frequently when there is a small difference in size between the cations and anions that make up a material.
Illustration
Chemical equations in Kröger–Vink notation for the formation of Schottky defects in TiO2 and BaTiO3.
∅ v + 2 v
∅ v + v + 3 v
This can be illustrated schematically with a two-dimensional diagram of a sodium chloride crystal lattice:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asshole%20%28album%29
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Asshole is the second solo studio album by Kiss's Gene Simmons and it was released in 2004 on Sanctuary Records. Its controversial title does not appear on the front cover. On the side of the CD case the title reads "asshole". "It's just another way of me saying, 'I don't care what anyone says about me," Simmons declared. "I'm preempting what people say and therefore diffusing the power of my detractors."
Background
The album contains a song cowritten by Bob Dylan. "A lot of Bob Dylan's lyrics just make me take a breath and go, 'Okay, I will never be in that class," Simmons remarked. "If you look at the lyrics to one song – The Times They Are a-Changin' or Blowin' in the Wind – that's a lifetime achievement."
"Black Tongue" was based on an unfinished song of the same name composed by Frank Zappa. Simmons licensed a recording of Zappa playing the initial riff and built a new composition around it, with playing by Dweezil Zappa and backup vocals by Dweezil, Ahmet Zappa, Moon Unit Zappa and Frank Zappa's widow, Gail.
Dave Navarro plays guitar on the Prodigy cover "Firestarter".
Track listing
The Japanese edition featured two bonus tracks: Everybody Knows and You're My Reason For Living.
Personnel
Gene Simmons – vocals, rhythm guitars on track 3, bass on tracks 1, 3, 7, 10, 11
Mark Addison – drums, bass, keyboards, guitar, background vocals on track 5
Michelle Casio – background vocals on track 8
Dan Cuprier – drums on track 8
Jeff Diehl – keyboards on track 7
Zachary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg%20ionization%20spectroscopy
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Rydberg ionization spectroscopy is a spectroscopy technique in which multiple photons are absorbed by an atom causing the removal of an electron to form an ion.
Resonance ionization spectroscopy
The ionization threshold energy of atoms and small molecules are typically larger than the photon energies that are most easily available experimentally. However, it can be possible to span this ionization threshold energy if the photon energy is resonant with an intermediate electronically excited state. While it is often possible to observe the lower Rydberg levels in conventional spectroscopy of atoms and small molecules, Rydberg states are even more important in laser ionization experiments. Laser spectroscopic experiments often involve ionization through a photon energy resonance at an intermediate level, with an unbound final electron state and an ionic core. On resonance for phototransitions permitted by selection rules, the intensity of the laser in combination with the excited state lifetime makes ionization an expected outcome. This RIS approach and variations permit sensitive detection of specific species.
Low Rydberg levels and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization
High photon intensity experiments can involve multiphoton processes with the absorption of integer multiples of the photon energy. In experiments that involve a multiphoton resonance, the intermediate is often a Rydberg state, and the final state is often an ion. The initial state of the system, photon en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-difference%20polynomial
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In combinatorial mathematics, the q-difference polynomials or q-harmonic polynomials are a polynomial sequence defined in terms of the q-derivative. They are a generalized type of Brenke polynomial, and generalize the Appell polynomials. See also Sheffer sequence.
Definition
The q-difference polynomials satisfy the relation
where the derivative symbol on the left is the q-derivative. In the limit of , this becomes the definition of the Appell polynomials:
Generating function
The generalized generating function for these polynomials is of the type of generating function for Brenke polynomials, namely
where is the q-exponential:
Here, is the q-factorial and
is the q-Pochhammer symbol. The function is arbitrary but assumed to have an expansion
Any such gives a sequence of q-difference polynomials.
References
A. Sharma and A. M. Chak, "The basic analogue of a class of polynomials", Riv. Mat. Univ. Parma, 5 (1954) 325–337.
Ralph P. Boas, Jr. and R. Creighton Buck, Polynomial Expansions of Analytic Functions (Second Printing Corrected), (1964) Academic Press Inc., Publishers New York, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Library of Congress Card Number 63-23263. (Provides a very brief discussion of convergence.)
Q-analogs
Polynomials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimetazepam
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Nimetazepam (marketed under brand name Erimin and Lavol) is an intermediate-acting hypnotic drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It was first synthesized by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in 1964. It possesses powerful hypnotic, anxiolytic, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Nimetazepam is also a particularly potent anticonvulsant. It is marketed in 5 mg tablets known as Erimin, which is the brand name manufactured and marketed by the large Japanese corporation Sumitomo. Japan is the sole manufacturer of nimetazepam in the world. Outside of Japan, Erimin is available in much of East and Southeast Asia and was widely prescribed for the short-term treatment of severe insomnia in patients who have difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep. Sumitomo has ceased manufacturing Erimin since November 2015. It is still available as a generic drug or as Lavol.
Nimetazepam was widely prescribed in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Japan, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Singapore. Prescriptions for the drug have decreased dramatically since 2005 due to rampant misuse and addiction. It is primarily used as an anticonvulsant in children. It is also still used in the most severe and debilitating cases of insomnia in an inpatient setting or in short term outpatient treatment. Hypnotic benzodiazepines estazolam and nitrazepam are used more frequently than nimetazepam for this purpose. Antidepressants such as trazodone and mirta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinstein%20conjecture
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In mathematics, the Weinstein conjecture refers to a general existence problem for periodic orbits of Hamiltonian or Reeb vector flows. More specifically, the conjecture claims that on a compact contact manifold, its Reeb vector field should carry at least one periodic orbit.
By definition, a level set of contact type admits a contact form obtained by contracting the Hamiltonian vector field into the symplectic form. In this case, the Hamiltonian flow is a Reeb vector field on that level set. It is a fact that any contact manifold (M,α) can be embedded into a canonical symplectic manifold, called the symplectization of M, such that M is a contact type level set (of a canonically defined Hamiltonian) and the Reeb vector field is a Hamiltonian flow. That is, any contact manifold can be made to satisfy the requirements of the Weinstein conjecture. Since, as is trivial to show, any orbit of a Hamiltonian flow is contained in a level set, the Weinstein conjecture is a statement about contact manifolds.
It has been known that any contact form is isotopic to a form that admits a closed Reeb orbit; for example, for any contact manifold there is a compatible open book decomposition, whose binding is a closed Reeb orbit. This is not enough to prove the Weinstein conjecture, though, because the Weinstein conjecture states that every contact form admits a closed Reeb orbit, while an open book determines a closed Reeb orbit for a form which is only isotopic to the given form.
The conje
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-exponential
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In combinatorial mathematics, a q-exponential is a q-analog of the exponential function,
namely the eigenfunction of a q-derivative. There are many q-derivatives, for example, the classical q-derivative, the Askey-Wilson operator, etc. Therefore, unlike the classical exponentials, q-exponentials are not unique. For example, is the q-exponential corresponding to the classical q-derivative while are eigenfunctions of the Askey-Wilson operators.
Definition
The q-exponential is defined as
where is the q-factorial and
is the q-Pochhammer symbol. That this is the q-analog of the exponential follows from the property
where the derivative on the left is the q-derivative. The above is easily verified by considering the q-derivative of the monomial
Here, is the q-bracket.
For other definitions of the q-exponential function, see , , and .
Properties
For real , the function is an entire function of . For , is regular in the disk .
Note the inverse, .
Addition Formula
The analogue of does not hold for real numbers and . However, if these are operators satisfying the commutation relation , then holds true.
Relations
For , a function that is closely related is It is a special case of the basic hypergeometric series,
Clearly,
Relation with Dilogarithm
has the following infinite product representation:
On the other hand, holds.
When ,
By taking the limit ,
where is the dilogarithm.
In physics
The Q-exponential function is also known as the quantum di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halazepam
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Halazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative that was marketed under the brand names Paxipam in the United States, Alapryl in Spain, and Pacinone in Portugal.
Medical uses
Halazepam was used for the treatment of anxiety.
Adverse effects
Adverse effects include drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, and sedation. Gastrointestinal side effects have also been reported including dry mouth and nausea.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were listed in Current Psychotherapeutic Drugs published on June 15, 1998 as follows:
Regulatory Information
Halazepam is classified as a schedule 4 controlled substance with a corresponding code 2762 by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
Commercial production
Halazepam was invented by Schlesinger Walter in the U.S. It was marketed as an anti-anxiety agent in 1981. However, Halazepam is not commercially available in the United States because it was withdrawn by its manufacturer for poor sales.
See also
Benzodiazepines
Nordazepam
Diazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
Quazepam, fletazepam, triflubazam — benzodiazepines with trifluoromethyl group attached
References
External links
Inchem - Halazepam
Withdrawn drugs
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Trifluoromethyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketazolam
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Ketazolam (marketed under the brand names Anseren, Ansieten, Ansietil, Marcen, Sedatival, Sedotime, Solatran and Unakalm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
Therapeutic uses
It is used for the treatment of anxiety and has similar effectiveness compared to diazepam. Ketazolam also appears to produce reduced levels of side effects such as sedation compared with diazepam and the side effects when they occur tend to be milder. Ketazolam is also an effective antispasmodic drug and is used for the treatment of spasticity.
Availability
Ketazolam is not approved for sale in Norway, Australia, United Kingdom or the United States. In South Africa, GlaxoSmithKline markets ketazolam under its Solatran brand name. In Canada, ketazolam is listed in schedule IV of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, along with other benzodiazepines.
Tolerance and physical dependence
Chronic use of ketazolam as with other benzodiazepines can lead to physical dependence and the appearance of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of use or decrease in dose. Tolerance to ketazolam's therapeutic effects occurs over a period of 15 days.
Contraindications and special caution
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Pharmacokinetics
Ketazola
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possibilities
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Possibilities is the forty-fifth studio album by American jazz pianist Herbie Hancock, released on August 30, 2005, by Hear Music and Vector Recordings.
Background
The album features a variety of guest musicians such as Trey Anastasio, John Mayer and Carlos Santana. It earned Hancock two nominations at the 2006 Grammy Awards: Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "A Song for You" (featuring Christina Aguilera) and Best Pop Instrumental Performance for "Gelo na Montanha" (featuring Anastasio). A motion picture entitled Herbie Hancock: Possibilities, released on DVD-Video on April 18, 2006, depicts the recording of this album in many different discussions and performances with the collaborating artists. The DVD-Video also includes a demo CD with four of the 10 songs on the album.
Track listing
CD
Notes:
signifies a co-producer
signifies an additional producer
DVD-Video (2006)
Introduction
Christina Aguilera "A Song for You"
Opening Credits/John Mayer "Stitched Up"
Raul Midón "I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Trey Anastasio "Gelo na Montanha (Ice On The Mountain)"
Damian Rice & Lisa Hannigan "Don't Explain"
Carlos Santana & Angélique Kidjo "Safiatou"
Wayne Shorter
Paul Simon "I Do It for Your Love"
Brian Eno
Annie Lennox "Hush, Hush, Hush"
Jonny Lang & Joss Stone "When Love Comes to Town"
Sting "Sister Moon"
Hiroshima, Japan
Nagasaki, Japan
End Credits
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Notes
References
2005 albums
Albums recor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosyltransferase
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A fucosyltransferase is an enzyme that transfers an L-fucose sugar from a GDP-fucose (guanosine diphosphate-fucose) donor substrate to an acceptor substrate. The acceptor substrate can be another sugar such as the transfer of a fucose to a core GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) sugar as in the case of N-linked glycosylation, or to a protein, as in the case of O-linked glycosylation produced by O-fucosyltransferase. There are various fucosyltransferases in mammals, the vast majority of which, are located in the Golgi apparatus. The O-fucosyltransferases have recently been shown to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Some of the proteins in this group are responsible for the molecular basis of the blood group antigens, surface markers on the outside of the red blood cell membrane. Most of these markers are proteins, but some are carbohydrates attached to lipids or proteins [Reid M.E., Lomas-Francis C. The Blood Group Antigen FactsBook Academic Press, London / San Diego, (1997)]. Galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase () belongs to the Lewis blood group system and is associated with Le(a/b) antigen.
Classification
Glycosyltransferase family 10 CAZY GT_10 comprises enzymes with two known activities; galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase () and galactoside 3-fucosyltransferase (). The galactoside 3-fucosyltransferases display similarities with the alpha-2 and alpha-6-fucosyltranferases. The biosynthesis of the carbohydrate antigen sialyl Lewis X (sLe(x)) is dependent on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Clancy%27s%20Splinter%20Cell%3A%20Essentials
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Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Essentials is an action-adventure video game with heavy emphasis on stealth. It is part of the Splinter Cell series and was released for the PlayStation Portable handheld system. It was developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft on March 21, 2006. It is the fourth entry in the series and runs on the Unreal Engine 2.
Development
Ubisoft Montreal had been in development of Splinter Cell: Essentials from at least 2005, with Ubisoft Montreal officially announcing the game on January 12, 2006. Once announced, Ubisoft Montreal provided additional details regarding the gameplay, story and more as it was scheduled for spring of 2006. Following the announcement, previews of the game were shown to journalists as more info regarding specific missions and returning features from the classic Splinter Cell series were included in the game. It was revealed that Ubisoft Montreal utilized the Unreal Engine 2 for Essentials, but toned down to run properly on the PlayStation Portable.
Plot
In January 2009, Sam Fisher, a former NSA agent-turned-fugitive, sneaks into a Washington, D.C. cemetery where his daughter, Sarah, who has been recently killed in a car accident, is buried. Fisher is arrested at this grave site, taken into custody and interrogated at the NSA's headquarters in Fort Meade, Maryland. During this time, Fisher recalls past events, that are then played as missions.
In the end, Fisher admits that he had killed his Third Echelon handler,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20Indian%20cities
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The classification of Indian cities is a ranking system used by the Government of India to allocate House Rent Allowance (HRA) to public servants employed in cities in India. HRA is also used by the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) to provide income tax exemptions. Cities are classified on the basis of their population, as recommended by the Sixth Central Pay Finance. Under the latest HRA city ranking scheme, most popular media and culture considers only Tier-X cities to be metropolitan in nature. These eight cities are considered India's "metros".
Current classification
Under the recommendation of the Seventh Central Pay Commission, the CCA classification was abolished in 2008. The earlier HRA classification of cities was changed from A-1 to X; A, B-1, and B-2 to Y; and C and unclassified cities to Z. X, Y, and Z are more commonly known as Tier-1, Tier-2, and Tier-3 cities, respectively. There are eight X cities and ninety seven Y cities.
On the basis of the 2011 census, two cities — Pune and Ahmedabad — were upgraded from Y to X and twenty one cities from Z to Y on 1 April 2014.
Historical classification
The cities were classified as follows before the Sixth Central Pay Commission's recommendations were followed in 2008. This classification was initially based on the recommendations of the Fifth Central Pay Commission of India in 1997. Chennai, New Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai were classified as A-1 cities. City statuses were later revised based on the results of the 2001 Cens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA8
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Heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 also known as heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein or Hsc70 or Hsp73 is a heat shock protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA8 gene on chromosome 11. As a member of the heat shock protein 70 family and a chaperone protein, it facilitates the proper folding of newly translated and misfolded proteins, as well as stabilize or degrade mutant proteins. Its functions contribute to biological processes including signal transduction, apoptosis, autophagy, protein homeostasis, and cell growth and differentiation. It has been associated with an extensive number of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, cell senescence, and aging.
Structure
This gene encodes a 70kDa heat shock protein which is a member of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family. As a Hsp70 protein, it has a C-terminal protein substrate-binding domain and an N-terminal ATP-binding domain.
The substrate-binding domain consists of two subdomains, a two-layered β-sandwich subdomain (SBDβ) and an α-helical subdomain (SBDα), which are connected by the loop Lα,β. SBDβ contains the peptide binding pocket while SBDα serves as a lid to cover the substrate binding cleft. The ATP binding domain consists of four subdomains split into two lobes by a central ATP/ADP binding pocket. The two terminal domains are linked together by a conserved region referred to as loop LL,1, which is critical for allosteric regulation. The unstructured region at the very end of the C-terminal is believed to be the docki
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These%20Days%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20album%29
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These Days is the eighth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in August 1980, it peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Country Album chart.
Continuing Gayle's run of No. 1 Billboard Country singles, the album contained the No. 1 hits "If You Ever Change Your Mind" and "Too Many Lovers". Another track, "Take It Easy" also became a Country hit, peaking at No. 17.
The album was certified gold by the RIAA in 1994 for sales of over 500,000 copies.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle - lead and harmony vocals
Jon Goin, Chris Leuzinger, Billy Sanford - guitar
Tommy Cogbill, Richard "Spady" Brannan, Joe Allen - bass
Bobby Wood - acoustic piano, organ
Charles Cochran - electric and acoustic piano, string arrangements
Larrie Londin, Gene Chrisman, Kenny Malone - drums
Farrell Morris - tambourine
Jay Patten - saxophone
Denis Solee - saxophone, flute, clarinet
The Sheldon Kurland Strings (Carl Gorodetzky, Dennis Molchan, George Binkley, Lennie Haight, Marvin Chantry, Roy Christensen, Samuel Terranova, Sheldon Kurland, Stephanie Woolf, Virginia Christensen) - strings
Bruce Dees, David Loggins, Jennifer Kimball, Marcia Routh, Pebble Daniel, Steve Brantley - harmony vocals on "Take It Easy"
Technical
Garth Fundis, John Donegan - engineer
Virginia Team - art direction
Beverly Parker, Brian Hagiwara - photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Crystal Gayle albums
1980 albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
Columbia Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20Love%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20album%29
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True Love is the tenth studio album by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. Released in November 1982, it peaked at #14 on the Billboard Country Albums charts.
Three of the album's tracks reached #1 on the Country Singles chart; "'Til I Gain Control Again", "Our Love is on the Faultline" and "Baby What About You".
The oft-covered track "Everything I Own" was released as a single in the UK where it peaked at #93 on the UK Singles Chart in early 1983. The song was originally recorded by the band Bread in 1972, and also was a UK #1 hit for Ken Boothe in 1974. In 1987, four years after Gayle's version, the song was recorded by Boy George (his first solo recording) who also had a UK #1 hit with it.
Track listing
US edition
UK edition
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – lead vocals, harmony vocals (1, 2, 7)
Shane Keister – synthesizers (1, 5, 6, 9, 10)
Charles Cochran – string arrangements (1, 10), keyboards (3, 4, 7, 10)
Bobby Wood – acoustic piano (3, 4, 6, 7), keyboards (8, 9)
Chris Leuzinger – lead guitar (1-6, 9), guitars (7, 8, 10)
Bruce Dees – guitars (1, 5)
Jon Goin – guitars (2, 6, 8)
Reggie Young – guitars (3, 4, 7)
Larry Byrom – guitars (9)
David Hungate – bass (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10)
Tom Robb – bass (2)
Tommy Cogbill – bass (6, 8)
James Stroud – drums (1-5, 7)
Gene Chrisman – drums (6, 8)
Tony Newman – drums (9)
Jay Patten – saxophone (8)
Al De Lory – string arrangements (7)
Nashville String Machine – strings (1, 7, 10)
Kathy Burdick – harmony voc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroelution
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Electroelution is a method used to extract a nucleic acid or a protein sample from an electrophoresis gel by applying a negative current in the plane of the smallest dimension of the gel, drawing the macromolecule to the surface for extraction and subsequent analysis. Electroblotting is based upon the same principle.
DNA extraction
Using this method, DNA fragments can be recovered from a particular region of agarose or polyacrylamide gels. The gel piece containing the fragment is excised (cut out from the whole gel) and placed in a dialysis bag with buffer. Electrophoresis causes the DNA to migrate out of the gel into the dialysis bag buffer. The DNA fragments are recovered from this buffer and purified, using phenol–chloroform extraction followed by ethanol precipitation. This method is simple, rapid and yields high (75%) recovery of DNA fragments from gel pieces.
References
Genetics experiments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krull%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, and more specifically in ring theory, Krull's theorem, named after Wolfgang Krull, asserts that a nonzero ring has at least one maximal ideal. The theorem was proved in 1929 by Krull, who used transfinite induction. The theorem admits a simple proof using Zorn's lemma, and in fact is equivalent to Zorn's lemma, which in turn is equivalent to the axiom of choice.
Variants
For noncommutative rings, the analogues for maximal left ideals and maximal right ideals also hold.
For pseudo-rings, the theorem holds for regular ideals.
A slightly stronger (but equivalent) result, which can be proved in a similar fashion, is as follows:
Let R be a ring, and let I be a proper ideal of R. Then there is a maximal ideal of R containing I.
This result implies the original theorem, by taking I to be the zero ideal (0). Conversely, applying the original theorem to R/I leads to this result.
To prove the stronger result directly, consider the set S of all proper ideals of R containing I. The set S is nonempty since I ∈ S. Furthermore, for any chain T of S, the union of the ideals in T is an ideal J, and a union of ideals not containing 1 does not contain 1, so J ∈ S. By Zorn's lemma, S has a maximal element M. This M is a maximal ideal containing I.
Krull's Hauptidealsatz
Another theorem commonly referred to as Krull's theorem:
Let be a Noetherian ring and an element of which is neither a zero divisor nor a unit. Then every minimal prime ideal containing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%20blot
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A dot blot (or slot blot) is a technique in molecular biology used to detect proteins. It represents a simplification of the western blot method, with the exception that the proteins to be detected are not first separated by electrophoresis. Instead, the sample is applied directly on a membrane in a single spot, and the blotting procedure is performed.
The technique offers significant savings in time, as chromatography or gel electrophoresis, and the complex blotting procedures for the gel are not required. However, it offers no information on the size of the target protein.
Uses
Performing a dot blot is similar in idea to performing a western blot, with the advantage of faster speed and lower cost.
Dot blots are also performed to screen the binding capabilities of an antibody.
Methods
A general dot blot protocol involves spotting 1–2 microliters of a samples onto a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane and letting it air dry. Samples can be in the form of tissue culture supernatants, blood serum, cell extracts, or other preparations.
The membrane is incubated in blocking buffer to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies. It is then incubated with a primary antibody followed by a detection antibody or a primary antibody conjugated to a detection molecule (commonly HRP or alkaline phosphatase). After antibody binding, the membrane is incubated with a chemiluminescent substrate and imaged.
Apparatus
Dot blot is conventionally performed on a piece of nitrocellulose membr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20Vogel
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Michelle Vogel (born 1972) is an Australian-born film historian, author and free-lance editor. Vogel has written biographies of Gene Tierney, Marjorie Main, Olive Thomas, Olive Borden, Lupe Vélez, Joan Crawford, and Marilyn Monroe, as well as two compilations 'Children of Hollywood Accounts of Growing up as Sons and Daughters of Stars' and 'Hollywood Blondes Golden Girls of the Silver Screen'. She has also written a children's book entitled 'Three Twisted Tales'.
Vogel has lived in Brooklyn, New York City and in Victoria, Australia.
Books
Gene Tierney: A Biography, published 22 Mar 2005, 15 Mar 2011, by McFarland & Company.
Marjorie Main ~ The Life and Films of Hollywood's "Ma Kettle", published 1 Dec 2005, 15 Jun 2011, by McFarland.
Children Of Hollywood ~ Accounts Of Growing Up As The Sons And Daughters Of Stars, published 31 Jul 2005 by McFarland.
Olive Thomas ~ The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty, published 15 Jun 2007 by McFarland.
Joan Crawford: Her Life in Letters, published 10 May 2005, by Wasteland Press.
Olive Borden: The Life and Films of Hollywood's "Joy Girl", published 15 Apr 2010 by McFarland.
Lupe Velez: The Life and Career of Hollywood's "Mexican Spitfire", published 31 Jan 2006, 15 Jul 2012, by McFarland, Print , Ebook
Marilyn Monroe Her Films, Her Life, published 31 Dec 2013, 28 Feb 2014, by McFarland.
Holywood Blondes Golden Girls of the Silver Screen, published 1 Mar 2007, by Wasteland Press.
Three Twisted Tales, published 9 Apr 2007
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Statistician%20of%20Canada
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The Chief Statistician of Canada () is the senior public servant responsible for Statistics Canada (StatCan), an agency of the Government of Canada. The office is equivalent to that of a deputy minister and as a member of the public service, the position is nonpartisan.
The chief statistician advises on matters pertaining to statistical programs of the department and agencies of the government, supervises the administration of the Statistics Act, controls the operation and staff of StatCan and reports annually on the activities of StatCan to the minister of industry.
The current chief statistician of Canada is Anil Arora, since September 19, 2016.
Dominion Statisticians and Chief Statisticians of Canada (1918 to present)
References and notes
External links
Statistics Canada web site
About Statistics Canada
Statistics Act
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fura-2-acetoxymethyl%20ester
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Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester, often abbreviated Fura-2AM, is a membrane-permeant derivative of the ratiometric calcium indicator Fura-2 used in biochemistry to measure cellular calcium concentrations by fluorescence. When added to cells, Fura-2AM crosses cell membranes and once inside the cell, the acetoxymethyl groups are removed by cellular esterases. Removal of the acetoxymethyl esters regenerates "Fura-2", the pentacarboxylate calcium indicator. Measurement of Ca2+-induced fluorescence at both 340 nm and 380 nm allows for calculation of calcium concentrations based 340/380 ratios. The use of the ratio automatically cancels out certain variables such as local differences in fura-2 concentration or cell thickness that would otherwise lead to artifacts when attempting to image calcium concentrations in cells.
References
Biochemistry methods
Cell culture reagents
Cell imaging
Fluorescent dyes
Oxazoles
Benzofuran ethers at the benzene ring
Acetate esters
Formals
Glycol ethers
Anilines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin
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Dynamin is a GTPase responsible for endocytosis in the eukaryotic cell. Dynamin is part of the "dynamin superfamily", which includes classical dynamins, dynamin-like proteins, Mx proteins, OPA1, mitofusins, and GBPs. Members of the dynamin family are principally involved in the scission of newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cellular compartment and their targeting to, and fusion with, another compartment, both at the cell surface (particularly caveolae internalization) as well as at the Golgi apparatus. Dynamin family members also play a role in many processes including division of organelles, cytokinesis and microbial pathogen resistance.
Structure
Dynamin itself is a 96 kDa enzyme, and was first isolated when researchers were attempting to isolate new microtubule-based motors from the bovine brain. Dynamin has been extensively studied in the context of clathrin-coated vesicle budding from the cell membrane. Beginning from the N-terminus, Dynamin consists of a GTPase domain connected to a helical stalk domain via a flexible neck region containing a Bundle Signalling Element and GTPase Effector Domain. At the opposite end of the stalk domain is a loop that links to a membrane-binding Pleckstrin homology domain. The protein strand then loops back towards the GTPase domain and terminates with a Proline Rich Domain that binds to the Src Homology domains of many proteins.
Function
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates to form a b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux%27s%20theorem%20%28analysis%29
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In mathematics, Darboux's theorem is a theorem in real analysis, named after Jean Gaston Darboux. It states that every function that results from the differentiation of another function has the intermediate value property: the image of an interval is also an interval.
When ƒ is continuously differentiable (ƒ in C1([a,b])), this is a consequence of the intermediate value theorem. But even when ƒ′ is not continuous, Darboux's theorem places a severe restriction on what it can be.
Darboux's theorem
Let be a closed interval, be a real-valued differentiable function. Then has the intermediate value property: If and are points in with , then for every between and , there exists an in such that .
Proofs
Proof 1. The first proof is based on the extreme value theorem.
If equals or , then setting equal to or , respectively, gives the desired result. Now assume that is strictly between and , and in particular that . Let such that . If it is the case that we adjust our below proof, instead asserting that has its minimum on .
Since is continuous on the closed interval , the maximum value of on is attained at some point in , according to the extreme value theorem.
Because , we know cannot attain its maximum value at . (If it did, then for all , which implies .)
Likewise, because , we know cannot attain its maximum value at .
Therefore, must attain its maximum value at some point . Hence, by Fermat's theorem, , i.e. .
Proof 2. The second proof is based on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20M%20%28mtDNA%29
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Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling the macro-haplogroup N, is a descendant of the haplogroup L3.
All mtDNA haplogroups considered native outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup M or its sibling haplogroup N. Haplogroup M is relatively young, having a younger most recent common ancestor date than some subclades of haplogroup N such as haplogroup R.
Origins
There is a debate concerning the geographical origins of Haplogroup M and its sibling haplogroup N. Both lineages are thought to have been the main surviving lineages involved in the out of Africa migration (or migrations) because all indigenous lineages found outside Africa belong to haplogroup M or haplogroup N. Scientists are unsure whether the mutations that define haplogroups M and N occurred in Africa before the exit from Africa or in Asia after the exit from Africa. Determining the origins of haplogroup M is further complicated by an early back-migration (from Asia to Africa) of bearers of M1.
Its date of origin in absolute terms is only known with great uncertainty, as reconstruction has yielded different (but overlapping) ranges for the age of M in South Asia and East Asia.The same authors give an estimate for t of L3 as , later (2011) narrowed to the somewhat younger . Thus, haplogroup M would have emerged around 10,000 or at most 20,000 years after L3, around or somewhat after t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidazepam
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Gidazepam, also known as hydazepam or hidazepam, is a drug which is an atypical benzodiazepine derivative, developed in the Soviet Union. It is a selectively anxiolytic benzodiazepine. It also has therapeutic value in the management of certain cardiovascular disorders.
Gidazepam is a prodrug for its active metabolite 7-bromo-2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (desalkylgidazepam or bromo-nordazepam). It is used as an antianxiety drug. Its anxiolytic effects can take several hours to manifest after dosing however, as it is the active metabolite which primarily gives the anxiolytic effects, and Gidazepam's half-life is among the longest of all GABA-ergic agonists.
See also
Phenazepam—another benzodiazepine widely used in Russia and other CIS countries
Cinazepam
Cloxazolam
References
Benzodiazepines
Organobromides
Lactams
Hydrazides
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Russian drugs
Anxiolytics
Prodrugs
Drugs in the Soviet Union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation%20%28geology%29
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In geology, saltation () is a specific type of particle transport by fluids such as wind or water. It occurs when loose materials are removed from a bed and carried by the fluid, before being transported back to the surface. Examples include pebble transport by rivers, sand drift over desert surfaces, soil blowing over fields, and snow drift over smooth surfaces such as those in the Arctic or Canadian Prairies.
Process
At low fluid velocities, loose material rolls downstream, staying in contact with the surface. This is called creep or reptation. Here the forces exerted by the fluid on the particle are only enough to roll the particle around the point of contact with the surface.
Once the wind speed reaches a certain critical value, termed the impact or fluid threshold, the drag and lift forces exerted by the fluid are sufficient to lift some particles from the surface. These particles are accelerated by the fluid, and pulled downward by gravity, causing them to travel in roughly ballistic trajectories. If a particle has obtained sufficient speed from the acceleration by the fluid, it can eject, or splash, other particles in saltation, which propagates the process. Depending on the surface, the particle could also disintegrate on impact, or eject much finer sediment from the surface. In air, this process of saltation bombardment creates most of the dust in dust storms. In rivers, this process repeats continually, gradually eroding away the river bed, but also transporting-i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOR
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LOR or Lor may refer to:
Science
Loricrin, a protein of the epidermis
Loss of resistance, in epidural anesthesia
Lunar orbit rendezvous, a method used to land man on the moon and safely return
People
Lor, a native of Lorestan
Lor, a speaker of Lori language
Lor, Cameroonian musician
The Lady of Rage (born 1968), American rapper
Lor family in the Gran Torino film, including
Thao Vang Lor
Sue Lor
Places
Lor, Armenia, a town of Syunik province
Lor, Aisne, a commune of the Aisne département, in northern France
Lor, Gilan, a village in Iran
Lor, Kermanshah, a village in Iran
Lorton (Amtrak station), Virginia, United States
Lindsey Oil Refinery, an oil refinery on the east coast of the United Kingdom
Liverpool Overhead Railway, a closed Overhead railway in England
Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis
Other
Lor (cheese), a traditional Turkish whey cheese
LOR (Line of Route), a UK numbering scheme to refer to a point on rail route similar to Engineer's Line Reference (ELR)
Laing O'Rourke, international construction company
LiveonRelease, an all girl punk rock band
Learning object repository
Letter of recommendation
Letter of reprimand
Lord of the Rings Adventure Game
Legends of Runeterra, online card game abbreviated as LoR
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fludiazepam
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Fludiazepam, marketed under the brand name Erispan (エリスパン) is a potent benzodiazepine and 2ʹ-fluoro derivative of diazepam, originally developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1960s. It is marketed in Japan and Taiwan. It exerts its pharmacological properties via enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. Fludiazepam has 4 times more binding affinity for benzodiazepine receptors than diazepam. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Fludiazepam has been used recreationally.
See also
Diazepam
Diclazepam (the 2ʹ-chloro analog)
Difludiazepam (the 2',6'-difluoro derivative)
Flunitrazepam (the 7-nitro analog)
Flualprazolam (the triazolo derivative)
Ro20-8552
References
External links
Official Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Website
Benzodiazepines
Sedatives
Hypnotics
Anticonvulsants
Anxiolytics
Lactams
Chloroarenes
Fluoroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescentin
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Crescentin is a protein which is a bacterial relative of the intermediate filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Just as tubulins and actins, the other major cytoskeletal proteins, have prokaryotic homologs in, respectively, the FtsZ and MreB proteins, intermediate filaments are linked to the crescentin protein. Some of its homologs are erroneously labelled Chromosome segregation protein ParA. This protein family is found in Caulobacter and Methylobacterium.
Role in cell shape
Crescentin was discovered in 2009 by Christine Jacobs-Wagner in Caulobacter crescentus (now vibrioides), an aquatic bacterium which uses its crescent-shaped cells for enhanced motility. The crescentin protein is located on the concave face of these cells and appears to be necessary for their shape, as mutants lacking the protein form rod-shaped cells. To influence the shape of the Caulobacter cells, the helices of crescentin filaments associate with the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane on one lateral side of the cell. This induces a curved cell shape in younger cells, which are shorter than the helical pitch of crescentin, but induces a spiral shape in older, longer cells.
Protein structure
Like eukaryotic intermediate filaments, crescentin organizes into filaments and is present in a helical structure in the cell. Crescentin is necessary for both shapes of the Caulobacter prokaryote (vibroid/crescent-shape and helical shape, which it may adopt after a long stationary phase). The crescentin protein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse%20Software
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Synapse Software Corporation (marketed as SynSoft in the UK) was an American video game development and publishing company founded in 1981 by Ihor Wolosenko and Ken Grant. It initially focused on the Atari 8-bit family, then later developed for the Commodore 64 and other systems. The company was purchased by Broderbund in late 1984 and the Synapse label retired in 1985.
The company's first release was the database File Manager 800, written by Grant and Wolosenko, followed by the game Dodge Racer, a clone of Sega's Head On programmed by Rob Re. 1982's Shamus established Synapse as a creator of high-quality action games. It was followed by additional well-received games including Rainbow Walker, Blue Max, and The Pharaoh's Curse, and some others based on unusual concepts, like Necromancer and Alley Cat. First-person game Dimension X was promoted for its "altered perspective scrolling" technology, then released in a cut-down form over nine months later to disappointing reviews. The company also sold databases, a 6502 assembler, and a suite of biofeedback hardware and software. A line of productivity applications published in 1983, including a spreadsheet, led to financial difficulties and the company's downfall.
The box cover art for most of Synapse's games was done by Tim Boxell, a friend of Ihor Wolosenko.
Action games
Synapse's first releases were for the Atari 8-bit computers, starting in 1981. Some of their early games were based on elements of contemporary arcade games.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte%20protein%202
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aP2 (adipocyte Protein 2) is a carrier protein for fatty acids that is primarily expressed in adipocytes and macrophages. aP2 is also called fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Blocking this protein either through genetic engineering or drugs has the possibility of treating heart disease and the metabolic syndrome.
See also
Fatty acid-binding protein
References
External links
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Mouse Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte
Proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20types
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A wide variety of river and stream channel types exist in limnology, the study of inland waters. All these can be divided into two groups by using the water-flow gradient as either low gradient channels for streams or rivers with less than two percent (2%) flow gradient, or high gradient channels for those with greater than a 2% gradient.
Low gradient channels
Low gradient channels of rivers and streams can be divided into braided rivers, wandering rivers, single thread sinuous rivers (meandering), and anastomosing rivers. The channel type developed depends on stream gradient, riparian vegetation and sediment supply. Braided rivers tend to occur on steeper gradients where there is a large supply of sediment for braid bars, while single thread sinuous channels occur where there is a lower sediment supply for point bars. Anastomosing channels are multithreaded, but are much more stable than braided channels and commonly have thick clay and silt banks and occur at lower gradients of stream bed. Wandering rivers fall between sinuous single thread and braided streams and are relatively stable multi-channel gravel bed rivers.
High gradient channels
High gradient channels of rivers and streams have been divided into riffle-pool (which can cover all of the low gradient channel morphologies discussed above), rapid/plane bed, step-pool and cascade unit morphologies.
Riffle-pool sequence channels are composed of migrating pools and transverse bars called riffles and occur on gradien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl%20loflazepate
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Ethyl loflazepate (marketed under the brand names Meilax, Ronlax and Victan) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. In animal studies it was found to have low toxicity, although in rats evidence of pulmonary phospholipidosis occurred with pulmonary foam cells developing with long-term use of very high doses. Its elimination half-life is 51–103 hours. Its mechanism of action is similar to other benzodiazepines. Ethyl loflazepate also produces an active metabolite which is stronger than the parent compound. Ethyl loflazepate was designed to be a prodrug for descarboxyloflazepate, its active metabolite. It is the active metabolite which is responsible for most of the pharmacological effects rather than ethyl loflazepate. The main metabolites of ethyl loflazepate are descarbethoxyloflazepate, loflazepate and 3-hydroxydescarbethoxyloflazepate. Accumulation of the active metabolites of ethyl loflazepate are not affected by those with kidney failure or impairment. The symptoms of an overdose of ethyl loflazepate include sleepiness, agitation and ataxia. Hypotonia may also occur in severe cases. These symptoms occur much more frequently and severely in children. Death from therapeutic maintenance doses of ethyl loflazepate taken for 2 – 3 weeks has been reported in 3 elderly patients. The cause of death was asphyxia due to benzodiazepine toxicity. High doses of the antidepressant fluvo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductor%20gallop
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Conductor gallop is the high-amplitude, low-frequency oscillation of overhead power lines due to wind. The movement of the wires occurs most commonly in the vertical plane, although horizontal or rotational motion is also possible. The natural frequency mode tends to be around 1 Hz, leading the often graceful periodic motion to also be known as conductor dancing. The oscillations can exhibit amplitudes in excess of a metre, and the displacement is sometimes sufficient for the phase conductors to infringe operating clearances (coming too close to other objects), and causing flashover. The forceful motion also adds significantly to the loading stress on insulators and electricity pylons, raising the risk of mechanical failure of either.
The mechanisms that initiate gallop are not always clear, though it is thought to be often caused by asymmetric conductor aerodynamics due to ice build up on one side of a wire. The crescent of encrusted ice approximates an aerofoil, altering the normally round profile of the wire and increasing the tendency to oscillate.
Gallop can be a significant problem for transmission system operators, particularly where lines cross open, windswept country and are at risk to ice loading. If gallop is likely to be a concern, designers can employ smooth-faced conductors, whose improved icing and aerodynamic characteristics reduce the motion. Additionally, anti-gallop devices may be mounted to the line to convert the lateral motion to a less damaging twisti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20immunity
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Contact immunity is the property of some vaccines, where a vaccinated individual can confer immunity upon unimmunized individuals through contact with bodily fluids or excrement. In other words, if person “A” has been vaccinated for virus X and person “B” has not, person “B” can receive immunity to virus X just by coming into contact with person “A”. The term was coined by Romanian physician Ioan Cantacuzino.
The potential for contact immunity exists primarily in "live" or attenuated vaccines. Vaccination with a live, but attenuated, virus can produce immunity to more dangerous forms of the virus. These attenuated viruses produce little or no illness in most people. However, the live virus multiplies briefly, may be shed in body fluids or excrement, and can be contracted by another person. If this contact produces immunity and carries no notable risk, it benefits an additional person, and further increases the immunity of the group.
The most prominent example of contact immunity was the oral polio vaccine (OPV). This live, attenuated polio vaccine was widely used in the US between 1960 and 1990; it continues to be used in polio eradication programs in developing countries because of its low cost and ease of administration. It is popular, in part, because it is capable of contact immunity. Recently immunized children "shed" live virus in their feces for a few days after immunization. About 25 percent of people coming into contact with someone immunized with OPV gained prot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%20equation
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In mathematics, more specifically in the study of dynamical systems and differential equations, a Liénard equation is a second order differential equation, named after the French physicist Alfred-Marie Liénard.
During the development of radio and vacuum tube technology, Liénard equations were intensely studied as they can be used to model oscillating circuits. Under certain additional assumptions Liénard's theorem guarantees the uniqueness and existence of a limit cycle for such a system. A Liénard system with piecewise-linear functions can also contain homoclinic orbits.
Definition
Let and be two continuously differentiable functions on with an even function and an odd function. Then the second order ordinary differential equation of the form
is called a Liénard equation.
Liénard system
The equation can be transformed into an equivalent two-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations. We define
then
is called a Liénard system.
Alternatively, since the Liénard equation itself is also an autonomous differential equation, the substitution leads the Liénard equation to become a first order differential equation:
which is an Abel equation of the second kind.
Example
The Van der Pol oscillator
is a Liénard equation. The solution of a Van der Pol oscillator has a limit cycle. Such cycle has a solution of a Liénard equation with negative at small and positive otherwise. The Van der Pol equation has no exact, analytic solution. Such solution for a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20permeability%20transition%20pore
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The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP or MPTP; also referred to as PTP, mTP or MTP) is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. Opening allows increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of less than 1500 Daltons in molecular weight. Induction of the permeability transition pore, mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (mPT or MPT), can lead to mitochondrial swelling and cell death through apoptosis or necrosis depending on the particular biological setting.
Roles in pathology
The MPTP was originally discovered by Haworth and Hunter in 1979 and has been found to be involved in neurodegeneration, hepatotoxicity from Reye-related agents, cardiac necrosis and nervous and muscular dystrophies among other deleterious events inducing cell damage and death.
MPT is one of the major causes of cell death in a variety of conditions. For example, it is key in neuronal cell death in excitotoxicity, in which overactivation of glutamate receptors causes excessive calcium entry into the cell. MPT also appears to play a key role in damage caused by ischemia, as occurs in a heart attack and stroke. However, research has shown that the MPT pore remains closed during ischemia, but opens once the tissues are reperfused with blood after the ischemic period, playing a role in reperfusion injury.
MPT is also thought to underlie the cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADF/Cofilin%20family
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ADF/cofilin is a family of actin-binding proteins associated with the rapid depolymerization of actin microfilaments that give actin its characteristic dynamic instability. This dynamic instability is central to actin's role in muscle contraction, cell motility and transcription regulation.
Three highly conserved and highly (70%-82%) identical genes belonging to this family have been described in humans and mice:
CFL1, coding for cofilin 1 (non-muscle, or n-cofilin)
CFL2, coding for cofilin 2 (found in muscle: m-cofilin)
DSTN, coding for destrin, also known as ADF or actin depolymerizing factor
Actin-binding proteins regulate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Cofilin, a member of the ADF/cofilin family is actually a protein with 70% sequence identity to destrin, making it part of the ADF/cofilin family of small ADP-binding proteins. The protein binds to actin monomers and filaments, G actin and F actin, respectively. Cofilin causes depolymerization at the minus end of filaments, thereby preventing their reassembly. The protein is known to sever actin filaments by creating more positive ends on filament fragments. Cofilin/ADF (destrin) is likely to sever F-actin without capping and prefers ADP-actin. These monomers can be recycled by profilin, activating monomers to go back into filament form again by an ADP-to-ATP exchange. ATP-actin is then available for assembly.
Structure
The structure of actin depolymerizing factors is highly conserved across many organ
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