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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature%20tensor
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In differential geometry, the term curvature tensor may refer to:
the Riemann curvature tensor of a Riemannian manifold — see also Curvature of Riemannian manifolds;
the curvature of an affine connection or covariant derivative (on tensors);
the curvature form of an Ehresmann connection: see Ehresmann connection, connection (principal bundle) or connection (vector bundle). It is the one of the numbers that are important in the Einstein field equations.
See also
Tensor (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Crazy
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Crystal Crazy is an action game, published by Casady & Greene for the Classic Mac OS in 1993. It is the sequel to Crystal Quest. The aim of the game is to collect crystals. Unlike Crystal Quest, which included a "Critter Editor," Crystal Crazy has no functionality for easily editing aspects of the game such as the enemy graphics.
Versions of Crystal Crazy before 1.05 do not have sound on PowerPC-based Macintoshes. The last version is 1.06. It is not possible to play this game on Intel-based Macs without an emulator (a technique that would work with any modern operating system).
Gameplay
The player commands a spaceship piloted by a cow. When all in-game lives are expended, a cutscene depicts a cow in a spaceship, flying across the screen, towing a banner that says, "In space, no one can hear you moo."
The general objective of Crystal Crazy is to collect all the crystals on a given stage, and often to complete other quests, then escape through an opening at the bottom of the screen. At higher levels, the opening will change size at a fixed rate.
Quests include erasing or revealing paintings by navigating the spaceship over the canvas; knocking pool balls into the exit opening; breaking wine glasses and other fragile objects against the edge of the screen; or simply defeating all the enemies on a given level.
Bonuses, which add to the player's numeric score, are often scattered across the levels and can be collected.
Occasionally, a bonus round tasks the player with coll
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20Shadow
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Sky Shadow is a clone of the 1981 Defender arcade video game published by MacSoft for the Macintosh in 1990. It was programmed by Patrick Buckland who also wrote Crystal Quest. Casady & Greene re-released the game in 1994.
Reception
Sky Shadow was critically acclaimed when originally released, featuring detailed graphics and fast-paced gameplay. It received the top score of five mice from MacUser magazine and was inducted into the Macworld magazine "Game Hall of Fame" as the Best Shoot-'em-up game of 1990.
Macworld praised Sky Shadow's graphics and sound effects as well as its gameplay, stating that "Sky Shadow is an engaging, fun, and highly addictive game". Macworld criticized its stability, stating it "often crashes", as well as its "severe penalties for minor mistakes" in that it's easy to die, whereupon the player loses all their points.
References
External links
Sky Shadow at GameFAQs
1990 video games
Classic Mac OS-only games
Classic Mac OS games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Video game clones
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
MacSoft games
Casady & Greene games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin%20receptor
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The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for prolactin (PRL). The PRLR can also bind to and be activated by growth hormone (GH) and human placental lactogen (hPL). The PRLR is expressed in the mammary glands, pituitary gland, and other tissues. It plays an important role in lobuloalveolar development of the mammary glands during pregnancy and in lactation.
Structure
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a membrane-bound protein of the cytokine receptor superfamily. In humans, it is encoded by a single gene which contains 11 exons and is located on chromosome 5. PRLR expression can be found in several tissues such as the gonads, breast, uterus, heart, liver, kidney, brain, immune cells, as well as adrenal and pituitary glands.
Several PRLR isoforms have been described in different tissues. These have varying lengths and cytoplasmic domain composition, but share identical extracellular domains, which are the regions binding to PRLR.
Diversity of PRLR is a result of transcription initiation in different sites of the PRLR promoter region. Additionally, post-translational modifications, like alternative splicing are the events that result in the different isoforms that allow for all the different actions of prolactin in the body.
Signaling
The PRLR is a class 1 cytokine receptor that uses messenger pathways to control cell proliferation, migration, intracellular ion concentration and in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presto-Matic
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The M6 Presto-Matic was a Chrysler Corporation semi-automatic transmission produced from 1946 to 1953. It was a special manual transmission with a fluid coupling. Although it had just two forward gears, an electric overdrive unit was attached and useful in either gear for a total of four forward speeds.
The driver would use the clutch pedal any time when selecting low, high, or reverse gear. Once underway, the accelerator could be eased and the car would engage the overdrive. With the Fluid Drive coupling, the car could be brought to a halt in gear without releasing the clutch and would creep like an automatic.
The Presto-Matic name was only used on Chrysler-brand cars. DeSoto called the transmission the Tip-Toe Shift, while Dodge used Gyro-Matic, Fluid-Matic, Fluidtorque, or Gyro-Torque. Chrysler and DeSoto sold the unit from 1946 to 1953, while Dodge did not introduce it until 1948. Plymouth introduced their Hy-Drive semi-automatic in 1953, but all were replaced by the PowerFlite hydraulic automatic in 1954.
Operation
Attached to the transmission was an “underdrive” with a reduction gear of 1.75/1. The shift lever was column-mounted and had three positions: Low (in the “2nd” position of a conventional 3-speed manual unit), High (in the “3rd” position), and Reverse (same as the 3-speed). The clutch had to be depressed every time the gear shift lever was moved. When the lever was put in Low, the car started in “underdrive” low; when the vehicle reached a minimum speed of ,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDDR4%20SDRAM
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GDDR4 SDRAM, an abbreviation for Graphics Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory, is a type of graphics card memory (SGRAM) specified by the JEDEC Semiconductor Memory Standard. It is a rival medium to Rambus's XDR DRAM. GDDR4 is based on DDR3 SDRAM technology and was intended to replace the DDR2-based GDDR3, but it ended up being replaced by GDDR5 within a year.
History
On October 26, 2005, Samsung announced that it developed the first GDDR4 memory, a 256-Mbit chip running at 2.5 Gbit/s. Samsung also revealed plans to sample and mass-produce GDDR4 SDRAM rated at 2.8 Gbit/s per pin.
In 2005, Hynix developed the first 512-Mbit GDDR4 memory chip.
On February 14, 2006, Samsung announced the development of 32-bit 512-Mbit GDDR4 SDRAM capable of transferring 3.2 Gbit/s per pin, or 12.8 GB/s for the module.
On July 5, 2006, Samsung announced the mass-production of 32-bit 512-Mbit GDDR4 SDRAM rated at 2.4 Gbit/s per pin, or 9.6 GB/s for the module. Although designed to match the performance of XDR DRAM on high-pin-count memory, it would not be able to match XDR performance on low-pin-count designs.
On February 9, 2007, Samsung announced mass-production of 32-bit 512-Mbit GDDR4 SDRAM, rated at 2.8 Gbit/s per pin, or 11.2 GB/s per module. This module was used for some AMD cards.
On February 23, 2007, Samsung announced 32-bit 512-Mbit GDDR4 SDRAM rated at 4.0 Gbit/s per pin or 16 GB/s for the module and expects the memory to appear on commercially available
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Library%20of%20Medicine%20classification
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The National Library of Medicine (NLM) classification system is a library indexing system covering the fields of medicine and preclinical basic sciences. The NLM classification is patterned after the Library of Congress (LC) Classification system: alphabetical letters denote broad subject categories which are subdivided by numbers. For example, QW 279 would indicate a book on an aspect of microbiology or immunology.
The one- or two-letter alphabetical codes in the NLM classification use a limited range of letters: only QS–QZ and W–WZ. This allows the NLM system to co-exist with the larger LC coding scheme as neither of these ranges are used in the LC system. There are, however, three pre-existing codes in the LC system which overlap with the NLM: Human Anatomy (QM), Microbiology (QR), and Medicine (R). To avoid further confusion, these three codes are not used in the NLM.
The headings for the individual schedules (letters or letter pairs) are given in brief form (e.g., QW - Microbiology and Immunology; WG - Cardiovascular System) and together they provide an outline of the subjects covered by the NLM classification. Headings are interpreted broadly and include the physiological system, the specialties connected with them, the regions of the body chiefly concerned and subordinate related fields. The NLM system is hierarchical, and within each schedule, division by organ usually has priority. Each main schedule, as well as some sub-sections, begins with a group of form numb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrastat
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Intrastat is the system for collecting information and producing statistics on the trade in goods between countries of the European Union (EU). It began operation on 1 January 1993, when it replaced customs declarations as the source of trade statistics within the EU. The requirements of Intrastat are similar in all member states of the EU, although there are important exceptions.
Motivation
Trade statistics are an essential part of a country's balance of payments account and are regarded as an important economic indicator of the performance of any country. Export data in particular can be used as an indicator of the state of a country's manufacturing industries as a whole. The statistics are used by government departments to help set overall trade policy and generate initiatives on new trade areas. The volume of goods moving is also assessed to allow the planning of future transport infrastructure needs. Intrastat is also being used as a tool against VAT fraud, permitting the comparison between Intrastat and VAT declarations, for example in the UK and in Italy (as suggested by rules governing Intrastat in that country).
The commercial world uses the statistics to assess markets within the country (e.g. to gauge how imports are penetrating the market) and externally (e.g. to establish new markets for their goods).
In addition, the statistics are passed on to European and International bodies such as Eurostat (the Statistical Office of the European Communities), the Uni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%20360
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Dance 360 (2004-2005) was a modern hip-hop television series that aired on UPN in which different dancers competed to win 360 dollars, an Xbox or a cell phone from Boost Mobile, and a Fuse Sunbird scooter. Sometimes, clothing gear from Ecko Unlimited or Meoshe Sport was awarded. It was hosted by Fredro Starr and Kel Mitchell with DJ K-Sly providing the beats for the dancers.
The dancers were selected from the audience at the beginning of the show, and they competed one-on-one, with the winner going on to the next round. They were judged by the level of audience applause, according to a noise meter. In addition to the prizes awarded, the winner was also given the last few seconds of the show to give "shout-outs" to friends and family. The show's title comes from the circle on the dance floor where the dancers competed.
The first battle starts with Kel previewing the battle, "Tag Ya Man!", then points to one of the dancers to start after K-sly plays a beat, and another person comes to the dance floor and dance. The two people go for a face-to-face dance battle. The three people will be voted to go to the second battle.
The second battle is called, "Master the Move." The hosts, including a special guest from a radio station, will pick three people from the audience to dance a move of their own. Each of the contestants has to perform one of these dances. Two people will be voted to move on to the final battle of the show. If two dancers are tied with the same lower score, they
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOLD
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GOLD may refer to:
Gold (disambiguation)
Science and technology
Gold, a chemical element
Genomes OnLine Database
Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, a NASA Explorer Mission of Opportunity
GOLD (parser), an open-source parser-generator of BNF-based grammars
Graduates of the Last Decade, an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers program to garner more university level student members
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, guidelines for aiding chronic obstructive lung disease from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization
Gathered or linked data, in the staging tables of a data warehouse
Other uses
GOLD (ontology), an ontology for descriptive linguistics
Gold (British TV channel), television channel stylised as "GOLD"
See also
Gold (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-Hydramatic%20425
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Turbo-Hydramatic 425 (TH425 or THM 425, later 325) was an automatic transmission developed and produced by General Motors. The THM425 was a derivative of the THM400; most parts directly interchange and some others will interchange with minor modifications. The internal parts spin the opposite direction in the THM425; the helical angle of the planetary gears is "reversed" and the one-way clutches freewheel in the opposite direction, for example. The THM425 was developed for the 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado and the 1967 Cadillac Eldorado. A lighter-duty transmission known as the THM325 (using components sourced from the THM200) replaced the THM425 in both car lines after the 1978 model year. 1979 and later longitudinal engine front-wheel drive vehicles used the THM325. The THM325 became the THM325-4L with an overdrive added in 1982, but all vehicles using this transmission switched to more-conventional transverse engine mounting in 1986. Bellhousing pattern used the 1967-90 Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac-Cadillac V8 pattern throughout its entire lifecycle.
Applications:
THM425
1971–1979 Cortez Motor Home
1966–1978 Oldsmobile Toronado
1967–1978 Cadillac Eldorado
1973–1978 GMC Motorhome
1973–1978 GMC TransMode multi-purpose vehicle
1972–1978 Revcon motorhome
1989–1993 Vector W8
THM325
1979–1981 Cadillac Eldorado
1979–1981 Oldsmobile Toronado
1980–1981 Cadillac Seville
THM325-4L
1982–1985 Buick Riviera
1982–1985 Cadillac Eldorado
1982–1985 Cadillac Seville
1982–1985 Oldsm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20chromatin%20sequence
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An active chromatin sequence (ACS) is a region of DNA in a eukaryotic chromosome in which histone modifications such as acetylation lead to exposure of the DNA sequence thus allowing binding of transcription factors and transcription to take place. Active chromatin may also be called euchromatin. ACSs may occur in non-expressed gene regions which are assumed to be "poised" for transcription. The sequence once exposed often contains a promoter to begin transcription. At this site acetylation or methylation can take place causing a conformational change to the chromatin. At the active chromatin sequence site deacetylation can caused the gene to be repressed if not being expressed.
See also
Chromatin
References
Genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20J.%20Blanco
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Francisco José Blanco is a chemist working on structural biology at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), in Madrid, Spain. His research utilizes Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy to characterize protein structure and interactions relevant in cancer. Early in his career he worked in protein folding, describing the formation of β-hairpin structures in short linear peptides. He has co-authored 121 scientific publications that have been cited over 5000 times, with an h-index of 39.
References
Spanish medical researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium%20fluoride
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Rubidium fluoride (RbF) is the fluoride salt of rubidium. It is a cubic crystal with rock-salt structure.
There are several methods for synthesising rubidium fluoride. One involves reacting rubidium hydroxide with hydrofluoric acid:
RbOH + HF → RbF + H2O
Another method is to neutralize rubidium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid:
Rb2CO3 + 2HF → 2RbF + H2O + CO2
Another possible method is to react rubidium hydroxide with ammonium fluoride:
RbOH + NH4F → RbF + H2O + NH3
The least used method due to expense of rubidium metal is to react it directly with fluorine gas, as rubidium reacts violently with halogens:
2Rb + F2 → 2RbF
References
Rubidium compounds
Fluorides
Alkali metal fluorides
Rock salt crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic%20form%20%28statistics%29
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In multivariate statistics, if is a vector of random variables, and is an -dimensional symmetric matrix, then the scalar quantity is known as a quadratic form in .
Expectation
It can be shown that
where and are the expected value and variance-covariance matrix of , respectively, and tr denotes the trace of a matrix. This result only depends on the existence of and ; in particular, normality of is not required.
A book treatment of the topic of quadratic forms in random variables is that of Mathai and Provost.
Proof
Since the quadratic form is a scalar quantity, .
Next, by the cyclic property of the trace operator,
Since the trace operator is a linear combination of the components of the matrix, it therefore follows from the linearity of the expectation operator that
A standard property of variances then tells us that this is
Applying the cyclic property of the trace operator again, we get
Variance in the Gaussian case
In general, the variance of a quadratic form depends greatly on the distribution of . However, if does follow a multivariate normal distribution, the variance of the quadratic form becomes particularly tractable. Assume for the moment that is a symmetric matrix. Then,
.
In fact, this can be generalized to find the covariance between two quadratic forms on the same (once again, and must both be symmetric):
.
In addition, a quadratic form such as this follows a generalized chi-squared distribution.
Computing the variance in the non
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20Star%20Prison%20Cell
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Five Star Prison Cell was an Australian four-piece band from Melbourne, Australia, whose music was generally labelled as tech metal or math rock. They were known for their use of unusual time signatures, dissonant guitar riffs, and a vocal approach that explored many different avenues and styles.
History
Five Star Prison Cell was formed in 2004 from members of various other bands. Vocalist Adam Glynn came from Melbourne band Frankenbok, Marc Whitworth had played drums for Gold Coast band Tension and Cameron Macdonald and Mark Holain played bass and guitar in Extra Virgin. The group was initially conceived as a one-off studio project but after Extra Virgin disbanded it was decided to continue with Five Star Prison Cell.
In 2005, the band released its debut album The Complete First Season through Faultline Records. During the year the band toured throughout Australia and supported Arch Enemy and Spiderbait. Much of the following year was spent writing and recording another album.
On 14 November 2006, Five Star Prison Cell won the annual Musicoz award for best metal/hardcore act of 2006. A new album, Slaves of Virgo, was issued in March 2007.
Five Star Prison Cell have rigorously toured Australia and New Zealand throughout their career, and have shared the stage with many international acts including: The Dillinger Escape Plan, Danzig, Cephalic Carnage, The Black Dahlia Murder, Arch Enemy and Clutch.
In early 2010, Five Star Prison Cell completed recording their third album
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20cortex
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The cell cortex, also known as the actin cortex, cortical cytoskeleton or actomyosin cortex, is a specialized layer of cytoplasmic proteins on the inner face of the cell membrane. It functions as a modulator of membrane behavior and cell surface properties. In most eukaryotic cells lacking a cell wall, the cortex is an actin-rich network consisting of F-actin filaments, myosin motors, and actin-binding proteins. The actomyosin cortex is attached to the cell membrane via membrane-anchoring proteins called ERM proteins that plays a central role in cell shape control. The protein constituents of the cortex undergo rapid turnover, making the cortex both mechanically rigid and highly plastic, two properties essential to its function. In most cases, the cortex is in the range of 100 to 1000 nanometers thick.
In some animal cells, the protein spectrin may be present in the cortex. Spectrin helps to create a network by cross-linked actin filaments. The proportions of spectrin and actin vary with cell type. Spectrin proteins and actin microfilaments are attached to transmembrane proteins by attachment proteins between them and the transmembrane proteins. The cell cortex is attached to the inner cytosolic face of the plasma membrane in cells where the spectrin proteins and actin microfilaments form a mesh-like structure that is continuously remodeled by polymerization, depolymerization and branching.
Many proteins are involved in the cortex regulation and dynamics including formins w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-powered%20pump
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Solar-powered pumps run on electricity generated by photovoltaic (PV) panels or the radiated thermal energy available from collected sunlight as opposed to grid electricity- or diesel-run water pumps.
Generally, solar-powered pumps consist of a solar panel array, solar charge controller, DC water pump, fuse box/breakers, electrical wiring, and a water storage tank.
The operation of solar-powered pumps is more economical mainly due to the lower operation and maintenance costs and has less environmental impact than pumps powered by an internal combustion engine. Solar pumps are useful where grid electricity is unavailable or impractical, and alternative sources (in particular wind) do not provide sufficient energy.
Components
A PV solar-powered pump system has three main parts - one or more solar panels, a controller, and a pump. The solar panels make up most (up to 80%) of the system's cost. The size of the PV system is directly dependent on the size of the pump, the amount of water that is required, and the solar irradiance available.
The purpose of the controller is twofold. Firstly, it matches the output power that the pump receives with the input power available from the solar panels. Secondly, a controller usually provides a low- or high-voltage protection, whereby the system is switched off, if the voltage is too low or too high for the operating voltage range of the pump. This increases the service life of the pump, thus reducing the need for maintenance. Other anci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained%20optimization
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In mathematical optimization, constrained optimization (in some contexts called constraint optimization) is the process of optimizing an objective function with respect to some variables in the presence of constraints on those variables. The objective function is either a cost function or energy function, which is to be minimized, or a reward function or utility function, which is to be maximized. Constraints can be either hard constraints, which set conditions for the variables that are required to be satisfied, or soft constraints, which have some variable values that are penalized in the objective function if, and based on the extent that, the conditions on the variables are not satisfied.
Relation to constraint-satisfaction problems
The constrained-optimization problem (COP) is a significant generalization of the classic constraint-satisfaction problem (CSP) model. COP is a CSP that includes an objective function to be optimized. Many algorithms are used to handle the optimization part.
General form
A general constrained minimization problem may be written as follows:
where and are constraints that are required to be satisfied (these are called hard constraints), and is the objective function that needs to be optimized subject to the constraints.
In some problems, often called constraint optimization problems, the objective function is actually the sum of cost functions, each of which penalizes the extent (if any) to which a soft constraint (a constraint wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Allylcysteine
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S-Allylcysteine (SAC) is an organosulfur compound that has the formula . It is the S-allylated derivative of the amino acid cysteine. As such only the L-enantiomer is significant biologically. SAC constituent of aged garlic. A number of related compounds are found in garlic, including the disulfide S-"allylmercaptocysteine" (SAMC, ) and γ-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine" (GSAC).
Allylcysteine is of interest for its potential medicinal properties. and as a chemopreventive.
See also
Alliin, the S-oxide of allyl cysteine
References
External links
S-allyl-laevo-cysteine, thegoodscentscompany.com
Alpha-Amino acids
Sulfur amino acids
Antioxidants
Thioethers
Allyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Felumlee
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Mike Felumlee, a native of Crystal Lake, Illinois (a suburb of Chicago), is chiefly known as the current drummer for the rock band The Smoking Popes. He is known to a lesser extent for his stint of several years as drummer in the band Alkaline Trio and for his solo music.
The Smoking Popes
Felumlee was the drummer on all of the Popes albums prior to the live album At Metro, released in 2006 in conjunction with a long-awaited reunion of the band. Reportedly, Felumlee discussed with Popes frontman Josh Caterer rejoining the band for its reunion but declined, due to personal relations between himself and the Popes having become a little tense.
He rejoined The Smoking Popes in April 2015, replacing Neil Hennessy who was relocating.
Elsewhere
After the Smoking Popes split in 1999, Felumlee joined Alkaline Trio. He was the drummer on the album From Here To Infirmary. Felumlee left Alkaline Trio in 2001, reportedly due to personal friction with Matt Skiba.
In 2005, Mike played the drums on the self-titled debut release of the Chicago band This Is Me Smiling.
As a drummer, Felumlee was also a founding member of the band Duvall, but his participation in the band was short-lived, being replaced by Rob Kellenberger (previously of the bands Slapstick and Tuesday) not long into the band's existence.
Felumlee founded and ran for several years the small, independent record label Double Zero Records, originally conceived as a vehicle to release some then-unreleased Smoking Popes mat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley%20diode%20equation
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The Shockley diode equation, or the diode law, named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Labs, models the exponential current–voltage (I–V) relationship of semiconductor diodes in moderate constant current forward bias or reverse bias:
where
is the diode current,
is the reverse-bias saturation current (or scale current),
is the voltage across the diode,
is the thermal voltage, and
is the ideality factor, also known as the quality factor or emission coefficient.
The equation is called the Shockley ideal diode equation when the ideality factor equals 1, thus is sometimes omitted. The ideality factor typically varies from 1 to 2 (though can in some cases be higher), depending on the fabrication process and semiconductor material. The ideality factor was added to account for imperfect junctions observed in real transistors, mainly due to carrier recombination as charge carriers cross the depletion region.
The thermal voltage is approximately 25.852mV at . At an arbitrary temperature, it is a known constant:
where
is the Boltzmann constant,
is the absolute temperature of the p–n junction, and
is the elementary charge (the magnitude of an electron's charge).
The reverse saturation current is not constant for a given device, but varies with temperature; usually more significantly than , so that typically decreases as increases.
Under reverse bias, the diode equation's exponential term is near 0, so the current is near the somewhat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiobiose
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Gentiobiose is a disaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose joined with a β(1->6) linkage. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water or hot methanol. Gentiobiose is incorporated into the chemical structure of crocin, the chemical compound that gives saffron its color. It is a product of the caramelization of glucose. During a starch hydrolysis process for glucose syrup, gentiobiose, which has bitterness, is formed as an undesirable product through the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of two D-glucose molecules. One β-D-glucose unit elongation of the bitter disaccharide reduces its bitterness by a fifth, as determined by human volunteers using the trimer, gentiotriose. Gentiobiose is also produced via enzymatic hydrolysis of glucans, including pustulan and β-1,3-1,6-glucan.
References
Disaccharides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Siegel
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Sidney Siegel (4 January 1916 in New York City – 29 November 1961) was an American psychologist who became especially well known for his work in popularizing non-parametric statistics for use in the behavioral sciences. He was a co-developer of the statistical test known as the Siegel–Tukey test.
In 1951 Siegel completed a B.A. in vocational arts at San Jose State College (now San Jose State University), then in 1953 a Ph.D. in Psychology at Stanford University. Except for a year spent at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, he thereafter taught at Pennsylvania State University, until his death in November 1961 of a coronary thrombosis.
His parents, Jacob and Rebecca Siegel, were Jewish immigrants from Romania.
See also
Siegel–Tukey test.
Notes
References
Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 1956
Bargaining and Group Decision Making (co-authored with Lawrence E. Fouraker), winning the 1959 Monograph Price of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Bargaining Behaviour (co-authoree with Lawrence E. Fouraker).
A nonparametric sum of ranks procedure for relative spread in unpaired samples, in Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1960 (coauthored with John Wilder Tukey)
Choice, Strategy, and Utility (completed posthumously by Alberta E. Siegel and Julia McMichael Andrews)
Bargaining, Information and the Use of Threat (co-authored with Donald L. Harnett), 1961
External links
In Memory o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine%20Society
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The Endocrine Society is a professional, international medical organization in the field of endocrinology and metabolism, founded in 1916 as The Association for the Study of Internal Secretions. The official name of the organization was changed to the Endocrine Society on January 1, 1952. It is a leading organization in the field and publishes four leading journals. It has more than 18,000 members from over 120 countries in medicine, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, physiology, genetics, immunology, education, industry, and allied health. The Society's mission is: "to advance excellence in endocrinology and promote its essential and integrative role in scientific discovery, medical practice, and human health."
It is said to be "the world's oldest, largest and most active organization devoted to research on hormones and the clinical practice of endocrinology."
Annual Meetings have been held since 1916 except in 1943 and 1945 during World War II when meetings were cancelled at the request of the United States government. Realizing the increasing importance of endocrinology to general medicine, the Council, in 1947, established an annual post graduate assembly now known as the Clinical Endocrinology Update.
The Society publishes Endocrinology, the first issue of which was published in January 1927 and edited by Henry Harrower. Another publication, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, was established in 1941, and the name of the journal was changed to The Journa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20R%20%28Y-DNA%29
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Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.
Some descendant subclades have been found since pre-history in Europe, Central Asia and South Asia. Others have long been present, at lower levels, in parts of West Asia and Africa. Some authorities have also suggested, more controversially, that R-M207 has long been present among Native Americans in North America – a theory that has not yet been widely accepted.
According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroups P and Q descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. However, Karafet et al. (2014) proposed that "rapid diversification ... of K-M526", also known as K2, likely occurred in Southeast Asia (near Indonesia) and later expanded to mainland Asia, although they could not rule out that it might have arisen in Eurasia and later went extinct there, and that either of these scenarios are "equally parsimonius".
Structure
Origins
Geneticist Spencer Wells suggests that haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descends, likely originated in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan. Haplogroup P1 may have emerged in Southeast Asia, however according to Karafet, et al. this hypothesis is "parsimonius" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia. The SNP M207, which defines Haplogroup R, is believed to have arisen during the Upper Paleolithic era, about 27,000 years ago.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20integral
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In chaos theory, the correlation integral is the mean probability that the states at two different times are close:
where is the number of considered states , is a threshold distance, a norm (e.g. Euclidean norm) and the Heaviside step function. If only a time series is available, the phase space can be reconstructed by using a time delay embedding (see Takens' theorem):
where is the time series, the embedding dimension and the time delay.
The correlation integral is used to estimate the correlation dimension.
An estimator of the correlation integral is the correlation sum:
See also
Recurrence quantification analysis
References
(LINK)
Chaos theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbivirus
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Orbivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Unlike other reoviruses, orbiviruses are arboviruses. They can infect and replicate within a wide range of arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Orbiviruses are named after their characteristic doughnut-shaped capsomers (orbis in Latin means ring).
Many orbiviruses are transmitted by ticks or haematophagus insect vectors (Culicoides, mosquitoes and sand flies) and have a wide host range that includes cattle, goats and sheep, wild ruminants, equids, camelids, marsupials, sloths, bats, birds, large canine and feline carnivores, and humans.
The three economically most important orbiviruses are Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus, and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, all of which are transmitted by Culicoides species. The genus contains 22 species and at least 130 different serotypes.
History
In 1719, African horse sickness virus (AHSV) caused the first major recorded orbivirus epidemic, killing 1,500 animals. The most historically significant outbreak of orbivirus occurred in 1854–1855, when AHSV infected 70,000 horses. AHSV was discovered to be a virus in 1900 and bluetongue disease followed shortly thereafter in 1905. Outbreaks have occurred sporadically in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Virology
Structure
The virons are nonenveloped particles that are 70–80 nm in diameter. The virus particles are spherical in appearance and have icosahedral symmetry. An out
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubov%27s%20method
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Zubov's method is a technique for computing the basin of attraction for a set of ordinary differential equations (a dynamical system). The domain of attraction is the set , where is the solution to a partial differential equation known as the Zubov equation. Zubov's method can be used in a number of ways.
Statement
Zubov's theorem states that:
If is an ordinary differential equation in with , a set containing 0 in its interior is the domain of attraction of zero if and only if there exist continuous functions such that:
, for , on
for every there exist such that , if
for or
If f is continuously differentiable, then the differential equation has at most one continuously differentiable solution satisfying .
References
Ordinary differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIVR
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NIVR is a four-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, as described below:
Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes
Network Interactive Voice Response, see Interactive voice response
Neuron Interactive Virtual Reality, see Virtual reality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Rosenbaum%20%28statistician%29
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Simon Rosenbaum B.Sc. (born 1877) was a British academic active in the early twentieth century, whose major field of study was statistics. He is perhaps best known today for an editing a collection of essays entitled Against Home Rule: The Case for Union, which was first published in 1912 at the height of the crisis over Irish Home Rule. Contributors to this work included Arthur Balfour, Austen Chamberlain, and Leo Amery.
Partial bibliography
Books
Against Home Rule: The Case for Union. Kennikat Press, 1912.
Journal articles
"A Contribution to the Study of the Vital and Other Statistics of the Jews in the United Kingdom" in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 68, No. 3. (September, 1905), pp. 526–562.
"Food Taxation in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the United States" in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 71, No. 2. (June, 1908), pp. 319–365.
"The General Election of January, 1910, and the Bearing of the Results on Some Problems of Representation" in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 73, No. 5. (May, 1910), pp. 473–528.
"The Trade of the British Empire" in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 76, No. 8. (July, 1913), pp. 739–774.
"The Effects of the War on the Overseas Trade of the United Kingdom" in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 78, No. 4. (July, 1915), pp. 501–554.
External links
1877 births
Year of death missing
British Jews
British statisticians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbofloxacin
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Marbofloxacin is a carboxylic acid derivative third generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is used in veterinary medicine under the brand names Marbocyl, Forcyl, Marbo vet and Zeniquin. A formulation of marbofloxacin combined with clotrimazole and dexamethasone is available under the name Aurizon (CAS number 115550-35-1).
Mechanism of action
Its mechanism of action is not thoroughly understood, but it is believed to be similar to the other fluoroquinolones by impairing the bacterial DNA gyrase which results in rapid bactericidal activity. The other proposed mechanisms include that it acts against nondividing bacteria and does not require protein and RNA synthesis, which block protein and RNA synthesis respectively.
Activity
Marbofloxacin is a synthetic, broad spectrum bactericidal agent. The bactericidal activity of marbofloxacin is concentration dependent, with susceptible bacteria cell death occurring within 20–30 minutes of exposure. Like other fluoroquinolones, marbofloxacin has demonstrated a significant post-antibiotic effect for both gram– and + bacteria and is active in both stationary and growth phases of bacterial replication.
It has good activity against many gram-negative bacilli and cocci, is effective against:
Application
Marbofloxacin can be used both orally and topically. It is particularly used for infections of the skin, respiratory system and mammary glands in dogs and cats, as well as with urinary tract infections. For dogs, a dose ranges from 2.75
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Spybotics
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Lego Spybotics (stylized as LEGO Spybotics) was a Mindstorms robotics sub-series by Lego. There are four different sets, each of which includes a Spybot, a controller, a cable, and a software disc. The Spybots are color-coded, and each one has a different set of equipment attached. The software disc allows the user to program the robots and set up simulated missions for them.
Sets
Each of the four sets includes a color-coded Spybot control module, a software disc, a serial cable with an infrared (IR) transceiver at the end, a color-coded IR remote control for the Spybot, and parts to build the body of the Spybot. Each control module contains 2 motors, an IR transceiver, a power button, and various sensors.
Software
Each Spybotics set includes a CD-ROM software disc which allows you to program the spybots.
Programming
Spybots are programmed primarily through the mission system, but they can be programmed in a similar manner to the RCX. Most RCX-compatible programming languages can be used. Programs are uploaded to the control module using a special serial-to-IR cable included with the set.
Missions
The Spybotics software allows you to create simulated missions for the Spybots. The disc includes 10 preset missions, and more could be downloaded from the now-defunct Spybotics website. Five of the missions are designed for a single Spybot, and the other five are designed for two or more Spybots. Each mission includes a mission brief, set-up instructions, and some settings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20additive%20process
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In applied probability, a Markov additive process (MAP) is a bivariate Markov process where the future states depends only on one of the variables.
Definition
Finite or countable state space for J(t)
The process is a Markov additive process with continuous time parameter t if
is a Markov process
the conditional distribution of given depends only on .
The state space of the process is R × S where X(t) takes real values and J(t) takes values in some countable set S.
General state space for J(t)
For the case where J(t) takes a more general state space the evolution of X(t) is governed by J(t) in the sense that for any f and g we require
.
Example
A fluid queue is a Markov additive process where J(t) is a continuous-time Markov chain.
Applications
Çinlar uses the unique structure of the MAP to prove that, given a gamma process with a shape parameter that is a function of Brownian motion, the resulting lifetime is distributed according to the Weibull distribution.
Kharoufeh presents a compact transform expression for the failure distribution for wear processes of a component degrading according to a Markovian environment inducing state-dependent continuous linear wear by using the properties of a MAP and assuming the wear process to be temporally homogeneous and that the environmental process has a finite state space.
Notes
Markov processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20process
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Also known as the (Moran-)Gamma Process, the gamma process is a random process studied in mathematics, statistics, probability theory, and stochastics. The gamma process is a stochastic or random process consisting of independently distributed gamma distributions where represents the number of event occurrences from time 0 to time . The gamma distribution has scale parameter and shape parameter , often written as . Both and must be greater than 0. The gamma process is often written as where represents the time from 0. The process is a pure-jump increasing Lévy process with intensity measure for all positive . Thus jumps whose size lies in the interval occur as a Poisson process with intensity The parameter controls the rate of jump arrivals and the scaling parameter inversely controls the jump size. It is assumed that the process starts from a value 0 at t = 0 meaning .
The gamma process is sometimes also parameterised in terms of the mean () and variance () of the increase per unit time, which is equivalent to and .
Plain English definition
The gamma process is a process which measures the number of occurrences of independent gamma-distributed variables over a span of time. This image below displays two different gamma processes on from time 0 until time 4. The red process has more occurrences in the timeframe compared to the blue process because its shape parameter is larger than the blue shape parameter.
Properties
We use the Gamma function in these prop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimac
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Eimac is a trade mark of Eimac Products, part of the Microwave Power Products Division of Communications & Power Industries. It produces power vacuum tubes for radio frequency applications such as broadcast and radar transmitters. The company name is an initialism from the names of the founders, William Eitel and Jack McCullough.
History
The San Francisco Bay area was one of the early centers of amateur radio activity and experimentation, containing about 10% of the total operators in the US. Amateur radio enthusiasts sought vacuum tubes that would perform at higher power and on higher frequencies than those then available from RCA, Western Electric, General Electric, and Westinghouse. Additionally, they required tubes that would operate with the limited voltages available from typical amateur power supplies.
While employed by the small San Francisco, California manufacturing firm of Heintz & Kaufman which manufactured custom radio equipment, Bill Eitel (amateur radio call sign W6UF) and Jack McCullough (W6CHE) convinced company president Ralph Heintz (W6XBB) to allow them to develop a transmitting tube that could operate at lower voltages than those then available to the amateur radio market, such as the RCA UV-204A or the 852. Their effort was a success and resulted in production of the HK-354. Shortly after in 1934, Eitel and McCullough left H&K to form Eitel McCullough Corp. in San Bruno California.
The first product produced under the trade mark "Eimac" was the 150T p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Hawthorne
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Frank Christopher Hawthorne (born 8 January 1946 in Bristol, England) is a Canadian mineralogist, crystallographer and spectroscopist. He works at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and is currently Distinguished Professor Emeritus. By combining Graph Theory, Bond-Valence Theory and the moments approach to the electronic energy density of solids he has developed Bond Topology
as a rigorous approach to understanding the atomic arrangements, chemical compositions and paragenesis of complex oxide and oxysalt minerals.
Formal education
Frank C. Hawthorne was born in Bristol, England, on January 8, 1946, to Audrey Patricia (née Miles) and Frank Hawthorne, and went to Begbrook Primary School (now Begbrook Primary Academy) and Bishop Road Primary School, Bristol. In 1956, he moved to Maidenhead, Berkshire, and went to Maidenhead County Boys School (later Maidenhead Grammar School, now Desborough College) where he focused on Mathematics, Physics and Geography, played rugby, hockey, cricket, and did athletics (track and field). He was captured by Physical Geography and at the age of 15, decided to become a geologist. He played rugby for Thames Valley (later Maidenhead) Rugby Club and cricket for the village of Cookham Dean. From late 1962 onward, he was exposed to early English rock-and-roll at pubs and clubs on the periphery of London and became a lifelong enthusiast of this form of music. In 1964, he entered Imperial College London to study Pure Geology, play
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20the%20Dominican%20Republic
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Islam in the Dominican Republic is a minority religion. Accurate statistics of religious affiliation are difficult to calculate and there is a wide variation concerning the actual numerical amount. Although the majority of the population is Christian, Muslims have formed local organizations such as the Círculo Islámico de República Dominicana (The Islamic Circle of Dominican Republic) and the Islamic Center of the Dominican Republic (located in Miami). Currently, the Círculo Islámico estimates that Muslims number over 4,000 (most recent statistics), including of a good number of local converts. Most recently, there has been another organization, led by native born Muslim converts, the Entidad Islámica Dominicana or EID (Dominican Islamic Entity).
The Círculo Islámico established the first mosque in the Dominican Republic in the center of Santo Domingo, about a five-minute walk from the Palacio de Policía Nacional and the Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE) where Muslims from around the city would have easy access to reach it. They made an agreement with the owner to purchase the land and the building for an amount of 2.85 million pesos. The mosque is open daily for the five prayers (salat) and offers classes on Islamic studies for ladies and children on weekends. They also provide free medical consultation along with a free pharmacy, Consulta Al-Foutory, which is located in a separate building at the back of the mosque. The Al-Noor Mosque is largely believed to be the only ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetaev%20instability%20theorem
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The Chetaev instability theorem for dynamical systems states that if there exists, for the system with an equilibrium point at the origin, a continuously differentiable function V(x) such that
the origin is a boundary point of the set ;
there exists a neighborhood of the origin such that for all
then the origin is an unstable equilibrium point of the system.
This theorem is somewhat less restrictive than the Lyapunov instability theorems, since a complete sphere (circle) around the origin for which and both are of the same sign does not have to be produced.
It is named after Nicolai Gurevich Chetaev.
Applications
Chetaev instability theorem has been used to analyze the unfolding dynamics of proteins under the effect of optical tweezers.
See also
Lyapunov function — a function whose existence guarantees stability
References
Further reading
Theorems in dynamical systems
Stability theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermin%E2%80%93Wagner%20theorem
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In quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, the Mermin–Wagner theorem (also known as Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg theorem, Mermin–Wagner–Berezinskii theorem, or Coleman theorem) states that continuous symmetries cannot be spontaneously broken at finite temperature in systems with sufficiently short-range interactions in dimensions . Intuitively, this means that long-range fluctuations can be created with little energy cost, and since they increase the entropy, they are favored.
This is because if such a spontaneous symmetry breaking occurred, then the corresponding Goldstone bosons, being massless, would have an infrared divergent correlation function.
The absence of spontaneous symmetry breaking in dimensional infinite systems was rigorously proved by David Mermin, Herbert Wagner (1966), and Pierre Hohenberg (1967) in statistical mechanics and by in quantum field theory. That the theorem does not apply to discrete symmetries can be seen in the two-dimensional Ising model.
Introduction
Consider the free scalar field of mass in two Euclidean dimensions. Its propagator is:
For small is a solution to Laplace's equation with a point source:
This is because the propagator is the reciprocal of in space. To use Gauss's law, define the electric field analog to be . The divergence of the electric field is zero. In two dimensions, using a large Gaussian ring:
So that the function G has a logarithmic divergence both at small and large r.
The interpretation of the dive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20P.%20Hubbell
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Stephen P. Hubbell (born 17 February 1942) is an American ecologist on the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles. He is author of the unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography (UNTB), which seeks to explain the diversity and relative abundance of species in ecological communities not by niche differences but by stochastic processes (random walk) among ecologically equivalent species. Hubbell is also a senior staff scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Balboa, Panama. He is also well known for tropical forest studies. In 1980, he and Robin B. Foster of the Field Museum in Chicago, launched the first of the 50 hectare forest dynamics studies on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. This plot became the flagship of a global network of large permanent forest dynamics plots, all following identical measurement protocols. This global network now has more than 70 plots in 28 countries, and these plots contain more than 12000 tree species and 7 million individual trees that are tagged, mapped, and monitored long-term for growth, survival and recruitment. The Center for Tropical Forest Science coordinates research across global network of plots through the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The program has expanded into the temperate zone, and is now known as the Forest Global Earth Observatory Network or ForestGEO.
In 1988, while a Professor at Princeton University, he founded the Committee for the National Institutes of the Enviro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting%20stage
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Resting stage may refer to:
The diapause stage of a butterfly egg
Telogen phase, a phase of hair follicle growth
A phase of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic DNA replication
The pupal phase of insect metamorphosis
See also
Resting spore
G0 phase or resting phase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASP
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NASP may refer to:
In animation
Nickelodeon Animated Shorts Program
In science and academia
Nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein, a gene in the human genome
National Association of School Psychologists
In military
National Aerospace Plane, another name for the Rockwell X-30 experimental aircraft
Naval Air Station Pensacola, a United States Navy base in Florida
In politics and government
National Application Services Provider
In sports
National Archery in the Schools Program, an archery program for schools in the United States (and also several other countries)
In automotive
Naturally aspirated engine, an internal combustion engine that relies on atmospheric pressure for aspiration
In information technologies
Nokia Asha Software Platform, a Nokia OS for low-end smartphones based on Smarterphone OS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocus%20contest%20evolution
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Interlocus contest evolution (ICE) is a process of intergenomic conflict by which different loci within a single genome antagonistically coevolve. ICE supposes that the Red Queen process, which is characterized by a never-ending antagonistic evolutionary arms race, does not only apply to species but also to genes within the genome of a species.
Because sexual recombination allows different gene loci to evolve semi-autonomously, genes have the potential to coevolve antagonistically. ICE occurs when "an allelic substitution at one locus selects for a new allele at the interacting locus, and vice versa." As a result, ICE can lead to a chain reaction of perpetual gene substitution at antagonistically interacting loci, and no stable equilibrium can be achieved. The rate of evolution thus increases at that locus.
ICE is thought to be the dominant mode of evolution for genes controlling social behavior. The ICE process can explain many biological phenomena, including intersexual conflict, parent offspring conflict, and interference competition.
Intersexual conflict
A fundamental conflict between the sexes lies in differences in investment: males generally invest predominantly in fertilization while females invest predominantly in offspring. This conflict manifests itself in many traits associated with sexual reproduction. Genes expressed in only one sex are selectively neutral in the other sex; male- and female-linked genes can therefore be acted upon separated by selection and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20ecosystem
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River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its many parts. River ecosystems are part of larger watershed networks or catchments, where smaller headwater streams drain into mid-size streams, which progressively drain into larger river networks. The major zones in river ecosystems are determined by the river bed's gradient or by the velocity of the current. Faster moving turbulent water typically contains greater concentrations of dissolved oxygen, which supports greater biodiversity than the slow-moving water of pools. These distinctions form the basis for the division of rivers into upland and lowland rivers.
The food base of streams within riparian forests is mostly derived from the trees, but wider streams and those that lack a canopy derive the majority of their food base from algae. Anadromous fish are also an important source of nutrients. Environmental threats to rivers include loss of water, dams, chemical pollution and introduced species. A dam produces negative effects that continue down the watershed. The most important negative effects are the reduction of spring flooding, which damages wetlands, and the retention of sediment, which leads to the loss of deltaic wetlands.
River ecosystems are prime examples of lotic ecosystems. Lotic refers to flowing water, from the Latin , meaning washed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdispersion
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In statistics, overdispersion is the presence of greater variability (statistical dispersion) in a data set than would be expected based on a given statistical model.
A common task in applied statistics is choosing a parametric model to fit a given set of empirical observations. This necessitates an assessment of the fit of the chosen model. It is usually possible to choose the model parameters in such a way that the theoretical population mean of the model is approximately equal to the sample mean. However, especially for simple models with few parameters, theoretical predictions may not match empirical observations for higher moments. When the observed variance is higher than the variance of a theoretical model, overdispersion has occurred. Conversely, underdispersion means that there was less variation in the data than predicted. Overdispersion is a very common feature in applied data analysis because in practice, populations are frequently heterogeneous (non-uniform) contrary to the assumptions implicit within widely used simple parametric models.
Examples
Poisson
Overdispersion is often encountered when fitting very simple parametric models, such as those based on the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution has one free parameter and does not allow for the variance to be adjusted independently of the mean. The choice of a distribution from the Poisson family is often dictated by the nature of the empirical data. For example, Poisson regression analysis is commo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky%20Brand%20Jeans
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Lucky Brand is an American denim company founded in Vernon, California in 1990 by Gene Montesano and Barry Perlman. Lucky also produces other apparel, including activewear, outerwear, T-shirts, and professional attire.
In 2020, Lucky Brand filed for bankruptcy. It was then acquired by SPARC Group, owner of brands like Brooks Brothers, Nautica, Aéropostale, and Forever 21. These brands are part of the Authentic Brands Group.
History
In the 1970s, 21-year-old Jamal H Nathan along with 17-year-old Barry Perlman opened a Florida jeans shop called Four Way Street. "During the evenings, we'd head out to the local Laundromat with our pockets full of coins and some bleach. A few hours later, we had a stack of great washed jeans -- one of a kind and 100% authentic!"
In 1978, Montesano moved to Los Angeles to enter the fashion industry there. With business partner Michael Caruso, he started Bongo and ran the brand for 15 years. After leaving Bongo, Montesano joined former business partner Perlman in 1990 to launch Lucky Brand.
The corporate headquarters moved from Vernon to the Arts District in Downtown Los Angeles in 2012. The jeans maker moved to a new downtown office located at 540 S. Santa Fe near the historic 4th and 6th Street Bridges.
In December 2013, Leonard Green & Partners acquired Lucky Brand Jeans for $225 million from Fifth & Pacific Companies. In 2019, Carlos Alberini had resigned as Chairman and CEO. In July 2020, Lucky Brand filed for bankruptcy, and was acqui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20algorithm%20%28constraint%20satisfaction%29
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Within artificial intelligence and operations research for constraint satisfaction a hybrid algorithm solves a constraint satisfaction problem by the combination of two different methods, for example variable conditioning (backtracking, backjumping, etc.) and constraint inference (arc consistency, variable elimination, etc.)
Hybrid algorithms exploit the good properties of different methods by applying them to problems they can efficiently solve. For example, search is efficient when the problem has many solutions, while inference is efficient in proving unsatisfiability of overconstrained problems.
Cycle cutset inference/search algorithm
This hybrid algorithm is based on running search over a set of variables and inference over the other ones. In particular, backtracking or some other form of search is run over a number of variables; whenever a consistent partial assignment over these variables is found, inference is run over the remaining variables to check whether this partial assignment can be extended to form a solution.
On some kinds of problems, efficient and complete inference algorithms exist. For example, problems whose primal or dual graphs are trees or forests can be solved in polynomial time. This affect the choice of the variables evaluated by search. Indeed, once a variable is evaluated, it can effectively removed from the graph, restricting all constraints it is involved with its value. Alternatively, an evaluated variable can be replaced by a number of di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20John
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Fritz John (14 June 1910 – 10 February 1994) was a German-born mathematician specialising in partial differential equations and ill-posed problems. His early work was on the Radon transform and he is remembered for John's equation. He was a 1984 MacArthur Fellow.
Life and career
John was born in Berlin, Imperial Germany, the son of Hedwig (née Bürgel) and Hermann Jacobson-John. He studied mathematics from 1929 to 1933 in Göttingen where he was influenced by Richard Courant, among others. Following Hitler's rise to power in 1933 "non-aryans" were being expelled from teaching posts, and John, being half Jewish, emigrated from Germany to England.
John published his first paper in 1934 on Morse theory. He was awarded his doctorate in 1934 with a thesis entitled Determining a function from its integrals over certain manifolds from Göttingen. With Richard Courant's assistance he spent a year at St John's College, Cambridge. During this time he published papers on the Radon transform, a theme to which he would return throughout his career.
John was appointed an assistant professor at the University of Kentucky in 1935 and he emigrated to the United States, becoming naturalised in 1941. He stayed at Kentucky until 1946, apart from between 1943 and 1945, during which he did war service for the Ballistic Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. In 1946 he moved to New York University, where he remained for the rest of his career.
Throughout the 1940s and 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriculitis
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Ventriculitis is the inflammation of the ventricles in the brain. The ventricles are responsible for containing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain. Ventriculitis is caused by infection of the ventricles, leading to swelling and inflammation. This is especially prevalent in patients with external ventricular drains and intraventricular stents. Ventriculitis can cause a wide variety of short-term symptoms and long-term side effects ranging from headaches and dizziness to unconsciousness and death if not treated early. It is treated with some appropriate combination of antibiotics in order to rid the patient of the underlying infection. Much of the current research involving ventriculitis focuses specifically around defining the disease and what causes it. This will allow for much more advancement in the subject. There is also a lot of attention being paid to possible treatments and prevention methods to help make this disease even less prevalent and dangerous.
Signs and symptoms
There is great deal of variety in the symptoms associated with ventriculitis. The symptoms vary based on a number of different factors including severity of inflammation, underlying cause, and the individual patient.
Patients often present with headaches, painful cranial pressure, and neck pain early in the progression of the disease. Patients with a more advanced infection have been known to complain of many neurological effects such as dizziness, vertigo, confusion, and slurre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance%20vector%20machine
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In mathematics, a Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is a machine learning technique that uses Bayesian inference to obtain parsimonious solutions for regression and probabilistic classification.
The RVM has an identical functional form to the support vector machine, but provides probabilistic classification.
It is actually equivalent to a Gaussian process model with covariance function:
where is the kernel function (usually Gaussian), are the variances of the prior on the weight vector
, and are the input vectors of the training set.
Compared to that of support vector machines (SVM), the Bayesian formulation of the RVM avoids the set of free parameters of the SVM (that usually require cross-validation-based post-optimizations). However RVMs use an expectation maximization (EM)-like learning method and are therefore at risk of local minima. This is unlike the standard sequential minimal optimization (SMO)-based algorithms employed by SVMs, which are guaranteed to find a global optimum (of the convex problem).
The relevance vector machine was patented in the United States by Microsoft (patent expired September 4, 2019).
See also
Kernel trick
Platt scaling: turns an SVM into a probability model
References
Software
dlib C++ Library
The Kernel-Machine Library
rvmbinary: R package for binary classification
scikit-rvm
fast-scikit-rvm, rvm tutorial
External links
Tipping's webpage on Sparse Bayesian Models and the RVM
A Tutorial on RVM by Tristan Fletcher
Applied tut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane%20%28disambiguation%29
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Octane is an alkane with the chemical formula C8H18.
Octane may also refer to:
Chemistry
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane or iso-Octane
Octane rating, a motor-fuel classification
Art and entertainment
Octane (album), a 2005 album by Spock's Beard
Octane (film), a 2003 film by Marcus Adams
Octane (magazine), a British car magazine
Octane (Sirius XM), a Sirius XM Radio hard rock channel
Octane, a character in the video game Apex Legends
Computing
Octane (software test), a performance benchmark of Javascript engines used in web browsers
Octane Render, a 3D rendering application
SGI Octane, an SGI computer
See also
Octan, fictional oil company that has appeared in numerous Lego construction sets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyerereite
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Nyerereite is a very rare sodium calcium carbonate mineral with formula Na2Ca(CO3)2. It forms colorless, platey pseudohexagonal orthorhombic crystals that are typically twinned. It has a specific gravity of 2.54 and indices of refraction of nα=1.511, nβ=1.533 and nγ=1.535. Nyerereite is not stable in contact with the atmosphere and rapidly breaks down. Collection specimens must be kept in a sealed argon environment.
It has a Hermann–Mauguin notation of mm2 and the respective space group is Cmc21. In nature Nyerereite is naturally twinned and is pseudohexagonal with triad twinning; meaning that this is a six sided crystal that apparently has a hexagonal shape but is not in the hexagonal system. Triad twinning is the intergrowth of three orthorhombic crystals that turn at their center and form hexagonally shaped crystals. Nyerereite is biaxial negative, and has a 2v of 29 degrees. It shows a center acute bisectrix and a birefringence of approximately 0.023. At high temperatures or just erupted lava nyerereite is uniaxial and shows an interference color of second order blue when twinning is not present, and when twinning is there the interference color of nyerereite is first order grey.
Special characteristics
Since nyerereite is very unstable when it reaches the surface it creates pseudomorphs, which is basically the process by which the rock appearance and dimensions remain constant but the main mineral component is replaced by another. McKie (1976) categorized nyerereite i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20radio%20stations%20in%20Canterbury
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This is a list of radio stations in Canterbury in New Zealand.
During October 2010, several FM radio stations changed frequencies as spacing was being standardised to 0.8 MHz. Frequency changes continue as broadcast licences are renewed. Most frequencies are now spaced 0.8 MHz apart, with the first station at a frequency of 88.9 MHz. Infill stations are allocated to the 0.4 MHz frequency in the buffer between two other stations.
The Canterbury earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 have allowed community stations to play a greater role in the Canterbury community. Compass FM 104.9 FM has existed as a not-for-profit community radio station in the North Canterbury area since June 2011. Several radio stations have also ceased operation as a result of the Canterbury earthquakes. In Lyttelton, for instance, Volcano Radio 88.5FM was broadcasting 80 shows commercial-free from February 2008, but the quakes damaged equipment and forced the building to be demolished. Shows on the station included Project Lyttelton, Monday Report, children's programme Lyttelease, classical music show Vienna Volcano, and old school metal and hard rock show The Molten Metal.
Christchurch and North Canterbury stations
FM and AM
The following stations broadcast in the Christchurch area including Sumner and the Hurunui District.
Most high-power FM radio stations serving Christchurch broadcast from the Sugarloaf transmitter, located on the Port Hills due south of the central city. Stations broadcasting from this t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%E2%80%93Keldysh%20effect
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The Franz–Keldysh effect is a change in optical absorption by a semiconductor when an electric field is applied. The effect is named after the German physicist Walter Franz and Russian physicist Leonid Keldysh.
Karl W. Böer observed first the shift of the optical absorption edge with electric fields during the discovery of high-field domains and named this the Franz-effect. A few months later, when the English translation of the Keldysh paper became available, he corrected this to the Franz–Keldysh effect.
As originally conceived, the Franz–Keldysh effect is the result of wavefunctions "leaking" into the band gap. When an electric field is applied, the electron and hole wavefunctions become Airy functions rather than plane waves. The Airy function includes a "tail" which extends into the classically forbidden band gap. According to Fermi's golden rule, the more overlap there is between the wavefunctions of a free electron and a hole, the stronger the optical absorption will be. The Airy tails slightly overlap even if the electron and hole are at slightly different potentials (slightly different physical locations along the field). The absorption spectrum now includes a tail at energies below the band gap and some oscillations above it. This explanation does, however, omit the effects of excitons, which may dominate optical properties near the band gap.
The Franz–Keldysh effect occurs in uniform, bulk semiconductors, unlike the quantum-confined Stark effect, which require
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Belize
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Islam is one of the smallest minority faiths in Belize, which is a predominantly Christian country. The statistics for Islam in Belize estimate a total Muslim population of 577, representing 0.2 percent of the total population. There is an Islamic Mission of Belize (IMB) headquartered in Belize City. There is also presence of fast growing dynamic worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat since 2013. They have a membership of about 200 from all over Belize.They have three mosques in Belize. Masjid Noor in Belize City is situated on 1.5 Miles George Price Highway. They have mosques in Belmopan and Orange Walk. .
The Muslim Community Primary School (MCPS) was recognised by the government in 1978 and offers Islamic as well as elementary level academic courses to Muslim and non-Muslim children.
Mosques
Al-Falah Mosque
References
Belize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20haplogroups%20of%20historic%20people
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This is a list of haplogroups of historic people. Haplogroups can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from genealogical DNA tests of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. Some contemporary notable figures have made their test results public in the course of news programs or documentaries about this topic; they may be included in this list too.
MtDNA results indicate direct maternal descent while Y-DNA results indicate direct paternal descent; these are only two of many lines of descent. Scientists make inferences of descent as hypotheses which could be disproved or modified by future research.
Ancient samples
These are results from 'ancient' samples, those collected from the remains or reputed remains of the person. Because mtDNA breaks down more slowly than nuclear DNA, it is often possible to obtain mtDNA results where other testing fails.
Birger Magnusson
Birger Jarl, the founder of Stockholm, the modern capital of Sweden, belonged to Y Haplogroup I-M253, according to Andreas Carlsson at the National Board of Forensic Medicine of Sweden. Birger Magnusson was the ancestor of a line of kings of both Sweden and Norway, starting with his son, Valdemar, King of Sweden.
Gaodang King Korguz (高唐王=趙王 闊裏吉思)
Noble burials of Mongols in the Yuan dynasty in Shuzhuanglou Site (northernmost Hebei, China, 700YBP) were excavated. All three men excavated belong to Y haplogroup Q, with subclade not ana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCAP
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HCAP may refer to:
HC Ambri-Piotta, a Swiss ice hockey club
Healthcare-associated pneumonia
human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein
The Honourable Company of Air Pilots, formerly the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators, a London livery company
Host Credential Authorization Protocol, a component of Microsoft Network Policy Server
Hitachi Community Action Partnership, a program of The Hitachi Foundation
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%20Economy%3A%20Historical%20Statistics
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The World Economy: Historical Statistics is a landmark book by Angus Maddison. Published in 2004 by the OECD Development Centre, it studies the growth of populations and economies across the centuries: not just the world economy as it is now, but how it was in the past.
Among other things, it showed that Europe's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was faster progressing than the leading Asian economies since 1000 AD, reaching again a higher level than elsewhere from the 15th century, while Asian GDP per capita remained static until 1800, when it even began to shrink in absolute terms, as Maddison demonstrated in a subsequent book. At the same time, Maddison showed them recovering lost ground from the 1950s, and documents the much faster rise of Japan and East Asia and the economic shrinkage of Russia in the 1990s. It also shows how colonialism strongly benefited Europe at a tremendous cost to Asia.
The book is a mass of statistical tables, mostly on a decade-by-decade basis, along with notes explaining the methods employed in arriving at particular figures. It is available both as a paperback book and in electronic format. Some tables are available on the official website.
See also
List of regions by past GDP (PPP) per capita
Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)
Maddison Project, a project started in March 2010 to continue Maddison's work after his death
References
External links
Angus Maddison's Homepage at the Groningen Growth a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHV%20Latency%20Associated%20Transcript
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HHV Latency Associated Transcript (HHV LAT) is a length of RNA which accumulates in cells hosting long-term, or latent, Human Herpes Virus (HHV) infections. The LAT RNA is produced by genetic transcription from a certain region of the viral DNA. LAT regulates the viral genome and interferes with the normal activities of the infected host cell.
Herpes virus may establish lifelong infection during which a reservoir virus population survives in host nerve cells for long periods of time. Such long-term Herpes infection requires a mode of cellular infection known as latent infection. During the latent infection, the metabolism of the host cell is disrupted. While the infected cell would ordinarily undergo an organized death or be removed by the immune system, the consequences of LAT production interfere with these normal processes.
Latency is distinguished from lytic infection; in lytic infection many Herpes virus particles are produced and then burst or lyse the host cell. Lytic infection is sometimes known as "productive" infection. Latent cells harbor the virus for long time periods, then occasionally convert to productive infection which may lead to a recurrence of symptomatic Herpes symptoms.
During latency, most of the Herpes DNA is inactive, with the exception of LAT, which accumulates within infected cells. The region of HHV DNA which encodes LAT is known as LAT-DNA. After splicing, LAT is a 2.0-kilobase transcript (or intron) produced from the 8.3-kb LAT-DNA.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelerythrine
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Chelerythrine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid present in the plant Chelidonium majus (greater celandine). It is a potent, selective, and cell-permeable protein kinase C inhibitor in vitro. And an efficacious antagonist of G-protein-coupled CB1 receptors. This molecule also exhibits anticancer qualities and it has served as a base for many potential novel drugs against cancer. Structurally, this molecule has two distinct conformations, one being a positively charged iminium form, and the other being an uncharged form, a pseudo-base.
It is also found in the plants Zanthoxylum clava-herculis and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, exhibiting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and other human pathogens.
Research
Antibacterial agent
Chelerythrine is a potent antibacterial agent that has aided in dealing with the emergence of antibacterial resistant bacteria. This molecule has the ability to disrupt a bacteria's cell wall and cell membrane, as well as preventing bacterial growth, all of which contribute to bacterial death.
Cellular apoptosis
Studies have shown that chelerythrine inhibits SERCA activity, more importantly the concentration needed to inhibit this enzyme is within range to that needed to inhibit protein kinase C. The negative regulation of SERCA activity results in accumulation of calcium ions in the cytoplasm, leading to the forced influx of calcium ions to the mitochondria. High calcium ion concentration in the mitochondria greatly alters its normal act
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Days%20Festival
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Independent Days Festival was an Italian music festival that took place every September in Bologna. In June 2017, the festival was held in Monza.
About
History
Statistics:
20.000 revellers in 1999
40.000 revellers in 2000
40,000 revellers in 2001
The site
The Stages
Arena Parco Nord is the location of the main stage – a grass field with a curved banking giving an amphitheatre shape.
TENDA ESTRAGON is the tent which houses the second stage. The festival takes place as part of Festa de l'Unità – a popular outdoor festival full of restaurants, beer tents, and entertainment. Although the two stages are not connected, you are allowed to move between the two, enabling festival goers to enjoy all the attractions of the Festa de l'Unità. Traditionally the festival has had a punk theme, but in recent years, more mainstream acts have played, such as Franz Ferdinand, Editors, Maxïmo Park, and The Bravery.
The billing
2012
Angels & Airwaves, Social Distortion, All Time Low
2011
Arctic Monkeys, Kasabian, The Wombats, The Offspring, No Use for a Name, Face to Face
2010
The Leeches, All Time Low, Simple Plan, Sum 41, Blink-182
2009
Deep Purple, The Kooks, Kasabian, Twisted Wheel, Expatriate, The Hacienda
2008
It did not take place
2007
Nine Inch Nails, Tool, Maxïmo Park, Hot Hot Heat, ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, Billy Talent, Petrol
2006
One year hiatus
2005
Bad Religion, Queens of the Stone Age, The Blood Brothers, The Bravery, Editors, The Futureh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Antigua%20and%20Barbuda
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The statistics for Islam in Antigua and Barbuda estimate a total Muslim population of about 200, representing 0.3 percent of the total population of 67,448. Most of the Muslims of the islands are Arabs of Syrian or Lebanese descent. There are two known Islamic organizations in St. John's, including the Antigua and Barbuda International Islamic Society and the American University of Antigua (School of Medicine) Muslim Students Association. There is also an Ahmadiyya mission in Antigua. Outside St. John's, there is the Muslim Community of Antigua and Barbuda in Codrington, Barbuda. A Pew Research Center survey in 2016 calculated the total number to be around 950.
Antigua and Barbuda have yet to establish a proper mosque, Islamic centre or institutions for Muslims in the country. The proposed site of the first mosque to be constructed by the Antigua and Barbuda International Islamic Society (ABIIS) is located on American Road in St. John's. Currently, the location used for a mosque is a small hut that could accommodate about thirty individuals and is available for Friday prayers, the five daily Salat, the two Eids and Qurbani.
References
Religion in Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens%20ME45
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Siemens ME45 is a GSM-900/1800 cell phone, designed for enhanced durability. It weighs 99 g, and contains monochrome screen, supports WAP and GPRS. It includes electronics identical to Siemens S45 phone, and it can be flashed with software from Siemens S45i (adds email client).
It was introduced in 2001.
The main advantage of ME45 is its resistance to dust, shock and water.
Siemens ME45 is used by Jason Bourne in The Bourne Supremacy film.
ME45
Mobile phones introduced in 2001
Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20cell%20structure
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The bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied, revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms.
Cell morphology
Perhaps the most elemental structural property of bacteria is their morphology (shape). Typical examples include:
coccus (circle or spherical)
bacillus (rod-like)
coccobacillus (between a sphere and a rod)
spiral (corkscrew-like)
filamentous (elongated)
Cell shape is generally characteristic of a given bacterial species, but can vary depending on growth conditions. Some bacteria have complex life cycles involving the production of stalks and appendages (e.g. Caulobacter) and some produce elaborate structures bearing reproductive spores (e.g. Myxococcus, Streptomyces). Bacteria generally form distinctive cell morphologies when examined by light microscopy and distinct colony morphologies when grown on Petri plates.
Perhaps the most obvious structural characteristic of bacteria is (with some exceptions) their small size. For example, Escherichia coli cells, an "average" sized bacterium, are about 2 µm (micrometres) long and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadomtsev%E2%80%93Petviashvili%20equation
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In mathematics and physics, the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (often abbreviated as KP equation) is a partial differential equation to describe nonlinear wave motion. Named after Boris Borisovich Kadomtsev and Vladimir Iosifovich Petviashvili, the KP equation is usually written as
where . The above form shows that the KP equation is a generalization to two spatial dimensions, x and y, of the one-dimensional Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. To be physically meaningful, the wave propagation direction has to be not-too-far from the x direction, i.e. with only slow variations of solutions in the y direction.
Like the KdV equation, the KP equation is completely integrable. It can also be solved using the inverse scattering transform much like the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
In 2002, the regularized version of the KP equation, naturally referred to as the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (or simply the BBM-KP equation), was introduced as an alternative model for small amplitude long waves in shallow water moving mainly in the x direction in 2+1 space.
where . The BBM-KP equation provides an alternative to the usual KP equation, in a similar way that the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation is related to the classical Korteweg–de Vries equation, as the linearized dispersion relation of the BBM-KP is a good approximation to that of the KP but does not exhibit the unwanted limiting behavior as the Fourier variable dual to x approaches .
History
The KP eq
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa%27s%20syndrome%20II
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Arakawa's syndrome II is an autosomal dominant metabolic disorder that causes a deficiency of the enzyme tetrahydrofolate-methyltransferase; affected individuals cannot properly metabolize methylcobalamin, a type of Vitamin B12.
Presentation
This disorder causes neurological problems, including intellectual disability, brain atrophy and ventricular dilation, myoclonus, hypotonia, and epilepsy.
It is also associated with growth retardation, megaloblastic anemia, pectus excavatum, scoliosis, vomiting, diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly.
Genetics
Arakawa's syndrome II is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means the defective gene responsible for disorder is located on an autosome, and one copy of the defective gene is sufficient to cause the disorder when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.
Diagnosis
Management
Eponym
It is called "Arakawa syndrome 2" after Tsuneo Arakawa (1949–2003), a Japanese Physician.; in this context, "Arakawa syndrome 1" refers to Glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency.
References
External links
Syndromes affecting blood
Vitamin, coenzyme, and cofactor metabolism disorders
Autosomal dominant disorders
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes with intellectual disability
Diseases named for discoverer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpellyite
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Pumpellyite is a group of closely related sorosilicate minerals:
pumpellyite-(Mg):
pumpellyite-(Fe2+):
pumpellyite-(Fe3+):
pumpellyite-(Mn2+):
pumpellyite-(Al):
Pumpellyite crystallizes in the monoclinic-prismatic crystal system. It typically occurs as blue-green to olive green fibrous to lamellar masses. It is translucent and glassy with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 3.2. It has refractive indices of nα=1.674–1.748, nβ=1.675–1.754 and nγ=1.688–1.764.
Pumpellyite occurs as amygdaloidal and fracture fillings in basaltic and gabbroic rocks in metamorphic terranes. It is an indicator mineral of the prehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic facies. It is associated with chlorite, epidote, quartz, calcite and prehnite.
It was first described in 1925 for occurrences in the Calumet mine, Houghton Co., Keweenaw Peninisula, Michigan, and named for United States geologist Raphael Pumpelly (1837–1923).
See also
Chlorastrolite
Dallasite
References
Webmineral data
American Mineralogist, 1925
Sorosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynurenine
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-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid -tryptophan used in the production of niacin.
Kynurenine is synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase, which is made primarily but not exclusively in the liver, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which is made in many tissues in response to immune activation. Kynurenine and its further breakdown products carry out diverse biological functions, including dilating blood vessels during inflammation and regulating the immune response. Some cancers increase kynurenine production, which increases tumor growth.
Evidence suggests that increased kynurenine production may precipitate depressive symptoms associated with interferon treatment for hepatitis C. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in the enzymes that break down kynurenine. Blood levels of kynurenine are reduced in people with bipolar disorder. Kynurenine production is increased in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease where its metabolites are associated with cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms. Kynurenine is also associated with tics.
Kynureninase catabolizes the conversion of kynurenine into anthranilic acid while kynurenine-oxoglutarate transaminase catabolizes its conversion into kynurenic acid. Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase converts kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine.
Kynurenine has also been identified as one of two compounds that makes up the pigment that gives the goldenrod crab spider its yellow color.
Kynurenine pathway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention%20Concerning%20Statistics%20of%20Wages%20and%20Hours%20of%20Work%2C%201938
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The Convention Concerning Statistics of Wages and Hours of Work, 1938 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1938:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 34 states. Of the ratifying states, 20 have denounced the treaty by means of an automatic process that denounces the 1938 treaty when other superseding conventions are ratified by the same state.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Statistical data agreements
Treaties concluded in 1938
Treaties entered into force in 1940
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of Tanganyika
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Uruguay
1938 in labor relations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister%20chromatids
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A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In other words, a sister chromatid may also be said to be 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome. A pair of sister chromatids is called a dyad. A full set of sister chromatids is created during the synthesis (S) phase of interphase, when all the chromosomes in a cell are replicated. The two sister chromatids are separated from each other into two different cells during mitosis or during the second division of meiosis.
Compare sister chromatids to homologous chromosomes, which are the two different copies of a chromosome that diploid organisms (like humans) inherit, one from each parent. Sister chromatids are by and large identical (since they carry the same alleles, also called variants or versions, of genes) because they derive from one original chromosome. An exception is towards the end of meiosis, after crossing over has occurred, because sections of each sister chromatid may have been exchanged with corresponding sections of the homologous chromatids with which they are paired during meiosis. Homologous chromosomes might or might not be the same as each other because they derive from different parents.
There is evidence that, in some species, sister chromatids are the preferred template for DNA repair.
Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for the correct distribution of genetic information between dau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Committee%20on%20Taxonomy%20of%20Viruses
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The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of and the nomenclature for viruses. The ICTV develops a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses, and thus has the means to appropriately describe, name, and classify every virus taxon. The members of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses are considered expert virologists. The ICTV was formed from and is governed by the Virology Division of the International Union of Microbiological Societies. Detailed work, such as identifying new taxa and delimiting the boundaries of species, genera, families, etc. typically is performed by study groups of experts in the families.
History
The International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses (ICNV) was established in 1966, at the International Congress for Microbiology in Moscow, to standardize the naming of virus taxa. The ICVN published its first report in 1971. For viruses infecting vertebrates, the first report included 19 genera, 2 families, and a further 24 unclassified groups.
The ICNV was renamed the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in 1974.
Organisational structure
The organisation is divided into an executive committee, which includes members and executives with fixed-term elected roles, as well as directly appointed heads of seven subcommittees. Each subcommittee head, in turn, appoints numerous 'study groups', which each consist of one chair and a variable number of members dedicated to t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phascogalini
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The Phascogalini are a tribe in the family Dasyuridae, comprising seven genera of small marsupials native to Australia and New Guinea.
Classification
Tribe Phascogalini
Genus Antechinus
Tropical antechinus, Antechinus adustus
Agile antechinus, Antechinus agilis
Fawn antechinus, Antechinus bellus
Yellow-footed antechinus, Antechinus flaviceps
Atherton antechinus, Antechinus godmani
Cinnamon antechinus, Antechinus leo
Swamp antechinus, Antechinus minimus
Brown antechinus, Antechinus stuartii
Subtropical antechinus, Antechinus subtropicus
Dusky antechinus, Antechinus swainsonii
Genus Murexia
Short-furred dasyure, Murexia longicaudata
Long-nosed dasyure, Murexia naso
Black-tailed dasyure, Murexia melanurus
Habbema dasyure, Murexia habbema
Broad-striped dasyure, Murexia rothschildi
Genus Phascogale
Red-tailed phascogale, Phascogale calura
Brush-tailed phascogale, Phascogale tapoatafa
Northern brush-tailed phascogale Phascogale pirata
References
Dasyuromorphs
Mammal tribes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sminthopsinae
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The subfamily Sminthopsinae includes several genera of small, carnivorous marsupials native to Australia: kultarrs, ningauis, dunnarts, and planigales.
Classification
Subfamily Sminthopsinae
Tribe Sminthopsini
Genus Antechinomys
Kultarr, Antechinomys laniger
Genus Ningaui
Wongai ningaui, Ningaui ridei
Pilbara ningaui, Ningaui timealeyi
Southern ningaui, Ningaui yvonnae
Genus Sminthopsis
S. crassicaudata species-group
Fat-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata
S. macroura species-group
Kakadu dunnart, Sminthopsis bindi
Carpentarian dunnart, Sminthopsis butleri
Julia Creek dunnart, Sminthopsis douglasi
Stripe-faced dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura
Red-cheeked dunnart, Sminthopsis virginiae
S. granulipes species-group
White-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis granulipes
S. griseoventer species-group
Kangaroo Island dunnart, Sminthopsis aitkeni
Boullanger Island dunnart, Sminthopsis boullangerensis
Grey-bellied dunnart, Sminthopsis griseoventer
S. longicaudata species-group
Long-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis longicaudata
S. murina species-group
Chestnut dunnart, Sminthopsis archeri
Little long-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis dolichura
Sooty dunnart, Sminthopsis fulginosus
Gilbert's dunnart, Sminthopsis gilberti
White-footed dunnart, Sminthopsis leucopus
Slender-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis murina
S. psammophila species-group
Hairy-footed dunnart, Sminthopsis hirtipes
Ooldea dunnart, Sminthopsis ooldea
Sandhill dunnart, Sminthopsis psammophila
Lesser hairy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sminthopsini
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Smintopsini is a tribe of marsupial
in the family Dasyuridae.
Classification
Tribe Sminthopsini
Genus Antechinomys
Kultarr, Antechinomys laniger
Genus Ningaui
Wongai ningaui, Ningaui ridei
Pilbara ningaui, Ningaui timealeyi
Southern ningaui, Ningaui yvonnae
Genus Sminthopsis
S. crassicaudata species-group
Fat-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata
S. macroura species-group
Kakadu dunnart, Sminthopsis bindi
Carpentarian dunnart, Sminthopsis butleri
Julia Creek dunnart, Sminthopsis douglasi
Stripe-faced dunnart, Sminthopsis macroura
Red-cheeked dunnart, Sminthopsis virginiae
S. granulipes species-group
White-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis granulipes
S. griseoventer species-group
Kangaroo Island dunnart, Sminthopsis aitkeni
Boullanger Island dunnart, Sminthopsis boullangerensis
Grey-bellied dunnart, Sminthopsis griseoventer
S. longicaudata species-group
Long-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis longicaudata
S. murina species-group
Chestnut dunnart, Sminthopsis archeri
Little long-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis dolichura
Sooty dunnart, Sminthopsis fulginosus
Gilbert's dunnart, Sminthopsis gilberti
White-footed dunnart, Sminthopsis leucopus
Slender-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis murina
S. psammophila species-group
Hairy-footed dunnart, Sminthopsis hirtipes
Ooldea dunnart, Sminthopsis ooldea
Sandhill dunnart, Sminthopsis psammophila
Lesser hairy-footed dunnart, Sminthopsis youngsoni
References
Dasyuromorphs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talose
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Talose is an aldohexose sugar. It is an unnatural monosaccharide, that is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Some etymologists suggest that talose's name derives from the automaton of Greek mythology named Talos, but the relevance is unclear.
Talose is a C-2 epimer of galactose and a C-4 epimer of mannose.
References
Aldohexoses
Pyranoses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMS%20Health
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IMS Health was an American company that provided information, services and technology for the healthcare industry. IMS stood for Intercontinental Medical Statistics. It was the largest vendor of U.S. physician prescribing data. IMS Health was founded in 1954 by Bill Frohlich and David Dubow with Arthur Sackler having a hidden ownership stake. In 2010, IMS Health was taken private by TPG Capital, CPP Investment Board and Leonard Green & Partners. The company went public on April 4, 2014, and began trading on the NYSE under the symbol IMS. IMS Health was headquartered in Danbury, Connecticut.
Over 2016 Quintiles and IMS Health merged, and the resulting company was named QuintilesIMS, which was renamed to IQVIA in 2017.
Business model
IMS Health was best known for its collection of healthcare information spanning sales, de-identified prescription data, medical claims, electronic medical records and social media. IMS Health's products and services were used by companies to develop commercialization plans and portfolio strategies, to select patient and physician populations for specific therapies, and to measure the effectiveness of pharmaceutical marketing and sales resources. The firm uses its own data to produce syndicated reports such as market forecasts and market intelligence.
History and acquisitions
The original name of the company was Intercontinental Marketing Statistics, hence the IMS name. IMS Health's corporate headquarters is located in Danbury, Connecticut, Unit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koilocyte
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A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus (HPV). Identification of these cells by pathologists can be useful in diagnosing various HPV-associated lesions.
Koilocytosis
Koilocytosis or koilocytic atypia or koilocytotic atypia are terms used in histology and cytology to describe the presence of koilocytes in a specimen.
Koilocytes may have the following cellular changes:
Nuclear enlargement (two to three times normal size).
Irregularity of the nuclear membrane contour, creating a wrinkled or raisinoid appearance.
A darker than normal staining pattern in the nucleus, known as hyperchromasia.
A clear area around the nucleus, known as a perinuclear halo or perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization.
Collectively, these types of changes are called a cytopathic effect; various types of cytopathic effect can be seen in many different cell types infected by many different viruses. Infection of cells with HPV causes the specific cytopathic effects seen in koilocytes.
Pathogenesis
The atypical features seen in cells displaying koilocytosis result from the action of the E5 and E6 oncoproteins produced by HPV. These proteins break down keratin in HPV-infected cells, resulting in the perinuclear halo and nuclear enlargement typical of koilocytes. The E6 oncoprotein, along with E7, is also responsible for the dysregulation of the cell cycle that results in squamous
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixite
|
Mixite is a rare copper bismuth arsenate mineral with formula: BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3(H2O). It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system typically occurring as radiating acicular prisms and massive encrustations. The color varies from white to various shades of green and blue. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 3.8. It has an uneven fracture and a brilliant to adamantine luster.
It occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. Associated minerals include: bismutite, smaltite, native bismuth, atelestite, erythrite, malachite and barite.
It was discovered in 1879 near J´achymov, Czech Republic by mine engineer Anton Mixa. Mixite has also been found in Argentina, Australia, Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Namibia, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Mixite is the namesake member of the mixite mineral group, which has the general chemical formula Cu2+6A(TO4)3(OH)6·3H2O, where A is a REE, Al, Ca, Pb, or Bi, and T is P or As. In addition to mixite, this mineral group contains the isostructural minerals agardite-(Y), agardite-(Ce), agardite-(Nd), agardite-(La), calciopetersite, goudeyite, petersite-(Ce), petersite-(Y), plumboagardite, and zálesíite.
References
RRUFF Project
Further reading
Downes, P. J., Hope, M., Bevan, A. W. R. and Henry, D. A. (2006): Chalcocite and associated secondary minerals from the Telfer gold mine, Western Australia. Austral. J. Min
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium%20tetrafluoride
|
Tellurium tetrafluoride, TeF4, is a stable, white, hygroscopic crystalline solid and is one of two fluorides of tellurium. The other binary fluoride is tellurium hexafluoride. The widely reported Te2F10 has been shown to be F5TeOTeF5 There are other tellurium compounds that contain fluorine, but only the two mentioned contain solely tellurium and fluorine. Tellurium difluoride, TeF2, and ditellurium difluoride, Te2F2 are not known.
Preparation
Tellurium tetrafluoride can be prepared by the following reaction:
TeO2 + 2SF4 → TeF4 + 2SOF2
It is also prepared by reacting nitryl fluoride with tellurium or from the elements at 0 °C or by reacting selenium tetrafluoride with tellurium dioxide at 80 °C.
Fluorine in nitrogen can react with TeCl2 or TeBr2 to form TeF4. PbF2 will also fluorinate tellurium to TeF4.
Reactivity
Tellurium tetrafluoride will react with water or silica and forms tellurium oxides. Copper, silver, gold or nickel will react with tellurium tetrafluoride at 185 °C. It does not react with platinum. It is soluble in SbF5 and will precipitate out the complex TeF4SbF5.
Properties
Tellurium tetrafluoride melts at 130 °C and decomposes to tellurium hexafluoride at 194 °C. In the solid phase, it consists of infinite chains of TeF3F2/2 in an octahedral geometry. A lone pair of electrons occupies the sixth position.
References
R.B. King; Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements, VCH Publishers, New York, 1995.
W.C. Cooper; Tellurium, VanNostrand Reinhold Co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperetin
|
Hesperetin is the 4'-methoxy derivative of eriodictyol, a flavanone. Hesperetin's 7-O-glycoside, hesperidin, is a naturally occurring flavanon-glycoside, the main flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges. Hesperetin (and naringenin, the parent flavanone of naringin) are not found to a significant extent in Citrus spp.
Glycosides
A variety of glycosides of hesperetin are known, including:
Hesperidin (hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside) is a water-insoluble flavonoid glycoside whose solubility is below 5 μg/ml in water. Hesperidin is found in citrus fruits and upon ingestion it releases its aglycone, hesperetin.
Neohesperidin is the 7-O-neohesperidoside of hesperetin.
Hesperetin-7-O-α-L-Rhamnopyranoside (CAS 66513-83-5) is found in the roots of clammy cherry (Cordia obliqua a.k.a. Cordia obliqua var. wallichii).
Metabolism
Hesperidin 6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-β-D-glucosidase is an enzyme that uses hesperidin and H2O to produce hesperetin and rutinose. It is found in the hyphomycetes species Stilbella fimetaria.
Effects
Hesperetin was found to be affecting the slow inactivation phase of inward sodium current channels (INa) and therefore could be used as a template to develop drugs against lethal cardiac arrhythmias in LQT3. Hesperetin also inhibits TRPM3 channels.
References
External links
Aromatase inhibitors
O-methylated flavanones
Flavonoids found in Rutaceae
3-Hydroxypropenals
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Hanawalt
|
Philip C. Hanawalt (born 1931) is an American biologist who discovered the process of repair replication of damaged DNA in 1963. He is also considered the co-discoverer of the ubiquitous process of DNA excision repair along with his mentor, Richard Setlow, and Paul Howard-Flanders. He holds the Dr. Morris Herzstein Professorship in the Department of Biology at Stanford University, with a joint appointment in the Dermatology Department in Stanford University School of Medicine.
Early life and education
Philip C. Hanawalt was born on 1931 in Akron, Ohio. He was raised in Midland, Michigan. Having an interest in electronics from youth, Hanawalt earned an honorable mention in the 1949 Westinghouse Science Talent Search, receiving a scholarship to attend Deep Springs College. Hanawalt eventually transferred to Oberlin College where he received his B.A. degree in physics in 1954. He received his M.S. degree in physics from Yale University in 1955. Hanawalt also received his Ph.D. in Biophysics from Yale University in 1959. His doctoral thesis advisor was Richard Setlow.
He undertook three years of postdoctoral study at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and at the California Institute of Technology before joining the faculty at Stanford in 1961.
DNA repair
DNA repair is the process by which all living cells deal with damage to their genetic material. Such damage occurs as a consequence of exposure to environmental radiations and genotoxic chemicals, but also to endogenous o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin
|
Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool.
Sources in nature
Apigenin is found in many fruits and vegetables, but parsley, celery, celeriac, and chamomile tea are the most common sources. Apigenin is particularly abundant in the flowers of chamomile plants, constituting 68% of total flavonoids. Dried parsley can contain about 45 mg apigenin/gram of the herb, and dried chamomile flower about 3-5 mg/gram. The apigenin content of fresh parsley is reportedly 215.5 mg/100 grams, which is much higher than the next highest food source, green celery hearts providing 19.1 mg/100 grams.
Biosynthesis
Apigenin is biosynthetically derived from the general phenylpropanoid pathway and the flavone synthesis pathway. The phenylpropanoid pathway starts from the aromatic amino acids L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine, both products of the Shikimate pathway. When starting from L-phenylalanine, first the amino acid is non-oxidatively deaminated by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) to make cinnamate, followed by oxidation at the para position by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) to produce p-coumarate. As L-tyrosine is already oxidized at the para position, it skips this oxidation and is simply deaminated by tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) to arrive at p-coumarate. To complete the general phenylpropanoid pathway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll%20plain
|
A scroll plain occurs where a river meanders across an area with a very low gradient, usually with a fairly continuous discharge. In addition to meanders, scroll plains are also characterised by many oxbow lakes.
See also
Strath
References
Geography articles needing expert attention
Plains
Topography
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory%20%28physics%29
|
In string theory, K-theory classification refers to a conjectured application of K-theory (in abstract algebra and algebraic topology) to superstrings, to classify the allowed Ramond–Ramond field strengths as well as the charges of stable D-branes.
In condensed matter physics K-theory has also found important applications, specially in the topological classification of topological insulators, superconductors and stable Fermi surfaces (, ).
History
This conjecture, applied to D-brane charges, was first proposed by . It was popularized by who demonstrated that in type IIB string theory arises naturally from Ashoke Sen's realization of arbitrary D-brane configurations as stacks of D9 and anti-D9-branes after tachyon condensation.
Such stacks of branes are inconsistent in a non-torsion Neveu–Schwarz (NS) 3-form background, which, as was highlighted by , complicates the extension of the K-theory classification to such cases. suggested a solution to this problem: D-branes are in general classified by a twisted K-theory, that had earlier been defined by .
Applications
The K-theory classification of D-branes has had numerous applications. For example, used it to argue that there are eight species of orientifold one-plane. applied the K-theory classification to derive new consistency conditions for flux compactifications. K-theory has also been used to conjecture a formula for the topologies of T-dual manifolds by . Recently K-theory has been conjectured to classify th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt%27s%20theorem
|
"Witt's theorem" or "the Witt theorem" may also refer to the Bourbaki–Witt fixed point theorem of order theory.
In mathematics, Witt's theorem, named after Ernst Witt, is a basic result in the algebraic theory of quadratic forms: any isometry between two subspaces of a nonsingular quadratic space over a field k may be extended to an isometry of the whole space. An analogous statement holds also for skew-symmetric, Hermitian and skew-Hermitian bilinear forms over arbitrary fields. The theorem applies to classification of quadratic forms over k and in particular allows one to define the Witt group W(k) which describes the "stable" theory of quadratic forms over the field k.
Statement
Let be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field k of characteristic different from 2 together with a non-degenerate symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear form. If {{nowrap|f : U → ''U}} is an isometry between two subspaces of V then f extends to an isometry of V.
Witt's theorem implies that the dimension of a maximal totally isotropic subspace (null space) of V is an invariant, called the index or of b, and moreover, that the isometry group of acts transitively on the set of maximal isotropic subspaces. This fact plays an important role in the structure theory and representation theory of the isometry group and in the theory of reductive dual pairs.
Witt's cancellation theorem
Let , , be three quadratic spaces over a field k. Assume that
Then the quadratic spaces and are i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Paraguay
|
The latest statistics for Islam in Paraguay estimate a total Muslim population of under 1,000 representing 0.02% of the population. But, another estimate puts the number of Muslim members in Paraguay at 35,000 people. Most of the Muslims are descendants of immigrants from Syria and Lebanon. The
major Islamic organization in Paraguay is the Centro Benéfico Cultural Islámico Asunción, led by Faozi Mohamed Omairi. The community is concentrated in and around the capital, Asuncion.
References
Paraguay
Religion in Paraguay
Paraguary
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyrotomy
|
A cricothyrotomy (also called cricothyroidotomy) is an incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body, angioedema, or massive facial trauma. Cricothyrotomy is nearly always performed as a last resort in cases where other means of tracheal intubation are impossible or impractical. Compared with tracheotomy, cricothyrotomy is quicker and easier to perform, does not require manipulation of the cervical spine, and is associated with fewer complications. However, while cricothyrotomy may be life-saving in extreme circumstances, this technique is only intended to be a temporizing measure until a definitive airway can be established.
Indications
A cricothyrotomy is often used as an airway of last resort given the numerous other airway options available including standard tracheal intubation and rapid sequence induction which are the common means of establishing an airway in an emergency scenario. Cricothyrotomies account for approximately 1% of all emergency department intubations, and is used mostly in persons who have experienced a traumatic injury.
Some general indications for this procedure include:
Inability to intubate
Inability to ventilate
Inability to maintain SpO2 >90%
Severe traumatic injury that prevents oral or nasal tracheal intubation
Contraindications
Inability to identify landmarks (cricothyroid membrane)
Underlying anatomical abnormalit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20air
|
In the history of chemistry, fire air was postulated to be one of two fluids of common air. This theory was positioned in 1775 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. In Scheele's Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire he states: "air is composed of two fluids, differing from each other, the one of which does not manifest in the least the property of attracting phlogiston, whilst the other, which composes between the third and fourth part of the whole mass of the air, is peculiarly disposed to such attraction." These two constituents of common air Scheele called Foul Air ("verdorbene Luft") and Fire Air ("Feuerluft"); afterwards these components came to be known as nitrogen and oxygen, respectively.
See also
Heat
References
History of chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricart%E2%80%93Agrawala%20algorithm
|
The Ricart–Agrawala algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. This algorithm is an extension and optimization of Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm, by removing the need for messages. It was developed by computer scientists Glenn Ricart and Ashok Agrawala.
Algorithm
Terminology
A site is any computing device which runs the Ricart-Agrawala Algorithm
The requesting site is the site which is requesting to enter the critical section.
The receiving site is every other site which is receiving a request from the requesting site.
Algorithm
Requesting Site
Sends a message to all sites. This message includes the site's name, and the current timestamp of the system according to its logical clock (which is assumed to be synchronized with the other sites)
Receiving Site
Upon reception of a request message, immediately sending a timestamped reply message if and only if:
the receiving process is not currently interested in the critical section OR
the receiving process has a lower priority (''usually this means having a later timestamp)
Otherwise, the receiving process will defer the reply message. This means that a reply will be sent only after the receiving process has finished using the critical section itself.
Critical Section:
Requesting site enters its critical section only after receiving all reply messages.
Upon exiting the critical section, the site sends all deferred reply messages.
Performance
Max number of netwo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-estimator
|
In statistics, M-estimators are a broad class of extremum estimators for which the objective function is a sample average. Both non-linear least squares and maximum likelihood estimation are special cases of M-estimators. The definition of M-estimators was motivated by robust statistics, which contributed new types of M-estimators. However, M-estimators are not inherently robust, as is clear from the fact that they include maximum likelihood estimators, which are in general not robust. The statistical procedure of evaluating an M-estimator on a data set is called M-estimation.
More generally, an M-estimator may be defined to be a zero of an estimating function. This estimating function is often the derivative of another statistical function. For example, a maximum-likelihood estimate is the point where the derivative of the likelihood function with respect to the parameter is zero; thus, a maximum-likelihood estimator is a critical point of the score function. In many applications, such M-estimators can be thought of as estimating characteristics of the population.
Historical motivation
The method of least squares is a prototypical M-estimator, since the estimator is defined as a minimum of the sum of squares of the residuals.
Another popular M-estimator is maximum-likelihood estimation. For a family of probability density functions f parameterized by θ, a maximum likelihood estimator of θ is computed for each set of data by maximizing the likelihood function over the par
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon%20Coolpix%20S1
|
The Coolpix S1 is a brand of digital camera in production by Nikon since 2005. Its image sensor is a CCD with 5.0 million pixels. It has a 2.5-inch thin-film transistor liquid crystal display device with 110,000 pixels.
See also
Nikon Coolpix S3
Nikon Coolpix S10
References
External links
S0001
Cameras introduced in 2005
Point-and-shoot cameras
Digital cameras with CCD image sensor
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20collector
|
Open collector, open drain, open emitter, and open source refer to integrated circuit (IC) output pin configurations that process the IC's internal function though a transistor with an exposed terminal that is internally unconnected (i.e. "open"). One of the IC's internal high or low voltage rails typically connects to another terminal of that transistor. When the transistor is off, the output is internally disconnected from any internal power rail, a state called "high-impedance" (Hi-Z). Open outputs configurations thus differ from push–pull outputs, which use a pair of transistors to output a specific voltage or current.
These open outputs configurations are often used for digital applications when the transistor acts as a switch, to allow for logic-level conversion, wired-logic connections, and line sharing. External pull-up/down resistors are typically required to set the output during the Hi-Z state to a specific voltage. Analog applications include analog weighting, summing, limiting, and digital-to-analog converters.
The NPN BJT (n-type bipolar junction transistor) and nMOS (n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) have greater conductance than their PNP and pMOS relatives, so may be more commonly used for these outputs. Open outputs using PNP and pMOS transistors will use the opposite internal voltage rail used by NPN and nMOS transistors.
Open collector
An open collector output processes an IC's output through the base of an internal bipolar junc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20tea%20rose
|
Hybrid tea is an informal horticultural classification for a group of garden roses. The first hybrid tea roses were created in France in the mid-1800s, by cross-breeding the large, floriferous Hybrid Perpetuals with the tall, elegant Tea roses. The Hybrid tea is the oldest class of Modern garden roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between their parents, being hardier than the often delicate Tea roses, and with a better ability for repeat-flowering than the more robust Hybrid Perpetuals.
Hybrid tea flowers are well-formed with large, high-centred buds, supported by long, straight and upright stems. Each flower can grow to 8–12.5 cm wide. Hybrid teas are the largest and most popular group of rose, due to their elegant form and large variety of colours. Their flowers are usually borne singly at the end of long stems which also makes them very popular as cut flowers.
Description
Hybrid tea is an informal horticultural classification for a group of garden roses. Hybrid teas are the largest and most popular rose class, due to their elegant form and large variety of colours. They are known for their long, elegant pointed buds that open slowly. Hybrid teas have a high-centered bloom form and are carried singly or with several side buds. Each flower can grow to wide. Plants tend to grow quickly and will reach in height in just a few years. Hybrid teas are grown in a large variety of colors, except blue.
Hybrid tea propagation is usually done by budding, a technique that invo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maekawa%27s%20algorithm
|
Maekawa's algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. The basis of this algorithm is a quorum-like approach where any one site needs only to seek permissions from a subset of other sites.
Algorithm
Terminology
A site is any computing device which runs the Maekawa's algorithm
For any one request of entering the critical section:
The requesting site is the site which is requesting to enter the critical section.
The receiving site is every other site which is receiving the request from the requesting site.
ts refers to the local time stamp of the system according to its logical clock
Algorithm
Requesting site:
A requesting site sends a message to all sites in its quorum set .
Receiving site:
Upon reception of a message, the receiving site will:
If site does not have an outstanding message (that is, a message that has not been released), then site sends a message to site .
If site has an outstanding message with a process with higher priority than the request, then site sends a message to site and site queues the request from site .
If site has an outstanding message with a process with lower priority than the request, then site sends an message to the process which has currently been granted access to the critical section by site . (That is, the site with the outstanding message.)
Upon reception of a message, the site will:
Send a message to site if and only if site has received a message from some other site
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid%20cell
|
A grid cell is a type of neuron within the entorhinal cortex that fires at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance, and direction. Grid cells have been found in many animals, including rats, mice, bats, monkeys, and humans.
Grid cells were discovered in 2005 by Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser, and their students Torkel Hafting, Marianne Fyhn, and Sturla Molden at the Centre for the Biology of Memory (CBM) in Norway. They were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with John O'Keefe for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain. The arrangement of spatial firing fields, all at equal distances from their neighbors, led to a hypothesis that these cells encode a neural representation of Euclidean space. The discovery also suggested a mechanism for dynamic computation of self-position based on continuously updated information about position and direction.
To detect grid cell activity in a typical rat experiment, an electrode which can record single-neuron activity is implanted in the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex and collects recordings as the rat moves around freely in an open arena. The resulting data can be visualized by marking the rat's position on a map of the arena every time that neuron fires an action potential. These marks accumulate over time to form a set of small clusters, which in tu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qfix%20robot%20kit
|
Qfix robot kits are an education tool for teaching robotics. They are used in schools, high schools and mechatronics training in companies. The robot kits are also used by hobby robot builders.
The qfix kits are often found in the RoboCup Junior competition where soccer robots are built of the kit's components.
Mechanics
Like Lego mindstorms, it is a robot kit consisting of mechanical parts, a controller,
different sensors and actuators, and a software environment to program the constructed robot.
Unlike Lego, in qfix the mechanical parts are made of aluminium. Mechanical elements include bars and plates, mounts for motors and sensors, axes and wheels.
Electronics
The qfix controller boards consist of an Atmel AVR controller plus motor drivers, analog and digital input ports, LEDs, buttons, and an I²C bus. The bus is used to connect further PCBs like LCD display, stronger motor drivers or special sensors.
Software
The qfix kits come with the free C++ environment WinAVR for Atmel AVR controllers. Additionally, there is a C++ class library handling all qfix controller board functionalities. Programs can be downloaded to the controller boards via parallel or USB link using the avrdude tool.
Graphical programming is also supported by using qfix GRAPE (graphical programming environment). With this software, first a flowchart is designed and then the behavior of all flowchart elements is defined.
External links
RoboCup Junior
qfix robotics homepage
qfix Grape
Educatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20monad
|
In category theory, a strong monad over a monoidal category (C, ⊗, I) is a monad (T, η, μ) together with a natural transformation tA,B : A ⊗ TB → T(A ⊗ B), called (tensorial) strength, such that the diagrams
, ,
, and
commute for every object A, B and C (see Definition 3.2 in ).
If the monoidal category (C, ⊗, I) is closed then a strong monad is the same thing as a C-enriched monad.
Commutative strong monads
For every strong monad T on a symmetric monoidal category, a costrength natural transformation can be defined by
.
A strong monad T is said to be commutative when the diagram
commutes for all objects and .
One interesting fact about commutative strong monads is that they are "the same as" symmetric monoidal monads. More explicitly,
a commutative strong monad defines a symmetric monoidal monad by
and conversely a symmetric monoidal monad defines a commutative strong monad by
and the conversion between one and the other presentation is bijective.
References
Adjoint functors
Monoidal categories
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Giant
|
My Giant is a 1998 American comedy drama film directed by Michael Lehmann. The film stars Billy Crystal, who also produced and co-wrote the story for the film, and Romanian NBA player Gheorghe Mureșan in his only film appearance. David Seltzer's script was inspired by Crystal's friendship with professional wrestler André the Giant, whom he had met during the filming of The Princess Bride.
Plot
A struggling talent agent, Sammy Kamin, travels to Romania on business after splitting up with his wife. After his young client fires him, Sammy crashes his car and is rescued, while unconscious, by an enormous Romanian man named Max who is close to 8 feet tall.
Sammy thinks the rescuer is God, as he can only see Max's giant hands. When Sammy wakes up, he thinks he is in Heaven. But he is confused to find a statue of Jesus next to his bed, as he was raised Jewish. He then realizes Max has brought him to a monastery, where he was raised after being placed for adoption by his parents because of his height.
Once he wakes up and interacts with Max, he sees potential stardom in him. Sammy attempts to broker his introduction into the movies. In doing so, he exploits Max's desire to visit a long-lost paramour, Lilliana, in Gallup, New Mexico. First, Max obtains the role of a villain in a movie, but he is so drunk that he vomits on the protagonist (Sammy's former client). However, the scene is included in the movie.
One day, Sammy talks to Steven Seagal about including Max as a villain in o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia%20Fairchild
|
Lydia Fairchild (born 1976) is an American woman who exhibits chimerism, having two distinct populations of DNA among the cells of her body. She was pregnant with her third child when she and the father of her children, Jamie Townsend, separated. When Fairchild applied for enforcement of child support in 2002, providing DNA evidence of Townsend's paternity was a routine requirement. While the results showed Townsend to certainly be their father, they seemed to rule out her being their mother.
Fairchild stood accused of fraud by either claiming benefits for other people's children, or taking part in a surrogacy scam, and records of her prior births were put similarly in doubt. Prosecutors called for her two children to be taken away from her, believing them not to be hers. As time came for her to give birth to her third child, the judge ordered that an observer be present at the birth, ensure that blood samples were immediately taken from both the child and Fairchild, and be available to testify. Two weeks later, DNA tests seemed to indicate that she was also not the mother of that child.
A breakthrough came when her defense attorney, Alan Tindell, learned of Karen Keegan, a chimeric woman in Boston, and suggested a similar possibility for Fairchild and then introduced an article in the New England Journal of Medicine about Keegan. He realized that Fairchild's case might also be caused by chimerism. As in Keegan's case, DNA samples were taken from members of the extended fa
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