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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy
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Iggy or Iggie is a unisex name and it is often a short form of the Roman Latin names Ignatia (feminine) and Ignatius (masculine), or their derivatives in other European languages. As such the name is derived ultimately from the Etruscan language family name Egnat, the meaning of which is unknown. (The Romans added the Latin nominative endings -ia and -ius.) A spelling with an initial "I" later became dominant, possibly because of a resemblance to the Latin word ignis "fire".
Iggy or Iggie may also refer to:
People
Iggy Pop, stage name of American punk rock singer and occasional actor James Newell Osterberg, Jr. (born 1947)
Iggy Azalea, stage name of Australian rapper Amethyst Amelia Kelly (born 1990)
Iggy Arroyo (1950–2012), Filipino politician
Iggy Clarke (born 1952), Irish retired hurler
Jarome Iginla (born 1977), Canadian National Hockey League player
Ralph Ignatowski (1926–1945), U.S. Marine tortured and killed at the Battle of Iwo Jima
Andre Iguodala (born 1984), American basketball player
Michael Ignatieff (born 1947), historian and Canadian politician
Iggy Jones (c. 1927–1992), Gaelic footballer from Northern Ireland
Iggy Katona (1916–2003), American stock car racer
Iggy O'Donnell (1876–c. 1946), Australian rugby union player
Iggy Shevak (1918-1985), American jazz musician from the 1930s to at least the '50s
Marshall Shurnas (1922–2006), American football player nicknamed "Iggie"
Iggy Strange Dahl, Swedish songwriter
Iggie Wolfington (1919–2004), Amer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional%20object
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Many branches of mathematics study objects of a given type and prove a classification theorem. A common theme is that the classification results in a number of series of objects and a finite number of exceptions — often with desirable properties — that do not fit into any series. These are known as exceptional objects. In many cases, these exceptional objects play a further and important role in the subject. Furthermore, the exceptional objects in one branch of mathematics often relate to the exceptional objects in others.
A related phenomenon is exceptional isomorphism, when two series are in general different, but agree for some small values. For example, spin groups in low dimensions are isomorphic to other classical Lie groups.
Regular polytopes
The prototypical examples of exceptional objects arise in the classification of regular polytopes: in two dimensions, there is a series of regular n-gons for n ≥ 3. In every dimension above 2, one can find analogues of the cube, tetrahedron and octahedron. In three dimensions, one finds two more regular polyhedra — the dodecahedron (12-hedron) and the icosahedron (20-hedron) — making five Platonic solids. In four dimensions, a total of six regular polytopes exist, including the 120-cell, the 600-cell and the 24-cell. There are no other regular polytopes, as the only regular polytopes in higher dimensions are of the hypercube, simplex, orthoplex series. In all dimensions combined, there are therefore three series and five excep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond%20liner
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A pond liner is an impermeable geomembrane used for retention of liquids, including the lining of reservoirs, retention basins, hazardous and nonhazardous surface impoundments, garden ponds and artificial streams in parks and gardens.
Installation
Pond liners need to be protected from sharp objects (for example, stones) below the liner and from being punctured by any objects in the water body. Protection can be provided with layers of sand, geotextiles (particularly needle-punched nonwovens) and other materials. Pond liners are manufactured in rolls or accordion-folded on pallets. When deployed in the field their edges and ends are overlapped and seamed together. Methods are thermal fusion, solvents, adhesives and tapes.
The edge of the pond liner is generally rolled over the top of the soil slope and secured in an anchor trench or it can be fixed to a vertical wall made of wood or concrete. Box-shaped pond liners can be made for rectangular structures. The vast majority of flexible pond liners (aka, geomembranes) are available commercially and are manufactured using the following polymers; HDPE, LLDPE, fPP, PVC, EPDM. They can also be manufactured with a fabric scrim between two plys of the polymer, e.g., PE-R, CSPE-R, fPP-R and EPDM-R. Geomembranes can also be made in-situ by spraying a polymer (polyurea, or equal) directly on a geotextile substrate. The lifetime of these various ponds liners depends greatly on whether they are exposed or covered. Clay liners can also b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-radix%20FFT%20algorithm
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The split-radix FFT is a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and was first described in an initially little-appreciated paper by R. Yavne (1968) and subsequently rediscovered simultaneously by various authors in 1984. (The name "split radix" was coined by two of these reinventors, P. Duhamel and H. Hollmann.) In particular, split radix is a variant of the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm that uses a blend of radices 2 and 4: it recursively expresses a DFT of length N in terms of one smaller DFT of length N/2 and two smaller DFTs of length N/4.
The split-radix FFT, along with its variations, long had the distinction of achieving the lowest published arithmetic operation count (total exact number of required real additions and multiplications) to compute a DFT of power-of-two sizes N. The arithmetic count of the original split-radix algorithm was improved upon in 2004 (with the initial gains made in unpublished work by J. Van Buskirk via hand optimization for N=64 ), but it turns out that one can still achieve the new lowest count by a modification of split radix (Johnson and Frigo, 2007). Although the number of arithmetic operations is not the sole factor (or even necessarily the dominant factor) in determining the time required to compute a DFT on a computer, the question of the minimum possible count is of longstanding theoretical interest. (No tight lower bound on the operation count has currently been proven.)
The spli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%27s%20theorem
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In classical mechanics, Bertrand's theorem states that among central-force potentials with bound orbits, there are only two types of central-force (radial) scalar potentials with the property that all bound orbits are also closed orbits.
The first such potential is an inverse-square central force such as the gravitational or electrostatic potential:
with force .
The second is the radial harmonic oscillator potential:
with force .
The theorem is named after its discoverer, Joseph Bertrand.
Derivation
All attractive central forces can produce circular orbits, which are naturally closed orbits. The only requirement is that the central force exactly equals the centripetal force, which determines the required angular velocity for a given circular radius. Non-central forces (i.e., those that depend on the angular variables as well as the radius) are ignored here, since they do not produce circular orbits in general.
The equation of motion for the radius r of a particle of mass m moving in a central potential V(r) is given by motion equations
where , and the angular momentum L = mr2ω is conserved. For illustration, the first term on the left is zero for circular orbits, and the applied inwards force equals the centripetal force requirement mrω2, as expected.
The definition of angular momentum allows a change of independent variable from t to θ:
giving the new equation of motion that is independent of time:
This equation becomes quasilinear on making the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Si-chen
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Lee Si-chen (; born 13 August 1952 in Gangshan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan), is a Taiwanese engineer specializing in semiconductors, a researcher in amorphous silicon in the early development in Taiwan, and an IEEE Fellow. He has been a professor of electrical engineering since 1982 and the president of National Taiwan University from 2005 to 2013.
Biography
Education
He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University (1974) and a master's degree (1977) and PhD (1981), both in electrical engineering, from Stanford University.
Present positions
He is the current president of National Taiwan University (2005 – ), president of the Association of National Universities of Taiwan (2006 – ) and chair of the University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific (2005 – ). He is also a professor of electrical engineering at the National Taiwan University (1985 - ).
Experiences and Trainings
IEEE Fellow (2002)
Dean of academic affairs, National Taiwan University (1996–2002)
Assistant to the Minister of National Defense (1993–1994)
Director, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (1989–1992)
Vice Directorate, IEEE Taipei section (2001–2002)
Directorate, Chinese Association of Electromagnetism in Life Science (1999–2004)
Associate editor, Materials Chemistry and Physics (1992–2004)
Associate professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (1982–1985)
Researcher, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc., Troy, M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadmilling
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In molecular biology, treadmilling is a phenomenon observed within protein filaments of the cytoskeletons of many cells, especially in actin filaments and microtubules. It occurs when one end of a filament grows in length while the other end shrinks, resulting in a section of filament seemingly "moving" across a stratum or the cytosol. This is due to the constant removal of the protein subunits from these filaments at one end of the filament, while protein subunits are constantly added at the other end. Treadmilling was discovered by Wegner, who defined the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints. Wegner recognized that: “The equilibrium constant (K) for association of a monomer with a polymer is the same at both ends, since the addition of a monomer to each end leads to the same polymer.”; a simple reversible polymer can’t treadmill; ATP hydrolysis is required. GTP is hydrolyzed for microtubule treadmilling.
Detailed process
Dynamics of the filament
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic part of a cell and cytoskeletal filaments constantly grow and shrink through addition and removal of subunits. Directed crawling motion of cells such as macrophages relies on directed growth of actin filaments at the cell front (leading edge).
Microfilaments
The two ends of an actin filament differ in their dynamics of subunit addition and removal. They are thus referred to as the plus end (with faster dynamics, also called barbed end) and the minus end (with slower dynamics, also calle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram-Zet
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Ram-Zet is a progressive metal band formed in Hamar, Norway in 1998.
Genre classification
Ram-Zet's music is very diverse ranging from black metal to thrash metal. It has industrial sounds, progressive structures, and traditional instruments forming a style which some people, including band mastermind Zet, have called "schizo-metal". Their music contains many rare time signatures, unconventional harmonies, and unusual violin parts. They can be regarded as an avant-garde metal band, because of the wide range of genres influencing them.
Ram-Zet's lyrics are strongly linked to a schizophrenia theme. The lyrics of Pure Therapy, Escape, and Intra all revolve around this mental disorder. Forming a story which runs through all three albums, they feature two main characters: a schizophrenic patient in a dubious mental institution (sung by Zet), and a nurse trying to help him evade (sung by Sfinx).
History
Foundation and debut record: 1998–2000
Ram-Zet began in 1998 as a one-man project by singer and guitarist Zet (Henning Ramseth), which later evolved into a full-grown band with the arrival of Küth (drums) and Solem (bass), leading to the release of Ram-Zet's debut album Pure Therapy in September 2000.
Four more studio albums and continued touring: 2000–2013
On 17 March 2007, in the official Ram-Zet forum, Sfinx stated that Ram-Zet is working on new material and would be performing live soon. Later that month it was confirmed further on the official news section of the Ram-Ze
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Hansen%20connectedness%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem is a result from intersection theory in algebraic geometry, for the case of subvarieties of projective space with codimension large enough to make the intersection have components of dimension at least 1. It is named after William Fulton and Johan Hansen, who proved it in 1979.
The formal statement is that if V and W are irreducible algebraic subvarieties of a projective space P, all over an algebraically closed field, and if
in terms of the dimension of an algebraic variety, then the intersection U of V and W is connected.
More generally, the theorem states that if is a projective variety and is any morphism such that , then is connected, where is the diagonal in . The special case of intersections is recovered by taking , with the natural inclusion.
See also
Zariski's connectedness theorem
Grothendieck's connectedness theorem
Deligne's connectedness theorem
References
External links
PDF lectures with the result as Theorem 15.3 (attributed to Faltings, also)
Intersection theory
Theorems in algebraic geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaline%20%28disambiguation%29
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Opaline may refer to:
Opaline, a group of protists
Opaline, an album by Dishwalla
Opaline glass, decorative French glass
Opaline silica: an amorphous or cryptocrystalline form of hydrated silica SiO2·nH2O (Opal)
Opaline, a colour mutation of the budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand%20optimization
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Demand optimization is the application of processes and tools to maximize return on sales. This usually involves the application of mathematical modeling techniques using computer software.
It has particular applications in retail, where merchants wish to identify the best combination of price and promotion to achieve desired sales, gross margin, inventory or market share objectives.
The methods used are similar to those applied in the related field of supply chain optimization, where mathematical algorithms are applied to large databases of sales data to help predict future outcomes. In the case of demand optimization, as well as in house sales history, there may be competitive pricing information.
Because it is still a new field, authoritative data on the benefits of demand optimization is not widely available, although suppliers offer case studies of early adopters which claim rapid return on investment, especially in the optimization of the timing and level of price markdowns.
See also
Demand shortfall
Price
Profit maximization
Yield management
Price discrimination
References
Pricing
Mathematical optimization in business
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordycepin
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Cordycepin, or 3'-deoxyadenosine, is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine, differing from the latter by the replacement of the hydroxy group in the 3' position with a hydrogen. It was initially extracted from the fungus Cordyceps militaris, but can now be produced synthetically. It is also found in other Cordyceps species as well as Ophiocordyceps sinensis.
Cordycepin is produced in cordyceps as a means of infecting insect populations, due to cordycepin's biological activity
Because cordycepin is similar to adenosine, some enzymes cannot discriminate between the two. It can therefore participate in certain biochemical reactions (for example, 3-dA can trigger the premature termination of mRNA synthesis). By acting as an adenosine analog, cordycepin was found to be the most potent molecular circadian clock resetter out of several screened compounds.
Cordycepin has displayed cytotoxicity against some leukemic cell lines in vitro. Additionally, cordycepin has been shown to display an effect in some types of other cancers, such as lung, renal, colon, and breast cancer. Cordycepin has been shown to reduce viable A549 lung cancer cell populations by 50%.
Cordycepin has been found to produce rapid, robust imipramine-like antidepressant effects in animal models of depression, and these effects, similarly to those of imipramine, are dependent on enhancement of AMPA receptor signaling.
Cordycepin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory qualities, as well as the ability to def
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Iodothyronamine
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3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous thyronamine. T1AM is a high-affinity ligand for the trace amine-associated receptor TAAR1 (TAR1, TA1), a recently discovered G protein-coupled receptor. T1AM is the most potent endogenous TAAR1 agonist yet discovered. Activation of TAAR1 by T1AM results in the production of large amounts of cAMP. This effect is coupled with decreased body temperature and cardiac output. Wu et al. have pointed out that this relationship is not typical of the endocrine system, indicating that TAAR1 activity may not be coupled to G-proteins in some tissues, or that T1AM may interact with other receptor subtypes.
T1AM may be part of a signaling pathway to modulate cardiac function, as the compound can induce negative inotropic effects and decrease cardiac output.
See also
O-Phenyl-3-iodotyramine
Trace amine
References
External links
Biogenic amines
Iodinated tyrosine derivatives
Phenol ethers
Phenethylamines
Thyroid
TAAR1 agonists
Trace amines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian%20and%20Eulerian%20specification%20of%20the%20flow%20field
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In classical field theories, the Lagrangian specification of the flow field is a way of looking at fluid motion where the observer follows an individual fluid parcel as it moves through space and time. Plotting the position of an individual parcel through time gives the pathline of the parcel. This can be visualized as sitting in a boat and drifting down a river.
The Eulerian specification of the flow field is a way of looking at fluid motion that focuses on specific locations in the space through which the fluid flows as time passes. This can be visualized by sitting on the bank of a river and watching the water pass the fixed location.
The Lagrangian and Eulerian specifications of the flow field are sometimes loosely denoted as the Lagrangian and Eulerian frame of reference. However, in general both the Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field can be applied in any observer's frame of reference, and in any coordinate system used within the chosen frame of reference.
These specifications are reflected in computational fluid dynamics, where "Eulerian" simulations employ a fixed mesh while "Lagrangian" ones (such as meshfree simulations) feature simulation nodes that may move following the velocity field.
Description
In the Eulerian specification of a field, the field is represented as a function of position x and time t. For example, the flow velocity is represented by a function
On the other hand, in the Lagrangian specification, individual fluid par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome%20biogenesis
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Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. In prokaryotes, this process takes place in the cytoplasm with the transcription of many ribosome gene operons. In eukaryotes, it takes place both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleolus. It involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the three prokaryotic or four eukaryotic rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins. Most of the ribosomal proteins fall into various energy-consuming enzyme families including ATP-dependent RNA helicases, AAA-ATPases, GTPases, and kinases. About 60% of a cell's energy is spent on ribosome production and maintenance.
Ribosome biogenesis is a very tightly regulated process, and it is closely linked to other cellular activities like growth and division.
Some have speculated that in the origin of life, ribosome biogenesis predates cells, and that genes and cells evolved to enhance the reproductive capacity of ribosomes.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the macromolecular machines that are responsible for mRNA translation into proteins. The eukaryotic ribosome, also called the 80S ribosome, is made up of two subunits – the large 60S subunit (which contains the 25S [in plants] or 28S [in mammals], 5.8S, and 5S rRNA and 46 ribosomal proteins) and a small 40S subunit (which contains the 18S rRNA and 33 ribosomal proteins). The ribosomal proteins are encoded by ribosomal genes.
Prokaryotes
There are 52 genes that encode the ribosom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramberg%E2%80%93Osgood%20relationship
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The Ramberg–Osgood equation was created to describe the non linear relationship between stress and strain—that is, the stress–strain curve—in materials near their yield points. It is especially applicable to metals that harden with plastic deformation (see work hardening), showing a smooth elastic-plastic transition. As it is a phenomenological model, checking the fit of the model with actual experimental data for the particular material of interest is essential.
In its original form, the equation for strain (deformation) is
here
is strain,
is stress,
is Young's modulus, and
and are constants that depend on the material being considered. In this form K and n are not the same as the constants commonly seen in the Hollomon equation.
The equation is essentially assuming the elastic strain portion of the stress-strain curve, , can be modeled with a line, while the plastic portion, , can be modeling with a power law. The elastic and plastic components are summed to find the total strain.
The first term on the right side, , is equal to the elastic part of the strain, while the second term, , accounts for the plastic part, the parameters and describing the hardening behavior of the material. Introducing the yield strength of the material, , and defining a new parameter, , related to as , it is convenient to rewrite the term on the extreme right side as follows:
Replacing in the first expression, the Ramberg–Osgood equation can be written as
Hardening behavior and y
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%28III%29%20bromide
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Gallium(III) bromide (GaBr3) is a chemical compound, and one of four gallium trihalides.
Introduction
Gallium(III) bromide is, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, a white, crystalline powder which reacts favorably and exothermically with water. Solid gallium tribromide is stable at room temperature and can be found primarily in its dimeric form. GaBr3 can form an intermediate halide, Ga2Br7; however, this is not as common as with GaCl3. It is a member of the gallium trihalide group and is similar to GaCl3, and GaI3, but not GaF3, in its preparation and uses. GaBr3 is a milder Lewis acid than AlBr3, and has more versatile chemistry due to the comparative ease of reducing gallium, but is more reactive than GaCl3.
GaBr3 is similar spectroscopically to aluminum, indium, and thallium trihalides excluding trifluorides.
Preparation
One method of preparing GaBr3 is to heat elemental gallium in the presence of bromine liquid under vacuum. Following the highly exothermic reaction, the mixture is allowed to rest and then subjected to various purifying steps. This method from the turn of the twentieth century remains a useful way of preparing GaBr3. Historically, gallium was obtained by electrolysis of its hydroxide in solution of potassium hydroxide, however today it is obtained as a byproduct of aluminium and zinc production.
GaBr3 can be synthesized by exposing gallium to bromine in an environment free of water, oxygen and grease. The result is a gas which must be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%27-Phosphoadenosine-5%27-phosphosulfate
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3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is a derivative of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) that is phosphorylated at the 3′ position and has a sulfate group attached to the 5′ phosphate. It is the most common coenzyme in sulfotransferase reactions and hence part of sulfation pathways. It is endogenously synthesized by organisms via the phosphorylation of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), an intermediary metabolite. In humans such reaction is performed by bifunctional 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthases (PAPSS1 and PAPSS2) using ATP as the phosphate donor.
Formation and reduction
APS and PAPS are intermediates in the reduction of sulfate to sulfite, an exothermic conversion that is carried out by sulfate-reducing bacteria. In these organisms, sulfate serves as an electron acceptor, akin to the use of O2 as an electron acceptor by aerobic organisms. Sulfate is not reduced directly but must be activated by the formation of APS or PAPS. These carriers of activated sulfate are produced by reaction with ATP. The first reaction is catalysed by ATP sulfurylase:
SO42− + ATP ⇌ APS + PPi
The conversion of APS to PAPS is catalysed by APS kinase:
APS + ATP ⇌ PAPS + ADP
Reduction of APS leads to sulfite, which is further reduced to hydrogen sulfide, which is excreted. This process is called dissimilatory sulfate reduction. Reduction of PAPS, a more elaborated sulfate ester, leads also to hydrogen sulfide. But in this case, the product is used in biosynthe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%28III%29%20iodide
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Gallium(III) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula GaI3. A yellow hygroscopic solid, it is the most common iodide of gallium. In the chemical vapor transport method of growing crystals of gallium arsenide uses iodine as the transport agent. In the solid state, it exists as the dimer Ga2I6. When vaporized, its forms GaI3 molecules of D3h symmetry where the Ga–I distance is 2.458 Angstroms.
Gallium triiodide can be reduced with gallium metal to give a green-colored gallium(I) iodide. The nature of this species is unclear, but it is useful for the preparation of gallium(I) and gallium(II) compounds.
See also
Gallium halides
References
Cited sources
Iodides
Gallium compounds
Metal halides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%28III%29%20oxide
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Gallium(III) oxide is an inorganic compound and ultra-wide-bandgap semiconductor with the formula Ga2O3. It is actively studied for applications in power electronics, phosphors, and gas sensing. The compound has several polymorphs, of which the monoclinic β-phase is the most stable. The β-phase’s bandgap of 4.7–4.9 eV and large-area, native substrates make it a promising competitor to GaN and SiC-based power electronics applications and solar-blind UV photodetectors. The orthorhombic ĸ-Ga2O3 is the second most stable polymorph. The ĸ-phase has shown instability of subsurface doping density under thermal exposure. Ga2O3 exhibits reduced thermal conductivity and electron mobility by an order of magnitude compared to GaN and SiC, but is predicted to be significantly more cost-effective due to being the only wide-bandgap material capable of being grown from melt. β-Ga2O3 is thought to be radiation-hard, which makes it promising for military and space applications.
Preparation
Gallium trioxide is precipitated in hydrated form upon neutralization of acidic or basic solution of gallium salt. Also, it is formed on heating gallium in air or by thermally decomposing gallium nitrate at 200–250 °C.
Crystalline Ga2O3 can occur in five polymorphs, α, β, γ, δ, and ε. Of these polymorphs β-Ga2O3 is the most thermodynamically stable phase at standard temperature and pressure while α-Ga2O3 is the most stable polymorph under high pressures.
β-Ga2O3 epitaxial thin films can be deposited het
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%28III%29%20selenide
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Gallium(III) selenide (Ga2Se3) is a chemical compound. It has a defect sphalerite (cubic form of ZnS) structure. It is a p-type semiconductor
It can be formed by union of the elements. It hydrolyses slowly in water and quickly in mineral acids to form toxic hydrogen selenide gas. The reducing capabilities of the selenide ion make it vulnerable to oxidizing agents. It is advised therefore that it not come into contact with bases.
References
Selenides
Gallium compounds
Semiconductor materials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium%28III%29%20telluride
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Gallium(III) telluride (Ga2Te3) is a chemical compound classified as a metal telluride. At room temperature gallium(III) telluride is an odorless, black, brittle crystalline solid and is a semiconductor of the III-VI type that crystallizes in a lattice structure.
Synthesis
Gallium(III) telluride is most commonly synthesized through the solid-state reaction of trimethylgallium and a telluride oxide complex under high temperatures. It is also possible to synthesize the compound by reacting elemental gallium and elemental tellurium at high temperatures.
Properties
Physical properties
At room temperature, gallium(III) telluride is a black, odorless, brittle crystal. The compound crystallizes in a four-coordinate tetrahedral structure. The crystal is not immediately reactive or flammable, though serious protective ware should be worn while handling this compound (see toxicity). Gallium(III) telluride has a melting point of 788 °C to 792 °C and is not soluble in water.
Chemical properties
Gallium(III) telluride is stable at room temperature. The compound is relatively unreactive, and there are no known materials with which it is incompatible. Gallium(III) telluride will over time emit telluride fumes and it naturally decomposes. There is no risk of hazardous polymerization.
Toxicity
The toxicological properties of gallium(III) telluride have not been thoroughly investigated. However elemental tellurium has relatively low toxicity. It is converted in the body to dimethyl tellur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium%28III%29%20oxide
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Gadolinium(III) oxide (archaically gadolinia) is an inorganic compound with the formula Gd2O3. It is one of the most commonly available forms of the rare-earth element gadolinium, derivatives of which are potential contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.
Structure
Gadolinium oxide adopts two structures. The cubic (cI80, Ia), No. 206) structure is similar to that of manganese(III) oxide and heavy trivalent lanthanide sesquioxides. The cubic structure features two types of gadolinium sites, each with a coordination number of 6 but with different coordination geometries. The second polymorph is monoclinic (Pearson symbol mS30, space group C2/m, No. 12). At room temperature, the cubic structure is more stable. The phase change to the monoclinic structure takes place at 1200 °C. Above 2100 °C to the melting point at 2420 °C, a hexagonal phase dominates.
Preparation and chemistry
Gadolinium oxide can be formed by thermal decomposition of the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, or oxalates. Gadolinium oxide forms on the surface of gadolinium metal.
Gadolinium oxide is a rather basic oxide, indicated by its ready reaction with carbon dioxide to give carbonates. It dissolves readily in the common mineral acids with the complication that the oxalate, fluoride, sulfate and phosphate are very insoluble in water and may coat the grains of oxide, thereby preventing the complete dissolution.
Nanoparticles of Gd2O3
Several methods are known for the synthesis of gadolinium oxide na
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%28III%29%20oxide
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Indium(III) oxide (In2O3) is a chemical compound, an amphoteric oxide of indium.
Physical properties
Crystal structure
Amorphous indium oxide is insoluble in water but soluble in acids, whereas crystalline indium oxide is insoluble in both water and acids. The crystalline form exists in two phases, the cubic (bixbyite type) and rhombohedral (corundum type). Both phases have a band gap of about 3 eV. The parameters of the cubic phase are listed in the infobox.
The rhombohedral phase is produced at high temperatures and pressures or when using non-equilibrium growth methods. It has a space group Rc No. 167, Pearson symbol hR30, a = 0.5487 nm, b = 0.5487 nm, c = 1.4510 nm, Z = 6 and calculated density 7.31 g/cm3.
Conductivity and magnetism
Thin films of chromium-doped indium oxide (In2−xCrxO3) are a magnetic semiconductor displaying high-temperature ferromagnetism, single-phase crystal structure, and semiconductor behavior with high concentration of charge carriers. It has possible applications in spintronics as a material for spin injectors.
Thin polycrystalline films of indium oxide doped with Zn2+ are highly conductive (conductivity ~105 S/m) and even superconductive at liquid helium temperatures. The superconducting transition temperature Tc depends on the doping and film structure and is below 3.3 K.
Synthesis
Bulk samples can be prepared by heating indium(III) hydroxide or the nitrate, carbonate or sulfate.
Thin films of indium oxide can be prepared by sputtering o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor%20theory
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Humor theory may refer to:
Theory of humor, explanations of what humor is
Humorism, a theory in ancient Greek and Roman medicine that there are four bodily fluids: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP%20array
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In molecular biology, SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect polymorphisms within a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a variation at a single site in DNA, is the most frequent type of variation in the genome. Around 335 million SNPs have been identified in the human genome, 15 million of which are present at frequencies of 1% or higher across different populations worldwide.
Principles
The basic principles of SNP array are the same as the DNA microarray. These are the convergence of DNA hybridization, fluorescence microscopy, and solid surface DNA capture. The three mandatory components of the SNP arrays are:
An array containing immobilized allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes.
Fragmented nucleic acid sequences of target, labelled with fluorescent dyes.
A detection system that records and interprets the hybridization signal.
The ASO probes are often chosen based on sequencing of a representative panel of individuals: positions found to vary in the panel at a specified frequency are used as the basis for probes. SNP chips are generally described by the number of SNP positions they assay. Two probes must be used for each SNP position to detect both alleles; if only one probe were used, experimental failure would be indistinguishable from homozygosity of the non-probed allele.
Applications
An SNP array is a useful tool for studying slight variations between whole genomes. The most important clinical applications of SNP a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pp1
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PP1 may refer to:
Proton–proton chain reaction
Protein phosphatase 1
Constituency PP-1 (Rawalpindi-I) a Constituency of Provincial Assembly of Punjab
Ribonuclease PP1
See also
1-PP
1PP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium%20hexaboride
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Strontium boride (SrB6) is an inorganic compound. At room temperature, it appears as a crystalline black powder. Closer examination reveals slightly translucent dark red crystals capable of scratching quartz. It is very stable and has a high melting point and density. Although not thought to be toxic, it is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Magnetism
Strontium boride, along with other alkali-earth metal borides, has been shown to exhibit weak ferromagnetism at low temperatures. This is thought by some to be caused by slight impurities or aberrations in the crystal lattice, while others suggest different explanations are needed. Strontium boride has also been examined for semiconducting properties at lower temperatures.
Preparation
In his book The Electric Furnace, Henri Moissan describes an early synthesis of strontium boride by mixing strontium borate, aluminum, and carbon in an electric furnace. Alternatively, a solid-phase synthesis of strontium boride can be carried out by reacting two moles of strontium carbonate with three moles of boron carbide and one mole of carbon inside a vacuum furnace.
Uses
Strontium boride is used in insulation and nuclear control rods. A recent patent filed for aircraft windows uses SrB6 nanoparticles in a transparent acrylic sheet. The IR-absorbing properties of these nanoparticles prevents the transmittance of infrared wavelengths while still allowing the transmittance of visible light.
References
Borides
Strontium co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanostat
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A galvanostat (also known as amperostat) is a control and measuring device capable of keeping the current through an electrolytic cell in coulometric titrations constant, disregarding changes in the load itself.
Its main feature is its nearly "infinite" (i.e. extremely high in respect to common loads) internal resistance.
The designation "galvanostat" is mainly used in electrochemistry: this device differs from common constant current sources by its ability to supply and measure a wide range of currents (from picoamperes to amperes) of both polarities.
The galvanostat responds to changes in the resistance of the cell by varying its output potential: as Ohm's law shows,
the variable system resistance and the controlled voltage are directly proportional, i.e.
where
is the electric current that is kept constant
is the output control voltage of the amperostat
is the electrical resistance that varies;
thus, an increase of the load resistance implies an increase of the voltage the amperostat applies to the load.
Technical realization
The simpler galvanostat consists of a high-voltage source producing a constant voltage with a resistor connected in series: in order to force an almost constant current through a load, this resistor shall be much higher than the load resistor . As a matter of fact, the current through the load is given by
and if >>, the current is approximately determined by as follows
This simple realization requires rather high voltages (~100 V)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumental
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Dokumental GmbH & Co KG Schreibfarben is a German based company and claims to be the world market leader in the development and production of inks and writing fluids. The products are solely produced in Germany (Ludwigshafen und Mittenwald) and sold in more than 100 countries all over the world. Dokumental belongs to the Woellner Group Holding.
The product range includes all kinds of writing fluids, like inks for ball pens, roller balls, gel pens, board markers, permanent markers, highlighters, etc.. Newly developed products are inks certified according to CE and smooth writing inks for ball pens.
Dokumental also offers varied support e.g. for the development of new products, searching for individual solutions or even regulatory questions.
DOKU-Inkjet: Dokumental also offers tailor-made inks for professional Inkjet applications, whereas the focus is on UV-curable inks.
History
References
Companies based in Rhineland-Palatinate
Chemical companies established in 1952
Manufacturing companies of Germany
1952 establishments in West Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante%27s%20Equation
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Dante's Equation is a novel by American writer Jane Jensen, published in 2003. It was nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award and received a Special Citation for it.
Plot summary
The novel tells the discovery of many people, two of them physicists, that the fifth dimension obeys a (species of spiritual) law of nature where Good and Evil control the lower dimensions. This insight was first discovered by a Jewish physicist, Yosef Kobinski, who was interned in Auschwitz during the Holocaust. It is rediscovered by Dr. Jill Talcott and her graduate-student assistant. Talcott's discovery coincides with the resurfacing of manuscripts written by the Jewish physicist. The discovery and the manuscripts attract an interest from several sources. A kabbalistic scholar becomes interested in Kobinski as well, as his name shows up in an analysis of Torah codes. A journalist is trying to track down Kobiniski too as part of the research for an article on disappearances. The military become aware of the phenomenon as well, and one agent tries to track down the young scientist and her partner in order to evaluate the military applications of the discovery.
Characters
Denton Wyle-- Reporter for the Mysterious World tabloid. Obsessed with disappearances: when he was 10 years old, his little friend, Molly, disappeared right in front of his eyes, but his parents believe that he drowned her. Because the Wyles are rich, there is no scandal; but Denton badly wants his mother and others to love him.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean%20delay%20equation
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A Boolean Delay Equation (BDE) is an evolution rule for the state of dynamical variables whose values may be represented by a finite discrete numbers os states, such as 0 and 1. As a novel type of semi-discrete dynamical systems, Boolean delay equations (BDEs) are models with Boolean-valued variables that evolve in continuous time. Since at the present time, most phenomena are too complex to be modeled by partial differential equations (as continuous infinite-dimensional systems), BDEs are intended as a (heuristic) first step on the challenging road to further understanding and modeling them. For instance, one can mention complex problems in fluid dynamics, climate dynamics, solid-earth geophysics, and many problems elsewhere in natural sciences where much of the discourse is still conceptual.
One example of a BDE is the Ring oscillator equation: , which produces periodic oscillations. More complex equations can display richer behavior, such as nonperiodic and chaotic (deterministic) behavior.
External links
Boolean Delay Equations: A New Type of Dynamical Systems and Its Applications to Climate and Earthquakes
References
Dynamical systems
Mathematical modeling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiric%20section
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In geometry, a spiric section, sometimes called a spiric of Perseus, is a quartic plane curve defined by equations of the form
Equivalently, spiric sections can be defined as bicircular quartic curves that are symmetric with respect to the x and y-axes. Spiric sections are included in the family of toric sections and include the family of hippopedes and the family of Cassini ovals. The name is from σπειρα meaning torus in ancient Greek.
A spiric section is sometimes defined as the curve of intersection of a torus and a plane parallel to its rotational symmetry axis. However, this definition does not include all of the curves given by the previous definition unless imaginary planes are allowed.
Spiric sections were first described by the ancient Greek geometer Perseus in roughly 150 BC, and are assumed to be the first toric sections to be described. The name spiric is due to the ancient notation spira of a torus.,
Equations
Start with the usual equation for the torus:
Interchanging y and z so that the axis of revolution is now on the xy-plane, and setting z=c to find the curve of intersection gives
In this formula, the torus is formed by rotating a circle of radius a with its center following another circle of radius b (not necessarily larger than a, self-intersection is permitted). The parameter c is the distance from the intersecting plane to the axis of revolution. There are no spiric sections with c > b + a, since there is no intersection; the plane is too far aw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKB%20%28disambiguation%29
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The WKB approximation is a method for solving equations in applied mathematics.
WKB may also refer to:
Warracknabeal Airport (IATA: WKB), in Warracknabeal, Victoria, Australia
Well-known binary, a language for marking up vector geometry objects on a map
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium%28III%29%20bromide
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Terbium(III) bromide (TbBr3) is a crystalline chemical compound.
Production and properties
Terbiun(III) bromide can be produced by heating terbium metal or terbium(III) oxide with ammonium bromide.
Tb2O3 + 6 NH4Br → 2 TbBr3 + 6 NH3 + 3 H2O
Solution of terbium(III) bromide can crystallize its hexahydrate. When heating it, it will dehydrate and produce some TbOBr.
Terbium(III) bromide is a white solid that soluble in water. It's crystal structure is same as bismuth iodide.
References
Bromides
Terbium compounds
Lanthanide halides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%28IV%29%20sulfide
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Tin(IV) sulfide is a compound with the formula . The compound crystallizes in the cadmium iodide motif, with the Sn(IV) situated in "octahedral holes' defined by six sulfide centers. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral berndtite. It is useful as semiconductor material with band gap 2.2 eV.
Reactions
The compound precipitates as a brown solid upon the addition of to solutions of tin(IV) species. This reaction is reversed at low pH. Crystalline has a bronze color and is used in decorative coating where it is known as mosaic gold.
The material also reacts with sulfide salts to give a series of thiostannates with the formula . A simplified equation for this depolymerization reaction is
+ → .
References
External links
Sulfides
Tin(IV) compounds
IV-VI semiconductors
Dichalcogenides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolk%20%28vortex%29
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A kolk (colc) is an underwater vortex created when rapidly rushing water passes an underwater obstacle in boundary areas of high shear. High-velocity gradients produce a violently rotating column of water, similar to a tornado. Kolks can pluck multiple-ton blocks of rock and transport them in suspension for thousands of metres.
Kolks leave clear evidence in the form of plucked-bedrock pits, called rock-cut basins or kolk lakes and downstream deposits of gravel-supported blocks that show percussion but no rounding.
Examples
Kolks were first identified by the Dutch, who observed kolks hoisting several-ton blocks of riprap from dikes and transporting them away, suspended above the bottom. The Larrelt kolk near Emden appeared during the 1717 Christmas flood which broke through a long section of the dyke. The newly formed body of water measured roughly 500 × 100 m and was 25 m deep. In spite of the repair to the dyke, another breach occurred in 1721, which produced more kolks between 15 and 18 m deep. In 1825 during the February flood near Emden, a kolk of 31 m depth was created. The soil was saturated from here for a further 5 km inland.
Kolks are credited with creating the pothole-like features in the highly jointed basalts in the channeled scablands of the Columbia Basin region in Eastern Washington. Depressions were scoured out within the scablands that resemble virtually circular steep-sided potholes. Examples from the Missoula floods in this area include:
The region
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defective%20matrix
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In linear algebra, a defective matrix is a square matrix that does not have a complete basis of eigenvectors, and is therefore not diagonalizable. In particular, an n × n matrix is defective if and only if it does not have n linearly independent eigenvectors. A complete basis is formed by augmenting the eigenvectors with generalized eigenvectors, which are necessary for solving defective systems of ordinary differential equations and other problems.
An n × n defective matrix always has fewer than n distinct eigenvalues, since distinct eigenvalues always have linearly independent eigenvectors. In particular, a defective matrix has one or more eigenvalues λ with algebraic multiplicity m > 1 (that is, they are multiple roots of the characteristic polynomial), but fewer than m linearly independent eigenvectors associated with λ. If the algebraic multiplicity of λ exceeds its geometric multiplicity (that is, the number of linearly independent eigenvectors associated with λ), then λ is said to be a defective eigenvalue. However, every eigenvalue with algebraic multiplicity m always has m linearly independent generalized eigenvectors.
A Hermitian matrix (or the special case of a real symmetric matrix) or a unitary matrix is never defective; more generally, a normal matrix (which includes Hermitian and unitary as special cases) is never defective.
Jordan block
Any nontrivial Jordan block of size or larger (that is, not completely diagonal) is defective. (A diagonal matrix i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20network%20analysis
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Value network analysis (VNA) is a methodology for understanding, using, visualizing, optimizing internal and external value networks and complex economic ecosystems. The methods include visualizing sets of relationships from a dynamic whole systems perspective. Robust network analysis approaches are used for understanding value conversion of financial and non-financial assets, such as intellectual capital, into other forms of value.
The value conversion question is critical in both social exchange theory that considers the cost/benefit returns of informal exchanges and more classical views of exchange value where there is concern with conversion of value into financial value or price.
Overview
Value network analysis offers a taxonomy for non-financial business reporting, which is becoming increasingly important in SEC Filings. In some approaches taxonomies are supported by Extensible Business Reporting Language XBRL. Venture capitalists and investors are concerned with the capability of a firm to create value in future. Financial statements are limited to current and past financial indicators and valuations of capital assets. In contrast, value network analysis is one approach to assessing current and future capability for value creation and to describe and analyze a business model.
Advocates of VNA claim that strong value-creating relationships support successful business endeavors at the operational, tactical, and strategic levels. A value network perspective, in this c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padded%20cell
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A padded cell is a cell in a psychiatric hospital with cushions lining the walls and often a cushioned floor as well. The padding is an attempt to prevent patients from hurting themselves by hitting their head (or other body parts) on the hard surface of the walls. In most cases, an individual's placement in a padded cell is involuntary.
Other names used are "rubber room", seclusion room, time out room, calming room, quiet room, or personal safety room.
Use
The length of time patients are kept in a padded cell varies greatly. Some patients remained locked in a padded cell for several days. A patient might also be made to wear a straitjacket if they are considered at risk of self-harm.
The use of padded cells and straitjackets declined drastically following the introduction of psychotropic drugs in the 1950s. Personal Safety Rooms are still used throughout the world and can be beneficial in providing a safe environment for not only occupants but also staff, and can prevent work-related injuries in the facilities.
A reconstructed padded cell is maintained at the Mental Health Museum, Fieldhead Hospital, Wakefield, UK.
Current practice
In the UK, seclusion is defined by the Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice as: "the supervised confinement of a patient in a room, which may be locked. Its sole aim is to contain severely disturbed behaviour that is likely to cause harm to others." The Code of Practice (paragraph 26.109) says that a seclusion room should only be used fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F18
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F18, F-18 or F.XVIII may refer to:
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, an American all-weather carrier-capable multirole fighter jet
Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, more advanced derivative of the F/A-18 Hornet
F-18 (Michigan county highway)
Fokker F.XVIII, a 1932 Dutch airliner
, a 1937 British Royal Navy Tribal-class destroyer
Formula 18, a class of catamaran
Fluorine-18 (F-18 or F18F), an unstable isotope of fluorine
Slip F-18, anchorage for the fictional houseboat The Busted Flush
See also
The ICD-10 chapter V code for "Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of volatile solvents"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charger
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Charger or Chargers may refer to:
Charger (table setting), decorative plates used to fancify a place setting
Battery charger, a device used to put energy into a cell or battery
Capacitor charger, typically a high voltage DC power supply designed to rapidly charge a bank of capacitors in pulsed power applications
Whipped-cream charger, a cartridge designed to deliver nitrous oxide in a whipped cream dispenser
Charger (firearm), a common and chiefly British term for a stripper clip, used in the reloading of firearms
A war horse
A type of special infected in Left 4 Dead 2
The squadron name for US Navy Strike Fighter Squadron VFA-161
USS Charger
HMS Charger
Music
"Charger" (song), a song by Gorillaz from the album Humanz
The Chargers (band), an American garage rock band
Sports
Gold Coast Chargers, an Australian rugby league team
Los Angeles Chargers, a professional American football team
Deccan Chargers, an Indian cricket team
Alabama–Huntsville Chargers
London Chargers, a rugby league club
Jackson Chargers, a soccer club
Ansonia Chargers, football team at Ansonia High School (Connecticut)
Vehicles
NATO code name for the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic transport
Dodge Charger, three entirely different Dodge vehicles bearing the Charger nameplate
Siemens Charger, a model of diesel-electric rail locomotive
Chrysler Valiant Charger, produced by Chrysler Australia from 1971
Convair Charger prototype light attack and observation aircraft
People
Jasilyn Charger
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer%20of%20rods%20and%20cones
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The elements composing the layer of rods and cones (Jacob's membrane) in the retina of the eye are of two kinds, rod cells and cone cells, the former being much more numerous than the latter except in the macula lutea.
Jacob's membrane is named after Irish ophthalmologist Arthur Jacob, who was the first to describe this nervous layer of the retina.
References
External links
Human eye anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal%20pigment%20epithelium
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The pigmented layer of retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells.
History
The RPE was known in the 18th and 19th centuries as the pigmentum nigrum, referring to the observation that the RPE is dark (black in many animals, brown in humans); and as the tapetum nigrum, referring to the observation that in animals with a tapetum lucidum, in the region of the tapetum lucidum the RPE is not pigmented.
Anatomy
The RPE is composed of a single layer of hexagonal cells that are densely packed with pigment granules.
When viewed from the outer surface, these cells are smooth and hexagonal in shape. When seen in section, each cell consists of an outer non-pigmented part containing a large oval nucleus and an inner pigmented portion which extends as a series of straight thread-like processes between the rods, this being especially the case when the eye is exposed to light.
Function
The RPE has several functions, namely, light absorption, epithelial transport, spatial ion buffering, visual cycle, phagocytosis, secretion and immune modulation.
Light absorption: RPE are responsible for absorbing scattered light. This role is very important for two main reasons, first, to improve the quality of the optical system, second, light is radiation, and it is concentrated by a lens onto the cells of the macula,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Neft
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David S. Neft (born January 9, 1937) is an American writer and historian who creates sports encyclopedias.
Early career
Neft was born in New York City, received a BA, MBA, and PhD (Statistics) from Columbia University, and worked as chief statistician for the polling company Louis Harris & Associates from 1963 to 1965.
Big Mac
In 1965, he was a founder of a company called Information Concepts, Inc. (ICI) and headed the first effort to compile a computerized database of baseball statistics. The task took more than three years, as Neft and a team of researchers travelled across the country to fill the gaping holes in baseball's statistical and biographical records. The resulting work was published in 1969 by the Macmillan Publishing Company. Although the official title was The Baseball Encyclopedia, the massive book was generally referred to as "Big Mac". It was a quantum leap from early baseball encyclopedias, with a breadth and depth that far exceeded anything that had come before it.
Sports Encyclopedia series
Neft left ICI in 1970, spending the next few years developing dice-based sports games for Sports Illustrated Enterprises. He returned to the sports reference field when he founded Sports Products, Inc. with partner Richard M. Cohen. The company produced a new baseball encyclopedia in 1974 called "The Sports Encyclopedia: Baseball". That same year, they published groundbreaking new encyclopedias for football (The Sports Encyclopedia: Pro Football) and basketball
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hein
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Hein is a Dutch and Low German masculine given name, a short version of Hendrik/Heinrich, a derivative surname most common in Germany.
Given name
Hein van Aken (c. 1250 – c. 1325), Flemish poet
Hein de Baar (born 1949), Dutch oceanographer
Hein van Breenen (1929–1990), Dutch racing cyclist
Hein Boele (born 1939), Dutch voice actor
Hein Donner (1927–1988), Dutch chess grandmaster
Hein du Toit (born 1926), South African Army officer
Hein van Garderen (born 1969), South African fencer
Hein van de Geyn (born 1956), Dutch jazz bassist, composer and band leader
Hein Frode Hansen (born 1972), Norwegian heavy metal drummer
Hein Heckroth (1901–1970), German art director of stage and film productions
Hein van der Heijden (born 1958), Dutch actor
Hein Heinsen (born 1935), Danish artist
Hein ten Hoff (1919–2003), German boxer
Hein Hoyer (c. 1380–1447), German statesman and mayor of Hamburg
Hein Kever (1854–1922), Dutch genre and still-life painter
Hein de Kort (born 1956), Dutch cartoonist
Hein Kötz (born 1935), German jurist
Hein-Arne Mathiesen (born 1971), Norwegian ski jumper
Hein-Direck Neu (1944–2017), German discus thrower
Hein van der Niet (1901–1975), Dutch actor known in Hollywood as "Philip Dorn"
Hein Odendaal (born 1942), South African medical doctor
Hein Otterspeer (born 1988), Dutch speed skater
Hein Pieper (born 1962), Dutch Catholic theologian and politician
Hein Potgieter (born 1982), South African rugby player
Hein ter Poorten (1887–1968), Dut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolic
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Phenolic is an adjective and a substantive (noun) that may apply to :
Phenol (or carbolic acid), a colorless crystalline solid and aromatic compound
Phenols, a class of chemical compounds that include phenol
Phenolic content in wine
Phenolic paper, a type of cardboard used for printed circuit boards
Phenolic resin, a type of synthetic polymer
Phenolic taint, a wine fault due to 4-vinylphenol formation by Brettanomyces bruxellensis
Polyphenols, non-polymeric phytochemical compounds containing multiple phenol substructures
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20leg
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The bow leg is a highly resilient robotic leg being developed for running robots at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute. The key technology is the fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) spring that bends like a bow to store elastic energy.
History of the bow leg
Legged robots were initially conceptualized to provide more effective transportation across rough terrains unreachable by conventional wheeled or tracked vehicles. Legged locomotion studies began in 1878, when a publication of stop-motion photographs of mammals was posted in Scientific American. The first robot capable of actual "running" was created in 1980. The field was greatly enhanced when the Leg Lab at Carnegie Mellon University was established, producing many running robots. This was followed soon by MIT creating their own lab as well.
The major difficulties lying in these robots lied in the balance, the actuation, power requirements, and environment sensing. While the balance has been worked on extensively by many researchers, the second and third are often bypassed by providing a form of umbilical cable to supply energy and allow for larger actuators to be used. The environment sensing remains to be a large issue that has not been solved effectively enough to try and outdo typical animal behavior in rough terrains.
Recently, more advanced hopping robots have been developed by researchers at the Department of Energy's Sandia National Laboratories, who have used piston systems to make jumps as high
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinamate
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Ethinamate (Valamin, Valmid) is a short-acting carbamate-derivative sedative-hypnotic medication used to treat insomnia. Regular use leads to drug tolerance, and it is usually not effective for more than 7 days. Prolonged use can lead to dependence.
Ethinamate has been replaced by other medicines (particularly benzodiazepines), and it is not available in the Netherlands, the United States or Canada.
It is a schedule IV substance in the United States.
Synthesis
Ethinamate (1-ethynylcyclohexanone carbamate) is synthesized by combining acetylene with cyclohexanone to make 1-ethynylcyclohexanol, and then transforming this into a carbamate by the subsequent reaction with phosgene, and later with ammonia. Some lithium metal or similar is used to make the acetylene react with the cyclohexanone in the first step.
References
Hypnotics
Sedatives
Carbamates
Ethynyl compounds
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead-end%20elimination
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The dead-end elimination algorithm (DEE) is a method for minimizing a function over a discrete set of independent variables. The basic idea is to identify "dead ends", i.e., combinations of variables that are not necessary to define a global minimum because there is always a way of replacing such combination by a better or equivalent one. Then we can refrain from searching such combinations further. Hence, dead-end elimination is a mirror image of dynamic programming, in which "good" combinations are identified and explored further.
Although the method itself is general, it has been developed and applied mainly to the problems of predicting and designing the structures of proteins. It closely related to the notion of dominance in optimization also known as substitutability in a Constraint Satisfaction Problem. The original description and proof of the dead-end elimination theorem can be found in .
Basic requirements
An effective DEE implementation requires four pieces of information:
A well-defined finite set of discrete independent variables
A precomputed numerical value (considered the "energy") associated with each element in the set of variables (and possibly with their pairs, triples, etc.)
A criterion or criteria for determining when an element is a "dead end", that is, when it cannot possibly be a member of the solution set
An objective function (considered the "energy function") to be minimized
Note that the criteria can easily be reversed to identify the max
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenophorus
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Adenophorus is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is endemic to Hawaii.
Species
, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World accepted the following species and hybrids:
Adenophorus × abbottiae W.H.Wagner
Adenophorus abietinus (D.C.Eaton) K.A.Wilson
Adenophorus × carsonii Ranker
Adenophorus epigaeus (L.E.Bishop) W.H.Wagner
Adenophorus haalilioanus (Brack.) K.A.Wilson
Adenophorus hymenophylloides (Kaulf.) Hook. & Grev.
Adenophorus oahuensis (Copel.) L.E.Bishop
Adenophorus periens L.E.Bishop
Adenophorus sarmentosus (Brack.) K.A.Wilson
Adenophorus tamariscinus (Kaulf.) Hook. & Grev.
Adenophorus tenellus (Kaulf.) Ranker
Adenophorus tripinnatifidus Gaudich.
References
Polypodiaceae
Fern genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimbriated%20fold%20of%20tongue
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The fimbriated fold of tongue, also plica fimbriata is a slight fold of the mucous membrane on the underside of the tongue which runs laterally on either side of the frenulum. The free edge of the fimbriated fold occasionally exhibits a series of fringe-like processes. (Fimbria is Latin for fringe).
Some people have small (<1 cm) horn-like triangular flaps of "skin" (mucosa) under their tongue. They are on each side of the frenulum (the piece of tissue connecting the bottom of the tongue to the inside of the mouth) under the tongue and run parallel next to the two distinct veins. They typically appear in pairs and may even be up to 4 or more sets, but for even those who have them only two closer to the tip are distinctly visible while the others are very minor or just small bumps. These are the "fringe-like processes" part of the "fimbriated fold".
They are normal residual tissue not completely reabsorbed by the body during the development and growth of the tongue.
See also
Frenulum of tongue
References
External links
Diagram at sci.port.ac.uk
Tongue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal
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A nonsteroidal compound is a drug that is not a steroid nor a steroid derivative. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are distinguished from corticosteroids as a class of anti-inflammatory agents.
List of nonsteroidal steroid receptor modulators
Examples include the following:
Estrogens: benzestrol, bifluranol, estrobin (DBE), diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol), dienestrol, erteberel, fosfestrol, hexestrol (dihydroxystilbestrol), methallenestril, methestrol, methestrol dipropionate, paroxypropione, prinaberel, and triphenylethylene, as well as many xenoestrogens
: acolbifene, afimoxifene, arzoxifene, bazedoxifene, broparestrol, chlorotrianisene, clomifene, clomifenoxide, cyclofenil, droloxifene, enclomifene, endoxifen, ethamoxytriphetol, fispemifene, idoxifene, lasofoxifene, levormeloxifene, miproxifene, nafoxidine, nitromifene, ormeloxifene, ospemifene, panomifene, pipendoxifene, raloxifene, tamoxifen, toremifene, trioxifene, zindoxifene, zuclomifene
Antiandrogens: apalutamide, bicalutamide, cimetidine, darolutamide, DIMP, enzalutamide, EPI-001, EPI-506, flutamide, hydroxyflutamide, inocoterone, inocoterone acetate, nilutamide, RU-58642, RU-58841, and topilutamide
: AC-262,356, acetothiolutamide, andarine, BMS-564,929, enobosarm (ostarine), LGD-2226, LGD-3303, LGD-4033, S-23, and S-40503
Aromatase inhibitors: anastrozole, aminoglutethimide, fadrozole, finrozole, letrozole, liarozole, norendoxifen, rogletimide (pyridoglutethimide), vorozole
Other steroidogenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heft
|
Heft or HEFT may refer to:
Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, a health service body in England
Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time, a scheduling algorithm
High-Energy Focusing Telescope, an experiment in X-ray astronomy
Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike, a road in the United States
Heft or hefting, see Glossary of sheep husbandry#G→K
People with the surname Heft
Dolores Heft (born 1934), American actress better known as Dolores Dorn
James Lewis Heft, an American professor
Muhammad Robert Heft (born 1972), Canadian Muslim activist and writer
Robert G. Heft (1941–2009), designer of the 50-star and 51-star versions of the U.S. flag
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration
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Aeration (also called aerification or aeriation) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or other substances that act as a fluid (such as soil). Aeration processes create additional surface area in the mixture, allowing greater chemical or suspension reactions.
Aeration of liquids
Methods
Aeration of liquids (usually water) is achieved by:
passing air through the liquid by means of the Venturi tube, aeration turbines or compressed air which can be combined with diffuser(s) air stone(s), as well as fine bubble diffusers, coarse bubble diffusers or linear aeration tubing. Ceramics are suitable for this purpose, often involving dispersion of fine air or gas bubbles through the porous ceramic into a liquid. The smaller the bubbles, the more gas is exposed to the liquid increasing the gas transfer efficiency. Diffusers or spargers can also be designed into the system to cause turbulence or mixing if desired.
Porous ceramic diffusers are made by fusing aluminum oxide grains using porcelain bonds to form a strong, uniformly porous and homogeneous structure. The naturally hydrophilic material is easily wetted resulting in the production of fine, uniform bubbles.
On a given volume of air or liquid, the surface area changes proportionally with drop or bubble size, the very surface area where exchange can occur. Utilizing extremely small bubbles or drops increases the rate of gas transfer (aeration) due to the higher contact surface ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20motor%20neuron
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Alpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. Alpha motor neurons are distinct from gamma motor neurons, which innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles.
While their cell bodies are found in the central nervous system (CNS), α motor neurons are also considered part of the somatic nervous system—a branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—because their axons extend into the periphery to innervate skeletal muscles.
An alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates is a motor unit. A motor neuron pool contains the cell bodies of all the alpha motor neurons involved in contracting a single muscle.
Location
Alpha motor neurons (α-MNs) innervating the head and neck are found in the brainstem; the remaining α-MNs innervate the rest of the body and are found in the spinal cord. There are more α-MNs in the spinal cord than in the brainstem, as the number of α-MNs is directly proportional to the amount of fine motor control in that muscle. For example, the muscles of a single finger have more α-MNs per fibre, and more α-MNs in total, than the muscles of the quadriceps, which allows for finer control of the force a finger applies.
In general, α-MNs on one side of the brainstem or spinal cord innervate muscles on that same side of the body. An exception i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidinemia
|
Histidinemia is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme histidase. Histidase is needed for the metabolism of the amino acid histidine. Although originally thought to be linked to multiple developmental disorders histidinemia is now accepted as a relatively benign disorder, leading to a reduction in the prevalence of neonatal screening procedures.
Presentation
Histidinemia is considered benign as most patients remain asymptomatic, early correlational evidence from the first decade of histidinemia research lead to the theory that histidinemia was associated with multiple developmental symptoms including hyperactivity, speech impediment, developmental delay, learning difficulties, and sometimes mental retardation. However, these claims were later deemed coincidental as a large subpopulation of infants that tested positive for histidinemia were found to have normal IQ and speech characteristics; as such histidinemia has since been reclassified as a benign inborn error of metabolism.
Molecular mechanism
Histidinemia occurs as the result of an inborn error of metabolism that may result in either an inactive or a severely reduced histidine ammonia-lyase (HAL) enzyme activity. The gene that encodes for HAL spans a roughly 25 kb and consists of 21 exons located at the 12q22-q24.1 position of human chromosome 12. There are eight mutations currently associated with autosomal recessive histidinemia, that include: four missense mutations,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butylhydroquinone
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tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ, tertiary butylhydroquinone) is a synthetic aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol. It is a derivative of hydroquinone, substituted with a tert-butyl group.
Applications
Food preservative
In foods, TBHQ is used as a preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats. It does not cause discoloration even in the presence of iron, and does not change flavor or odor of the material to which it is added. It can be combined with other preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). As a food additive, its E number is E319. It is added to a wide range of foods. Its primary advantage is extending storage life.
Other
In perfumery, it is used as a fixative to lower the evaporation rate and improve stability.
It is used industrially as a stabilizer to inhibit autopolymerization of organic peroxides.
It is used as an antioxidant in biodiesel.
It is also added to varnishes, lacquers, resins, and oil-field additives.
Safety and regulation
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have evaluated TBHQ and determined that it is safe to consume at the concentration allowed in foods. The FDA and European Union both set an upper limit of 0.02% (200mg/kg) of the oil or fat content in foods. At very high doses, it has some negative health effects on lab animals, such as producing precursors to stomach tumors and damage to DNA.
A number of studies have shown that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-number
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The L-number system is a semi-scientific classification system of catfish based on photographs of shipments of tropical catfish of the family Loricariidae published by the German aquarium magazine DATZ (Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (The Aquarium and Terrarium Magazine)). The first L-number was published in 1988.
An L-number is not a formal scientific designation, but it allows people to identify various loricariid catfish by a "common name" before the fish is officially described. When a loricariid receives an official scientific name, the L-number (or numbers) is retired; best practice is then to use the scientific name.
A specific L-number classification does not guarantee a discrete species, multiple L numbers have been given to different populations of the same species. To add to the confusion, sometimes a single L-number may be used for multiple species.
Additionally the aquarium magazine 'Das Aquarium' introduced a similar system using the prefix 'LDA'.
L-number catfish articles
The L-numbers are listed below in numerical order. The preceding number holds precedence over the higher or "alternative" L-numbers; but can sometimes be used to describe the same species or type from another locality.
References
Loricariidae
Fishkeeping
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Yarmouth
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Yarmouth, officially named the Municipality of the District of Yarmouth, is a district municipality in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
The district municipality forms the western part of Yarmouth County. It is one of three municipal units in the county, the other two being the Town of Yarmouth and the Municipality of the District of Argyle.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of Yarmouth had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Education:
No certificate, diploma or degree: 35.32%
High school certificate: 18.16%
Apprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma: 13.43%
Community college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma: 20.06%
University certificate or diploma: 12.96%
Unemployment rate:
10.9%
Average house value:
$141,461
Communities
Communities include:
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
Royal eponyms in Canada
References
External links
Communities in Yarmouth County
District municipalities in Nova Scotia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20noise
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Grey noise is random noise whose frequency spectrum follows an equal-loudness contour (such as an inverted A-weighting curve).
The result is that grey noise contains all frequencies with equal loudness, as opposed to white noise, which contains all frequencies with equal energy. The difference between the two is the result of psychoacoustics, more specifically the fact that the human hearing is more sensitive to some frequencies than others.
Since equal-loudness curves depend not only on the individual but also on the volume at which the noise is played back, there is no one true grey noise. A mathematically simpler and clearly defined approximation of an equal-loudness noise is pink noise which creates an equal amount of energy per octave, not per hertz (i.e. a logarithmic instead of a linear behavior), so pink noise is closer to "equally loud at all frequencies" than white noise is.
See also
Colors of noise
References
Noise (electronics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20thermodynamics
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Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate. Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties of moist air, the formation of clouds, atmospheric convection, boundary layer meteorology, and vertical instabilities in the atmosphere. Atmospheric thermodynamic diagrams are used as tools in the forecasting of storm development. Atmospheric thermodynamics forms a basis for cloud microphysics and convection parameterizations used in numerical weather models and is used in many climate considerations, including convective-equilibrium climate models.
Overview
The atmosphere is an example of a non-equilibrium system. Atmospheric thermodynamics describes the effect of buoyant forces that cause the rise of less dense (warmer) air, the descent of more dense air, and the transformation of water from liquid to vapor (evaporation) and its condensation. Those dynamics are modified by the force of the pressure gradient and that motion is modified by the Coriolis force. The tools used include the law of energy conservation, the ideal gas law, specific heat capacities, the assumption of isentropic processes (in which entropy is a constant), and moist adiabatic processes (during which no energy is transferred as heat). Most of tropospheric gases are treated as ideal gases and water vapor, with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLTX
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KLTX is a radio station licensed to Long Beach, California, serving the greater Los Angeles area, broadcasting at a frequency of 1390 kHz AM. The station airs a Spanish Christian format, and is branded "Radio Inspiración".
History
KGER
The station began broadcasting on December 12, 1926, and held the call sign KGER. The station was owned by C. Merwin Dobyns, and broadcast at 920 kHz, running 100 watts. In 1930, following a series of frequency changes, the station began operating at 1360 kHz, running 1,000 watts. Its frequency was changed to 1390 kHz in March 1941, as a result of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. The station's power was increased to 5,000 watts in 1942.
In 1944, KGER became the originating station for Wilbur Nelson's Morning Chapel Hour daily broadcast. The station was sold to John Brown University of Siloam Springs, Arkansas for $300,000 in 1949.
In 1986, the station was sold to Salem Communications for $4,350,000.
KLTX
In 1997, the station's call sign was changed to KLTX. The station was branded "K-Light" and aired a Christian talk and teaching format. The station also aired Michael Reagan's talk show. Spanish language religious programming aired at night.
In 2000, KLTX was sold to Hi-Favor Broadcasting for $30 million, and the station became an affiliate of the Spanish-language evangelical network Radio Nueva Vida. By 2019, the station had disaffiliated from Radio Nueva Vida, but continued to air a Spanish language Christian format a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron%20resonance
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Cyclotron resonance describes the interaction of external forces with charged particles experiencing a magnetic field, thus already moving on a circular path. It is named after the cyclotron, a cyclic particle accelerator that utilizes an oscillating electric field tuned to this resonance to add kinetic energy to charged particles.
Cyclotron resonance frequency
The cyclotron frequency or gyrofrequency is the frequency of a charged particle moving perpendicular to the direction of a uniform magnetic field B (constant magnitude and direction). Since that motion is always circular, the cyclotron frequency is given by equality of centripetal force and magnetic Lorentz force
with the particle mass m, its charge q, velocity v, and the circular path radius r, also called gyroradius.
The angular speed is then:
.
Giving the rotational frequency (being the cyclotron frequency) as:
,
It is notable that the cyclotron frequency is independent of the radius and velocity and therefore independent of the particle's kinetic energy; all particles with the same charge-to-mass ratio rotate around magnetic field lines with the same frequency. This is only true in the non-relativistic limit, and underpins the principle of operation of the cyclotron.
The cyclotron frequency is also useful in non-uniform magnetic fields, in which (assuming slow variation of magnitude of the magnetic field) the movement is approximately helical - in the direction parallel to the magnetic field, the motion is un
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteric%20liquid%20crystal
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A cholesteric liquid-crystal display (ChLCD) is a display containing a liquid crystal with a helical structure and which is therefore chiral. Cholesteric liquid crystals are also known as chiral nematic liquid crystals. They organize in layers with no positional ordering within layers, but a director axis which varies with layers. The variation of the director axis tends to be periodic in nature. The period of this variation (the distance over which a full rotation of 360° is completed) is known as the pitch, p. This pitch determines the wavelength of light which is reflected (Bragg Reflection).
The technology is characterized by stable states i.e. focal conic state (dark state) and planar state (bright state). Displays based on this technology are called “bistable” and don’t need any power to maintain the information (zero power). Because of the reflective nature of the ChLCD, these displays can be perfectly read under sunlight conditions.
Examples of compounds known to form cholesteric phases are hydroxypropyl cellulose and cholesteryl benzoate.
Some companies, such as Chiral Photonics, have begun to explore CLCs as the basis for photonic devices.
A US company, Kent Displays, has developed "no power" Liquid Crystal Displays using Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: these are known as ChLCD screens. A drawback of ChLCD screens is their slow refresh rate, especially at low temperatures. In 2009, Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surfa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%20number
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L number may refer to:
List of British weapon L numbers, an identification code used for British Army weapons
L-number, a classification code used to identify catfish
Azimuthal quantum number, symbolized as ℓ (lowercase script L)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg%20Agreement%20Concerning%20the%20International%20Patent%20Classification
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The Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification (or IPC), also known as the IPC Agreement, is an international treaty that established a common classification for patents for invention, inventors' certificates, utility models and utility certificates, known as the "International Patent Classification" (IPC). The treaty was signed in Strasbourg, France, on March 24, 1971, it entered into force on October 7, 1975, and was amended on September 28, 1979. The Agreement and the certified statement were registered by the World Intellectual Property Organization on 28 February 1980.
States that are parties to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) may become party to the Strasbourg Agreement. As of April 2023, there were 65 contracting parties to the Strasbourg Agreement. The Holy See, the Iran and Liechtenstein signed the Agreement in 1971 but have not ratified it.
See also
European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention (1954)
References
External links
Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification in the WIPO Lex database — official website of WIPO.
The full text of the Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification
Patent law treaties
Patent classifications
World Intellectual Property Organization treaties
Treaties concluded in 1971
Treaties entered into force in 1975
1971 in France
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg%20Agreement
|
The Strasbourg Agreement can refer to:
Strasbourg Agreement (1675), regarding the use of chemical weapons
Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification (1971)
See also
Strasbourg Convention (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic%20CD4%2B%20lymphocytopenia
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Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare medical syndrome in which the body has too few CD4+ T lymphocytes, which are a kind of white blood cell. ICL is sometimes characterized as "HIV-negative AIDS", though, in fact, its clinical presentation differs somewhat from that seen with HIV/AIDS. People with ICL have a weakened immune system and are susceptible to opportunistic infections, although the rate of infections is lower than in people with AIDS.
Cause
The cause of ICL, like all idiopathic conditions, is unknown. It does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent, such as a virus. It is widely believed that there is more than one cause.
Pathophysiology
The loss of CD4+ T cells appears to be through apoptosis. The accelerated deaths of the T cells is likely driven by crosslinking T cell receptors.
Diagnosis
The mandatory criteria for diagnosis of idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia include:
Low numbers of CD4+ cells, on two or more measurements over at least six weeks:
CD4 cell count less than 300 cells per microliter, or
Less than 20% of T lymphocytes are CD4+
Laboratory evidence of lack of HIV infection
Absence of any alternative explanation for the CD4 lymphocytopenia
A one-time finding of low CD4+ cells is usually associated with a recent infection and resolves on its own. Alternative explanations for the low CD4 counts include conditions such as blood cancers (aleukemia), treatment with chemotherapy, immunosuppressive medications, or other medicati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Lactalbumin
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α-Lactalbumin, also known as LALBA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LALBA gene.
Overview
α-Lactalbumin is a protein that regulates the production of lactose in the milk of almost all mammalian species. In primates, α-lactalbumin expression is upregulated in response to the hormone prolactin and increases the production of lactose.
α-Lactalbumin forms the regulatory subunit of the lactose synthase (LS) heterodimer and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4Gal-T1) forms the catalytic component. Together, these proteins enable LS to produce lactose by transferring galactose moieties to glucose. As a multimer, α-lactalbumin strongly binds calcium and zinc ions and may possess bactericidal or antitumor activity. A folding variant of human α-lactalbumin that may form in acidic environments such as the stomach, called HAMLET, probably induces apoptosis in tumor and immature cells. The corresponding folding dynamics of α-lactalbumin is thus highly unusual.
When formed into a complex with Gal-T1, a galactosyltransferase, α-lactalbumin, enhances the enzyme's affinity for glucose by about 1000 times, and inhibits the ability to polymerise multiple galactose units. This gives rise to a pathway for forming lactose by converting Gal-TI to Lactose synthase.
Physical properties
The structure of α-lactalbumin is well known and is composed of 123 amino acids and 4 disulfide bridges. The molecular weight is 14178 Da, and the isoelectric point is between 4.2 and 4.5. α-Lact
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour%20Jonathan%20Singer
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Seymour Jonathan Singer (May 23, 1924 – February 2, 2017) was an American cell biologist and professor of biology, emeritus, at the University of California, San Diego.
Biography
Singer was born in New York City and attended Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. in 1943. He received his doctorate from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1947. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Linus Pauling at Caltech during 1947–1948, where he, along with Harvey Itano, co-discovered the basis of abnormal hemoglobin in sickle-cell anemia, reported in the famous paper "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease". He worked for the U.S. Public Health Service between 1948 and 1950. He joined the Chemistry Department at Yale University as assistant professor in 1951, and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1957 and Professor in 1960. There he developed the ferritin-antibody, which was the first electron-dense reagent used for cell staining in electron microscopy imaging. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for Molecular & Cellular Biology in 1959.
In 1961 he joined the faculty at University of California, San Diego as a Professor in the Department (now Division) of Biology. He initiated the landmark work on the conformation of membrane proteins in 1965, resulting in the publication of two foundational papers (Lenard, John and Singer, S.J. Protein conformation in cell membrane preparations as studied by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism. Proceedi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UvrABC%20endonuclease
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UvrABC endonuclease is a multienzyme complex in bacteria involved in DNA repair by nucleotide excision repair, and it is, therefore, sometimes called an excinuclease. This UvrABC repair process, sometimes called the short-patch process, involves the removal of twelve nucleotides where a genetic mutation has occurred followed by a DNA polymerase, replacing these aberrant nucleotides with the correct nucleotides and completing the DNA repair. The subunits for this enzyme are encoded in the uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC genes. This enzyme complex is able to repair many different types of damage, including cyclobutyl dimer formation.
Mechanism
Two UvrA proteins form a dimer and they both have ATPase/GTPase activity.
The UvrA dimer binds with a UvrB dimer and forms a complex that is able to detect DNA damage. The UvrA dimer functions as the unit responsible for the detection of DNA damage, probably through a mechanism of detecting distortions in the DNA double helix.
Upon binding of the UvrA2B2 complex to a putative damaged site, the DNA wraps around UvrB
The UvrA dimer leaves and a UvrC protein comes in and binds to the UvrB and, hence, forms a new UvrBC complex.
UvrC is responsible for cleaving the nucleotides either side of the DNA damage. It cleaves a phosphodiester bond four nucleotides downstream of the DNA damage, and cleaves a phosphodiester bond eight nucleotides upstream of the DNA damage and creates a twelve nucleotide excised segment.
DNA helicase II (sometimes called Uv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS1%20influenza%20protein
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The NS1 influenza protein (NS1) is a viral nonstructural protein encoded by the NS gene segments of type A, B and C influenza viruses. Also encoded by this segment is the nuclear export protein (NEP), formally referred to as NS2 protein, which mediates the export of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes from the nucleus, where they are assembled.
Characteristics
The NS1 of influenza A virus is a 26,000 Dalton protein. It prevents polyadenylation of cellular mRNAs to circumvent antiviral responses of the host, e.g., maturation and translation of interferon mRNAs. NS1 might also inhibit splicing of pre-mRNA by binding to a stem-bulge region in U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). In addition, NS1 is probably able to suppress the interferon response in the virus-infected cell leading to unimpaired virus production.
NS1 also binds dsRNA. Binding assays with NS1 protein mutants established that the RNA-binding domain of the NS1 protein is required for binding to dsRNA as well as for binding to polyA and U6 snRNA. In addition, dsRNA competed with U6 snRNA for binding to the NS1 protein, a result consistent with both RNAs sharing the same binding site on the protein. As a consequence of its binding to dsRNA, the NS1 protein blocks the activation of the dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) in vitro. This kinase phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (elF-2 alpha), leading to a decrease in the rate of initiation of translation. In the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMF
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BMF may refer to:
BMF, IATA code for Bakouma Airport in the Central African Republic
BMF (gene), a gene that encodes the human protein Bcl-2-modifying factor
BMF (record label), a record label based in Ireland
Be Military Fit, a UK fitness company (previously called British Military Fitness)
Bird–Meertens formalism, a calculus for deriving computer programs from specifications by a process of equational reasoning
Black Mafia Family, a former drug trafficking organization originally based in Detroit, Michigan
BMF (TV series), a 2021 television series about the Black Mafia Family
Boston MedFlight, a non-profit medical transport organization in eastern Massachusetts
Budapesti Műszaki Főiskola (Budapest Technical College), former name of Óbuda University
British Marine Federation, a UK trade association
British Motorcyclists Federation
British Museum Friends, a registered charitable organisation in the UK
British Muslim Forum, a Muslim organization representing 500 Mosques across the UK
Bundesministerium der Finanzen (Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)), the German Federal Ministry of Finance
Bundesministerium für Finanzen (The Austrian Ministry of Finance)
"B.M.F. (Blowin' Money Fast)", a song from Rick Ross's fourth studio album Teflon Don
Brain Mapping Foundation
BMF, an abbreviation of bad motherfucker
The BMF (baddest motherfucker) belt, a symbolic title handed out by the UFC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone
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17α-Hydroxypregnenolone is a pregnane (C21) steroid that is obtained by hydroxylation of pregnenolone at the C17α position. This step is performed by the mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1) that is present in the adrenal and gonads. Peak levels are reached in humans at the end of puberty and then decline. High levels are also achieved during pregnancy. It is also a known neuromodulator.
Prohormone
17α-Hydroxypregnenolone is considered a prohormone in the formation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), itself a prohormone of the sex steroids.
This conversion is mediated by the enzyme 17,20 lyase. As such 17α-hydroxypregenolone represents an intermediary in the Δ5 pathway that leads from pregnenolone to DHEA. 17α-Hydroxypregneolone is also converted to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, a prohormone for glucocorticosteroids and androstenedione through the activity of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Clinical use
Measurements of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone are useful in the diagnosis of certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
In patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency 17α-hydroxypregnenolone is increased, while in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency levels are low to absent.
Neurosteroid
17α-hydroxypregnenolone is a known neuromodulator as its acts in the central nervous system. Specifically, it is known to modulate locomotion.
See also
Congenital adrena
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic%20disease
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A systemic disease is one that affects a number of organs and tissues, or affects the body as a whole.
Examples
Mastocytosis, including mast cell activation syndrome and eosinophilic esophagitis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Systemic vasculitis e.g. SLE, PAN
Sarcoidosis – a disease that mainly affects the lungs, brain, joints and eyes, found most often in young African-American women.
Hypothyroidism – where the thyroid gland produces too little thyroid hormones.
Diabetes mellitus – an imbalance in blood glucose (sugar) levels.
Fibromyalgia
Ehlers-Danlos syndromes - an inherited connective tissue disorder with multiple subcategories
Adrenal insufficiency – where the adrenal glands don't produce enough steroid hormones
Coeliac disease – an autoimmune disease triggered by gluten consumption, which may involve several organs and cause a variety of symptoms, or be completely asymptomatic.
Ulcerative colitis – an inflammatory bowel disease
Crohn's disease – an inflammatory bowel disease
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Metabolic syndrome
AIDS – a disease caused by a virus that cripples the body's immune defenses.
Graves' disease – a thyroid disorder, most often in women, which can cause a goiter (swelling in the front part of the neck) and protruding eyes.
Systemic lupus erythematosus – a connective tissue disorder involving mainly the skin, joints and kidneys.
Rheumatoid arthritis – an inflammatory disease which mainly attacks the joints. But can also affect a pers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CELSS
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CELSS may refer to:
Cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (reducing end), an enzyme
Controlled Ecological Life Support System
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polhode
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The details of a spinning body may impose restrictions on the motion of its angular velocity vector, . The curve produced by the angular velocity vector on the inertia ellipsoid, is known as the polhode, coined from Greek meaning "path of the pole". The surface created by the angular velocity vector is termed the body cone.
History
The concept of polhode motion dates back to the 17th century, and Corollary 21 to Proposition 66 in Section 11, Book 1, of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica. Later Leonhard Euler derived a set of equations that described the dynamics of rigid bodies in torque-free motion. In particular, Euler and his contemporaries Jean d’Alembert, Louis Lagrange, and others noticed small variations in latitude due to wobbling of the Earth around its polar spin axis. A portion of this wobble (later to be called the Earth’s polhode motion) was due to the natural, torque-free behavior of the rotating Earth. Assuming that the Earth was a completely rigid body, they calculated the period of Earth’s polhode wobble to be about 9–10 months.
During the mid 19th century, Louis Poinsot developed a geometric interpretation of the physics of rotating bodies that provided a visual counterpart to Euler’s algebraic equations. Poinsot was a contemporary of Léon Foucault, who invented the gyroscope and whose pendulum experiments provided incontrovertible evidence that the Earth rotates. In the fashion of the day, Poinsot coined the terms polhode and its counterpart, herpolhod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20device%20modeling
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Semiconductor device modeling creates models for the behavior of the electrical devices based on fundamental physics, such as the doping profiles of the devices. It may also include the creation of compact models (such as the well known SPICE transistor models), which try to capture the electrical behavior of such devices but do not generally derive them from the underlying physics. Normally it starts from the output of a semiconductor process simulation.
Introduction
The figure to the right provides a simplified conceptual view of “the big picture.” This figure shows two inverter stages and the resulting input-output voltage-time plot of the circuit. From the digital systems point of view the key parameters of interest are: timing delays, switching power, leakage current and cross-coupling (crosstalk) with other blocks. The voltage levels and transition speed are also of concern.
The figure also shows schematically the importance of Ion versus Ioff, which in turn is related to drive-current (and mobility) for the “on” device and several leakage paths for the “off” devices. Not shown explicitly in the figure are the capacitances—both intrinsic and parasitic—that affect dynamic performance.
The power scaling which is now a major driving force in the industry is reflected in the simplified equation shown in the figure — critical parameters are capacitance, power supply and clocking frequency. Key parameters that relate device behavior to system performance include th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitavastatin
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Pitavastatin (usually as a calcium salt) is a member of the blood cholesterol lowering medication class of statins.
Like other statins, it is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyses the first step of cholesterol synthesis.
It was patented in 1987 and approved for medical use in 2003. It is available in Japan, South Korea and in India. In the US, it received FDA approval in 2009.
Kowa Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Kowa Company, is the owner of the American patent to pitavastatin.
Medical uses
Like the other statins, pitavastatin is indicated for hypercholesterolaemia (elevated cholesterol) and for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
A 2009 study of the 104-week LIVES trial found pitavastatin increased HDL cholesterol, especially in patients with HDL lower than 40 mg/dL, who had a 24.6% rise, in addition to greatly reducing LDL cholesterol 31.3%. HDL improved in patients who switched from other statins and rose over time. In the 70-month CIRCLE observational study, pitavastatin increased HDL more than atorvastatin.
It has neutral or possibly beneficial effects on glucose control. As a consequence, pitavastatin is likely to be appropriate for patients with metabolic syndrome plus high LDL, low HDL and diabetes mellitus.
Side effects
Common statin-related side effects (headaches, stomach upset, abnormal liver function tests and muscle cramps) were similar to other statins. Pitavastatin is a lipophillic statin. Reports indicate that this stati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation%20%28disambiguation%29
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Condensation may refer to:
Condensation, the change in matter of a substance to a denser phase
DNA condensation, the process of compacting DNA molecules
Cloud condensation nuclei, airborne particles required for cloud formation
Condensation (aerosol dynamics), a phase transition from gas to liquid
Condensation cloud, observable at large explosions in humid air
Condensation reaction, in chemistry, a chemical reaction between two molecules or moieties
Condensation algorithm, in computer science, a computer vision algorithm
Condensation (graph theory), in mathematics, a directed acyclic graph formed by contracting the strongly connected components of another graph
Dodgson condensation, in mathematics, a method invented by Lewis Carroll for computing the determinants of square matrices
Bose–Einstein condensation, a state of matter of a dilute gas in which quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale
Condensation (psychology)
Condensed may refer to:
Condensed font, a typeface drawn narrower than normal width
Condensed milk, milk with water removed
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20metabolism
|
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe's ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.
Types
All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:
1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass:
autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide ()
heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds
mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide
2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents (hydrogen atoms or electrons) used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions:
lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds
organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds
3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing:
phototrophic – energy is obtained from light
chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds
In practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows:
chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomyosin%20receptor%20kinase%20A
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Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), also known as high affinity nerve growth factor receptor, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1, or TRK1-transforming tyrosine kinase protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTRK1 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTKR) family. This kinase is a membrane-bound receptor that, upon neurotrophin binding, phosphorylates itself (autophosphorylation) and members of the MAPK pathway. The presence of this kinase leads to cell differentiation and may play a role in specifying sensory neuron subtypes. Mutations in this gene have been associated with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, self-mutilating behaviors, intellectual disability and/or cognitive impairment and certain cancers. Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene have been found, but only three have been characterized to date.
Function and Interaction with NGF
TrkA is the high affinity catalytic receptor for the neurotrophin, Nerve Growth Factor, or "NGF". As a kinase, TrkA mediates the multiple effects of NGF, which include neuronal differentiation, neural proliferation, nociceptor response, and avoidance of programmed cell death.
The binding of NGF to TrkA leads to a ligand-induced dimerization, and a proposed mechanism by which this receptor and ligand interact is that two TrkA receptors associate with a single NGF ligand. This interaction leads to a cross linking dimeric complex where part
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomyosin%20receptor%20kinase%20B
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Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), also known as tyrosine receptor kinase B, or BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor or neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTRK2 gene. TrkB is a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Standard pronunciation is "track bee".
Function
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B is the high affinity catalytic receptor for several "neurotrophins", which are small protein growth factors that induce the survival and differentiation of distinct cell populations. The neurotrophins that activate TrkB are: BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). As such, TrkB mediates the multiple effects of these neurotrophic factors, which includes neuronal differentiation and survival. Research has shown that activation of the TrkB receptor can lead to down regulation of the KCC2 chloride transporter in cells of the CNS. In addition to the role of the pathway in neuronal development, BDNF signaling is also necessary for proper astrocyte morphogenesis and maturation, via the astrocytic TrkB.T1 isoform.
The TrkB receptor is part of the large family of receptor tyrosine kinases. A "tyrosine kinase" is an enzyme which is capable of adding a phosphate group to certain tyrosines on target proteins, or "substrates". A receptor tyrosine kinase is a "tyrosine kinase" which is located at the cellular membrane, and is activated by binding of a ligand to the recept
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highfields%2C%20Queensland
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Highfields is a small town in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In 2022 the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated the resident population of the Highfields region was 15478.
Geography
Highfields is situated on the Great Dividing Range, slightly north of Mount Kynoch. It is on the New England Highway. It serves as a satellite town to the city of Toowoomba, accommodating many of Toowoomba businesses' employees. The Australian Bureau of Statistics also defines a larger growth area, named Highfields, that includes the suburb and several of those surrounding.
Climate
Along with Meringandan, the climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb) due to elevation, usually located further south of Australia.
History
The area probably takes its name from the Highfields pastoral run, north of the township. The area was first developed in the 1860s. Initially, there were a number of sawmills in the area, harvesting the local timber. Then the construction of the railway line between Ipswich and Toowoomba (completed in 1867) brought railway workers to the district. As the timber-getters cleared the land, dairy farms were established. The first post office openly briefly in 1866 with a weekly mail service from Toowoomba. It re-opened in 1868 and changed its name in December 1877 to Koojarewon.
The Highfields School opened on 17 January 1870 in the Rising Sun Hotel under teacher Mr Larkin. The first school building was constructed in the 1880s. In 1906, the school was renamed Koojarawon.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient%20theorem
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The gradient theorem, also known as the fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals, says that a line integral through a gradient field can be evaluated by evaluating the original scalar field at the endpoints of the curve. The theorem is a generalization of the second fundamental theorem of calculus to any curve in a plane or space (generally n-dimensional) rather than just the real line.
For as a differentiable function and as any continuous curve in which starts at a point and ends at a point , then
where denotes the gradient vector field of .
The gradient theorem implies that line integrals through gradient fields are path-independent. In physics this theorem is one of the ways of defining a conservative force. By placing as potential, is a conservative field. Work done by conservative forces does not depend on the path followed by the object, but only the end points, as the above equation shows.
The gradient theorem also has an interesting converse: any path-independent vector field can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar field. Just like the gradient theorem itself, this converse has many striking consequences and applications in both pure and applied mathematics.
Proof
If is a differentiable function from some open subset to and is a differentiable function from some closed interval to (Note that is differentiable at the interval endpoints and . To do this, is defined on an interval that is larger than and includes .), then by the multi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirometry
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Respirometry is a general term that encompasses a number of techniques for obtaining estimates of the rates of metabolism of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, tissues, cells, or microorganisms via an indirect measure of heat production (calorimetry).
Whole-animal metabolic rates
The metabolism of an animal is estimated by determining rates of carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2) of individual animals, either in a closed or an open-circuit respirometry system. Two measures are typically obtained: standard (SMR) or basal metabolic rate (BMR) and maximal rate (VO2max). SMR is measured while the animal is at rest (but not asleep) under specific laboratory (temperature, hydration) and subject-specific conditions (e.g., size or allometry), age, reproduction status, post-absorptive to avoid thermic effect of food). VO2max is typically determined during aerobic exercise at or near physiological limits. In contrast, field metabolic rate (FMR) refers to the metabolic rate of an unrestrained, active animal in nature. Whole-animal metabolic rates refer to these measures without correction for body mass. If SMR or BMR values are divided by the body mass value for the animal, then the rate is termed mass-specific. It is this mass-specific value that one typically hears in comparisons among species.
Closed respirometry
Respirometry depends on a "what goes in must come out" principle. Consider a closed system first. Imagine that we place a mouse into an ai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolithovirus
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Coccolithovirus is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA virus, in the family Phycodnaviridae. Algae, specifically Emiliania huxleyi, a species of coccolithophore, serve as natural hosts. There is only one described species in this genus: Emiliania huxleyi virus 86.
Structure
Coccolithoviruses are enveloped, icosahedral and have a diameter ranging from 100–220 nm. Their genomes are linear, between 410–415kb in length and predict to encode for approximately 472 proteins.
Life cycle
Coccolithoviruses are part of the family of Phycodnaviridae, one of the five families that belong to a large and phylogenetically diverse group of viruses known as nucleocytoplasmic large dsDNA viruses (NCLDVs). These viruses either replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of the host cell or start their life cycle in the host nucleus but complete it in the cytoplasm. In the case of EhV-86 the infection strategy is not fully understood but Mackinder et al. (2009) have proposed the following model: The virus enters the host cell via endocytosis, followed by fusion of its lipid membrane with the host vacuole membrane and the release of its nucleoprotein core into the cytoplasm. Alternatively the virus membrane could fuse directly with the host plasma membrane. The virus genome is then released from the capsid into the nucleus, where it is replicated by the viral DNA polymerase. The replicated genome is packed into assembled capsids in the cytoplasm and the newly formed (up to 400–1000) virions are tho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20engineering
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Crystal engineering studies the design and synthesis of solid-state structures with desired properties through deliberate control of intermolecular interactions. It is an interdisciplinary academic field, bridging solid-state and supramolecular chemistry.
The main engineering strategies currently in use are hydrogen- and halogen bonding and coordination bonding. These may be understood with key concepts such as the supramolecular synthon and the secondary building unit.
History of term
The term 'crystal engineering' was first used in 1955 by R. Pepinsky but the starting point is often credited to Gerhard Schmidt in connection with photodimerization reactions in crystalline cinnamic acids. Since this initial use, the meaning of the term has broadened considerably to include many aspects of solid state supramolecular chemistry. A useful modern definition is that provided by Gautam Desiraju, who in 1988 defined crystal engineering as "the understanding of intermolecular interactions in the context of crystal packing and the utilization of such understanding in the design of new solids with desired physical and chemical properties." Since many of the bulk properties of molecular materials are dictated by the manner in which the molecules are ordered in the solid state, it is clear that an ability to control this ordering would afford control over these properties.
Non-covalent control of structure
Crystal engineering relies on noncovalent bonding to achieve the organizat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20Simpson%27s%20method
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Adaptive Simpson's method, also called adaptive Simpson's rule, is a method of numerical integration proposed by G.F. Kuncir in 1962. It is probably the first recursive adaptive algorithm for numerical integration to appear in print, although more modern adaptive methods based on Gauss–Kronrod quadrature and Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature are now generally preferred. Adaptive Simpson's method uses an estimate of the error we get from calculating a definite integral using Simpson's rule. If the error exceeds a user-specified tolerance, the algorithm calls for subdividing the interval of integration in two and applying adaptive Simpson's method to each subinterval in a recursive manner. The technique is usually much more efficient than composite Simpson's rule since it uses fewer function evaluations in places where the function is well-approximated by a cubic function.
Simpson's rule is an interpolatory quadrature rule which is exact when the integrand is a polynomial of degree three or lower. Using Richardson extrapolation, the more accurate Simpson estimate for six function values is combined with the less accurate estimate for three function values by applying the correction . So, the obtained estimate is exact for polynomials of degree five or less.
Mathematical Procedure
Defining Terms
A criterion for determining when to stop subdividing an interval, suggested by J.N. Lyness, is
where is an interval with midpoint , while , , and given by Simpson's rule are the est
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphopeptide
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Phosphopeptides are modified self antigens which may induce an immune response.
Protein phosphorylation is a very important and frequent post-translational modification that can impact a protein's localization, stability, and whether or not it can dimerize or form stable bonds with other substances. It is vital to pinpoint which amino acid in the protein’s primary structure is being phosphorylated in order to understand the functions of a phosphopeptide. This is accomplished through phosphopeptide mapping, which involves digestion of a radioactively labeled protein, separation of phosphopeptide products, and finally analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or mass spectrometry. Analysis of phosphopeptides can provide information about which amino acids are phosphorylated and how many sites on the primary sequence are phosphorylated.
Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues is conserved during MHC class I and MHC class II antigen processing. Phosphopeptides are thus displayed on the surface of cells. As modified self antigens, they are potentially immunogenic when compared to unmodified self proteins as the immune cells (T-cells) which recognise them are possibly not subject to central tolerance mechanisms. This may contribute to the potential capability of phosophopeptides to serve as tumor antigens in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
References
Peptides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s%20in%20anthropology
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Timeline of anthropology, 1980–1989
Events
1984
"Turkana Boy" is discovered
1986
The Human Genome Project is launched
1989
The National Museum of the American Indian is founded in the U.S.
Publications
1980
Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali, by Clifford Geertz
The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America, by Michael Taussig
1981
In Vain I Tried To Tell You: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics, by Dell Hymes
Nisa: The Life and Words of a Kung Woman, by Marjorie Shostak
1982
Europe and the People Without History by Eric Wolf
1983
Local Knowledge: further essays in interpretive anthropology by Clifford Geertz
1984
Muelos: A Stone Age Superstition about Sexuality, by Weston La Barre
1985
Sweetness And Power : The Place Of Sugar In Modern History, by Sidney Mintz
1986
Writing Culture, ed. by James Clifford and George E. Marcus
1988
Donald Brown's Hierarchy, History, and Human Nature was published.
1989
Our Kind: Who We Are, Where We Came From, Where We Are Going, by Marvin Harris
Births
Deaths
1980
Gregory Bateson
Johanes Nicolaisen
1981
Carleton Coon
Marvin Opler
1983
Meyer Fortes
Herge Kleivan
Carobeth Laird
Victor Turner
1984
Michel Foucault
Audrey Richards
1985
Karl-Gustav Izikowitz
George Peter Murdock
Barbara Myerhoff
1986
Morton Fried
Elman Service
1989
Edmund Leach
Awards
1980
Margaret Mead Award: Brigitte Jordan
1981
Margaret Mead Award: Nancy Scheper-Hughes
1984
Margaret Mead Award: Sue E. Erstoff
1985
Margaret Mead Award: Susan C.M. S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%E2%80%93quadratic%20regulator
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The theory of optimal control is concerned with operating a dynamic system at minimum cost. The case where the system dynamics are described by a set of linear differential equations and the cost is described by a quadratic function is called the LQ problem. One of the main results in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear–quadratic regulator (LQR), a feedback controller whose equations are given below.
LQR controllers possess inherent robustness with guaranteed gain and phase margin, and they also are part of the solution to the LQG (linear–quadratic–Gaussian) problem. Like the LQR problem itself, the LQG problem is one of the most fundamental problems in control theory.
General description
The settings of a (regulating) controller governing either a machine or process (like an airplane or chemical reactor) are found by using a mathematical algorithm that minimizes a cost function with weighting factors supplied by a human (engineer). The cost function is often defined as a sum of the deviations of key measurements, like altitude or process temperature, from their desired values. The algorithm thus finds those controller settings that minimize undesired deviations. The magnitude of the control action itself may also be included in the cost function.
The LQR algorithm reduces the amount of work done by the control systems engineer to optimize the controller. However, the engineer still needs to specify the cost function parameters, and compare the res
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20classification%20of%20Indian%20Americans
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The racial classification of Indian Americans has varied over the years and across institutions. Originally, neither the courts nor the census bureau classified Indian Americans as a race because there were only negligible numbers of Indian immigrants in the United States. Early Indian Americans were often denied their civil rights, leading to close affiliations with African Americans. For most of America's early history, the government only recognized two racial classifications, white or colored. Due to immigration laws of the time, those deemed colored were often stripped of their American citizenship or denied the ability to become citizens. For these reasons, various South Asians in America took the government to court to try and be considered white instead of colored. After advocacy from the Indian American community, the racial category of Asian Indian was finally introduced on the 1980 Census.
Initial perceptions
Among one of the first recorded Indian in America was a mixed-race girl born to an Indian father and an Irish American mother in 1680 in Maryland. Due to her Indian American father being classified as "Negro", she was classified as a mulatto and later sold into slavery. Court records from the 1700s indicate a number of "East Indians" were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware. Upon freedom, they are said to have blended into the free African American population - considered mulattoes within the African American community. Three brothers from modern day "In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical%20Analysis%20of%20Stocks%20%26%20Commodities
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Technical Analysis of Stocks & Commodities is an American, Seattle-based monthly magazine about commodity futures contracts, stocks, options, derivatives, and forex.
History and profile
Technical Analysis of Stocks & Commodities was founded in 1982 by Boeing mechanical engineer Jack Hutson who wanted people to learn about technical analysis. Hutson had a brief foray in the stock market in the late 1960s and bought two additional houses in the 1970s before returning to securities in 1980. Using his engineering and analytic background, he for hours delved into trading concepts by reading books in library. He purchased a personal computer system for $7,500 to allow him to automatically generate a chart that would take hours if created manually. When the software for a specific technical concept did not work, Hutson asked Boeing colleague and math doctorate Anthony Warren to collaborate with him to fix the program. After they corrected the software, a technicians congregation gathering in Toronto invited Hutson to Toronto to introduce his work. To ready himself for the conference, Hutson wrote a paper that became the foundation of Technical Analysis of Stocks & Commoditiess inaugural October 1982 issue.
Hutson originally planned to work full-time at Boeing and part-time at the magazine as a supplement to his trading. In a year, Technical Analysis of Stocks & Commodities had 1,500 subscribers and cost $250 for an annual subscription. In 1984, its annual price dropped and subscri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUS%20reporter%20system
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The GUS reporter system (GUS: β-glucuronidase) is a reporter gene system, particularly useful in plant molecular biology and microbiology. Several kinds of GUS reporter gene assay are available, depending on the substrate used. The term GUS staining refers to the most common of these, a histochemical technique.
Purpose
The purpose of this technique is to analyze the activity of a gene transcription promoter (in terms of expression of a so-called reporter gene under the regulatory control of that promoter) either in a quantitative manner, involving some measure of activity, or qualitatively (on versus off) through visualization of its activity in different cells, tissues, or organs. The technique utilizes the uidA gene of Escherichia coli, which codes for the enzyme, β-glucuronidase; this enzyme, when incubated with specific colorless or non-fluorescent substrates, can convert them into stable colored or fluorescent products. The presence of the GUS-induced color indicates where the gene has been actively expressed. In this way, strong promoter activity produces much staining and weak promoter activity produces less staining.
The uidA gene can also be fused to a gene of interest, creating a gene fusion. The insertion of the uidA gene will cause production of GUS, which can then be detected using various glucuronides as substrates.
Substrates
There are different possible glucuronide that can be used as substrates for the β-glucuronidase, depending on the type of detection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20State%20Highway%2053
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State Highway 53 is an highway in southern Oklahoma. It connects Walters in Cotton County to Gene Autry in Carter County. It has one lettered spur route, SH-53A, a spur route to Gene Autry.
Route description
SH-53 begins at a T intersection in Walters, where State Highway 5 makes up the western and southern legs of the T. SH-53 runs eastward from here, crossing East Cache Creek. At Fivemile Corner, the road intersects SH-65, five miles (8 km) east of Walters. SH-53 continues due east into the Waurika Wildlife Management Area, where it crosses Beaver Creek and Little Beaver Creek (which at their confluence downstream of SH-53 are dammed to create Waurika Lake). After leaving the wildlife management area, SH-53 crosses into Stephens County.
About east of the Cottn–Stephens county line, SH-53 passes through Corum. The highway continues due east to the western outskirts of Comanche, where it curves northeast to pass through the city's downtown. There, it intersects US-81. SH-53 continues due east out of town as it approaches Comanche Lake, where it cuts away to the southeast before resuming its due east course. The highway then goes through a series of curves gradually sending it more southeast, passing through Loco. The route serves as the northern terminus for SH-89 just before crossing into Carter County.
The first highway junction that SH-53 encounters in Carter County begins a three-mile (5 km) concurrency with State Highway 76 north of Healdton. South of Fox, SH-53 spl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20%28surname%29
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Crane is a surname. The name is a derivative of "Cron" in Old English or is the English translation of the German "Krahn" or "Kranich." According to The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain & Ireland, "Cron," "Krahn" and "Kranich" all mean "crown" in both Old English and German respectively. According to the same source, "Crone" is also compared with "Crane", "Crown", "Cron" and "Crowne". In some places in Britain, "Crane", when used as a name, can also be a reference to a tall, slender man, similar to the bird, "Crane" or to someone with long legs. Both the modern English version of "Crane" and modern German versions of "Krahn" or "Kranich" are more commonly associated with the tall bird than with a crown and the Old English and Old German translations have become less common.
Notable people with the surname include:
Albert Victor Crane (1923–2003), Western Australian politician
Andy Crane (b. 1964), English radio and television presenter
Arthur G. Crane (1877–1955), American teacher and politician
Barry Crane (1927–1985), American television producer and director and bridge player
Ben Crane (b. 1976), American professional golfer
Bill Crane (1924–2014), Australian rules footballer
Bob Crane (1928–1978), American DJ and actor, played Hogan in the sitcom Hogan's Heroes
Bob Crane (cricketer) (1942–2013), Australian cricketer
Brian Crane, American cartoonist, creator of the Pickles comic strip
Bruce Crane (1857–1937) American tonalist painter
Callum Crane
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banker%27s%20algorithm
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Banker's algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm developed by Edsger Dijkstra that tests for safety by simulating the allocation of predetermined maximum possible amounts of all resources, and then makes an "s-state" check to test for possible deadlock conditions for all other pending activities, before deciding whether allocation should be allowed to continue.
The algorithm was developed in the design process for the THE operating system and originally described (in Dutch) in EWD108. When a new process enters a system, it must declare the maximum number of instances of each resource type that it may ever claim; clearly, that number may not exceed the total number of resources in the system. Also, when a process gets all its requested resources it must return them in a finite amount of time.
Resources
For the Banker's algorithm to work, it needs to know three things:
How much of each resource each process could possibly request ("MAX")
How much of each resource each process is currently holding ("ALLOCATED")
How much of each resource the system currently has available ("AVAILABLE")
Resources may be allocated to a process only if the amount of resources requested is less than or equal to the amount available; otherwise, the process waits until resources are available.
Some of the resources that are tracked in real systems are memory, semaphores and interface access.
The Banker's algorithm derives its name from the fact that this algorithm co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Anthony%20Jefferson
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Richard Anthony Jefferson (born 1956) is an American-born molecular biologist and social entrepreneur who developed the widely used reporter gene system GUS, conducted the world's first biotech crop release, proposed the Hologenome theory of evolution, pioneered Biological Open Source and founded The Lens. He is founder of the social enterprise Cambia and a professor of Biological Innovation at the Queensland University of Technology. In 2003 he was named by Scientific American as one of the world's 50 most influential technologists, and is renowned for his work on making science-enabled innovation more widely accessible. He was profiled in 'Open & Shut: The Basement Interviews', and other major media, including in an Economist Feature 'Grassroots Innovator' in 2001.
Education
Born in Santa Cruz, California, Jefferson studied at the University of California, Santa Barbara at the College of Creative Studies, and obtained his BA (Molecular Genetics) in 1978. He then moved to the University of Colorado Boulder for his Ph.D., where he first developed the GUS reporter system, isolating, sequencing and characterizing the first microbial glucuronidase, and creating transgenic technology for Caenorhabditis elegans
Career
As a postdoctoral researcher he worked at the Plant Breeding Institute in Cambridge, England: there he adapted the GUS assay for the use in plants. His GUS system was a breakthrough in plant molecular sciences, useful for the development of efficient transfor
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