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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%20isotherm
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The Gibbs adsorption isotherm for multicomponent systems is an equation used to relate the changes in concentration of a component in contact with a surface with changes in the surface tension, which results in a corresponding change in surface energy. For a binary system, the Gibbs adsorption equation in terms of surface excess is:
where
is the surface tension,
i is the surface excess concentration of component i,
i is the chemical potential of component i.
Adsorption
Different influences at the interface may cause changes in the composition of the near-surface layer. Substances may either accumulate near the surface or, conversely, move into the bulk. The movement of the molecules characterizes the phenomena of adsorption. Adsorption influences changes in surface tension and colloid stability. Adsorption layers at the surface of a liquid dispersion medium may affect the interactions of the dispersed particles in the media and consequently these layers may play crucial role in colloid stability The adsorption of molecules of liquid phase at an interface occurs when this liquid phase is in contact with other immiscible phases that may be gas, liquid, or solid
Conceptual explanation of equation
Surface tension describes how difficult it is to extend the area of a surface (by stretching or distorting it). If surface tension is high, there is a large free energy required to increase the surface area, so the surface will tend to contract and hold together like a rubber
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidogenic%20acute%20regulatory%20protein
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The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, commonly referred to as StAR (STARD1), is a transport protein that regulates cholesterol transfer within the mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in the production of steroid hormones. It is primarily present in steroid-producing cells, including theca cells and luteal cells in the ovary, Leydig cells in the testis and cell types in the adrenal cortex.
Function
Cholesterol needs to be transferred from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner membrane where cytochrome P450scc enzyme (CYP11A1) cleaves the cholesterol side chain, which is the first enzymatic step in all steroid synthesis. The aqueous phase between these two membranes cannot be crossed by the lipophilic cholesterol, unless certain proteins assist in this process. A number of proteins have historically been proposed to facilitate this transfer including: sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2), steroidogenic activator polypeptide (SAP), peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR or translocator protein, TSPO), and StAR. It is now clear that this process is primarily mediated by the action of StAR.
The mechanism by which StAR causes cholesterol movement remains unclear as it appears to act from the outside of the mitochondria and its entry into the mitochondria ends its function. Various hypotheses have been advanced. Some involve StAR transferring cholesterol itself like a shuttle. While StAR may bind cholesterol itself, the exorbitant number of cholesterol molec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence%20kinetic%20energy
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In fluid dynamics, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is the mean kinetic energy per unit mass associated with eddies in turbulent flow. Physically, the turbulence kinetic energy is characterised by measured root-mean-square (RMS) velocity fluctuations. In the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes equations, the turbulence kinetic energy can be calculated based on the closure method, i.e. a turbulence model.
Generally, the TKE is defined to be half the sum of the variances (square of standard deviations) of the velocity components:
where the turbulent velocity component is the difference between the instantaneous and the average velocity , whose mean and variance are respectively.
TKE can be produced by fluid shear, friction or buoyancy, or through external forcing at low-frequency eddy scales (integral scale). Turbulence kinetic energy is then transferred down the turbulence energy cascade, and is dissipated by viscous forces at the Kolmogorov scale. This process of production, transport and dissipation can be expressed as:
where:
is the mean-flow material derivative of TKE;
is the turbulence transport of TKE;
is the production of TKE, and
is the TKE dissipation.
Assuming that molecular viscosity is constant, and making the Boussinesq approximation, the TKE equation is:
By examining these phenomena, the turbulence kinetic energy budget for a particular flow can be found.
Computational fluid dynamics
In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), it is impossible to numerica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myerson%E2%80%93Satterthwaite%20theorem
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The Myerson–Satterthwaite theorem is an important result in mechanism design and the economics of asymmetric information, and named for Roger Myerson and Mark Satterthwaite. Informally, the result says that there is no efficient way for two parties to trade a good when they each have secret and probabilistically varying valuations for it, without the risk of forcing one party to trade at a loss.
The Myerson–Satterthwaite theorem is among the most remarkable and universally applicable negative results in economics—a kind of negative mirror to the fundamental theorems of welfare economics. It is, however, much less famous than those results or Arrow's earlier result on the impossibility of satisfactory electoral systems.
Notation
There are two agents: Sally (the seller) and Bob (the buyer). Sally holds an item that is valuable for both her and Bob. Each agent values the item differently: Bob values it as and Sally as . Each agent knows his/her own valuation with certainty, but knows the valuation of the other agent only probabilistically:
For Sally, the value of Bob is represented by a probability density function which is positive in the range . The corresponding cumulative distribution function is .
For Bob, the value of Sally is represented by a probability density function which is positive in the range . The corresponding cumulative distribution function is .
A direct bargaining mechanism is a mechanism which asks each agent to report his/her valuation of the ite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional%20hazards%20model
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Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes, before some event occurs, to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity of time. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate is multiplicative with respect to the hazard rate. For example, taking a drug may halve one's hazard rate for a stroke occurring, or, changing the material from which a manufactured component is constructed may double its hazard rate for failure. Other types of survival models such as accelerated failure time models do not exhibit proportional hazards. The accelerated failure time model describes a situation where the biological or mechanical life history of an event is accelerated (or decelerated).
Background
Survival models can be viewed as consisting of two parts: the underlying baseline hazard function, often denoted , describing how the risk of event per time unit changes over time at baseline levels of covariates; and the effect parameters, describing how the hazard varies in response to explanatory covariates. A typical medical example would include covariates such as treatment assignment, as well as patient characteristics such as age at start of study, gender, and the presence of other diseases at start of study, in order to reduce variability and/or control for confounding.
The proportional hazards condition states that covariates are multiplicatively relate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consistent%20mean%20field%20%28biology%29
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The self-consistent mean field (SCMF) method is an adaptation of mean field theory used in protein structure prediction to determine the optimal amino acid side chain packing given a fixed protein backbone. It is faster but less accurate than dead-end elimination and is generally used in situations where the protein of interest is too large for the problem to be tractable by DEE.
General principles
Like dead-end elimination, the SCMF method explores conformational space by discretizing the dihedral angles of each side chain into a set of rotamers for each position in the protein sequence. The method iteratively develops a probabilistic description of the relative population of each possible rotamer at each position, and the probability of a given structure is defined as a function of the probabilities of its individual rotamer components.
The basic requirements for an effective SCMF implementation are:
A well-defined finite set of discrete independent variables
A precomputed numerical value (considered the "energy") associated with each element in the set of variables, and associated with each binary element pair
An initial probability distribution describing the starting population of each individual rotamer
A way of updating rotamer energies and probabilities as a function of the mean-field energy
The process is generally initialized with a uniform probability distribution over the rotamers—that is, if there are rotamers at the position in the protein, then the pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20variational%20inequality
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In mathematics, a differential variational inequality (DVI) is a dynamical system that incorporates ordinary differential equations and variational inequalities or complementarity problems.
DVIs are useful for representing models involving both dynamics and inequality constraints. Examples of such problems include, for example, mechanical impact problems, electrical circuits with ideal diodes, Coulomb friction problems for contacting bodies, and dynamic economic and related problems such as dynamic traffic networks and networks of queues (where the constraints can either be upper limits on queue length or that the queue length cannot become negative). DVIs are related to a number of other concepts including differential inclusions, projected dynamical systems, evolutionary inequalities, and parabolic variational inequalities.
Differential variational inequalities were first formally introduced by Pang and Stewart, whose definition should not be confused with the differential variational inequality used in Aubin and Cellina (1984).
Differential variational inequalities have the form to find such that
for every and almost all t; K a closed convex set, where
Closely associated with DVIs are dynamic/differential complementarity problems: if K is a closed convex cone, then the variational inequality is equivalent to the complementarity problem:
Examples
Mechanical Contact
Consider a rigid ball of radius falling from a height towards a table. Assume that the for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallium%20azide
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Thallium azide, , is a yellow-brown crystalline solid poorly soluble in water. Although it is not nearly as sensitive to shock or friction as lead azide, it can easily be detonated by a flame or spark. It can be stored safely dry in a closed non-metallic container.
Preparation and structure
Thallium azide can be prepared treating an aqueous solution of thallium(I) sulfate with sodium azide. Thallium azide will precipitate; the yield can be maximized by cooling.
, , , and adopt the same structures. The azide is bound to eight cations in an eclipsed orientation. The cations are bound to eight terminal N centers.
Safety
All thallium compounds are poisonous and should be handled with care; avoid breathing any dust or fumes.
References
Thallium(I) compounds
Azides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNT
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RNT may refer to:
Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne, state broadcaster of Chad
Renton Municipal Airport, Washington, US
ISP member of Interlan Romanian Internet Exchange
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4%20of%20the%20Valley%20of%20the%20Wind%20%28manga%29
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is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hayao Miyazaki. It tells the story of Nausicaä, a princess of a small kingdom on a post-apocalyptic Earth with a toxic ecosystem, who becomes involved in a war between kingdoms while an environmental disaster threatens humankind.
Prior to creating Nausicaä, Miyazaki had worked as an animator for Toei Animation, Nippon Animation and Tokyo Movie Shinsha (TMS), the latter for whom he had directed his feature film debut, Lupin III: The Castle of Cagliostro (1979). After working on an aborted adaptation of Richard Corben's Rowlf for TMS and the publishing firm Tokuma Shoten, he agreed to create a manga series for Tokuma's monthly magazine Animage, initially on the condition that it would not be adapted into a film. The development of Nausicaä was influenced by the Japanese Heian period tale The Lady who Loved Insects, a similarly-named character from Homer's Odyssey and the Minamata Bay mercury pollution. The setting and visual style of the manga was influenced by Mœbius. It was serialized intermittently in Animage from February 1982 to March 1994 and the individual chapters were collected and published by Tokuma Shoten in seven tankōbon volumes. It was serialized with an English translation in North America by Viz Media from 1988 to 1996 as a series of 27 comic book issues and has been published in collected form multiple times.
Since its initial serialization, Nausicaä has become a commercial success, particularly in Japan,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycin%20A
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Hypoglycin A is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative found in the unripened fruit of the Ackee tree (Blighia sapida) and in the seeds of the box elder tree (Acer negundo). It is toxic if ingested, and is the causative agent of Jamaican vomiting sickness. A 2017 Lancet report established a link between the consumption of unripened lychees (containing hypoglycin A or methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG)) resulting in hypoglycaemia and death from acute toxic encephalopathy.
Sources
The entirety of the unripe Ackee fruit is toxic and contains large amounts of hypoglycin. The fruit is safe to eat only when the fruit is allowed to fully open and expose the large black seeds while on the tree. The levels of the toxin decrease over time though from approximately 1000 ppm to around 0.1 ppm in the mature fruit.
Relatives of Ackee, including lychee, longan, and rambutan, can contain enough α-(methylenecyclopropyl)glycine, a homologue of hypoglycin A, in their fruit to cause hypoglycemic encephalopathy in undernourished children, when consumed in large quantities.
Toxicity
Hypoglycin A is a protoxin, meaning that the molecule is not toxic in itself but is broken down into toxic products when ingested. The branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, that normally converts leucine, isoleucine, or valine into acyl-CoA derivatives, converts Hypoglycin A into highly toxic MCPA-CoA. The FAD cofactor necessary for the beta oxidation of fatty acids associates with the alpha c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20sweep
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In genetics, a selective sweep is the process through which a new beneficial mutation that increases its frequency and becomes fixed (i.e., reaches a frequency of 1) in the population leads to the reduction or elimination of genetic variation among nucleotide sequences that are near the mutation. In selective sweep, positive selection causes the new mutation to reach fixation so quickly that linked alleles can "hitchhike" and also become fixed.
Overview
A selective sweep can occur when a rare or previously non-existing allele that increases the fitness of the carrier (relative to other members of the population) increases rapidly in frequency due to natural selection. As the prevalence of such a beneficial allele increases, genetic variants that happen to be present on the genomic background (the DNA neighborhood) of the beneficial allele will also become more prevalent. This is called genetic hitchhiking. A selective sweep due to a strongly selected allele, which arose on a single genomic background, therefore results in a region of the genome with a large reduction of genetic variation in that chromosome region. The idea that strong positive selection could reduce nearby genetic variation due to hitchhiking was proposed by John Maynard-Smith and John Haigh in 1974.
Not all sweeps reduce genetic variation in the same way. Sweeps can be placed into three main categories:
The "classic selective sweep" or "hard selective sweep" is expected to occur when beneficial mutatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20River%20of%20Time
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The River of Time (1986) is a collection of science fiction short stories by American writer David Brin.
Contents
"The Crystal Spheres" (first published in 1984) (Winner of the Hugo Award in 1985 in the Short Story category)
"The Loom of Thessaly" (first published in 1981)
"The Fourth Vocation of George Gustaf" (first published in 1984)
"Senses Three and Six"
"Toujours Voir"
"A Stage of Memory"
"Just a Hint" (first published in 1980)
"Tank Farm Dynamo" (first published in 1983)
"Thor Meets Captain America"
"Lungfish"
"The River of Time" (first published in 1981 as "Coexistence" in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine)*
Sources, references, external links, quotations
Reception
Dave Langford reviewed The River of Time for White Dwarf #94, and stated that "more conventional but contains some nice genre-mixing: in 'The Loom of Thessaly' the weaving Fates encounter spaceborne weaponry, and 'Thor Meets Captain America' offers a nasty world where Hitler did achieve his dreams of recruiting supernatural aid."
Reviews
Review by Dan Chow (1986) in Locus, #307 August 1986
Review by Don D'Ammassa (1987) in Science Fiction Chronicle, #93 June 1987
Review by Paul Kincaid (1987) in Paperback Inferno, #69
Review by W. Paul Ganley (1987) in Fantasy Mongers Quarterly, #22 Spring 1987
References
1986 short story collections
Short story collections by David Brin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHV
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UHV may refer to:
Ultra-high vacuum, the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about 10−7 pascal
Ultra-high voltage, a classification of overhead power line with an operating voltage of higher than 800 kV
University of Houston–Victoria, a university in Victoria, Texas, US
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20Road
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Death Road may refer to:
Yungas Road, a notoriously treacherous route in Bolivia
Kabul–Behsud Highway, a highway in Afghanistan noted for its frequency of Taliban-related killings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulation%20%28album%29
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Intermodulation is a 1966 jazz album by pianist Bill Evans and jazz guitarist Jim Hall. It is a follow-up to their 1962 collaboration Undercurrent.
Reception
Writing for Allmusic, music critic Michael G. Nastos wrote of the album: "A duet recording between pianist Bill Evans and guitarist Jim Hall is one that should retain high expectations to match melodic and harmonic intimacies with brilliant spontaneous musicianship. Where this recording delivers that supposition is in the details and intricacy with which Evans and Hall work, guided by simple framings of standard songs made into personal statements that include no small amounts of innovation... At only 32 and a half minutes, it's disappointing there are no bonus tracks and/or additional material for a CD-length reissue, but Intermodulation still remains a precious set of music from these two great modern jazz musicians."
Track listing
"I've Got You Under My Skin" (Cole Porter) – 3:24
"My Man's Gone Now" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, DuBose Heyward) – 6:46
"Turn Out the Stars" (Bill Evans) – 7:37
"Angel Face" (Joe Zawinul) – 6:37
"Jazz Samba" (Claus Ogerman) – 3:10
"All Across the City" (Jim Hall) – 4:48
Tracks 3 and 6 recorded on April 7, 1966; the rest recorded on May 10, 1966.
Personnel
Bill Evans – piano
Jim Hall – guitar
References
External links
Jazz Discography entries for Bill Evans
Bill Evans Memorial Library discography
1966 albums
Bill Evans albums
Jim Hall (musician) albums
Albums produced by Creed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet%20%28software%20project%29
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MALLET is a Java "Machine Learning for Language Toolkit".
Description
MALLET is an integrated collection of Java code useful for statistical natural language processing, document classification, cluster analysis, information extraction, topic modeling and other machine learning applications to text.
History
MALLET was developed primarily by Andrew McCallum, of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, with assistance from graduate students and faculty from both UMASS and the University of Pennsylvania.
See also
External links
Official website of the project at the University of Massachusetts Amherst
The Topic Modeling Tool is an independently developed GUI that outputs MALLET results in CSV and HTML files
Free artificial intelligence applications
Natural language processing toolkits
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Java (programming language) libraries
Data mining and machine learning software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20EW%20class%20locomotive
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The New Zealand EW class locomotive was a type of electric locomotive used in Wellington, New Zealand. The classification "EW" was due to their being electric locomotives allocated to Wellington. For two decades until the advent of the DX class they were the most powerful locomotives in New Zealand.
Introduction
The EW class were ordered by New Zealand Railways from English Electric through their New Zealand agents Cory-Wright & Salmon in 1951 as a replacement for the earlier ED class electric locomotives on passenger duties. It was felt that the ED class was not suitable for this, and so English Electric was commissioned to build a twin-section articulated electric locomotive for use on the Wellington 1.5 kV DC electrified system.
The new EW class was the first locomotive class in New Zealand to utilise the Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement, which would subsequently be used on the Mitsubishi DJ class and Brush EF class locomotives. However, the EW class was different in that the central Jacobs bogie was placed under the articulation of the two body halves with limited side play, whereas the DJ and EF classes have a single fixed body with side play in the central bogie.
It was intended that the EW class would work on all trains in the Wellington area, as well as banking trains between Paekākāriki and Pukerua Bay.
Service
The EW class predominantly worked on passenger trains, particularly on suburban trains to the Hutt Valley and Paekākāriki. They also ran in regular service ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMCC
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AMCC is a four-letter abbreviation which may refer to:
Applied Micro Circuits Corporation, a semiconductor company
Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference, an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA's Division III
Al-Madinah Cultural Center, a non-profit cultural student organization at the University of Minnesota
Aviators Model Code of Conduct, a publication and project providing voluntary flight safety guidance
Amikom Computer Club, the computer organization in STMIK Amikom Yogyakarta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCD
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ACCD may refer to:
accD, the beta subunit of the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme
Austin Community College District
American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities
Art Center College of Design
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPPP
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UPPP may refer to:
Undecaprenyl-diphosphatase, an enzyme
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, a surgical procedure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper%20of%20the%20Bees%20%281947%20film%29
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Keeper of the Bees is a 1947 American drama film directed by John Sturges. It was based on the novel by the same name, written by Gene Stratton Porter. The film was shot over three weeks. Keeper of the Bees (1947) is the third film adaption of the novel The Keeper of the Bees. There have been two previous film adaptations of the novel in 1925 and 1935. The novel was written by Gene Stratton Porter towards the end of her life, and the novel was published posthumously after a car accident. The film Keeper of the Bees was released in theaters on July 10, 1947, but the film seems to have been lost since then. The plot of the third film adaptation was changed greatly compared to the first two film adaptations. When the film was originally released by Columbia Pictures, audiences seemed to enjoy the film.
Plot
An aging apiary owner (bee-keeper) Michael Worthington meets a young ex-painter, Jamie McFarlane, on the road one day and in the process of conversation, attempts to persuade him to end his nomadic lifestyle.
Jamie listens, but considers the "Bee Master's" advice useless. But shortly after, when Michael has a near fatal heart attack; Jamie promises to look after the bees until his return. Shortly after, Worthington is surprised by a twelve-year-old girl who goes by the nick-name - 'Little Scout' who would visit the apiary nearly every day. He discovers that she is an orphan and likewise takes her into his care. In her child like way, she develops a crush on Jamie while
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryll-Nardzewski%20fixed-point%20theorem
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In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Ryll-Nardzewski fixed-point theorem states that if is a normed vector space and is a nonempty convex subset of that is compact under the weak topology, then every group (or equivalently: every semigroup) of affine isometries of has at least one fixed point. (Here, a fixed point of a set of maps is a point that is fixed by each map in the set.)
This theorem was announced by Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski. Later Namioka and Asplund gave a proof based on a different approach. Ryll-Nardzewski himself gave a complete proof in the original spirit.
Applications
The Ryll-Nardzewski theorem yields the existence of a Haar measure on compact groups.
See also
Fixed-point theorems
Fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces
Markov-Kakutani fixed-point theorem - abelian semigroup of continuous affine self-maps on compact convex set in a topological vector space has a fixed point
References
Andrzej Granas and James Dugundji, Fixed Point Theory (2003) Springer-Verlag, New York, .
A proof written by J. Lurie
Fixed-point theorems
Theorems in functional analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DENR
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DENR may refer to:
DENR (gene), human gene which encodes the density regulated re-initiation and release factor protein
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, formerly the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, a predecessor of the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (South Australia)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%20Ecohouse
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Oxford Ecohouse is a house in Oxford designed to maximise energy efficiency. It is equipped with the first photovoltaic cell roof installed in Britain (in 1995). Situated in a suburban street in North Oxford, it was designed by Susan Roaf, a professor at Heriot-Watt University. A six bedroom family home, it produces only 130 kg /annum per metre square, in contrast to comparable UK houses that produce 5000 kg /annum m². It has 4 kW peak of photovoltaic output, 5m² of solar hot water panels and additional heating from a passive solar sun space. It was designed using low energy construction techniques, high thermal mass and a wood-burning stove to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by over 95%. The house has featured in a number of architecture books and is used as a research source in sustainable design.
See also
Energy efficiency in British housing
References
Further reading
Sue Roaf, Manuel Fuentes, Stephanie Thomas - Ecohouse 2 (Architectural Press, 2003)
External links
Oxford Solar Initiative
Buildings and structures in Oxford
Low-energy building in the United Kingdom
Energy conservation in the United Kingdom
Sustainable buildings in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicarbazide
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Semicarbazide is the chemical compound with the formula OC(NH2)(N2H3). It is a water-soluble white solid. It is a derivative of urea.
Synthesis
The compound prepared by treating urea with hydrazine:
OC(NH2)2 + N2H4 → OC(NH2)(N2H3) + NH3
A further reaction can occur to give carbohydrazide:
OC(NH2)(N2H3) + N2H4 → OC(N2H3)2 + NH3
Derivatives
Semicarbazide is frequently reacted with aldehydes and ketones to produce semicarbazones via a condensation reaction. This is an example of imine formation resulting from the reaction of a primary amine with a carbonyl group. The reaction is useful because semicarbazones, like oximes and 2,4-DNPs, typically have high melting points and crystallize, facilitating purification or identification of reaction products.
Properties
Semicarbazide products (semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones) are known to have an activity of antiviral, antiinfective and antineoplastic through binding to copper or iron in cells.
Uses, occurrence, detection
Semicarbazide is used in preparing pharmaceuticals including nitrofuran antibacterials (furazolidone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin) and related compounds. It is also a product of degradations of the blowing agent azodicarbonamide (ADC). Semicarbazide forms in heat-treated flour containing ADC as well as breads made from ADC-treated flour.
Semicarbazide is used as a detection reagent in thin layer chromatography (TLC). Semicarbazide stains α-keto acids on the TLC plate, which can then b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicarbazone
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In organic chemistry, a semicarbazone is a derivative of imines formed by a condensation reaction between a ketone or aldehyde and semicarbazide. They are classified as imine derivatives because they are formed from the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with the terminal -NH2 group of semicarbazide, which behaves very similarly to primary amines.
Formation
For ketones
H2NNHC(=O)NH2 + RC(=O)R → R2C=NNHC(=O)NH2
For aldehydes
H2NNHC(=O)NH2 + RCHO → RCH=NNHC(=O)NH2
For example, the semicarbazone of acetone would have the structure (CH3)2C=NNHC(=O)NH2.
Properties and uses
Some semicarbazones, such as nitrofurazone, and thiosemicarbazones are known to have anti-viral and anti-cancer activity, usually mediated through binding to copper or iron in cells. Many semicarbazones are crystalline solids, useful for the identification of the parent aldehydes/ketones by melting point analysis.
A thiosemicarbazone is an analog of a semicarbazone which contains a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom.
See also
Carbazone
Carbazide
Thiosemicarbazone
References
External links
Compounds Containing a N-CO-N-N or More Complex Group
Functional groups
Semicarbazones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist%20film
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Postmodernist film is a classification for works that articulate the themes and ideas of postmodernism through the medium of cinema. Some of the goals of postmodernist film are to subvert the mainstream conventions of narrative structure and characterization, and to test the audience's suspension of disbelief. Typically, such films also break down the cultural divide between high and low art and often upend typical portrayals of gender, race, class, genre, and time with the goal of creating something that does not abide by traditional narrative expression.
Specific elements
Modernist film came to maturity in the era between WWI and WWII with characteristics such as montage and symbolic imagery, and often took the form of expressionist cinema and surrealist cinema (as seen in the works of Fritz Lang and Luis Buñuel) while postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to the modernist works and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst). Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness. Modernist cinema questions and made visible the meaning-production practices of film." The auteur theory and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision was a cultural advancement that coincided with the further maturation of modernist cinema. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its refere
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Australian%20Lacrosse%20League%20season
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Results and statistics for the Australian Lacrosse League season of 2006.
Game 15
Friday, 20 October 2006, Perth, Western Australia
Goalscorers:
WA: Nathan Rainey 4-1, Adam Sear 4-1, Alex Brown 2-1, Travis Roost 2, Jason Battaglia 1, Adam Delfs 1, Jesse Stack 0-1.
SA: Ryan Gaspari 2-1, Anson Carter 2.
Game 16
Saturday, 21 October 2006, Perth, Western Australia
Goalscorers:
WA: Alex Brown 4-1, Adam Delfs 3, Adam Sear 3, Nathan Rainey 2, Russell Brown 1-1, Jason Battaglia 1, Travis Roost 1, Jesse Stack 1, Glen Morley 0-1, James Watson-Galbraith 0-1.
SA: Anson Carter 5, Shane Gilbert 1, Brendan Twiggs 1, Nigel Wapper 1.
Game 17
Friday, 27 October 2006, Melbourne, Victoria
Goalscorers:
Vic: Ben Newman 2-1, Robbie Stark 2, Damian Arnell 1, Clinton Lander 1, Aaron Onafretchook 1, Tristan Tomasino 1, Marty Hyde 0-1.
WA: Brad Goddard 2-1, Nathan Roost 2, Adam Sear 1, Jesse Stack 1, Russell Brown 0-1, Adam Delfs 0-1, James Watson-Galbraith 0-1.
Game 18
Saturday, 28 October 2006, Melbourne, Victoria
Goalscorers:
Vic: Adam Townley 3, Aaron Onafretchook 2-1, Clinton Lander 2, Robert Chamberlain 1-5, Marty Hyde 1-1, Robbie Stark 1-1, Josh Naughton 1.
WA: Adam Sear 3, Russell Brown 1-1, Alex Brown 1, Adam Delfs 1, Brad Goddard 0-1.
Game 19
Friday, 3 November 2006, Adelaide, South Australia
Goalscorers:
SA: Anson Carter 2, Nigel Wapper 2, Ryan Gaspari 1-1, Shane Gilbert 1, Philip McConnell 0-1, knocked-in 1.
Vic: Robert Chamberlain 2-1, Adam Townley 2-1, Clinton Lander 2, Rob
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20reliability
|
The term data reliability may refer to:
Reliability (statistics), the overall consistency of a measure
Data integrity, the maintenance of, and the assurance of the accuracy and consistency of, data over its entire life-cycle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20reflection%20group
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In mathematics, a complex reflection group is a finite group acting on a finite-dimensional complex vector space that is generated by complex reflections: non-trivial elements that fix a complex hyperplane pointwise.
Complex reflection groups arise in the study of the invariant theory of polynomial rings. In the mid-20th century, they were completely classified in work of Shephard and Todd. Special cases include the symmetric group of permutations, the dihedral groups, and more generally all finite real reflection groups (the Coxeter groups or Weyl groups, including the symmetry groups of regular polyhedra).
Definition
A (complex) reflection r (sometimes also called pseudo reflection or unitary reflection) of a finite-dimensional complex vector space V is an element of finite order that fixes a complex hyperplane pointwise, that is, the fixed-space has codimension 1.
A (finite) complex reflection group is a finite subgroup of that is generated by reflections.
Properties
Any real reflection group becomes a complex reflection group if we extend the scalars from
R to C. In particular, all finite Coxeter groups or Weyl groups give examples of complex reflection groups.
A complex reflection group W is irreducible if the only W-invariant proper subspace of the corresponding vector space is the origin. In this case, the dimension of the vector space is called the rank of W.
The Coxeter number of an irreducible complex reflection group W of rank is defined as where
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromodeoxyuridine
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Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, BrdU, BUdR, BrdUrd, broxuridine) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with a chemical structure similar to thymidine. BrdU is commonly used to study cell proliferation in living tissues and has been studied as a radiosensitizer and diagnostic tool in people with cancer.
During the S phase of the cell cycle (when DNA replication occurs), BrdU can be incorporated in place of thymidine in newly synthesized DNA molecules of dividing cells. Cells that have recently performed DNA replication or DNA repair can be detected with antibodies specific for BrdU using techniques such as immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. BrdU-labelled cells in humans can be detected up to two years after BrdU infusion.
Because BrdU can replace thymidine during DNA replication, it can cause mutations, and its use is therefore potentially a health hazard. However, because it is neither radioactive nor myelotoxic at labeling concentrations, it is widely preferred for in vivo studies of cancer cell proliferation. However, at radiosensitizing concentrations, BrdU becomes myelosuppressive, thus limiting its use for radiosensitizing.
BrdU differs from thymidine in that BrdU substitutes a bromine atom for thymidine's CH3 group. The Br substitution can be used in X-ray diffraction experiments in crystals containing either DNA or RNA. The Br atom acts as an anomalous scatterer and its larger size will affect the crystal's X-ray diffraction enough to detect iso
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroidal%20wave%20equation
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In mathematics, the spheroidal wave equation is given by
It is a generalization of the Mathieu differential equation.
If is a solution to this equation and we define , then is a prolate spheroidal wave function in the sense that it satisfies the equation
See also
Wave equation
References
Bibliography
M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical function (US Gov. Printing Office, Washington DC, 1964)
H. Bateman, Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics (Dover Publications, New York, 1944)
Ordinary differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaraswamy%20%28disambiguation%29
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Kumaraswamy or Kumaraswami is a given name for a male South Indians. It may also refer to:
Kumaraswamy distribution, a distribution form related to probability theory and statistics
Murugan, also called Kumaraswami, most popular Hindu deity amongst Tamils of Tamil Nadu state in India
Kumaraswamy Layout, a residential locality in southern Bangalore, India
See also
Coomaraswamy (disambiguation)
Kumarasamy (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl%20Authority
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Girl Authority was an American cover pop girl group. The group consisted of nine girls, at the time, ranging in ages 8 to 13; Jacqueline Laviolette, Carly Grayson, Jessica "Jess" Bonner, Crystal Evans, Kate Barker, Zoë Virant, Jessica Tarr, Gina Miele and Alexandra "Alex" Bilbo. The group was established in the summer of 2005 by the group's vocal coach/executive producer Samantha Hammel, Scott Billington (a Grammy award-winning producer) and the CEO of Rounder Records, John Virant, the father of Zoe, one of the members of Girl Authority. Based on the oldest girls graduating high school; in the summer of 2010, the girls contracts with Rounder Records ceased, and the band officially retired. Currently, the majority of the group members are attending or just graduating college. All of these girls are still close friends and get together for reunions.
All of the girls participated in local musical theater together for five years before joining the group. Each member of the group had a persona during their time in the group; Laviolette was All-Star Girl, Grayson was Glamour Girl, Bonner was Boho Girl, Evans was Country Girl, Barker was Party Girl, Virant was Preppy Girl, Tarr was Rock N' Roll Girl, Miele was Urban Girl, and Bilbo was Fashion Girl.
Girl Authority's self-titled album was released on the Zoë Records label in April 2006. The album reached #9 on Billboard's Top Kid Audio chart and #17 on the Top Heatseekers chart. On the album, the girls recorded past songs such as M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Orton
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David E. Orton (born 1955) is an American engineering executive and the CEO of GEO Semiconductor Inc.
Orton earned a BS in mathematics and economics at Wake Forest University, and a MS in electrical engineering from Duke University. He worked in the graphics and semiconductor industry as an engineer at Bell Laboratories in 1979 to 1983 and then General Electric through December 1988. He joined Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 1990, and was senior vice president of visual computing and advanced systems through 1999. In 1996 SGI bought Cray Research and Orton had to deal with merging the companies' overlapping technologies.
Orton joined ATI Technologies as a result of an acquisition of ArtX in April 2000, where he was president and CEO. ATI posted losses after the dot-com bubble collapsed, although losses were reduced by June 2001.
He was named CEO of ATI in March 2004.
Though ATI's principal location was in Markham, Ontario, Canada, Orton spent a portion of his time in California where he resided.
After the announced merger of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) with ATI on July 24, 2006, as ATI Technologies became a subsidiary of AMD, Orton became an executive vice-president of AMD, reporting to AMD CEO Hector Ruiz and COO Dirk Meyer. On July 10, 2007, AMD announced the resignation of Orton as executive vice president. One trade journalist rated Orton as the top of the "CEOs that went in 2007".
From 2007 to 2009, he served as CEO of the startup DSM Solutions. On July 15, 2009, Orton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20King
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Crystal King may refer to:
Crystal King, a Japanese rock band active since 1979, known for performing the original theme song for the anime television series Fist of the North Star
A fictional character in Paper Mario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead%20%28Dungeons%20%26%20Dragons%29
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In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the undead are a broad classification of monsters that can be encountered by player characters. Undead creatures are most often once-living creatures, which have been animated by spiritual or supernatural forces. They range from mindless remnants of corpses such as skeletons and zombies to highly intelligent creatures like vampires and liches, but in whatever form they take they are typically malevolent and threatening. Like most Dungeons & Dragons monsters, the various kinds of undead creatures are "drawn from classical, medieval, and fictional sources", and have in turn influenced the use of these kinds of monsters in other games.
History
The word was "undead" first popularized by Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula, referring to the vampire, and "over time its attendant meaning has broadened to encompass all manner of creatures seen to be conceptually related, such as zombies or ghosts". The modern development of the undead as "a very specific type of monster, with solidly established traits" has been credited to the use of these creatures in role-playing games, "which necessitate clarification of otherwise intangible ideas as a requirement of game mechanics". As one analysis notes:
Undead creatures have been part of the game since its earliest forms. The skeleton and the zombie, for example, were among the first monsters introduced in the earliest edition of the game, in the Dungeons & Dragons "white box" set (1974), whe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalopilitic
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Hyalopilitic is a textural term used in petrographic classification of volcanic rocks. Specifically, hyalopilitic refers to a volcanic rock groundmass, which is visible only under magnification with a petrographic microscope, that contains a mixture of very fine-grained mineral crystals either mixed with natural volcanic glass, or surrounded by thin bands of volcanic glass.
See also
List of rock textures
Rock microstructure
Obsidian
Igneous petrology
Volcanic rocks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Wars
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Gene Wars may refer to:
The Gene Wars universe, a science fiction and fantasy universe developed by C. J. Cherryh
The science fiction short story "Gene Wars" by Paul J. McAuley
Genewars, a Bullfrog Productions strategy game from 1996
Ethnic bioweapon, a weapon that harms people having certain genes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiblast
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In amniote embryonic development, the epiblast (also known as the primitive ectoderm) is one of two distinct cell layers arising from the inner cell mass in the mammalian blastocyst, or from the blastula in reptiles and birds, the other layer is the hypoblast. It drives the embryo proper through its differentiation into the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, during gastrulation. The amniotic ectoderm and extraembryonic mesoderm also originate from the epiblast.
The other layer of the inner cell mass, the hypoblast, gives rise to the yolk sac, which in turn gives rise to the chorion.
Discovery of the epiblast
The epiblast was first discovered by Christian Heinrich Pander (1794-1865), a Baltic German biologist and embryologist. With the help of anatomist Ignaz Döllinger (1770–1841) and draftsman Eduard Joseph d'Alton (1772-1840), Pander observed thousands of chicken eggs under a microscope, and ultimately discovered and described the chicken blastoderm and its structures, including the epiblast. He published these findings in Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Hühnchens im Eye. Other early embryologists that studied the epiblast and blastoderm include Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876) and Wilhelm His (1831-1904).
Mammals
In mammalian embryogenesis, differentiation and segregation of cells composing the inner cell mass of the blastocyst yields two distinct layers—the epiblast ("primitive ectoderm") and the hypoblast ("primitive endoderm"). While
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic%20shock
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Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is physiologic dysfunction caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, which causes a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane. Under hypertonic conditions - conditions of high concentrations of either salts, substrates or any solute in the supernatant - water is drawn out of the cells through osmosis. This also inhibits the transport of substrates and cofactors into the cell thus “shocking” the cell. Alternatively, under hypotonic conditions - when concentrations of solutes are low - water enters the cell in large amounts, causing it to swell and either burst or undergo apoptosis.
All organisms have mechanisms to respond to osmotic shock, with sensors and signal transduction networks providing information to the cell about the osmolarity of its surroundings; these signals activate responses to deal with extreme conditions. Cells that have a cell wall tend to be more resistant to osmotic shock because their cell wall enables them to maintain their shape. Although single-celled organisms are more vulnerable to osmotic shock, since they are directly exposed to their environment, cells in large animals such as mammals still suffer these stresses under some conditions. Current research also suggests that osmotic stress in cells and tissues may significantly contribute to many human diseases.
In eukaryotes, calcium acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress. Intracellular calcium levels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20energy%20density%20function
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A strain energy density function or stored energy density function is a scalar-valued function that relates the strain energy density of a material to the deformation gradient.
Equivalently,
where is the (two-point) deformation gradient tensor, is the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor, is the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor,
and is the rotation tensor from the polar decomposition of .
For an anisotropic material, the strain energy density function depends implicitly on reference vectors or tensors (such as the initial orientation of fibers in a composite) that characterize internal material texture. The spatial representation, must further depend explicitly on the polar rotation tensor to provide sufficient information to convect the reference texture vectors or tensors into the spatial configuration.
For an isotropic material, consideration of the principle of material frame indifference leads to the conclusion that the strain energy density function depends only on the invariants of (or, equivalently, the invariants of since both have the same eigenvalues). In other words, the strain energy density function can be expressed uniquely in terms of the principal stretches or in terms of the invariants of the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor or right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor and we have:
For isotropic materials,
with
For linear isotropic materials undergoing small strains, the strain energy density function specializes to
A strain energy de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochoric
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Isochoric may refer to:
cell-transitive, in geometry
isochoric process, a constant volume process in chemistry or thermodynamics
Isochoric model
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%20cell%20shutter
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A Kerr cell shutter is a type of photographic shutter used for very fast shutter speeds down to nanosecond level.
The Kerr Cell consists of a transparent container (A) filled with nitrobenzene (B) with attached electrodes (C and D). A high voltage is passed through the electrodes which causes an electric field perpendicular to the transmitted light beam to be applied.
The cell makes use of the Kerr effect, in which the nitrobenzene becomes birefringent under the influence of the electric field. This allows it to be used as a shutter that can be opened for a very brief amount of time, around 10ns.
Its primary disadvantage was the use of toxic and flammable substances such as nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene. These have now largely been replaced by KTN (potassium tantalate niobate) and barium titanate (BaTiO3).
Speed of Light measurement
The Kerr Cell shutter was used in the 1920-40s to measure the speed of light. A beam of light is timed between an emitter and receiver while passing through a Kerr Cell. When the cell is activated the light beam is diverted and takes a different path to the receiver, this time difference is measured and the speed of light is calculated based on knowledge of the expected return time.
See also
Kerr effect
Rapatronic camera
References
External links
Photographic shutters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos%20Michopoulos
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Nikolaos "Nikos" Michopoulos (; born 20 February 1970) is a former Greek professional football player. During his career he played for PAOK Thessaloniki and Burnley, and a short period to Crystal Palace and Omonia Nicosia. He played as a goalkeeper and was known for his reactions and shot-stopping ability.
Michopoulos began his career at Apollon Larissa. In 1992 he joined PAOK Thessaloniki, and made over 187 appearances for the Greek team, earning himself 15 international caps for Greece in the process. He was brought to Burnley by Stan Ternent as one of three Greeks to sign for the Clarets along with goalkeeper Luigi Cennamo and centre-forward Dimitrios Papadopoulos.
'Nik the Greek' as he became known established himself solidly as a fan-favourite at Turf Moor and became somewhat of a cult-hero. He would make almost 100 appearances for the Clarets, his last being in the farcical 7–2 home defeat to Sheffield Wednesday, when he was carried off injured in the first half and replaced by Marlon Beresford.
Michopoulos would return to his native Greece and become goalkeeping coach at his old club, PAOK, a position he still holds. In pre-season training for the 2005/06 season, Michopoulos was able to meet up with several of his old team-mates when Burnley took on PAOK at a neutral ground.
References
1970 births
Living people
Greek men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
Cypriot First Division players
Super League Greece playe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGF
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PGF may refer to:
Paternal grandfather
Patterson–Gimlin film, purporting to show Bigfoot
IATA code of Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport, France
Placental growth factor, a human gene
Vector graphics language in the PGF/TikZ pair
Precision guided firearm
Probability-generating function
Progressive Graphics File, a file format
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLN
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TLN may refer to:
Toulon-Hyères Airport, France, IATA code
Telelatino, Spanish and Italian cable channel in Canada
Total Living Network, a US religious television network
Thermolysin, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear%20of%20crime
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The fear of crime refers to the fear of being a victim of crime as opposed to the actual probability of being a victim of crime.
The fear of crime, along with fear of the streets and the fear of youth, is said to have been in Western culture for "time immemorial". While fear of crime can be differentiated into public feelings, thoughts and behaviors about the personal risk of criminal victimization, distinctions can also be made between the tendency to see situations as fearful, the actual experience while in those situations, and broader expressions about the cultural and social significance of crime and symbols of crime in people's neighborhoods and in their daily, symbolic lives.
Importantly, feelings, thoughts and behaviors can have a number of functional and dysfunctional effects on individual and group life, depending on actual risk and people's subjective approaches to danger. On a negative side, they can erode public health and psychological well-being; they can alter routine activities and habits; they can contribute to some places turning into 'no-go' areas via a withdrawal from community; and they can drain community cohesion, trust and neighborhood stability. Some degree of emotional response can be healthy: psychologists have long highlighted the fact that some degree of worry can be a problem-solving activity, motivating care and precaution, underlining the distinction between low-level anxieties that motivate caution and counter-productive worries that damage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD154
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CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules. It binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In total CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, α5β1 integrin and integrin αIIbβ3. CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (TFH cells). On TFH cells, CD154 promotes B cell maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface and therefore facilitating cell-cell communication. A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper IgM syndrome. Absence of CD154 also stops the formation of germinal centers and therefore prohibiting antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system.
History
In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154. Seth Lederman, Michael Yellin, and Leonard Chess at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8, that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells and which characterized a 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. Richard Armitage at Immunex cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig. Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang%20in%20Blue
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Gang in Blue is a 1996 American television film co-directed by Melvin Van Peebles and his son, Mario Van Peebles, about a black police officer who discovers a cell of white supremacist vigilantes within his department.
Cast
Mario Van Peebles as Michael Rhodes
Josh Brolin as Keith DeBruler
Melvin Van Peebles as Andre Speier
Cynda Williams as Anita Boyard
Stephen Lang as "Moose" Tavola
J. T. Walsh as Lieutenant William Eyler
Sean McCann as Clute Mirkovich
Zach Grenier as Joe Beckstrem
External links
1996 films
1996 crime drama films
1990s police films
American crime drama films
American police films
1990s English-language films
Films about race and ethnicity
Films directed by Mario Van Peebles
Films directed by Melvin Van Peebles
American vigilante films
Films about corruption in the United States
1990s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffree%20cell
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The Jeffree cell was an early acousto-optic modulator, best known for its use in the Scophony system of mechanical television. It was invented by J.H. Jeffree in 1934, and was a major improvement over the Kerr cell modulators used up to that time by allowing more than 200 times the available modulated light.
Using ultrasonic sound waves travelling perpendicular to the light, the modulator created areas of varying refractive index leading to advancement and retardation of portions of the light wavefront. This led to constructive and destructive interference among the light waves, modulating their intensity.
External links
Scophony system at Early Television website
References
Optical devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scophony
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Scophony was a sophisticated mechanical television system developed in Britain by Scophony Limited. A black and white image was produced by an early form of acousto-optic modulation of a bright light using a piezoelectric crystal and water or other transparent liquid column.
Principle of operation
The light modulator worked as follows. Crystal vibrations at one end of a horizontal water column would cause waves to propagate through the water. The light was passed through this column from the side across the waves as they propagated through the column, via separate horizontal and vertical orientated cylindrical lenses. The vibrations through the water would act as a diffraction grating, the higher the amplitude, the more that the light passing through would be diffracted. The light passed through the water column was then horizontally focussed onto either a slit or narrow optical block, depending on whether positive or negative modulation of the water column was used. The amount of light which would either pass through the slit or go around the block depended on the amplitude of the modulation, thereby causing the light amplitude to be modulated. Following the slit/block, the light would hit the high speed horizontal rotating mirror drum which was synchronised to the propagation of the waves through the water bath, in order that a particular wave in the water bath would appear at a fixed position on the screen, although that wave would actually be moving through the water co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordein
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Hordein is a prolamin glycoprotein, present in barley and some other cereals, together with gliadin and other glycoproteins (such as glutelins) coming under the general name of gluten. Hordeins are found in the endosperm where one of their functions is to act as a storage unit.
In comparison to other proteins, hordeins are less soluble when compared to proteins such as albumin and globulins.
In relation to amino acids, hordeins have a substantial amount of proline and glutamine but lack charged amino acids such as lysine.
Some people are sensitive to hordein due to disorders such as celiac disease or gluten intolerance.
Along with gliadin (the prolamin gluten found in wheat), hordein is present in many foods and also may be found in beer. Hordein is usually the main problem for coeliacs wishing to drink beer.
Coeliacs are able to find specialist breads that are low in hordein, gliadin and other problematic glycoproteins, just as they can find gluten free beer which either uses ingredients that do not contain gluten, or otherwise has the amounts of gliadin or hordein present controlled to stated limits.
References
Gluten
Seed storage proteins
Glycoproteins
de:Gliadin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20Xi%20function
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In mathematics, the Riemann Xi function is a variant of the Riemann zeta function, and is defined so as to have a particularly simple functional equation. The function is named in honour of Bernhard Riemann.
Definition
Riemann's original lower-case "xi"-function, was renamed with an upper-case (Greek letter "Xi") by Edmund Landau. Landau's lower-case ("xi") is defined as
for . Here denotes the Riemann zeta function and is the Gamma function.
The functional equation (or reflection formula) for Landau's is
Riemann's original function, rebaptised upper-case by Landau, satisfies
,
and obeys the functional equation
Both functions are entire and purely real for real arguments.
Values
The general form for positive even integers is
where Bn denotes the n-th Bernoulli number. For example:
Series representations
The function has the series expansion
where
where the sum extends over ρ, the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function, in order of .
This expansion plays a particularly important role in Li's criterion, which states that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to having λn > 0 for all positive n.
Hadamard product
A simple infinite product expansion is
where ρ ranges over the roots of ξ.
To ensure convergence in the expansion, the product should be taken over "matching pairs" of zeroes, i.e., the factors for a pair of zeroes of the form ρ and 1−ρ should be grouped together.
References
Zeta and L-functions
Bernhard Riemann
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasles%27%20theorem
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Chasles' theorem may refer to any of several mathematical results attributed to Michel Chasles (1793–1880):
Chasles' theorem (kinematics), about translation of rigid bodies
Chasles' theorem (gravitation), about gravitational attraction of a spherical shell
Chasles' theorem (geometry), in algebraic geometry about intersections of curves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar%20dance
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Newar Dance (Nepal bhasa:) consists of the whole array of dances that are traditionally performed by Newars.
Classification
The Newar dances can be classified as traditional masked dances, folk dances, and ritual dances.
Traditional masked dances
Lakhey dance
Astamatrika dance
Navadurga dance
Pulukisi dance (elephant dance)
Sawabhakku
Neelbarahi Naach, Bode, Madhyapur Thimi
The Majipa Lakhey dance is a masked dance characterized by vigorous movements and loud music. It is performed by the Ranjitkars of Kathmandu during the Yanya Punhi festival, also known as Indra Jatra, which occurs in September. The dancer and his attendants wander about the streets setting the tone of the festivities. The Gunla Lakhey dance is a similar street performance which tours various parts of the city during Gunla, the tenth month in the Nepal Sambat calendar, which corresponds to August. Almost all Newar settlements have a Lakhey dance troupe.
Folk dances
Jyapu Pyakhan
Tekanpur Pyakhan
Ritual dances
Charya Pyakhan
Gathu Pyakhan
Kumha Pyakhan dance
Daitya Pyakhan
Charya Nritya (Chachaa Pyakhan in Nepal Bhasa) is a Buddhist ritual dance with a history going back more than 1,000 years. It is performed by Newar Buddhist priests known as Bajracharya as part of their esoteric meditation practices and rituals. The dancers represent various deities like the Five Buddhas, Manjusri, Vajrayogini and Tara. The song accompanying the dance opens with a salutation and describes the deity's characte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHOF-FM
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XHOF-FM, also known as Reactor 105.7, is a radio station in Mexico City that plays alternative rock music, and hip hop mainly in English and Spanish. Its broadcast frequency is 105.7 MHz.
XHOF-FM broadcasts in HD.
History
Radio Departamento
The Department of the Federal District (DDF) solicited a permit for a radio station in 1967. However, the station seemed cursed from the beginning. The Department had a hard time procuring the permit; one month after it was issued, the government was still evaluating the technical parameters. Additionally, the original callsign of XEDO-FM had to be changed (in April 1968) when it was discovered that a Michoacán radio station had been using those calls since 1961.
In March 1969, the SCT informed the DDF that the latter still had not complied with the requirements for the construction of the station. "Radio Departamento", however, soon got on track to launch May 1, 1969, from the top floor of the Departamento del Distrito Federal building, with of floor space to work with.
To IMER
In 1983, the Instituto Mexicano de la Radio was created. IMER included all of the stations operated by the executive branch of the federal government, XHOF included. However, it took the SCT until 2005 to transfer the permit of XHOF to IMER, on the fourth request by the latter. From 1992 to 1994, XHOF was operated by Radio S.A. (RASA) under contract. Meanwhile, the station went through various names and formats: Radio Cosmos, Estéreo Joven, Láser FM, Conexi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20vector
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Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism (in vivo) or in cell culture (in vitro). Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their genomes inside the cells they infect. Delivery of genes or other genetic material by a vector is termed transduction and the infected cells are described as transduced. Molecular biologists first harnessed this machinery in the 1970s. Paul Berg used a modified SV40 virus containing DNA from the bacteriophage λ to infect monkey kidney cells maintained in culture.
In addition to their use in molecular biology research, viral vectors are used for gene therapy and the development of vaccines. Vectors can either integrate into a cell's genome or transiently express a gene with non-integrative vectors.
Key properties of a viral vector
Viral Vectors are tailored to their specific applications but generally share a few key properties.
Safety: Although viral vectors are occasionally created from pathogenic viruses, they are modified in such a way as to minimize the risk of handling them. This usually involves the deletion of a part of the viral genome critical for viral replication. Such a virus can efficiently infect cells but, once the infection has taken place, requires a helper virus to provide the missing proteins for production of new virions.
Low toxicity: The viral vector should have a minimal ef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenous%20DNA
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Exogenous DNA is DNA originating outside the organism of concern or study. Exogenous DNA can be found naturally in the form of partially degraded fragments left over from dead cells. These DNA fragments may then become integrated into the chromosomes of nearby bacterial cells to undergo mutagenesis. This process of altering bacteria is known as transformation. Bacteria may also undergo artificial transformation through chemical and biological processes. The introduction of exogenous DNA into eukaryotic cells is known as transfection. Exogenous DNA can also be artificially inserted into the genome, which revolutionized the process of genetic modification in animals. By microinjecting an artificial transgene into the nucleus of an animal embryo, the exogenous DNA is allowed to merge the cell's existing DNA to create a genetically modified, transgenic animal. The creation of transgenic animals also leads into the study of altering sperm cells with exogenous DNA.
History
In 1928, bacteriologist Fredrick Griffith observed exogenous DNA alongside bacterial transformation in the species Streptococcus pneumoniae. In further tests, physician Oswald Avery was able to isolate and confirm that the DNA used in the experiment originated from outside the cell and integrated itself into the cell's genome. Repeated experiments proved exogenous DNA integration was possible in other species of bacteria, prompting studies to extend to mammal cells. The technology for the injection of exogenous
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Bucephalus
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The Crystal Bucephalus is an original novel written by Craig Hinton and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Fifth Doctor, Tegan, Turlough and Kamelion.
Plot
The Crystal Bucephalus is a future restaurant patronised by the highest of society, projected back in time to sample the food and drink of long gone eras. However, when a notorious kingpin is slain in the Bucephalus, the Doctor, Tegan and Turlough are immediately suspected and arrested. In order to prove their innocence, they must find the real perpetrators, and in the process uncover a conspiracy 5000 years in the making.
External links
The Cloister Library - The Crystal Bucephalus
1994 British novels
1994 science fiction novels
Virgin Missing Adventures
Fifth Doctor novels
Novels by Craig Hinton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular%20monoamine%20transporter%201
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Vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) also known as chromaffin granule amine transporter (CGAT) or solute carrier family 18 member 1 (SLC18A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A1 gene. VMAT1 is an integral membrane protein, which is embedded in synaptic vesicles and serves to transfer monoamines, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, between the cytosol and synaptic vesicles. SLC18A1 is an isoform of the vesicular monoamine transporter.
Discovery
The idea that there must be specific transport proteins associated with the uptake of monoamines and acetylcholine into vesicles developed due to the discovery of specific inhibitors which interfered with monoamine neurotransmission and also depleted monoamines in neuroendocrine tissues. VMAT1 and VMAT2 were first identified in rats upon cloning cDNAs for proteins which gave non-amine accumulating recipient cells the ability to sequester monoamines. Subsequently, human VMATs were cloned using human cDNA libraries with the rat homologs as probes, and heterologous-cell amine uptake assays were performed to verify transport properties.
Structure
Across mammalian species, VMATs have been found to be structurally well conserved; VMAT1s have an overall sequence identity exceeding 80%. However, there exists only a 60% sequence identity between the human VMAT1 and VMAT2.
VMAT1 is an acidic glycoprotein with an apparent weight of 40 kDa. Although the crystallographic structure has not yet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density%20lipoprotein%20receptor%20gene%20family
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The low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family codes for a class of structurally related cell surface receptors that fulfill diverse biological functions in different organs, tissues, and cell types. The role that is most commonly associated with this evolutionarily ancient family is cholesterol homeostasis (maintenance of appropriate concentration of cholesterol). In humans, excess cholesterol in the blood is captured by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and removed by the liver via endocytosis of the LDL receptor. Recent evidence indicates that the members of the LDL receptor gene family are active in the cell signalling pathways between specialized cells in many, if not all, multicellular organisms.
There are seven members of the LDLR family in mammals, namely:
LDLR
VLDL receptor (VLDLR)
ApoER2, or LRP8
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4
also known as multiple epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat-containing protein (MEGF7)
LDLR-related protein 1
LDLR-related protein 1b
Megalin.
Human proteins containing this domain
Listed below are human proteins containing low-density lipoprotein receptor domains:
Class A
C6; C7; 8A; 8B; C9; CD320; CFI;
CORIN; DGCR2; HSPG2; LDLR; LDLRAD2; LDLRAD3; LRP1; LRP10;
LRP11; LRP12; LRP1B; LRP2; LRP3; LRP4; LRP5; LRP6;
LRP8; MAMDC4; MFRP; PRSS7; RXFP1; RXFP2; SORL1; SPINT1;
SSPO; ST14; TM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroproteomics
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Neuroproteomics is the study of the protein complexes and species that make up the nervous system. These proteins interact to make the neurons connect in such a way to create the intricacies that nervous system is known for. Neuroproteomics is a complex field that has a long way to go in terms of profiling the entire neuronal proteome. It is a relatively recent field that has many applications in therapy and science.
So far, only small subsets of the neuronal proteome have been mapped, and then only when applied to the proteins involved in the synapse.
History
Origins
The word proteomics was first used in 1994 by Marc Wilkins as the study of “the protein equivalent of a genome”. It is defined as all of the proteins expressed in a biological system under specific physiologic conditions at a certain point in time. It can change with any biochemical alteration, and so it can only be defined under certain conditions. Neuroproteomics is a subset of this field dealing with the complexities and multi-system origin of neurological disease. Neurological function is based on the interactions of many proteins of different origin, and so requires a systematic study of subsystems within its proteomic structure.
Modern times
Neuroproteomics has the difficult task of defining on a molecular level the pathways of consciousness, senses, and self. Neurological disorders are unique in that they do not always exhibit outward symptoms. Defining the disorders becomes difficult and so neu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Dam
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Crystal Dam is a , double-curvature, concrete, thin arch dam located 6 miles downstream from Morrow Point Dam on the Gunnison River in Colorado, United States. Crystal Dam is the newest of the three dams in Curecanti National Recreation Area; construction on the dam was finished in 1976. The dam impounds Crystal Reservoir. Crystal Dam and Reservoir are part of the Bureau of Reclamation's Wayne N. Aspinall Unit of the Colorado River Storage Project, which retains the waters of the Gunnison River and its tributaries for agricultural and municipal use in the American Southwest. The dam's primary purpose is hydroelectric power generation.
Description
Crystal Dam, like the higher Morrow Point Dam farther upstream, is a thin-shell arch dam, primarily planned to generate hydroelectric power. Unlike its upstream companions, excess water spills over the top of the dam through a notched-out, ungated spillway that can create a waterfall in times of overflow. Under normal conditions the river flows through an diameter penstock to the 28 MW turbine. The dam is deep within the Black Canyon of the Gunnison in pre-Cambrian metamorphic rock.
History
Crystal Dam was the last of the three dams in the Aspinall Unit of the Colorado River Storage Project to be completed. Crystal Dam's design and construction lagged behind Morrow Point and Blue Mesa dams. Construction started in 1964 on a materials borrow pit, with construction at the damsite beginning in 1965 for an access road and explorato
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20Micro%20Circuits%20Corporation
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Applied Micro Circuits Corporation (also known as AppliedMicro, AMCC or APM) was a fabless semiconductor company designing network and embedded Power ISA (including a Power ISA license), and server processor ARM (including an ARMv8-A license), optical transport and storage products.
History
In 2004, AMCC bought assets, IP and engineers concerning the PowerPC 400 microprocessors from IBM for $227 million and they now market the processors under their own name. The deal also included access to IBM's SoC design methodology and advanced CMOS process technology.
In 2009, AppliedMicro changed their branding from AMCC to AppliedMicro, but still retain the name "Applied Micro Circuits Corporation" officially.
In 2011, AppliedMicro became the first company to implement the ARMv8-A architecture with its X-Gene Platform. In November 2012 at ARM TechCon, AppliedMicro demonstrated advanced web search capabilities and the ability to handle big data workloads in an Apache Hadoop software environment with the X-Gene Platform using FPGA emulation. A silicon implementation of X-Gene was first exhibited publicly in June 2013.
In April 2016, information about the forthcoming X-Gene 3 server chips was made available. The release schedule was for the second half of 2017. The company projected an improved performance, over the X-Gene 2, that with allow it to better compete with servers using the x86-64 architecture.
In November 2016, MACOM Technology Solutions announced that they would purchas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptidyl%20peptidase-4%20inhibitor
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Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4 inhibitors or gliptins) are a class of oral hypoglycemics that block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). They can be used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2.
The first agent of the class – sitagliptin – was approved by the FDA in 2006.
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, and DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels. The mechanism of DPP-4 inhibitors is to increase incretin levels (GLP-1 and GIP), which inhibit glucagon release, which in turn increases insulin secretion, decreases gastric emptying, and decreases blood glucose levels.
A 2018 meta-analysis found no favorable effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction or stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Examples
Drugs belonging to this class are:
Sitagliptin (FDA approved 2006, marketed by Merck & Co. as Januvia)
Vildagliptin (EU approved 2007, marketed in the EU by Novartis as Galvus)
Saxagliptin (FDA approved in 2009, marketed as Onglyza)
Linagliptin (FDA approved in 2011, marketed as Tradjenta by Eli Lilly and Company and Boehringer Ingelheim)
Gemigliptin (approved in Korea in 2012, marketed by LG Life Sciences) Marketed as Zemiglo
Anagliptin (approved in Japan as Suiny in 2012, marketed by Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd. and Kowa Company, Ltd.)
Teneligliptin (approved in Japan as Tenelia in 2012)
Alogliptin (FDA approved 2013 as Nesina/ Vipidia, marketed by Takeda Pharmaceutical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLDL%20receptor
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The very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a transmembrane lipoprotein receptor of the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. VLDLR shows considerable homology with the members of this lineage. Discovered in 1992 by T. Yamamoto, VLDLR is widely distributed throughout the tissues of the body, including the heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the brain, but is absent from the liver. This receptor has an important role in cholesterol uptake, metabolism of apolipoprotein E-containing triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, and neuronal migration in the developing brain. In humans, VLDLR is encoded by the VLDLR gene. Mutations of this gene may lead to a variety of symptoms and diseases, which include type I lissencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, and atherosclerosis.
Protein structure
VLDLR is a member of the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family, which is entirely composed of type I transmembrane lipoprotein receptors. All members of this family share five highly conserved structural domains: an extracellular N-terminal ligand-binding domain with cysteine-rich repeats (also called ligand-binding repeats), an epidermal growth factor (EGF), an O-linked glycosylation sugar domain, a single transmembrane sequence, and a cytoplasmic domain which contains an NPxY sequence. The NPxY motif functions in signal transduction and the targeting of receptors to coated pits and consists of the sequence Asparagine-Proline-X-Tyrosine, where X can be any amino acid. M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UvrD
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UvrD may refer to:
UvrABC endonuclease, an enzyme
DNA helicase, an enzyme class
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haxe
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Haxe is a high-level cross-platform programming language and compiler that can produce applications and source code for many different computing platforms from one code-base. It is free and open-source software, released under the MIT License. The compiler, written in OCaml, is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2.
Haxe includes a set of features and a standard library supported across all platforms, like numeric data types, strings, arrays, maps, binary, reflection, maths, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), file system and common file formats. Haxe also includes platform-specific API's for each compiler target. Kha, OpenFL and Heaps.io are popular Haxe frameworks that enable creating multi-platform content from one codebase.
Haxe originated with the idea of supporting client-side and server-side programming in one language, and simplifying the communication logic between them. Code written in the Haxe language can be compiled into JavaScript, C++, Java, JVM, PHP, C#, Python, Lua and Node.js. Haxe can also directly compile SWF, HashLink, and NekoVM bytecode and also runs in interpreted mode.
Haxe supports externs (definition files) that can contain type information of existing libraries to describe target-specific interaction in a type-safe manner, like C++ header files can describe the structure of existing object files. This enables to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed Haxe entities. Beside externs, other solut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15%20and%20290%20theorems
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In mathematics, the 15 theorem or Conway–Schneeberger Fifteen Theorem, proved by John H. Conway and W. A. Schneeberger in 1993, states that if a positive definite quadratic form with integer matrix represents all positive integers up to 15, then it represents all positive integers. The proof was complicated, and was never published. Manjul Bhargava found a much simpler proof which was published in 2000.
Bhargava used the occasion of his receiving the 2005 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize to announce that he and Jonathan P. Hanke had cracked Conway's conjecture that a similar theorem holds for integral quadratic forms, with the constant 15 replaced by 290. The proof has since appeared in preprint form.
Details
Suppose is a symmetric matrix with real entries. For any vector with integer components, define
This function is called a quadratic form. We say is positive definite if whenever . If is always an integer, we call the function an integral quadratic form.
We get an integral quadratic form whenever the matrix entries are integers; then is said to have integer matrix. However, will still be an integral quadratic form if the off-diagonal entries are integers divided by 2, while the diagonal entries are integers. For example, x2 + xy + y2 is integral but does not have integral matrix.
A positive integral quadratic form taking all positive integers as values is called universal. The 15 theorem says that a quadratic form with integer matrix is universal if it takes the nu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visio
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Visio may refer to:
Microsoft Visio, diagramming and vector graphics application
Visio Corporation, acquired by Microsoft, developer of Microsoft Visio
Dream vision or visio, a literary device
See also
Visio.M, a research project at the Technical University of Munich to develop concepts to produce electric cars that are efficient, safe, and inexpensive
Vizio, a consumer electronics company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interkinesis
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Interkinesis or interphase II is a period of rest that cells of some species enter during meiosis between meiosis I and meiosis II. No DNA replication occurs during interkinesis; however, replication does occur during the interphase I stage of meiosis (See meiosis I). During interkinesis, the spindles of the first meiotic division disassembles and the microtubules reassemble into two new spindles for the second meiotic division. Interkinesis follows telophase I; however, many plants skip telophase I and interkinesis, going immediately into prophase II. Each chromosome still consists of two chromatids. In this stage other organelle number may also increase.
References
Cellular processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous%20membrane%20of%20the%20soft%20palate
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The mucous membrane of the soft palate is thin, and covered with stratified squamous epithelium on both surfaces, except near the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, where it is columnar and ciliated.
According to Klein, the mucous membrane on the nasal surface of the soft palate in the fetus is covered throughout by columnar ciliated epithelium, which subsequently becomes squamous; some anatomists state that it is covered with columnar ciliated epithelium, except at its free margin, throughout life.
Beneath the mucous membrane on the oral surface of the soft palate is a considerable amount of adenoid tissue.
The palatine glands form a continuous layer on its posterior surface and around the uvula. They are primarily mucus-secreting glands, as opposed to serous or mixed secreting glands.
References
Membrane biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine%20glands
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The palatine glands form a continuous layer on the posterior surface of the mucous membrane of the soft palate and around the uvula. They are pure mucous glands.
References
External links
Glands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20from%20the%20Crystal%20Palace
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Live from the Crystal Palace is the first, and to date only, live album from the Sacramento, California-based band Cake. The album was recorded over a two-night performance at Buck Owens' Crystal Palace in 2005. The album was originally expected to be released in 2006, but a release did not materialize until its release as part of the 8-LP box set released for Record Store Day on April 19, 2014.
History
In a 2001 interview, John McCrea discussed his admiration for the Crystal Palace venue: "I like to play live, but I don't like touring for extended periods of time. We'd prefer to do what Buck Owens does: he has this place called the Crystal Palace in Bakersfield, and everybody comes to visit him, and he plays every Friday and Saturday night. That's our goal, but for now we have to travel."
Live from the Crystal Palace was announced on Cake's website several months before the band's B-Sides and Rarities (2007) album was announced. One track from Crystal Palace, "Mexico", was made available as a free download to members of Cake's mailing list in August 2006. Then, on November 2, 2006, the band announced that Crystal Palace would be delayed until 2007 "due to Cake's strict quality control enforcement."
B-Sides and Rarities was released on October 2, 2007, and Crystal Palace was mentioned very little until a late 2008 interview with Vince DiFiore, who stated that the album was mixed and ready to be released. The band, however, realized that releasing a live album would be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20matrix%20inequality
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In convex optimization, a linear matrix inequality (LMI) is an expression of the form
where
is a real vector,
are symmetric matrices ,
is a generalized inequality meaning is a positive semidefinite matrix belonging to the positive semidefinite cone in the subspace of symmetric matrices .
This linear matrix inequality specifies a convex constraint on y.
Applications
There are efficient numerical methods to determine whether an LMI is feasible (e.g., whether there exists a vector y such that LMI(y) ≥ 0), or to solve a convex optimization problem with LMI constraints.
Many optimization problems in control theory, system identification and signal processing can be formulated using LMIs. Also LMIs find application in Polynomial Sum-Of-Squares. The prototypical primal and dual semidefinite program is a minimization of a real linear function respectively subject to the primal and dual convex cones governing this LMI.
Solving LMIs
A major breakthrough in convex optimization was the introduction of interior-point methods. These methods were developed in a series of papers and became of true interest in the context of LMI problems in the work of Yurii Nesterov and Arkadi Nemirovski.
See also
Semidefinite programming
Spectrahedron
Finsler's lemma
References
Y. Nesterov and A. Nemirovsky, Interior Point Polynomial Methods in Convex Programming. SIAM, 1994.
External links
S. Boyd, L. El Ghaoui, E. Feron, and V. Balakrishnan, Linear Matrix Inequalities in Syst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropomyosin%20receptor%20kinase%20C
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Tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC), also known as NT-3 growth factor receptor, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3, or TrkC tyrosine kinase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTRK3 gene.
TrkC is the high affinity catalytic receptor for the neurotrophin NT-3 (neurotrophin-3). As such, TrkC mediates the multiple effects of this neurotrophic factor, which includes neuronal differentiation and survival.
The TrkC receptor is part of the large family of receptor tyrosine kinases. A "tyrosine kinase" is an enzyme which is capable of adding a phosphate group to the certain tyrosines on target proteins, or "substrates". A receptor tyrosine kinase is a "tyrosine kinase" which is located at the cellular membrane, and is activated by binding of a ligand via its extracellular domain. Other example of tyrosine kinase receptors include the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, the MuSK protein receptor, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, etc. The "substrate" proteins which are phosphorylated by TrkC include PI3 kinase.
Function
TrkC is the high affinity catalytic receptor for the neurotrophin-3 (also known as NTF3 or NT-3). Similar to other NTRK receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases in general, ligand binding induces receptor dimerization followed by trans-autophosphorylation on conserved tyrosine in the intracellular (cytoplasmic) domain of the receptor. These conserved tyrosine serve as docking sites for adaptor proteins that trigger down
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakon
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Rakon Limited is a technology company founded in 1967 that designs and manufactures frequency control products, primarily quartz crystals and temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO), oven controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO) and voltage controlled crystal oscillators (VCXO). Its head office is in Auckland, New Zealand with wholly owned subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and France with joint venture operations in India and China. The company specialises in supplying frequency-control products to the GPS industry.
History
Rakon was founded on 4 April 1967 by Warren Robinson. Robinson had previously operated a business manufacturing marine radios, Marlin Electronics. These marine radios required between 6-12 quartz crystals with each region within New Zealand requiring a different set of frequencies.
The only source for these crystals was the NZPO (New Zealand Post Office), and delivery times were often measured in months, which was an ongoing problem for Robinson in his ability to supply his radios. Warren Robinson realising there was an opportunity to compete with the NZPO sold Marlin Electronics to Autocrat Radio and went on to found Rakon Industries (RIL) a few years later (1967). Initially, the New Zealand government blocked Robinson's application to import crystal manufacturing equipment as they didn't wish there to be undue competition to the post office, however by 1967 Robinson was able to secure an import license for the equipment and started manufactu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20ecosystem
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Marine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems. Marine ecosystems can be divided into many zones depending upon water depth and shoreline features. The oceanic zone is the vast open part of the ocean where animals such as whales, sharks, and tuna live. The benthic zone consists of substrates below water where many invertebrates live. The intertidal zone is the area between high and low tides. Other near-shore (neritic) zones can include mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems, salt marshes, coral reefs, lagoons. In the deep water, hydrothermal vents may occur where chemosynthetic sulfur bacteria form the base of the food web. Marine ecosystems are characterized by the biological community of organisms that they are associated with and their physical environment. Classes of organisms found in marine ecosystems include brown algae, dinoflagellates, corals, cephalopods, echinoderms, and sharks.
Marine ecosystems are important sources of ecosystem services and food and jobs for significant portions of the global population. Human u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Statistician
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The Australian Statistician is the head of the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
On 18 June 1906, the first Statistician of the Commonwealth of Australia was appointed to carry out the provisions of the Census and Statistics Act 1905. Later in the same year the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics was formed (renamed the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1975).
Timothy Augustine Coghlan was offered the position in December 1905, but had to decline due to his obligations to the New South Wales government.
Commonwealth Statisticians
George Handley Knibbs (1906–1921)
Charles Henry Wickens (August 1922 – April 1932, although Lyndhurst Falkiner Giblin was appointed acting Commonwealth Statistician following Wickens' stroke in 1931)
Edward Tannock McPhee (1933–1936)
Sir Roland Wilson (1936–1940; 1946–1951)
Sir Stanley Roy Carver (acting from 1940 to 1946, and again from 1948 to 1951. Formally appointed Commonwealth Statistician from 20 August 1957 to 1961 or 6 February 1962)
Keith Archer (1962–1970)
Jack O'Neill (acting from 1969-1972. Commonwealth Statistician from 1972–1975)
Australian Statisticians
Robert William Cole 1976
Roy James Cameron (1977 – 1985)
Ian Castles (1986 – 1994)
Bill McLennan (1995 – July 2000)
Dennis Trewin (July 2000 – January 2007)
Brian Pink (March 2007 – January 2014)
David Kalisch (December 2014 – December 2019)
David Gruen (December 2019 – present)
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Trewin
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Dennis John Trewin (born 14 August 1946) is an Australian former public servant, who was the Australian Statistician, the head of the Australian Bureau of Statistics, between July 2000 and January 2007.
Trewin joined the ABS in 1966 as a statistics cadet. Between 1992 and 1995 he was the Deputy Government Statistician in Statistics New Zealand and a Deputy Australian Statistician from 1995 to 2000, when he was appointed as the Australian Statistician.
Trewin was the driving force behind the ABS's pioneering 'Measures of Australia's Progress' (MAP), a new system of integrated national progress measurement, linking economic, social, environmental and governance dimensions of progress, a project which gained wide respect among other national statistical offices and helped bring about the OECD's global project, 'Measuring the Progress of Societies'.
He holds other senior appointments in Australia such as non-judicial member of the Australian Electoral Commission and an adjunct professor at Swinburne University. He has held the office of president of the Statistical Society of Australia.
Internationally, in 2005 he completed a term as president of the International Statistical Institute having previously been vice-president and president of the International Association of Survey Statisticians. He is a past editor of the International Statistical Review. He is chairman of the global executive board at the World Bank, chairman of the Asia/Pacific Committee of Statistics, an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement%20%28geology%29
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In geology, basement and crystalline basement are crystalline rocks lying above the mantle and beneath all other rocks and sediments. They are sometimes exposed at the surface, but often they are buried under miles of rock and sediment. The basement rocks lie below a sedimentary platform or cover, or more generally any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin. In the same way, the sediments or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a "cover" or "sedimentary cover".
Crustal rocks are modified several times before they become basement, and these transitions alter their composition.
Continental crust
Basement rock is the thick foundation of ancient, and oldest, metamorphic and igneous rock that forms the crust of continents, often in the form of granite. Basement rock is contrasted to overlying sedimentary rocks which are laid down on top of the basement rocks after the continent was formed, such as sandstone and limestone. The sedimentary rocks which may be deposited on top of the basement usually form a relatively thin veneer, but can be more than thick. The basement rock of the crust can be thick or more. The basement rock can be located under layers of sedimentary rock, or be visible at the surface.
Basement rock is visible, for example, at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, consisting of 1.7- to 2-billion-year-old granite (Zoroaster Granite) and schist (Vishnu Schist). The Vishnu Schist is believed to be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Cup%20and%20Europa%20League%20records%20and%20statistics
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This page details statistics of the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League. Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the UEFA Cup in the 1971–72 season, including qualifying rounds. The UEFA Cup replaced the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in the 1971–72 season, so the Fairs Cup is not considered a UEFA competition, and hence clubs' records in the Fairs Cup are not considered part of their European record.
General performances
By club
A total of 29 clubs have won the tournament since its 1971 inception, with Sevilla being the only team to win it seven times, and only one to win three in a row. A total of fifteen clubs have won the tournament multiple times: the forementioned club, along with Liverpool, Juventus, Inter Milan, Atlético Madrid, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Tottenham Hotspur, Real Madrid, IFK Göteborg, Parma, Feyenoord, Chelsea, Porto and Eintracht Frankfurt. A total of 32 clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament.
Clubs from eleven countries have provided tournament winners. Spanish clubs have been the most successful, winning a total of fourteen titles. Italy and England are second with nine each, while the other multiple-time winners are Germany with seven, Netherlands with four, and Portugal, Sweden and Russia with two each. The only other countries to provide a tournament winner are Belgium, Ukraine, and Turkey. France, Scotland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Austria have all provided losing finalists.
The 1980 UEFA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20hopping
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Channel hopping can refer to:
Channel surfing, switching between television channels
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum, in telecommunications, sending radio signals using different carrier frequencies
Booze cruise, a brief trip across the English Channel from Britain in order to buy cigarettes or alcohol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20signaling
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Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological cell signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling paradigms (such as monoamine neurotransmission) because lipids can freely diffuse through membranes (see osmosis). One consequence of this is that lipid messengers cannot be stored in vesicles prior to release and so are often biosynthesized "on demand" at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate freely in solution but, rather, exist bound to special carrier proteins in serum.
Sphingolipid second messengers
Ceramide
Ceramide (Cer) can be generated by the breakdown of sphingomyelin (SM) by sphingomyelinases (SMases), which are enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphocholine group from the sphingosine backbone. Alternatively, this sphingosine-derived lipid (sphingolipid) can be synthesized from scratch (de novo) by the enzymes serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) and ceramide synthase in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and possibly, in the mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and the perinuclear membranes. Being located in the metabolic hub, ceramide leads to the formation of other sphingolipids, with the C1 hydroxyl (-OH) group as the major site of modification. A sugar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpakwithi%20dialect
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Mpakwithi is an extinct Australian Aboriginal dialect of Queensland.
Classification
Mpakwithi is generally regarded as a dialect of a broader Anguthimri language, which is part of the Northern Paman family.
Phonology
Vowels
is found in only one word.
Mpakwithi has the most vowels of any Australian language, with 16–17. It also is the only Australian language to have nasal vowels.
Consonants
While other Anguthimri dialects and Northern Paman languages have three fricatives, , Mpakwithi has a fourth, . Its origin is uncertain. This is an extremely rare sound in Australian languages.
References
Northern Paman languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20K
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Haplogroup K may refer to:
Haplogroup K (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup K (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20and%20Salt
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Water and Salt is an Italian fairy tale, it can be found in the collection Italian Popular Tales, collected by Thomas Frederick Crane.
In the Aarne-Thompson classification system, Water and Salt is Type 923.
Synopsis
A king with three beautiful daughters asks them how much they love their father.
The eldest says, "I love you as bright as the sunshine."
The second daughter says, "I love you as wide as the ocean."
The youngest says, "Oh father, I love you as much as water and salt."
The father, not satisfied with the youngest daughter's reply, sentences her to death. Her two sisters instead give a small dog and one of the youngest sister's garments to the executioners. They cut off the small dog's tongue, and show the king, saying it was the youngest princess's. In reality, the executioners left her in a cave.
She is found in that cave by a wizard who takes her into his castle across from a palace. Here a King's son falls in love with the Princess, and a match is soon agreed upon. The day before the wedding, they kill and quarter the wizard, and the blood turns the castle into a palace.
On the day of the wedding, the girl passes salt and water to everybody except for the King. When asked why he is not eating, he explains he is not feeling well. After the meal, everyone tells stories.
The king tells the crowd of the daughter he executed. He is devastated, but then the Princess puts on the same dress she had when she told him she loved him as much as water and salt. She t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Beaver
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Space Beaver represents the first published comic book effort by artist Darick Robertson with the help of Gene Sprague and Tibor Sardy. It details the adventures of the title character as he attempts to take down a powerful drug lord.
History
In the summer of 1985, 17-year-old Darick Robertson was just finishing up high school. Already interested in art, he had begun sketching some anthropomorphic characters in comic book pages on typing paper with a pen to pass time during summer school. Michio Okamura, an artist and inker who was working as a security guard at a collection agency Robertson worked for at the time, noticed his work and offered to get his work in as a backup story in Komodo and the Defiants, a cartoon animal comic by small publisher Victory. Robertson began creating 11" X 17" full size inked artwork for the first time, with no training. Before that actually got published, he showed his work to the owner of San Mateo's Peninsula Comics, Tibor Sardy, who was impressed. Sardy, hoping to cash in on the current talking animal black and white comic trend that had launched the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and many copy-cats, began publishing Robertson's work in October 1986 in a black-and-white format as Space Beaver under the label Ten-Buck Comics. While initial sales were high, both the black-and-white comic market boom and the talking-animal comic market boom were both coming to a close. Additionally, the book received a 'D−' rating in Comics Buyer's Guide in 198
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJF
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The initialism SJF might refer to:
Swedish Union of Journalists
Shortest job first or shortest job next, a scheduling algorithm
New Zealand rock band Straitjacket Fits
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W23
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W23 may refer to:
W23 (nuclear artillery shell)
Bayungu language
British NVC community W23, a scrub community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Compound of five octahedra
Hansa-Brandenburg W.23, a German flying boat fighter
Wanderer W23, a vehicle manufactured by Wanderer
Wild Rose Idlewild Airport, in Waushara County, Wisconsin, United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection%20upstream%20splitting%20method
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The Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM) is a numerical method used to solve the advection equation in computational fluid dynamics. It is particularly useful for simulating compressible flows with shocks and discontinuities.
The AUSM is developed as a numerical inviscid flux function for solving a general system of conservation equations. It is based on the upwind concept and was motivated to provide an alternative approach to other upwind methods, such as the Godunov method, flux difference splitting methods by Roe, and Solomon and Osher, flux vector splitting methods by Van Leer, and Steger and Warming.
The AUSM first recognizes that the inviscid flux consist of two physically distinct parts, i.e., convective and pressure fluxes. The former is associated with the flow (advection) speed, while the latter with the acoustic speed; or respectively classified as the linear and nonlinear fields. Currently, the convective and pressure fluxes are formulated using the eigenvalues of the flux Jacobian matrices. The method was originally proposed by Liou and Steffen for the typical compressible aerodynamic flows, and later substantially improved in to yield a more accurate and robust version. To extend its capabilities, it has been further developed in for all speed-regimes and multiphase flow. Its variants have also been proposed.
Features
The Advection Upstream Splitting Method has many features. The main features are:
accurate capturing of shock and contact discontinui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20H
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Haplogroup H may refer to:
Haplogroup H (mtDNA), i.e. human mitochondrial DNA
Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), i.e. human Y-chromosome DNA
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak%20languages
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The Batak languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Batak people in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra and surrounding areas.
Internal classification
The Batak languages can be divided into two main branches, Northern Batak and Southern Batak. Simalungun was long considered an intermediary, but in current classifications it is recognized as part of the Southern branch. Within Northern Batak, a study noted 76% cognate words between Karo and Alas, 81% with Pakpak, 80% with Simalungun, and 30% with Malay (Indonesian). Karo and Toba Batak are mutually unintelligible.
Mandailing, Toba and Angkola are related to each other and mutually intelligible. Karo languages
are mutually intelligible with other Northern Batak languages named Alas – Kluet language's in the southern part of Aceh, and are also partially mutually intelligible with Pakpak and Singkil. Some Pakpak (Dairi) dialect also partially mutually intelligible with Toba languages. Simalungun languages are sometimes partially mutually intelligible with both Northern and Southern Batak, but more comprehensible with other Southern Batak languages (Toba-Angkola-Mandailing). The geographical influences on the Batak languages can be seen in the map in the infobox; Lake Toba separates the Karo (Northern Batak) from direct contact with the Toba (Southern Batak).
Reconstruction
The Batak languages can be shown to descend from a hypothetical common ancestor, Proto-Batak (which in turn originat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw%20languages
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The Izon languages (), otherwise known as the Ịjọ languages, are the languages spoken by the Izon people in southern Nigeria.
Classification
The Ijo languages were traditionally considered a distinct branch of the Niger–Congo family (perhaps along with Defaka in a group called Ijoid). They are notable for their subject–object–verb basic word order, which is otherwise an unusual feature in Niger–Congo, shared only by such distant potential branches as Mande and Dogon. Like Mande and Dogon, Ijoid lacks even traces of the noun class system considered characteristic of Niger–Congo. This motivated Joseph Greenberg, in his initial classification of Niger–Congo, to describe them as having split early from that family. However, owing to the lack of these features, linguist Gerrit Dimmendaal doubts their inclusion in Niger–Congo altogether and considers the Ijoid languages to be an independent family.
The following internal classification is based on Jenewari (1989) and Williamson & Blench (2000).
East
Nkoroo
Kalabari (Bonny/Ibani, Okrika/Kirike)
Bille (Touma, Krikama, Jikeama)
Southeast Ijo
Nembe
Akassa
West (or Central)
Izon
Inland Ijo
Biseni
Akita (Okordia)
Oruma
Blench (2019) moves Southeast Ijo into the West (or Central) branch.
East
Nkoroo
Kalabari (Bonny/Ibani, Okrika/Kirike)
Bille
West (or Central)
Southeast Ijo
Nembe
Akassa
Izon–Inland Ijo
Izon
Inland Ijo
Biseni
Akita (Okordia)
Oruma
Names and locations
Below is a list of Ijaw language names, populations, and locations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast%20growth%20factor%2023
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Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a protein and member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family which participates in the regulation of phosphate in plasma and vitamin D metabolism. In humans it is encoded by the gene. FGF23 decreases reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney. Mutations in FGF23 can lead to its increased activity, resulting in autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets.
Description
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the gene. FGF23 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family which participates in phosphate and vitamin D metabolism and regulation.
Function
FGF23´s main function is to regulate the phosphate concentration in plasma. It does this by decreasing reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney, which means phosphate is excreted in urine. FGF23 is secreted by osteocytes in response to increased calcitriol and phosphate. FGF23 acts on the kidneys by decreasing the expression of NPT2, a sodium-phosphate cotransporter in the proximal tubule.
FGF23 may also suppress 1-alpha-hydroxylase, reducing its ability to activate vitamin D and subsequently impairing calcium absorption.
Genetics
In humans FGF23 is encoded by the gene, which is located on chromosome 12 and is composed of three exons. The gene was identified by its mutations associated with autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets.
Clinical significance
Mutations in FGF23, which render the protein resistant to proteolytic cleavage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20M.%20Early
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James M. Early (July 25, 1922 – January 12, 2004) was an American electrical engineer, best known for his work on transistors and charge-coupled device imagers. He was also known as Jim Early.
Biography
He was born on July 25, 1922, in Syracuse, New York. He received an MSE degree (1948) and his Ph.D. (1951) all from Ohio State University.
The Early effect in bipolar junction transistors is named after Jim Early, who first characterized it and published a paper on it in 1952. The Early effect in bipolar junction transistors is due to an effective decrease in the base width because of the widening of the base-collector depletion region, resulting in an increase in the collector current with an increase in the collector voltage. The same type of length modulation in MOSFETs is also commonly referred to as Early effect.
Early was the first to make a transistor that would oscillate faster than "a thousand megacycles" (1 GHz), circa 1952, for which feat he won a bottle of Scotch whisky from John Robinson Pierce.
He also developed the transistors for America's first commercial communications satellite, the Telstar I. He was elevated to IEEE Fellow.
In the early 1970s, Early led research for Fairchild Semiconductor, where he invented the vertical anti-blooming drain for CCD image sensors.
He died on January 12, 2004, at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System in Palo Alto, California.
References
External links
Memorial page at Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subependymal%20zone
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The subependymal zone (SEZ) is a cell layer below the ependyma in the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is an adult version of the embryonic forebrain germinal zone. This region contains adult neural stem cells, also called neuroepithelial cells, which have the potential to generate new neurons and glial cells. The generation of neurons and glial cells from neuroepithelial cells occurs via neurogenesis and gliogenesis, respectively. In adults, the subependymal zone is also called the subventricular zone, as the ependymal cell layer forms the boundary between the fluid-filled ventricular space and the walls of the lateral ventricles.
Ilias Kazanis at the University of Cambridge compares the subependymal zone to a beating heart which "continuously sends new cells to different areas of the brain: neurons to the olfactory bulbs and glial cells to the cortex and the corpus callosum."
The subependymal zone is a region that may be affected by subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in people with tuberous sclerosis.
References
Cerebrum
Developmental neuroscience
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20R
|
Haplogroup R may refer to:
Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup R (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup
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