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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like%20growth%20factor%201%20receptor
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The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor is a protein found on the surface of human cells. It is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by a hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and by a related hormone called IGF-2. It belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors. This receptor mediates the effects of IGF-1, which is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. IGF-1 plays an important role in growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults – meaning that it can induce hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and other target tissues. Mice lacking the IGF-1 receptor die late in development, and show a dramatic reduction in body mass. This testifies to the strong growth-promoting effect of this receptor.
Structure
Two alpha subunits and two beta subunits make up the IGF-1 receptor. Both the α and β subunits are synthesized from a single mRNA precursor. The precursor is then glycosylated, proteolytically cleaved, and crosslinked by cysteine bonds to form a functional transmembrane αβ chain. The α chains are located extracellularly, while the β subunit spans the membrane and is responsible for intracellular signal transduction upon ligand stimulation. The mature IGF-1R has a molecular weight of approximately 320 kDa.citation? The receptor is a member of a family which consists of the insulin receptor and the IGF-2R (and their respective ligands IGF-1 and IGF-2), along with several IGF-binding proteins.
IG
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerteales
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Huerteales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It is one of the 17 orders that make up the large eudicot group known as the rosids in the APG III system of plant classification. Within the rosids, it is one of the orders in Malvidae, a group formerly known as eurosids II and now known informally as the malvids. This is true whether Malvidae is circumscribed broadly to include eight orders as in APG III, or more narrowly to include only four orders. Huerteales consists of four small families, Petenaeaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Tapisciaceae, and Dipentodontaceae.<ref name="worberg2009">Andreas Worberg, Mac H. Alford, Dietmar Quandt, and Thomas Borsch. 2009. "Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia. Taxon 58(2):468-478.</ref>
Petenaeaceae consists of a single genus and species Petenaea cordata from Southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.
Gerrardinaceae consists of a single genus, Gerrardina. Tapisciaceae has two genera, Tapiscia and Huertea.Dezhu Li, Jie Cai, and Wen Jun. 2008. "Tapisciaceae" page 496. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). Flora of China volume 11. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Until 2006, Dipentodontaceae was treated as consisting of a single genus, Dipentodon. Since that time, some authors have included Perrottetia in Dipentodontaceae, even though no formal revis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentropy%20Partners
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Zentropy Partners is the defunct name for an existing global internet professional services company headquartered in Los Angeles, CA. The company was founded in 1995 with the aim of becoming the global provider of Internet services. For the next several years Zentropy gained recognition for excellence in interactive web-page design, notably developing the "Nesquik pan-European Strategy" which would serve as a model for child-oriented website design in the UK. The company expanded and established as many as 47 offices worldwide with locations in the USA, Europe, and Australia.
By the early 2000s, Zentopy Partners was considered one of the leading website development and e-commerce agencies in Central London, and in 2001 it was both named "New Media Agency of the Year" in the UK. and awarded a gold Clio Award under the category of Interactive Advertising for developing a homepage for the Laramara Foundation.
Name
The name "Zentropy" is a play on the words "Zen" (the doctrine that enlightenment can be obtained through direct intuitive insight) and "Entropy" (a measure of the amount of energy in a system that is available for work). Taken together, "Zentropy" is said to represent a concept of chaos becoming order, then becoming chaos once again.
History
The company was co-founded by Patrick Bradley and Ryan Magnussen in 1995. Started shortly before the internet boom of the late 1990s, from 1995 to 2003, the company designed and developed several large name Internet sites,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20repair-deficiency%20disorder
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A DNA repair-deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to reduced functionality of DNA repair.
DNA repair defects can cause an accelerated aging disease or an increased risk of cancer, or sometimes both.
DNA repair defects and accelerated aging
DNA repair defects are seen in nearly all of the diseases described as accelerated aging disease, in which various tissues, organs or systems of the human body age prematurely. Because the accelerated aging diseases display different aspects of aging, but never every aspect, they are often called segmental progerias by biogerontologists.
Human disorders with accelerated aging
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Bloom syndrome
Cockayne syndrome
Fanconi anemia
Progeria (Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome)
Rothmund–Thomson syndrome
Trichothiodystrophy
Werner syndrome
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Examples
Some examples of DNA repair defects causing progeroid syndromes in humans or mice are shown in Table 1.
DNA repair defects distinguished from "accelerated aging"
Most of the DNA repair deficiency diseases show varying degrees of "accelerated aging" or cancer (often some of both). But elimination of any gene essential for base excision repair kills the embryo—it is too lethal to display symptoms (much less symptoms of cancer or "accelerated aging").
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum display symptoms dominated by vulnerability to cancer, whereas progeria and Werner syndrome show the most features of "accelerated aging". Heredit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid%2011-beta-dehydrogenase%20isozyme%202
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Corticosteroid 11-β-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 also known as 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene.
Function
Corticosteroid 11-β-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 is an NAD+-dependent enzyme expressed in aldosterone-selective epithelial tissues such as the kidney, colon, salivary and sweat glands. HSD211B2 expression is also found in the brainstem in a small, aldosterone-sensitive subset of neurons located in the nucleus of the solitary tract referred to as HSD2 neurons.
In these tissues, HSD11B2 oxidizes the glucocorticoid cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone, thus preventing illicit activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. This protective mechanism is necessary because cortisol circulates at 100- to 1000-fold higher concentrations than aldosterone, and binds with equal affinity to the mineralocorticoid receptor, thereby out-competing aldosterone in cells that do not produce HSD11B2.
This glucocorticoid-inactivating enzyme is also expressed in tissues that do not express the mineralocorticoid receptor, such as the placenta and testis, as well as parts of the developing brain, including the rhombencephalic progenitor cells that proliferate into cerebellar granule cells. In these tissues, HSD11B2 protects cells from the growth-inhibiting and/or pro-apoptotic effects of cortisol, particularly during embryonic development.
Clinical significance
Inhibition of this enzyme, for example by the compound glycyrrhetinic acid en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid%20dehydrogenase%20type%201
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11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, also known as cortisone reductase, is an NADPH-dependent enzyme highly expressed in key metabolic tissues including liver, adipose tissue, and the central nervous system. In these tissues, HSD11B1 reduces cortisone to the active hormone cortisol that activates glucocorticoid receptors. It belongs to the family of short-chain dehydrogenases. It is encoded by the gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the stress hormone cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol can lead to central obesity, and a particular variation in this gene has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance in children. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Clinical significance
11β-HSD1 is inhibited by carbenoxolone, a drug typically used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. Moreover, 18alpha-glycyrrhizic acid from the root of glycyrrhiza glabra was discovered as an inhibitor.
Salicylate downregulates 11β-HSD1 expression in adipose tissue in obese mice and hence may explain why aspirin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea can also potently inhibit this enzyme; green tea is a complex mixture of various phenolics with contents varying with production and processing, and some
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20%28molecular%20biology%29
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In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, the negative-sense strand of DNA is equivalent to the template strand, whereas the positive-sense strand is the non-template strand whose nucleotide sequence is equivalent to the sequence of the mRNA transcript.
DNA sense
Because of the complementary nature of base-pairing between nucleic acid polymers, a double-stranded DNA molecule will be composed of two strands with sequences that are reverse complements of each other. To help molecular biologists specifically identify each strand individually, the two strands are usually differentiated as the "sense" strand and the "antisense" strand. An individual strand of DNA is referred to as positive-sense (also positive (+) or simply sense) if its nucleotide sequence corresponds directly to the sequence of an RNA transcript which is translated or translatable into a sequence of amino acids (provided that any thymine bases in the DNA sequence are replaced with uracil bases in the RNA sequence). The other strand of the double-stranded DNA molecule is referred to as negative-sense (also negative (−) or antisense), and is reverse complementary to both the positive-sense strand and the RNA transcript. It is actually the antisense strand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20alum
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Ammonium aluminium sulfate, also known as ammonium alum or just alum (though there are many different substances also called "alum"), is a white crystalline double sulfate usually encountered as the dodecahydrate, formula (NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2O. It is used in small amounts in a variety of niche applications. The dodecahydrate occurs naturally as the rare mineral tschermigite.
Production and basic properties
Ammonium alum is made from aluminium hydroxide, sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate. It forms a solid solution with potassium alum. Pyrolysis leaves alumina. Such alumina is used in the production of grinding powders and as precursors to synthetic gems.
Uses
Ammonium alum is not a major industrial chemical or a particularly useful laboratory reagent, but it is cheap and effective, which invites many niche applications. It is used in water purification, in vegetable glues, in porcelain cements, in deodorants and in tanning, dyeing and in fireproofing textiles. The pH of the solution resulting from the topical application of ammonium alum with perspiration is typically in the slightly acid range, from 3 to 5.
Ammonium alum is a common ingredient in animal repellent sprays.
References
Aluminium compounds
Ammonium compounds
Sulfates
Double salts
Astringent flavors
E-number additives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni%20%28Ayurveda%29
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Agni in Samskrita means "fire", and according to Ayurveda, Agni happens to be the entity that is responsible for all digestive and metabolic processes in the human beings.
Classification of Agni based on its location
Depending upon the stage of metabolism where a specific Agni is functionally active, Agni has been classified into three sub-classes: 'Jaṭharāgni', 'Bhūtāgni' and 'Dhātvagni'.
Jaṭharāgni
While Jaṭharāgni acts on the food in the digestive tract and converts it into absorbable form, the Bhūtāgni acts after the digested material has been absorbed.
Bhūtāgni
Bhūtāgni is of 5 types. Each of these 5 acts on the 5 primordial constituents of the absorbed food: Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Space. These 5 Bhutagnis transform the substrates into such form that can be assimilated at tissue level.
Dhātvagni
The third class of Agni, the Dhātvagni, acts at the level of tissue metabolism and is helpful in the tissue nourishment tissue metabolism. This is of 7 types based on the kind of tissue that it helps nourishing.
Classification of Agni based on its strength
Further, Ayurveda recognizes four functional states of Agni: Samāgni(regular), Vişamāgni (irregular), Tīkşņāgni(intense), and Mandāgni(weak).
.
Samāgni
Samāgni ensures complete digestion of the food ingested at the proper time without any irregularity. Its activity is neither too intense nor too weak. It is just appropriate and therefore, is ideal too. This results when all Doshas, Vata-Pitta-Kapha are in a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-arginine%20N-methyltransferase
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Histone-arginine N-methyltransferase (, histone protein methylase I, nuclear protein (histone) N-methyltransferase, protein methylase I, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:histone-arginine omega-N-methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:histone-arginine Nomega-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone-arginine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone-Nomega-methyl-arginine
The enzyme forms the Nomega-monomethyl- and Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl.
References
External links
EC 2.1.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase%20D
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Phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4, lipophosphodiesterase II, lecithinase D, choline phosphatase, PLD; systematic name phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase) is an enzyme of the phospholipase superfamily that catalyses the following reaction
a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate
Phospholipases occur widely, and can be found in a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, yeast, plants, animals, and viruses. Phospholipase D's principal substrate is phosphatidylcholine, which it hydrolyzes to produce the signal molecule phosphatidic acid (PA), and soluble choline in a cholesterol dependent process called substrate presentation. Plants contain numerous genes that encode various PLD isoenzymes, with molecular weights ranging from 90 to 125 kDa. Mammalian cells encode two isoforms of phospholipase D: PLD1 and PLD2. Phospholipase D is an important player in many physiological processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, receptor-mediated endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell migration. Through these processes, it has been further implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases: in particular the progression of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, as well as various cancers. PLD may also help set the threshold for sensitivity to anesthesia and mechanical force.
Discovery
PLD-type activity was first reported in 1947 by Donald J. Hanahan and I.L. Chaikoff. It was not until 1975, however, that the hydrolytic mechanism of action was elucidated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol%20phospholipase%20D
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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.50, GPI-PLD, glycoprotein phospholipase D, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase D, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D) is an enzyme with systematic name glycoprotein-phosphatidylinositol phosphatidohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
6-(α-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myoinositol + H2O 6-(α-D-glucosaminyl)-1D-myo-inositol + 3-sn-phosphatidate
This enzyme cleaves proteins from the lipid part of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors.
See also
Phospholipase
References
External links
EC 3.1.4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20nucleotide%20phosphodiesterase
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3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17) are a family of phosphodiesterases. Generally, these enzymes hydrolyze a nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate to a nucleoside 5′-phosphate:
nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5′-phosphate
They thus control the cellular levels of the cyclic second messengers and the rates of their degradation.
Some examples of nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate include:
3′,5′-cyclic AMP
3′,5′-cyclic dAMP
3′,5′-cyclic IMP
3′,5′-cyclic GMP
3′,5′-cyclic CMP
There are 11 distinct phosphodiesterase families (PDE1–PDE11) with a variety in isoforms and splicing having unique three-dimensional structure, kinetic properties, modes of regulation, intracellular localization, cellular expression, and inhibitor sensitivities.
Nomenclature
The systematic name for this enzyme is 3′,5′-cyclic-nucleotide 5'-nucleotidohydrolase. Other names in use include:
PDE,
cyclic 3′,5′-mononucleotide phosphodiesterase,
cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase,
cyclic 3′,5′-phosphodiesterase,
3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase,
3':5'-cyclic nucleotide 5′-nucleotidohydrolase,
3′,5′-cyclonucleotide phosphodiesterase,
3′,5′-cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase,
3′:5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cyclic CMP),
cytidine 3′:5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cyclic CMP),
cyclic 3′,5-nucleotide monophosphate phosphodiesterase,
nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate diesterase, and
nucleoside-3′,5-monophosphate phosp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20I%20site-specific%20deoxyribonuclease
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Type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease (, type I restriction enzyme, deoxyribonuclease (ATP- and S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent), restriction-modification system, deoxyribonuclease (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing), adenosine triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease, ATP-dependent DNase, type 1 site-specific deoxyribonuclease) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates; ATP is simultaneously hydrolysed
They have an absolute requirement for ATP (or dATP) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
See also
Restriction enzyme
References
External links
EC 3.1.21
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease%20I
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Deoxyribonuclease I (usually called DNase I), is an endonuclease of the DNase family coded by the human gene DNASE1.
DNase I is a nuclease that cleaves DNA preferentially at phosphodiester linkages adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide, yielding 5'-phosphate-terminated polynucleotides with a free hydroxyl group on position 3', on average producing tetranucleotides. It acts on single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, and chromatin. In addition to its role as a waste-management endonuclease, it has been suggested to be one of the deoxyribonucleases responsible for DNA fragmentation during apoptosis.
DNase I binds to the cytoskeletal protein actin. It binds actin monomers with very high (sub-nanomolar) affinity and actin polymers with lower affinity. The function of this interaction is unclear. However, since actin-bound DNase I is enzymatically inactive, the DNase-actin complex might be a storage form of DNase I that prevents damage of the genetic information. This protein is stored in the zymogen granules of the nuclear envelope and functions by cleaving DNA in an endonucleolytic manner.
At least six autosomal codominant alleles of the gene DNASE 1 have been characterized, DNASE1*1 through DNASE1*6, and the sequence of DNASE1*2 represented in this record. Mutations in this gene, as well as factor inactivating its enzyme product, have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease. A recombinant form of this protein is used to treat one of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20ligase%20%28NAD%2B%29
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DNA ligase (NAD+) (, polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase (NAD+), polynucleotide ligase (NAD+), DNA repair enzyme, DNA joinase, polynucleotide synthetase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), deoxyribonucleic-joining enzyme, deoxyribonucleic ligase, deoxyribonucleic repair enzyme, deoxyribonucleic joinase, DNA ligase, deoxyribonucleate ligase, polynucleotide ligase, deoxyribonucleic acid ligase, polynucleotide synthetase, deoxyribonucleic acid joinase, DNA-joining enzyme, polynucleotide ligase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)) is an enzyme with systematic name poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming, NMN-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
NAD+ + (deoxyribonucleotide)n + (deoxyribonucleotide)m AMP + beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide + (deoxyribonucleotide)n+m
Catalyses the formation of a phosphodiester at the site of a single-strand break in duplex DNA.
See also
DNA ligase
References
External links
EC 6.5.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorin
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Decorin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCN gene.
Decorin is a proteoglycan that is on average 90 - 140 kilodaltons (kDa) in molecular weight. It belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and consists of a protein core containing leucine repeats with a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain consisting of either chondroitin sulfate (CS) or dermatan sulfate (DS).
Decorin is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan and is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. Decorin and biglycan are thought to be the result of a gene duplication. This protein is a component of connective tissue, binds to type I collagen fibrils, and plays a role in matrix assembly.
Naming
Decorin's name is a derivative of both the fact that it "decorates" collagen type I, and that it interacts with the "d" and "e" bands of fibrils of this collagen.
Function
Decorin appears to influence fibrillogenesis, and also interacts with fibronectin, thrombospondin, the complement component C1q, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta).
Decorin has been shown to either enhance or inhibit the activity of TGF-beta 1. The primary function of decorin involves regulation during the cell cycle.
It has been involved in the regulation of autophagy, of endothelial cell and inhibits angiogenesis. This process is mediated by a high-affinity interaction with VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) which leads to increa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton%20%28disambiguation%29
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An automaton is a self-operating machine.
Automaton may also refer to:
An automaton, an abstract machine in mathematics, computer science, and automata theory, a mathematical model of computer hardware and software
In particular, a finite-state automaton, an automaton limited to a finite state space
Film and TV
Automatons (film), a 2006 film
Music
Automaton (album), Jamiroquai 2017
Automaton (song), a song by Jamiroquai 2017
"Automaton", a song by DJ Robotaki 2017
"Automaton", a song by English indie rock band The Rakes
See also
Automat (disambiguation)
Automata (disambiguation)
Automation (disambiguation)
Other uses
Automaton Media, a gaming website operated by Active Gaming Media.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Amylase
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β-Amylase (, saccharogen amylase, glycogenase) is an enzyme with the systematic name 4-α-D-glucan maltohydrolase. It catalyses the following reaction:
Hydrolysis of (1→4)-α-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains
This enzyme acts on starch, glycogen and related polysaccharides and oligosaccharides producing beta-maltose by an inversion. Beta-amylase is found in bacteria, fungi, and plants; bacteria and cereal sources are the most heat stable. Working from the non-reducing end, β-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit.
β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to seed germination. Many microbes also produce amylase to degrade extracellular starches. Animal tissues do not contain β-amylase, although it may be present in microorganisms contained within the digestive tract. The optimum pH for β-amylase is 4.0–5.0 They belong to Glycoside hydrolase family 14.
See also
Amylase
Alpha-amylase
References
Further reading
External links
"Amylase, Alpha" , I.U.B.: 3.2.1.11,4-α-D-Glucan glucanohydrolase. "Amylase, Alpha" , I.U.B.: 3.2.1.11,4-α-D-Glucan glucanohydrolase.
External links
EC 3.2.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin%20receptor
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Melanocortin receptors are members of the rhodopsin family of 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors.
There are five known members of the melanocortin receptor system each with differing specificities for melanocortins:
. MC1R is associated with pigmentation genetics.
. MC2R is also known as the ACTH receptor or corticotropin receptor because it is specific for ACTH alone.
. MC3R is associated with childhood growth, accrual of lean mass and onset of puberty.
. Defects in MC4R are a cause of autosomal dominant obesity, accounting for 6% of all cases of early-onset obesity.
. MC5R
These receptors are inhibited by endogenous inverse agonists agouti signalling peptide and agouti-related peptide, and activated by synthetic (i.e. afamelanotide) and endogenous agonist melanocyte-stimulating hormones.
Selective ligands
Several selective ligands for the melanocortin receptors are known, and some synthetic compounds have been investigated as potential tanning, anti-obesity and aphrodisiac drugs, with tanning effects mainly from stimulation of MC1, while anorectic and aphrodisiac effects appear to involve both MC3 and MC4. MC1, MC3 and MC4 are widely expressed in the brain, and are also thought to be responsible for effects on mood and cognition.
Agonists
Non-selective
α-MSH
β-MSH
γ-MSH
Afamelanotide
Bremelanotide
Melanotan II
Modimelanotide
Setmelanotide
MC1-selective
BMS-470,539
MC4-selective
PF-00446687
PL-6983
THIQ
Unknown (but for certain MC2-acting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-signaling%20protein
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Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. It is responsible for the distribution of melanin pigment in mammals. Agouti interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine whether the melanocyte (pigment cell) produces phaeomelanin (a red to yellow pigment), or eumelanin (a brown to black pigment). This interaction is responsible for making distinct light and dark bands in the hairs of animals such as the agouti, which the gene is named after. In other species such as horses, agouti signalling is responsible for determining which parts of the body will be red or black. Mice with wildtype agouti will be grey, with each hair being partly yellow and partly black. Loss of function mutations in mice and other species cause black fur coloration, while mutations causing expression throughout the whole body in mice cause yellow fur and obesity.
The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is a competitive antagonist with alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to bind with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) proteins. Activation by α-MSH causes production of the darker eumelanin, while activation by ASIP causes production of the redder phaeomelanin. This means where and while agouti is being expressed, the part of the hair that is growing will come out yellow rather than black.
Function
In mice, the agouti gene encodes a paracrine signalling molecule that causes hair follicle melanocytes to synthesize the yellow pigment pheomelanin instead of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proglucagon
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Proglucagon is a protein that is cleaved from preproglucagon. Preproglucagon in humans is encoded by the GCG gene.
Proglucagon is a precursor of glucagon, and several other components. It is generated in the alpha cells of the pancreas and in the intestinal L cells in the distal ileum and colon. It is also cleaved into the following components in different organs:
Signal peptide (1-20) – removed from preproglucagon to form proglucagon
Glicentin (21–89)
Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP, 21-50)
Oxyntomodulin (OXY or OXM, 53–89)
Glucagon (53–81)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1, 92–128) – first seven residues further cleaved
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2, 146–178)
Proglucagon itself is a protein with three repeats of slightly different secretin family hormones to be cleaved to form mature hormones.
References
Further reading
External links
Pancreatic hormones
Precursor proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EigenTrust
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EigenTrust algorithm is a reputation management algorithm for peer-to-peer networks, developed by Sep Kamvar, Mario Schlosser, and Hector Garcia-Molina. The algorithm provides each peer in the network a unique global trust value based on the peer's history of uploads and thus aims to reduce the number of inauthentic files in a P2P network. It has been cited by approximately 3853 other articles according to Google Scholar.
Overview
Peer-to-peer systems available today (like Gnutella) are open, often anonymous and lack accountability. Hence a user with malicious intent can introduce into the peer-to-peer network resources that may be inauthentic, corrupted or malicious (Malware). This reflects poorly on the credibility of current peer-to-peer systems. A research team from Stanford provides a reputation management system, where each peer in the system has a unique global trust value based on the peer's history of uploads. Any peer requesting resources will be able to access the trust value of a peer and avoid downloading files from untrusted peers.
Algorithm
The Eigentrust algorithm is based on the notion of transitive trust: If a peer i trusts any peer j, it would also trust the peers trusted by j. Each peer i calculates the local trust value sij for all peers that have provided it with authentic or fake downloads based on the satisfactory or unsatisfactory transactions that it has had.
where sat (i, j) refers to the number of satisfactory responses that peer i has receiv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%E2%80%93von%20Mises%20criterion
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In statistics the Cramér–von Mises criterion is a criterion used for judging the goodness of fit of a cumulative distribution function compared to a given empirical distribution function , or for comparing two empirical distributions. It is also used as a part of other algorithms, such as minimum distance estimation. It is defined as
In one-sample applications is the theoretical distribution and is the empirically observed distribution. Alternatively the two distributions can both be empirically estimated ones; this is called the two-sample case.
The criterion is named after Harald Cramér and Richard Edler von Mises who first proposed it in 1928–1930. The generalization to two samples is due to Anderson.
The Cramér–von Mises test is an alternative to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (1933).
Cramér–von Mises test (one sample)
Let be the observed values, in increasing order. Then the statistic is
If this value is larger than the tabulated value, then the hypothesis that the data came from the distribution can be rejected.
Watson test
A modified version of the Cramér–von Mises test is the Watson test which uses the statistic U2, where
where
Cramér–von Mises test (two samples)
Let and be the observed values in the first and second sample respectively, in increasing order. Let be the ranks of the xs in the combined sample, and let be the ranks of the ys in the combined sample. Anderson shows that
where U is defined as
If the value of T is larger than the tabu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20P.%20Waters
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Warren Palmer Waters (8 September 1922 – 17 July 2000) was an American physicist, electrical engineer, and semiconductor pioneer. He filed several device and process patents in the field of solid state engineering and was the manager of the solid state research center for the Hughes Aircraft Company. Walter's innovative circuit designs led to the success of NASA's Surveyor program.
Education and military service
Waters was born in Sanger, California on 8 September 1922. He graduated with honors from Sanger High School, winning the Bausch+Lomb Honorary Science Award for chemistry.
Waters joined the U.S. Army in 1942 and trained to be a pilot during World War II. He was later deployed to the 386th Infantry division in northern France. He lost a leg in combat on 12 April 1945, and received a Purple Heart and a Bronze Star for his service.
Waters graduated from Caltech in 1949. He received his master's degree from the University of Southern California in 1954 and completed coursework there for a Ph.D. in physics.
Scientific career
Waters spent his summers between 1947 and 1951 working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, helping test new rocket designs.
Waters joined the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1952 and was involved in pioneering research on germanium and silicon bipolar transistors. He filed five patents during this period.
In 1962, he joined Texas Instruments to manage its department for semiconductor research and advanced device development.
In 1966, Waters retu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashville%2C%20Louisville
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Ashville is a neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky centered along Bardstown Road (US 31E) and Brentlinger Lane. It is located near the Gene Snyder Freeway.
References
Neighborhoods in Louisville, Kentucky
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transrepression
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In the field of molecular biology, transrepression is a process whereby one protein represses (i.e., inhibits) the activity of a second protein through a protein-protein interaction. Since this repression occurs between two different protein molecules (intermolecular), it is referred to as a trans-acting process.
The protein that is repressed is usually a transcription factor whose function is to up-regulate (i.e., increase) the rate of gene transcription. Hence the net result of transrepression is down regulation of gene transcription.
An example of transrepression is the ability of the glucocorticoid receptor to inhibit the transcriptional promoting activity of the AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors. In addition to transactivation, transrepression is an important pathway for the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Other nuclear receptors such as LXR and PPAR have been demonstrated to also have the ability to transrepress the activity of other proteins.
See also
Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist
References
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid%20hormone%20receptor
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The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone. TRs act as transcription factors, ultimately affecting the regulation of gene transcription and translation. These receptors also have non-genomic effects that lead to second messenger activation, and corresponding cellular response.
Structure
There are four domains that are present in all TRs. Two of these, the DNA-binding (DBD) and hinge domains, are involved in the ability of the receptor to bind hormone response elements (HREs). TRs also have a ligand binding domain (LBD) that allows them to bind to thyroid hormone with high affinity. The fourth domain is a transactivation domain which allows the receptor to bind other transcription factors.
Function
Thyroid hormone receptors play critical roles in the regulation of metabolism, heart rate, and development of organisms.
These receptors are typically associated with retinoic acid receptors (RXR), forming heterodimers. In its inactivated form, the TR inhibits gene transcription by binding corepressors. This adds an additional level of regulation to an already tightly regulated process. When activated, these receptors become associated with other activators and initiate gene transcription. TRs are also involved in cell viability, and are believed to have other non-genomic affects that are currently being investigated.
Mechanism of action
Thyroid hormone is transported into the cell through a transporter. Once
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20hypergraph%20theorem
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The Symmetric hypergraph theorem is a theorem in combinatorics that puts an upper bound on the chromatic number of a graph (or hypergraph in general). The original reference for this paper is unknown at the moment, and has been called folklore.
Statement
A group acting on a set is called transitive if given any two elements and in , there exists an element of such that . A graph (or hypergraph) is called symmetric if its automorphism group is transitive.
Theorem. Let be a symmetric hypergraph. Let , and let denote the chromatic number of , and let denote the independence number of . Then
Applications
This theorem has applications to Ramsey theory, specifically graph Ramsey theory. Using this theorem, a relationship between the graph Ramsey numbers and the extremal numbers can be shown (see Graham-Rothschild-Spencer for the details).
See also
Ramsey theory
Notes
Graph coloring
Theorems in graph theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina%20Henriette%20MacGillavry
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Carolina Henriette MacGillavry (22 January 1904 in Amsterdam – 9 May 1993 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch chemist and crystallographer. She is known for her discoveries on the use of diffraction in crystallography.
Biography
MacGillavry (nicknamed "Mac") was born the second of six children in an intellectual family (her father was a brain surgeon, her mother a teacher).
Education
In 1921, MacGillavry began a study in chemistry at the University of Amsterdam, graduating in 1925, having become interested in the (then) new field of quantum mechanics. In 1928, she gave "a very topical" presentation on quantum mechanical calculations on the hydrogen molecule.
She finished her Master's degree cum laude on 16 March 1932, and continued her work as assistant of chemist A. Smits. She became a friend of J. M. Bijvoet, who interested her in crystallography which led to her 1937 PhD thesis on the subject, which she completed cum laude with Prof. AHW Aten on 27 January 1937. She then became assistant of A. E. van Arkel at Leiden, but Bijvoet asked her to come back to the Amsterdam crystallography laboratory that same year. Together with Bijvoet she researched electromagnetic diffraction and its use in crystallography. She also did research in inorganic chemistry.
Crystallography
After World War II, MacGillavry was one of the developers of direct methods, an innovative calculus that could be used in crystallography. The method uses the Harker–Kasper inequality, that was first published in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAUSS%20%28software%29
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GAUSS is a matrix programming language for mathematics and statistics, developed and marketed by Aptech Systems. Its primary purpose is the solution of numerical problems in statistics, econometrics, time-series, optimization and 2D- and 3D-visualization. It was first published in 1984 for MS-DOS and is available for Linux, macOS and Windows.
Examples
GAUSS has several Application Modules as well as functions in its Run-Time Library (i.e., functions that come with GAUSS without extra cost)
Qprog – Quadratic programming
SqpSolvemt – Sequential quadratic programming
QNewton - Quasi-Newton unconstrained optimization
EQsolve - Nonlinear equations solver
GAUSS Applications
A range of toolboxes are available for GAUSS at additional cost.
See also
List of numerical-analysis software
Comparison of numerical-analysis software
References
External links
International homepage
GAUSS Mailing List
Review of version 7.0
Some more links
Econometrics software
Mathematical optimization software
Numerical programming languages
Statistical programming languages
Proprietary commercial software for Linux
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20memory
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Cellular memory can refer to:
Biology
Body memory, the hypothesis that (traumatic) memories can be stored in individual cells outside the brain
Neuronal memory allocation, the storage of memories in the brain at the cellular level
The epigenetic state of a cell, including the nongenetic information that can be passed from parents to offspring
Genomic imprinting
Other forms of cellular memory such as immunological memory
Technology
A memory card used in cellphones
See also
Genetic memory (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto%20Nacional%20de%20Estad%C3%ADstica
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística may refer to:
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina ()
National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia ()
National Statistics Institute (Chile)
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica
, see
National Institute of Statistics (Guatemala) ()
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Honduras), see
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo – Panamá, see
, see
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Peru
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)
, see
Statistics National Institute (Venezuela) ()
See also
National Institute of Statistics (disambiguation)
National Institute of Statistics and Census (disambiguation)
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (disambiguation), in various lusophone countries
National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Data Processing, a Mexican government agency
INE (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Statistics
|
National Institute of Statistics may refer to:
National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia
National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Nicaragua
National Institute of Statistics (Guatemala)
National Institute of Statistics (Italy)
National Institute of Statistics (Portugal)
National Institute of Statistics (Romania)
National Institute of Statistics (Spain)
National Institute of Statistics (Tunisia)
See also
List of national and international statistical services
National Statistics Institute (Chile)
National Institute of Statistics and Census (disambiguation)
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (disambiguation)
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, a Peruvian government agency
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, a Mexican government agency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Abercrombie
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Michael Abercrombie FRS (14 August 1912 – 28 May 1979) was a British cell biologist and embryologist. He was one of four children of the poet Lascelles Abercrombie.
Early life
Michael was born at Ryton near Dymock in Gloucestershire on 14 August 1912, the third son of Lascelles Abercrombie, poet and critic, and his wife, Catherine, daughter of Owen Gwatkin, a surgeon at Grange-over-Sands. His uncle was the famed British town planner, Patrick Abercrombie.
Abercrombie went to school at Liverpool College and then Leeds Grammar School. In 1931 he entered Queen's College, University of Oxford, to study Zoology under Professor Gavin de Beer, supported by a Hastings scholarship. He was awarded a first class B. Sc. degree in 1934.
Later life
He moved to the Strangeways Research Laboratory at the University of Cambridge to undertake doctoral research. In 1938 was employed at University of Birmingham as a lecturer, while also holding a research fellowship at Queen's College, University of Oxford. At Birmingham he met another lecturer, Minnie Johnson, whom he married on 17 July 1939. He was classified as unfit for military service in the second world war and moved to University of Oxford to work on wound healing and nerve regeneration until 1943, then returned to Birmingham.
In 1947 he and his wife moved to the anatomy and zoology departments at University College London. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1958. He finally became director of the Strangeways Research L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypobetalipoproteinemia
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Hypobetalipoproteinemia is a disorder consisting of low levels of LDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein B, below the 5th percentile. The patient can have hypobetalipoproteinemia and simultaneously have high levels of HDL cholesterol.
Notably, in people who do not have the genetic disorder hypobetalipoproteinemia, a very low cholesterol level (less than 100 mg/dl) may be a marker for poor nutrition, wasting disease, cancer, hyperthyroidism, and liver disease. In 1997 a study showed that Japanese Centenarians had tenfold increase of hypobetalipoproteinemia compared with controls.
Causes
One form is thought to be caused by mutated apolipoprotein B.
Another form is associated with microsomal triglyceride transfer protein which causes abetalipoproteinemia.
A third form, chylomicron retention disease (CRD), is associated with SARA2.
Diagnosis
Typically in hypobetalipoproteinemia, plasma cholesterol levels will be around 80–120 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol will be around 50–80 mg/dL.
Treatment
Early high doses of vitamin E in infants and children has shown to be effective.
References
External links
Lipid metabolism disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Devil%20with%20the%20Three%20Golden%20Hairs
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"The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs" () is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm (KHM 29). It falls under Aarne–Thompson classification types 461 ("three hairs from the devil"), and 930 ("prophecy that a poor boy will marry a rich girl").
The story was first translated into English as "The Giant and the Three Golden Hairs" to avoid offense, but the devil in the story does indeed act like a folklore giant.
Ruth Manning-Sanders included it, as "The Three Golden Hairs of the King of the Cave Giants", in A Book of Giants.
Synopsis
A poor woman gave birth to a son with a caul (where the amniotic sac is still intact at birth), which was interpreted to mean that he would marry the king's daughter at fourteen years of age. The wicked king, hearing of it, visited the family and persuaded them to allow him to bring the boy back and raise him in the castle. Instead, he put the boy in a box and threw the box into the water, so that he would drown and not grow up to marry his daughter. But rather than sink, it drifted down to a mill, where it was found by the miller and his wife. The two decided to raise the boy on their own.
Fourteen years later, the king happened to visit the mill inadvertently. Upon seeing the boy, the king asked the miller if he was his father, who then explained the story of how he and his wife had come to raise the boy. Shocked, the king devised a way to rid himself of the boy once and for all. He gave the young man a sealed letter and instruct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melgven
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Melgven (; ) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France.
Geography
Climate
Melgven has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Melgven is . The average annual rainfall is with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Melgven was on 9 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 17 January 1985.
Population
Inhabitants of Melgven are called Melgvinois in French.
Sights
A gothic church from the 14th century at the center of the village
Chapelle de Bonne Nouvelle dedicated to notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle
Chapelle de la Trinité built at the 16th century by the atelier de Saint Herbot
Gallery
See also
Communes of the Finistère department
References
External links
Official website
Twinning
Interstate Committee of Melgven
Mayors of Finistère Association
Communes of Finistère
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progenitor%20cell
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A progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differentiate into their "target" cell type. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving.
The terms "progenitor cell" and "stem cell" are sometimes equated.
Properties
Most progenitors are identified as oligopotent. In this point of view, they can compare to adult stem cells, but progenitors are said to be in a further stage of cell differentiation. They are "midway" between stem cells and fully differentiated cells. The kind of potency they have depends on the type of their "parent" stem cell and also on their niche. Some research found that progenitor cells were mobile and that these progenitor cells could move through the body and migrate towards the tissue where they are needed. Many properties are shared by adult stem cells and progenitor cells.
Research
Progenitor cells have become a hub for research on a few different fronts. Current research on progenitor cells focuses on two different applications: regenerative medicine and cancer biology. Research on regenerative medicine has focused on progenitor cells, and s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucous%20carcinoma
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Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma. This form of cancer is often seen in those who chew tobacco or use snuff orally, so much so that it is sometimes referred to as "Snuff dipper's cancer".
Signs and symptoms
Ageusually over 60 years old
Sexmales are more prone
Sitegingiva, buccal mucosa, alveolar mucosa, hard palate, floor of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus, penis, vagina, scrotum.
Clinical presentation:
It is a slow growing, diffuse, exophytic lesion usually covered by leukoplakic patches.
Invasive lesions quickly invade bones.
It can rapidly become fixed with underlying periosteum and cause gradual destruction of jaw bone.
Enlarged regional lymph nodes.
Lesion shows painful multiple rugae-like folds and deep clefts between them.
Regional lymph nodes tender and enlarged.
Pain and difficulty in mastication.
Cause
This form of cancer is often seen in those who chew tobacco or use snuff orally, so much so that it is sometimes referred to as "Snuff dipper's cancer". Chewing betel nuts is an additional risk factor commonly seen in Taiwan.
Risk factors
The major risk factors are cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, while betel nut is an additional factor in Taiwan. Different gene mutation sites in head and neck cancer between western countries and Taiwan have been reported.
The presentation of VC originated from exposure to different carcinogens may not be the same.
Locations
Verrucous carcinoma may occur in various hea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax%20pair
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In mathematics, in the theory of integrable systems, a Lax pair is a pair of time-dependent matrices or operators that satisfy a corresponding differential equation, called the Lax equation. Lax pairs were introduced by Peter Lax to discuss solitons in continuous media. The inverse scattering transform makes use of the Lax equations to solve such systems.
Definition
A Lax pair is a pair of matrices or operators dependent on time and acting on a fixed Hilbert space, and satisfying Lax's equation:
where is the commutator.
Often, as in the example below, depends on in a prescribed way, so this is a nonlinear equation for as a function of .
Isospectral property
It can then be shown that the eigenvalues and more generally the spectrum of L are independent of t. The matrices/operators L are said to be isospectral as varies.
The core observation is that the matrices are all similar by virtue of
where is the solution of the Cauchy problem
where I denotes the identity matrix. Note that if P(t) is skew-adjoint, U(t,s) will be unitary.
In other words, to solve the eigenvalue problem Lψ = λψ at time t, it is possible to solve the same problem at time 0 where L is generally known better, and to propagate the solution with the following formulas:
(no change in spectrum)
Through principal invariants
The result can also be shown using the invariants for any . These satisfy
due to the Lax equation, and since the characteristic polynomial can be written in terms of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Gene%20the%20Dancing%20Machine
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Eugene Sidney Patton Sr. (April 25, 1932 – March 9, 2015), also known as Gene Patton and more widely known by his stage name Gene Gene the Dancing Machine, was a television personality, dancer and stagehand who worked at NBC Studios in Burbank, California. Patton was the first African-American member of the International Alliance of Theatrical and Stage Employees, Local 33.
Patton's claim to fame, however, was from his various appearances on the network's talent search game show, The Gong Show. In addition to his stage duties, Patton was one of several amateur performers who would warm up and entertain the audience during commercial breaks. Host Chuck Barris found him so entertaining that he had him dance on the show on-air, and he proved so popular that he soon became a recurring act, then an occasional judge. The genial Patton usually wore the same outfit each time he appeared, which consisted of a green sweater jacket, a flat cap, bell-bottomed slacks, and sneakers.
On The Gong Show, Patton's appearances were treated as spontaneous (in reality, they were always written into the show). After Barris would finish with a certain act, the piano player in Milton DeLugg's band would begin to play in octaves the familiar bass line of the first few bars of "Jumpin' at the Woodside," a popular Count Basie tune, and the proceedings would come to an immediate halt once Barris heard the music. Barris would usually react with gleeful surprise, then announce the arrival of Gene Gene.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPV%20F6
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The FPV F6 is an automobile that was produced in Australia by Ford Performance Vehicles from 2004 until 2014. It is a high-performance derivative of the Australian Ford Falcon.
The F6 is based on the modern-classic Ford Falcon XR6 Turbo sports sedan. The F6 engine is based on XR6T motor, a turbocharged intercooled DOHC 4.0L Inline Six with VCT, but includes: a modified FPV airbox (with Dual Ram Air intakes), higher strength conrods, larger air-to-air intercooler, high flow exhaust system, higher capacity fuel pump, and a Garrett GT3582r (same as the BA/BF XR6T) turbocharger with an internal waste gate (up from the GT3576r on the FG XR6T) running 0.64 bar of boost on the BA/BF models and 0.91 on the FG. This engine is known for its wide, flat torque curve, with peak torque of available from 1950 to 5250 rpm (FG F6). This equates to strong acceleration throughout the rev range.
The F6 represented a diversification of sorts for FPV, broadening the reach of the brand to turbo buyers, a typically younger demographic than the V8 buyers that the Australian manufacturers traditionally cater to.
Models
During the BA-BF series, the F6 sedan was known as the "Typhoon", and the utility based version as the "Tornado". Upon the release of the FG series, the names were dropped and the product using F6 only. FPV also developed the Force 6 as a luxury orientated version of the F6, and a Territory based F6-X.
BA Series
BA MKII (2004-2005)
The F6 Typhoon first emerged in FPV's late-2004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corflu
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Corflu is a science fiction fanzine convention held each spring in North America (and three times in Britain). It is named after a slang term for the "correction fluid" used in mimeograph printing, a common way to produce fanzines before the arrival of low-cost photocopying and online fanzines. Each Corflu is organized by a different regional group, selected at the previous year's gathering. Previous Corflus have been held at:
1984: Berkeley, California
1985: Napa, California
1986: Tysons Corner, Virginia
1987: Cincinnati
1988: Seattle
1989: Minneapolis
1990: New York City
1991: El Paso
1992: Los Angeles
1993: Madison, Wisconsin
1994: Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia
1995: Las Vegas
1996: Nashville, Tennessee
1997: Walnut Creek, California
1998: Leeds, England - the first Corflu held outside North America
1999: Panama City, Florida
2000: Seattle
2001: Boston
2002: Annapolis
2003: Madison, Wisconsin
2004: Las Vegas
2005: San Francisco
2006: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2007: Austin
2008: Las Vegas
2009: Seattle
2010: Winchester, England
2011: Sunnyvale, California
2012: Las Vegas
2013 : Portland
2014 : Richmond
2015 : Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England
2016: Chicago
2017: Woodland Hills, California
2018: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2019: Rockville, Maryland
2020: College Station, Texas
2021: Bristol, England
2022: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
2023: Belfast, Northern Ireland
The venue for the 2024 Corflu will be selected at the 2023 Corflu.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegeum
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The daegeum (also spelled taegum, daegum or taegŭm) is a large bamboo flute, a transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. It has a buzzing membrane that gives it a special timbre. It is used in court, aristocratic, and folk music, as well as in contemporary classical music, popular music, and film scores. And daegeum has a wide range and has a fixed pitch, so other instruments tune in to the daegeum when playing together. It is critical to understand that there are two types of daegeum: Jeongak and Sanjo. Jeongak Daegeum is a bit longer than Sanjo Daegeum and is the formal daegeum used historically at court. Sanjo Daegum is a bit shorter and historically more associated with the commoners. They both have the unique and aforementioned buzzing membrane.
Smaller flutes in the same family include the junggeum () and sogeum (), neither of which today have a buzzing membrane. The three together are known as samjuk (; literally "three bamboo"), as the three primary flutes of the Silla period.
The solo performance called daegeum sanjo was pronounced an Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea by the Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea in 1971.
According to Korean folklore, the daegeum is said to have been invented when King Sinmun of Silla was informed by Park Suk Jung, his caretaker of the ocean () in 681 that a small island was floating toward a Buddhist temple in the East Sea. The king ordered his caretaker of the sun to test whether this was good
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy%E2%80%93momentum%20pseudotensor
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In the theory of general relativity, a stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor, such as the Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor, is an extension of the non-gravitational stress–energy tensor that incorporates the energy–momentum of gravity. It allows the energy–momentum of a system of gravitating matter to be defined. In particular it allows the total of matter plus the gravitating energy–momentum to form a conserved current within the framework of general relativity, so that the total energy–momentum crossing the hypersurface (3-dimensional boundary) of any compact space–time hypervolume (4-dimensional submanifold) vanishes.
Some people (such as Erwin Schrödinger) have objected to this derivation on the grounds that pseudotensors are inappropriate objects in general relativity, but the conservation law only requires the use of the 4-divergence of a pseudotensor which is, in this case, a tensor (which also vanishes). Also, most pseudotensors are sections of jet bundles, which are now recognized as perfectly valid objects in general relativity.
Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor
The Landau–Lifshitz pseudotensor, a stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor for gravity, when combined with terms for matter (including photons and neutrinos), allows the energy–momentum conservation laws to be extended into general relativity.
Requirements
Landau and Lifshitz were led by four requirements in their search for a gravitational energy momentum pseudotensor, :
that it be constructed entirely from the metri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20thermodynamic%20relation
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In thermodynamics, the fundamental thermodynamic relation are four fundamental equations which demonstrate how four important thermodynamic quantities depend on variables that can be controlled and measured experimentally. Thus, they are essentially equations of state, and using the fundamental equations, experimental data can be used to determine sought-after quantities like G (Gibbs free energy) or H (enthalpy). The relation is generally expressed as a microscopic change in internal energy in terms of microscopic changes in entropy, and volume for a closed system in thermal equilibrium in the following way.
Here, U is internal energy, T is absolute temperature, S is entropy, P is pressure, and V is volume.
This is only one expression of the fundamental thermodynamic relation. It may be expressed in other ways, using different variables (e.g. using thermodynamic potentials). For example, the fundamental relation may be expressed in terms of the enthalpy H as
in terms of the Helmholtz free energy F as
and in terms of the Gibbs free energy G as
.
The first and second laws of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics states that:
where and are infinitesimal amounts of heat supplied to the system by its surroundings and work done by the system on its surroundings, respectively.
According to the second law of thermodynamics we have for a reversible process:
Hence:
By substituting this into the first law, we have:
Letting be reversible pressure-volume work done
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncofetal%20antigen
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Oncofetal antigens are proteins which are typically present only during fetal development but are found in adults with certain kinds of cancer. These proteins are often measurable in the blood of individuals with cancer and may be used to both diagnose and follow treatment of the tumors. One example of an oncofetal antigen is alpha-fetoprotein, which is produced by hepatocellular carcinoma and some germ cell tumors. Another example is carcinoembryonic antigen, which is elevated in people with colon cancer and other tumors. Other oncofetal antigens are trophoblast glycoprotein precursor and immature laminin receptor protein (also known as oncofetal antigen protein). Oncofetal antigens are promising targets for vaccination against several types of cancers.
External links
Entrez protein entry for trophoblast glycoprotein precursor
References
Proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAA
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NSAA may refer to:
National State Auditors Association
Nebraska School Activities Association
North Star Athletic Association
Nonsteroidal antiandrogen
Non-standard amino acids: non-proteinogenic amino acids used for an expanded genetic code
The New School for the Arts and Academics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavodoxin
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Flavodoxins (Fld) are small, soluble electron-transfer proteins. Flavodoxins contains flavin mononucleotide as prosthetic group. The structure of flavodoxin is characterized by a five-stranded parallel beta sheet, surrounded by five alpha helices. They have been isolated from prokaryotes, cyanobacteria, and some eukaryotic algae.
Background
Originally found in cyanobacteria and clostridia, flavodoxins were discovered over 50 years ago. These proteins evolved from an anaerobic environment, due to selective pressures. Ferredoxin, another redox protein, was the only protein able to be used in this manner. However, when oxygen became present in the environment, iron became limited. Ferredoxin is iron-dependant as well as oxidant-sensitive. Under these limited iron conditions, ferredoxin was no longer preferred. Flavodoxin on the other hand is the opposite of these traits, as it is oxidant-resistant and has iron-free isofunctional counterparts. Therefore, for some time flavodoxin was the primary redox protein. Now however, when ferredoxin and flavodoxin are present in the same genome, ferredoxin is still used but under low iron conditions, flavodoxin is induced.
Structure
Three forms of flavodoxin exist: Oxidized, (OX) semiquinone, (SQ) and hydroquinone (HQ). While relatively small (Mw = 15-22 kDa), flavodoxins exist in "long" and "short" chain classifications. Short chain flavodoxins contain between 140 and 180 amino acid residues, while long chain flavodoxins include a 20 a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid%20transport%20proteins
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Fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs, SLC27, SLC27A) are a family of trans-membrane transport proteins, which allow and enhance the uptake of long chain fatty acids into cells. This subfamily is part of the solute carrier protein family. Within humans this family contains six very homologous proteins, which are expressed in all tissues of the body which use fatty acids:
SLC27A1 (FATP1) Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1
SLC27A2 (FATP2) Very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase
SLC27A3 (FATP3) Solute carrier family 27 member 3
SLC27A4 (FATP4) Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4
SLC27A5 (FATP5) Bile acyl-CoA synthetase
SLC27A6 (FATP6) Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 6
References
Protein families
Transport proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysins
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Neurophysins are carrier proteins which transport the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, respectively. Inside the neurosecretory granules, the analogous neurophysin I and II form stabilizing complexes via covalent interactions. Stabilizing neurophysin-hormone complexes that are formed within neurosecretory granules located in the posterior pituitary gland aid in intra-axonal transport. During intra-axonal transport, the neurophysin's are believed to prevent the bound hormone from leaking into the cytoplasmic space and proteolytic digestion via enzymes. However, due to the low concentration of neurophysin in the blood, it is likely the protein-hormone complex dissociates, indicating the neurophysin does not aid in transporting the hormone through the circulatory system.
Neurophysins are also secreted out of the posterior pituitary hypothalamus, each carrying their respective associated passenger hormone. When the posterior pituitary hypothalamus secretes vasopressin and its neurophysin carrier, it also secretes a glycopeptide.
There are two types:
Neurophysin I - Oxytocin
Neurophysin II - Vasopressin (Also known as "antidiuretic hormone" or ADH)
Biosynthesis of Neurophysins
These proteins are synthesized in the cell bodies of the supraoptic and paraventricular regions of the hypothalamus.
The disulfide-rich neurophysin protein is suggested to be congruent with the synthesis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofilin%201
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Cofilin 1 (non-muscle; n-cofilin), also known as CFL1, is a human gene, part of the ADF/cofilin family.
Cofilin is a widely distributed intracellular actin-modulating protein that binds and depolymerizes filamentous F-actin and inhibits the polymerization of monomeric G-actin in a pH-dependent manner. It is involved in the translocation of actin-cofilin complex from cytoplasm to nucleus.
One group reports that reelin signaling leads to serine3-phosphorylation of cofilin-1, and this interaction may play a role in the reelin-related regulation of neuronal migration.
Interactions
Cofilin 1 has been shown to interact with HSPH1 and LIMK1.
References
Further reading
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCAAT-enhancer-binding%20proteins
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CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (or C/EBPs) is a family of transcription factors composed of six members, named from C/EBPα to C/EBPζ. They promote the expression of certain genes through interaction with their promoters. Once bound to DNA, C/EBPs can recruit so-called co-activators (such as CBP) that in turn can open up chromatin structure or recruit basal transcription factors.
Function
C/EBP proteins interact with the CCAAT (cytosine-cytosine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine) box motif, which is present in several gene promoters. They are characterized by a highly conserved basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) domain at the C-terminus. This domain is involved in dimerization and DNA binding, as are other transcription factors of the leucine zipper domain-containing family (c-Fos and c-jun). The bZIP domain structure of C/EBPs is composed of an α-helix that forms a "coiled coil" structure when it dimerizes. Members of the C/EBP family can form homodimers or heterodimers with other C/EBPs and with other transcription factors, which may or may not contain the leucine zipper domain. The dimerization is necessary to enable C/EBPs to bind specifically to DNA through a palindromic sequence in the major groove of the DNA. C/EBP proteins also contain activation domains at the N-terminus and regulatory domains.
These proteins are found in hepatocytes, adipocytes, hematopoietic cells, spleen, kidney, brain, and many other organs. C/EBP proteins are involved in different cellular responses,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon%20regulatory%20factors
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Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons (see regulation of gene expression). Interferon regulatory factors contain a conserved N-terminal region of about 120 amino acids, which folds into a structure that binds specifically to the IRF-element (IRF-E) motifs, which is located upstream of the interferon genes. Some viruses have evolved defense mechanisms that regulate and interfere with IRF functions to escape the host immune system. For instance, the remaining parts of the interferon regulatory factor sequence vary depending on the precise function of the protein. The Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, KSHV, is a cancer virus that encodes four different IRF-like genes; including vIRF1, which is a transforming oncoprotein that inhibits type 1 interferon activity. In addition, the expression of IRF genes is under epigenetic regulation by promoter DNA methylation.
Role in IFN signaling
IRFs primarily regulate type I IFNs in the host after pathogen invasion and are considered the crucial mediators of an antiviral response. Following a viral infection, pathogens are detected by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including various types of Toll-like Receptors (TLR) and cytosolic PRRs, in the host cell. The downstream signaling pathways from PRR activation phosphorylate ubiquitously expressed IRFs (IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7) through IRF kinases, such as TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Phosphorylated IRFs are translocated to the nucleus wher
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-selectin
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L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on the cell surface of leukocytes, and the blastocyst. It is coded for in the human by the SELL gene. L-selectin belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize sialylated carbohydrate groups containing a Sialyl LewisX (sLeX) determinant. L-selectin plays an important role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses by facilitating leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion events. These tethering interactions are essential for the trafficking of monocytes and neutrophils into inflamed tissue as well as the homing of lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs. L-selectin is also expressed by lymphoid primed hematopoietic stem cells and may participate in the migration of these stem cells to the primary lymphoid organs. In addition to its function in the immune response, L-selectin is expressed on embryonic cells and facilitates the attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrial endothelium during human embryo implantation.
L-selectin is composed of multiple structural regions: an N-terminus C-type lectin domain, an adjacent epidermal growth factor-like domain, two to the consensus repeat units homologous to those found in C3/C4-binding proteins, an extracellular cleavage site, a short transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. It is cleaved by ADAM17.
Ligands
The nature of the interactions between L-selectin and ligand depends on many circumstances, primarily the location of anatomically defined
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-selectin
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E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E (CD62E), endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 (LECAM2), is a selectin cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines. Like other selectins, it plays an important part in inflammation. In humans, E-selectin is encoded by the SELE gene.
Structure
E selectin has a cassette structure: an N-terminal, C-type lectin domain, an EGF (epidermal-growth-factor)-like domain, 6 Sushi domain (SCR repeat) units, a transmembrane domain (TM) and an intracellular cytoplasmic tail (cyto). The three-dimensional structure of the ligand-binding region of human E-selectin has been determined at 2.0 Å resolution in 1994. The structure reveals limited contact between the two domains and a coordination of Ca2+ not predicted from other C-type lectins. Structure/function analysis indicates a defined region and specific amino-acid side chains that may be involved in ligand binding. The E-selectin bound to sialyl-LewisX (SLeX; NeuNAcα2,3Galβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAc) tetrasaccharide was solved in 2000.
Gene and regulation
In humans, E-selectin is encoded by the SELE gene. Its C-type lectin domain, EGF-like, SCR repeats, and transmembrane domains are each encoded by separate exons, whereas the E-selectin cytosolic domain derives from two exons. The E-selectin locus flanks the L-selectin locus on chromosome 1.
Different from P-selectin, which is stored
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranous%20labyrinth
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The membranous labyrinth is a collection of fluid filled tubes and chambers which contain the receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing. It is lodged within the bony labyrinth in the inner ear and has the same general form; it is, however, considerably smaller and is partly separated from the bony walls by a quantity of fluid, the perilymph.
In certain places, it is fixed to the walls of the cavity.
The membranous labyrinth contains fluid called endolymph. The walls of the membranous labyrinth are lined with distributions of the cochlear nerve, one of the two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The other branch is the vestibular nerve.
Within the vestibule, the membranous labyrinth does not quite preserve the form of the bony labyrinth, but consists of two membranous sacs, the utricle, and the saccule.
The membranous labyrinth is also the location for the receptor cells found in the inner ear.
References
Ear
Auditory system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20pursuit
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Matching pursuit (MP) is a sparse approximation algorithm which finds the "best matching" projections of multidimensional data onto the span of an over-complete (i.e., redundant) dictionary . The basic idea is to approximately represent a signal from Hilbert space as a weighted sum of finitely many functions (called atoms) taken from . An approximation with atoms has the form
where is the th column of the matrix and is the scalar weighting factor (amplitude) for the atom . Normally, not every atom in will be used in this sum. Instead, matching pursuit chooses the atoms one at a time in order to maximally (greedily) reduce the approximation error. This is achieved by finding the atom that has the highest inner product with the signal (assuming the atoms are normalized), subtracting from the signal an approximation that uses only that one atom, and repeating the process until the signal is satisfactorily decomposed, i.e., the norm of the residual is small,
where the residual after calculating and is denoted by
.
If converges quickly to zero, then only a few atoms are needed to get a good approximation to . Such sparse representations are desirable for signal coding and compression. More precisely, the sparsity problem that matching pursuit is intended to approximately solve is
where is the pseudo-norm (i.e. the number of nonzero elements of ). In the previous notation, the nonzero entries of are . Solving the sparsity problem exactly is NP-hard, which is why a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time%20adaptive%20processing
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Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is a signal processing technique most commonly used in radar systems. It involves adaptive array processing algorithms to aid in target detection. Radar signal processing benefits from STAP in areas where interference is a problem (i.e. ground clutter, jamming, etc.). Through careful application of STAP, it is possible to achieve order-of-magnitude sensitivity improvements in target detection.
STAP involves a two-dimensional filtering technique using a phased-array antenna with multiple spatial channels. Coupling multiple spatial channels with pulse-Doppler waveforms lends to the name "space-time." Applying the statistics of the interference environment, an adaptive STAP weight vector is formed. This weight vector is applied to the coherent samples received by the radar.
History
The theory of STAP was first published by Lawrence E. Brennan and Irving S. Reed in the early 1970s. At the time of publication, both Brennan and Reed were at Technology Service Corporation (TSC). While it was formally introduced in 1973, it has theoretical roots dating back to 1959.
Motivation and applications
For ground-based radar, cluttered returns tend to be at DC, making them easily discriminated by Moving Target Indication (MTI). Thus, a notch filter at the zero-Doppler bin can be used. Airborne platforms with ownship motion experience relative ground clutter motion dependent on the angle, resulting in angle-Doppler coupling at the input. In this
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate%20reductase
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Nitrate reductases are molybdoenzymes that reduce nitrate (NO) to nitrite (NO). This reaction is critical for the production of protein in most crop plants, as nitrate is the predominant source of nitrogen in fertilized soils.
Types
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic nitrate reductases are part of the sulfite oxidase family of molybdoenzymes. They transfer electrons from NADH or NADPH to nitrate.
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic nitrate reductases belong to the DMSO reductase family of molybdoenzymes and have been classified into three groups, assimilatory nitrate reductases (Nas), respiratory nitrate reductase (Nar), and periplasmic nitrate reductases (Nap). The active site of these enzymes is a Mo ion that is bound to the four thiolate functions of two pterin molecules. The coordination sphere of the Mo is completed by one amino-acid side chain and oxygen and/or sulfur ligands. The exact environment of the Mo ion in certain of these enzymes (oxygen versus sulfur as a sixth molybdenum ligand) is still debated. The Mo is covalently attached to the protein by a cysteine ligand in Nap, and an aspartate in Nar.
Structure
Prokaryotic nitrate reductases have two major types, transmembrane nitrate reductases and periplasmic nitrate reductases. The transmembrane nitrate reductase (NAR) does proton translocation and can contribute to the generation of ATP by the proton motive force. The periplasmic nitrate reductase (NAP) does not do proton translocation and does not contribute to the proton motive
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectorial%20membrane
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The tectoria membrane (TM) is one of two acellular membranes in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). "Tectorial" in anatomy means forming a cover. The TM is located above the spiral limbus and the spiral organ of Corti and extends along the longitudinal length of the cochlea parallel to the BM. Radially the TM is divided into three zones, the limbal, middle and marginal zones. Of these the limbal zone is the thinnest (transversally) and overlies the auditory teeth of Huschke with its inside edge attached to the spiral limbus. The marginal zone is the thickest (transversally) and is divided from the middle zone by Hensen's Stripe. It overlies the sensory inner hair cells and electrically-motile outer hair cells of the organ of Corti and during acoustic stimulation stimulates the inner hair cells through fluid coupling, and the outer hair cells via direct connection to their tallest stereocilia.
Structure
The TM is a gel-like structure containing 97% water. Its dry weight is composed of collagen (50%), non-collagenous glycoproteins (25%) and proteoglycans (25%). Three inner-ear specific glycoproteins are expressed in the TM, α-tectorin, β-tectorin and otogelin. Of these proteins α-tectorin and β-tectorin form the striated sheet matrix that regularly organises the collagen fibres. Due to the increased structural complexity of the TM relative to other acellular gels (such as the otolithic membranes), its mechanical properties are consequently
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93air%20barrier
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The blood–air barrier or air–blood barrier, (alveolar–capillary barrier or membrane) exists in the gas exchanging region of the lungs. It exists to prevent air bubbles from forming in the blood, and from blood entering the alveoli. It is formed by the type I pneumocytes of the alveolar wall, the endothelial cells of the capillaries and the basement membrane between. The barrier is permeable to molecular oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and many other gases.
Structure
This blood–air barrier is extremely thin (approximately 600 nm-2μm; in some places merely 200 nm) to allow sufficient oxygen diffusion, yet it is extremely strong. This strength comes from the type IV collagen in between the endothelial and epithelial cells. Damage can occur to this barrier at a pressure difference of around .
Clinical significance
Failure of the barrier may occur in a pulmonary barotrauma. This can be a result of several possible causes, including blast injury, swimming-induced pulmonary edema, and breathing gas entrapment or retention in the lung during depressurization, which can occur during ascent from underwater diving or loss of pressure from a pressurized vehicle, habitat or pressure suit.
Possible consequences of rupture of the blood–air barrier include arterial gas embolism and hemoptysis.
See also
References
External links
– "Mammal, lung vasculature (EM, High)"
Respiratory system
Underwater diving physiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20channel%20election
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A digital channel election was the process by which television stations in the United States chose which physical radio-frequency TV channel they would permanently use after the analog shutdown in 2009. The process was managed and mandated by the Federal Communications Commission for all full-power TV stations. Low-powered television (LPTV) stations are going through a somewhat different process, and are also allowed to flash-cut to digital.
Process
Stations could choose to keep their initial digital TV channel allocation, do a flash-cut to their former analog TV channel, or attempt to select another channel, often an analog channel or pre-transition digital channel from another station that had been orphaned. Stations on channels 52 to 69 did not have the first option, as the FCC and then the U.S. Congress revoked them from the bandplan.
Many stations have chosen to keep their new channels permanently, after being forced to buy all new transmitters and television antennas. In some cases where the station's current analog tower could not handle the stress of the new digital antenna's weight and wind load, station owners had to construct entirely new broadcast towers in order to comply with the FCC's DTV mandate.
Most broadcasters were bitter at having to purchase digital equipment and broadcast a digital signal when very few homeowners had digital television sets. The FCC allowed broadcasters the opportunity to petition the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Peacekeepers
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The Peacekeepers is a 1988 Star Trek: The Next Generation novel by Gene DeWeese. It is set at an undetermined point during the series' first season.
The novel takes place in the 24th century of the Star Trek science fiction universe, based on the then new television's shows' characters.
Plot
While investigating an alien derelict, Geordi La Forge and Data are sent to a solar system several light-years away by a transporter with interstellar range, to a similar derelict orbiting an Earth-like planet. Once there, they are mistaken for "the Builders", those who the planet's native populace, a culture similar to late-20th-century Earth, believe are the creators of the derelict, which they call the "Repository of the Gifts". One of the natives, Shar-Lon, discovered the Repository some years before and used its "Gifts" (advanced technology) to end planetary wars that were leading to a possible nuclear holocaust. However, Shar-Lon's use of the Gifts since that time has led to a worldwide perception of himself and his supporters, the Peacekeepers, as a suppressive force that has limited the social and technological advancement of their people. Assuming the role of "Builders" in order to assess their situation, La Forge and Data are drawn into the social politics of the Peacekeepers and their world, and must extract themselves from the situation and find a way back to the Enterprise without further harming the natives' culture and violating the Prime Directive.
Background
Star
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20filament
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In biology, a protein filament is a long chain of protein monomers, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella. Protein filaments form together to make the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are often bundled together to provide support, strength, and rigidity to the cell. When the filaments are packed up together, they are able to form three different cellular parts. The three major classes of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton include: actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
Cellular types
Microfilaments
Compared to the other parts of the cytoskeletons, the microfilaments contain the thinnest filaments, with a diameter of approximately 7 nm. Microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton that are composed of protein called actin. Two strands of actin intertwined together form a filamentous structure allowing for the movement of motor proteins. Microfilaments can either occur in the monomeric G-actin or filamentous F-actin. Microfilaments are important when it comes to the overall organization of the plasma membrane. Actin filaments are considered to be both helical and flexible. They are composed of several actin monomers chained together which add to their flexibility. They are found in several places in the body including the microvilli, contractile rings, stress fibers, cellular cortex, etc. In a contractile ring, actin have the ability to help with cellular division while in the cellular cortex they can help with the structural int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol%20oxygenase
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Inositol oxygenase, also commonly referred to as myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX), is a non-heme di-iron enzyme that oxidizes myo-inositol to glucuronic acid. The enzyme employs a unique four-electron transfer at its Fe(II)/Fe(III) coordination sites and the reaction proceeds through the direct binding of myo-inositol followed by attack of the iron center by diatomic oxygen. This enzyme is part of the only known pathway for the catabolism of inositol in humans and is expressed primarily in the kidneys. Recent medical research regarding MIOX has focused on understanding its role in metabolic and kidney diseases such as diabetes, obesity and acute kidney injury. Industrially-focused engineering efforts are centered on improving MIOX activity in order to produce glucaric acid in heterologous hosts.
Structure
Myo-inositol oxygenase is a monomeric 33 kDa protein in both solution and crystal. This enzyme possesses a Fe(II)/Fe(III) atomic pair at the catalytic active site which enables its unique four-electron transfer mechanism. Recent crystallization studies have elucidated the structures of the mouse MIOX in 2006 followed by the human MIOX in 2008.
The overall structure of the mouse MIOX is primarily helical with five alpha helices forming the core of the protein. Like other di-iron oxygenases, the iron coordination centers are buried deep inside the protein presumably to protect the cell from the superoxide and radical reaction intermediates that are formed. The two iron cen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin%203
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Caveolin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAV3 gene. Alternative splicing has been identified for this locus, with inclusion or exclusion of a differentially spliced intron. In addition, transcripts utilize multiple polyA sites and contain two potential translation initiation sites.
Function
This gene encodes a caveolin family member, which functions as a component of the caveolae plasma membranes found in most cell types. Caveolin proteins are proposed to be scaffolding proteins for organizing and concentrating certain caveolin-interacting molecules.
Clinical significance
Mutations identified in this gene lead to interference with protein oligomerization or intra-cellular routing, disrupting caveolae formation and resulting in Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy type-1C (LGMD-1C), HyperCKemia, distal myopathy or rippling muscle disease (RMD). Other mutations in Caveolin causes Long QT Syndrome or familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, although the role of Cav3 in Long QT syndrome has recently been disputed.
Interactions
Caveolin 3 has been shown to interact with a range of different proteins, including, but not limited to:
DAG1,
DYSF,
EGFR, and
RYR1.
Structure
Using transmission electron microscopy and single particle analysis methods, it has been shown that nine Caveolin-3 monomers assemble to form a complex that is toroidal in shape, ~16.5 nm in diameter and ~5.5 nm in height.
Cardiac physiology
Caveolin-3 is one of three isoforms of the protein cav
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoglein-2
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Desmoglein-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG2 gene. Desmoglein-2 is highly expressed in epithelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Desmoglein-2 is localized to desmosome structures at regions of cell-cell contact and functions to structurally adhere adjacent cells together. In cardiac muscle, these regions are specialized regions known as intercalated discs. Mutations in desmoglein-2 have been associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.
Structure
Desmoglein-2 is a 122.2 kDa protein composed of 1118 amino acids. Desmoglein-2 is a calcium-binding transmembrane glycoprotein component of desmosomes in vertebrate cells. Currently, four desmoglein subfamily members have been identified and all are members of the cadherin cell adhesion molecule superfamily. These desmoglein gene family members are located in a cluster on chromosome 18. This second family member, desmoglein-2 is expressed in desmosome-containing tissues, such as cardiac muscle, colon, colon carcinoma, and other simple and stratified epithelial-derived cell lines. Desmoglein-2 is the only desmoglein isoform expressed in cardiomyocytes.
Function
Desmoglein-2 is an integral component of desmosomes, which are cell-cell junctions between epithelial, myocardial, and certain other cell types. Desmogleins and desmocollins connect extracellularly via homophilic and heterophilic interactions. The cytoplasmic tails of desmosomal cadherins bind to plakoglo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20glycoproteins
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Membrane glycoproteins are membrane proteins which play important roles in cell recognition.
Examples include:
Fibronectin
Laminin
Osteonectin
See also
Glycocalyx
External links
Glycoproteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20globulin
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Beta globulins are a group of globular proteins in plasma that are more mobile in alkaline or electrically charged solutions than gamma globulins, but less mobile than alpha globulins.
Examples of beta globulins include:
beta-2 microglobulin
plasminogen
angiostatins
properdin
sex hormone-binding globulin
transferrin
References
External links
"Examples of Protein Electrophoretograms" at ufl.edu
Blood proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotari
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The yotari mouse is an autosomal recessive mutant. It has a mutated disabled homolog 1 (Dab1) gene. This mutant mouse is recognized by unstable gait ("Yota-ru" in Japanese means "unstable gait") and tremor and by early deaths around the time of weaning. The cytoarchitectures of cerebellar and cerebral cortices and hippocampal formation of the yotari mouse are abnormal. These malformations resemble those of reeler mouse.
References
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave%20transmission
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Microwave transmission is the transmission of information by electromagnetic waves with wavelengths in the microwave frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz (1 m - 1 mm wavelength) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwave signals are normally limited to the line of sight, so long-distance transmission using these signals requires a series of repeaters forming a microwave relay network. It is possible to use microwave signals in over-the-horizon communications using tropospheric scatter, but such systems are expensive and generally used only in specialist roles.
Although an experimental microwave telecommunication link across the English Channel was demonstrated in 1931, the development of radar in World War II provided the technology for practical exploitation of microwave communication. During the war, the British Army introduced the Wireless Set No. 10, which used microwave relays to multiplex eight telephone channels over long distances. A link across the English Channel allowed General Bernard Montgomery to remain in continual contact with his group headquarters in London.
In the post-war era, the development of microwave technology was rapid, which led to the construction of several transcontinental microwave relay systems in North America and Europe. In addition to carrying thousands of telephone calls at a time, these networks were also used to send television signals for cross-country broadcast, and later, computer data. Communication satellites took over the telev
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matngala%20language
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Matngele or Madngele is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of the Northern Territory spoken by the Madngella and Yunggor peoples.
Classification
Tryon (1974) classified Matngele with Kamu, and this is accepted by Dixon (2002) and Bowern (2011), though denied by Harvey (1990).
Phonology
Vowels
Consonants
Grammar
Matngele has only five simple verbs. These must be combined with coverbs in order to form complex verbs.
References
External links
Matngele at the Dalylanguages.org website.
Eastern Daly languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20mutation
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Neutral mutations are changes in DNA sequence that are neither beneficial nor detrimental to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce. In population genetics, mutations in which natural selection does not affect the spread of the mutation in a species are termed neutral mutations. Neutral mutations that are inheritable and not linked to any genes under selection will be lost or will replace all other alleles of the gene. That loss or fixation of the gene proceeds based on random sampling known as genetic drift. A neutral mutation that is in linkage disequilibrium with other alleles that are under selection may proceed to loss or fixation via genetic hitchhiking and/or background selection.
While many mutations in a genome may decrease an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce, also known as fitness, those mutations are selected against and are not passed on to future generations. The most commonly-observed mutations that are detectable as variation in the genetic makeup of organisms and populations appear to have no visible effect on the fitness of individuals and are therefore neutral. The identification and study of neutral mutations has led to the development of the neutral theory of molecular evolution, which is an important and often-controversial theory that proposes that most molecular variation within and among species is essentially neutral and not acted on by selection. Neutral mutations are also the basis for using molecular clocks to identify such
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCAM-1
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Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VCAM1 gene. VCAM-1 functions as a cell adhesion molecule.
Structure
VCAM-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, the superfamily of proteins including antibodies and T-cell receptors. The VCAM-1 gene contains six or seven immunoglobulin domains, and is expressed on both large and small blood vessels only after the endothelial cells are stimulated by cytokines. It is alternatively spliced into two known RNA transcripts that encode different isoforms in humans. The gene product is a cell surface sialoglycoprotein, a type I membrane protein that is a member of the Ig superfamily.
Function
The VCAM-1 protein mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils to vascular endothelium. It also functions in leukocyte-endothelial cell signal transduction, and it may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Upregulation of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells by cytokines occurs as a result of increased gene transcription (e.g., in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)) and through stabilization of messenger RNA (mRNA) (e.g., Interleukin-4 (IL-4)). The promoter region of the VCAM1 gene contains functional tandem NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) sites. The sustained expression of VCAM-1 lasts over 24 hours.
Primari
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20localities%20in%20Northern%20Ireland%20by%20population
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This is a list of settlements in Northern Ireland by population. The fifty largest settlements are listed. This list has been compiled from data published by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA), based on the 2011 Census and the 2021 Census, where available(*). Settlements with city status are shown in bold. Districts are local government districts as established in April 2015.
See also
List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population
List of places in Northern Ireland
List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland
References
Settlements
Settlements
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Localities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinesmith
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Machinesmith (Samuel "Starr" Saxon) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most notably as a regular enemy of Captain America. He specializes in robotics, and is able to make convincing robotic doubles of other superhumans. His own mind was ultimately transferred to a robotic body.
Publication history
The character first appeared in Daredevil #49 (Feb. 1969), and briefly appeared as a character using the Mister Fear identity shortly thereafter in Daredevil #54 (July 1969). The character first appeared as Machinesmith in Marvel Two-in-One #47 (Jan. 1979).
His robotic features looked nothing like his human ones, and it was not established until later in Captain America #249 (Sept. 1980) that Machinesmith and Starr Saxon are the same character. Barry Windsor-Smith has stated that the character was supposed to be presented as gay in Daredevil #50; however, the early art was not good enough to get the point across. Other issues have since revealed the character's sexuality more directly, such as Captain America #368 and Iron Man #320.
Fictional character biography
Starr Saxon was born in Memphis, Tennessee, but his family was living in Queens, New York, by his teenage years. At 14 years old, he discovered an abandoned Doombot in a NYC subway tunnel, and snuck the robot home piece by piece to deconstruct to learn robotics. His original efforts saw to his use of robotics and engineering abilities to be a professional criminal robot maker
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20oxidoreductase
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Alcohol oxidoreductases are oxidoreductase enzymes that act upon an alcohol functional group.
They are classified under "1.1" in the EC number numbering system.
References
External links
EC 1.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinase
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Recombinases are genetic recombination enzymes.
Site specific recombinases
DNA recombinases are widely used in multicellular organisms to manipulate the structure of genomes, and to control gene expression. These enzymes, derived from bacteria (bacteriophages) and fungi, catalyze directionally sensitive DNA exchange reactions between short (30–40 nucleotides) target site sequences that are specific to each recombinase. These reactions enable four basic functional modules: excision/insertion, inversion, translocation and cassette exchange, which have been used individually or combined in a wide range of configurations to control gene expression.
Types include:
Cre recombinase
Hin recombinase
Tre recombinase
FLP recombinase
Homologous recombination
Recombinases have a central role in homologous recombination in a wide range of organisms. Such recombinases have been described in archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes and viruses.
Archaea
The archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus RadA recombinase catalyzes DNA pairing and strand exchange, central steps in recombinational repair. The RadA recombinase has greater similarity to the eukaryotic Rad51 recombinase than to the bacterial RecA recombinase.
Bacteria
RecA recombinase appears to be universally present in bacteria. RecA has multiple functions, all related to DNA repair. RecA has a central role in the repair of replication forks stalled by DNA damage and in the bacterial sexual process of natural genetic transformation.
E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20anhydride%20hydrolases
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Acid anhydride hydrolases are a class of hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride bond. They are classified under EC number 3.6. One well known member of this class is GTPase.
See also
List of EC numbers (EC 3)#EC 3.6: Acting on acid anhydrides
References
External links
EC 3.6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmstedt%E2%80%93Tanasescu%20reaction
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The Lehmstedt–Tanasescu reaction is a method in organic chemistry for the organic synthesis of acridone derivatives (3) from a 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (1) and an arene compound (2):
The reaction is named after two chemists who devoted part of their careers to research into this synthetic method, the German chemist Kurt Lehmstedt and the Romanian chemist Ion Tănăsescu. Variations of the reaction name include Lehmsted–Tănăsescu reaction, Lehmsted–Tănăsescu acridone synthesis and Lehmsted–Tanasescu acridone synthesis.
Reaction mechanism
In the first step of the reaction mechanism the precursor molecule 2-nitrobenzaldehyde 4 is protonated, often by sulfuric acid, to intermediate 5, followed by an electrophilic attack to benzene (other arenes can be used as well). The resulting benzhydrol 6 cyclisizes to 7 and finally to compound 8. Treatment of this intermediate with nitrous acid (sodium nitrite en sulfuric acid) leads to the N-nitroso acridone 11 via intermediates 9 en 10. The N-nitroso group is removed by an acid in the final step. The procedure is an example of a one-pot synthesis.
References
Heterocycle forming reactions
Name reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20G.%20Hansen
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Arthur Gene "Art" Hansen (February 28, 1925 – July 5, 2010) was a philanthropist and former chancellor of several American universities.
Education and early career
Hansen joined the United States Marine Corps Reserve and was sent to Purdue University as part of the Navy's V-12 program. He earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1946 and returned to Purdue for his master's degree in mathematics in 1948. During this time, he also was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.
For the next ten years, Hansen worked as an aeronautical research scientist at NASA's Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, while teaching mathematics at John Carroll University and Baldwin–Wallace College. Hansen received his doctorate in mathematics from Case Institute of Technology in 1958. Hansen also holds several honorary degrees.
In 1959, Hansen joined the faculty of the University of Michigan, where he taught and wrote two textbooks about fluid mechanics, despite never having taken a formal class on the subject. He later rose to chairman of the university's mechanical engineering department.
At Georgia Tech, Hansen served as dean of engineering and, from 1969 to 1971, president of the Institute. New facilities for chemistry, civil engineering, physics, and student activities were built during his presidency.
Later career
He accepted the position of president at Purdue University from 1971 to 1982, the first Purdue alumnus to do so. Following the late-1960s wave of student unre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20amide
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Lithium amide or lithium azanide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a white solid with a tetragonal crystal structure. Lithium amide can be made by treating lithium metal with liquid ammonia:
Other lithium amides
The conjugate bases of amines are known as amides. Thus, a lithium amide may also refer to any compound in the class of the lithium salt of an amine. These compounds have the general form , with the chemical lithium amide itself as the parent structure. Common lithium amides include lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), lithium tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP), and lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS). They are produced by the reaction of Li metal with the appropriate amine:
Lithium amides are very reactive compounds. Specifically, they are strong bases.
Examples
Lithium tetramethylpiperidide has been crystallised as a tetramer. On the other hand, the lithium derivative of bis(1-phenylethyl)amine crystallises as a trimer:
It is also possible to make mixed oligomers of metal alkoxides and amides. These are related to the superbases, which are mixtures of metal alkoxides and alkyls. The cyclic oligomers form when the nitrogen of the amide forms a sigma bond to a lithium, while the nitrogen lone pair binds to another metal centre.
Other organolithium compounds (such as BuLi) are generally considered to exist in and function via high-order, aggregated species.
See also
Sodium amide
Butyllithium
References
Merck Index, 11th Edition, 5398.
Exter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlicensed%20Personal%20Communications%20Services
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Unlicensed Personal Communications Services or UPCS band is the 1920–1930 MHz frequency band allocated by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for short range Personal Communications Services (PCS) applications in the United States, such as the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) wireless protocol.
History
Prior to an FCC rules change in April 2005, the band also included the frequencies 1910-1920 MHz and 2390–2400 MHz. These were used for a variety of short range communications, including point-to-point microwave links.
Allocation
These allocation rules are described in Title 47, Part 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Licensed PCS, although not necessarily distinguished as such from UPCS, is used for digital mobile phone services.
DECT devices designed to operate in this band in the US use the marketing term DECT 6.0.
See also
Amateur radio (Licence Required)
Citizens band radio
Family Radio Service
General Mobile Radio Service
Multi-Use Radio Service
Bandplans
Telephone services
Consumer electronics
Radio technology
Radio regulations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PELP-1
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Proline-, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) also known as modulator of non-genomic activity of estrogen receptor (MNAR) and transcription factor HMX3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PELP1 gene. is a transcriptional corepressor for nuclear receptors such as glucocorticoid receptors and a coactivator for estrogen receptors.
Proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) is transcription coregulator and modulates functions of several hormonal receptors and transcription factors. PELP1 plays essential roles in hormonal signaling, cell cycle progression, and ribosomal biogenesis. PELP1 expression is upregulated in several cancers; its deregulation contributes to hormonal therapy resistance and metastasis; therefore, PELP1 represents a novel therapeutic target for many cancers.
Gene
PELP1 is located on chromosome 17p13.2 and PELP1 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues; its highest expression levels are found in the brain, testes, ovaries, and uterus. Currently, there are two known isoforms (long 3.8 Kb and short 3.4 Kb) and short isoform is widely expressed in cancer cells.
Structure
The PELP1 protein encodes a protein of 1130 amino acids, and exhibits both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization depending on the tissue. PELP1 lacks known enzymatic activity and functions as a scaffolding protein. It contains 10 NR-interacting boxes (LXXLL motifs) and functions as a coregulator of several nuclear receptors via its LXXLL motifs includ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junggeum
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The junggeum (also spelled chunggum or chunggŭm) is a medium-sized transverse bamboo flute formerly used in traditional Korean music. Unlike the larger daegeum, it does not have a buzzing membrane (although it did have one in ancient times). It was used in court, aristocratic, and folk music, but has largely died out, being rarely used today.
Other flutes in the same family include the daegeum and sogeum; the three together are known as samjuk (hangul: 삼죽; hanja: 三竹; literally "three bamboo"), as the three primary flutes of the Silla period. Both of these are still used in traditional music, as well as in contemporary classical music, popular music, and film scores.
The junggeum currently used in the National Gugak Center is about 65 cm long and 1.7 cm in diameter.
See also
Bamboo musical instruments
Daegeum
Dizi
Traditional music of Korea
Sogeum
Traditional Korean musical instruments
References
External links
Junggeum page
Side-blown flutes
Korean musical instruments
Bamboo flutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradytroph
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A bradytroph is a strain of an organism that exhibits slow growth in the absence of an external source of a particular metabolite. This is usually due to a defect in an enzyme required in the metabolic pathway producing this chemical. Such defects are the result of mutations in the genes encoding these enzymes. As the organism can still produce small amounts of the chemical, the mutation is not lethal. In these bradytroph strains, rapid growth occurs when the chemical is present in the cell's growth media and the missing metabolite can be transported into the cell from the external environment. A bradytroph may also be referred to as a "leaky auxotroph".
The first usage of "bradytroph" was to describe Escherichia coli mutants partially defective in arginine biosynthesis. Among many other examples of bradytrophic strains of microorganisms are Bacillus subtilis strains with mutations affecting thiamine production and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with mutations that impair arginine biosynthesis.
See also
Autotroph
Auxotrophy
References
Cell biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogeum
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The sogeum (also spelled sogum or sogŭm) is a small bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. Unlike the larger daegeum, it does not have a buzzing membrane (although it did have one in ancient times). It is used in court, aristocratic, and folk music, as well as in contemporary classical music, popular music, and film scores.
The overall length and thickness are not constant because sogeum is made of natural bamboo, but it is 40 cm long and 2.2 cm thick.
Other larger flutes in the same family include the medium-sized junggeum and the large daegeum; the three together are known as samjuk (hangul: 삼죽; hanja: 三竹; literally "three bamboo"), as the three primary flutes of the Silla period.
The sogeum has the highest and clearest tone among wind instruments, and is often composed of singular numbers in ensemble, where other wind instruments are composed of multiple instruments.
How to play
Sogeum is played in the same way as playing the Daegeum. There is a weak point that the instrument can not be used freely because of its short length, and it is difficult to transpose. Sogeum can theoretically sound all twelve notes, but actually only eight notes are played naturally, and the rest of the notes do not sound due to various restrictions on the play. Sogeum plays a role of making the songs that require high tone and clear tone in the main music, and it is rarely used as a solo instrument.
See also
Bamboo musical instruments
Daegeum
Junggeum
Traditional music o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Ball%20%28fairy%20tale%29
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"The Crystal Ball" () is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 197. It is Aarne-Thompson type 552A, the girls who married animals.
Origin
The Brothers Grimm indicated the origin of Die Kristallkugel as Friedmund von Arnim's book, as tale nr. 14, Vom Schloss der goldnen Sonne ("The Castle of the Golden Sun").
Synopsis
A sorceress was afraid of her three sons. She turned the oldest into an eagle and the second into a whale, and each could take his human form for only two hours a day. The youngest son fled before he could suffer the same fate and went off to seek the king's daughter, bewitched and held prisoner in the Castle of the Golden Sun. He saw two giants quarreling over a wishing cap and they asked him to settle the dispute. He put on the cap, forgot he had it on, and wished himself to the castle.
The king's daughter told him that only a crystal ball would break the enchantment. She directed him to go down the mountain and fight a wild bull beside a spring. If he killed it, a bird would spring out of it. If the bird was forced to let free an egg in its body, the crystal ball was its yolk, but the egg would light everything about it on fire if dropped on the land.
He fought the bull. The bird sprang free, but his brother the eagle harried it until it dropped the egg. This landed on a fisherman's hut, setting it ablaze, but his brother the whale drowned the hut with waves. The youngest brother took the crystal ball to the enchanter, who admit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEX
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IDEX can refer to several things, including:
International Defence Exhibition, a biannual arms and defense technology sales exhibition
IDEX Corporation, a publicly listed company that makes fluidics systems and specialty engineered products
Ideanomics, a publicly traded company that trades under the IDEX ticker symbol.
Idex ASA, a Norwegian biometrics company
Independent Dual Extrusion, a 3D printing technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20transmission%20fluid
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Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is a type of hydraulic fluid used in vehicles with automatic transmissions. It is typically coloured red or green to distinguish it from motor oil and other fluids in the vehicle.
The fluid is optimized for the special requirements of a transmission, such as valve operation, brake band friction, and the torque converter, as well as gear lubrication.
ATF is also used as a hydraulic fluid in some power steering systems, as a lubricant in some 4WD transfer cases, and in some modern manual transmissions.
Modern use
Modern ATF consists of a base oil plus an additive package containing a wide variety of chemical compounds intended to provide the required properties of a particular ATF specification. Most ATFs contain some combination of additives that improve lubricating qualities, such as anti-wear additives, rust and corrosion inhibitors, detergents, dispersants and surfactants (which protect and clean metal surfaces); kinematic viscosity and viscosity index improvers and modifiers, seal swell additives and agents (which extend the rotational speed range and temperature range of the additives' application); anti-foam additives and anti-oxidation compounds to inhibit oxidation and "boil-off" (which extends the life of the additives' application); cold-flow improvers, high-temperature thickeners, gasket conditioners, pour point depressant and petroleum dye. All ATFs contain friction modifiers, except for those ATFs specified for some Ford trans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20strand
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In genetics, a sense strand, or coding strand, is the segment within double-stranded DNA that carries the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction, and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which does not carry the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The sense strand is the strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA, which takes the antisense strand as its template during transcription, and eventually undergoes (typically, not always) translation into a protein. The antisense strand is thus responsible for the RNA that is later translated to protein, while the sense strand possesses a nearly identical makeup to that of the mRNA.
mRNA and "sense"
Note that for each segment of double-stranded DNA, there will possibly be two sets of sense and antisense, depending on which direction one reads (since sense and antisense is relative to perspective). It is ultimately the gene product, or mRNA, that dictates which strand of one segment of dsDNA we call sense or antisense. But keep in mind that sometimes, such as in prokaryotes, overlapping genes on opposite strands means the sense for one mRNA can be the antisense for another mRNA.
The immediate product of this transcription is a resultant initial RNA transcript, which contains a sequence of nucleotides that is identical to that of the sense strand. The exception to this is that uracil is used for nucleotide sequencing of RNA molecules rather than thymine.
Most euk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trp%20operon
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The trp operon''' is a group of genes that are transcribed together, encoding the enzymes that produce the amino acid tryptophan in bacteria. The trp operon was first characterized in Escherichia coli, and it has since been discovered in many other bacteria. The operon is regulated so that, when tryptophan is present in the environment, the genes for tryptophan synthesis are repressed.
The trp operon contains five structural genes: trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA, which encode the enzymes needed to synthesize tryptophan. It also contains a repressive regulator gene called trpR. When tryptophan is present, the trpR protein binds to the operator, blocking transcription of the trp operon by RNA polymerase.
This operon is an example of repressible negative regulation of gene expression. The repressor protein binds to the operator in the presence of tryptophan (repressing transcription) and is released from the operon when tryptophan is absent (allowing transcription to proceed). The trp operon additionally uses attenuation to control expression of the operon, a second negative feedback control mechanism.
The trp operon is well-studied and is commonly used as an example of gene regulation in bacteria alongside the lac operon.
Genes trp operon contains five structural genes. The roles of their products are:
TrpE (): Anthranilate synthase produces anthranilate.
TrpD (): Cooperates with TrpE.
TrpC (): Phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase domain first turns N-(5-phospho-β-D-r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk%20allergy
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Milk allergy is an adverse immune reaction to one or more proteins in cow's milk. Symptoms may take hours to days to manifest, with symptoms including atopic dermatitis, inflammation of the esophagus, enteropathy involving the small intestine and proctocolitis involving the rectum and colon. However, rapid anaphylaxis is possible, a potentially life-threatening condition that requires treatment with epinephrine, among other measures.
In the United States, 90% of allergic responses to foods are caused by eight foods, and cow's milk is the most common. Recognition that a small number of foods are responsible for the majority of food allergies has led to requirements to prominently list these common allergens, including dairy, on food labels. One function of the immune system is to defend against infections by recognizing foreign proteins, but it should not overreact to food proteins. Heating milk proteins can cause them to become denatured, losing their three-dimensional configuration and allergenicity, so baked goods containing dairy products may be tolerated while fresh milk triggers an allergic reaction.
The condition may be managed by avoiding consumption of any dairy products or foods that contain dairy ingredients. For people subject to rapid reactions (IgE-mediated milk allergy), the dose capable of provoking an allergic response can be as low as a few milligrams, so such people must strictly avoid dairy. The declaration of the presence of trace amounts of milk or dair
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20coregulator
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In molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes. Transcription coregulators that activate gene transcription are referred to as coactivators while those that repress are known as corepressors. The mechanism of action of transcription coregulators is to modify chromatin structure and thereby make the associated DNA more or less accessible to transcription. In humans several dozen to several hundred coregulators are known, depending on the level of confidence with which the characterisation of a protein as a coregulator can be made. One class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second ATP dependent class modifies the conformation of chromatin.
Histone acetyltransferases
Nuclear DNA is normally tightly wrapped around histones rendering the DNA inaccessible to the general transcription machinery and hence this tight association prevents transcription of DNA. At physiological pH, the phosphate component of the DNA backbone is deprotonated which gives DNA a net negative charge. Histones are rich in lysine residues which at physiological pH are protonated and therefore positively charged. The electrostatic attraction between these opposite charges is largely responsible for the tight binding of DNA to histones.
Many coactivator proteins have intrinsic histone acetyltransferas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLOSUM
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In bioinformatics, the BLOSUM (BLOcks SUbstitution Matrix) matrix is a substitution matrix used for sequence alignment of proteins. BLOSUM matrices are used to score alignments between evolutionarily divergent protein sequences. They are based on local alignments. BLOSUM matrices were first introduced in a paper by Steven Henikoff and Jorja Henikoff. They scanned the BLOCKS database for very conserved regions of protein families (that do not have gaps in the sequence alignment) and then counted the relative frequencies of amino acids and their substitution probabilities. Then, they calculated a log-odds score for each of the 210 possible substitution pairs of the 20 standard amino acids. All BLOSUM matrices are based on observed alignments; they are not extrapolated from comparisons of closely related proteins like the PAM Matrices.
Biological background
The genetic instructions of every replicating cell in a living organism are contained within its DNA. Throughout the cell's lifetime, this information is transcribed and replicated by cellular mechanisms to produce proteins or to provide instructions for daughter cells during cell division, and the possibility exists that the DNA may be altered during these processes. This is known as a mutation. At the molecular level, there are regulatory systems that correct most — but not all — of these changes to the DNA before it is replicated.
The functionality of a protein is highly dependent on its structure. Changing a single ami
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hifn
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Hifn (styled Hi/fn) was a semiconductor manufacturer founded in Carlsbad, California, in 1996 as a corporate spin-off from Stac Electronics.
The company was later headquartered in Los Gatos, California, and had offices in North America, Europe and Asia. It designed and sold security processors. It was acquired by Exar Corporation in 2009.
History
1996-2008: Founding and early years
Hifn was founded in 1996 as a spin-out of the semiconductor company Stac, Inc. It held its initial public offering in December 1998. The company's stock was traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol HIFN.
In 1998, Hifn became the first company to offer a processor with integrated encryption and compression, following this in 1999 with the fastest security processor for VPNs.
In 2000, Hifn announced an "Intelligent Packet Processor": a security co-processor capable of not only performing raw algorithm processing, but also modifying the complete packet, allowing their processors to transform an IP packet into an IPSec packet in a single pass in the security processor, with only the policy and IPsec stack being required on the host CPU.
In 2001, the company announced a security processor featuring the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm.
In 2004 they followed on from their packet processor with an IPsec protocol processor, capable of performing IPsec and Internet Key Exchange processing with no CPU intervention. They also adapted this processor for the storage area network market, for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGAP
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SGAP may refer to:
Aminopeptidase S, an enzyme
Australian Native Plants Society, an Australian federation of organizations dedicated to conservation and cultivation of native plants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizing%20unit
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Synthesizing units (SUs) are generalized enzymes that follow the rules of classic enzyme kinetics with two modifications:
product formation is not taken to be a function of substrate concentrations but of substrate fluxes that arrive at the SUs
the dissociation rate of the substrate-SU complex to (unchanged) substrate and (unbounded) SU is assumed to be small.
One substrate One synthesizing unit
where S is the substrate, is the synthesizing unit (SU), and P is the product. There are two stages:
Binding stage:
Processing stage:
To describe the changes in SU:
Where b is binding rate, and k is processing rate. Since the dissociation rate of the substrate-SU complex to (unchanged) substrate and (unbounded) SU is assumed to be small, and are assumed to be zero.
This system of equation suggests the free SU percentage is and the product of flux is
Modifications of classic theory
Extension
The first modification is an extension of the classic theory; if arrival fluxes are taken proportional to substrate concentrations, the classic theory results. This extension allows application in spatially heterogeneous environments (such as in living cells), and to treat photons and molecules in the same framework (important in photosynthesis).
Simplification
The second modification allows a substantial simplification of the classic theory, and so application in complex metabolic networks. The theory on synthesizing units is used in dynamic energy budget theory, where 4 basic
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