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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxometry
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Relaxometry refers to the study and/or measurement of relaxation variables in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Often referred to as Time-Domain NMR. In NMR, nuclear magnetic moments are used to measure specific physical and chemical properties of materials.
Relaxation of the nuclear spin system is crucial for all NMR applications. The relaxation rate depends strongly on the mobility (fluctuations, diffusion) of the microscopic environment and the strength of the applied magnetic field. As a rule of thumb, strong magnetic fields lead to increased sensitivity on fast dynamics while low fields lead to increased sensitivity on slow dynamics. Thus, the relaxation rate as a function of the magnetic field strength is a fingerprint of the microscopic dynamics.
Key Materials science properties are often described in different fields using the terms mobility / dynamics / stiffness / viscosity / rigidity of the sample. These properties are usually dependent on atomic and molecular motion in the sample, which may be measured using time-domain NMR and fast field cycling relaxometry.
Equipment
Apparatus and technological support of the method is constantly developed. An NMR relaxometer is a device for relaxation time measuring. Laboratory NMR relaxometers for NMR signal registration are available in small sizes.
In NMR relaxometry (NMRR) only one specific NMRR parameter is measured, not the whole spectrum (which is not always needed). This helps to save t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosome
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Cellulosomes are multi-enzyme extracellular complexes. Cellulosomes are associated with the cell surface and mediate cell attachment to insoluble substrates and degrade them to soluble products which are then absorbed. Cellulosome complexes are intricate, multi-enzyme machines, produced by many cellulolytic microorganisms. They are produced by microorganisms for efficient degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides, notably cellulose, the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The multiple subunits of cellulosomes are composed of numerous functional domains that interact with each other and with the cellulosic substrate. One of these subunits, a large glycoprotein "scaffoldin", is a distinctive class of non-catalytic scaffolding polypeptides. The scaffoldin subunit selectively integrates the various cellulases and xylanase subunits into the cohesive complex, by combining its cohesin domains with a typical dockerin domain present on each of the subunit enzymes. The scaffoldin of some cellulosomes, an example being that of Clostridium thermocellum, contains a carbohydrate-binding module that adheres cellulose to the cellulosomal complex.
Structure
Cellulosomes exist as extracellular complexes that are either attached to the cell wall of bacteria or free in solution, where the insoluble substrate can be broken down into soluble products and taken up by the cell. The large size and heterogeneity of cellulosomes from the best-characterized organisms (i.e., C. thermocellum,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20object
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a dual object is an analogue of a dual vector space from linear algebra for objects in arbitrary monoidal categories. It is only a partial generalization, based upon the categorical properties of duality for finite-dimensional vector spaces. An object admitting a dual is called a dualizable object. In this formalism, infinite-dimensional vector spaces are not dualizable, since the dual vector space V∗ doesn't satisfy the axioms. Often, an object is dualizable only when it satisfies some finiteness or compactness property.
A category in which each object has a dual is called autonomous or rigid. The category of finite-dimensional vector spaces with the standard tensor product is rigid, while the category of all vector spaces is not.
Motivation
Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over some field K. The standard notion of a dual vector space V∗ has the following property: for any K-vector spaces U and W there is an adjunction HomK(U ⊗ V,W) = HomK(U, V∗ ⊗ W), and this characterizes V∗ up to a unique isomorphism. This expression makes sense in any category with an appropriate replacement for the tensor product of vector spaces. For any monoidal category (C, ⊗) one may attempt to define a dual of an object V to be an object V∗ ∈ C with a natural isomorphism of bifunctors
HomC((–)1 ⊗ V, (–)2) → HomC((–)1, V∗ ⊗ (–)2)
For a well-behaved notion of duality, this map should be not only natural in the sense of category theory, but also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam%20cell
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Foam cells, also called lipid-laden macrophages, are a type of cell that contain cholesterol. These can form a plaque that can lead to atherosclerosis and trigger myocardial infarction and stroke.
Foam cells are fat-laden cells with a M2 macrophage-like phenotype. They contain low density lipoproteins (LDL) and can only be truly detected by examining a fatty plaque under a microscope after it is removed from the body. They are named because the lipoproteins give the cell a foamy appearance.
Despite the connection with cardiovascular diseases they might not be inherently dangerous.
Some foam cells are derived from smooth muscle cells and present a limited macrophage-like phenotype.
Formation
Foam cell formation is triggered by a number of factors including the uncontrolled uptake of modified low density lipoproteins (LDL), the upregulation of cholesterol esterification and the impairment of mechanisms associated with cholesterol release. Foam cells are formed when circulating monocyte-derived cells are recruited to the atherosclerotic lesion site or fat deposits in the blood vessel walls. Recruitment is facilitated by the molecules P-selectin and E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1).
Monocytes are then able to penetrate the arterial wall as a result of impaired endothelial integrity which increases permeability. Once in the sub endothelium space, inflammation processes induce the differentiation of monocy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20A
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Protein A is a 42 kDa surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It is encoded by the spa gene and its regulation is controlled by DNA topology, cellular osmolarity, and a two-component system called ArlS-ArlR. It has found use in biochemical research because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins. It is composed of five homologous Ig-binding domains that fold into a three-helix bundle. Each domain is able to bind proteins from many mammalian species, most notably IgGs. It binds the heavy chain within the Fc region of most immunoglobulins and also within the Fab region in the case of the human VH3 family. Through these interactions in serum, where IgG molecules are bound in the wrong orientation (in relation to normal antibody function), the bacteria disrupts opsonization and phagocytosis.
History
As a by-product of his work on type-specific staphylococcus antigens, Verwey reported in
1940 that a protein fraction prepared from extracts of these bacteria non-specifically precipitated rabbit antisera raised against different staphylococcus types. In 1958, Jensen confirmed Verwey’s finding and showed that rabbit pre-immunization sera as well as normal human sera bound to the active component in the staphylococcus extract; he designated this component Antigen A (because it was found in fraction A of the extract) but thought it was a polysaccharide. The misclassification of the protein was the result of faulty tests but it was not
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career%20Guide%20to%20Industries
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The Career Guide to Industries was a publication of the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics that included information about the nature of the industry, working conditions, training and education, earnings, and job outlook for workers in dozens of different industries. The Career Guide was released biennially with its companion publication the Occupational Outlook Handbook.
It is no longer an independent product and similar information is to be found in other publications, in particular: information about current and projected occupational employment within industries and information about current and projected industry employment for occupations.
The 2006-07 edition was released in December 2005 and included employment projections for the period 2004–2014. The 2010-11 edition printed by Claitors Publishing Division was released in August 2010.
References
External links
Economics publications
United States Department of Labor publications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film%20composite%20membrane
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Thin-film composite membranes (TFC or TFM) are semipermeable membranes manufactured to provide selectivity with high permeability. Most TFC's are used in water purification or water desalination systems. They also have use in chemical applications such as gas separations, dehumidification, batteries and fuel cells. A TFC membrane can be considered a molecular sieve constructed in the form of a film from two or more layered materials. The additional layers provide structural strength and a low-defect surface to support a selective layer that is thin enough to be selective but not so thick that it causes low permeability.
TFC membranes for water treatment are commonly classified as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Both types are typically made out of a thin polyamide layer (<200 nm) deposited on top of a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer (about 50 microns) on top of a non-woven fabric support sheet. The three layer configuration gives the desired properties of high rejection of undesired materials (like salts), high filtration rate, and good mechanical strength. The polyamide top layer is responsible for the high rejection and is chosen primarily for its permeability to water and relative impermeability to various dissolved impurities including salt ions and other small, unfilterable molecules. Although not fully commercialized yet, TFC's are also used in other water treatment technologies, including Forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montignac%20diet
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The Montignac diet is a high-protein low-carbohydrate fad diet that was popular in the 1990s, mainly in Europe. It was invented by Frenchman Michel Montignac (1944–2010), an international executive for the pharmaceutical industry, who, like his father, was overweight in his youth. His method is aimed at people wishing to lose weight efficiently and lastingly, reduce risks of heart failure, and prevent diabetes.
The Montignac diet is based on the glycemic index (GI) and forbids high‐carbohydrate foods that stimulate secretion of insulin.
Principle
Carbohydrate-rich foods are classified according to their glycemic index (GI), a ranking system for carbohydrates based on their effect on blood glucose levels after meals. High-GI carbohydrates are considered "bad" (with the exception of those foodstuffs like carrots that, even though they have high GIs, have a quite low carbohydrate content and should not significantly affect blood sugar levels, also called low glycemic load or low GL). The glycemic index was devised by Jenkins et al. at the University of Toronto as a way of conveniently classifying foods according to the way they affected blood sugar and was developed for diabetics suffering from diabetes mellitus. Montignac was the first to recommend using the glycemic index as a slimming diet rather than a way of managing blood sugar levels, and recommendations to avoid sharp increases in glucose blood sugar levels (as opposed to gradual increases) as a strategy for anyone to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervariable%20region
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A hypervariable region (HVR) is a location within nuclear DNA or the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA in which base pairs of nucleotides repeat (in the case of nuclear DNA) or have substitutions (in the case of mitochondrial DNA). Changes or repeats in the hypervariable region are highly polymorphic.
Mitochondrial
There are two mitochondrial hypervariable regions used in human mitochondrial genealogical DNA testing. HVR1 is considered a "low resolution" region and HVR2 is considered a "high resolution" region. Getting HVR1 and HVR2 DNA tests can help determine one's haplogroup. In the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence of the human mitogenome, the most variable sites of HVR1 are numbered 16024-16383 (this subsequence is called HVR-I), and the most variable sites of HVR2 are numbered 57-372 (i.e., HVR-II) and 438-574 (i.e., HVR-III).
In some bony fishes, for example certain Protacanthopterygii and Gadidae, the mitochondrial control region evolves remarkably slowly. Even functional mitochondrial genes accumulate mutations faster and more freely. It is not known whether such hypovariable control regions are more widespread. In the Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), an East Asian protacanthopterygian, control region mutation rate is not markedly lowered, but sequence differences between subspecies are far lower in the control region than elsewhere. This phenomenon completely defies explanation at present.
Antibodies
In antibodies, hypervariable regions form the antigen-binding site
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20L
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Haplogroup L may refer to:
Haplogroup L (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup
Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) macrohaplogroup that is at the root of the human mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Its subclades are:
Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup L6 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup L7, a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup; now Haplogroup L4a (mtDNA)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20Genomics%20Consortium
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The Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) is a public-private-partnership focusing on elucidating the functions and disease relevance of all proteins encoded by the human genome, with an emphasis on those that are relatively understudied. The SGC places all its research output into the public domain without restriction and does not file for patents and continues to promote open science. Two recent publications revisit the case for open science.
Founded in 2003, and modelled after the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database (dbSNP) Consortium, the SGC is a charitable company whose Members comprise organizations that contribute over $5,4M Euros to the SGC over a five-year period. The Board has one representative from each Member and an independent Chair, who serves one 5-year term. The current Chair is Anke Müller-Fahrnow (Germany), and previous Chairs have been Michael Morgan (U.K.), Wayne Hendrickson (U.S.A.), Markus Gruetter (Switzerland) and Tetsuyuki Maruyama (Japan). The founding and current CEO is Aled Edwards (Canada). The founding Members of the SGC Company were the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Genome Canada, the Ontario Research Fund, GlaxoSmithKline and Wellcome Trust. The current (March 2022) Members comprise Bayer Pharma AG, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, the Eshelman Institute for Innovation, Genentech, Genome Canada, Janssen, Merck KGaA, Pfizer, and Takeda.
SGC research activities take place in a coordinated network of university-affiliate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR%20H%20class
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The NZR H class steam locomotive was a unique class of Fell locomotive used by New Zealand Railways (NZR) on the Rimutaka Incline, the section of 1 in 15 (6.67 %) gradient between Cross Creek and Summit, over the Rimutaka Ranges.
Introduction
The first four H class locomotives were built for NZR by the Avonside Engine Company in 1875, and introduced on the Rimutaka Incline from its opening in 1877. They were named as Mount Cenis, Mount Cook, Mount Egmont, and Mount Tongariro. In 1886 two additional locomotives were introduced, built by Neilson and Company. The Neilson Locomotives were known as the Dreadnoughts.
Design
The locomotives worked on the Fell mountain railway system and had four horizontal driving wheels between the frames, gripping a centre rail and providing the extra adhesion needed for the climb. The outside engines drove the rear pair of coupled wheels of diameter, and the inside cylinders four spring-loaded grip wheels of diameter. On the descent, powerful hand-brakes bore against the centre rail, and brake vans with similar braking gear were interspersed at intervals in the train. The locomotives were never required to run at speeds higher than , and their usual operating speed was between ascending the incline, about descending.
Withdrawal
After the Second World War, the locomotives were starting to show their age, and the New Zealand government was looking for a way to cut the time between Wellington and the Wairarapa. On 7 May 1951, the contra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Robb%20%28musician%29
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John David Robb (born 4 May 1961) is an English musician and journalist best known as the bassist and singer for the mid-1980s post-punk band The Membranes.
He writes for and runs the Louder Than War website and a monthly music magazine of the same name. He has written several books on music and occasionally makes media appearances as a music commentator. He is also the vocalist in the punk rock band Goldblade. Since 2014 Robb has run the music writing festival Louder Than Words which is held in Manchester every November, and is a TEDx speaker and spoken word artist.
Early life
John David Robb was born on 4 May 1961 in Fleetwood, Lancashire, and grew up in Anchorsholme, Blackpool, Lancashire. He attended Blackpool Sixth Form College an addition to the Collegiate Grammar School which Robb attended, where after reading about the emerging punk rock scene in the music press in 1976 he was inspired to start his own band. He is a supporter of Blackpool F.C., and stated in January 2013: "I was born in Blackpool and supporting your local team is one of those things that gets under your skin for life."
Music
Robb was inspired by the DIY ethic of punk to form The Membranes in 1977; the band released several albums in the 1980s. They split up in 1990; Robb then formed Sensuround, who released two singles in the early 1990s. In 1994 he formed Goldblade, who have released albums including 2005's Rebel Songs and 2008's Mutiny and single "City of Christmas Ghosts" featuring Poly Styren
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs%20%28surname%29
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Burroughs is a surname of French origin. At the time of the British Census of 1881, its relative frequency was highest in Suffolk (8.9 times the British average), followed by Norfolk, Gloucestershire, Shropshire, Huntingdonshire, Somerset, Hampshire, Surrey, Lincolnshire, and Orkney.
Notable people sharing the surname "Burroughs"
Alvin Burroughs (1911–1950), American musician
Augusten Burroughs (b. 1965), American writer
Bryson Burroughs (1869–1934), American artist
Charles Burroughs (1876–1902), American track and field athlete and Olympian
Derrick Burroughs (b. 1962), American football player and coach
Diane Burroughs (b. 1960), American television writer
Dillon Burroughs (b. 1976), American writer
Don Burroughs (1931–2006), American football player
Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875–1950), American author, creator of the John Carter of Mars series and the Tarzan series
Edith Burroughs (b. 1939), American professional bowler
Edith Woodman Burroughs (1871–1916), American sculptor
Edward Burroughs (bishop) (1885–1934), English Anglican priest
Ellen Burroughs, better known as Sophie Jewett (1861–1909), American poet and professor
Elzy Burroughs (1771/1777–1825), American stonemason, engineer, lighthouse builder, and lighthouse keeper
Franklin Burroughs (businessman) (1834–1897), American entrepreneur
Franklin Burroughs (author) (b. ?), American author
George Burroughs (1650–1692), American Congregational pastor
Harmon P. Burroughs (1846–1907), American farmer and politician
Henry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedic%20genres
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Comedy may be divided into multiple genres based on the source of humor, the method of delivery, and the context in which it is delivered.
These classifications overlap, and most comedians can fit into multiple genres. For example, deadpan comics often fall into observational comedy, or into black comedy or blue comedy to contrast the morbidity, or offensiveness of the joke with a lack of emotion.
List
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chusclan
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Chusclan () is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Chusclan has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Chusclan is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Chusclan was on 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 2 January 2002.
Population
See also
Côtes du Rhône Villages AOC
Communes of the Gard department
References
External links
Official site
Communes of Gard
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRE%20Biochemistry%2C%20Cell%20and%20Molecular%20Biology%20Test
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GRE Subject Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology was a standardized exam provided by ETS (Educational Testing Service) that was discontinued in December 2016. It is a paper-based exam and there are no computer-based versions of it. ETS places this exam three times per year: once in April, once in October and once in November. Some graduate programs in the United States recommend taking this exam, while others require this exam score as a part of the application to their graduate programs. ETS sends a bulletin with a sample practice test to each candidate after registration for the exam. There are 180 questions within the biochemistry subject test.
Scores are scaled and then reported as a number between 200 and 990; however, in recent versions of the test, the maximum and minimum reported scores have been 760 (corresponding to the 99 percentile) and 320 (1 percentile) respectively. The mean score for all test takers from July, 2009, to July, 2012, was 526 with a standard deviation of 95.
After learning that test content from editions of the GRE® Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology (BCM) Test has been compromised in Israel, ETS made the decision not to administer this test worldwide in 2016–17.
Content specification
Since many students who apply to graduate programs in biochemistry do so during the first half of their fourth year, the scope of most questions is largely that of the first three years of a standard American undergraduate biochemistry curriculum. A sam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbtb7
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Zbtb7, whose protein product is also known as Pokemon, is a gene that functions as a regulator of cellular growth and a proto oncogene.
Zbtb7 is a member of the POK (POZ and Krüppel) family of genes, and the ZBTB protein family that contains zinc finger and BTB domain. It is also known as LRF10 (leukemia/lymphoma-related factor), OCZF11 (osteoclast-derived zinc finger), and FBI1 (1-3) (fourteen-three-three beta interactant).
Zbtb7 is a transcription factor that regulates pathways involved in cell growth and transcription and it specifically represses many activities. When this gene binds to a consensus sequence, it prevents transcription by controlling the conformation of chromatin and bringing other transcription factors to gene regulation sites. This gene controls access to gene transcription regulation regions. Zbtb7 prevents SP1, a transcription factor, from binding to DNA which will halt the process of transcribing DNA to RNA. Downstream effects of Zbtb7 activity include failure to transcribe ARF, a critical tumor suppressor. Zbtb7 is also involved in the regulation of p53, another tumor suppressor gene. As an oncogene, Zbtb7 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including lung, liver, prostate, and oral.
Oncogenic studies on Zbtb7
In initial studies using mouse embryonic fibroblasts, researchers found that in the absence of Zbtb7, cellular pathways that convert normal cells into tumor cells did not develop. However, when Zbtb7 was overexpressed, pathways for the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFRB
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IFRB is an acronym for:
Institute of Food and Radiation Biology
International Frequency Registration Board, a former organ of the International Telecommunication Union; see
See also
IRFB, the International Rugby Football Board, the predecessor to World Rugby
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite%20inner%20product%20space
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In mathematics, in the field of functional analysis, an indefinite inner product space
is an infinite-dimensional complex vector space equipped with both an indefinite inner product
and a positive semi-definite inner product
where the metric operator is an endomorphism of obeying
The indefinite inner product space itself is not necessarily a Hilbert space; but the existence of a positive semi-definite inner product on implies that one can form a quotient space on which there is a positive definite inner product. Given a strong enough topology on this quotient space, it has the structure of a Hilbert space, and many objects of interest in typical applications fall into this quotient space.
An indefinite inner product space is called a Krein space (or -space) if is positive definite and possesses a majorant topology. Krein spaces are named in honor of the Soviet mathematician Mark Grigorievich Krein (3 April 1907 – 17 October 1989).
Inner products and the metric operator
Consider a complex vector space equipped with an indefinite hermitian form . In the theory of Krein spaces it is common to call such an hermitian form an indefinite inner product. The following subsets are defined in terms of the square norm induced by the indefinite inner product:
("neutral")
("positive")
("negative")
("non-negative")
("non-positive")
A subspace lying within is called a neutral subspace. Similarly, a subspace lying within () is called positive (negative) semi-defi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage%20inflammatory%20protein
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Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. In humans, there are two major forms, MIP-1α and MIP-1β that are now (according to the new nomenclature) officially named CCL3 and CCL4, respectively. However, other names can sometimes be encountered, especially in older literature, as LD78α, AT 464.1 and GOS19-1 for human CCL3 and AT 744, Act-2, LAG-1, HC21 and G-26 for human CCL4. Other macrophage inflammatory proteins include MIP-2, MIP-3 and MIP-5.
MIP-1
MIP-1α and MIP-1β are major factors produced by macrophages and monocytes after they are stimulated with bacterial endotoxin or proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. But it appears that they can be expressed by all hematopoietic cells and some tissue cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells or platelets upon activation. They are crucial for immune responses towards infection and inflammation. CCL3 and CCL4 can bind to extracellular proteoglycans, which is not necessary for their function but it can enhance their bioactivity. The biological effect is carried out through ligation of chemokine receptors CCR1 (ligand CCL3) and CCR5 (ligands CCL3 and CCL4) and the signal is then transferred into the cell, thus these cytokines affect any cell that has these receptors. The main effect is inflammatory and mainly consists of chemotaxis and transendothelial migration but cells can be activated to release of some bioactive molecules also. T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate%20deficiency
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Folate deficiency, also known as vitamin B9 deficiency, is a low level of folate and derivatives in the body. This may result in a type of anemia in which red blood cells become abnormally large and is a late finding in folate deficiency and folate deficiency anemia is the term given for this medical condition. Signs of folate deficiency are often subtle. Symptoms may include feeling tired, weakness, feeling faint, shortness of breath, mouth ulcers, sore tongue, heart palpitations, headaches, low-grade fever, pale skin, changes in the color of the skin or hair, loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, irritability, and behavioral changes. Temporary reversible infertility may occur. Folate deficiency anemia during pregnancy may give rise to the birth of low weight birth premature infants and infants with neural tube defects.
Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency within a few months. Otherwise, causes may include increased needs as with pregnancy, and in those with shortened red blood cell lifespan. Folate deficiency can be secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency or a defect in homocysteine methyl transferase that leads to a "folate trap" in which is an inactive metabolite that cannot be recovered. Diagnosis is typically confirmed by blood tests, including a complete blood count, and serum folate levels. Increased homocysteine levels may suggest deficiency state, but it is also affected by other factors. Vitamin B12 deficiency must be ruled out, if left untreat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosalate
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Homosalate is an organic compound used in some sunscreens. It is made by the Fischer–Speier esterification of salicylic acid and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, the latter being a hydrogenated derivative of isophorone. Contained in 45% of U.S. sunscreens, it is used as a chemical UV filter. The salicylic acid portion of the molecule absorbs ultraviolet rays with a wavelength from 295 nm to 315 nm, protecting the skin from sun damage. The hydrophobic trimethyl cyclohexyl group provides greasiness that prevents it from dissolving in water.
Safety
Similar to other UV filter compounds, more homosalate is absorbed into the uppermost stratum corneum (ie, the stratum disjunctum) of the face (25% of applied dose) versus back of volunteers. This amounted to approximately two to three times the amount of sunscreen that was present in the superficial stratum corneum layers of the face compared with the back. There was no homosalate detected in the urine samples or blood plasma samples of the volunteers in this study.
Homosalate has been identified as an antiandrogen in vitro, as well as having estrogenic activity toward estrogen receptors α, and general in vitro estrogenic activity. Homosalate has been shown to be an antagonist toward androgen and estrogen receptors in vitro. Some work has shown that organic UV filters in general can present concerns.
There is no in vivo evidence of toxicity, endocrine disfunction or adverse effects; and none of these adverse events have ever been rep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20M.%20Whitesides
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George McClelland Whitesides (born August 3, 1939) is an American chemist and professor of chemistry at Harvard University. He is best known for his work in the areas of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, organometallic chemistry, molecular self-assembly, soft lithography, microfabrication, microfluidics, and nanotechnology. A prolific author and patent holder who has received many awards, he received the highest Hirsch index rating of all living chemists in 2011.
Education and academic career
Education
Whitesides attended secondary school at Phillips Andover and graduated in 1957. He received his A.B. degree from Harvard College in 1960 and earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology in 1964, where he worked with John D. Roberts. At Caltech, Whitesides began working in organic chemistry. Whitesides' graduate work in organometallic chemistry used NMR spectroscopy and density matrices to study Grignard reagents. He used NMR spectroscopy to study rate of change of Grignard reagents and the structure of Grignard reagents in solution. He also studied spin-spin coupling in a variety of organic compounds, using density matrix calculations to examine the spin systems that NMR analyses detect.
Research at MIT
Whitesides began his independent career as an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963 and remained there until 1982. He continued his work with NMR spectroscopy and organometallic compounds, as well as worki
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt%20vector
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In mathematics, a Witt vector is an infinite sequence of elements of a commutative ring. Ernst Witt showed how to put a ring structure on the set of Witt vectors, in such a way that the ring of Witt vectors over the finite field of order is isomorphic to , the ring of -adic integers. They have a highly non-intuitive structure upon first glance because their additive and multiplicative structure depends on an infinite set of recursive formulas which do not behave like addition and multiplication formulas for standard p-adic integers.
The main idea behind Witt vectors is instead of using the standard -adic expansionto represent an element in , we can instead consider an expansion using the Teichmüller characterwhich sends each element in the solution set of in to an element in the solution set of in . That is, we expand out elements in in terms of roots of unity instead of as profinite elements in . We can then express a -adic integer as an infinite sumwhich gives a Witt vectorThen, the non-trivial additive and multiplicative structure in Witt vectors comes from using this map to give an additive and multiplicative structure such that induces a commutative ring morphism.
History
In the 19th century, Ernst Eduard Kummer studied cyclic extensions of fields as part of his work on Fermat's Last Theorem. This led to the subject now known as Kummer theory. Let be a field containing a primitive -th root of unity. Kummer theory classifies degree cyclic field extensions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20Baltimore
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Crystal Palace Baltimore was an American professional soccer team based in Baltimore, Maryland, US. Founded in 2006, the club was originally named Crystal Palace USA and was affiliated with English side Crystal Palace.
The club was a member of the old USL Second Division and the temporary USSF Division 2 Professional League. Following its 2010 season, the club severed ties with the London-based Crystal Palace and announced plans to take a one-year hiatus in order to execute a reorganization involving a complete rebranding and the possibility of a new soccer-specific stadium in downtown Baltimore. On December 3, 2010 the franchise stated it intended to relaunch for the start of the 2012 North American Soccer League campaign. However no further announcements were forthcoming from the club.
History
Genesis of the franchise
Crystal Palace Baltimore was established on May 5, 2006 by Crystal Palace's Chairman Simon Jordan, Vice Chairman Dominic Jordan, Chief Executive Phil Alexander, Director of Football Bob Dowie and Jim Cherneski, the new American-based club's Sporting Director. This was the first trans-Atlantic partnership of its kind in North America. The Baltimore franchise originally intended to be in the USL Premier Development League (PDL). Instead, it joined the USL Second Division (USL-2) when it began playing a full schedule of contests in 2007. The team's original official title was Crystal Palace F.C. USA until January 27, 2010, when it was changed to the more popul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granzyme%20A
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Granzyme A (GzmA, , CTLA3, HuTPS, T-cell associated protease 1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte serine protease, TSP-1, T-cell derived serine proteinase) is a tryptase and is one of the five granzymes encoded in the human genome. In humans, GzmA is encoded by the GZMA gene in proximity to the GZMK gene on chromosome 5. This enzyme is present in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) granules.
GzmA cleaves proteins after arginine or lysine basic residues. In CTL-targeted cells, it activates caspase-independent programmed cell death pathways that are unique and parallel to that of Granzyme B, although some substrates such as PARP-1 and lamin B are shared with Granzyme B. Substrates of GzmA include Pro-IL-1β, NDUFS3, SET, APE1, and Ku70 among others. In vitro studies suggest that GzmA may have less cytotoxic capabilities than GzmB.
In colorectal cancer, GzmA was associated with promotion of cancer development, which may be due to activation of inflammation-inducing cytokines from macrophages.
See also
GZMA
GZMK
GZMB
GZMH
References
Further reading
External links
EC 3.4.21
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsin%20B
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Pepsin B (, parapepsin I, pig gelatinase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Degradation of gelatin, with manor activity on hemoglobin. Specificity for B chain of insulin is more restricted than that of pepsin A
This enzyme is formed from pig pepsinogen B.
See also
Pepsin
References
External links
EC 3.4.23
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsin%20A
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Pepsin A (, pepsin, lactated pepsin, pepsin fortior, fundus-pepsin, elixir lactate of pepsin, P I, lactated pepsin elixir, P II, pepsin R, pepsin D) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Preferential cleavage: hydrophobic, preferably aromatic, residues in P1 and P1' positions. Cleaves Phe1-Val, Gln4-His, Glu13-Ala, Ala14-Leu, Leu15-Tyr, Tyr16-Leu, Gly23-Phe, Phe24-Phe and Phe25-Tyr bonds in the B chain of insulin
The enzyme is a predominant endopeptidase in the gastric juice of vertebrates.
See also
Pepsin
References
External links
EC 3.4.23
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillopepsin%20I
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Aspergillopepsin I (, Aspergillus acid protease, Aspergillus acid proteinase, Aspergillus aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus awamori acid proteinase, Aspergillus carboxyl proteinase, carboxyl proteinase, Aspergillus kawachii aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus saitoi acid proteinase, pepsin-type aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger acid proteinase, sumizyme AP, proctase P, denapsin, denapsin XP 271, proctase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity. Generally favours hydrophobic residues in P1 and P1', but also accepts Lys in P1, which leads to activation of trypsinogen. Does not clot milk
This enzyme is found in a variety of Aspergillus species.
See also
Trypsinogen
References
External links
EC 3.4.23
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodeoxyribonuclease
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Exodeoxyribonucleases are both exonucleases and deoxyribonucleases. They catalyze digestion of the ends of linear DNA. They are a type of esterase. They are classified EC 3.1.11.
See also
Deoxyribonuclease
External links
EC 3.1
Deoxyribonucleases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidase
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A carboxypeptidase (EC number 3.4.16 - 3.4.18) is a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes (cleaves) a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a protein or peptide. This is in contrast to an aminopeptidases, which cleave peptide bonds at the N-terminus of proteins. Humans, animals, bacteria and plants contain several types of carboxypeptidases that have diverse functions ranging from catabolism to protein maturation. At least two mechanisms have been discussed.
Functions
Initial studies on carboxypeptidases focused on pancreatic carboxypeptidases A1, A2, and B in the digestion of food. Most carboxypeptidases are not, however, involved in catabolism. Instead they help to mature proteins, for example Post-translational modification. They also regulate biological processes, such as the biosynthesis of neuroendocrine peptides such as insulin requires a carboxypeptidase. Carboxypeptidases also function in blood clotting, growth factor production, wound healing, reproduction, and many other processes.
Mechanism
Carboxypeptidases hydrolyze peptides at the first amide or polypeptide bond on the C-terminal end of the chain. Carboxypeptidases act by replacing the substrate water with a carbonyl (C=O) group. The carboxypeptidase A hydrolysis reaction has two mechanistic hypotheses, via a nucleophilic water and via an anhydride.
In the first proposed mechanism, a promoted-water pathway is favoured as Glu270 deprotonates the nucleophilic water. The Zn2+ ion, along with pos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase%201
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Caspase-1/Interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that proteolytically cleaves other proteins, such as the precursors of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and interleukin 18 as well as the pyroptosis inducer Gasdermin D, into active mature peptides. It plays a central role in cell immunity as an inflammatory response initiator. Once activated through formation of an inflammasome complex, it initiates a proinflammatory response through the cleavage and thus activation of the two inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) as well as pyroptosis, a programmed lytic cell death pathway, through cleavage of Gasdermin D. The two inflammatory cytokines activated by Caspase-1 are excreted from the cell to further induce the inflammatory response in neighboring cells.
Cellular expression
Caspase-1 is evolutionarily conserved in many eukaryotes of the Kingdom Animalia. Due to its role in the inflammatory immune response, it is highly expressed in the immune organs such as the liver, kidney, spleen, and blood (neutrophils). Following infection, the inflammatory response increases expression of Caspase-1, by a positive feedback mechanism that amplifies the response.
Structure
Caspase-1 is produced as a zymogen that can then be cleaved into 20 kDa (p20) and 10 kDa (p10) subunits that become part of the active enzyme. Active Caspase 1 contains two heterodimers of p20 and p10. It contains a catalytic domain with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative-complement-pathway%20C3/C5%20convertase
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Alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase (, complement component C3/C5 convertase (alternative), proenzyme factor B, properdin factor B, C3 proactivator, glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein, heat-labile factor, C3 convertase, C3b,Bb,CVF,Bb,C5 convertase, (C3b)n,Bb, complement C 3(C 5) convertase (amplification), alternative complement pathway C3(C5) convertase, C5 convertase, CVF,Bb, (CVF)-dependent glycine-rich-beta-glucoprotein, cobra venom factor-dependent C3 convertase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Cleavage of Arg-Ser bond in complement component C3 alpha-chain to yield C3a and C3b, and Arg- bond in complement component C5 alpha-chain to yield C5a and C5b
This enzyme is a bimolecular complex of complement fragment Bb with either C3b or cobra venom factor.
See also
Alternative complement pathway
References
External links
EC 3.4.21
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endopeptidase%20Clp
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Endopeptidase Clp (, endopeptidase Ti, caseinolytic protease, protease Ti, ATP-dependent Clp protease, ClpP, Clp protease). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Hydrolysis of proteins to small peptides in the presence of ATP and Mg2+.
This bacterial enzyme contains subunits of two types, ClpP, with peptidase activity, and the protein ClpA, with AAA+ ATPase activity. ClpP and ClpA are not evolutionarily related.
A fully assembled Clp protease complex has a barrel-shaped structure in which two stacked heptameric ring of proteolytic subunits (ClpP or ClpQ) are either sandwiched between two rings or single-caped by one ring of hexameric ATPase-active chaperon subunits (ClpA, ClpC, ClpE, ClpX, ClpY, or others).
ClpXP is presented in almost all bacteria while ClpA is found in the Gram-negative bacteria, ClpC in Gram-Positive bacteria and cyanobacteria. ClpAP, ClpXP and ClpYQ coexist in E. coli while only ClpXP complex in present in humans as mitochondrial enzymes. ClpYQ is another name for the HslVU complex, a heat shock protein complex thought to resemble the hypothetical ancestor of the proteasome.
ATPase
The Hsp100 family of eukaryotic heat shock proteins is homologous to the ATPase-active chaperon subunits found in the Clp complex; as such the entire group is often referred to as the HSP100/Clp family. The family is usually broken into two parts, one being the ClpA/B family with two ATPase domains, and the other being ClpX and friends with only one such
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin%20L
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Cathepsin L may refer to:
Cathepsin L1, a human protease enzyme encoded by the CTSL gene and known for its role in viral entry
Cathepsin L2, a human protease enzyme encoded by the CTSV gene and also known as cathepsin V
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin%20T
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Cathepsin T () is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction: Interconversion of the three forms of tyrosine aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.5.
This enzyme degrades azocasein and denatured hemoglobin.
See also
Cathepsin
References
External links
EC 3.4.22
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin%20S
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Cathepsin S is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSS gene. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyadenylation signals exist for this gene.
Cathepsin S is a member of the peptidase C1 family of cysteine cathepsins, a lysosomal cysteine protease that may participate in the degradation of antigenic proteins to peptides for presentation to the MHC class II. Cathepsin S can function as an elastase over a broad pH range in alveolar macrophages.
Function
Cathepsin S is a lysosomal enzyme that belongs to the papain-like protease of cysteine proteases. While a role in antigen presentation has long been recognized, it is now understood that cathepsin S has a role in itch and pain, or nociception . The nociceptive activity results from cathepsin S functioning as a signaling molecule via activation of protease-activated receptors 2 and 4 members of the G-protein coupled receptor family.
Cathepsin S is expressed by antigen presenting cells including macrophages, B-lymphocytes, dendritic cells and microglia. Cathepsin S is expressed by some epithelial cells. Its expression is markedly increased in human keratinocytes following stimulation with interferon-gamma and its expression is elevated in psoriatic keratinocytes due to stimulation by proinflammatory factors. In contrast, cortical thymic epithelial cells do not express cathepsin S.
While pH optima of many lysosomal proteases are acidic, cathepsin S is an exception. This enzyme remains catalytically active under t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin%20O
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Cathepsin O is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTSO gene.
Function
Cathepsin O is a cysteine cathepsin, a cysteine protease and a member of the cathepsin family. This proteolytic enzyme is involved in cellular protein degradation and turnover. The recombinant form of this enzyme was shown to degrade synthetic peptides typically used as substrates for cysteine proteinases, and its proteolytic activity was abolished by an inhibitor of cysteine proteinase.
References
Further reading
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: C01.035
Proteases
EC 3.4.22
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin%20K
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Cathepsin K, abbreviated CTSK, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTSK gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a cysteine cathepsin, a lysosomal cysteine protease involved in bone remodeling and resorption. This protein, which is a member of the peptidase C1 protein family, is expressed predominantly in osteoclasts.
Cathepsin K is a protease, which is defined by its high specificity for kinins, that is involved in bone resorption. The enzyme's ability to catabolize elastin, collagen, and gelatin allows it to break down bone and cartilage. This catabolic activity is also partially responsible for the loss of lung elasticity and recoil in emphysema. Cathepsin K inhibitors show great potential in the treatment of osteoporosis. Cathepsin K is degraded by Cathepsin S, in a process referred to as Controlled Cathepsin Cannibalism.
Cathepsin K expression is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines that are released after tissue injury.
Clinical significance
Cathepsin K is expressed in a significant fraction of human breast cancers, where it could contribute to tumor invasiveness. Mutations in this gene are the cause of pycnodysostosis, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by osteosclerosis and short stature. Cathepsin K has also been found to be over-expressed in glioblastoma.
That the expression of cathepsin K is characteristic for some cancers and not others has been documented. Cathepsin K antibodies are marketed for research into expression of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinase%20B
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Gelatinase B (, 92-kDa gelatinase, matrix metalloproteinase 9, type V collagenase, 92-kDa type IV collagenase, macrophage gelatinase, 95 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase, collagenase IV, collagenase type IV, gelatinase MMP 9, MMP 9, type IV collagen metalloproteinase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Cleavage of gelatin types I and V and collagen types IV and V
This enzyme is similar to gelatinase A, but possesses a further domain. Regarding its structure, Gelatinase B has domains which can bind with gelatin, laminin, and collagens type I and IV- collagenases do not possess these binding domains.
Function
Due to its role in cleaving collagen in the extracellular matrix, gelatinase B has multiple functional roles in normal physiology.
Neutrophil action
Gelatinase B, along with elastase, appears to be a regulatory factor in neutrophil migration across the basement membrane. Gelatinase B plays several important functions within neutrophil action, such as degrading extracellular matrix, activation of IL-1β, and cleavage of several chemokines. In a mouse model, Gelatinase B deficiency resulted in resistance to endotoxin shock, suggesting that Gelatinase B is important in sepsis.
Angiogenesis
Gelatinase B may play an important role in angiogenesis and neovascularization. For example, gelatinase B appears to be involved in the remodeling associated with malignant glioma neovascularization. It is also a key regulator of growth plate fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin%20C
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Cathepsin C (CTSC) also known as dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP-I) is a lysosomal exo-cysteine protease belonging to the peptidase C1 protein family, a subgroup of the cysteine cathepsins. In humans, it is encoded by the CTSC gene.
Function
Cathepsin C appears to be a central coordinator for activation of many serine proteases in immune/inflammatory cells.
Cathepsin C catalyses excision of dipeptides from the N-terminus of protein and peptide substrates, except if (i) the amino group of the N-terminus is blocked, (ii) the site of cleavage is on either side of a proline residue, (iii) the N-terminal residue is lysine or arginine, or (iv) the structure of the peptide or protein prevents further digestion from the N-terminus.
Structure
The cDNAs encoding rat, human, murine, bovine, dog and two Schistosome cathepsin Cs have been cloned and sequenced and show that the enzyme is highly conserved. The human and rat cathepsin C cDNAs encode precursors (prepro-cathepsin C) comprising signal peptides of 24 residues, pro-regions of 205 (rat cathepsin C) or 206 (human cathepsin C) residues and catalytic domains of 233 residues which contain the catalytic residues and are 30-40% identical to the mature amino acid sequences of papain and a number of other cathepsins including cathepsins, B, H, K, L, and S.
The translated prepro-cathepsin C is processed into the mature form by at least four cleavages of the polypeptide chain. The signal peptide is removed during translocation or secret
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-lactate%20dehydrogenase%20%28cytochrome%29
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In enzymology, an L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC number 1.1.2.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(S)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-lactate and ferricytochrome c, whereas its two products are pyruvate and ferrocytochrome c.
References
Further reading
EC 1.1.2
Flavoproteins
Enzymes of unknown structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol%202%2C3-dioxygenase
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Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (, 2,3-pyrocatechase, catechol 2,3-oxygenase, catechol oxygenase, metapyrocatechase, pyrocatechol 2,3-dioxygenase) is an enzyme with systematic name catechol:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
catechol + O2 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde
This enzyme contains Fe(II).
References
External links
EC 1.13.11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20v.%20Bell
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House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518 (2006), is a United States Supreme Court case challenging the permissibility of new DNA forensic evidence that becomes available post-conviction, in capital punishment appeals when those claims have defaulted pursuant to state law. The Court found that admitting new DNA evidence was in line with Schlup v. Delo (1995), which allows cases to be reopened in light of new evidence.
Background
In 1985, Carolyn Muncey was bludgeoned to death in Luttrell, Tennessee, near Knoxville. Her body was found on an embankment the following day. Paul Gregory House, who was a friend of the Munceys, was charged with the murder. House was on parole and had a prior aggravated sexual assault conviction in Utah. Based on circumstantial evidence that House was spotted near the embankment, that blood consistent with that of the victim was found on House's jeans, and that semen consistent with House's was found on the victim's nightgown and underwear, House was found guilty at trial with aggravating factors that qualified him for capital punishment.
The Tennessee Supreme Court affirmed House's conviction and sentence, describing the evidence against House as "circumstantial" but "quite strong." Later, in a state trial court, House filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief, arguing that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial and objecting to certain jury instructions. At a hearing before the same judge who conducted the trial, the court dismi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKTA
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OKTA was founded in 1978 and is a refinery in the Balkan area.
OKTA is part of one of the biggest groups for the refining, distribution, and trade of crude oil, oil derivatives and petrochemicals – the Hellenic Petroleum group.
Apart from its main activities, OKTA has developed its own retail network, which consists of 26 rebranded petrol stations.
Pipeline
A pipeline linking the port of Thessaloniki with the OKTA oil refinery outside Skopje began full operations in July 2002. The pipeline, which took three years to build, will provide North Macedonia with a source of oil and, in the longer term, there are plans to export refined oil products to neighboring areas. The project was partly financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Products
Oil derivatives produced at OKTA include:
liquefied petroleum gas
naphtha
motor gasoline
diesel fuel
fuel oil
Environmental
OKTA is the only company in North Macedonia which has complete physical, chemical and biological waste water treatment.
References
Oil companies of North Macedonia
Oil refineries in North Macedonia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt%20ring
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In mathematics, a Witt ring may be
A ring of Witt vectors
The Witt ring (forms), a ring structure on the Witt group of symmetric bilinear forms
See also Witt algebra, a Lie algebra.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Package%20%281989%20film%29
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The Package is a 1989 American political action thriller film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Gene Hackman, Joanna Cassidy, Tommy Lee Jones, John Heard, and Dennis Franz.
Set during the Cold War, the film depicts the U.S. and Soviet governments as they are about to sign a disarmament treaty to completely eliminate nuclear weapons. However, elements within each country's military are vehemently opposed to such a plan, and determined to stop it at all costs.
Plot
U.S. Army Green Beret Master Sergeant Johnny Gallagher is part of a unit patrolling outside a chalet in West Berlin, where the U.S. President and the Soviet General Secretary are beginning talks for mutual nuclear disarmament. In another part of the chalet, high-ranking generals from the U.S. and Soviet militaries secretly agree to sabotage the talks. When U.S. General Carlson refuses to go along with the plot, he is assassinated outside the chalet by killers posing as German hikerswho slipped through the chalet's perimeter.
Gallagher is blamed for the disaster, and assigned as punishment to escort an Army sergeant named Walter Henke back to the United States for court martial. After landing at Dulles International Airport, Gallagher is ambushed by an undercover team, who spirit Henke away. Gallagher tracks down Henke's wife and is surprised when she shows a photo of a different man as her husband. Gallagher realizes that the man that he brought into the country is an imposter. After he leaves, the same underc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferating%20cell%20nuclear%20antigen
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Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication. PCNA is a homotrimer and achieves its processivity by encircling the DNA, where it acts as a scaffold to recruit proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and epigenetics.
Many proteins interact with PCNA via the two known PCNA-interacting motifs PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) box and AlkB homologue 2 PCNA interacting motif (APIM). Proteins binding to PCNA via the PIP-box are mainly involved in DNA replication whereas proteins binding to PCNA via APIM are mainly important in the context of genotoxic stress.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is found in the nucleus and is a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. The encoded protein acts as a homotrimer and helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication. In response to DNA damage, this protein is ubiquitinated and is involved in the RAD6-dependent DNA repair pathway. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been described on chromosome 4 and on the X chromosome.
PCNA is also found in archaea, as a processivity factor of polD, the single multi-functional DNA polymerase in this domain of life.
Expression in the nucleus during DNA synthesis
PCNA was originally identified as an antigen that is expressed in the nuclei of cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%20decomposition
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In linear algebra, the Schmidt decomposition (named after its originator Erhard Schmidt) refers to a particular way of expressing a vector in the tensor product of two inner product spaces. It has numerous applications in quantum information theory, for example in entanglement characterization and in state purification, and plasticity.
Theorem
Let and be Hilbert spaces of dimensions n and m respectively. Assume . For any vector in the tensor product , there exist orthonormal sets and such that , where the scalars are real, non-negative, and unique up to re-ordering.
Proof
The Schmidt decomposition is essentially a restatement of the singular value decomposition in a different context. Fix orthonormal bases and . We can identify an elementary tensor with the matrix , where is the transpose of . A general element of the tensor product
can then be viewed as the n × m matrix
By the singular value decomposition, there exist an n × n unitary U, m × m unitary V, and a positive semidefinite diagonal m × m matrix Σ such that
Write where is n × m and we have
Let be the m column vectors of , the column vectors of , and the diagonal elements of Σ. The previous expression is then
Then
which proves the claim.
Some observations
Some properties of the Schmidt decomposition are of physical interest.
Spectrum of reduced states
Consider a vector of the tensor product
in the form of Schmidt decomposition
Form the rank 1 matrix . Then the partial trace of , with respect
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM%20Defense
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GM Defense is the military product subsidiary of General Motors, headquartered in Concord, North Carolina. It focuses on defense industry needs with hydrogen fuel cell and other advanced mobility technologies. GM Defense projects include SURUS (Silent Utility Rover Universal Superstructure), an autonomous modular platform joint project with the United States Army.
ZH2 are modified Chevrolet medium and full size pickups modified for military needs. The ZH2, fitted with a hydrogen fuel cell and electric drive, has a stealthy drive system which produces a very low smoke, noise, odor and thermal signature. This allows soldiers to conduct silent watch and silent mobility missions on the battlefield.
General Motors, the Office of Naval Research and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory are cooperating to incorporate automotive hydrogen fuel cell systems into the next generation of Navy unmanned undersea vehicles, or UUVs. Hydrogen fuel cell technology could augment ships and subs on patrol.
History
The original GM Defense was founded in 1950, and acquired by General Dynamics in 2003. This later became part of the General Dynamics Land Systems division.
In 2017, General Motors announced the company's return to the defense industry.
Current projects
Previous products
Products produced by the former GM Defense in past include:
With the sale to General Dynamics, only the Stryker product lines are still in production. The M54 truck is no longer in production. MILCOT was transitioned
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocalcin
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Hippocalcin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HPCA gene.
Hippocalcin is a calcium-binding protein that belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family of proteins. It is expressed in mammalian brains especially in the hippocampus. It possesses a Ca2+/myristoyl switch.
Processes
Hippocalcin takes part in the following processes:
Activation of PLD1 and PLD2 expression
Inhibition of apoptosis
MAP kinase signalling
Involved in long term depression in hippocampal neuron
Required for normal spatial learning
Interactions
Hippocalcin interacts with following proteins:
Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP)
Mixed lineage kinase 2 (MLK2) – MLK2 is myosin light chain kinase 2
The b2 adaptin of the AP2 complex
Calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion (CADPS)
References
Further reading
External links
NCS proteins
EF-hand-containing proteins
Hippocampus (brain)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refined%20Printing%20Command%20Stream
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Refined Printing Command Stream, also known as RPCS, is a vector-based printing/duplicating control protocol, designed for communication between Microsoft Windows PC clients, and several lines of Ricoh copiers. Drivers provided by Ricoh install the chosen copier to behave as a printer device.
The size-efficiency of the protocol is comparable to PCL6.
Drivers
Ricoh offers RPCS based drivers for Windows, Mac OS and to some extent for Linux.
Linux
Drivers for Linux are provided only on the Japanese website. Instead of Aficio they are called IPSiO.
See also
Ricoh Hong Kong
PCL - Printer Command Language, a printer control protocol family designed by Hewlett-Packard
References
Further reading
A tutorial about installing the Ricoh RPCS driver on Linux
Page description languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz%27s%20lemma
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Riesz's lemma (after Frigyes Riesz) is a lemma in functional analysis. It specifies (often easy to check) conditions that guarantee that a subspace in a normed vector space is dense. The lemma may also be called the Riesz lemma or Riesz inequality. It can be seen as a substitute for orthogonality when the normed space is not an inner product space.
Statement
If is a reflexive Banach space then this conclusion is also true when
Proof
The proof can be found in functional analysis texts such as Kreyszig. An online proof from Prof. Paul Garrett is available.
Metric reformulation
As usual, let denote the canonical metric induced by the norm, call the set of all vectors that are a distance of from the origin , and denote the distance from a point to the set by
The inequality holds if and only if for all and it formally expresses the notion that distance between and is at least
Because every vector subspace (such as ) contains the origin substituting in this infimum shows that for every vector In particular, when is a unit vector.
Using this new notation, the conclusion of Riesz's lemma may be restated more succinctly as: holds for some
Using this new terminology, Riesz's lemma may also be restated in plain English as:
Given any closed proper vector subspace of a normed space for any desired minimum distance less than there exists some vector in the unit sphere of that is this desired distance away from the subspace.
Minimum distances not s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzamide
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Benzamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C7H7NO. It is the simplest amide derivative of benzoic acid. In powdered form, it appears as a white solid, while in crystalline form, it appears as colourless crystals. It is slightly soluble in water, and soluble in many organic solvents. It is a natural alkaloid found in the herbs of Berberis pruinosa.
Chemical derivatives
A number of substituted benzamides are commercial drugs, including:
See also
References
External links
Physical characteristics
Safety MSDS data
Phenyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanolamines
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Propanolamines are a class of chemical compounds, many of which are pharmaceutical drugs. They are amino alcohols that are derivatives of 1-amino-2-propanol.
Propanolamines include:
Acebutolol
Atenolol
Betaxolol
Bisoprolol
Metoprolol
Nadolol
Penbutolol
Phenylpropanolamine
Pindolol
Practolol
Propranolol
Ritodrine
Timolol
See also
Propanolamine
External links
References
Amino alcohols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramines
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Chloramines refer to derivatives of ammonia and organic amines wherein one or more N−H bonds have been replaced by N−Cl bonds. Two classes of compounds are considered: inorganic chloramines and organic chloramines.
Inorganic chloramines
Inorganic chloramines comprise three compounds: monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3). Monochloramine is of broad significance as a disinfectant for water.
Organic chloramines
Organic chloramines feature the NCl functional group attached to an organic substituent. Examples include N-chloromorpholine (ClN(CH2CH2)2O), N-chloropiperidine, and N-chloroquinuclidinium chloride.
Chloramines are commonly produced by the action of sodium hypochlorite on secondary amines:
R2NH + NaOCl → R2NCl + NaOH
Tert-butyl hypochlorite can be used instead of bleach:
R2NH + t-BuOCl → R2NCl + t-BuOH
Swimming pools
Chloramines are formed by reaction of chlorine used to disinfect swimming pools with ammonia and urea introduced into the pools by human perspiration, saliva, mucus, urine, and other biologic substances, and by insects and other pests. Chloramines, especially trichloramine, are responsible for most of the "chlorine smell" of pools, as well as for skin, eye, and respiratory irritation.
References
Nitrogen halides
Swimming pools
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzothiadiazine
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Benzothiadiazine is a bicyclic heterocyclic benzene derivative with the heterocycle containing two nitrogens and one sulfur.
Some benzothiadiazine derivatives are used as pharmaceutical drugs, including:
bendroflumethiazide
chlorothiazide
cyclothiazide
hydrochlorothiazide
diazoxide
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiphase%20flow
|
In fluid mechanics, multiphase flow is the simultaneous flow of materials with two or more thermodynamic phases. Virtually all processing technologies from cavitating pumps and turbines to paper-making and the construction of plastics involve some form of multiphase flow. It is also prevalent in many natural phenomena.
These phases may consist of one chemical component (e.g. flow of water and water vapour), or several different chemical components (e.g. flow of oil and water). A phase is classified as continuous if it occupies a continually connected region of space (as opposed to disperse if the phase occupies disconnected regions of space). The continuous phase may be either gaseous or a liquid. The disperse phase can consist of a solid, liquid or gas.
Two general topologies can be identified: disperse flows and separated flows. The former consists of finite particles, drops or bubbles distributed within a continuous phase, whereas the latter consists of two or more continuous streams of fluids separated by interfaces. History
The study of multiphase flow is strongly linked to the development of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. A key early discovery was made by Archimedes of Syracuse (250 BCE) who postulated the laws of buoyancy, which became known as the Archimedes' principle – which is used in modelling multiphase flow.
In the mid-20th century, advances in nucleate boiling were developed and the first two-phase pressure-drop models were formed, primarily for the ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20synthesis
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Vector Synthesis is a type of audio synthesis introduced by Sequential Circuits in the Prophet VS synthesizer during 1986. The concept was subsequently used by Yamaha in the SY22/TG33 and similar instruments and by Korg in the Wavestation.
Vector synthesis provides movement in a sound by providing dynamic cross-fading between (usually) four sound sources. The four sound sources are conceptually arranged as the extreme points of X and Y axes, and typically labelled A, B, C and D. A given mix of the four sound sources can be represented by a single point in this 'vector plane'. Movement of the point provides sonic interest and is the power of this technique. Mixing is frequently done using a joystick, although the point can be controlled using envelope generators or LFOs.
Vector synthesis implementations
There have been a number of different implementations of vector synthesis. These differ in what they use for the four sound sources, and what processing is done to the sound after the vector synthesis stage. The actual vector synthesis concept is identical.
Prophet VS vector synthesis
The Prophet VS used four digital wavetable oscillators as its four sound sources. The limitations, particularly the digital aliasing, of this design, coupled with its use of Curtis analogue filter ICs to process the mixed sound, gave the Prophet VS its distinctive sound.
Yamaha SY series
The Yamaha SY22 added to the Prophet's implementation of vector synthesis by providing two types of soun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHH
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DHH can refer to:
David Heinemeier Hansson, a Danish computer programmer
Deaf and hard of hearing
Desert hedgehog (protein), a protein encoded by the Dhh gene
DHH phosphatase family
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
Dhh, a 2017 Indian children's film
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog-AMS
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Verilog-AMS is a derivative of the Verilog hardware description language that includes Analog and Mixed-Signal extensions (AMS) in order to define the behavior of analog and mixed-signal systems. It extends the event-based simulator loops of Verilog/SystemVerilog/VHDL, by a continuous-time simulator, which solves the differential equations in analog-domain. Both domains are coupled: analog events can trigger digital actions and vice versa.
Overview
The Verilog-AMS standard was created with the intent of enabling designers of analog and mixed signal systems and integrated circuits to create and use modules that encapsulate high-level behavioral descriptions as well as structural descriptions of systems and components.
Verilog-AMS is an industry standard modeling language for mixed signal circuits. It provides both continuous-time and event-driven modeling semantics, and so is suitable for analog, digital, and mixed analog/digital circuits. It is particularly well suited for verification of very complex analog, mixed-signal and RF integrated circuits.
Verilog and Verilog/AMS are not procedural programming languages, but event-based hardware description languages (HDLs). As such, they provide sophisticated and powerful language features for definition and synchronization of parallel actions and events. On the other hand, many actions defined in HDL program statements can run in parallel (somewhat similar to threads and tasklets in procedural languages, but much more fine-gra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyrhills%20%28water%29
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Zephyrhills is a brand of spring water sold regionally in the United States by BlueTriton Brands. It is sourced from Crystal Springs, located near Crystal Springs and Zephyrhills, Florida. As well as Cypress Springs, the water is sourced from Blue Springs, White Springs, and Spring of Life in Lake County, Florida. Its headquarters is located in Zephyrhills, Florida.
History
Zephyrhills Spring Water Company was started in 1957 by Don Robinson; however, the water wasn't bottled under the iconic Zephyrhills Water name until 1964.
Acquisitions
In the company's history, it has been acquired twice, once in 1987 by Nestlé through the company Perrier and again in 2021 when Nestlé sold the company to a variety of investment firms including One Rock Capital Partners and Metropoulos & Co.
References
External links
Official Site
Bottled water brands
Products introduced in 1964
BlueTriton brands
Companies based in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/SPY-3
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The AN/SPY-3 is an active electronically scanned array radar manufactured by Raytheon and designed for both blue-water and littoral operations.
Technology
X band functionality (8 to 12 GHz frequency range) is optimal for minimizing low-altitude propagation effects, narrow beam width for best tracking accuracy, wide frequency bandwidth for effective target discrimination, and the target illumination for SM-2 and Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSM). The X-band has, in general, favorable low-altitude propagation characteristics, which readily support the horizon search functionality of the AN/SPY-3. A large operating bandwidth is required to mitigate large propagation variations due to meteorological conditions.
The system uses commercial off the shelf (COTS) computers and has reduced manning requirements for operation and maintenance. A number of operation and maintenance functions can be completely automated. Commercial IBM Regatta series symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) servers, ruggedized for the shipboard environment, provide the low-latency computing throughput (rapid sensor-to-shooter loop closure) and high productivity software engineering environment.
The system was introduced in the new s and s. On both of these classes, the AN/SPY-3 was originally to be combined with the S Band AN/SPY-4 under the designator "Dual Band Radar". In June 2010, Pentagon acquisition chief Ashton Carter announced that they will be removing the SPY-4 S-band Volume Search Radar from the DDG
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexanecarboxylic%20acid
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Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is the organic compound with the formula C6H11CO2H. It is the carboxylic acid of cyclohexane. It is a colorless oil that crystallizes near room temperature.
Preparation and reactions
It is prepared by hydrogenation of benzoic acid.
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a precursor to the nylon-6 precursor caprolactam via its reaction with nitrosylsulfuric acid. It can also be oxidized to cyclohexene.
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid exhibits the reactions typical of carboxylic acids, including its conversion to the acid chloride cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride.
Related compounds
Derivatives related to cyclohexanecarboxylic acid include:
abscisic acid
buciclic acid
chlorogenic acid
chorismic acid
dicyclomine
quinic acid
shikimic acid
tranexamic acid
External links
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even%20My%20Sure%20Things%20Fall%20Through
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Even My Sure Things Fall Through is an EP by Arizona band Calexico.
Track listing
"Sonic Wind" (Instrumental mix)
"Crystal Frontier" (Widescreen version)
"Untitled III" (Two Loneswordsmen remix)
"Chanel #5"
"Banderilla"
"Crooked Road and the Briar"
"Crystal Frontier" (Acoustic version)
"Hard Hat" (remix)
Calexico (band) EPs
2001 EPs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical%20Journal
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The Biophysical Journal is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cell Press on behalf of the Biophysical Society. The journal was established in 1960 and covers all aspects of biophysics.
The journal occasionally publishes special issues devoted to specific topics. In addition, a supplemental "abstracts issue" is published, containing abstracts of presentations at the Biophysical Society Annual Meeting. The editor-in-chief is Vasanthi Jayaraman.
History
The following persons are or have been editor-in-chief:
References
External links
Cell Press academic journals
Academic journals established in 1960
Biophysics journals
Biweekly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20inhibitor%20of%20metalloproteinase
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Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are specific endogenous protease inhibitors to the matrix metalloproteinases. There are four TIMPs; TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3 and TIMP4. TIMP3 has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, TIMP3 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.
Overall, all MMPs are inhibited by TIMPs once they are activated but the gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) can form complexes with TIMPs when the enzymes are in the latent form.
The complex of latent MMP-2 (pro-MMP-2)with TIMP-2 serves to facilitate the activation of pro-MMP-2 at the cell surface by MT1-MMP (MMP-14), a membrane-anchored MMP.
The role of the pro-MMP-9/TIMP-1 complex is still unknown.
References
External links
Human proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20obsolete%20names%20in%20Diptera
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The higher-level classification of the insect order Diptera is in a constant state of flux, and over the last several decades, a vast number of names have been variously proposed, rejected, had their definitions changed, or altered spelling. Keeping track of all of these names is a challenging task, especially as there is no consensus as to the proper classification that should be used for this order, as well as reflecting a more fundamental challenge to the entire underlying principles of classification, which is especially evident among Dipteran systematists. The purpose of this article is to serve as a reference in situations where a reader may encounter an obsolete name in a printed or online resource, and otherwise be unable to find it.
Secondarily, this list also contains names referring to fossil taxa, whose placement into modern classifications is generally untenable, as classifications increasingly rely on molecular phylogenetics, which excludes fossils from consideration.
Family names in Nematocera
Families in the list below marked with a plus sign are extinct.
+Ansorgiidae
+Antefungivoridae
Baenotidae - rank (genus) in Cecidomyiidae
+Boholdoyidae
Cecidomyidae - misspelling for Cecidomyiidae
Cramptonomyiidae - rank in Pachyneuridae
+Crosaphididae
+Dixamimidae - extinct (Middle Jurassic) rank in Chaoboridae
+Elliidae
+Gracilitipulidae
+Grauvogeliidae
+Hennigmatidae
Hyperoscelididae - rank in Canthyloscelidae
Leptoconopidae - rank in Ceratopogonidae
Lestremiidae -
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneovenous%20shunt
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A peritoneovenous shunt (also called LeVeen Shunt) is a shunt which drains peritoneal fluid from the peritoneum into veins, usually the internal jugular vein or the superior vena cava. It is sometimes used in patients with refractory ascites.
It is a long tube with a non-return valve running subcutaneously from the peritoneum to the internal jugular vein in the neck, which allows ascitic fluid to pass directly into the systemic circulation.
Possible complications include:
Infection
Superior vena caval thrombosis
Pulmonary edema
Bleeding from varices
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
References
Implants (medicine)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical%20anastomosis
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A surgical anastomosis is a surgical technique used to make a new connection between two body structures that carry fluid, such as blood vessels or bowel. For example, an arterial anastomosis is used in vascular bypass and a colonic anastomosis is used to restore colonic continuity after the resection of colon cancer.
A surgical anastomosis can be created using suture sewn by hand, mechanical staplers and biological glues, depending on the circumstances. While an anastomosis may be end-to-end, equally it could be performed side-to-side or end-to-side depending on the circumstances of the required reconstruction or bypass. The term reanastomosis is also used to describe a surgical reconnection usually reversing a prior surgery to disconnect an anatomical anastomosis, e.g. tubal reversal after tubal ligation.
Medical uses
Blood vessels: Arteries and veins. Most vascular procedures, including all vascular bypass operations (e.g. coronary artery bypass), aneurysmectomy of any type, and all solid organ transplants require vascular anastomoses. An anastomosis connecting an artery to a vein is also used to create an arteriovenous fistula as an access for hemodialysis.
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract: Esophagus, stomach, small bowel, large bowel, bile ducts, and pancreas. Virtually all elective resections of gastrointestinal organs are followed by anastomoses to restore continuity; pancreaticoduodenectomy is considered a massive operation, in part, because it requires three separa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20unwinding%20element
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A DNA unwinding element (DUE or DNAUE) is the initiation site for the opening of the double helix structure of the DNA at the origin of replication for DNA synthesis. It is A-T rich and denatures easily due to its low helical stability, which allows the single-strand region to be recognized by origin recognition complex.
DUEs are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, but were first discovered in yeast and bacteria origins, by Huang Kowalski. The DNA unwinding allows for access of replication machinery to the newly single strands. In eukaryotes, DUEs are the binding site for DNA-unwinding element binding (DUE-B) proteins required for replication initiation. In prokaryotes, DUEs are found in the form of tandem consensus sequences flanking the 5' end of DnaA binding domain. The act of unwinding at these A-T rich elements occurs even in absence of any origin binding proteins due to negative supercoiling forces, making it an energetically favourable action. DUEs are typically found spanning 30-100 bp of replication origins.
Function
The specific unwinding of the DUE allows for initiation complex assembly at the site of replication on single-stranded DNA, as discovered by Huang Kowalski. The DNA helicase and associated enzymes are now able to bind to the unwound region, creating a replication fork start. The unwinding of this duplex strand region is associated with a low free energy requirement, due to helical instability caused by specific base-stacking interactio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slush
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Slush, also called slush ice, is a slurry mixture of small ice crystals (e.g. snow) and liquid water.
In the natural environment, slush forms when ice or snow melts or during mixed precipitation. This often mixes with dirt and other pollutants on the surface, resulting in a gray or muddy brown color. Often, solid ice or snow can block the drainage of fluid water from slushy areas, so slush often goes through multiple freeze/thaw cycles before being able to completely drain and disappear.
In areas where road salt is used to clear roadways, slush forms at lower temperatures in salted areas than it would ordinarily. This can produce a number of different consistencies over the same geographical area with scattered salted areas covered with slush and others covered with frozen precipitation.
Hazards
Because slush behaves like a non-Newtonian fluid, which means it behaves like a mostly solid mass until its inner shear forces rise beyond a specific threshold and beyond can very suddenly become fluid, it is very difficult to predict its behavior. This is the underlying mechanism causing slush avalanches and their unpredictability and thus hidden potential to become a natural hazard without caution.
Slush can also be a problem on an aircraft runway since the effect of excess slush acting on the aircraft's wheels can have a resisting effect during takeoff, making its projection unstable, which can cause an accident such as the Munich air disaster. Slush on roads can also make ro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptychopteromorpha
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Ptychopteromorpha is a taxonomic group within the suborder Nematocera consisting of two uncommon families. In older classifications, these families were included within the infraorder Tipulomorpha, based on superficial similarities (e.g., slender bodies and long legs). The inclusion of the families Tanyderidae and Ptychopteridae was based on the foldability of the last tarsomere in males. Molecular studies show no close relationship between the Tanyderidae and the Ptychopteridae, and support for this grouping is limited.
References
External links
The Tree of Life Project
Insect infraorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh%20Crystal
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Edinburgh Crystal was a cut glass manufactured in Scotland from and 2006, and was also the name of the manufacturing company. In addition to drinking glasses, Edinburgh Crystal made decanters, bowls, baskets, and bells, in several ranges.
The Edinburgh Crystal company went into administration in 2006 and following its subsequent acquisition by Waterford Wedgwood, it became solely a brand name. After Waterford Wedgwood was acquired from administration by KPS Capital Partners, in January 2009, the brand was discontinued.
Ranges
There were many ranges of glassware but at the collectable end there were just four in the former 'Connoisseur Collection'.
'Star of Edinburgh' – decorated with a star-burst pattern.
'Thistle' – the tops of these pieces are shaped in accordance with the thistle theme while the body is stippled.
'King James' – glassware in this range is notable for the long stems and neck, and is loosely based on that in use in the 17th century.
'Lochnagar' – Lochnagar was introduced during the reign of Queen Victoria and can be identified by its swirling pattern.
Collaboration by design
For several years students from Wolverhampton University and the Edinburgh College of Art were employed, for periods of 12–15 months, to work in the design department. This provided the students with work experience while inputting new design ideas. The 'Edge' range came out of this collaboration.
Visitor centre
The Visitor Centre, now closed, was located at the Eastfield Indust
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P21
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p21Cip1 (alternatively p21Waf1), also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) that is capable of inhibiting all cyclin/CDK complexes, though is primarily associated with inhibition of CDK2. p21 represents a major target of p53 activity and thus is associated with linking DNA damage to cell cycle arrest. This protein is encoded by the CDKN1A gene located on chromosome 6 (6p21.2) in humans.
Function
CDK inhibition
p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). The p21 (CIP1/WAF1) protein binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclin-CDK2, -CDK1, and -CDK4/6 complexes, and thus functions as a regulator of cell cycle progression at G1 and S phase. The binding of p21 to CDK complexes occurs through p21's N-terminal domain, which is homologous to the other CIP/KIP CDK inhibitors p27 and p57. Specifically it contains a Cy1 motif in the N-terminal half, and weaker Cy2 motif in the C-terminal domain that allow it to bind CDK in a region that blocks its ability to complex with cyclins and thus prevent CDK activation.
Experiments looking at CDK2 activity within single cells have also shown p21 to be responsible for a bifurcation in CDK2 activity following mitosis, cells with high p21 enter a G0/quiescent state, whilst those with low p21 continue to proliferate. Follow up work, found evidence that this bistability is underpinned by double negative feedback between p21 and CDK2, where CDK2 inhib
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1/S%20transition
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The G1/S transition is a stage in the cell cycle at the boundary between the G1 phase, in which the cell grows, and the S phase, during which DNA is replicated. It is governed by cell cycle checkpoints to ensure cell cycle integrity and the subsequent S phase can pause in response to improperly or partially replicated DNA. During this transition the cell makes decisions to become quiescent (enter G0), differentiate, make DNA repairs, or proliferate based on environmental cues and molecular signaling inputs. The G1/S transition occurs late in G1 and the absence or improper application of this highly regulated checkpoint can lead to cellular transformation and disease states such as cancer.
During this transition, G1 cyclin D-Cdk4/6 dimer phosphorylates retinoblastoma releasing transcription factor E2F, which then drives the transition from G1 to S phase. The G1/S transition is highly regulated by transcription factor p53 in order to halt the cell cycle when DNA is damaged.
It is a "point of no return" beyond which the cell is committed to dividing; in yeast this is called the Start point, and in multicellular eukaryotes it is termed the restriction point (R-Point). If a cell passes through the G1/S transition the cell will continue through the cell cycle regardless of incoming mitogenic factors due to the positive feed-back loop of G1-S transcription. Positive feed-back loops include G1 cyclins and accumulation of E2F.
Cell cycle overview
The cell cycle is a process in whic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20effect
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The Early effect, named after its discoverer James M. Early, is the variation in the effective width of the base in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) due to a variation in the applied base-to-collector voltage. A greater reverse bias across the collector–base junction, for example, increases the collector–base depletion width, thereby decreasing the width of the charge carrier portion of the base.
Explanation
In Figure 1, the neutral (i.e. active) base is green, and the depleted base regions are hashed light green. The neutral emitter and collector regions are dark blue and the depleted regions hashed light blue. Under increased collector–base reverse bias, the lower panel of Figure 1 shows a widening of the depletion region in the base and the associated narrowing of the neutral base region.
The collector depletion region also increases under reverse bias, more than does that of the base, because the collector is less heavily doped than the base. The principle governing these two widths is charge neutrality. The narrowing of the collector does not have a significant effect as the collector is much longer than the base. The emitter–base junction is unchanged because the emitter–base voltage is the same.
Base-narrowing has two consequences that affect the current:
There is a lesser chance for recombination within the "smaller" base region.
The charge gradient is increased across the base, and consequently, the current of minority carriers injected across the collector-b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20alpha-glucosidase
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Acid alpha-glucosidase, also called α-1,4-glucosidase and acid maltase, is an enzyme () that helps to break down glycogen in the lysosome. It is functionally similar to glycogen debranching enzyme, but is on a different chromosome, processed differently by the cell and is located in the lysosome rather than the cytosol. In humans, it is encoded by the GAA gene. Errors in this gene cause glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease).
Function
This gene encodes lysosomal alpha-glucosidase, which is essential for the degradation of glycogen to glucose in lysosomes. Different forms of acid alpha-glucosidase are obtained by proteolytic processing. Defects in this gene are the cause of glycogen storage disease II, also known as Pompe disease, which is an autosomal recessive disorder with a broad clinical spectrum. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReview/NIH/UW entry on Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (Pompe Disease)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane-type%20matrix%20metalloproteinase-1
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Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (, matrix metalloproteinase 14) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Endopeptidase activity. Activates progelatinase A by cleavage of the propeptide at Asn37-Leu. Other bonds hydrolysed include Gly35-Ile in the propeptide of collagenase 3, and Asn341-Phe, Asp441-Leu and Gln354-Thr in the aggrecan interglobular domain
This enzyme belongs to peptidase family M10.
See also
Metalloproteinase
References
External links
EC 3.4.24
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-arginase
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D-arginase () is an enzyme with systematic name D-arginine amidinohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
D-arginine + H2O D-ornithine + urea
See also
Arginase
References
External links
EC 3.5.3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenase
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Collagenases are enzymes that break the peptide bonds in collagen. They assist in destroying extracellular structures in the pathogenesis of bacteria such as Clostridium. They are considered a virulence factor, facilitating the spread of gas gangrene. They normally target the connective tissue in muscle cells and other body organs.
Collagen, a key component of the animal extracellular matrix, is made through cleavage of pro-collagen by collagenase once it has been secreted from the cell. This stops large structures from forming inside the cell itself.
In addition to being produced by some bacteria, collagenase can be made by the body as part of its normal immune response. This production is induced by cytokines, which stimulate cells such as fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and can cause indirect tissue damage.
Therapeutic uses
Collagenases have been approved for medical uses for:
treatment of Dupuytren's contracture and Peyronie's disease (Xiaflex).
wound healing (Santyl)
cellulite (Qwo)
The MEROPS M9 family
This group of metallopeptidases constitutes the MEROPS peptidase family M9, subfamilies M9A and M9B (microbial collagenase, clan MA(E)). The protein fold of the peptidase domain for members of this family resembles that of thermolysin, the type example for clan MA and the predicted active site residues for members of this family and thermolysin occur in the motif HEXXH.
Microbial collagenases have been identified from bacteria of both the Vibrio and Clostridium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil%20collagenase
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Neutrophil collagenase (, matrix metalloproteinase 8, PMNL collagenase, MMP-8) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Cleavage of interstitial collagens in the triple helical domain. Unlike EC 3.4.24.7, interstitial collagenase, this enzyme cleaves type III collagen more slowly than type I
This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family M10.
See also
Collagenase
References
External links
EC 3.4.24
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%201972
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The following events occurred in October 1972:
October 1, 1972 (Sunday)
Publication of the first reports of the production of a recombinant DNA molecule marked the birth of modern molecular biology methodology.
Singapore Airlines (SIA), with 10 aircraft, and Malaysia Airlines, were created with the breakup of Malaysia Singapore Airlines. SIA now serves 80 cities in 40 nations around the world.
At about 1:00 a.m. local time, off of the coast of South Vietnam, an explosion on board the killed 19 sailors and injured ten others.
Florida's new death penalty statute, the first to be passed in the United States since the U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared all existing capital punishment laws unconstitutional, went into effect.
The Oregon Minimum Deposit Law took effect, as Oregon became the first state to require a deposit on all beverage containers, including cans.
Born: Jean Paulo Fernandes, Brazilian footballer
Died: Louis Leakey, 69, Kenyan anthropologist
Died: Neville Goddard, 67, Barbadian author and mystic
October 2, 1972 (Monday)
Voters in Denmark approved the Treaty of Accession in a referendum, with 63.5% voting in favor of joining the European Economic Community, known as the "Common Market". One week earlier, voters in neighboring Norway had rejected the treaty.
An Aeroflot Il-18 airliner crashed at Sochi, in the Soviet Union, killing all 109 people on board.
The Indian State of Rajasthan launched the Antyodaya Programme, which would identify the five poorest f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidase%20U
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Carboxypeptidase U (, arginine carboxypeptidase, carboxypeptidase R, plasma carboxypeptidase B, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Release of C-terminal Arg and Lys from a polypeptide
Pro-carboxypeptidase U in (human) plasma is activated by thrombin or plasmin during clotting to form the unstable carboxypeptidase U.
See also
Carboxypeptidase
References
External links
EC 3.4.17
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprotein%20convertase
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Proprotein convertases (PPCs) are a family of proteins that activate other proteins. Many proteins are inactive when they are first synthesized, because they contain chains of amino acids that block their activity. Proprotein convertases remove those chains and activate the protein. The prototypical proprotein convertase is furin. Proprotein convertases have medical significance, because they are involved in many important biological processes, such as cholesterol synthesis. Compounds called proprotein convertase inhibitors can block their action, and block the target proteins from becoming active. Many proprotein convertases, especially furin and PACE4, are involved in pathological processes such as viral infection, inflammation, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer, and have been postulated as therapeutic targets for some of these diseases.
History
The phenomenon of prohormone conversion was discovered by Donald F. Steiner while examining the biosynthesis of insulin in 1967. At the same time, while conducting chemical sequencing of β-lipotrophic hormone (βLPH) with sheep pituitary glands Dr. Michel Chretien determined the sequence of another hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone ( βMSH). This was the chemical evidence, at the level of primary protein sequence that peptide hormones could be found within larger protein molecules. The identity of the responsible enzymes was not clear for decades. In 1984, David Julius, working in the laboratory of Jeremy Thorner, identified t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprotein%20convertase%202
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Proprotein convertase 2 (PC2) also known as prohormone convertase 2 or neuroendocrine convertase 2 (NEC2) is a serine protease and proprotein convertase PC2, like proprotein convertase 1 (PC1), is an enzyme responsible for the first step in the maturation of many neuroendocrine peptides from their precursors, such as the conversion of proinsulin to insulin intermediates. To generate the bioactive form of insulin (and many other peptides), a second step involving the removal of C-terminal basic residues is required; this step is mediated by carboxypeptidases E and/or D. PC2 plays only a minor role in the first step of insulin biosynthesis, but a greater role in the first step of glucagon biosynthesis compared to PC1. PC2 binds to the neuroendocrine protein named 7B2, and if this protein is not present, proPC2 cannot become enzymatically active. 7B2 accomplishes this by preventing the aggregation of proPC2 to inactivatable forms. The C-terminal domain of 7B2 also inhibits PC2 activity until it is cleaved into smaller inactive forms that lack carboxy-terminal basic residues. Thus, 7B2 is both an activator and an inhibitor of PC2. PC2 has been identified in a number of animals, including C. elegans.
In humans, proprotein convertase 2 is encoded by the PCSK2 gene. It is related to the bacterial enzyme subtilisin, and altogether there are 9 different subtilisin-like genes in mammals: furin, PACE4, PC4, PC5/6, PC7/8, PCSK9, and SKI1/S1P.
References
Further reading
External
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxy-lyases
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Carboxy-lyases, also known as decarboxylases, are carbon–carbon lyases that add or remove a carboxyl group from organic compounds. These enzymes catalyze the decarboxylation of amino acids, beta-keto acids and alpha-keto acids.
Classification and nomenclature
Carboxy-lyases are categorized under EC number 4.1.1.
Usually, they are named after the substrate whose decarboxylation they catalyze, for example pyruvate decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate.
Examples
Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
Glutamate decarboxylase
Histidine decarboxylase
Ornithine decarboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvate decarboxylase
RuBisCO – the only carboxylase that leads to a net fixation of carbon dioxide
Uridine monophosphate synthetase
Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
enoyl-CoA carboxylases/reductases (ECRs)
See also
Enzymes
Lyases
List of EC numbers of enzymes belonging to category EC 4.1
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyltransferase
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Aminoacyltransferases () are acyltransferase enzymes which act upon an amino group. For instance, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases attach an aminoacid through esterification to the corresponding tRNA. The activation of amino acids it aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase requires hydrolysis of ATP to AMP plus PPi. The aminoacyl-tRNA molecule has close relationships with elongation facts like EF-Tu.
Peptidyl transferases are also a type of aminoacyltransferase that catalyze the formation of peptide bonds, as well as the hydrolytic step that leads to the release of newly synthesized proteins off the tRNA.
External links
EC 2.3.2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiopancreatography
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Cholangiopancreatography can refer to:
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict%20%28disambiguation%29
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The term strict refers to relational operators in mathematics.
Strict may also refer to:
Strict, a function classification in programming languages - see Strict function
the strict pragma in the programming language Perl used to restrict unsafe constructs
See also
List of people known as the Strict
Strict histories (or executions) in scheduling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inexact%20differential
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An inexact differential or imperfect differential is a differential whose integral is path dependent. It is most often used in thermodynamics to express changes in path dependent quantities such as heat and work, but is defined more generally within mathematics as a type of differential form. In contrast, an integral of an exact differential is always path independent since the integral acts to invert the differential operator. Consequently, a quantity with an inexact differential cannot be expressed as a function of only the variables within the differential. I.e., its value cannot be inferred just by looking at the initial and final states of a given system. Inexact differentials are primarily used in calculations involving heat and work because they are path functions, not state functions.
Definition
An inexact differential is a differential for which the integral over some two paths with the same end points is different. Specifically, there exist integrable paths such that , and
In this case, we denote the integrals as and respectively to make explicit the path dependence of the change of the quantity we are considering as .
More generally, an inexact differential is a differential form which is not an exact differential, i.e., for all functions ,
The fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals requires path independence in order to express the values of a given vector field in terms of the partial derivatives of another function that is the multivariate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroduplex%20analysis
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Heteroduplex analysis (HDA) is a method in biochemistry used to detect point mutations in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) since 1992. Heteroduplexes are dsDNA molecules that have one or more mismatched pairs, on the other hand homoduplexes are dsDNA which are perfectly paired. This method of analysis depend up on the fact that heteroduplexes shows reduced mobility relative to the homoduplex DNA. heteroduplexes are formed between different DNA alleles. In a mixture of wild-type and mutant amplified DNA, heteroduplexes are formed in mutant alleles and homoduplexes are formed in wild-type alleles. There are two types of heteroduplexes based on type and extent of mutation in the DNA. Small deletions or insertion create bulge-type heteroduplexes which is stable and is verified by electron microscope. Single base substitutions creates more unstable heteroduplexes called bubble-type heteroduplexes, because of low stability it is difficult to visualize in electron microscopy. HDA is widely used for rapid screening of mutation of the 3 bp p.F508del deletion in the CFTR gene.
References
Biochemistry methods
Biochemistry
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin%20A5%20affinity%20assay
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In molecular biology, an annexin A5 affinity assay is a test to quantify the number of cells undergoing apoptosis. The assay uses the protein annexin A5 to tag apoptotic and dead cells, and the numbers are then counted using either flow cytometry or a fluorescence microscope.
The annexin a5 protein binds to apoptotic cells in a calcium-dependent manner using phosphatidylserine-containing membrane surfaces that are usually present only on the inner leaflet of the membrane.
Background
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is used by the body to remove unwanted, damaged, or senescent cells from tissues. Removal of apoptotic cells is carried out via phagocytosis by white blood cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Phagocytic white blood cells recognize apoptotic cells by their exposure of negatively charged phospholipids (phosphatidylserine) on the cell surface.
In normal cells, the negative phospholipids reside on the inner side of the cellular membrane while the outer surface of the membrane is occupied by uncharged phospholipids. After a cell has entered apoptosis, the negatively charged phospholipids are transported to the outer cell surface by a hypothetical protein known as scramblase. Phagocytic white blood cells express a receptor that can bind to and detect the negatively charged phospholipids on the apoptotic cell surfaces. After detection the apoptotic cells are removed.
Detection of cell death with annexin A5
Healthy individual apoptotic cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why%20You%20Wanna
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"Why You Wanna" is a song by American rapper T.I., released as the second official single from his fourth album King (2006). It samples a slowed down keyboard chord from Crystal Waters' "Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)". The chorus also interpolates rapper Q-Tip's vocals from "Got 'Til It's Gone" with Janet Jackson and "Find a Way" with his group A Tribe Called Quest.
Chart performance
The single peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and spent a total of 20 weeks on the chart. The single also peaked at number five on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number four on the Hot Rap Songs charts. On September 20, 2007, the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States.
In Australia, the single debuted at number 55 on the Australian ARIA Singles chart and eventually peaked at number 49.
Official versions
Why You Wanna (Album Version)
Why You Wanna (VSO)
Why You Wanna (Radio Version- Vso Recall Clean)
Why You Wanna (Amended Album Version)
Why You Wanna (Benztown Mixdown)
Why You Wanna (Instrumental)
Why You Wanna (Remix) (feat. Trey Songz, Smitty & Q-Tip)
Why You Wanna (Mick Boogie Remix) (feat. Q-Tip) (Official Remix)
Why You Wanna (Remix) (feat. shy'm) (French Remix)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
2006 singles
Grand Hustle Records singles
Atlantic Records singles
Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director)
T.I. so
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Knight%20%28composer%29
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Edward Knight (born November 4, 1961) is an American composer. His work eschews easy classification, moving freely between jazz, theatrical and concert worlds.
Background
Knight was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and was introduced to music by his grandmother, Kathryn Dyer Knight, a concert pianist who taught piano later in life. He excelled at trumpet; as a teenager, he toured three summers with Musical Youth International, performing in Russia, Scandinavia, the British Isles, and several European capitals.
Knight earned his undergraduate degree from Eastern Michigan University and his master's and doctorate in composition from University of Texas. He spent a year studying privately with John Corigliano in New York, and won a Rotary Scholarship for post-doctoral study at London's Royal College of Music, where he studied with John Lambert. At the Royal College, he became the first American to win the Arthur Bliss Memorial for outstanding postgraduate composer.
Early orchestral works
Knight came to national attention with four large-scale orchestral works in the late 1980s and early 1990s: Of Perpetual Solace, Total Eclipse, Granite Island, and Big Shoulders.
Of Perpetual Solace
Knight's doctoral work for University of Texas, premiered by the Civic Orchestra of Chicago, Orchestra Hall, Chicago, July 30, 1989. The 14-minute piece won first prize in the National Orchestra Association's New Music Orchestral Project.
Total Eclipse
The 11-minute piece was selected for the New Y
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycophorin
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A glycophorin is a sialoglycoprotein of the membrane of a red blood cell. It is a membrane-spanning protein and carries sugar molecules. It is heavily glycosylated (60%). Glycophorins are rich in sialic acid, which gives the red blood cells a very hydrophilic-charged coat. This enables them to circulate without adhering to other cells or vessel walls.
A particular mutation in Glycophorins is thought to produce a 40% reduction in risk of severe malaria.
Identification
After separation of red cell membranes by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and staining with periodic acid-Schiff staining (PAS), four glycophorins have been identified. These have been named glycophorin A, B, C, and D in order of the quantity present in the membrane, gylycophorin A being the most and glycophorin D the least common. A fifth (glycophorin E) has been identified within the human genome but cannot easily be detected on routine gel staining. In total, the glycophorins constitute ~2% of the total erythrocyte membrane protein mass. These proteins are also known under different nomenclatures but they are probably best known as the glycophorins.
Family members
The following four human genes encode glycophorin proteins:
Glycophorin A
Glycophorin B
Glycophorin C
Glycophorin E
Glycophorin D is now known to be a variant of Glycophorin C.
References
External links
Glycoproteins
Single-pass transmembrane proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaporin-4
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Aquaporin-4, also known as AQP-4, is a water channel protein encoded by the AQP4 gene in humans. AQP-4 belongs to the aquaporin family of integral membrane proteins that conduct water through the cell membrane. A limited number of aquaporins are found within the central nervous system (CNS): AQP1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 11, but more exclusive representation of AQP1, 4, and 9 are found in the brain and spinal cord. AQP4 shows the largest presence in the cerebellum and spinal cord grey matter. In the CNS, AQP4 is the most prevalent aquaporin channel, specifically located at the perimicrovessel astrocyte foot processes, glia limitans, and ependyma. In addition, this channel is commonly found facilitating water movement near cerebrospinal fluid and vasculature.
Aquaporin-4 was first identified in 1986. It was the first evidence of the existence of water transport channels. The method that was used to discover the existence of the transport channels was through knockout experiments. With this technique they were able to show the significant role of AQP4 in CNS injuries and brain water imbalances. In 1994 the channel was successfully cloned and initially named Mercury-Insensitive Water Channel.
Structure
The structure of AQP4 consists of six-transmembrane domains and five connecting loops to form the channel. Through x-ray crystallography, it was found that “each AQP4 monomer consists of six helical, membrane-spanning domains and two short helical segments surrounding a narrow aque
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaporin-2
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Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) is found in the apical cell membranes of the kidney's collecting duct principal cells and in intracellular vesicles located throughout the cell. It is encoded by the gene.
Regulation
It is the only aquaporin regulated by vasopressin.
The basic job of aquaporin 2 is to reabsorb water from the urine while its being removed from the blood by the kidney. Aquaporin 2 is in kidney epithelial cells and usually lies dormant in intracellular vesicle membranes. When it is needed, vasopressin binds to the cell surface vasopressin receptor thereby activating a signaling pathway that causes the aquaporin 2 containing vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane, so the aquaporin 2 can be used by the cell.
This aquaporin is regulated in two ways by the peptide hormone vasopressin:
short-term regulation (minutes) through trafficking of AQP2 vesicles to the apical region where they fuse with the apical plasma membrane
long-term regulation (days) through an increase in AQP2 gene expression.
This aquaporin is also regulated by food intake. Fasting reduces expression of this aquaporin independently of vasopressin.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this channel are associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which can be autosomal dominant or recessive. Mutations in the vasopressin receptor cause a similar X-linked phenotype.
Lithium, which is often used to treat bipolar disorder, can cause acquired diabetes insipidus (characterized by the excretion of large vo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20theorem
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There are several mathematical theorems named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius. They include:
Frobenius theorem (differential topology) in differential geometry and topology for integrable subbundles
Frobenius theorem (real division algebras) in abstract algebra characterizing the finite-dimensional real division algebras
Frobenius reciprocity theorem in group representation theory describing the reciprocity relation between restricted and induced representations on a subgroup
Perron–Frobenius theorem in matrix theory concerning the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix with positive real coefficients
Frobenius's theorem (group theory) about the number of solutions of xn=1 in a group
Mathematics disambiguation pages
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