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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchenko%20equation
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In mathematical physics, more specifically the one-dimensional inverse scattering problem, the Marchenko equation (or Gelfand-Levitan-Marchenko equation or GLM equation), named after Israel Gelfand, Boris Levitan and Vladimir Marchenko, is derived by computing the Fourier transform of the scattering relation:
Where is a symmetric kernel, such that which is computed from the scattering data. Solving the Marchenko equation, one obtains the kernel of the transformation operator from which the potential can be read off. This equation is derived from the Gelfand–Levitan integral equation, using the Povzner–Levitan representation.
Application to scattering theory
Suppose that for a potential for the Schrödinger operator , one has the scattering data , where are the reflection coefficients from continuous scattering, given as a function , and the real parameters are from the discrete bound spectrum.
Then defining
where the are non-zero constants, solving the GLM equation
for allows the potential to be recovered using the formula
See also
Lax pair
References
Eponymous equations of physics
Integral equations
Scattering theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%208B
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Bone morphogenetic protein 8B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP8B gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. It has close sequence homology to BMP7 and BMP5 and is believed to play a role in bone and cartilage development. It has been shown to be expressed in the hippocampus of murine embryos.
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. Many BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has led to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.
References
Further reading
External links
Bone morphogenetic protein
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20transglutaminase
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Tissue transglutaminase (abbreviated as tTG or TG2) is a 78-kDa, calcium-dependent enzyme () of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferases family (or simply transglutaminase family). Like other transglutaminases, it crosslinks proteins between an ε-amino group of a lysine residue and a γ-carboxamide group of glutamine residue, creating an inter- or intramolecular bond that is highly resistant to proteolysis (protein degradation). Aside from its crosslinking function, tTG catalyzes other types of reactions including deamidation, GTP-binding/hydrolyzing, and isopeptidase activities. Unlike other members of the transglutaminase family, tTG can be found both in the intracellular and the extracellular spaces of various types of tissues and is found in many different organs including the heart, the liver, and the small intestine. Intracellular tTG is abundant in the cytosol but smaller amounts can also be found in the nucleus and the mitochondria. Intracellular tTG is thought to play an important role in apoptosis. In the extracellular space, tTG binds to proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM), binding particularly tightly to fibronectin. Extracellular tTG has been linked to cell adhesion, ECM stabilization, wound healing, receptor signaling, cellular proliferation, and cellular motility.
tTG is the autoantigen in celiac disease, a lifelong illness in which the consumption of dietary gluten causes a pathological immune response resulting in the inflammation of the small i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%206
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Bone morphogenetic protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP6 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGFβ superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce the growth of bone and cartilage. BMP6 is able to induce all osteogenic markers in mesenchymal stem cells.
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has led to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.
As of April 2009, an additional function of BMP6 has been identified as described in Nature Genetics April; 41 [4]:386-8. BMP6 is the key regulator of hepcidin, the small peptide secreted by the liver which is the major regulator of iron metabolism in mammals.
References
Further reading
External links
Bone morphogenetic protein
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%205
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Bone morphogenetic protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP5 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is member of the TGFβ superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP5 may play a role in certain cancers. Like other BMP's BMP5 is inhibited by chordin and noggin. It is expressed in the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head and may have a role in the development and normal function. It is also expressed in the lung and liver.
This gene encodes a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. These proteins are synthesized as prepropeptides, cleaved, and then processed into dimeric proteins. This protein may act as an important signaling molecule within the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head, and may play a potential role in glaucoma pathogenesis. This gene is differentially regulated during the formation of various tumors.
References
External links
Further reading
Bone morphogenetic protein
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiputini%20Biodiversity%20Station
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Tiputini Biodiversity Station (TBS) is a scientific field research center in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It was established in 1995 by Universidad San Francisco de Quito in collaboration with Boston University, and is jointly managed by them as a center of education, research and conservation. A higher diversity of reptiles, amphibians, insects, birds and bats has been found there than anywhere else in South America, and possibly the world. It is located in the province of Orellana, about 280 km ESE from Quito, the capital city of Ecuador. It is located on the northern bank of the Tiputini River, and although separated from the Yasuní National Park by the river, the station forms part of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve.
The research site
It is a field study facility in which students and other scientists perform different research projects. Although the station is geared towards research and education it is not strictly off limits to tourists. There are however no regular tours to the area. Its location near the Tiputini River provides a remote locale for ecological research on the Eastern Ecuadorian Amazon habitats of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. It was built with sustainability in mind so deforestation was kept to a minimum when building the cabins and lab.
The forest surrounding TBS is mostly terra firma, of which a tract of 6.5 km2 is preserved by the TBS. Though consisting mainly of primary non-flooded forest, a rather narrow belt of flooded vegetation is also present towards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latimer%E2%80%93MacDuffee%20theorem
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The Latimer–MacDuffee theorem is a theorem in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics.
It is named after Claiborne Latimer and Cyrus Colton MacDuffee, who published it in 1933. Significant contributions to its theory were made later by Olga Taussky-Todd.
Let be a monic, irreducible polynomial of degree . The Latimer–MacDuffee theorem gives a one-to-one correspondence between -similarity classes of matrices with characteristic polynomial and the ideal classes in the order
where ideals are considered equivalent if they are equal up to an overall (nonzero) rational scalar multiple. (Note that this order need not be the full ring of integers, so nonzero ideals need not be invertible.) Since an order in a number field has only finitely many ideal classes (even if it is not the maximal order, and we mean here ideals classes for all nonzero ideals, not just the invertible ones), it follows that there are only finitely many conjugacy classes of matrices over the integers with characteristic polynomial .
References
Theorems in abstract algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20tyrosine%20kinase
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Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. Of the 90 unique tyrosine kinase genes identified in the human genome, 58 encode receptor tyrosine kinase proteins.
Receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown not only to be key regulators of normal cellular processes but also to have a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer. Mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases lead to activation of a series of signalling cascades which have numerous effects on protein expression. Receptor tyrosine kinases are part of the larger family of protein tyrosine kinases, encompassing the receptor tyrosine kinase proteins which contain a transmembrane domain, as well as the non-receptor tyrosine kinases which do not possess transmembrane domains.
History
The first RTKs to be discovered were the EGF and NGF receptors in the 1960s, but the classification of receptor tyrosine kinases was not developed until the 1970s.
Classes
Approximately 20 different RTK classes have been identified.
RTK class I (EGF receptor family) (ErbB family)
RTK class II (Insulin receptor family)
RTK class III (PDGF receptor family)
RTK class IV (VEGF receptors family)
RTK class V (FGF receptor family)
RTK class VI (CCK receptor family)
RTK class VII (NGF receptor family)
RTK class VIII (HGF receptor family)
RTK class IX (Eph receptor family)
RTK class X (AXL receptor family)
RTK class XI (TIE recepto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrin%20receptor
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Eph receptors (Ephs, after erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptors) are a group of receptors that are activated in response to binding with Eph receptor-interacting proteins (Ephrins). Ephs form the largest known subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Both Eph receptors and their corresponding ephrin ligands are membrane-bound proteins that require direct cell-cell interactions for Eph receptor activation. Eph/ephrin signaling has been implicated in the regulation of a host of processes critical to embryonic development including axon guidance, formation of tissue boundaries, cell migration, and segmentation. Additionally, Eph/ephrin signaling has been identified to play a critical role in the maintenance of several processes during adulthood including long-term potentiation, angiogenesis, and stem cell differentiation and cancer.
Subclasses
Ephs can be divided into two subclasses, EphAs and EphBs (encoded by the genetic loci designated EPHA and EPHB respectively), based on sequence similarity and on their binding affinity for either the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked ephrin-A ligands or the transmembrane-bound ephrin-B ligands. Of the 16 Eph receptors (see above) that have been identified in animals, humans are known to express nine EphAs (EphA1-8 and EphA10) and five EphBs (EphB1-4 and EphB6). In general, Ephs of a particular subclass bind preferentially to all ephrins of the corresponding subclass, but have little to no cross-binding to eph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20measure
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In probability theory, an empirical measure is a random measure arising from a particular realization of a (usually finite) sequence of random variables. The precise definition is found below. Empirical measures are relevant to mathematical statistics.
The motivation for studying empirical measures is that it is often impossible to know the true underlying probability measure . We collect observations and compute relative frequencies. We can estimate , or a related distribution function by means of the empirical measure or empirical distribution function, respectively. These are uniformly good estimates under certain conditions. Theorems in the area of empirical processes provide rates of this convergence.
Definition
Let be a sequence of independent identically distributed random variables with values in the state space S with probability distribution P.
Definition
The empirical measure Pn is defined for measurable subsets of S and given by
where is the indicator function and is the Dirac measure.
Properties
For a fixed measurable set A, nPn(A) is a binomial random variable with mean nP(A) and variance nP(A)(1 − P(A)).
In particular, Pn(A) is an unbiased estimator of P(A).
For a fixed partition of S, random variables form a multinomial distribution with event probabilities
The covariance matrix of this multinomial distribution is .
Definition
is the empirical measure indexed by , a collection of measurable subsets of S.
To generalize this notion furth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-bit-rate%20digital%20subscriber%20line
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High-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL) is a telecommunications protocol standardized in 1994. It was the first digital subscriber line (DSL) technology to use a higher frequency spectrum over copper, twisted pair cables. HDSL was developed to transport DS1 services at 1.544 Mbit/s and 2.048 Mbit/s over telephone local loops without a need for repeaters. Successor technology to HDSL includes HDSL2 and HDSL4, proprietary SDSL, and G.SHDSL.
Standardization
HDSL was developed for T1 service at 1.544 Mbit/s by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Committee T1E1.4 and published in February 1994 as ANSI Technical Report TR-28. This American variant uses two wire pairs with at a rate of 784 kbit/s each, using the 2B1Q line code, which is also used in the American variant of the ISDN U interface. First products were developed in 1993. A European version of the standard for E1 service at 2.048 Mbit/s was published in February 1995 by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) as ETSI ETR 152. The first edition of ETR 152 specified the line code 2B1Q on either three pairs at 784 kbit/s each or two pairs at 1,168 kbit/s each. A second edition of ETR 152, published in June 1995, specified trellis coded carrierless amplitude/phase modulation (CAP) as an alternative modulation scheme, running on two pairs at 1,168 kbit/s each. A third version of ETR 152, published in December 1996, added the possibility of using a single CAP-modulated pair at 2,320 kbit/s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicopy%20single-stranded%20DNA
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Multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA) is a type of extrachromosomal satellite DNA that consists of a single-stranded DNA molecule covalently linked via a 2'-5'phosphodiester bond to an internal guanosine of an RNA molecule. The resultant DNA/RNA chimera possesses two stem-loops joined by a branch similar to the branches found in RNA splicing intermediates. The coding region for msDNA, called a "retron", also encodes a type of reverse transcriptase, which is essential for msDNA synthesis.
Discovery
Before the discovery of msDNA in myxobacteria, a group of swarming, soil-dwelling bacteria, it was thought that the enzymes known as reverse transcriptases (RT) existed only in eukaryotes and viruses. The discovery led to an increase in research of the area. As a result, msDNA has been found to be widely distributed among bacteria, including various strains of Escherichia coli and pathogenic bacteria. Further research discovered similarities between HIV-encoded reverse transcriptase and an open reading frame (ORF) found in the msDNA coding region. Tests confirmed the presence of reverse transcriptase activity in crude lysates of retron-containing strains. Although an RNase H domain was tentatively identified in the retron ORF, it was later found that the RNase H activity required for msDNA synthesis is actually supplied by the host.
Retrons
The discovery of msDNA has led to broader questions regarding where reverse transcriptase originated, as genes encoding for reverse trans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20urethral%20valve
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Posterior urethral valve (PUV) disorder is an obstructive developmental anomaly in the urethra and genitourinary system of male newborns. A posterior urethral valve is an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development. It is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male newborns. The disorder varies in degree, with mild cases presenting late due to milder symptoms. More severe cases can have renal and respiratory failure from lung underdevelopment as result of low amniotic fluid volumes, requiring intensive care and close monitoring. It occurs in about one in 8,000 babies.
Presentation
PUV can be diagnosed before birth, or even at birth when the ultrasound shows that the male baby has a hydronephrosis. Some babies may also have oligohydramnios due to the urinary obstruction. The later presentation can be a urinary tract infection, diurnal enuresis, or voiding pain.
Complications
Incontinence
Urinary tract infection
Renal failure
Vesicoureteral reflux
Chronic kidney disease
Oligohydramnios
Diagnosis
Abdominal ultrasound is of some benefit, but not diagnostic. Features that suggest posterior urethral valves are bilateral hydronephrosis, a thickened bladder wall with thickened smooth muscle trabeculations, and bladder diverticula.
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is more specific for the diagnosis. Normal plicae circularis are variable in appearance and often not seen on normal VCUGs. PUV on voiding cyst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP1
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BMP1 may refer to:
Bone morphogenetic protein 1
Fighting vehicle BMP-1
See also
BMP (disambiguation)
BMP2 (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%201
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Bone morphogenetic protein 1, also known as BMP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMP1 gene. There are seven isoforms of the protein created by alternate splicing.
Function
BMP1 belongs to the peptidase M12A family of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). It induces bone and cartilage development. Unlike other BMPs, it does not belong to the TGFβ superfamily. It was initially discovered to work like other BMPs by inducing bone and cartilage development. It however, is a metalloprotease that cleaves the C-terminus of procollagen I, II and III. It has an astacin-like protease domain.
It has been shown to cleave laminin 5 and is localized in the basal epithelial layer of bovine skin.
The BMP1 locus encodes a protein that is capable of inducing formation of cartilage in vivo. Although other bone morphogenetic proteins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, BMP1 encodes a protein that is not closely related to other known growth factors. BMP1 protein and procollagen C proteinase (PCP), a secreted metalloprotease requiring calcium and needed for cartilage and bone formation, are identical. PCP or BMP1 protein cleaves the C-terminal propeptides of procollagen I, II, and III and its activity is increased by the procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer protein. The BMP1 gene is expressed as alternatively spliced variants that share an N-terminal protease domain but differ in their C-terminal region
Structure
A partial structure of BMP1 was determined through X-Ray di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Ball%20%28detector%29
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The Crystal Ball was a hermetic particle detector used initially with the SPEAR particle accelerator at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center beginning in 1979. It was designed to detect neutral particles and was used to discover the ηc meson. Its central section was a spark chamber surrounded by a nearly-complete sphere of scintillating crystals (NaI(Tl)), for which it was named. With the addition of endcaps of similar construction, the detector covered 98% of the solid angle around the interaction point.
After its decommissioning at SLAC, the detector was carried to DESY, where it was used for b-physics experiments.
In 1996, it was moved to the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where it was used in a series of pion- and kaon-induced experiments on the proton. Currently it is located at Mainz Microtron facility, where it is being used by the A2 Collaboration for a diverse program of measurements using energy tagged Bremsstrahlung photons.
References
(detector description)
(ηc discovery)
A2 Collaboration website
External links
Crystal Ball experiment record on INSPIRE-HEP
Particle experiments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylgalactosamine
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N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), is an amino sugar derivative of galactose.
Function
In humans it is the terminal carbohydrate forming the antigen of blood group A.
It is typically the first monosaccharide that connects serine or threonine in particular forms of protein O-glycosylation.
N-Acetylgalactosamine is necessary for intercellular communication, and is concentrated in sensory nerve structures of both humans and animals.
GalNAc is also used as a targeting ligand in investigational antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA therapies targeted to the liver, where it binds to the asialoglycoprotein receptors on hepatocytes.
See also
Galactosamine
Globoside
(N-Acetylglucosamine) GlcNAc
References
External links
Acetamides
Hexosamines
Membrane biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%E2%80%93Walker%20lemma
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The Stewart–Walker lemma provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the linear perturbation of a tensor field to be gauge-invariant. if and only if one of the following holds
1.
2. is a constant scalar field
3. is a linear combination of products of delta functions
Derivation
A 1-parameter family of manifolds denoted by with has metric . These manifolds can be put together to form a 5-manifold . A smooth curve can be constructed through with tangent 5-vector , transverse to . If is defined so that if is the family of 1-parameter maps which map and then a point can be written as . This also defines a pull back that maps a tensor field back onto . Given sufficient smoothness a Taylor expansion can be defined
is the linear perturbation of . However, since the choice of is dependent on the choice of gauge another gauge can be taken. Therefore the differences in gauge become . Picking a chart where and then which is a well defined vector in any and gives the result
The only three possible ways this can be satisfied are those of the lemma.
Sources
Describes derivation of result in section on Lie derivatives
Tensors
Lemmas in analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse
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In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
Synapses are essential to the transmission of nervous impulses from one neuron to another. Neurons are specialized to pass signals to individual target cells, and synapses are the means by which they do so. At a synapse, the plasma membrane of the signal-passing neuron (the presynaptic neuron) comes into close apposition with the membrane of the target (postsynaptic) cell. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sites contain extensive arrays of molecular machinery that link the two membranes together and carry out the signaling process. In many synapses, the presynaptic part is located on an axon and the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or soma. Astrocytes also exchange information with the synaptic neurons, responding to synaptic activity and, in turn, regulating neurotransmission. Synapses (at least chemical synapses) are stabilized in position by synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) projecting from both the pre- and post-synaptic neuron and sticking together where they overlap; SAMs may also assist in the generation and functioning of synapses.
History
Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed that neurons are not continuous throughout the body, yet still communicate with each other, an idea known as the neuron doctrine. The word "synapse" was introduced in 1897 by the English neurophysiologist Charl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20%28journal%29
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Vector is the critical journal (sometimes called a fanzine) of the British Science Fiction Association (BSFA), established in 1958.
History
The first issue of Vector was published in 1958 under the editorship of E. C. Tubb. The publication was established as an irregular newsletter for members of the BSFA, founded in the same year, but "almost at once it began to produce reviews and essays, polemics and musings, about the nature and state of science fiction."
The publication has changed format and periodicity many times over the years. Since 2018 it has been edited by Polina Levontin and Jo Lindsay Walton. It currently focuses on articles and interviews, and is published "two to three times per year."
References
External links
Official website
Back issues
British Science Fiction Association
Archive of scanned issues
Index of Vector articles
Vector index at ISFDB
1958 establishments in the United Kingdom
Science fiction magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1958
Science fiction and fantasy journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological%20synapse
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In immunology, an immunological synapse (or immune synapse) is the interface between an antigen-presenting cell or target cell and a lymphocyte such as a T/B cell or Natural Killer cell. The interface was originally named after the neuronal synapse, with which it shares the main structural pattern. An immunological synapse consists of molecules involved in T cell activation, which compose typical patterns—activation clusters. Immunological synapses are the subject of much ongoing research.
Structure and function
The immune synapse is also known as the supramolecular activation cluster or SMAC. This structure is composed of concentric rings each containing segregated clusters of proteins—often referred to as the bull’s-eye model of the immunological synapse:
c-SMAC (central-SMAC) composed of the θ isoform of protein kinase C, CD2, CD4, CD8, CD28, Lck, and Fyn.
p-SMAC (peripheral-SMAC) within which the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and the cytoskeletal protein talin are clustered.
d-SMAC (distal-SMAC) enriched in CD43 and CD45 molecules.
New investigations, however, have shown that a "bull’s eye" is not present in all immunological synapses. For example, different patterns appear in the synapse between a T-cell and a dendritic cell.
This complex as a whole is postulated to have several functions including but not limited to:
Regulation of lymphocyte activation
Transfer of peptide-MHC complexes from APCs to lymphocytes
Directing secretion of cytokines o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%203
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Bone morphogenetic protein 3, also known as osteogenin, is a protein in humans that is encoded by the BMP3 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. It, unlike other bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP's) inhibits the ability of other BMP's to induce bone and cartilage development. It is a disulfide-linked homodimer. It negatively regulates bone density. BMP3 is an antagonist to other BMP's in the differentiation of osteogenic progenitors.
It is highly expressed in fractured tissues.
Cancer
BMP3 is hypermethylated in many cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) and hence along with other hypermethylated genes, may be used as a biomarker to detect early stage CRC.
References
External links
Further reading
Bone morphogenetic protein
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalized%20Movements
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Crystalized Movements were an American psychedelic rock/punk/folk band who recorded and performed sporadically from 1980 to 1993.
History
The band was formed by guitarist Wayne Rogers and drummer Ed Boyden in Tolland, Connecticut when they were high school freshmen. Rogers and Boyden were brought together by a love of late 1970s No Wave music and 1960s psychedelia. After years of improvisational experimentation, they decided to make an LP in 1983 and recorded duo versions of some of Wayne's songs. They then split up upon graduating high school. Rogers, a longtime fan of the Plastic Cloud and Randy Holden, spent a summer piling on mountains of guitar overdubs. The resulting 'basement prog' album Mind Disaster, with Scott McLeod on vocals, was released at the end of that year in an edition of 130 (on Rogers' own record label, Twisted Village). After being discovered by record collectors, the album was reissued on Psycho in the UK in 1984.
Rogers put a full band together in 1985 before recording the next album: Dog... Tree... Satellite Seers, a scathing rebuke to "faux-lysergic posers". Guitarist Kate Biggar joined in 1988 upon Arn's departure (to southern California where he formed Primordial Undermind), cementing the band's final lineup on the next album This Wideness Comes.
The 1992 album Revelations From Pandemonium, on which Rogers and Biggar were joined by McLeod on bass and Teri Morris on drums, proved to be Crystalized Movements' finale. The album received a three-sta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20hydration
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In inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate.
In geological terms, the process of mineral hydration is known as retrograde alteration and is a process occurring in retrograde metamorphism. It commonly accompanies metasomatism and is often a feature of wall rock alteration around ore bodies. Hydration of minerals occurs generally in concert with hydrothermal circulation which may be driven by tectonic or igneous activity.
Processes
There are two main ways in which minerals hydrate. One is conversion of an oxide to a double hydroxide, as with the hydration of calcium oxide—CaO—to calcium hydroxide—Ca(OH)2, the other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the crystalline structure of a new mineral.
The later process is exhibited in the hydration of feldspars to clay minerals, garnet to chlorite, or kyanite to muscovite.
Mineral hydration is also a process in the regolith that results in conversion of silicate minerals into clay minerals.
Some mineral structures, for example, montmorillonite, are capable of including a variable amount of water without significant change to the mineral structure.
Hydration is the mechanism by which hydraulic binders such as Portland cement develop strength. A hydraulic binder is a material that can set and harden submerged in water by forming insoluble products in a hydration reaction. The term hy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody%20microarray
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An antibody microarray (also known as antibody array) is a specific form of protein microarray. In this technology, a collection of captured antibodies are spotted and fixed on a solid surface such as glass, plastic, membrane, or silicon chip, and the interaction between the antibody and its target antigen is detected. Antibody microarrays are often used for detecting protein expression from various biofluids including serum, plasma and cell or tissue lysates. Antibody arrays may be used for both basic research and medical and diagnostic applications.
Background
The concept and methodology of antibody microarrays were first introduced by Tse Wen Chang in 1983 in a scientific publication and a series of patents, when he was working at Centocor in Malvern, Pennsylvania. Chang coined the term “antibody matrix” and discussed “array” arrangement of minute antibody spots on small glass or plastic surfaces. He demonstrated that a 10×10 (100 in total) and 20×20 (400 in total) grid of antibody spots could be placed on a 1×1 cm surface. He also estimated that if an antibody is coated at a 10 μg/mL concentration, which is optimal for most antibodies, 1 mg of antibody can make 2,000,000 dots of 0.25 mm diameter. Chang's invention focused on the employment of antibody microarrays for the detection and quantification of cells bearing certain surface antigens, such as CD antigens and HLA allotypic antigens, particulate antigens, such as viruses and bacteria, and soluble antigens. The p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylolytic%20process
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Amylolytic process or amylolysis is the conversion of starch into sugar by the action of acids or enzymes such as amylase.
Starch begins to pile up inside the leaves of plants during times of light when starch is able to be produced by photosynthetic processes. This ability to make starch disappears in the dark due to the lack of illumination; there is insufficient amount of light produced during the dark needed to carry this reaction forward. Turning starch into sugar is done by the enzyme amylase.
Different pathways of amylase & location of amylase activity
The process in which amylase breaks down starch for sugar consumption is not consistent with all organisms that use amylase to breakdown stored starch. There are different amylase pathways that are involved in starch degradation. The occurrence of starch degradation into sugar by the enzyme amylase was most commonly known to take place in the Chloroplast, but that has been proven wrong. One example is the spinach plant, in which the chloroplast contains both alpha and beta amylase (They are different versions of amylase involved in the breakdown of starch and they differ in their substrate specificity). In spinach leaves, the extrachloroplastic region contains the highest level of amylase degradation of starch. The difference between chloroplast and extrachloroplastic starch degradation is in the amylase pathway they prefer; either beta or alpha amylase. For spinach leaves, Alpha-amylase is preferred but for plants/or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic%20material
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Exotic Materials can include plastics, superalloys, semiconductors, superconductors, and ceramics.
Exotic metals and alloys
Examples of metals and alloys that can be exotic:
Aluminum
Nickel
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Hastelloy
Inconel
Mercury (element) (aka quicksilver, hydrargyrum)
Molybdenum
Monel
Platinum
Stainless steel
Tantalum
Titanium
Tungsten or Wolframite
Waspaloy
Materials with high alloy content, known as super alloys or exotic alloys, offer enhanced performance properties including excellent strength and durability, and resistance to oxidation, corrosion and deforming at high temperatures or under extreme pressure. Because of these properties, super alloys make the best spring materials for demanding working conditions, which can be encountered across various industry sectors, including the automotive, marine and aerospace sectors as well as oil and gas extraction, thermal processing, petrochemical processing and power generation.
Notes
Materials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN%20optimization
|
WAN optimization is a collection of techniques for improving data transfer across wide area networks (WANs). In 2008, the WAN optimization market was estimated to be $1 billion, and was to grow to $4.4 billion by 2014 according to Gartner, a technology research firm. In 2015 Gartner estimated the WAN optimization market to be a $1.1 billion market.
The most common measures of TCP data-transfer efficiencies (i.e., optimization) are throughput, bandwidth requirements, latency, protocol optimization, and congestion, as manifested in dropped packets. In addition, the WAN itself can be classified with regards to the distance between endpoints and the amounts of data transferred. Two common business WAN topologies are Branch to Headquarters and Data Center to Data Center (DC2DC). In general, "Branch" WAN links are closer, use less bandwidth, support more simultaneous connections, support smaller connections and more short-lived connections, and handle a greater variety of protocols. They are used for business applications such as email, content management systems, database application, and Web delivery. In comparison, "DC2DC" WAN links tend to require more bandwidth, are more distant, and involve fewer connections, but those connections are bigger (100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s flows) and of longer duration. Traffic on a "DC2DC" WAN may include replication, back up, data migration, virtualization, and other Business Continuity/Disaster Recovery (BC/DR) flows.
WAN optimization has been
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%208A
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Bone morphogenetic protein 8A (BMP8A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP8A gene.
BMP8A is a polypeptide member of the TGFβ superfamily of proteins. It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), is involved in the development of bone and cartilage. BMP8A may be involved in epithelial osteogenesis. It also plays a role in bone homeostasis. It is a disulfide-linked homodimer.
References
External links
Further reading
Bone morphogenetic protein
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptake
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Uptake may refer to:
Uptake (business), a predictive analytics company based in Chicago, Illinois
The UpTake, a Minnesota-based citizen journalist organization
Diffusion (business), the acceptance or adoption of a new product or idea
Absorption, especially of food or nutrient by an organism. (see digestion)
Mineral uptake, by plants
Neurotransmitter uptake carriers, a class of membrane transport proteins that pump neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into the cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward%20Euler%20method
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In numerical analysis and scientific computing, the backward Euler method (or implicit Euler method) is one of the most basic numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations. It is similar to the (standard) Euler method, but differs in that it is an implicit method. The backward Euler method has error of order one in time.
Description
Consider the ordinary differential equation
with initial value Here the function and the initial data and are known; the function depends on the real variable and is unknown. A numerical method produces a sequence such that approximates , where is called the step size.
The backward Euler method computes the approximations using
This differs from the (forward) Euler method in that the forward method uses in place of .
The backward Euler method is an implicit method: the new approximation appears on both sides of the equation, and thus the method needs to solve an algebraic equation for the unknown . For non-stiff problems, this can be done with fixed-point iteration:
If this sequence converges (within a given tolerance), then the method takes its limit as the new approximation
.
Alternatively, one can use (some modification of) the Newton–Raphson method to solve the algebraic equation.
Derivation
Integrating the differential equation from to yields
Now approximate the integral on the right by the right-hand rectangle method (with one rectangle):
Finally, use that is supposed to approximate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialolithiasis
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Sialolithiasis (also termed salivary calculi, or salivary stones) is a crystallopathy where a calcified mass or sialolith forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the submandibular gland (also termed "Wharton's duct"). Less commonly the parotid gland or rarely the sublingual gland or a minor salivary gland may develop salivary stones.
The usual symptoms are pain and swelling of the affected salivary gland, both of which get worse when salivary flow is stimulated, e.g. with the sight, thought, smell or taste of food, or with hunger or chewing. This is often termed "mealtime syndrome." Inflammation or infection of the gland may develop as a result. Sialolithiasis may also develop because of the presence of existing chronic infection of the glands, dehydration (e.g. use of phenothiazines), Sjögren's syndrome and/or increased local levels of calcium, but in many instances the cause is idiopathic (unknown).
The condition is usually managed by removing the stone, and several different techniques are available. Rarely, removal of the submandibular gland may become necessary in cases of recurrent stone formation. Sialolithiasis is common, accounting for about 50% of all disease occurring in the major salivary glands and causing symptoms in about 0.45% of the general population. Persons aged 30–60 and males are more likely to develop sialolithiasis.
Classification
The term is derived from the Greek words sialon (saliva) and lithos (stone), and the Greek -iasis meaning
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20and%20New%20Zealand%20Standard%20Industrial%20Classification
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Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) was jointly developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Statistics New Zealand in order to make it easier to compare industry statistics between the two countries and with the rest of the world.
The 2006 edition of the ANZSIC replaced the 1993 edition, which was the first version produced. Prior to 1993, Australia and New Zealand had separate industry classifications. It is arranged into 19 broad industry divisions and 96 industry subdivisions There are two more detailed levels called Groups and Classes. ANZSIC codes are four-digit numbers. The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) uses five-digit codes referred to as Business Industry Codes.
In the 2006 edition, Industry Division D has been expanded to include 'Waste Services', and 'hunting' is removed from Industry Division A.
Divisions and subdivisions
A — Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
01 — Agriculture
011 — Nursery and Floriculture Production
012 — Mushroom and Vegetable Growing
013 — Fruit Tree and Nut Growing
014 — Sheep, Beef Cattle and Grain Farming
015 — Other Crop Growing
016 — Dairy Cattle Farming
017 — Poultry Farming
018 — Deer Farming
019 — Other Livestock Farming
02 — Aquaculture
03 — Forestry and Logging
04 — Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
041 — Fishing
042 — Hunting and Trapping
05 — Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Support Services
051 — Forestry Support Services
052 — Agriculture and Fishing Support Services
B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20glial%20cell
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Radial glial cells, or radial glial progenitor cells (RGPs), are bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGPs also produce certain lineages of glia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Their cell bodies (somata) reside in the embryonic ventricular zone, which lies next to the developing ventricular system.
During development, newborn neurons use radial glia as scaffolds, traveling along the radial glial fibers in order to reach their final destinations. Despite the various possible fates of the radial glial population, it has been demonstrated through clonal analysis that most radial glia have restricted, unipotent or multipotent, fates. Radial glia can be found during the neurogenic phase in all vertebrates (studied to date).
The term "radial glia" refers to the morphological characteristics of these cells that were first observed: namely, their radial processes and their similarity to astrocytes, another member of the glial cell family.
Structure
Müller glia
Müller glia are radial glial cells that are present in the developing, as well as the adult, retina. As in the cortex, Müller glia have long processes that span the entire width of the retina, from the basal cell layer to the apical layer. However, unlike cortical radial glia, Müller glia do not appear in the retina until after the first rounds of neurogenesis have occurred. Studies suggest that Müller glia can dedifferentiate into readily
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich%20Stoyan
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Dietrich Stoyan (born 1940, Germany) is a German mathematician and statistician who made contributions to queueing theory, stochastic geometry, and spatial statistics.
Education and career
Stoyan studied mathematics at Technical University Dresden; applied research at Deutsches Brennstoffinstitut Freiberg, 1967 PhD, 1975 Habilitation. Since 1976 at TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Rektor of that university in 1991—1997; he became famous by his statistical research of the diffusion of euro coins in Germany and Europe after the introduction of the euro in 2002.
Research
Queueing Theory
Qualitative theory, in particular inequalities, for queueing systems and related stochastic models. The books
D. Stoyan: Comparison Methods for Queues and other Stochastic Models. J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1983 and
A. Mueller and D. Stoyan: Comparison Methods for Stochastic Models and Risks, J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2002
report on the results. The work goes back to 1969 when he discovered the monotonicity of the GI/G/1 waiting times with respect to the convex order.
Stochastic Geometry
Stereological formulae, applications for marked point process, development of stochastic models. Successful joint work with Joseph Mecke led to the first exact proof of the fundamental stereological formulae.
The book Stochastic Geometry and its Applications, by D. Stoyan, W.S. Kendall and J. Mecke reports on the results. The book of 1995 is the key reference for applied stochastic geometry.
Spatial Stat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20muscular%20atrophy
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Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), also called Duchenne–Aran disease and Duchenne–Aran muscular atrophy, is a disorder characterised by the degeneration of lower motor neurons, resulting in generalised, progressive loss of muscle function.
PMA is classified among motor neuron diseases (MND) where it is thought to account for around 4% of all MND cases.
PMA affects only the lower motor neurons, in contrast to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common MND, which affects both the upper and lower motor neurons, or primary lateral sclerosis, another MND, which affects only the upper motor neurons. The distinction is important because PMA is associated with a better prognosis than ALS.
Signs and symptoms
As a result of lower motor neuron degeneration, the symptoms of PMA include:
muscle weakness
muscle atrophy
fasciculations
Some patients have symptoms restricted only to the arms or legs (or in some cases just one of either). These cases are referred to as flail limb (either flail arm or flail leg) and are associated with a better prognosis.
Diagnosis
PMA is a diagnosis of exclusion, there is no specific test which can conclusively establish whether a patient has the condition. Instead, a number of other possibilities have to be ruled out, such as multifocal motor neuropathy or spinal muscular atrophy. Tests used in the diagnostic process include MRI, clinical examination, and EMG. EMG tests in patients who do have PMA usually show denervation (neuron death) in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin%20superfamily
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The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large protein superfamily of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or adhesion processes of cells. Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily based on shared structural features with immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies); they all possess a domain known as an immunoglobulin domain or fold. Members of the IgSF include cell surface antigen receptors, co-receptors and co-stimulatory molecules of the immune system, molecules involved in antigen presentation to lymphocytes, cell adhesion molecules, certain cytokine receptors and intracellular muscle proteins. They are commonly associated with roles in the immune system. Otherwise, the sperm-specific protein IZUMO1, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has also been identified as the only sperm membrane protein essential for sperm-egg fusion.
Immunoglobulin domains
Proteins of the IgSF possess a structural domain known as an immunoglobulin (Ig) domain. Ig domains are named after the immunoglobulin molecules. They contain about 70-110 amino acids and are categorized according to their size and function. Ig-domains possess a characteristic Ig-fold, which has a sandwich-like structure formed by two sheets of antiparallel beta strands. Interactions between hydrophobic amino acids on the inner side of the sandwich and highly conserved disulfide bonds formed between cysteine residues in the B and F strands, stabilize the Ig-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTG
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TTG may refer to:
Medicine, science and technology
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), an enzyme
Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite, a type of rock
Transmit/receive transition gap in communications
TTG, a codon for the amino acid Leucine
Video, arts and culture
TTG Studios, Los Angeles, US
Other
Travel Trade Gazette
Tilhas Tizig Gesheften, also known as the TTG or the TTG Brigade
Teen Titans Go!
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWT
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FWT may refer to:
Fair wear and tear, in government and aviation industries
Fast Walsh–Hadamard transform, a mathematical algorithm
Fast wavelet transform, a mathematical algorithm
First Welfare Theorem, a theorem of welfare economics
Fixed wireless terminal, another name for a wireless local loop
The Formation World Tour, a concert tour by Beyoncé
Freeride World Tour, an annual freeriding competition
Freies Werkstatt Theater, in Cologne, Germany
the station code for Waterloo railway station, Belgium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinergic%20receptor
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Purinergic receptors, also known as purinoceptors, are a family of plasma membrane molecules that are found in almost all mammalian tissues. Within the field of purinergic signalling, these receptors have been implicated in learning and memory, locomotor and feeding behavior, and sleep. More specifically, they are involved in several cellular functions, including proliferation and migration of neural stem cells, vascular reactivity, apoptosis and cytokine secretion. These functions have not been well characterized and the effect of the extracellular microenvironment on their function is also poorly understood.
The term purinergic receptor was originally introduced to illustrate specific classes of membrane receptors that mediate relaxation of gut smooth muscle as a response to the release of ATP (P2 receptors) or adenosine (P1 receptors). P2 receptors have further been divided into five subclasses: P2X, P2Y, P2Z, P2U, and P2T. To distinguish P2 receptors further, the subclasses have been divided into families of metabotropic (P2Y, P2U, and P2T) and ionotropic receptors (P2X and P2Z).
In 2014, the first purinergic receptor in plants, DORN1, was discovered.
3 classes of purinergic receptors
There are three known distinct classes of purinergic receptors, known as P1, P2X, and P2Y receptors. [What about P2Z,U,T?]
P2X receptors
P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, whereas the P1 and P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. These ligand-gated ion channels are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%20TXTR
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The Motorola TXTR is a Bluetooth wireless keyboard designed to connect to Bluetooth enabled cell phones, such as the RAZR. This peripheral is designed for the purpose of Text Messaging on a QWERTY keyboard instead of a cell-phone style number pad.
References
Computer keyboard models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TXTR
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TXTR or Txtr may refer to:
Motorola TXTR, portable-phone keyboard
txtR, a transcriptional regulator protein in Streptomyces scabies
TXTR, the NYSE stock symbol for Textura Corporation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plants%20of%20Atlantic%20Forest%20vegetation%20of%20Brazil
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A list of native plants found in the Atlantic Forest Biome of southeastern and southern Brazil. Additions occur as botanical discoveries and reclassifications are presented. They are grouped under their botanical Families.
Acanthaceae
Mendoncia velloziana Mart.
Mendoncia puberula Mart.
Aphelandra squarrosa Nees
Aphelandra stephanophysa Nees
Aphelandra rigida Glaz. et Mildbr.
Justicia polita (Nees) Profice
Justicia clausseniana (Nees) Profice
Justicia nervata (Lindau) Profice
Amaranthaceae
Pfaffia pulverulenta (Mart.) Kuntze
Amaryllidaceae
Hippeastrum calyptratum Herb.
Anacardiaceae
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott
Astronium graveolens Jacq.
Tapirira guianensis Aubl.
Annonaceae
Annona cacans Warm.
Duguetia salicifolia R.E.Fr.
Guatteria australis A.St.-Hil.
Guatteria dusenii R.E.Fr.
Guetteria nigrescens Mart.
Rollinia laurifolia Schltdl.
Rollinia sylvatica (A.St.-Hil.) Mart.
Rollinia xylopiifolia (A.St.-Hil.) R.E.Fr.
Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng.
Apocynaceae
Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Müll.Arg.
Aspidosperma melanocalyx Müll.Arg.
Aspidosperma parvifolium A.DC.
Forsteronia refracta Müll.Arg.
Mandevilla funiformis (Vell.) K.Schum.
Mandevilla pendula (Ule) Woodson
Odontadenia lutea (Vell.) Markgr.
Peschiera australis (Müll.Arg.) Miers
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex breviscupis Reissek
Ilex integerrima Reissek
Ilex microdonta Reissek
Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.
Ilex taubertiana Loes.
Ilex theezans Mart.
Ilex pubiflora Reissek
Araceae
Anthurium gal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxoprofen
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Loxoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the propionic acid derivatives group, which also includes ibuprofen and naproxen among others. It is available in some countries for oral administration. A transdermal preparation was approved for sale in Japan in January 2006; medicated tape and gel formulations followed in 2008 and 2010.
It was patented in 1977 and approved for medical use in 1986.
Pharmacokinetics
Loxoprofen is a prodrug. It is quickly converted to its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration, and reaches its peak plasma concentration within 30 to 50 minutes.
Mechanism of action
As most NSAIDs, loxoprofen is a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and works by reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.
Interactions
Loxoprofen should not be administered at the same time as second-generation quinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, as it increases their inhibition of GABA and this may cause seizures.
It may also increase the plasma concentration of warfarin, methotrexate, sulfonylurea derivatives and lithium salts, so care should be taken when loxoprofen is administered to patients taking any of these drugs.
Brand names
It is marketed in Brazil, Mexico and Japan by Sankyo as its sodium salt, loxoprofen sodium, under the trade name Loxonin; in Argentina as Oxeno; in India as Loxomac; in Thailand as Japrolox; and in Saudi Arabia as Roxonin and Roxonin Tape.
A generic drug is mark
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise%20statistic
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In mathematics the signal-to-noise statistic distance between two vectors a and b with mean values and and standard deviation and respectively is:
In the case of Gaussian-distributed data and unbiased class distributions, this statistic can be related to classification accuracy given an ideal linear discrimination, and a decision boundary can be derived.
This distance is frequently used to identify vectors that have significant difference. One usage is in bioinformatics to locate genes that are differential expressed on microarray experiments.
See also
Distance
Uniform norm
Manhattan distance
Signal-to-noise ratio
Signal to noise ratio (imaging)
Notes
Statistical distance
Statistical ratios
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosamine
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Galactosamine is a hexosamine derived from galactose with the molecular formula C6H13NO5. This amino sugar is a constituent of some glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Precursors such as uridine diphosphate (UDP), UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or glucosamine are used to synthesize galactosamine in the human body. A derivative of this compound is N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Galactosamine is a hepatotoxic, or liver-damaging, agent that is sometimes used in animal models of liver failure.
Hepatotoxicity
Galactosamine is used to induce hepatitis in rodent liver for research purposes. The result of using galactosamine to induce hepatitis is a disease model in which there is necrosis and inflammation of the liver. This type of tissue damage triggered by galactosamine resembles drug-induced liver disease in humans.
Mechanism of hepatotoxicity
The proposed mechanism behind galactosamine-induced hepatitis is depletion of the energy source of hepatocytes. In the Leloir pathway galactosamine is metabolized into galactosamine-1-phosphate (by galactokinase) and UDP-galactosamine (by UDP-galactose uridyltransferase). It is hypothesized that this leads to UDP-galactosamine accumulation within cells, and uridine triphosphate (UTP), UDP, and uridine monophosphate (UMP) decrease. The depletion of high-energy molecules such as UTP leads to a disruption in hepatocyte metabolism. Additionally, other derivatives of uridine such as UDP-g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonostylops
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Trigonostylops is an extinct genus of South American meridiungulatan ungulate, from the Late Paleocene to Late Eocene (Itaboraian to Tinguirirican in the SALMA classification) of South America (Argentina and Peru) and Antarctica (Seymour Island). It is the only member of the family Trigonostylopidae.
Description
A complete skull of the type species, T. wortmani, has been found, and it has been classified as an astrapothere based on its large lower incisors.
Phylogeny
Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015, showing the position of Trigonostylops:
Distribution
Fossils of Trigonostylops have been found in:
Paleocene
Las Flores Formation, Argentina
Eocene
La Meseta Formation, Antarctica
Casamayor, Divisadero Largo, Koluel Kaike and Sarmiento Formations, Argentina
Pozo Formation, Peru
References
Bibliography
Meridiungulata
Paleocene mammals
Paleocene mammals of South America
Eocene mammals of South America
Tinguirirican
Divisaderan
Mustersan
Casamayoran
Riochican
Itaboraian
Paleogene Argentina
Paleogene Peru
Fossils of Argentina
Fossils of Peru
Eocene mammals of Antarctica
Fossils of Antarctica
Fossil taxa described in 1897
Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino
Prehistoric placental genera
Golfo San Jorge Basin
Sarmiento Formation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVA
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DVA, dva or D.VA may refer to:
Finance
Debit Valuation Adjustment, one of the X-Value Adjustments in relation to derivative instruments held by banks
Debt valuation adjustment, valuation on corporation's publicly traded debt impacts corporation's earnings
Dollar Value Averaging, a technique of adding to an investment portfolio
Music
Clock DVA, an industrial, post-punk and EBM group
DVA (band) (stylised form: DVA) a Czech musical duo
DVA Music, a record label
DVAS, an electronic dance music group
Dva (album) (stylised form: DVA), a 2013 music album by electronic artist Emika
Scratcha DVA, an electronic musician, producer and DJ
Other uses
Defence Vetting Agency, former name of DBS National Security Vetting, a unit in the Defence Business Services of the U.K.
Developmental venous anomaly, a congenital variant of the cerebral venous drainage
Driver and Vehicle Agency of Northern Ireland, UK
D.Va, a character in the first-person shooter game Overwatch
Digital variance angiography, an image processing method used in medical imaging
See also
Department of Veterans Affairs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrukhos
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Pachyrukhos is an extinct genus of hegetotheriid notoungulate from the Early to Middle Miocene (Colhuehuapian-Friasian in the SALMA classification) of Argentina and Chile. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Collón Curá, Sarmiento and Santa Cruz Formations of Argentina and the Río Frías Formation of Chile.
Description
It was about long and closely resembled a rabbit, with a short tail and long hind feet. Pachyrukhos was probably also able to hop, and it had a rabbit-like skull with teeth adapted for eating nuts and tough plants. The complexity of its hearing apparatus in the skull suggests that its hearing would have been very good, and that it probably had large ears. It also had large eyes, suggesting that it may have been nocturnal. These similarities are the result of convergent evolution, since, while quite unrelated to modern rabbits, Pachyrukhos filled the same ecological niche.
References
Typotheres
Miocene mammals of South America
Friasian
Santacrucian
Colhuehuapian
Neogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Neogene Chile
Fossils of Chile
Fossil taxa described in 1885
Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino
Prehistoric placental genera
Austral or Magallanes Basin
Golfo San Jorge Basin
Santa Cruz Formation
Sarmiento Formation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Conservation%20Biology
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The Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) is an 501(c)(3) non-profit international professional organization that is dedicated to conserving biodiversity. There are over 4,000 members worldwide, including students and those in related non-academic sectors.There are 35 chapters throughout the world.
The society was founded in 1985 and began publishing the peer reviewed journal Conservation Biology in 1987, published by Blackwell Scientific publishers. This has been supplemented since 2007 by the rapid publication journal Conservation Letters .
History
The origin of the society resulted from the emergence of the field as a distinct subject in the 1970s. The phrase conservation biology originated from a conference of ecologists and population biologists at the University of Michigan, that published the book "Conservation Biology" An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective was highly influential internationally, eventually selling tens of thousands of copies including a Russian translation. Michael E. Soulé was its co-founder and the first president.
By the mid-1980s there was sufficient interest and participation to establish a formal society and publish a peer reviewed journal, Conservation Biology, started in May 1987 and published by Blackwell Scientific Publishers. In 2000 the society launched Conservation magazine, which was designed to complement Conservation Biology by making current conservation biology tools, techniques, and case studies accessible to practitioners, po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchippus
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Rhynchippus ("Snout Horse") is an extinct genus of notoungulate mammals from the Late Oligocene (Deseadan in the SALMA classification) of South America. The genus was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1897 and the type species is R. equinus, with lectotype MACN A 52–31. Fossils of Rhynchippus have been found in the Agua de la Piedra and Sarmiento Formations of Argentina, the Salla and Petaca Formations of Bolivia, the Tremembé Formation of Brazil, and the Moquegua Formation of Peru.
Description
Rhynchippus was about in length and weighed up to , with a deep body and three clawed toes on each foot. Although its teeth were extremely similar to those of horses or rhinos, Rhynchippus was actually a relative of Toxodon, having developed teeth suitable for grazing through convergent evolution. Unlike its relatives, Rhynchippus had no large tusks; they were the same size and shape as the incisors. Enamel on the molars allowed it to chew tough food. The genus shows similarities with Mendozahippus, Eurygenium and Pascualihippus.
In 2016, a well-preserved specimen of R. equinus was described by Martínez et al. from the Sarmiento Formation in central Patagonia. The extraordinary preservation of the specimen allowed the researchers to appreciate the three connected spaces that constitute a heavily pneumatized middle ear; the epitympanic sinus, the tympanic cavity itself, and the ventral expansion of the tympanic cavity through the notably inflated bullae.
Paleoecology
Fos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%20protein-coupled%20receptor%20kinase
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G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GPCRKs, GRKs) are a family of protein kinases within the AGC (protein kinase A, protein kinase G, protein kinase C) group of kinases. Like all AGC kinases, GRKs use ATP to add phosphate to Serine and Threonine residues in specific locations of target proteins. In particular, GRKs phosphorylate intracellular domains of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GRKs function in tandem with arrestin proteins to regulate the sensitivity of GPCRs for stimulating downstream heterotrimeric G protein and G protein-independent signaling pathways.
Types of GRKs
GRK Activity and Regulation
GRKs reside normally in an inactive state, but their kinase activity is stimulated by binding to a ligand-activated GPCR (rather than by regulatory phosphorylation as is common in other AGC kinases). Because there are only seven GRKs (only 4 of which are widely expressed throughout the body) but over 800 human GPCRs, GRKs appear to have limited phosphorylation site selectivity and are regulated primarily by the GPCR active state.
G protein-coupled receptor kinases phosphorylate activated G protein-coupled receptors, which promotes the binding of an arrestin protein to the receptor. Phosphorylated serine and threonine residues in GPCRs act as binding sites for and activators of arrestin proteins. Arrestin binding to phosphorylated, active receptor prevents receptor stimulation of heterotrimeric G protein transducer proteins, blocking their cellular signaling and resu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarrittia
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Scarrittia is an extinct genus of hoofed mammal of the family Leontiniidae, native to South America during the Late Oligocene epoch (Deseadan in the SALMA classification).
Description
Scarrittia was about in body length, and resembled a rhinoceros with a relatively long body and neck. It had three hoofed toes on each foot, and a very short tail. Due to a fused tibia and fibula, Scarrittia would have been unable to turn its legs sideways. The short skull had 44 poorly specialized teeth.
Natural history
This was a very successful genus with various known species, such as Scarrittia robusta, S. barranquensis and S. canquelensis, which lived around 30 million years ago. They lived in moist forest, near the coast, in wetlands, lakes, swamps, etc. and they ate soft vegetation, grasses, fruits and trees. Some species were omnivorous, eating also eggs and small mammals. They were not adapted for running, though their large size meant they had few enemies.
Distribution
Fossils of Scarrittia have been found in:
Sarmiento Formation, Argentina
Fray Bentos Formation, Uruguay
References
Toxodonts
Oligocene mammals of South America
Deseadan
Oligocene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Oligocene Uruguay
Fossils of Uruguay
Fossil taxa described in 1934
Taxa named by George Gaylord Simpson
Prehistoric placental genera
Golfo San Jorge Basin
Paraná Basin
Sarmiento Formation
Paleogene Argentina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homalodotherium
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Homalodotherium is an extinct genus of notoungulate mammals native to South America. Fossils of Homalodotherium have been found in the Middle Miocene (Friasian in the SALMA classification) Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina and the Río Frías Formation of Chile.
Description
Homalodotherium was about in body length, with a weight up to , and had long forelimbs with claws instead of hooves otherwise seen in related taxa. It walked on the soles of its hind feet and the toes of its front feet, which would have made the animal higher at the shoulder than at the hips when it walked on all fours. It was probably at least partially bipedal, being able to pull down tree branches with its arms while rearing up on its hind legs. Various other prehistoric and living creatures have also developed this anatomical design and feeding style; examples are the chalicotheres, ground sloths (which shared the same environments), the giant panda, the gorilla and, possibly, the therizinosaur dinosaurs.
References
Further reading
Scott, William B. 1928. Mammalia of the Santa Cruz beds. Astrapotheria. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899. 6 (4): 301-342
Toxodonts
Clawed herbivores
Burdigalian life
Langhian life
Miocene mammals of South America
Friasian
Neogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Neogene Chile
Fossils of Chile
Fossil taxa described in 1870
Taxa named by Thomas Henry Huxley
Prehistoric placental genera
Austral or Magallanes Basin
Santa Cruz Formation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit%20default%20swap%20index
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A credit default swap index is a credit derivative used to hedge credit risk or to take a position on a basket of credit entities. Unlike a credit default swap, which is an over the counter credit derivative, a credit default swap index is a completely standardized credit security and may therefore be more liquid and trade at a smaller bid–offer spread. This means that it can be cheaper to hedge a portfolio of credit default swaps or bonds with a CDS index than it would be to buy many single name CDS to achieve a similar effect. Credit-default swap indexes are benchmarks for protecting investors owning bonds against default, and traders use them to speculate on changes in credit quality.
Issuance
There are currently two main families of corporate CDS indices: CDX and iTraxx. CDX indices contain North American and Emerging Market companies and are administered by CDS Index Company (CDSIndexCo) and marketed by Markit Group Limited, and iTraxx indices contain companies from the rest of the world and are managed by the International Index Company (IIC), also owned by Markit.
A new series of CDS indices is issued every six months by Markit. Running up to the announcement of each series a group of investment banks is polled to determine the credit entities that will form the constituents of the new issue. This process is intended to ensure that the index does not become "cluttered" with instruments that no longer exist, or which are illiquid. On the day of issue a fixed coupon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine%20protozoal%20myeloencephalitis
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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), is a disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite Sarcocystis neurona that affects the central nervous system of horses.
History
EPM was first discovered in the 1960s by American biologist Dr. Jim Rooney. The disease is considered rare, though recently, increasing numbers of cases have been reported. Previous research identified the "barn cat" as the definitive host of the disease. Since that time, though the definitive host has been found to be the opossum, while any of a number of mammals can serve as intermediate hosts in the disease's two-host lifecycle. Those with horses should not panic and kill opossums or wildlife; rather, keep feed covered and stalls clean.
The term EPM refers to the clinical neurologic symptoms caused by the parasite, not infection itself. Most horses infected with S. neurona do not exhibit neurological symptoms consistent with EPM. Six subspecies of S. neurona can be identified by surface antigens (SAG). Equine EPM is caused by the parasites that exhibit SAG1, SAG5, and SAG6. SAG1 and SAG5 are responsible for the majority of EPM cases in horses. Horses produce antibodies to these surface antigens. Serum antibody testing is available that measures levels of these antibodies in the blood of horses, which is helpful in diagnosing EPM in an ataxic horse. Serial blood levels are helpful in guiding treatment. In experimentally infected horses it takes 14 days from infection to positive antibody tests. 80% of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape%20statistics
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Statistics on rape and other sexual assaults are commonly available in industrialized countries, and have become better documented throughout the world. Inconsistent definitions of rape, different rates of reporting, recording, prosecution and conviction for rape can create controversial statistical disparities, and lead to accusations that many rape statistics are unreliable or misleading.
In some jurisdictions, male-female rape is the only form of rape counted in the statistics. Countries may not define forced sex on a spouse as rape. Rape is an under-reported crime. Prevalence of reasons for not reporting rape differ across countries. They may include fear of retaliation, uncertainty about whether a crime was committed or if the offender intended harm, not wanting others to know about the rape, not wanting the offender to get in trouble, fear of prosecution (e.g. due to laws against premarital sex), and doubt in local law enforcement.
A United Nations statistical report compiled from government sources showed that more than 250,000 cases of rape or attempted rape were recorded by police annually. The reported data covered 65 countries. In a survey by United Nations, 23% of Italian women suffered sexual violence in their lifetimes, 3.3% had experienced attempted rape and 2.3% had experienced rape.
Research
Most rape research and reporting to date has been limited to male-female forms of rape. Research on male-male and female-male is beginning to be done. However, almost
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%201
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 also known as SMAD family member 1 or SMAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD1 gene.
Nomenclature
SMAD1 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. The name is a combination of the two; and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.
It was found that a mutation in the 'Drosophila' gene, MAD, in the mother, repressed the gene, decapentaplegic, in the embryo. Mad mutations can be placed in an allelic series based on the relative severity of the maternal effect enhancement of weak dpp alleles, thus explaining the name Mothers against dpp.
Function
SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signals of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are involved in a range of biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis, morphogenesis, development and immune responses. In response to BMP ligands, this protein can be phosphorylated and activated by the BMP receptor kinase. The phosphorylated form of this protein forms a complex with SMAD4, which is important for its function in the transcription regulation. This protein is a target for SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as SMURF1 and SMURF2, and undergoes ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Alter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%202
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene. MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways.
Function
SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The association with SMAD4 is important for the translocation of this protein into the cell nucleus, where it binds to target promoters and forms a transcription repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by activin type 1 receptor kinase, and mediates the signal from the activin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.
Like other Smads, Smad2 plays a role in the transmission of extracellular signals from ligands of the Transforming Growth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Ries
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Christopher Ries (born 1952) is an American glass artist and sculptor. Ries is noted for applying classical sculptural reduction to cold optical crystal rather than using traditional hot techniques such as blowing or molding. He refined his skills during the height of American studio glass movement under the mentorship of its principal founder, Harvey Littleton.
Ries's work includes the largest non-assembled glass forms in existence, and is collected in museums worldwide.
Biography
Early life
Christopher Ries was born to florists Raymond and Mildred Ries and was raised in a log cabin on a farm near Columbus, Ohio. As a young adult he expressed an interest in art and ceramics. Throughout high school he produced pottery in a makeshift studio in his parents’ root cellar.
In 1971 he matriculated to The Ohio State University to pursue a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in ceramics. He soon became more interested in the glass used to glaze pottery than the pottery itself. In order to explore glass as a medium for artistic expression, he built what became The Ohio State University's first glass studio and served as its first instructor. Ries spent the next several years blowing glass and investigating glass types, chemical compositions, and properties.
During his senior year at The Ohio State University, Ries attended a guest lecture given by Harvey Littleton. Littleton was struck by Ries's accomplishments as both a glass artist and teacher, and asked Ries to become his research as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%203
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene.
SMAD3 is a member of the SMAD family of proteins. It acts as a mediator of the signals initiated by the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines, which regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Based on its essential role in TGF beta signaling pathway, SMAD3 has been related with tumor growth in cancer development.
Gene
The human SMAD3 gene is located on chromosome 15 on the cytogenic band at 15q22.33. The gene is composed of 9 exons over 129,339 base pairs. It is one of several human homologues of a gene that was originally discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
The expression of SMAD3 has been related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK pathway), particularly to the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1). Studies have demonstrated that inhibition of MEK1 activity also inhibits SMAD3 expression in epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells, two cell types highly responsive to TGF-β1.
Protein
SMAD3 is a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 48,080 Da. It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins. SMAD3 is recruited by SARA (SMAD Anchor for Receptor Activation) to the membrane, where the TGF-β receptor is located. The receptors for TGF-β, (including nodal, activin, myostatin and other family members) are membrane serine/threonine kinases that pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%204
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SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4) is a highly conserved protein present in all metazoans. It belongs to the SMAD family of transcription factor proteins, which act as mediators of TGF-β signal transduction. The TGFβ family of cytokines regulates critical processes during the lifecycle of metazoans, with important roles during embryo development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and immune regulation.
SMAD 4 belongs to the co-SMAD group (common mediator SMAD), the second class of the SMAD family. SMAD4 is the only known co-SMAD in most metazoans. It also belongs to the Darwin family of proteins that modulate members of the TGFβ protein superfamily, a family of proteins that all play a role in the regulation of cellular responses. Mammalian SMAD4 is a homolog of the Drosophila protein "Mothers against decapentaplegic" named Medea.
SMAD4 interacts with R-Smads, such as SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD8 (also called SMAD9) to form heterotrimeric complexes. Transcriptional coregulators, such as WWTR1 (TAZ) interact with SMADs to promote their function. Once in the nucleus, the complex of SMAD4 and two R-SMADS binds to DNA and regulates the expression of different genes depending on the cellular context. Intracellular reactions involving SMAD4 are triggered by the binding, on the surface of the cells, of growth factors from the TGFβ family. The sequence of intracellular reactions involv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-TCP
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H-TCP is another implementation of TCP with an optimized congestion control algorithm for high speed networks with high latency (LFN: Long Fat Networks). It was created by researchers at the Hamilton Institute in Ireland.
H-TCP is an optional module in Linux since kernel version 2.6, and has been implemented for FreeBSD 7.
Principles of operation
H-TCP is a loss-based algorithm, using additive-increase/multiplicative-decrease (AIMD) to control TCP's congestion window. It is one of many TCP congestion avoidance algorithms which seeks to increase the aggressiveness of TCP on high bandwidth-delay product (BDP) paths, while maintaining "TCP friendliness" for small BDP paths. H-TCP increases its aggressiveness (in particular, the rate of additive increase) as the time since the previous loss increases. This avoids the problem encountered by HSTCP and BIC TCP of making flows more aggressive if their windows are already large. Thus, new flows can be expected to converge to fairness faster under HTCP than HSTCP and BIC TCP.
Strengths and weaknesses
A side effect of increasing the rate of increase as the time since the last packet loss increases, is that flows which happen not to lose a packet when other flows do, can then take an unfair portion of the bandwidth. Techniques to overcome this are currently in the research phase.
The Linux implementation of H-TCP also has an option for avoiding "RTT unfairness", which occurs in TCP Reno, but is a particular problem for most high
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockleys%2C%20South%20Australia
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Lockleys is an inner western suburb of Adelaide, in the City of West Torrens.
Australian Bureau of Statistics data from May 2021 revealed that Adelaide's western suburbs had the lowest unemployment rate in South Australia.
History
The area was inhabited by the Kaurna people before the British colonisation of South Australia.
The area was subject to flooding by the River Torrens, which originally ran into an area named "The Reedbeds" in the upper reaches of the Port River. In the 1930s the Torrens Channel, also named Breakout Creek, was cut through the coastal dunes to Gulf St Vincent, to drain the wetlands and eliminate the flooding. A large part of Lockleys is within a bend of the River Torrens.
Hence, prior to subdivision, the area was renowned for its rich soil, market gardens and greenhouses. The name comes from a property (section 145) owned by Charles Brown Fisher, then Edward Meade Bagot and Gabriel Bennett, who built a course there for amateur horse racing. The property was rented by trainers J. Eden Savill and C. Leslie Macdonald for their Lockleys Stables where many good racehorses were prepared.
Hank family
The area was divided for housing. However, the Hank family lived on Torrens Avenue, Lockleys and had established 11 acres of market garden there after world war I. The Hank brothers (Ray, Bill and Bob) all attended the Lockleys Primary School in Brooklyn Park and would all become footballers for the West Torrens Football Club in the SANFL. Bob Hank would g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPO
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WPO may refer to:
Computing and math
Web performance optimization, in website optimization
Well partial order, an ordering relation in mathematics
Whole program optimization, a compiler optimization
Other uses
Weakly Pareto Optimal
North Fork Valley Airport (IATA code), in the List of airports in Colorado, US
Washington Post Company (former NYSE symbol)
World Photography Organisation, for amateur and professional photographers
Wikipediocracy
See also
WPO-3, 1941 plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands in the Battle of Bataan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20variation%20diminishing
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In numerical methods, total variation diminishing (TVD) is a property of certain discretization schemes used to solve hyperbolic partial differential equations. The most notable application of this method is in computational fluid dynamics. The concept of TVD was introduced by Ami Harten.
Model equation
In systems described by partial differential equations, such as the following hyperbolic advection equation,
the total variation (TV) is given by
and the total variation for the discrete case is,
where .
A numerical method is said to be total variation diminishing (TVD) if,
Characteristics
A numerical scheme is said to be monotonicity preserving if the following properties are maintained:
If is monotonically increasing (or decreasing) in space, then so is .
proved the following properties for a numerical scheme,
A monotone scheme is TVD, and
A TVD scheme is monotonicity preserving.
Application in CFD
In Computational Fluid Dynamics, TVD scheme is employed to capture sharper shock predictions without any misleading oscillations when variation of field variable “” is discontinuous.
To capture the variation fine grids ( very small) are needed and the computation becomes heavy and therefore uneconomic. The use of coarse grids with central difference scheme, upwind scheme, hybrid difference scheme, and power law scheme gives false shock predictions. TVD scheme enables sharper shock predictions on coarse grids saving computation time and as the scheme preserves monoton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godunov%27s%20theorem
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In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, Godunov's theorem — also known as Godunov's order barrier theorem — is a mathematical theorem important in the development of the theory of high-resolution schemes for the numerical solution of partial differential equations.
The theorem states that:
Linear numerical schemes for solving partial differential equations (PDE's), having the property of not generating new extrema (monotone scheme), can be at most first-order accurate.
Professor Sergei Godunov originally proved the theorem as a Ph.D. student at Moscow State University. It is his most influential work in the area of applied and numerical mathematics and has had a major impact on science and engineering, particularly in the development of methods used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and other computational fields. One of his major contributions was to prove the theorem (Godunov, 1954; Godunov, 1959), that bears his name.
The theorem
We generally follow Wesseling (2001).
Aside
Assume a continuum problem described by a PDE is to be computed using a numerical scheme based upon a uniform computational grid and a one-step, constant step-size, M grid point, integration algorithm, either implicit or explicit. Then if and , such a scheme can be described by
In other words, the solution at time and location is a linear function of the solution at the previous time step . We assume that determines uniquely. Now, since the above equation represents a lin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20limiter
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Flux limiters are used in high resolution schemes – numerical schemes used to solve problems in science and engineering, particularly fluid dynamics, described by partial differential equations (PDEs). They are used in high resolution schemes, such as the MUSCL scheme, to avoid the spurious oscillations (wiggles) that would otherwise occur with high order spatial discretization schemes due to shocks, discontinuities or sharp changes in the solution domain. Use of flux limiters, together with an appropriate high resolution scheme, make the solutions total variation diminishing (TVD).
Note that flux limiters are also referred to as slope limiters because they both have the same mathematical form, and both have the effect of limiting the solution gradient near shocks or discontinuities. In general, the term flux limiter is used when the limiter acts on system fluxes, and slope limiter is used when the limiter acts on system states (like pressure, velocity etc.).
How they work
The main idea behind the construction of flux limiter schemes is to limit the spatial derivatives to realistic values – for scientific and engineering problems this usually means physically realisable and meaningful values. They are used in high resolution schemes for solving problems described by PDEs and only come into operation when sharp wave fronts are present. For smoothly changing waves, the flux limiters do not operate and the spatial derivatives can be represented by higher order approximations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCPA
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CCPA may refer to:
Science and health
CCPA (biochemistry), a specific receptor agonist in biochemistry
Catabolite Control Protein A (CcpA), a master regulator of carbon metabolism in gram-positive bacteria
Childhood Cancer Parents Alliance, a UK cancer charity
Politics
California Consumer Privacy Act, legislation that seeks to protect the data privacy of technology users
Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, a progressive policy research institute in Canada
Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968, a United States federal wage garnishment law
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1909–1982), a former United States federal court
Education and culture
Chicago College of Performing Arts, a performing arts college at Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois
Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, the state-sponsored Catholic Church of China
Coliseum College Prep Academy, a grade 6–12 public school in Oakland, California
Covina Center for the Performing Arts, a theatre in Covina, California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugen
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Haugen is a Norwegian surname and place name frequently used for farm homesteads. Haugen derives from the old Norse word haugr meaning tiny hill, small grassy knoll, or mound. Derivatives also include the Norwegian surnames Haugan and Hauge.
Haugen can refer to:
People
Haugen (surname)
Places
United States
Haugen Township, Aitkin County, Minnesota
Haugen, Wisconsin
Other
Båthaugen - Site of the Tune ship in Rolvsøy in Tune, Østfold, Norway
Borrehaugene - Norwegian national park in Horten, Vestfold, Norway
Flagghaugen - Avaldsnes burial site on Karmøy in Rogaland, Norway
Gamlehaugen - Mansion in Bergen, Norway and residence of the Norwegian royal family in the city
Gokstadhaugen - Burial mound in Sandefjord, Vestfold, Norway
Haraldshaugen - Norwegian national monument in Haugesund, Norway
Karnilshaugen - Site of Karnils burial mound in Gloppen, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway
Maihaugen - Large open-air museum located in Lillehammer, Norway
Oseberghaugen - Viking era grave site located in Tønsberg, Norway
St. Hanshaugen Park - Public park in Oslo, Norway
Tinghaugen - Site of an early Norwegian court in Frosta, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway
Troldhaugen - Residence of Edvard Grieg in Bergen, Norway
Trollhaugen - a ski resort in Dresser, Wis.
See also
Haugan (disambiguation)
Hauge (disambiguation)
Haugr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20aging%20processes
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Accumulation of lipofuscin
Aging brain
Calorie restriction
Cross-link
Crosslinking of DNA
Degenerative disease
DNA damage theory of aging
Exposure to ultraviolet light
Free-radical damage
Glycation
Life expectancy
Longevity
Maximum life span
Senescence
Stem cell theory of aging
See also
Index of topics related to life extension
Aging processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier%20disease
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Tangier disease or hypoalphalipoproteinemia is an extremely rare inherited disorder characterized by a severe reduction in the amount of high density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as "good cholesterol", in the bloodstream. Worldwide, approximately 100 cases have even been identified.
The disorder was originally discovered on Tangier Island off the coast of Virginia, but has now been identified in people from many different countries.
Signs and symptoms
Individuals that are homozygotes for Tangier's disease develop various cholesterol ester depositions. These are especially visible in the tonsils, as they may appear yellow/orange. The cholesterol esters may also be found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, the liver and spleen.
Due to the cholesterol ester depositions the tonsils may be enlarged. Hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen) is common.
Neuropathy and cardiovascular disease are the most devastating developments caused by Tangier's disease.
Genetics
Mutations to chromosome 9q31 lead to a defective ABCA1 transporter. These mutations prevent the ABCA1 protein from effectively transporting cholesterol and phospholipids out of cells for pickup by ApoA1 in the bloodstream. This inability to transport cholesterol out of cells leads to a deficiency of high-density lipoproteins in the circulation, which is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Additionally, the buildup of cholesterol in cells can be toxic, causing cell death or impaired function. These com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-resolution%20scheme
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High-resolution schemes are used in the numerical solution of partial differential equations where high accuracy is required in the presence of shocks or discontinuities. They have the following properties:
Second- or higher-order spatial accuracy is obtained in smooth parts of the solution.
Solutions are free from spurious oscillations or wiggles.
High accuracy is obtained around shocks and discontinuities.
The number of mesh points containing the wave is small compared with a first-order scheme with similar accuracy.
General methods are often not adequate for accurate resolution of steep gradient phenomena; they usually introduce non-physical effects such as smearing of the solution or spurious oscillations. Since publication of Godunov's order barrier theorem, which proved that linear methods cannot provide non-oscillatory solutions higher than first order (, ), these difficulties have attracted much attention and a number of techniques have been developed that largely overcome these problems. To avoid spurious or non-physical oscillations where shocks are present, schemes that exhibit a Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) characteristic are especially attractive. Two techniques that are proving to be particularly effective are MUSCL (Monotone Upstream-Centered Schemes for Conservation Laws), a flux/slope limiter method (, , , , ) and the WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) method (, ). Both methods are usually referred to as high resolution schemes (see diagram).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averhoff%20Reservoir
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Averhoff Reservoir is a 173-acre narrow, riverine-type reservoir located on the Nueces River 10 mi (16 km) north of the town of Crystal City in Zavala County, Texas, United States, and 100 miles from San Antonio, Texas.
It was constructed by the Zavala-Dimmit Water Improvement District Number 1 in 1948 to provide water for agriculture, recreation, and flood control. The reservoir was formed by the construction of two dams across two channels of the Nueces River. The dam and lake are managed by the Zavala-Dimmit County Water Impound District. Averhoff Reservoir also serves as a venue for recreation, including fishing and boating.
The surface area is 174 acres with a maximum depth of 28 feet. It has a normal water level of 600 ft. msl with severe fluctuations of 15 feet or more. It has a normal water clarity being clear to slightly stained.
In 2005 Illinois pondweed, which occurred mainly in the lower point of the reservoir, was the primary aquatic vegetation taking up approximately 4 acres.
Uses
Averhoff Reservoir has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Averhoff Reservoir include crappie, catfish, and largemouth bass.
Stocking History for Averhoff
The primary recreational use of the reservoir is fishing. All species are currently managed under statewide regulations.
Fishing Cover/Structure
Averhoff Reservoir has mud/gravel banks with overhanging brush, and dead standing timber.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmacytoid%20dendritic%20cell
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a rare type of immune cell that are known to secrete large quantities of type 1 interferon (IFNs) in response to a viral infection. They circulate in the blood and are found in peripheral lymphoid organs. They develop from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and constitute < 0.4% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Other than conducting antiviral mechanisms, pDCs are considered to be key in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. However, pDCs are also responsible for participating in and exacerbating certain autoimmune diseases like lupus. pDCs that undergo malignant transformation cause a rare hematologic disorder, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm.
Development and characteristics
In the bone marrow, common dendritic cell progenitors expressing Flt3 (CD135) receptors are able to give rise to pDCs. Flt3 or CD135 signaling induces differentiation and proliferation of pDCs, although their mechanisms are not entirely understood. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is believed to regulate this signaling pathway. Transcription factor E2-2 has also been found to play a key role in influencing the lineage commitment of a common DC progenitor on its course to becoming a pDC.
Unlike conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) that leave the bone marrow as precursors, pDCs leave the bone marrow to go to the lymphoid organs and peripheral blood upon completing de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceva%20%28semiconductor%20company%29
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Ceva Inc. is a publicly listed semiconductor intellectual property (IP) company, headquartered in Rockville, Maryland and specializes in digital signal processor (DSP) technology. The company's main development facility is located in Herzliya, Israel and Sophia Antipolis, France.
History
Ceva Inc. was created in November 2002, through the combination of the DSP IP licensing division of DSP Group (based in Israel) and Parthus Technologies plc.
Parthus was originally named Silicon Systems Ltd, and founded in Dublin, Ireland, in 1993 by Brian Long and Peter McManamon, Parthus had its initial public offering in 2000, just as the dot-com bubble was bursting in May, 2000.
The agreement was announced in April, 2002.
The DSP Group had founded a US company originally called DSP Cores, Inc, and then Corage, Inc. in 2001.
The company used the name ParthusCeva for the combination, and planned to list its shared on Nasdaq with symbol PCVA and London Stock Exchange symbol PCV.
In December, 2003, the company dropped the "Parthus" from their name, and changed the sticker symbol to CEVA.
In 2007, it sold its stake in Dublin-based company GloNav to NXP Semiconductor for a gain of $10.9 million.
The company develops semiconductor intellectual property core technologies for multimedia and wireless communications. Ceva claimed the largest number of baseband processors in 2010, and a 90% DSP IP market share in 2011.
In July 2014 it acquired RivieraWaves SAS, a private company based in France.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumhorizontal%20arc
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A circumhorizontal arc is an optical phenomenon that belongs to the family of ice halos formed by the refraction of sunlight or moonlight in plate-shaped ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere, typically in actual cirrus or cirrostratus clouds. In its full form, the arc has the appearance of a large, brightly spectrum-coloured band (red being the topmost colour) running parallel to the horizon, located far below the Sun or Moon. The distance between the arc and the Sun or Moon is twice as far as the common 22-degree halo. Often, when the halo-forming cloud is small or patchy, only fragments of the arc are seen. As with all halos, it can be caused by the Sun as well as (but much more rarely) the Moon.
Other currently accepted names for the circumhorizontal arc are circumhorizon arc or lower symmetric 46° plate arc. The misleading term "fire rainbow" is sometimes used to describe this phenomenon, although it is neither a rainbow, nor related in any way to fire. The term, apparently coined in 2006, may originate in the occasional appearance of the arc as "flames" in the sky, when it occurs in fragmentary cirrus clouds.
Formation
The halo is formed by sunlight entering horizontally-oriented, flat, hexagonal ice crystals through a vertical side face and leaving through the near horizontal bottom face (plate thickness does not affect the formation of the halo). In principle, Parry oriented column crystals may also produce the arc, although this is rare. The 90° inclination bet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%206
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SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene.
SMAD6 is a protein that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene "mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members SMAD6 is involved in cell signalling. It acts as a regulator of TGFβ family (such as bone morphogenetic proteins) activity by competing with SMAD4 and preventing the transcription of SMAD4's gene products. There are two known isoforms of this protein.
Nomenclature
The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene MAD in the mother repressed the gene decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added as a humorous take-off on organizations opposing various issues e.g., Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD; and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.
Disease associations
Heterozygous, damaging mutations in SMAD6 are the most frequent genetic cause of non-syndromic craniosynostosis identified to date.
Interactions
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 has been shown to interact with:
HOXC8,
MAP3K7,
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7,
PIAS4, and
STRAP.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicycle%20cart
|
The term unicycle is often used in robotics and control theory to mean a generalised cart or car moving in a two-dimensional world; these are also often called "unicycle-like" or "unicycle-type" vehicles. This usage is distinct from the literal sense of "one wheeled robot bicycle".
These theoretical vehicles are typically shown as having two parallel driven wheels, one mounted on each side of their centre, and (presumably) some sort of offset castor to maintain balance; although in general they could be any vehicle capable of simultaneous arbitrary rotation and translation. An alternative realization uses a single driven wheel with steering, and a pair of idler wheels to give balance and allow a steering torque to be applied.
A physically realisable unicycle, in this sense, is a nonholonomic system. This is a system in which a return to the original internal (wheel) configuration does not guarantee return to the original system (unicycle) position. In other words, the system outcome is path-dependent.
See also
Inverted pendulum
Turtle robot
Braitenberg vehicles
Robot control
Control theory
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%205
|
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 also known as SMAD5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD5 gene.
SMAD5, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic", based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community. It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members SMAD5 is involved in cell signalling and modulates signals of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP's). The binding of ligands causes the oligomerization and phosphorylation of the SMAD5 protein. SMAD5 is a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase. It may play a role in the pathway where TGFβ is an inhibitor of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
References
Developmental genes and proteins
MH1 domain
MH2 domain
R-SMAD
Transcription factors
Human proteins
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holevo%27s%20theorem
|
Holevo's theorem is an important limitative theorem in quantum computing, an interdisciplinary field of physics and computer science. It is sometimes called Holevo's bound, since it establishes an upper bound to the amount of information that can be known about a quantum state (accessible information). It was published by Alexander Holevo in 1973.
Accessible information
As for several concepts in quantum information theory, accessible information is best understood in terms of a 2-party communication. So we introduce two parties, Alice and Bob. Alice has a classical random variable X, which can take the values {1, 2, ..., n} with corresponding probabilities {p1, p2, ..., pn}. Alice then prepares a quantum state, represented by the density matrix ρX chosen from a set {ρ1, ρ2, ... ρn}, and gives this state to Bob. Bob's goal is to find the value of X, and in order to do that, he performs a measurement on the state ρX, obtaining a classical outcome, which we denote with Y. In this context, the amount of accessible information, that is, the amount of information that Bob can get about the variable X, is the maximum value of the mutual information I(X : Y) between the random variables X and Y over all the possible measurements that Bob can do.
There is currently no known formula to compute the accessible information. There are however several upper bounds, the best-known of which is the Holevo bound, which is specified in the following theorem.
Statement of the theorem
Let {ρ1,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20phosphates
|
Sugar phosphates (sugars that have added or substituted phosphate groups) are often used in biological systems to store or transfer energy. They also form the backbone for DNA and RNA. Sugar phosphate backbone geometry is altered in the vicinity of the modified nucleotides.
Examples include:
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Phytic acid
Teichoic acid
Electronic structure of the sugar-phosphate backbone
The sugar-phosphate backbone has multiplex electronic structure and the electron delocalisation complicates its theoretical description. Some part of the electronic density is delocalised over the whole backbone and the extent of the delocalisation is affected by backbone conformation due to hyper-conjugation effects. Hyper-conjugation arises from donor-acceptor interactions of localised orbitals in 1,3 positions.
Phosphodiesters in DNA and RNA
The phosphodiester backbone of DNA and RNA consists of pairs of deoxyribose or ribose sugars linked by phosphates at the respective 3' and 5' positions. The backbone is negatively charged and hydrophilic, which allows strong interactions with water. Sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA.
Sugar phosphates are defined as carbohydrates to which a phosphate group is bound by an ester or an either linkage, depending on whether it involves an alcoholic or a hemiacetalic hydroxyl, respectively. Solubility, acid hydrolysis rates, acid strengths, and ability to act as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Enrique%20Moyal
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José Enrique Moyal (; 1 October 1910 – 22 May 1998) was an Australian mathematician and mathematical physicist who contributed to aeronautical engineering, electrical engineering and statistics, among other fields.
Career
Moyal helped establish the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics in 1949 by bringing together the ideas of Hermann Weyl, John von Neumann, Eugene Wigner, and Hip Groenewold.
This formulation is statistical in nature and makes logical connections between quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics, enabling a natural comparison between the two formulations. Phase space quantization, also known as Moyal quantization, largely avoids the use of operators for quantum mechanical observables prevalent in the canonical formulation. Quantum-mechanical evolution in phase space is specified by a Moyal bracket.
Moyal grew up in Tel Aviv, and attended the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium. He studied in Paris in the 1930s, at the École Supérieure d'Electricité, Institut de Statistique, and, finally, at the Institut Henri Poincaré. His work was carried out in wartime England in the 1940s, while employed at the de Havilland Aircraft company.
Moyal was a professor of mathematics at the former School of Mathematics and Physics of Macquarie University, where he was a colleague of John Clive Ward. Previously, he had worked at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois.
He published pioneering work on stochastic processes.
Personal life
Moyal was married to S
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20R.%20Porter
|
Keith Roberts Porter (June 11, 1912 – May 2, 1997) was a Canadian-American cell biologist. He created pioneering biology techniques and research using electron microscopy of cells. Porter also contributed to the development of other experimental methods for cell culture and nuclear transplantation. He was also responsible for naming the endoplasmic reticulum, conducting work on the 9 + 2 microtubule structure in the axoneme of cilia, and coining the term "microtrabecular lattice." In collaborations with other scientists, he contributed to the understanding of cellular structures and concepts such as compartmentalization, flagella, centrioles, fibrin, collagen, T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum. He also introduced microtome cutting.
Early life and education
Keith Porter was born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, on June 11, 1912, the son of Aaron and Josephine Roberts Porter. He finished his undergraduate program at Acadia University in 1934, and became a graduate student at Harvard University. At Harvard, he earned a doctorate (Ph.D.) for his work on frog embryo development in 1938. Following this degree, he married Katherine Elizabeth Lingley, a former student at Acadia University. They had one son, Gregory, who died just over one year later. Starting in the early 1940s, he conducted research at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. He eventually became a citizen of the United States in 1947.
Career/research
In 1939, Porter was a research assistant at The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%207
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 or SMAD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD7 gene.
SMAD7 is a protein that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of ligands. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD7 is involved in cell signalling. It is a TGFβ type 1 receptor antagonist. It blocks TGFβ1 and activin associating with the receptor, blocking access to SMAD2. It is an inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD) and is enhanced by SMURF2.
Smad7 enhances muscle differentiation.
Structure
Smad proteins contain two conserved domains. The Mad Homology domain 1 (MH1 domain) is at the N-terminal and the Mad Homology domain 2 (MH2 domain) is at the C-terminal. Between them there is a linker region which is full of regulatory sites. The MH1 domain has DNA binding activity while the MH2 domain has transcriptional activity. The linker region contains important regulatory peptide motifs including potential phosphorylation sites for mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs), Erk-family MAP kinases, the Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) and protein kinase C (PKC). Smad7 does not have the MH1 domain. A proline-tyrosine (PY) motif presents at its linker region enables its interaction with the WW domains of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, the Smad ubiquitination-related factors (Smurf2). It resides predominantly in the nucleus at basal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami%20Grossberg
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Rami Grossberg () is a full professor of mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University and works in model theory.
Work
Grossberg's work in the past few years has revolved around the classification theory of non-elementary classes. In particular, he has provided, in joint work with Monica VanDieren, a proof of an upward "Morley's Categoricity Theorem" (a version of Shelah's categoricity conjecture) for Abstract Elementary Classes with the amalgamation property, that are tame. In another work with VanDieren, they also initiated the study of tame Abstract Elementary Classes. Tameness is both a crucial technical property in categoricity transfer proofs and an independent notion of interest in the area – it has been studied by Baldwin, Hyttinen, Lessmann, Kesälä, Kolesnikov, Kueker among others.
Other results include a best approximation to the main gap conjecture for AECs (with Olivier Lessmann), identifying AECs with JEP, AP, no maximal models and tameness as the uncountable analog to Fraïssé's constructions (with VanDieren), a stability spectrum theorem and the existence of Morley sequences for those classes (also with VanDieren).
In addition to this work on the Categoricity Conjecture, more recently, with Boney and Vasey, new understanding of frames in AECs and forking (in the abstract elementary class setting) has been obtained.
Some of Grossberg's work may be understood as part of the big project on Saharon Shelah's outstanding categoricity conjectures:
Conjecture 1. (Categor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%209
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 also known as SMAD9, SMAD8, and MADH6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD9 gene.
SMAD9, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD9 is involved in cell signalling. When a bone morphogenetic protein binds to a receptor (BMP type 1 receptor kinase) it causes SMAD9 to interact with SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA).The binding of ligands causes the phosphorylation of the SMAD9 protein and the dissociation from SARA and the association with SMAD4. It is subsequently transferred to the nucleus where it forms complexes with other proteins and acts as a transcription factor. SMAD9 is a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase. There are two isoforms of the protein. Confusingly, it is also sometimes referred to as SMAD8 in the literature.
Nomenclature
The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene, MAD, in the mother, repressed the gene, decapentaplegic, in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues e.g. Mot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-SMAD
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R-SMADs are receptor-regulated SMADs. SMADs are transcription factors that transduce extracellular TGF-β superfamily ligand signaling from cell membrane bound TGF-β receptors into the nucleus where they activate transcription TGF-β target genes. R-SMADS are directly phosphorylated on their c-terminus by type 1 TGF-β receptors through their intracellular kinase domain, leading to R-SMAD activation.
R-SMADS include SMAD2 and SMAD3 from the TGF-β/Activin/Nodal branch, and SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD8 from the BMP/GDP branch of TGF-β signaling.
In response to signals by the TGF-β superfamily of ligands these proteins associate with receptor kinases and are phosphorylated at an SSXS motif at their extreme C-terminus. These proteins then typically bind to the common mediator Smad or co-SMAD SMAD4.
Smad complexes then accumulate in the cell nucleus where they regulate transcription of specific target genes:
SMAD2 and SMAD3 are activated in response to TGF-β/Activin or Nodal signals.
SMAD1, SMAD5 and SMAD8 (also known as SMAD9) are activated in response to BMPs bone morphogenetic protein or GDP signals.
SMAD6 and SMAD7 may be referred to as I-SMADs (inhibitory SMADS), which form trimers with R-SMADS and block their ability to induce gene transcription by competing with R-SMADs for receptor binding and by marking TGF-β receptors for degradation.
See also
TGF beta signaling pathway
References
Further reading
External links
Developmental genes and proteins
SMAD (protein)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits%20Lugt
|
Frederik Johannes "Frits" Lugt (Amsterdam 4 May 1884 – 15 July 1970 Paris), was a self-taught collector and connoisseur of Dutch drawings and prints and a selfless and tireless compiler of essential reference tools documenting Northern European prints and drawings, collectors' stamps and sale catalogues. An authority on Rembrandt's drawings, he collected all of the known etchings made by Rembrandt during his career.
Biography
Lugt was a precocious connoisseur who made a catalog of his own Museum Lugtius at age eight. Encouraged by his father, he became an art expert at a young age and cut short his formal education in 1901 to become an employee at the auction house of Frederik Muller in Amsterdam. Lugt's marriage in 1910 to Jacoba Klever (1888–1969), a woman of independent means, meant that he could pursue his interests without financial concerns. By 1911 he had become a partner of the firm, a position he held until 1915. One of his tasks at the auction house was the compilation of auctioneers' sale catalogues. Though art history as an academic field did not exist, he made a difficult choice to focus on this, and gave up his budding art career. He began to collect art with his wife, travelling throughout Europe for this and focussing on masters of the Dutch Golden Age. Upon the death of his father-in-law in 1931, his wife inherited a sizeable fortune, which enabled the couple to expand their collecting interests.
Research
His ongoing interest resulted in the four volumes of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium%20spiny%20neuron
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Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of GABAergic inhibitory cell representing 95% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure. Medium spiny neurons have two primary phenotypes (characteristic types): D1-type MSNs of the direct pathway and D2-type MSNs of the indirect pathway. Most striatal MSNs contain only D1-type or D2-type dopamine receptors, but a subpopulation of MSNs exhibit both phenotypes.
Direct pathway MSNs excite their ultimate basal ganglia output structure (such as the thalamus) and promote associated behaviors; these neurons express D1-type dopamine receptors, adenosine A1 receptors, dynorphin peptides, and substance P peptides. Indirect pathway MSNs inhibit their output structure and in turn inhibit associated behaviors; these neurons express D2-type dopamine receptors, adenosine A2A receptors (A2A), heterotetramers, and enkephalin. Both types express glutamate receptors (NMDAR and AMPAR), cholinergic receptors (M1 and M4) and CB1 receptors are expressed on the somatodendritic area of both MSN types. A subpopulation of MSNs contain both D1-type and D2-type receptors, with approximately 40% of striatal MSNs expressing both DRD1 and DRD2 mRNA. In the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), these mixed-type MSNs that contain both D1-type and D2-type receptors are mostly contained in the NAcc shell.
The dorsal striatal MSNs play a key role in initiating and controlling movements of the body, l
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolfenamic%20acid
|
Tolfenamic acid (Clotam, Tufnil) is a member of the anthranilic acid derivatives (or fenamate) class of NSAID drugs discovered by scientists at Medica Pharmaceutical Company in Finland. Like other members of the class, it is a COX inhibitor and prevents formation of prostaglandins.
It is used in the UK as a treatment for migraine. It is generally not available in the US. It is available in some Asian, Latin American and European countries as a generic drug for humans and for animals.
References
External links
Tolfenamic acid information (Diseases Database)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Chloroarenes
Anthranilic acids
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoid%20receptor
|
The mineralocorticoid receptor (or MR, MLR, MCR), also known as the aldosterone receptor or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2, (NR3C2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR3C2 gene that is located on chromosome 4q31.1-31.2.
MR is a receptor with equal affinity for mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. It belongs to the nuclear receptor family where the ligand diffuses into cells, interacts with the receptor and results in a signal transduction affecting specific gene expression in the nucleus. The selective response of some tissues and organs to mineralocorticoids over glucocorticoids occurs because mineralocorticoid-responsive cells express Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2, an enzyme which selectively inactivates glucocorticoids more readily than mineralocorticoids.
Function
MR is expressed in many tissues, such as the kidney, colon, heart, central nervous system (hippocampus), brown adipose tissue and sweat glands. In epithelial tissues, its activation leads to the expression of proteins regulating ionic and water transports (mainly the epithelial sodium channel or ENaC, Na+/K+ pump, serum and glucocorticoid induced kinase or SGK1) resulting in the reabsorption of sodium, and as a consequence an increase in extracellular volume, increase in blood pressure, and an excretion of potassium to maintain a normal salt concentration in the body.
The receptor is activated by mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone and its precursor deoxyc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20C-I
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Apolipoprotein C-I is a protein component of lipoproteins that in humans is encoded by the APOC1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the apolipoprotein C family. This gene is expressed primarily in the liver, and it is activated when monocytes differentiate into macrophages. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined.
Apolipoprotein C-I has a length of 57 amino acids normally found in plasma and responsible for the activation of esterified lecithin cholesterol with an important role in the exchange of esterified cholesterol between lipoproteins and in removal of cholesterol from tissues. Its main function is inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), probably by altering the electric charge of HDL molecules.
During fasting (like other apolipoprotein C), it is found primarily within HDL, while after a meal it is found on the surface of other lipoproteins. When proteins rich in triglycerides like chylomicrons and VLDL are broken down, this apoprotein is transferred again to HDL. It is one of the most positively charged proteins in the human body.
Pseudogene
A pseudogene of this gene is located 4 kb downstream from the apoC-I gene in the same orientation on chromosome 19, where both reside within an apolipoprotein gene cluster. This pseudogene, which was also reported to have been present in Denisovans and Neandertals, originated f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U46
|
U46, U 46 or U-46 may refer to:
Elgin Area School District U46, in Elgin, Illinois
, various vessels
, a sloop of the Royal Indian Navy
Small nucleolar RNA SNORD46
Snub icosidodecadodecahedron
Uppland Runic Inscription 46
U46, a line of the Dortmund Stadtbahn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide%20Y%20receptor
|
Neuropeptide Y receptors are a family of receptors belonging to class A G-protein coupled receptors and they are activated by the closely related peptide hormones neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. These receptors are involved in the control of a diverse set of behavioral processes including appetite, circadian rhythm, and anxiety.
Activated neuropeptide receptors release the Gi subunit from the heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gi subunit in turn inhibits the production of the second messenger cAMP from ATP.
Only the crystal structure of Y1 in complex with two antagonist is available.
Types
There are five known mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors designated Y1 through Y5. Four neuropeptide Y receptors each encoded by a different gene have been identified in humans, all of which may represent therapeutic targets for obesity and other disorders.
Y1 -
Y2 -
Y4 -
Y5 -
Antagonists
BIBP-3226
Lu AA-33810
BIIE-0246
UR-AK49
References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom%20graph
|
In graph theory, a graph is said to be a pseudorandom graph if it obeys certain properties that random graphs obey with high probability. There is no concrete definition of graph pseudorandomness, but there are many reasonable characterizations of pseudorandomness one can consider.
Pseudorandom properties were first formally considered by Andrew Thomason in 1987. He defined a condition called "jumbledness": a graph is said to be -jumbled for real and with if
for every subset of the vertex set , where is the number of edges among (equivalently, the number of edges in the subgraph induced by the vertex set ). It can be shown that the Erdős–Rényi random graph is almost surely -jumbled. However, graphs with less uniformly distributed edges, for example a graph on vertices consisting of an -vertex complete graph and completely independent vertices, are not -jumbled for any small , making jumbledness a reasonable quantifier for "random-like" properties of a graph's edge distribution.
Connection to local conditions
Thomason showed that the "jumbled" condition is implied by a simpler-to-check condition, only depending on the codegree of two vertices and not every subset of the vertex set of the graph. Letting be the number of common neighbors of two vertices and , Thomason showed that, given a graph on vertices with minimum degree , if for every and , then is -jumbled. This result shows how to check the jumbledness condition algorithmically in polynomial time in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUC
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IUC may refer to:
International Union of Crystallography, founded in 1948
International University College of Turin, a university located in Torino, Italy
International University of Chabahar, a university located in Chabahar, Iran
Inter-University Center for Japanese Language Studies, a Japanese language school located in Yokohama, Japan
IntraUterine Contraceptive, a hormonal contraceptive
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAD%20%28protein%29
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Smads (or SMADs) comprise a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth. The abbreviation refers to the homologies to the Caenorhabditis elegans SMA ("small" worm phenotype) and MAD family ("Mothers Against Decapentaplegic") of genes in Drosophila.
There are three distinct sub-types of Smads: receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads), common partner Smads (Co-Smads), and inhibitory Smads (I-Smads). The eight members of the Smad family are divided among these three groups. Trimers of two receptor-regulated SMADs and one co-SMAD act as transcription factors that regulate the expression of certain genes.
Sub-types
The R-Smads consist of Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5 and Smad8/9, and are involved in direct signaling from the TGF-B receptor.
Smad4 is the only known human Co-Smad, and has the role of partnering with R-Smads to recruit co-regulators to the complex.
Finally, Smad6 and Smad7 are I-Smads that work to suppress the activity of R-Smads. While Smad7 is a general TGF-B signal inhibitor, Smad6 associates more specifically with BMP signaling. R/Co-Smads are primarily located in the cytoplasm, but accumulate in the nucleus following TGF-β signaling, where they can bind to DNA and regulate transcription. However, I-Smads are predominantly found in the nucleus, where they can act as direct transcriptional r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal%20muscular%20atrophy
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Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disorder that results in the loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting. It is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood and if left untreated it is the most common genetic cause of infant death. It may also appear later in life and then have a milder course of the disease. The common feature is progressive weakness of voluntary muscles, with arm, leg and respiratory muscles being affected first. Associated problems may include poor head control, difficulties swallowing, scoliosis, and joint contractures.
The age of onset and the severity of symptoms form the basis of the traditional classification of spinal muscular atrophy into a number of types.
Spinal muscular atrophy is due to an abnormality (mutation) in the SMN1 gene which encodes SMN, a protein necessary for survival of motor neurons. Loss of these neurons in the spinal cord prevents signalling between the brain and skeletal muscles. Another gene, SMN2, is considered a disease modifying gene, since usually the more the SMN2 copies, the milder is the disease course. The diagnosis of SMA is based on symptoms and confirmed by genetic testing.
Usually, the mutation in the SMN1 gene is inherited from both parents in an autosomal recessive manner, although in around 2% of cases it occurs during early development (de novo). The incidence of spinal muscular atrophy worldwide varies from about 1 in 4,000 births to around 1 in 16,000 births, with 1 in 7,00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Glass%20Coffin
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"The Glass Coffin" is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 163. Andrew Lang included it in The Green Fairy Book as The Crystal Coffin.
It is Aarne-Thompson type 410, Sleeping Beauty. Another variant is The Young Slave.
Synopsis
A tailor's apprentice became lost in a forest. When night came, he saw a light shining and followed it to a hut. An old man lived there and, after the tailor begged, allowed him to stay for the night. In the morning, the tailor awoke to witness a fight between a great stag and a wild boar. After the stag won, it bounded up to him and carried him off in its antlers. It set him down before a wall of stone and pushed him against a door in it, which then opened. Inside the door, he was told to stand on a stone, which would bring him good fortune. He did so, and it sank down into a great hall, where the voice directed him to look into a glass chest. The chest contained a beautiful maiden, who asked him to open the chest and free her, and he did so.
The maiden told him her story: She was the daughter of a rich count, and after the death of her parents, she had been raised by her brother. One day, a traveler stayed the night and used magic to get to her in the night, to ask her to marry him. She found the use of magic repellent and rejected his proposal. In revenge the magician then turned her brother into the stag, imprisoned her in the glass chest (coffin), and enchanted all the lands around them.
The tailor and the maiden
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