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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga%20Survivor
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Amiga Survivor was a monthly computer magazine published by Crystal Software. The first issue was published in June/July 1998. This publication originally started as a black and white A5 size fanzine called The Domain but eventually became a full-colour A4 magazine. In 2000 the magazine was sold to CS&E. Robert Iveson served as the editor of the magazine. The magazine ceased publication in 2001.
References
External links
1998 establishments in the United Kingdom
Amiga magazines
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Video game magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1998
Magazines disestablished in 2001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity%20of%20quantum%20states
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In quantum mechanics, notably in quantum information theory, fidelity is a measure of the "closeness" of two quantum states. It expresses the probability that one state will pass a test to identify as the other. The fidelity is not a metric on the space of density matrices, but it can be used to define the Bures metric on this space.
Definition
The fidelity between two quantum states and , expressed as density matrices, is commonly defined as:
The square roots in this expression are well-defined because both and are for positive semidefinite matrices, and the square root of a positive semidefinite matrix is defined via the spectral theorem. The Euclidean inner product from the classical definition is replaced by the Hilbert–Schmidt inner product.
As will be discussed in the following sections, this expression can be simplified in various cases of interest. In particular, for pure states, and , it equals:This tells us that the fidelity between pure states has a straightforward interpretation in terms of probability of finding the state when measuring in a basis containing .
Some authors use an alternative definition and call this quantity fidelity. The definition of however is more common. To avoid confusion, could be called "square root fidelity". In any case it is advisable to clarify the adopted definition whenever the fidelity is employed.
Motivation from classical counterpart
Given two random variables with values (categorical random variables) and prob
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Molecular%20and%20Cell%20Biology
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Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology may refer to:
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Porto), a research institute in Porto, Portugal.
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Singapore), a research institute in Singapore.
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (Strasbourg), a research institute in Strasbourg, France.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20creep
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Diffusion creep refers to the deformation of crystalline solids by the diffusion of vacancies through their crystal lattice. Diffusion creep results in plastic deformation rather than brittle failure of the material.
Diffusion creep is more sensitive to temperature than other deformation mechanisms. It becomes especially relevant at high homologous temperatures (i.e. within about a tenth of its absolute melting temperature). Diffusion creep is caused by the migration of crystalline defects through the lattice of a crystal such that when a crystal is subjected to a greater degree of compression in one direction relative to another, defects migrate to the crystal faces along the direction of compression, causing a net mass transfer that shortens the crystal in the direction of maximum compression. The migration of defects is in part due to vacancies, whose migration is equal to a net mass transport in the opposite direction.
Principle
Crystalline materials are never perfect on a microscale. Some sites of atoms in the crystal lattice can be occupied by point defects, such as "alien" particles or vacancies. Vacancies can actually be thought of as chemical species themselves (or part of a compound species/component) that may then be treated using heterogeneous phase equilibria. The number of vacancies may also be influenced by the number of chemical impurities in the crystal lattice, if such impurities require the formation of vacancies to exist in the lattice.
A vacancy can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony%20Compiler
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Harmony Compiler was written by Peter Samson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The compiler was designed to encode music for the PDP-1 and built on an earlier program Samson wrote for the TX-0 computer.
Jack Dennis noticed and had mentioned to Samson that the sound on or off state of the TX-0's speaker could be enough to play music. They succeeded in building a WYSIWYG program for one voice before or by 1960.
For the PDP-1 which arrived at MIT in September 1961, Samson designed the Harmony Compiler which synthesizes four voices from input in a text-based notation. Although it created music in many genres, it was optimized for baroque music. PDP-1 music is merged from four channels and played back in stereo. Notes are on pitch and each has an undertone. The music does not stop for errors. Mistakes are greeted with a message from the typewriter's red ribbon, "To err is human, to forgive divine."
Samson joined the PDP-1 restoration project at the Computer History Museum in 2004 to recreate the music player.
References
Samson's description begins at 1:20.
Notes
Audio programming languages
History of software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93ligand%20docking
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Protein–ligand docking is a molecular modelling technique. The goal of protein–ligand docking is to predict the position and orientation of a ligand (a small molecule) when it is bound to a protein receptor or enzyme. Pharmaceutical research employs docking techniques for a variety of purposes, most notably in the virtual screening of large databases of available chemicals in order to select likely drug candidates. There has been rapid development in computational ability to determine protein structure with programs such as AlphaFold, and the demand for the corresponding protein-ligand docking predictions is driving implementation of software that can find accurate models. Once the protein folding can be predicted accurately along with how the ligands of various structures will bind to the protein, the ability for drug development to progress at a much faster rate becomes possible.
History
Computer-aided drug design (CADD) was introduced in the 1980s in order to screen for novel drugs. The underlying premise is that by parsing an extremely large data set for chemical compounds which may be viable to make a certain pharmaceutical, researchers were able to minimize the amount of novel without testing them all experimentally. The ability to accurately predict target binding sites is a new phenomena, however, which expands on the ability to simply parse a data set of chemical compounds; now due to increasing computational capability, it is possible to inspect the actual geometr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantethine
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Pantethine (bis-pantethine or co-enzyme pantethine) is a dimeric form of pantetheine, which is produced from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) by the addition of cysteamine. Pantethine was discovered by Gene Brown, a PhD student at the time. Pantethine is two molecules of pantetheine linked by a disulfide bridge. Pantetheine is an intermediate in the production of coenzyme A by the body. Most vitamin B5 supplements are in the form of calcium pantothenate, a salt of pantothenic acid, with doses in the range of 5 to 10 mg/day. In contrast, pantethine is sold as a dietary supplement for lowering blood cholesterol and triglycerides at doses of 500 to 1200 mg/day.
Dietary supplement
Pantethine is available in the United States as a dietary supplement because of evidence for lowering elevated LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and raising HDL-cholesterol. In multiple clinical trials of patients with elevated cholesterol and triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol were decreased by an average of 12%, triglycerides decreased by 19%, and HDL cholesterol was increased by 9% in clinical trials with daily intakes ranging from 600 to 1200 mg/day.
Physiological effects
Although pantethine can serve as a precursor for generation of vitamin B5 and consumption of therapeutic amounts of pantethine results in higher circulating concentrations of vitamin B5, this is not thought to be the mechanism of action. Vitamin B5 requirements are on the order of 5 mg/day. High doses of vitamin B5 do not res
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porin
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Porin may refer to:
Porin (protein), a transmembrane protein
Porin (opera), a Croatian grand opera, first performed in 1897
Porin (music award), Croatian music industry award, first awarded in 1994 and named after the opera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBGKY%20hierarchy
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In statistical physics, the BBGKY hierarchy (Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy, sometimes called Bogoliubov hierarchy) is a set of equations describing the dynamics of a system of a large number of interacting particles. The equation for an s-particle distribution function (probability density function) in the BBGKY hierarchy includes the (s + 1)-particle distribution function, thus forming a coupled chain of equations. This formal theoretic result is named after Nikolay Bogolyubov, Max Born, Herbert S. Green, John Gamble Kirkwood, and Jacques Yvon.
Formulation
The evolution of an N-particle system in absence of quantum fluctuations is given by the Liouville equation for the probability density function in 6N-dimensional phase space (3 space and 3 momentum coordinates per particle)
where are the coordinates and momentum for -th particle with mass , and the net force acting on the -th particle is
where is the pair potential for interaction between particles, and is the external-field potential. By integration over part of the variables, the Liouville equation can be transformed into a chain of equations where the first equation connects the evolution of one-particle probability density function with the two-particle probability density function, second equation connects the two-particle probability density function with the three-particle probability density function, and generally the s-th equation connects the s-particle probability density function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader%20I%20%28World%20War%20I%29
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Jagdgeschwader I (JG I) of World War I, was a fighter wing of the German Luftstreitkräfte, comprising four Jastas (fighter squadrons). The first unit of its type formed under that classification, JG I was formed on 24 June 1917, with Manfred von Richthofen as commanding officer, by combining Jastas 4, 6, 10 and 11. JG I became known as "The Flying Circus" () or "Richthofen's Circus" because of the bright colours of its aircraft, and perhaps also because of the way the unit was transferred from one area of Allied air activity to another – moving like a travelling circus in trains, and frequently setting up in tents on improvised airfields.
Formation
During early 1917, it became apparent to the German High Command that they would always be outnumbered in air operations over the Western Front. The average Jasta could only muster some six or eight aircraft in total for a patrol, and would often face one Allied formation after another. In order to maintain some impact and local command of the air the Jastas began (unofficially) to fly in larger, composite groups. By mid 1917 the first official grouping of Jastas saw JG I formed. Its role was simple; to achieve localized air superiority wherever it was sent and to deny Allied air operations over a specific location. The unit was thus highly mobile, and JG I and its supporting logistical infrastructure traveled to wherever local air superiority was needed, often at short notice.
Initially based at Marke (Jasta 11), Cuene (Jasta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide%20repeat%20expansion
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A trinucleotide repeat expansion, also known as a triplet repeat expansion, is the DNA mutation responsible for causing any type of disorder categorized as a trinucleotide repeat disorder. These are labelled in dynamical genetics as dynamic mutations. Triplet expansion is caused by slippage during DNA replication, also known as "copy choice" DNA replication. Due to the repetitive nature of the DNA sequence in these regions, 'loop out' structures may form during DNA replication while maintaining complementary base pairing between the parent strand and daughter strand being synthesized. If the loop out structure is formed from the sequence on the daughter strand this will result in an increase in the number of repeats. However, if the loop out structure is formed on the parent strand, a decrease in the number of repeats occurs. It appears that expansion of these repeats is more common than reduction. Generally, the larger the expansion the more likely they are to cause disease or increase the severity of disease. Other proposed mechanisms for expansion and reduction involve the interaction of RNA and DNA molecules.
In addition to occurring during DNA replication, trinucleotide repeat expansion can also occur during DNA repair. When a DNA trinucleotide repeat sequence is damaged, it may be repaired by processes such as homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining, mismatch repair or base excision repair. Each of these processes involves a DNA synthesis step in which str
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrazolone
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Pyrazolone is 5-membered heterocycle containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms. It can be viewed as a derivative of pyrazole possessing an additional carbonyl (C=O) group. Compounds containing this functional group are useful commercially in analgesics and dyes.
Structure and synthesis
Pyrazolone can exist in two isomers: 3-pyrazolone and 4-pyrazolone.
These isomers can interconvert via lactam–lactim and imine–enamine tautomerism; these conversion often display photochromism. For pyrazolone derivatives, the 3-pyrazolone isomer can be stabilized with N-alkyl or N-aryl substituents.
The first synthesis of pyrazolones was reported in 1883 by Ludwig Knorr, via a condensation reaction between ethyl acetoacetate and phenylhydrazine.
Many pyrazolones are produced by functionalization of preformed pyrazolones.
Applications
Pharmaceuticals
Pyrazolones are amongst the oldest synthetic pharmaceuticals, starting with the introduction of antipyrine (phenazone) in 1880s. The compounds generally act as analgesics and include dipyrone (Metamizole), aminophenazone, ampyrone, famprofazone, morazone, nifenazone, piperylon and propyphenazone. Of these dipyrone is perhaps the most widely used.
The basic structure has been also used in a number of newer drugs of other effects. Edaravone is useful for prevention and/or therapy of arterial wall injury. Eltrombopag is used to address low blood platelet count.
Dyes
Pyrazolone groups are present in several important dyes. They are commonly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20YY
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Peptide YY (PYY) also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the gene. Peptide YY is a short (36-amino acid) peptide released from cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, and other elements of periphery, PYY acts to reduce appetite; similarly, when injected directly into the central nervous system, PYY is also anorexigenic, i.e., it reduces appetite.
Dietary fibers from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, consumed, increase the speed of transit of intestinal chyme into the ileum, to raise PYY3-36, and induce satiety. Peptide YY cannot be produced as the result of enzymatic breakdown of crude fish proteins and ingested as a food product.
Structure
Peptide YY is related to the pancreatic peptide family by having 18 of its 36 amino acids located in the same positions as pancreatic peptide. The two major forms of peptide YY are PYY1-36 and PYY3-36, which have PP fold structural motifs. However, the most common form of circulating PYY immunoreactivity is PYY3-36, which binds to the Y2 receptor (Y2R) of the Y family of receptors. Peptide YY3-36 (PYY) is a linear polypeptide consisting of 34 amino acids with structural homology to NPY and pancreatic polypeptide.
The PP-fold motif is found throughout this family and relates to the 3D structure. The PP-fold is formed through the incorporation of certain residues which are predominately Pro2, Pro5, Pro8, Gly9, Tyr20 and Tyr27. This PP-fold has been found to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerk-Avezaath
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Kerk-Avezaath is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Buren, and lies about 3 km west of Tiel.
A small part of the village (not counted in the statistics above) is part of the municipality of Tiel, and consists of about 60 houses.
History
It was first mentioned in 850 as Auansati, and means "church at the house of Avo (person)". The village developed along two parallel roads on a stream, and a stretched esdorp developed. The tower of the Dutch Reformed Church dates from 1640 and has an 11th century base. The church dates from 1861 and has 14th century elements. In 1840, it was home to 449 people.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Buren
Tiel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptus
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A conceptus (from Latin: concipere, to conceive) is an embryo and its appendages (adnexa), the associated membranes, placenta, and umbilical cord; the products of conception or, more broadly, "the product of conception at any point between fertilization and birth." The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes: amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac.
References
Embryology
Human pregnancy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan%E2%80%93Kuranishi%20prolongation%20theorem
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Given an exterior differential system defined on a manifold M, the Cartan–Kuranishi prolongation theorem says that after a finite number of prolongations the system is either in involution (admits at least one 'large' integral manifold), or is impossible.
History
The theorem is named after Élie Cartan and Masatake Kuranishi.
Applications
This theorem is used in infinite-dimensional Lie theory.
See also
Cartan-Kähler theorem
References
M. Kuranishi, On É. Cartan's prolongation theorem of exterior differential systems, Amer. J. Math., vol. 79, 1957, p. 1–47
Partial differential equations
Theorems in analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose%206-phosphate
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Fructose 6-phosphate (sometimes called the Neuberg ester) is a derivative of fructose, which has been phosphorylated at the 6-hydroxy group. It is one of several possible fructosephosphates. The β-D-form of this compound is very common in cells. The great majority of glucose is converted to fructose 6-phosphate upon entering a cell. Fructose is predominantly converted to fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase following cellular import.
History
The name Neuberg ester comes from the German biochemist Carl Neuberg. In 1918, he found that the compound (later identified as fructose 6-phosphate) was produced by mild acid hydrolysis of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
In glycolysis
Fructose 6-phosphate lies within the glycolysis metabolic pathway and is produced by isomerisation of glucose 6-phosphate. It is in turn further phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
See also
Mannose phosphate isomerase
References
Monosaccharide derivatives
Organophosphates
Phosphate esters
Glycolysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoglycerate%20kinase
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Phosphoglycerate kinase () (PGK 1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) to ADP producing 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and ATP :
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP glycerate 3-phosphate + ATP
Like all kinases it is a transferase. PGK is a major enzyme used in glycolysis, in the first ATP-generating step of the glycolytic pathway. In gluconeogenesis, the reaction catalyzed by PGK proceeds in the opposite direction, generating ADP and 1,3-BPG.
In humans, two isozymes of PGK have been so far identified, PGK1 and PGK2. The isozymes have 87-88% identical amino acid sequence identity and though they are structurally and functionally similar, they have different localizations: PGK2, encoded by an autosomal gene, is unique to meiotic and postmeiotic spermatogenic cells, while PGK1, encoded on the X-chromosome, is ubiquitously expressed in all cells.
Biological function
PGK is present in all living organisms as one of the two ATP-generating enzymes in glycolysis. In the gluconeogenic pathway, PGK catalyzes the reverse reaction. Under biochemical standard conditions, the glycolytic direction is favored.
In the Calvin cycle in photosynthetic organisms, PGK catalyzes the phosphorylation of 3-PG, producing 1,3-BPG and ADP, as part of the reactions that regenerate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.
PGK has been reported to exhibit thiol reductase activity on plasmin, leading to angiostatin formation, which inhibits angiogene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbate%20peroxidase
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Ascorbate peroxidase (or L-ascorbate peroxidase, APX) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-ascorbate + H2O2 dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O
It is a member of the family of heme-containing peroxidases. Heme peroxidases catalyse the H2O2-dependent oxidation of a wide range of different, usually organic, substrates in biology.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on a peroxide as acceptor (peroxidases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include L-ascorbic acid peroxidase, L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and ascorbic acid peroxidase. This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism.
Overview
Ascorbate-dependent peroxidase activity was first reported in 1979,, more than 150 years after the first observation of peroxidase activity in horseradish plants and almost 40 years after the discovery of the closely related cytochrome c peroxidase enzyme.
Peroxidases have been classified into three types (class I, class II and class III): ascorbate peroxidases is a class I peroxidase enzyme. APXs catalyse the H2O2-dependent oxidation of ascorbate in plants, algae and certain cyanobacteria. APX has high sequence identity to cytochrome c peroxidase, which is also a class I peroxidase enzyme. Under physiological conditions, the immediate product of the reaction, the monodehydroascorbate radical, is reduced back to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphosphoglycerate%20mutase
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Bisphosphoglycerate mutase (, BPGM) is an enzyme expressed in erythrocytes and placental cells. It is responsible for the catalytic synthesis of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. BPGM also has a mutase and a phosphatase function, but these are much less active, in contrast to its glycolytic cousin, phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), which favors these two functions, but can also catalyze the synthesis of 2,3-BPG to a lesser extent.
Tissue distribution
Because the main function of bisphosphoglycerate mutase is the synthesis of 2,3-BPG, this enzyme is found only in erythrocytes and placental cells. In glycolysis, converting 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG would be very inefficient, as it just adds another unnecessary step. Since the main role of 2,3-BPG is to shift the equilibrium of hemoglobin toward the deoxy-state, its production is really only useful in the cells which contain hemoglobin- erythrocytes and placental cells.
Function
1,3-BPG is formed as an intermediate in glycolysis. BPGM then takes this and converts it to 2,3-BPG, which serves an important function in oxygen transport. 2,3-BPG binds with high affinity to Hemoglobin, causing a conformational change that results in the release of oxygen. Local tissues can then pick up the free oxygen. This is also important in the placenta, where fetal and maternal blood come within such close proximity. With the placenta producing 2,3-BPG, a large amount of oxygen is released from nearby maternal h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoglycerate%20mutase
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This enzyme is not to be confused with Bisphosphoglycerate mutase which catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) is any enzyme that catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis - the internal transfer of a phosphate group from C-3 to C-2 which results in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) to 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) through a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate intermediate. These enzymes are categorized into the two distinct classes of either cofactor-dependent (dPGM) or cofactor-independent (iPGM). The dPGM enzyme () is composed of approximately 250 amino acids and is found in all vertebrates as well as in some invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria. The iPGM () class is found in all plants and algae as well as in some invertebrate, fungi, and Gram-positive bacteria. This class of PGM enzyme shares the same superfamily as alkaline phosphatase.
Mechanism
PGM is an isomerase enzyme, effectively transferring a phosphate group (PO43−) from the C-3 carbon of 3-phosphoglycerate to the C-2 carbon forming 2-phosphoglycerate. There are a total of three reactions dPGM can catalyze: a mutase reaction resulting in the conversion of 3PG to 2PG and vice versa, a phosphatase reaction creating phosphoglycerate from 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, and a synthase reaction producing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate similar to the enzyme bisphosphoglycerate mutase. Kinetic and structural studies have provided evidence that indicat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet%20assay
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The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE, also known as comet assay) is an uncomplicated and sensitive technique for the detection of DNA damage at the level of the individual eukaryotic cell. It was first developed by Östling & Johansson in 1984 and later modified by Singh et al. in 1988. It has since increased in popularity as a standard technique for evaluation of DNA damage/repair, biomonitoring and genotoxicity testing. It involves the encapsulation of cells in a low-melting-point agarose suspension, lysis of the cells in neutral or alkaline (pH>13) conditions, and electrophoresis of the suspended lysed cells. The term "comet" refers to the pattern of DNA migration through the electrophoresis gel, which often resembles a comet.
The comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) is a simple method for measuring deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Cells embedded in agarose on a microscope slide are lysed with detergent and high salt to form nucleoids containing supercoiled loops of DNA linked to the nuclear matrix. Electrophoresis at high pH results in structures resembling comets, observed by fluorescence microscopy; the intensity of the comet tail relative to the head reflects the number of DNA breaks. The likely basis for this is that loops containing a break lose their supercoiling and become free to extend toward the anode. This is followed by visual analysis with staining of DNA and calculating fluorescence to determine the extent of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formazan
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The formazans are compounds of the general formula [R-N=N-C(R')=N-NH-R"], formally derivatives of formazan [H2NN=CHN=NH], unknown in free form.
Formazan dyes are artificial chromogenic products obtained by reduction of tetrazolium salts by dehydrogenases and reductases. They have a variety of colors from dark blue to deep red to orange, depending on the original tetrazolium salt used as the substrate for the reaction.
Structure and reactivity
Formazans are intensely colorful compounds characterized by the following structure: [-N=N-C(R)=N-NH-], and are closely related to azo (−N=N−) dyes. Their structure was first defined in 1892, by von Pechmann and by Bamberger and Wheelwright independently. Their deep colour and redox chemistry derive from their nitrogen-rich backbone.
Formazans have a high tautomeric and conformational flexibility. Due to the two alternating double bonds in the backbone, formazans can exist in four possible isomeric forms: syn, s-cis (closed form); syn, s-trans (open form); anti, s-cis; and anti, s-trans (linear form).
1,5-disubstituted formazans can exist as two tautomers (1 and 2 in the image below). Upon deprotonation, the formed anion (3) is stabilized by resonance. With transition metal ions (Cu2+, Co3+, Ni2+, Zn2+, etc), formazans form highly coloured complexes (chelates).
Due to their ability to react with both strong acids and bases, formazans can be considered amphoteric.
Oxidation of such compounds results in their conversion into colorl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye%20coupler
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Dye coupler is present in chromogenic film and paper used in photography, primarily color photography. When a color developer reduces ionized (exposed) silver halide crystals, the developer is oxidized, and the oxidized molecules react with dye coupler molecules to form a dye in situ. The silver image is removed by subsequent bleach and fix processes, so the final image will consist of the dye image.
Dye coupler technology has seen considerable advancement since the beginning of modern color photography. Major film and paper manufacturers have continually improved the stability of the image dye by improving couplers, particularly since the 1980s, so that archival properties of images are enhanced in newer color papers and films. Generally speaking, dye couplers for paper use are given more emphasis on the image permanence than those for film use, but some modern films (such as Fujichrome Provia films) use variants of couplers that were originally designed for paper use to further improve the image permanence.
References
Photographic film types
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterionella
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Asterionella is a genus of pennate freshwater diatoms. They are frequently found in star-shaped colonies of individuals.
Description
Asterionella average cell size is 60–85 micrometers long and 2–4 micrometers wide.
It forms colonies that often consist of eight cells, but can vary up to 20 cells. The cells in the colony are attached by the apex by extracellular matter. By the way the cells are attached to each other, the colonies often look like stars or spiralling chains.
Reproduction
The silica skeleton of a diatom cell (called the frustule) consists of an epitheca and an hypotheca. The hypotheca is slightly smaller than the epitheca. During asexual reproduction both thecae form the epitheca of the new daughter cell and each daughter produces a new hypotheca. Therefore one daughter cell is always smaller than the original cell.
In order to regain their original size, it is usually assumed diatoms have to reproduce sexually, although this has not yet been observed in A. formosa. However, there may also be other ways to rejuvenate.
Ecology
Asterionella formosa is known to be susceptible to the chytrid fungus Zygorhizidium planktonicum. If a chytrid attaches to an Asterionella cell, they can, however, protect others of their kind by committing apoptosis, or cellular suicide, stopping the spread of the parasite. This is called a hypersensitive reaction. Asterionella have no means of locomotion. It is most likely a combination of gravity and currents that distribute the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20type%20%28non-human%29
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Animal erythrocytes have cell surface antigens that undergo polymorphism and give rise to blood types. Antigens from the human ABO blood group system are also found in apes and Old World monkeys, and the types trace back to the origin of humanoids. Other animal blood sometimes agglutinates (to varying levels of intensity) with human blood group reagents, but the structure of the blood group antigens in animals is not always identical to those typically found in humans. The classification of most animal blood groups therefore uses different blood typing systems to those used for classification of human blood.
Simian blood groups
Two categories of blood groups, human-type and simian-type, have been found in apes and monkeys, and they can be tested by methods established for grouping human blood. Data is available on blood groups of common chimpanzees, baboons, and macaques.
Rh blood group
The Rh system is named after the rhesus monkey, following experiments by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener, which showed that rabbits, when immunised with rhesus monkey red cells, produce an antibody that also agglutinates the red blood cells of many humans.
Chimpanzee and Old World monkey blood group systems
Two complex chimpanzee blood group systems, V-A-B-D and R-C-E-F systems, proved to be counterparts of the human MNS and Rh blood group systems, respectively.
Two blood group systems have been defined in Old World monkeys: the Drh system of macaques and the Bp system of baboon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chamber%20%281996%20film%29
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The Chamber is a 1996 American legal thriller film directed by James Foley. It is based on John Grisham's 1994 novel of the same name. The film stars Chris O'Donnell, Gene Hackman, Faye Dunaway, Lela Rochon, Robert Prosky, Raymond J. Barry, and David Marshall Grant.
Plot
In April 1967, the office of Marvin Kramer, a Jewish civil rights lawyer in Indianola, Mississippi, is bombed by the Ku Klux Klan, killing Kramer's five-year-old twin sons and leading to the amputation of Kramer's legs and his later suicide. Klansman Sam Cayhall is tried for murder in the bombing, and is eventually convicted and sentenced to die in the gas chamber at the Mississippi State Penitentiary.
Twenty-nine years later, Adam Hall, a young attorney at the Chicago law firm of Kravitz and Bane, seeks assignment to the firm's pro bono representation of Cayhall in the last weeks before his scheduled execution. Adam is Cayhall's grandson, his family having since moved away from the South and changed their name, haunted and shamed by Cayhall's actions. Adam is motivated to take the case in a search for some understanding of the dark secrets of his family, which prompted the suicide of Adam's father the year Sam was sentenced to death and whose body Adam found as a child.
Adam is sent by the firm to Jackson, Mississippi to take over the case and there reconnects with his aunt Lee Bowen, an alcoholic socialite who has managed to avoid public association with her infamous father, and who warns Adam about the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20appearance%20model
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An active appearance model (AAM) is a computer vision algorithm for matching a statistical model of object shape and appearance to a new image. They are built during a training phase. A set of images, together with coordinates of landmarks that appear in all of the images, is provided to the training supervisor.
The model was first introduced by Edwards, Cootes and Taylor in the context of face analysis at the 3rd International Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition, 1998. Cootes, Edwards and Taylor further described the approach as a general method in computer vision at the European Conference on Computer Vision in the same year. The approach is widely used for matching and tracking faces and for medical image interpretation.
The algorithm uses the difference between the current estimate of appearance and the target image to drive an optimization process.
By taking advantage of the least squares techniques, it can match to new images very swiftly.
It is related to the active shape model (ASM). One disadvantage of ASM is that it only uses shape constraints (together with some information about the image structure near the landmarks), and does not take advantage of all the available information – the texture across the target object. This can be modelled using an AAM.
References
Some reading
T. F. Cootes, C. J. Taylor, D. H. Cooper, and J. Graham. Training models of shape from sets of examples. In Proceedings of BMVC'92, pages 266–275, 1992
S. C. Mitchell, J. G. B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillams%2C%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador
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Gillams is a town located north west of the city of Corner Brook in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Gillams had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
See also
List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
References
Populated coastal places in Canada
Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylidene%20compounds
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Benzylidene compounds are, formally speaking, derivatives of benzylidene, although few are prepared from the carbene. Benzylidene acetal is a protecting group in synthetic organic chemistry of the form PhCH(OR)2. For example, 4,6-O-benzylidene-glucopyranose is a glucose derivative. Benzylidene is an archaic term for compounds of the type PhCHX2 and PhCH= substituents (Ph = C6H5). For example, dibenzylideneacetone is (PhCH=CH)2CO. Benzal chloride, PhCHCl2, is alternatively named benzylidene chloride.
Benzylidene is the molecule C6H5CH. It is a triplet carbene (CAS RN 3101-08-4). It is generated by irradiation of phenyldiazomethane.
See also
Aurone
3,5-Difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone
References
External links
Aromatic compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFE
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AFE or Afe may refer to:
Active front end, in variable-frequency drives
Advanced FLOW engineering (aFe), a manufacturer of high performance automotive parts
Afe Annang, a political unit of the Annang people of Nigeria
AfE-Turm/Uni-Turm (English: AfE Tower), a demolished skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany
Afrique Football Élite, a football club in Bamako, Mali
Amniotic fluid embolism, a potentially fatal complication of pregnancy
Analog front-end, in electronics
Armed Forces Entertainment, a United States Department of Defense agency
Assembly of French Citizens Abroad, a French government body
Association of Spanish Footballers (Spanish: Asociación de Futbolistas Españoles)
Authorization for expenditure, also known as cost in accounting
Kake Airport, Alaska, United States, by FAA location identifier
Putukwam language, by ISO 639-3 language code
State Railways Administration of Uruguay (Spanish: ), Uruguay's government-owned railroad company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast%20from%20Haunted%20Cave
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Beast from Haunted Cave is a 1959 horror/heist film directed by Monte Hellman and starring Michael Forest, Frank Wolff and Richard Sinatra. It was produced by Gene Corman, Roger Corman's brother. Filmed in South Dakota at the same time as Ski Troop Attack, it tells the story of bank robbers fleeing in the snow who run afoul of a giant spider-like monster that feeds on humans. The film was released as a double feature with The Wasp Woman (1959).
The movie began an association between Roger Corman and Monte Hellman that lasted for fifteen years. Hellman would work on several of Corman's films and he would finance several movies that Hellman would direct.
Plot
A group of criminals, led by the ruthless Alexander Ward, hatch a plan to steal gold bars from a bank vault in Deadwood, South Dakota. Ward sends one of his henchmen, Marty Jones, to set an explosion in a nearby gold mine; the detonation will act as a diversion for their heist. Although Marty, accompanied by local barmaid Natalie, succeeds in setting off the explosion, he encounters a beast in the mine. The beast kills Natalie, but Marty escapes with his life.
The next morning, the explosive goes off as planned, and Marty and his gang succeed in stealing gold bars from the vault. Led by a local guide named Gil Jackson, they set off to a remote cabin, where they hope to be picked up by a plane. Gil is initially unaware of their plans, but he becomes suspicious when he hears reports of the robbery on the radio and discove
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godunov%27s%20scheme
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In numerical analysis and computational fluid dynamics, Godunov's scheme is a conservative numerical scheme, suggested by Sergei Godunov in 1959, for solving partial differential equations. One can think of this method as a conservative finite volume method which solves exact, or approximate Riemann problems at each inter-cell boundary. In its basic form, Godunov's method is first order accurate in both space and time, yet can be used as a base scheme for developing higher-order methods.
Basic scheme
Following the classical finite volume method framework, we seek to track a finite set of discrete unknowns,
where the and form a discrete set of points for the hyperbolic problem:
where the indices and indicate the derivatives in time and space, respectively. If we integrate the hyperbolic problem over a control volume we obtain a method of lines (MOL) formulation for the spatial cell averages:
which is a classical description of the first order, upwinded finite volume method.
Exact time integration of the above formula from time to time yields the exact update formula:
Godunov's method replaces the time integral of each
with a forward Euler method which yields a fully discrete update formula for each of the unknowns . That is, we approximate the integrals with
where is an approximation to the exact solution of the Riemann problem. For consistency, one assumes that
and that is increasing in the first argument, and decreasing in the second argument. For scalar p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dok-7
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Dok-7 is a non-catalytic cytoplasmic adaptor protein that is expressed specifically in muscle and is essential for the formation of neuromuscular synapses. Further, Dok-7 contains pleckstrin homology (PH) and phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains that are critical for Dok-7 function. Finally, mutations in Dok-7 are commonly found in patients with limb-girdle congenital myasthenia.
Dok-7 regulates neuromuscular synapse formation by activating MuSK
The formation of neuromuscular synapses requires the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK). In mice genetically mutant for MuSK, acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) fail to cluster and motor neurons fail to differentiate. Because Dok-7 mutant mice are indistinguishable from MuSK mutant mice, these observations suggest Dok-7 might regulate MuSK activation. Indeed, Dok-7 binds phosphorylated MuSK and activates MuSK in purified protein preparations and in muscle in-vivo by transgenic overexpression. Furthermore, the nerve-derived organizing factor agrin fails to stimulate MuSK activation in muscle cells genetically null for Dok-7. Thus, Dok-7 is both necessary and sufficient for the activation of MuSK.
Dok-7 signaling
The requirement for MuSK in the formation of the NMJ was primarily demonstrated by mouse "knockout" studies. In mice which are deficient for either agrin or MuSK, the neuromuscular junction does not form.
Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via the proteins called Dok-7 and rapsyn, to induce "cluster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20temperature%20controlled%20crystal%20oscillator
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In physics, an Analog Temperature Controlled Crystal Oscillator or Analogue Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator (ATCXO) uses analog sampling techniques to correct the temperature deficiencies of a crystal oscillator circuit, its package and its environment.
Typically the correction techniques involve the physical and electrical characterisation of the motional inductance and terminal capacitance of a crystal blank, the knowledge of which is used to create a correction polynomial, or algorithm, which in turn is implemented in circuit blocks. These are usually simulated in a mathematical modeling software tool such as SPICE, to verify that the original measured data can be corrected adequately. Once the system performance has been verified, these circuits are then implemented in a silicon die, usually in a bulk CMOS technology. Once fabricated, this die is then embedded into an oscillator module along with the crystal blank. Due to the sub accuracy of this type of crystal oscillator specialist packaging must be used to ensure good ageing and temperature shock characteristics. Example applications are for use in low power or battery operated consumer electronic products such as GSM or CDMA mobile phones, or GPS satellite navigation systems.
References
Wireless Modules Score A Hit At Clay Pigeon Shoots at www.mwrf.com/ (minor mention)
Low profile high stability digital TCXO: ultra low powerconsumption TCXO at ieeexplore.ieee.org (membership required)
Electronic oscill
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICS
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MICS or mics may refer to:
Master of Information and Cybersecurity
Medical Implant Communication Service, a specification for a frequency band used by medical implants
Microphones
Minimal inhibitory concentrations, in microbiology, the lowest concentrations of antimicrobials that will inhibit growth of a microorganism
Minimally invasive cardiac surgery, refers to alternative approaches to heart surgery, making use of several small incisions instead of the traditional open-chest procedure
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, a household survey program developed by UNICEF
Member of the Irish Computer Society
Member of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers
Modular Integrated Communications System (MICS), a phone system by Norstar
See also
MIC (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW-R
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POW-R (Psychoacoustically Optimized Wordlength Reduction) is a set of commercial dithering and noise shaping algorithms used in digital audio bit-depth reduction.
Developed by a consortium of four companies – The POW-R Consortium – the algorithms were first made available in 1999 in digital audio hardware products.
POW-R is now licensed for use by many companies, particularly those in the digital audio workstation (DAW) arena, where it currently has significant market share.
History
POW-R was developed between 1997 and 1998 after an unfavorable change in the licensing terms of a leading bit-depth reduction algorithm of the time prompted some of its licensees to put together a consortium to develop a viable alternative algorithm.
Formed by four audio engineering companies: Lake Technology (Dolby Labs), Weiss Engineering, Millennia Media and Z-Systems, the consortium set out with the goal to create 'the most sonically transparent dithering algorithm possible'.
In 1999, the first products containing POW-R were released by consortium companies. Other companies became interested in using POW-R in their products, and the algorithms are now licensed to a number of leading DAW vendors including Apple, Avid (Digidesign), Sonic Studio, Ableton, Magix / Sequoia / Samplitude, and others.
Reception
One of the first products to include POW-R was a hardware dithering unit from Weiss engineering; in a review of this product in 1999, mastering engineer Bob Katz spoke highly of the new alg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-employment%20theorem
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In computer science and mathematics, a full employment theorem is a term used, often humorously, to refer to a theorem which states that no algorithm can optimally perform a particular task done by some class of professionals. The name arises because such a theorem ensures that there is endless scope to keep discovering new techniques to improve the way at least some specific task is done.
For example, the full employment theorem for compiler writers states that there is no such thing as a provably perfect size-optimizing compiler, as such a proof for the compiler would have to detect non-terminating computations and reduce them to a one-instruction infinite loop. Thus, the existence of a provably perfect size-optimizing compiler would imply a solution to the halting problem, which cannot exist. This also implies that there may always be a better compiler since the proof that one has the best compiler cannot exist. Therefore, compiler writers will always be able to speculate that they have something to improve. A similar example in practical computer science is the idea of no free lunch in search and optimization, which states that no efficient general-purpose solver can exist, and hence there will always be some particular problem whose best known solution might be improved.
Similarly, Gödel's incompleteness theorems have been called full employment theorems for mathematicians. Tasks such as virus writing and detection, and spam filtering and filter-breaking are also subje
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornillo
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Tornillo can mean:
Tornillo, Texas
Tornillo tent city
Tornillo (album), a 2022 album by Whiskey Myers
Tornillo, an album by Glen Phillips
tornillo event, a low-frequency volcanic seismic event
Any of several species of trees in the genus Prosopis, including:
Prosopis pubescens
Prosopis reptans, a species of Mesquite
Mark Tornillo, lead vocalist for Accept, a German rock band
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, a case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1974
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejas%20sequence
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The Tejas sequence was the last major marine transgression across the North American craton. Following the late Cretaceous regression that ended the Zuñi sequence, the oceans advanced again early in the Cenozoic, peaking during the Paleocene and Eocene epochs. There were no dramatic epeiric seas in North America; indeed, the Atlantic coast advanced only as far as the Mississippi Embayment. The Tejas was deeper in Eurasia and Africa, which experienced widespread carbonate deposition during the Eocene. There was a final transgression before the end of the Oligocene, the end of which marked the end of the Tejas sequence.
See also
Cratonic sequence
Sequence stratigraphy
References
Historical geology
Geology of the United States
Paleogene geology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albro%20Lake%2C%20Nova%20Scotia
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Albro Lake is a neighbourhood in the North End of the community of Dartmouth in Nova Scotia's Halifax Regional Municipality.
The neighbourhood includes the Highfield Park and Crystal Heights. A newer development Lancaster Ridge is built on the former Department of National Defence housing lands. Albro Lake is bounded by Leaman Drive to the west, Lancaster Ridge to the east, Highway 111 to the north, and Albro Lake Road to the south.
The streets are named for aircraft used by the Royal Canadian Air Force.
History
Albro Lake takes its name from the shallow freshwater lakes of the same name located in the area. The lakes were named for the brothers John and Samuel Albro, who used the stream that flowed from the lakes to operate a nail factory and tannery on their property near St. Paul's Church on Windmill Road. The area was first settled during the 19th century.
During World War II, the navy established a radio communications centre in the area and built housing for its operators and their families. The station operated until 1968. This land was subsequently used to develop Highfield Park.
The housing in the neighbourhood is a mixture, ranging from high-density low-rental apartment buildings in Highfield Park built during the 1970s and 1980s, to small single-family houses, duplexes, townhouses and small apartment buildings. The socio-economic indicators for the neighbourhood show that it comprises mostly low-to-middle income households.
Neighbourhood amenities
Parks
A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF%20beta%20signaling%20pathway
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The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell migration, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The TGFB signaling pathways are conserved. In spite of the wide range of cellular processes that the TGFβ signaling pathway regulates, the process is relatively simple. TGFβ superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression.
Mechanism
Ligand binding
The TGF beta superfamily of ligands includes: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), Activin, Nodal and TGFβs. Signaling begins with the binding of a TGF beta superfamily ligand to a TGF beta type II receptor. The type II receptor is a serine/threonine receptor kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of the Type I receptor. Each class of ligand binds to a specific type II receptor. In mammals there are seven known type I receptors and five type II receptors.
There are three activins: Activin A, Activin B and Activin AB. Activins are involved in embryogenesis and osteogenesis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal%20matrix
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In anatomy, the germinal matrix is a highly cellular and highly vascularized region in the brain out from which cells migrate during brain development. The germinal matrix is the source of both neurons and glial cells and is most active between 8 and 28 weeks gestation. It is a fragile portion of the brain that may be damaged leading to a germinal matrix hemorrhage (grade 1 intraventricular hemorrhage).
Location/anatomy: The germinal matrix is next to the lateral ventricles (the "inside" of the brain).
Function/physiology: Neurons and glia migrate radially outward from the germinal matrix towards the cerebral cortex. For more information, see the associated articles on neuronal migration and corticogenesis.
Dysfunction/pathophysiology: in prenatology/neonatology, intraventricular hemorrhages occur starting in the germinal matrix due to the lack of structural integrity there. Intraventricular hemorrhages are a common and harmful issue in children born prematurely.
See also
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Ganglionic eminence
References
External links
Ultrasound Pictures of Germinal Matrix IVH MedPix Image Database
Embryology of nervous system
Matrices (biology)
Developmental neuroscience
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergaon
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Dergaon (IPA: ˈdɜːˌgɑ̃ʊ) is a town and a municipality in the Golaghat district of Assam, India. It is 282 km from the state capital Guwahati.
Hemchandra Barua, the compiler of Hemkosh (the earliest Assamese-English dictionary) was from Dergaon.
History
Dergaon also known as Devargaon which implies the village of god Shiva. This area was captured from the Kacharis during the reign of Suhungmung. It has the famous Negheriting Shiva Doul constructed by Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha In 1765.
Ahoms kings had established here a royal station (Rajabahor), a Pilkhana (centre of elephant training) and a dockyard called Negeri Noasali.
Geography
Dergaon is located at . It has an average elevation of 82 metres (269 feet).
Demographics
India census, Dergaon had a population of 13,364. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Dergaon has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 88% and, female literacy is 81%. In Dergaon, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Politics
Dergaon is part of Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency).
Dergaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is a constituency in the 126 member Assam Legislative Assembly. It is reserved for Scheduled Caste candidates. The present MLA is Bhabendra Nath Bharali of Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) preceded by Smti. Arati Hazarika Kachari of Indian National Congress.
Transport
Dergaon is very well connected by roadways to all the places of Assam. The National Highway 37 pass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkyard%20tornado
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The junkyard tornado, sometimes known as Hoyle's fallacy, is an argument against abiogenesis, using a calculation of its probability based on false assumptions, as comparable to "a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein" and to compare the chance of obtaining even a single functioning protein by chance combination of amino acids to a solar system full of blind men solving Rubik's Cubes simultaneously. It was used originally by English astronomer Fred Hoyle (1915–2001) in his book The Intelligent Universe, where he tried to apply statistics to evolution and the origin of life. Similar reasoning were advanced in Darwin's time, and indeed as long ago as Cicero in classical antiquity. While Hoyle himself was an atheist, the argument has since become a mainstay in the rejection of evolution by religious groups.
Hoyle's fallacy contradicts many well-established and widely tested principles in the field of evolutionary biology. As the fallacy argues, the odds of the sudden construction of higher lifeforms are indeed improbable. However, what the junkyard tornado postulation fails to take into account is the vast amount of support that evolution proceeds in many smaller stages, each driven by natural selection rather than by random chance, over a long period of time. The Boeing 747 was not designed in a single unlikely burst of creativity, just as modern lifeforms were not constructed in one single unlikely event, as the junkyard
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20derivatives
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Stability derivatives, and also control derivatives, are measures of how particular forces and moments on an aircraft change as other parameters related to stability change (parameters such as airspeed, altitude, angle of attack, etc.). For a defined "trim" flight condition, changes and oscillations occur in these parameters. Equations of motion are used to analyze these changes and oscillations. Stability and control derivatives are used to linearize (simplify) these equations of motion so the stability of the vehicle can be more readily analyzed.
Stability and control derivatives change as flight conditions change. The collection of stability and control derivatives as they change over a range of flight conditions is called an aero model. Aero models are used in engineering flight simulators to analyze stability, and in real-time flight simulators for training and entertainment.
Stability derivative vs. control derivative
Stability derivatives and control derivatives are related because they both are measures of forces and moments on a vehicle as other parameters change. Often the words are used together and abbreviated in the term "S&C derivatives." They differ in that stability derivatives measure the effects of changes in flight conditions while control derivatives measure effects of changes in the control surface positions:
Stability derivative measures how much change occurs in a force or moment acting on the vehicle when there is a small change in a flight
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20absolute%20difference
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The mean absolute difference (univariate) is a measure of statistical dispersion equal to the average absolute difference of two independent values drawn from a probability distribution. A related statistic is the relative mean absolute difference, which is the mean absolute difference divided by the arithmetic mean, and equal to twice the Gini coefficient.
The mean absolute difference is also known as the absolute mean difference (not to be confused with the absolute value of the mean signed difference) and the Gini mean difference (GMD). The mean absolute difference is sometimes denoted by Δ or as MD.
Definition
The mean absolute difference is defined as the "average" or "mean", formally the expected value, of the absolute difference of two random variables X and Y independently and identically distributed with the same (unknown) distribution henceforth called Q.
Calculation
Specifically, in the discrete case,
For a random sample of size n of a population distributed uniformly according to Q, by the law of total expectation the (empirical) mean absolute difference of the sequence of sample values yi, i = 1 to n can be calculated as the arithmetic mean of the absolute value of all possible differences:
if Q has a discrete probability function f(y), where yi, i = 1 to n, are the values with nonzero probabilities:
In the continuous case,
if Q has a probability density function f(x):
An alternative form of the equation is given by:
if Q has a cumulative distrib
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSCL%20scheme
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In the study of partial differential equations, the MUSCL scheme is a finite volume method that can provide highly accurate numerical solutions for a given system, even in cases where the solutions exhibit shocks, discontinuities, or large gradients. MUSCL stands for Monotonic Upstream-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws (van Leer, 1979), and the term was introduced in a seminal paper by Bram van Leer (van Leer, 1979). In this paper he constructed the first high-order, total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme where he obtained second order spatial accuracy.
The idea is to replace the piecewise constant approximation of Godunov's scheme by reconstructed states, derived from cell-averaged states obtained from the previous time-step. For each cell, slope limited, reconstructed left and right states are obtained and used to calculate fluxes at the cell boundaries (edges). These fluxes can, in turn, be used as input to a Riemann solver, following which the solutions are averaged and used to advance the solution in time. Alternatively, the fluxes can be used in Riemann-solver-free schemes, which are basically Rusanov-like schemes.
Linear reconstruction
We will consider the fundamentals of the MUSCL scheme by considering the following simple first-order, scalar, 1D system, which is assumed to have a wave propagating in the positive direction,
Where represents a state variable and represents a flux variable.
The basic scheme of Godunov uses piecewise constant approximations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20H.%20Wilson
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Daniel H. Wilson (born March 6, 1978) is a New York Times bestselling author, television host and robotics engineer. He currently resides in Portland, Oregon. His books include the award-winning humor titles How to Survive a Robot Uprising, Where's My Jetpack? and How to Build a Robot Army and the bestseller Robopocalypse.
Early life
Daniel H. Wilson was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the elder of two children. He is Cherokee and a citizen of the Cherokee Nation.
Education
Wilson attended Booker T. Washington High School, graduating in 1996. He earned his B.S. in Computer Science at the University of Tulsa in 2000, spending one semester studying philosophy abroad in Melbourne, Australia at the University of Melbourne. He completed an M.S. in Robotics, another M.S. in Machine Learning, and his PhD in Robotics in 2005 at the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His thesis work, entitled Assistive Intelligent Environments for Automatic Health Monitoring, focused on providing automatic location and activity monitoring in the home via low-cost sensors such as motion detectors and contact switches. He has worked as a research intern at Microsoft Research, the Xerox PARC, Northrop Grumman, and Intel Research Seattle.
Awards
How to Survive a Robot Uprising won a Rave Award from Wired and was chosen by the American Library Association (ALA) as a "2007 Popular Paperback for Young Adults".
Where's My Jetpack? was a GQ Media Pick for 2007.
How to Bu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluteome
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The term gluteome is used to describe the entire set of all gluten-like proteins in grains, which consumption causes occurrence of clinical manifestations in celiac patients. These proteins include gliadins and glutenins from wheat, secalins from rye, hordeins from barley, avenins from oats and potentially homologues from other related grain species. Since not all grain storage proteins have been identified yet, the term gluteome often refers to the complete set of the known sequences of gluten and gluten-like molecules.
Alternatively, the word gluteome can depict the entire complement of grain-storage proteins in a single grain species at a given time.
The discipline of science dedicated to study gluteome is referred to as gluteomics.
Gluten
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluteomics
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The word gluteomics describes the systematic study on the T cell stimulatory peptides in celiac disease. These peptides are derived from gluten or gluten-like proteins. Usually the term gluteomics is used in the context of global approach to identify, target or detect large sets of the disease-related sequences.
The scientific methods usually employed by gluteomic studies include novel epitope identification by means of database searching with dedicated algorithms, studies on toxicity of fractions of gluten and/or gluten-like proteins, degradation of multiple T cell stimulatory sequences with the specific enzymes, and development of protocols for the detection of peptides implicated in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
See also
Gluteome
Gluten
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%27s%20theorem
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In geometry, Stewart's theorem yields a relation between the lengths of the sides and the length of a cevian in a triangle. Its name is in honour of the Scottish mathematician Matthew Stewart, who published the theorem in 1746.
Statement
Let , , be the lengths of the sides of a triangle. Let be the length of a cevian to the side of length . If the cevian divides the side of length into two segments of length and , with adjacent to and adjacent to , then Stewart's theorem states that
A common mnemonic used by students to memorize this equation (after rearranging the terms) is:
The theorem may be written more symmetrically using signed lengths of segments. That is, take the length to be positive or negative according to whether is to the left or right of in some fixed orientation of the line. In this formulation, the theorem states that if are collinear points, and is any point, then
In the special case that the cevian is the median (that is, it divides the opposite side into two segments of equal length), the result is known as Apollonius' theorem.
Proof
The theorem can be proved as an application of the law of cosines.
Let be the angle between and and the angle between and . Then is the supplement of , and so . Applying the law of cosines in the two small triangles using angles and produces
Multiplying the first equation by and the third equation by and adding them eliminates . One obtains
which is the required equation.
Alternatively, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremacebus
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Tremacebus is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Early Miocene (Colhuehuapian in the SALMA classification). The type species is T. harringtoni.
Description
Tremacebus was about in length, and would have resembled a modern night monkey, to which it may have been related, though possibly a stem aotid. However, its eyes appear to have been smaller than the modern species, CT scans of the cranium suggest a relatively small olfactory bulb and poor sense of smell, compared with night monkeys. These features suggest that it may not have been nocturnal. It had an estimated body mass of .
Only a few fossils have been found, including a skull from the Sarmiento Formation, Patagonia.
References
External links
Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
Prehistoric monkeys
Monotypic prehistoric primate genera
Prehistoric primate genera
Miocene primates of South America
Colhuehuapian
Neogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Fossil taxa described in 1974
Golfo San Jorge Basin
Sarmiento Formation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial%20stress
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Virial stress is a measure of mechanical stress on an atomic scale for homogeneous systems.
The expression of the (local) virial stress can be derived as the functional derivative of the free energy of a molecular system with respect to the deformation tensor.
Volume averaged Definition
The instantaneous volume averaged virial stress is given by
where
and are atoms in the domain,
is the volume of the domain,
is the mass of atom k,
is the ith component of the velocity of atom k,
is the jth component of the average velocity of atoms in the volume,
is the ith component of the position of atom k, and
is the ith component of the force applied on atom by atom .
At zero kelvin, all velocities are zero so we have
.
This can be thought of as follows. The τ11 component of stress is the force in the x1-direction divided by the area of a plane perpendicular to that direction. Consider two adjacent volumes separated by such a plane. The 11-component of stress on that interface is the sum of all pairwise forces between atoms on the two sides.
The volume averaged virial stress is then the ensemble average of the instantaneous volume averaged virial stress.
In a three dimensional, isotropic system, at equilibrium the "instantaneous" atomic pressure is usually defined as the average over the diagonals of the negative stress tensor:
The pressure then is the ensemble average of the instantaneous pressure
This pressure is the average pressure in the volume .
Equivalent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Master%20%281992%20film%29
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The Master (traditional Chinese: 龍行天下) is a 1992 Hong Kong martial arts film written, produced and directed by Tsui Hark, and starring Jet Li, Yuen Wah, Crystal Kwok and Jerry Trimble. The project was filmed in 1989, but it was not released until 1992 when the success of Once Upon a Time in China made Li a major action star.
Plot
The story occurs in Los Angeles, where a fight between Master Tak (Yuen Wah) and Johnny (Jerry Trimble) destroys Tak's herbal medicine store. Johnny is prevented from killing Tak when Anna (Anne Rickets) comes to save him. During his recovery he stays in Anna's camper van. Anna is both a janitor and a student from a gymnastics school but was banned from competing and attending for physically attacking a fellow classmate. As a result, Anna ends up being fired by her coach, who is already fed up with Anna's bad behaviour.
Jet (Jet Li) arrives from Hong Kong on the airport bus. When he arrives at Tak's store to resume as Tak's Kung Fu student, he finds the store shuttered and three thieves steal his bag. He chases their car on foot through the streets and eventually catches them. The thieves are so impressed with Jet's physical skills they beg him to be their master. They take Jet to their home (an abandoned municipal building) but they're attacked by a larger gang. Jet reluctantly steps in to defend his new friends, but their home is set on fire.
Johnny and his gang are closing down kung fu schools and making a name for themselves. Jet meets May (Cr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Nesbitt%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Brauer–Nesbitt theorem can refer to several different theorems proved by Richard Brauer and Cecil J. Nesbitt in the representation theory of finite groups.
In modular representation theory,
the Brauer–Nesbitt theorem on blocks of defect zero states that a character whose order is divisible by the highest power of a prime p dividing the order of a finite group remains irreducible when reduced mod p and vanishes on all elements whose order is divisible by p. Moreover, it belongs to a block of defect zero. A block of defect zero contains only one ordinary character and only one modular character.
Another version states that if k is a field of characteristic zero, A is a k-algebra, V, W are semisimple A-modules which are finite dimensional over k, and TrV = TrW as elements of Homk(A,k), then V and W are isomorphic as A-modules.
Let be a group and be some field. If are two finite-dimensional semisimple representations such that the characteristic polynomials of and coincide for all , then and are isomorphic representations. If or , then the condition on the characteristic polynomials can be changed to the condition that Tr=Tr for all .
As a consequence, let be a semisimple (continuous) -adic representations of the absolute Galois group of some field , unramified outside some finite set of primes . Then the representation is uniquely determined by the values of the traces of for (also using the Chebotarev density theorem).
References
Curtis, R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin-3
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Neurotrophin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF3 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene, NT-3, is a neurotrophic factor in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) family of neurotrophins. It is a protein growth factor which has activity on certain neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses. NT-3 was the third neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after nerve growth factor (NGF) and BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor).
Function
Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells; a process known as neurogenesis. Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis.
NT-3 is unique in the number of neurons it can potentially stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors (TrkC and TrkB).
Mice born without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of proprioceptive and subsets of mechanoreceptive sensory neurons.
Mechanism of action
NT-3 binds three receptors on the surface of cells which are capable of responding to this growth factor:
TrkC (pronounced "Track C"), is apparently the "physiologic" receptor, in that it binds with greatest affinity to NT-3.
However, NT-3 is capable of binding and signaling through a Trk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Egg
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"The Crystal Egg" is a science fiction short story written by H. G. Wells in 1897.
The story tells of a shop owner, named Mr. Cave, who finds a strange crystal egg that serves as a window into the planet Mars.
The story was written the same year in which Wells was serializing The War of the Worlds in Pearson's Magazine, a year before it was published as a novel. Because of the vaguely similar descriptions of the Martians and their machines, "The Crystal Egg" is often considered a precursor to The War of the Worlds, as the Martian effort to observe and study humanity remotely might indicate their preparation for an eventual invasion..
Story summary
Mr. Cave has an antique shop in Seven Dials, a district in the West End of London which, at the time the story was written, was a poor area. He is well educated but is in an unhappy situation. His wife, who is younger, treats him with contempt, as do his stepson and stepdaughter. He is in declining health.
He is a friend of Mr. Jacoby Wace, who is Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy at a nearby teaching hospital and is interested in unusual characters like Mr. Cave. It becomes clear toward the end of the story that the narrator, who plays no part in the events, is an acquaintance of Mr. Wace.
Among antique items which have come into Mr. Cave's possession is a crystal egg. Wandering about the shop one night, he notices that a light comes from it. Studying it closely, "it gave him the impression that the object had for a moment ope
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordin
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Chordin (from Greek χορδή, string, catgut) is a protein with a prominent role in dorsal–ventral patterning during early embryonic development. In humans it is encoded for by the CHRD gene.
History
Chordin was originally identified in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) in the laboratory of Edward M. De Robertis as a key developmental protein that dorsalizes early vertebrate embryonic tissues. It was first hypothesized that chordin plays a role in the dorsal homeobox genes in Spemann's organizer. The chordin gene was discovered through its activation following use of gsc (goosecoid) and Xnot mRNA injections. The discoverers of chordin concluded that it is expressed in embryo regions where gsc and Xnot were also expressed, which included the prechordal plate, the notochord, and the chordoneural hinge. The expression of the gene in these regions led to the name chordin. Initial functions of chordin were thought to include recruitment of neighboring cells to assist in the forming of the axis along with mediating cell interactions for organization of tail, head, and body regions.
Protein Structure
Chordin is a 941 amino-acids long protein, whose three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy structure resembles a horseshoe. A characteristic structural feature of chordin is the presence of four cysteine-rich repeats, which are 58–75 residues long, each containing 10 cysteines with characteristic spacings. These repeats are homologous with domains in a number of extrac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20volatility
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In statistics, stochastic volatility models are those in which the variance of a stochastic process is itself randomly distributed. They are used in the field of mathematical finance to evaluate derivative securities, such as options. The name derives from the models' treatment of the underlying security's volatility as a random process, governed by state variables such as the price level of the underlying security, the tendency of volatility to revert to some long-run mean value, and the variance of the volatility process itself, among others.
Stochastic volatility models are one approach to resolve a shortcoming of the Black–Scholes model. In particular, models based on Black-Scholes assume that the underlying volatility is constant over the life of the derivative, and unaffected by the changes in the price level of the underlying security. However, these models cannot explain long-observed features of the implied volatility surface such as volatility smile and skew, which indicate that implied volatility does tend to vary with respect to strike price and expiry. By assuming that the volatility of the underlying price is a stochastic process rather than a constant, it becomes possible to model derivatives more accurately.
A middle ground between the bare Black-Scholes model and stochastic volatility models is covered by local volatility models. In these models the underlying volatility does not feature any new randomness but it isn't a constant either. In local volatility
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Balsom
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Clifford Gene "Cliff" Balsom (born 25 March 1946) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Torquay United. He was born in Torquay, Devon.
A full back, he began his career as an apprentice with Torquay United, making his debut at the age of 17 on 25 January 1964 against York City at Bootham Crescent. In June 196, he was transferred to Swindon Town after only four league games for the Gulls. He failed, however, to make the first team at Swindon, returned to Torquay United, but not to their first team, and left league football.
References
1946 births
Living people
Footballers from Torquay
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Torquay United F.C. players
English Football League players
Swindon Town F.C. players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal%20unique%20match
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A maximal unique match or MUM, for short, is part of a key step
in the multiple sequence alignment of genomes in computational biology. Identification of MUMs and other potential anchors, is the first step in larger alignment systems such as MUMmer. Anchors are the areas between two genomes where they are highly similar. To understand what a MUM is we each word in the acronym can be broken down individually. Match implies that the substring occurs in both sequences to be aligned. Unique means that the substring occurs only once in each sequence. Finally, maximal states that the substring is not part of another larger string that fulfills both prior requirements. The idea behind this, is that long sequences that match exactly and occur only once in each genome are almost certainly part of the global alignment.
Formal definition
"Given two genomes A and B, Maximal Unique Match (MUM) substring is a common substring of A and B of length longer than a specified minimum length d (by default d = 20) such that
it is maximal, that is, it cannot be extended on either end without incurring a mismatch; and
it is unique in both sequences"
Algorithm
Identifying the set of MUMs in two very long genome sequences is not computationally trivial. There are several algorithmic ways to approach identifying MUMs in multiple sequence alignment. The simplest and slowest method is using brute force where for every index in genome and every index in genome , you calculate the lon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20lines
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The method of lines (MOL, NMOL, NUMOL) is a technique for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) in which all but one dimension is discretized. By reducing a PDE to a single continuous dimension, the method of lines allows solutions to be computed via methods and software developed for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and differential-algebraic systems of equations (DAEs). Many integration routines have been developed over the years in many different programming languages, and some have been published as open source resources.
The method of lines most often refers to the construction or analysis of numerical methods for partial differential equations that proceeds by first discretizing the spatial derivatives only and leaving the time variable continuous. This leads to a system of ordinary differential equations to which a numerical method for initial value ordinary equations can be applied. The method of lines in this context dates back to at least the early 1960s. Many papers discussing the accuracy and stability of the method of lines for various types of partial differential equations have appeared since.
Application to elliptical equations
MOL requires that the PDE problem is well-posed as an initial value (Cauchy) problem in at least one dimension, because ODE and DAE integrators are initial value problem (IVP) solvers. Thus it cannot be used directly on purely elliptic partial differential equations, such as Laplace's equati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernalis%20Research
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Vernalis Research develops and applies fragment and structure-based methods to drug discovery, and has generated cell active lead compounds and development candidates against biological targets in oncology, neurodegeneration, anti-infectives and inflammation.
History
Following the sale of Vernalis plc on 10 October 2018, Vernalis Research became a subsidiary of Ligand Holdings UK Ltd, wholly owned by Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc. On 2 December 2020, HitGen (Chengdu, China), acquired the entire issued share capital of Vernalis (R&D) Limited.
Their scientists, based at Granta Park, Cambridge UK, integrate fragment-based approaches, structural biology, biophysics, assay technology, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, cheminformatics, molecular modelling and computational, synthetic organic and medicinal chemistry to enable drug discovery on both established and novel targets, progressing projects from target identification through to clinical candidate. They have generated lead compounds on enzymes, protein-protein interactions and GPCRs, leading to clinical candidates for targets such as Chk1, Hsp90, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, FAAH and A2A.
As well as an internal portfolio of drug discovery projects, Vernalis Research has a number of research collaborations on targets with large pharmaceutical companies and academic partners. Recently disclosed collaborations include those with Servier, Daiichi Sankyo, Lundbeck and Asahi Kasei Pharma. In 2014, the company was awarded a Queen's Award for En
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Diptera%20families
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This is a list of the families of the order Diptera (true flies). The classification is based largely on Pape et al. (2011). Many of the fossil species are of uncertain placement and are retained in separate lists broadly under Nematocera and Brachycera.
Nematocera
Infraorder Deuterophlebiomorpha
Deuterophlebiidae Edwards, 1922
Infraorder Nymphomyiomorpha
Nymphomyiidae Tokunaga, 1932
Infraorder Tipulomorpha
Tipulidae Latreille, 1802
Cylindrotomidae Schiner, 1863
Trichoceridae Rondani, 1841 Synonym: Petauristidae.
Pediciidae Osten-Sacken, 1859
Limoniidae Rondani, 1856
Infraorder Ptychopteromorpha
Ptychopteridae Osten-Sacken, 1862 Synonyms: Liriopeidae, Liriopidae.
Infraorder Psychodomorpha
Blephariceridae Loew, 1861 Synonym: Blepharoceridae.
Psychodidae Newman, 1834 Synonyms: Nemopalpidae, Phlebotomidae, Trichomyiidae.
Tanyderidae Osten-Sacken, 1880 Synonym: Macrochilidae.
Infraorder Culicomorpha
Dixidae Schiner, 1868
Corethrellidae Edwards, 1932
Chaoboridae Newman, 1834 Synonyms: Corethridae, Chironomapteridae, Mesotendipedidae, Dixamimidae, Rhaetomyiidae.
Culicidae Meigen, 1818
Thaumaleidae Bezzi, 1913 Synonym: Orphnephilidae.
Simuliidae Newman, 1834 Synonyms: Melusinidae.
Ceratopogonidae Newman, 1834 Synonyms: Leptoconopidae, Helidae, Heleidae.
Chironomidae Newman, 1834 Synonym: Tendipedidae
Infraorder Perissommatomorpha
Perissommatidae Colless, 1962
Infraorder Bibionomorpha
Anisopodidae Knab, 1912 Synonyms: Phryneidae, Rhyphidae, Sylvicolidae, Mycetob
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF%20beta%201
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Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines. It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions, including the control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. In humans, TGF-β1 is encoded by the gene.
Function
TGF-β is a multifunctional set of peptides that controls proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in many cell types. TGF-β acts synergistically with transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) in inducing transformation. It also acts as a negative autocrine growth factor. Dysregulation of TGF-β activation and signaling may result in apoptosis. Many cells synthesize TGF-β and almost all of them have specific receptors for this peptide. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 all function through the same receptor signaling systems.
TGF-β1 was first identified in human platelets as a protein with a molecular mass of 25 kilodaltons with a potential role in wound healing. It was later characterized as a large protein precursor (containing 390 amino acids) that was proteolytically processed to produce a mature peptide of 112 amino acids.
TGF-β1 plays an important role in controlling the immune system, and shows different activities on different types of cell, or cells at different developmental stages. Most immune cells (or leukocytes) secrete TGF-β1.
T cells
Some T cells (e.g. regulatory T cells) release TGF-β1 to inhibit the actions of o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICub
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iCub is a 1 metre tall open source robotics humanoid robot testbed for research into human cognition and artificial intelligence.
It was designed by the RobotCub Consortium of several European universities and built by Italian Institute of Technology, and is now supported by other projects such as ITALK. The robot is open-source, with the hardware design, software and documentation all released under the GPL license. The name is a partial acronym, cub standing for Cognitive Universal Body. Initial funding for the project was €8.5 million from Unit E5 – Cognitive Systems and Robotics – of the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme, and this ran for 65 months from 1 September 2004 until 31 January 2010.
The motivation behind the strongly humanoid design is the embodied cognition hypothesis, that human-like manipulation plays a vital role in the development of human cognition. A baby learns many cognitive skills by interacting with its environment and other humans using its limbs and senses, and consequently its internal model of the world is largely determined by the form of the human body. The robot was designed to test this hypothesis by allowing cognitive learning scenarios to be acted out by an accurate reproduction of the perceptual system and articulation of a small child so that it could interact with the world in the same way that such a child does.
Specifications
The dimensions of the iCub are similar to that of a 3.5-year-old child. The robot is cont
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating%20hormone%20receptor
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The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor or FSH receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Its activation is necessary for the hormonal functioning of FSH. FSHRs are found in the ovary, testis, and uterus.
FSHR gene
The gene for the FSHR is found on chromosome 2 p21 in humans. The gene sequence of the FSHR consists of about 2,080 nucleotides.
Receptor structure
The FSHR consists of 695 amino acids and has a molecular mass of about 76 kDa. Like other GPCRs, the FSH-receptor possesses seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helices.
The extracellular domain of the receptor contains 11 leucine-rich repeats and is glycosylated. It has two subdomains, a hormone-binding subdomain followed by a signal-specificity subdomain. The hormone-binding subdomain is responsible for the high-affinity hormone binding, and the signal-specificity subdomain, containing a sulfated tyrosine at position 335 (sTyr) in a hinge loop, is required for the hormone activity.
The transmembrane domain contains two highly conserved cysteine residues that build disulfide bonds to stabilize the receptor structure. A highly conserved Asp-Arg-Tyr triplet motif is present in GPCR family members in general and may be of importance to transmit the signal. In FSHR and its closely related other glycoprotein hormone receptor members (LHR and TSHR), this conserved triplet motif is a variat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20cell%20proteomics
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Stem cell proteomics is an omics that analyzes the proteomes of stem cells. Comparing different stem cell proteomes can reveal proteins that are important for stem cell differentiation.
See also
Stem cell genomics
Stem cells
Proteomics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20cell%20genomics
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Stem cell genomics analyzes the genomes of stem cells. Currently, this field is rapidly expanding due to the dramatic decrease in the cost of sequencing genomes. The study of stem cell genomics has wide reaching implications in the study of stem cell biology and possible therapeutic usages of stem cells. Application of research in this field could lead to drug discovery and information on diseases by the molecular characterization of the pluripotent stem cell through DNA and transcriptome sequencing and looking at the epigenetic changes of stem cells and subsequent products. One step in that process is single cell phenotypic analysis, and the connection between the phenotype and genotype of specific stem cells. While current genomic screens are done with entire populations of cells, focusing in on a single stem cell will help determine specific signaling activity associated with varying degrees of stem cell differentiation and limit background due to heterogeneous populations. Single cell analysis of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or stem cells able to differentiate into many different cell types, is a suggested method for treating such diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). This includes for understanding the differences between sporadic AD and familial AD. By first taking a skin sample from the patient and are transformed by transducing cells using retroviruses to encode such stem cell genes as Oct4, Sox2, KLF4 and cMYC. This allows for skin cells to be reprogramm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20cell%20chip
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Stem cell chip is a device that detects given biochemical changes in stem cells, for example changes in RNA expression.
References
See also
Stem cell genomics
Stem cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Nevada
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This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the U.S. state of Nevada.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 76 law enforcement agencies employing 6,643 sworn police officers, about 254 for each 100,000 residents.
Law enforcement in Nevada
The State of Nevada Peace Officers' Standards and Training Commission is responsible to:
provide for and encourage the training and education of persons whose primary duty is law enforcement to ensure the safety of the residents of and visitors to this state.
Shall adopt regulations establishing minimum standards for the certification and decertification, recruitment, selection and training of peace officers.
Within Nevada, Peace Officers are grouped into one of three classes, Category I, Category II, or Category III:
Category I peace officers include traditional law enforcement officers such as Police Officers, Deputy Sheriffs, Deputy Marshals, Parole & Probation Officers, and State Troopers of the Nevada Highway Patrol. The Category I peace officer training is a minimum of 480 hours.
Category II peace officers are specialists and include officers such as Taxicab Authority Officers, Gaming Control Agents, and Constables. The Category II training is a minimum of 330 hours.
Category III peace officers are those officers assigned solely to State Corrections & City/County Detention. The Category III training is a minimum of 6 weeks.
State agencies
Neva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Rugby%20Coach%20of%20the%20Year
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The World Rugby Coach of the Year is awarded by World Rugby in the autumn each year. From 2004 to 2007, the award was called the IRB International Coach of the Year.
List of winners
Statistics
Notes
References
External links
Coach
IRB Award
Coaching awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20ranking
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In parallel algorithms, the list ranking problem involves determining the position, or rank, of each item in a linked list. That is, the first item in the list should be assigned the number 1, the second item in the list should be assigned the number 2, etc. Although it is straightforward to solve this problem efficiently on a sequential computer, by traversing the list in order, it is more complicated to solve in parallel. As wrote, the problem was viewed as important in the parallel algorithms community both for its many applications and because solving it led to many important ideas that could be applied in parallel algorithms more generally.
History
The list ranking problem was posed by , who solved it with a parallel algorithm using logarithmic time and O(n log n) total steps (that is, O(n) processors). Over a sequence of many subsequent papers, this was eventually improved to linearly many steps (O(n/log n) processors), on the most restrictive model of synchronous shared-memory parallel computation, the exclusive read exclusive write PRAM (; ;). This number of steps matches the sequential algorithm.
Related problems
List ranking can equivalently be viewed as performing a prefix sum operation on the given list, in which the values to be summed are all equal to one. The list ranking problem can be used to solve many problems on trees via an Euler tour technique, in which one forms a linked list that includes two copies of each edge of the tree, one in each direction, p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic%20conductivity
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Adiabatic conductivity is a measure of a material's electrical conductivity, σ, under thermodynamically adiabatic conditions.
See also
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic properties
Electrical phenomena
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JrMan
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jrMan renderer is an open-source version of the Reyes rendering algorithm used by Pixar's PhotoRealistic RenderMan, implemented in Java by Gerardo Horvilleur, Jorge Vargas, Elmer Garduno and Alessandro Falappa.
jrMan is available under the GNU General Public License (GPL)
Current version
Release 0.4
Features
Shadows, texture mapping, surface shaders, light shaders, volume shaders, displacement shaders, all pixel filters, generate image to file (RGB & RGBA), delayed Read Archive.
Supported primitives
Sphere, Torus, Cone, Disk, Cylinder, Paraboloid, Hyperboloid, Points, Patch "bilinear" and "bicubic" (all basis & rational), Polygon, PointsPolygon, ObjectInstance, PatchMesh, NuPatch, Curves "linear" and "cubic" (also rational).
Features not yet implemented
Shading language compiler, Motion blur, Depth of field, Level of detail, CSG, Trim curves, Subdivision surfaces, General Polygons.
See also
RenderMan Interface Specification
External links
jrMan homepage
Free 3D graphics software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Optimization%20Society
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The Mathematical Optimization Society (MOS), known as the Mathematical Programming Society until 2010, is an international association of researchers active in optimization. The MOS encourages the research, development, and use of optimization—including mathematical theory, software implementation, and practical applications (operations research).
Founded in , the MOS has several activities: Publishing journals and a newsletter, organizing and cosponsoring conferences, and awarding prizes.
History
In the 1960s, mathematical programming methods were gaining increasing importance both in mathematical theory and in industrial application. To provide a discussion forum for researchers in the field arose, the journal Mathematical Programming was founded in 1970.
Based on activities by George Dantzig, Albert Tucker, Philip Wolfe and others, the MOS was founded in 1973, with George Dantzig as its first president.
Activities
Conferences
Several conferences are organized or co-organized by the Mathematical Optimization Society, for instance:
The International Symposium on Mathematical Programming (ISMP), organized every three years, is open to all fields of mathematical programming.
The Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization (IPCO) conference, in Integer programming, is held in those years when there is no ISMP.
The International Conference on Continuous Optimization (ICCOPT), the continuous analog of the IPCO conference, was first held in 2004.
The Internation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavin
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Xavin is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is commonly depicted in association with the Runaways. Xavin is gender-fluid (made more prominent due to their shape-shifting abilities) with seemingly no preference in which pronouns are used for them ("they/them" pronouns are used throughout the article for clarity's sake). They were created by author Brian K. Vaughan and artist Adrian Alphona, and debuted in Runaways (vol. 2) #7. In the publications, Xavin is a Super-Skrull in training. Although Alphona was the series' artist at the time, artist Takeshi Miyazawa first drew the character on print. When Xavin first appeared to the Runaways, they took on the form of a black male, but changed into a black female just for the sake of Karolina Dean, a lesbian whom they were to marry. Xavin is often seen as a male, simply to be "intimidating". Xavin, often called "Xav" for short, is known for their obtuse and warlike personality. They had originally found it hard to fit in with the Runaways due in part to Xavin's constant gender switching and unfamiliarity with Earth values and norms though through proving their loyalty to the group found acceptance. Xavin is the child of the Skrull Prince De'zean.
Xavin was portrayed by Clarissa Thibeaux in the second and third seasons of the Hulu television series Runaways, which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Publication history
Xavin first appeared in Runaways (vol. 2) #7 (August 2005)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Canadian%20census
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The 2011 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population on May 10, 2011. Statistics Canada, an agency of the Canadian government, conducts a nationwide census every five years. In 2011, it consisted of a mandatory short form census questionnaire and an inaugural National Household Survey (NHS), a voluntary survey which replaced the mandatory long form census questionnaire; this substitution was the focus of much controversy. Completion of the (short form) census is mandatory for all Canadians, and those who do not complete it may face penalties ranging from fines to prison sentences.
The Statistics Act mandates a Senate and/or House of Commons (joint) committee review of the opt-in clause (for the release of one's census records after 92 years) by 2014.
The 2011 census was the fifteenth decennial census and, like other censuses, was required by section 8 of the Constitution Act, 1867. As with other decennial censuses, the data was used to adjust federal electoral district boundaries.
As of August 24, 2011, Canada's overall collection response rate was 98.1%, up over a percentage point from 96.5% in the 2006 census. Ontario and Prince Edward Island each held the highest response rate at 98.3%, while Nunavut held the lowest response rate at 92.7%.
In an article in the New York Times in August 2015, journalist Stephen Marche argued that by ending the mandatory long-form census in 2011, the federal government "stripped Canada of its capacity to gather i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20of%20Scone
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Robert of Scone (died 1159) was a 12th-century bishop of Cell Rígmonaid (or Kilrymont, now St Andrews). Robert's exact origins are unclear. He was an Augustinian canon at the Priory of St. Oswalds, at Nostell. His French name indicates a Norman rather than an Anglo-Saxon origin, but as he was likely born in the later 11th century, this may be due merely to the acculturation of his parents.
Prior of Scone
Robert was one of the most important clerics in the reign of King Alexander I of Scotland (Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim). He was appointed as the first Prior of Scone, the flagship Augustinian monastic establishment of Alexander's reign. This may have happened as early as 1114, and Walter Bower tells us that the new priory was dedicated by Thurgot, then bishop of Cell Rígmonaid. As Turgot left Scotland in 1115, no later date would be possible if Bower is to be believed. Many historians have rejected this date, because the Augustinian Rule was not instituted at Nostell until 1119, but as Kenneth Veitch points out, the date of the formal institution of the Rule is little guide to the actual activities of the monastic establishment. Moreover, the year 1114 just happened to be the year in which Alexander was present in England in the service of his overlord, King Henry I of England.
Bishop of St Andrews
It was this context that made Robert a natural candidate for the chief Scottish bishopric. He was probably elected to the bishopric in 1124. The Chronicle of Melrose tells us that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA%20reductase
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In enzymology, a Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(R)-mevalonate + CoA + 2 NAD+ 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2 H+
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are (R)-mevalonate, CoA, and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, NADH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-mevalonate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating). Other names in common use include beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA-reductase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.
References
External links
EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of known structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptidyl%20peptidase-4
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4 or DPPIV), also known as adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2 or CD26 (cluster of differentiation 26) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DPP4 gene. DPP4 is related to FAP, DPP8, and DPP9. The enzyme was discovered in 1966 by Hopsu-Havu and Glenner, and as a result of various studies on chemism, was called dipeptidyl peptidase IV [DP IV].
Function
The protein encoded by the DPP4 gene is an enzyme expressed on the surface of most cell types and is associated with immune regulation, signal transduction, and apoptosis. It is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, but a soluble form, which lacks the intracellular and transmembrane part, is present in blood plasma and various body fluids. DPP-4 is a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline or X-alanine dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. Peptide bonds involving the cyclic amino acid proline cannot be cleaved by the majority of proteases and an N-terminal X-proline "shields" various biopeptides. Extracellular proline-specific proteases therefore play an important role in the regulation of these biopeptides.
DPP-4 is known to cleave a broad range of substrates including growth factors, chemokines, neuropeptides, and vasoactive peptides. The cleaved substrates lose their biological activity in the majority of cases, but in the case of the chemokine RANTES and neuropeptide Y, DPP-4 mediated cleavage leads to a shift in the receptor subtype binding.
DPP4 plays a major role i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaeropteris
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Sphaeropteris is a genus of tree fern in the family Cyatheaceae. It has been treated as a subgenus within the genus Cyathea, but is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).
Description
Species of Sphaeropteris have a treelike habit, usually with a single tall stem, and large fronds to or more in length. The stalk (stipe) of the frond is strawlike or purple in colour, with pale to brown scales. The sori (spore-bearing structures) are rounded, with or without indusia (covers).
Sphaeropteris is now separated from the other genera in the family Cyatheaceae primarily on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies. However, the scales on the stalks (petioles) provide a morphological distinction. Sphaeropteris has scales without distinct margins, whereas the other genera have scales with distinct margins.
Taxonomy
The genus Sphaeropteris was erected by Johann Jakob Bernhardi in 1801. It is placed in the family Cyatheaceae. The division of the family into genera has had a long and controversial history. Three or four clades have been suggested based on molecular phylogenetic studies. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts three genera, related as shown in the cladogram below. Sphaeropteris is sister to the remaining members of the family.
Older sources, such as the New Zealand Organisms Register , place Sphaeropteris within a very broadly defined Cyathea.
Phylogeny
, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20polynomial
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In mathematics, in abstract algebra, a multivariate polynomial over a field such that the Laplacian of is zero is termed a harmonic polynomial.
The harmonic polynomials form a vector subspace of the vector space of polynomials over the field. In fact, they form a graded subspace. For the real field, the harmonic polynomials are important in mathematical physics.
The Laplacian is the sum of second partials with respect to all the variables, and is an invariant differential operator under the action of the orthogonal group via the group of rotations.
The standard separation of variables theorem states that every multivariate polynomial over a field can be decomposed as a finite sum of products of a radial polynomial and a harmonic polynomial. This is equivalent to the statement that the polynomial ring is a free module over the ring of radial polynomials.
See also
Harmonic function
Spherical harmonics
Zonal spherical harmonics
Multilinear polynomial
References
Lie Group Representations of Polynomial Rings by Bertram Kostant published in the American Journal of Mathematics Vol 85 No 3 (July 1963)
Abstract algebra
Polynomials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samskrita%20Bharati
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Samskrita Bharati (, ) is a non-profit organisation working to revive Sanskrit. Sanskrit was a pan-Indian language in the Vedic and classical period but lost its place to its derivative regional dialects in modern India. Samskrita Bharati has its headquarters in New Delhi. According to their own figures, repeated often in their promotional literature, by 1998, 2.9 million people had attended the conversation camps.
Mission and motivations
The basic mission of this organisation is to democratise and popularise Sanskrit by encouraging the use of simple Sanskrit in everyday conversational contexts. More recently, the organisation has started to focus on the maintenance of the "mother-tongue-ness" () of Sanskrit by means of Sanskrit households. Additionally, the primary impetus is on direct Sanskrit language instruction through Sanskrit itself as the medium of instruction.
Motivation
As its founder says, "Sanskrit is the best tool to remove the five types of social differences; linguistic, class, caste, sect and the north vs south division." A basic goal is to create a nation of Sanskrit speakers, (re)creating a national unity for India through common linguistic practice.
Another one of the main premises of the movement is to allow direct access to the vast storehouse of the Sanskrit textual tradition.
Pedagogical principles
The organisation's pedagogical philosophy is based on the idea that listening and speaking must precede reading and writing. Rejecting both Western-sty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernald
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Ernald (or Ærnald) (died 1163) was the second Abbot of Kelso before becoming Bishop of Cell Rígmonaid (St Andrews), the highest ranking Scottish see in the period. He was elected to the see on Sunday, St. Brice's Day (13 November) 1160, and was consecrated at Dunfermline in the presence of King Máel Coluim IV the following Sunday by William, Bishop of Moray, the Papal legate. He is alleged by John Fordun to have founded the "Great Church" of St. Andrews. His short episcopate ended when he died, according to Andrew of Wyntoun, in 1163. He was buried in the church of St Regulus (Riagail).
References
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), p. 7
12th-century births
Year of birth unknown
1163 deaths
Bishops of St Andrews
12th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20International%20Trade%20Classification
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Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) is a classification of goods used to classify the exports and imports of a country to enable comparing different countries and years. The classification system is maintained by the United Nations. The SITC classification, is currently at revision four, which was promulgated in 2006.
The SITC is recommended only for analytical purposes – trade statistics are recommended to be collected and compiled in the Harmonized System instead.
The following excerpt was taken from the United Nations Statistics Division, international trade statistics branch:
"For compiling international trade statistics on all merchandise entering international trade, and to promote international comparability of international trade statistics. The commodity groupings of SITC reflect (a) the materials used in production, (b) the processing stage, (c) market practices and uses of the products, (d) the importance of the commodities in terms of world trade, and (e) technological changes."
See also
Broad Economic Categories
Combined Nomenclature
References
External links
Download List of products in SITC from World Bank
Economic taxonomy
International trade
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20the%20Chaplain
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Richard the Chaplain (or Ricardus Capellanus) was the Chaplain of King Máel Coluim IV before becoming Bishop of Cell Rígmonaid (St Andrews), the highest ranking Scottish see of the period. He came from a well connected Anglo-Norman Lothian-based family, and was the nephew of Alwin, Abbot of Holyrood. Richard was elected to the see in 1163, soon after the death of his predecessor Ernald, and was consecrated on Palm Sunday 1165 by other Scottish bishops in the presence of the king. He died in 1178 in the infirmary of the canons of the church. He was succeeded by John, called "l'Escot" (the Scot).
References
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
12th-century births
1178 deaths
Bishops of St Andrews
12th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphobilinogen%20deaminase
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Porphobilinogen deaminase (hydroxymethylbilane synthase, or uroporphyrinogen I synthase) is an enzyme () that in humans is encoded by the HMBS gene. Porphobilinogen deaminase is involved in the third step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. It catalyzes the head to tail condensation of four porphobilinogen molecules into the linear hydroxymethylbilane while releasing four ammonia molecules:
4 porphobilinogen + H2O hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH3
Structure and function
Functionally, porphobilinogen deaminase catalyzes the loss of ammonia from the porphobilinogen monomer (deamination) and its subsequent polymerization to a linear tetrapyrrole, which is released as hydroxymethylbilane:
The structure of 40-42 kDa porphobilinogen deaminase, which is highly conserved amongst organisms, consists of three domains. Domains 1 and 2 are structurally very similar: each consisting of five beta-sheets and three alpha helices in humans. Domain 3 is positioned between the other two and has a flattened beta-sheet geometry. A dipyrrole, a cofactor of this enzyme consisting of two condensed porphobilinogen molecules, is covalently attached to domain 3 and extends into the active site, the cleft between domains 1 and 2. Several positively charged arginine residues, positioned to face the active site from domains 1 and 2, have been shown to stabilize the carboxylate functionalities on the incoming porphobilinogen as well as the growing pyrrole chain. These structural features presumably favor t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroporphyrinogen%20III%20synthase
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Uroporphyrinogen III synthase () is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the cyclic tetrapyrrole compound porphyrin. It is involved in the conversion of hydroxymethyl bilane into uroporphyrinogen III. This enzyme catalyses the inversion of the final pyrrole unit (ring D) of the linear tetrapyrrole molecule, linking it to the first pyrrole unit (ring A), thereby generating a large macrocyclic structure, uroporphyrinogen III. The enzyme folds into two alpha/beta domains connected by a beta-ladder, the active site being located between the two domains.
Pathology
A deficiency is associated with Gunther's disease, also known as congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP). This is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism that results from the markedly deficient activity of uroporphyrinogen III synthase.
References
External links
EC 4.2.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproporphyrinogen%20III%20oxidase
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Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase, mitochondrial (abbreviated as CPOX) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPOX gene. A genetic defect in the enzyme results in a reduced production of heme in animals. The medical condition associated with this enzyme defect is called hereditary coproporphyria.
CPOX, the sixth enzyme of the haem biosynthetic pathway, converts coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX through two sequential steps of oxidative decarboxylation. The activity of the CPOX enzyme, located in the mitochondrial membrane, is measured in lymphocytes.
Function
CPOX is an enzyme involved in the sixth step of porphyrin metabolism it catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to proto-porphyrinogen IX in the haem and chlorophyll biosynthetic pathways. The protein is a homodimer containing two internally bound iron atoms per molecule of native protein. The enzyme is active in the presence of molecular oxygen that acts as an electron acceptor. The enzyme is widely distributed having been found in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic sources.
Structure
Gene
Human CPOX is a mitochondrial enzyme encoded by a 14 kb CPOX gene containing seven exons located on chromosome 3 at q11.2.
Protein
CPOX is expressed as a 40 kDa precursor and contains an amino terminal mitochondrial targeting signal. After proteolytic processing, the protein is present as a mature form of a homodimer with a molecular mass of 37 kDa.
Clinical significance
Heredita
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrochelatase
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Protoporphyrin ferrochelatase (EC 4.98.1.1, formerly EC 4.99.1.1, or ferrochelatase; systematic name protoheme ferro-lyase (protoporphyrin-forming)) is an enzyme encoded by the FECH gene in humans. Ferrochelatase catalyses the eighth and terminal step in the biosynthesis of heme, converting protoporphyrin IX into heme B. It catalyses the reaction:
protoheme + 2 H+ = protoporphyrin + Fe2+
Function
Ferrochelatase catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX in the heme biosynthesis pathway to form heme B. The enzyme is localized to the matrix-facing side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Ferrochelatase is the best known member of a family of enzymes that add divalent metal cations to tetrapyrrole structures. For example, magnesium chelatase adds magnesium to protoporphyrin IX in the first step of bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis.
Heme B is an essential cofactor in many proteins and enzymes. In particular, heme b plays a key role as the oxygen carrier in hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells. Furthermore, heme B is found in cytochrome b, a key component in Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III) in oxidative phosphorylation.
Structure
Human ferrochelatase is a homodimer composed of two 359 amino acid polypeptide chains. It has a total molecular weight of 85.07 kDa. Each subunit is composed of five regions: a mitochondrial localization sequence, the N terminal domain, two folded domains, and a C terminal extension. Residues 1–6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coproporphyrinogens
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Coproporphyrinogens are tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups and an equal number of substituted methyls.
Coproporphyrinogen III is the most common variance. In the metabolism of porphyrin, it is formed from uroporphyrinogen III by the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase, and it is converted into protoporphyrinogen IX by coproporphyrinogen III oxidase.
External links
PubChem - Coproporphyrinogen III
Pyrroles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisomal%20disorder
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Peroxisomal disorders represent a class of medical conditions caused by defects in peroxisome functions. This may be due to defects in single enzymes important for peroxisome function or in peroxins, proteins encoded by PEX genes that are critical for normal peroxisome assembly and biogenesis.
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) include the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (PBD-ZSD) and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1). PBD-ZSD represents a continuum of disorders including infantile Refsum disease, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and Zellweger syndrome. Collectively, PBDs are autosomal recessive developmental brain disorders that also result in skeletal and craniofacial dysmorphism, liver dysfunction, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and retinopathy.
PBD-ZSD is most commonly caused by mutations in the PEX1, PEX6, PEX10, PEX12, and PEX26 genes. This results in the over-accumulation of very long chain fatty acids and branched chain fatty acids, such as phytanic acid. In addition, PBD-ZSD patients show deficient levels of plasmalogens, ether-phospholipids necessary for normal brain and lung function.
RCDP1 is caused by mutations in the PEX7 gene, which encodes the PTS2 receptor. RCDP1 patients can develop large tissue stores of branched chain fatty acids, such as phytanic acid, and show reduced levels of plasmalogens.
Enzyme and transporter defects
Peroxisomal disorders also include:
References
External links
Pero
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosidosis
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Fucosidosis is a rare lysosomal storage disorder in which the FUCA1 gene experiences mutations that severely reduce or stop the activity of the alpha-L-fucosidase enzyme. The result is a buildup of complex sugars in parts of the body, which leads to death.
Fucosidosis is one of nine identified glycoprotein storage diseases. The gene encoding the alpha-fucosidase, FUCA 1, was found to be located to the short arm of chromosome 1p36 - p34, by Carrit and co-workers, in 1982.
Cause
Fucosidosis is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects many areas of the body. Mutations in the FUCA1 gene cause fucosidosis. The FUCA1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called alpha-L-fucosidase. The enzyme plays a role in the breakdown of complex sugars in the body. The deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase, which is used to metabolize complex compounds in the body (fucose-containing glycolipids and fucose-containing glycoproteins), leads to lysosomal accumulation of a variety of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and oligosaccharides that contain fucose moieties. The result is incomplete breakdown of glycolipids and glycoproteins. These partially broken down compounds accumulate in various parts of the body and begin to cause malfunction in cells, and can eventually cause cell death. Brain cells are especially sensitive to this buildup. Other results are progressive neurological deterioration, skin abnormalities, growth retardation, skeletal disease, and coarsening of facial featu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20connection
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In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the term linear connection can refer to either of the following overlapping concepts:
a connection on a vector bundle, often viewed as a differential operator (a Koszul connection or covariant derivative);
a principal connection on the frame bundle of a manifold or the induced connection on any associated bundle — such a connection is equivalently given by a Cartan connection for the affine group of affine space, and is often called an affine connection.
The two meanings overlap, for example, in the notion of a linear connection on the tangent bundle of a manifold.
In older literature, the term linear connection is occasionally used for an Ehresmann connection or Cartan connection on an arbitrary fiber bundle, to emphasise that these connections are "linear in the horizontal direction" (i.e., the horizontal bundle is a vector subbundle of the tangent bundle of the fiber bundle), even if they are not "linear in the vertical (fiber) direction". However, connections which are not linear in this sense have received little attention outside the study of spray structures and Finsler geometry.
References
Connection (mathematics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anilide
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In organic chemistry, anilides (or phenylamides) are a class of organic compounds with the general structure . They are amide derivatives of aniline ().
Preparation
Aniline reacts with acyl chlorides or carboxylic anhydrides to give anilides. For example, reaction of aniline with acetyl chloride provides acetanilide (). At high temperatures, aniline and carboxylic acids react to give anilides.
Uses
Herbicides
Fungicides - Oxycarboxin, Carboxin
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing%20hormone/choriogonadotropin%20receptor
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The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) is a transmembrane receptor found predominantly in the ovary and testis, but also many extragonadal organs such as the uterus and breasts. The receptor interacts with both luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropins (such as hCG in humans) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Its activation is necessary for the hormonal functioning during reproduction.
LHCGR gene
The gene for the LHCGR is found on chromosome 2 p21 in humans, close to the FSH receptor gene. It consists of 70 kbp (versus 54 kpb for the FSHR). The gene is similar to the gene for the FSH receptor and the TSH receptor.
Receptor structure
The LHCGR consists of 674 amino acids and has a molecular mass of about 85–95 kDA based on the extent of glycosylation.
Like other GPCRs, the LHCG receptor possess seven membrane-spanning domains or transmembrane helices. The extracellular domain of the receptor is heavily glycosylated. These transmembrane domains contain two highly conserved cysteine residues, which build disulfide bonds to stabilize the receptor structure. The transmembrane part is highly homologous with other members of the rhodopsin family of GPCRs. The C-terminal domain is intracellular and brief, rich in serine and threonine residues for possible phosphorylation.
Ligand binding and signal transduction
Upon binding of LH to the e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Financial%20Statistics
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The IMF International Financial Statistics (IFS) is a compilation of financial data collected from various sources, covering the economies of 194 countries and areas worldwide, which is published monthly by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Methodology and scope
The IFS is the IMF’s principal statistical publication, covering numerous topics of international and domestic finance. It includes, for most countries, data on exchange rates, balance of payments, international liquidity, money and banking, interest rates, prices, etc. Most annual data begins in 1948, quarterly and monthly data dates back to 1957, and most balance of payments data begins in 1970.
The IMF compiles the data from various sources including government departments, national accounts, central banks, the United Nations (UN), Eurostat, the International Labour Organization (ILO), and private financial institutions.
Accessing the data
The Economic and Social Data Service (ESDS) International provides the macro-economic datasets free of charge for members of UK higher and further education institutions. In order to access the data, users have to be registered, which can be done here. Alternatively, the data is available to explore and download free of charge on the IMF data portal. In addition, the IMF offers an API based on the SDMX standard for automated downloads.
References
External links
International Financial Statistics online
About ESDS International
SDMX - Statistical Data and Metadata eX
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCHR
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LCHR may refer to:
Latvian Centre for Human Rights, a non-governmental organization
Lowcountry Highrollers, an American roller derby league
lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor, a transmembrane receptor
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