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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLUT1
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Glucose transporter 1 (or GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1), is a uniporter protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A1 gene. GLUT1 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. This gene encodes a facilitative glucose transporter that is highly expressed in erythrocytes and endothelial cells, including cells of the blood–brain barrier. The encoded protein is found primarily in the cell membrane and on the cell surface, where it can also function as a receptor for human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) I and II. GLUT1 accounts for 2 percent of the protein in the plasma membrane of erythrocytes.
Mutations in this gene can cause GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, idiopathic generalized epilepsy 12, dystonia 9, and stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis.
Discovery
GLUT1 was the first glucose transporter to be characterized. GLUT 1 is highly conserved. GLUT 1 of humans and mice have 98% identity at the amino acid level. GLUT 1 is encoded by the SLC2 gene and is one of a family of 14 genes encoding GLUT proteins.
Structure
The SLC2A1 gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 1 in position 34.2 and has 10 exons spanning 33,802 base pairs. The gene produces a 54.1 kDa protein composed of 492 amino acids. It is a multi-pass protein located in the cell membrane. This protein lacks a signal sequence; its C-terminus, N-terminus, and the very hydrophilic doma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte%20pair%20encoding
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Byte pair encoding (also known as digram coding) is an algorithm, first described in 1994 by Philip Gage. Its modification is notable as the large language model tokenizer with an ability to combine both tokens that encode single characters (including single digits or single punctuation marks) and those that encode whole words (even the longest compound words). This modification, in the first step, assumes all unique characters to be an initial set of 1-character long n-grams (i.e. initial "tokens"). Then, successively the most frequent pair of adjacent characters is merged into a new, 2-characters long n-gram and all instances of the pair are replaced by this new token. This is repeated until a vocabulary of prescribed size is obtained. Note that new words can always be constructed from final vocabulary tokens and initial-set characters.
All the unique tokens found in a corpus are listed in a token vocabulary, the size of which, in the case of GPT-3, is 50257.
The difference between the modified and the original algorithm is that the original algorithm does not merge the most frequent pair of bytes of data, but replaces them by a new byte that was not contained in the initial dataset. A lookup table of the replacements is required to rebuild the initial dataset. The algorithm is effective for the tokenization because it does not require large computational overheads and remains consistent and reliable.
Original algorithm
The original algorithm operates by iteratively rep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentzia
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Hentzia is a genus of the spider family Salticidae (jumping spiders) subfamily Dendryphantinae. The genus is widespread in North America and northern South America but the center of biodiversity seems to be primarily in the Caribbean and surrounding areas, with the greatest species diversity occurring in Cuba, which has seven species. Some outlier species, such as Hentzia poenitens and Hentzia fimbriata are found in western North America. It appears to be closely related to the genus Anicius from which it differs primarily in certain anatomical details.
Description
The genus is characterized by the females especially having hair (setal) pencils below the posterior medial eyes and spatulate hairs on the ventral margin of the first patella and distal femur. These characters are not found in Anicius and there are some differences in the structure of both male palpi and female epigyna. However, the anatomy is close enough that there is almost certainly some relationship to Anicius.
Behavior
Hentzia males perform fairly elaborate courtship displays and engage in both ritual agonistic displays and fighting. Displays have been observed in Hentzia palmarum, Hentzia mitrata , Hentzia antillana, and Hentzia grenada and are suspected in the rest. In the species that have been observed, courtship begins with the male spreading his front legs and with the abdomen cocked to right or left and raised at an angle of about 30 degrees above the substrate. Males of H. palmarum started courtsh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANS
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RANS or Rans may refer to:
rANS, an entropy coding technique
Rans, Jura, a commune in eastern France
Rans (Penafiel), a parish in the municipality of Penafiel, northern Portugal
RANS Cilegon F.C., an Indonesian football club
Rans Designs, an aircraft, sail trike, land yacht and bicycle manufacturer, usually styled as "RANS" by the company
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexippus%20%28spider%29
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Plexippus is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1846. It is considered a senior synonym of Hissarinus and Apamamia.
Taxonomy
In Maddison's 2015 classification of the family Salticidae, Plexippus is placed in the tribe Plexippini, part of the Salticoida clade of the subfamily Salticinae.
Species
it contains forty-two species and one subspecies, found in Oceania, Asia, Europe, Africa, North and South America, Australia, and on the Pacific Islands:
Plexippus aper Thorell, 1881 – New Guinea
Plexippus auberti Lessert, 1925 – Kenya, Tanzania
Plexippus baro Wesolowska & Tomasiewicz, 2008 – Ethiopia
Plexippus bhutani Zabka, 1990 – Bhutan, China
Plexippus brachypus Thorell, 1881 – Papua New Guinea (Yule Is.)
Plexippus clemens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Yemen, India, Iran?
Plexippus coccinatus Thorell, 1895 – Myanmar
Plexippus coccineus Simon, 1902 – Turkey ('Turcomania')
Plexippus devorans (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – Israel
Plexippus dushanbinus Andreeva, 1969 – Tajikistan
Plexippus fibulatus Dawidowicz & Wesolowska, 2016 – Kenya
Plexippus frendens Thorell, 1881 – New Guinea
Plexippus fuscus Rollard & Wesolowska, 2002 – Guinea
Plexippus gershomi Prószyński, 2017 – Israel
Plexippus ignatius Caleb, 2022 – India
Plexippus incognitus Dönitz & Strand, 1906 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
Plexippus insulanus Thorell, 1881 – Indonesia (Moluccas)
Plexippus iranus Logunov, 2009 – Iran
Plexippus kondarensis (Charito
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatomedin
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Somatomedins are a group of proteins produced predominantly by the liver when growth hormones act on target tissue. Somatomedins inhibit the release of growth hormones by acting directly on anterior pituitary and by stimulating the secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
Somatomedins are a group of proteins that promote cell growth and division in response to stimulation by growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (STH).
Somatomedins have similar biological effects to somatotropin.
In addition to their actions that stimulate growth, somatomedins also stimulate production of somatostatin, which suppresses growth hormone release. Thus, levels of somatomedins are controlled via negative feedback through the intermediates of somatostatin and growth hormone. Somatomedins are produced in many tissues and have autocrine and paracrine actions in addition to their endocrine action. The liver is thought to be the predominant source of circulating somatomedins.
Three forms include:
Somatomedin A, which is another name for insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2)
Somatomedin B, which is derived from vitronectin
Somatomedin C, which is another name for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
References
External links
Brs physiology
Growth hormones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proszynskiana
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Proszynskiana is a genus of Asian jumping spiders that was first described by D. V. Logunov in 1996. It is named in honor of arachnologist Jerzy Prószyński.
Taxonomy
In Maddison's 2015 classification of the family Salticidae, Proszynskiana is placed in the tribe Aelurillini, part of the Salticoida clade of the subfamily Salticinae.
Species
it contains seven species, found in Siberia, Tajikistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan:
Proszynskiana aeluriforma Logunov & Rakov, 1998 – Uzbekistan
Proszynskiana deserticola Logunov, 1996 – Kazakhstan
Proszynskiana iranica Logunov, 1996 – Turkmenistan
Proszynskiana izadii Azarkina & Zamani, 2019 – Iran
Proszynskiana logunovi Azarkina & Zamani, 2019 – Iran
Proszynskiana starobogatovi Logunov, 1996 (type) – Tajikistan
Proszynskiana zonshteini Logunov, 1996 – Turkmenistan
References
Salticidae genera
Salticidae
Spiders of Asia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srta
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Srta may refer to:
Southeastern Regional Transit Authority
State Road and Tollway Authority, a government agency of the U.S. state of Georgia
Sortase A, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin%20receptor
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There are at least four known endothelin receptors, ETA, ETB1, ETB2 and ETC, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors whose activation result in elevation of intracellular-free calcium, which constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, raising blood pressure, or relaxes the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, among other functions.
Physiological functions
ETA is a subtype for vasoconstriction These receptors are found in the smooth muscle tissue of blood vessels, and binding of endothelin to ETA increases vasoconstriction (contraction of the blood vessel walls) and the retention of sodium, leading to increased blood pressure.
ETB1 mediates vasodilation, When endothelin binds to ETB1 receptors, this leads to the release of nitric oxide (also called endothelium-derived relaxing factor), natriuresis and diuresis (the production and elimination of urine) and mechanisms that lower blood pressure.
ETB2 mediates vasoconstriction
ETC has yet no clearly defined function.
ET receptors are also found in the nervous system where they may mediate neurotransmission and vascular functions.
Brain and nerves
Widely distributed in the body, receptors for endothelin are present in blood vessels and cells of the brain, choroid plexus and peripheral nerves. When applied directly to the brain of rats in picomolar quantities as an experimental model of stroke, endothelin-1 caused severe metabolic stimulation and seizures with substantial decreases in blood fl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin%20receptor
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The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPOR gene. EpoR is a 52kDa peptide with a single carbohydrate chain resulting in an approximately 56-57 kDa protein found on the surface of EPO responding cells. It is a member of the cytokine receptor family. EpoR pre-exists as dimers. These dimers were originally thought to be formed by extracellular domain interactions, however, it is now assumed that it is formed by interactions of the transmembrane domain and that the original structure of the extracellular interaction site was due to crystallisation conditions and does not depict the native conformation. Binding of a 30 kDa ligand erythropoietin (Epo), changes the receptor's conformational change, resulting in the autophosphorylation of Jak2 kinases that are pre-associated with the receptor (i.e., EpoR does not possess intrinsic kinase activity and depends on Jak2 activity). At present, the best-established function of EpoR is to promote proliferation and rescue of erythroid (red blood cell) progenitors from apoptosis.
Function and mechanism of action
The cytoplasmic domains of the EpoR contain a number of phosphotyrosines that are phosphorylated by Jak2 and serve as docking sites for a variety of intracellular pathway activators and Stats (such as Stat5). In addition to activating Ras/AKT and ERK/MAP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway and STAT transcription factors, phosphotyrosines also serve as docking sites for phosph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon%20receptor
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The glucagon receptor is a 62 kDa protein that is activated by glucagon and is a member of the class B G-protein coupled family of receptors, coupled to G alpha i, Gs and to a lesser extent G alpha q. Stimulation of the receptor results in the activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C and in increased levels of the secondary messengers intracellular cAMP and calcium. In humans, the glucagon receptor is encoded by the gene.
Glucagon receptors are mainly expressed in liver and in kidney with lesser amounts found in heart, adipose tissue, spleen, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, cerebral cortex, and gastrointestinal tract.
Signal transduction pathway
A glucagon receptor, upon binding with the signaling molecule glucagon, initiates a signal transduction pathway that begins with the activation of adenylate cyclase, which in turn produces cyclic AMP (cAMP). Protein kinase A, whose activation is dependent on the increased levels of cAMP, is responsible for the ensuing cellular response in the form of protein kinase 1 and 2. The ligand-bound glucagon receptor can also initiate a concurrent signaling pathway that is independent of cAMP by activating phospholipase C. Phospholipase C produces DAG and IP3 from PIP2, a phospholipid phospholipase C cleaves off of the plasma membrane. Ca2+ stores inside the cell release Ca2+ when its calcium channels are bound by IP3.
Structure
The 3D crystallographic structures of the seven transmembrane helical domain (7TM) and the extra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrotropin%20receptor
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The thyrotropin receptor (or TSH receptor) is a receptor (and associated protein) that responds to thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as "thyrotropin") and stimulates the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The TSH receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins and is coupled to the Gs protein.
It is primarily found on the surface of the thyroid epithelial cells, but also found on adipose tissue and fibroblasts. The latter explains the reason of the myxedema finding during Graves disease. In addition, it has also been found to be expressed in the anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus and kidneys. Its presence in the anterior pituitary gland may be involved in mediating the paracrine signaling feedback inhibition of thyrotropin along the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis.
Function
Upon binding circulating TSH, a G-protein signal cascade activates adenylyl cyclase and intracellular levels of cAMP rise. cAMP activates all functional aspects of the thyroid cell, including iodine pumping; thyroglobulin synthesis, iodination, endocytosis, and proteolysis; thyroid peroxidase activity; and hormone release. TSHR is involved in regulating seasonal reproduction in vertebrates.
See also
Graves' disease
References
Further reading
External links
SSFA-GPHR: Sequence Structure Function Analysis of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors
GRIS: Glycoprotein-hormone Receptor Information System
G protein-cou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin
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Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors.
Much of galanin's functional role is still undiscovered. Galanin is closely involved in the modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including: nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, regulation of mood, regulation of blood pressure, it also has roles in development as well as acting as a trophic factor. Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus may govern parental behaviour. Galanin is linked to a number of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy as well as depression, eating disorders, cancer, and addiction. Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy in the peripheral nervous system as well as when seizure activity occurs in the brain. It may also promote neurogenesis.
Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory, hyperpolarizing neuropeptide and as such inhibits neurotransmitter release. Galanin is often co-localized with classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, and also with other neuromodulators such as neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide.
Discovery
Galanin was first identified from porcine intestin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann%20Neuron
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The Hartmann Neuron was an electronic musical instrument designed and built by industry designer Axel Hartmann of the German company Hartmann Music in the years 2001–2005. The Neuron synthesizer used an Artificial Neural Network to create a digital computer model from sampled sounds, implementing a new synthesis technology which was developed by Stephan Bernsee at Prosoniq. This computer model could then be used to resynthesize a new sound, giving the player control over "musical" aspects such as instrument body size, material and other acoustic properties. This parametric approach is very different from the more mathematical approaches of other synthesizers. The Hartmann Neuron VS, a Mac/Windows compatible VST software version of the instrument, was released in 2005.
Critique
Even though the instrument was awarded numerous prizes for innovation it was difficult to operate due to its limited display capabilities, which made adjusting the tonal qualities of a sound a tedious trial and error process. Given the very high price of the instrument (around 5000 USD) many people felt that manipulating a wireframe model of a sound only by ear did not allow for the amount of control necessary for such a complex operation. However, combined with a sample editor, the included Modelmaker software & MIDI control via sequencing, this difficulty can be somewhat rectified, albeit without the aid of the 3D image of the model.
Hartmann Music had to fight a couple of technical problems which w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustulosis
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Pustulosis is highly inflammatory skin condition resulting in large fluid-filled blister-like areas - pustules. Pustulosis typically occurs on the palms of the hands and/or the soles of the feet. The skin of these areas peels and flakes (exfoliates).
This condition—also referred to as "palmo-plantar pustulosis"—is a feature of pustular psoriasis.
See also
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris
References
Pustular dermatitis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECtalk
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DECtalk was a speech synthesizer and text-to-speech technology developed by Digital Equipment Corporation in 1983, based largely on the work of Dennis Klatt at MIT, whose source-filter algorithm was variously known as KlattTalk or MITalk.
Uses ranged from interacting with the public to allowing those with speech disabilities to verbalize, include giving a public speech.
History
Announced December 1983, a trickle came February 1984; larger DECtalk quantities were delivered in March.
They were standalone units that connected to any device with an asynchronous serial port. These units were also able to connect to the telephone system by having two telephone jacks. One connected to a phone line, the other to a telephone. The DECtalk units could recognize and generate any telephone touch tone. With that capability the units could be used to automate various telephone-related tasks by handling both incoming and outgoing calls. This included acting as an interface to an email system and the capability to function as an alerting system by utilizing the ability to place calls and interact via touch tones with the person answering the phone.
Later units were produced for PCs with ISA bus slots. In addition, various software implementations were produced, most notably the DECtalk Access32. Certain versions of the synthesizer were prone to undesirable characteristics. For example, the alveolar stops were often assimilated as sounding more like dental stops. Also, versions s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin%20receptor
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The bradykinin receptor family is a group of G-protein coupled receptors whose principal ligand is the protein bradykinin.
There are two Bradykinin receptors: the B1 receptor and the B2 receptor.
B1 receptor
Bradykinin receptor B1 (B1) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the BDKRB1 gene in humans. Its principal ligand is bradykinin, a 9 amino acid peptide generated in pathophysiologic conditions such as inflammation, trauma, burns, shock, and allergy. The B1 receptor is one of two G protein-coupled receptors that have been found which bind bradykinin and mediate responses to these pathophysiologic conditions.
B1 protein is synthesized by de novo following tissue injury and receptor binding leads to an increase in the cytosolic calcium ion concentration, ultimately resulting in chronic and acute inflammatory responses.
B2 receptor
The B2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, coupled to Gq and Gi. Gq stimulates phospholipase C to increase intracellular free calcium and Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase. Furthermore, the receptor stimulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. It is ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in healthy tissues.
The B2 receptor forms a complex with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and this is thought to play a role in cross-talk between the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the kinin–kallikrein system (KKS). The heptapeptide angiotensin (1-7) also potentiates bradykinin action on B2 receptors.
Icatibant is a second ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%20receptor%2C%20type%201
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Bone morphogenetic protein type I receptors are single pass, type I transmembrane proteins. They belong to a class of receptor serine/threonine kinases that bind members of the TGF beta superfamily of ligands—the bone morphogenetic proteins.
The three types of type I BMP receptors are ACVR1, BMPR1A and BMPR1B.
External links
Receptors
Transmembrane receptors
S/T domain
GS domain
Bone morphogenetic protein
EC 2.7.11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMPR1A
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The bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA also known as BMPR1A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMPR1A gene. BMPR1A has also been designated as CD292 (cluster of differentiation 292).
Function
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors are a family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases that include the type I receptors BMPR1A (this protein) and BMPR1B and the type II receptor BMPR2. These receptors are also closely related to the activin receptors, ACVR1 and ACVR2. The ligands of these receptors are members of the TGF beta superfamily. TGF-betas and activins transduce their signals through the formation of heterodimeric complexes with 2 different types of serine (threonine) kinase receptors: type I receptors of about 50-55 kD and type II receptors of about 70-80 kD. Type II receptors bind ligands in the absence of type I receptors, but they require their respective type I receptors for signaling, whereas type I receptors require their respective type II receptors for ligand binding.
BMP's repress WNT signaling to maintain stable stem cell populations. BMPR1A null mice died at embryonic day 8.0 without mesoderm specification, demonstrating its vital role in gastrulation. It has been demonstrated in experiments using dominant negative BMPR1A chick embryos that BMPR1A plays a role in apoptosis and adipocyte development. Using constitutively active forms of BMPR1A, it has been shown that BMPR1A plays a role in cell differentiation. Signals transdu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20urban%20areas%20in%20Denmark%20by%20population
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This is a list of urban areas in Denmark by population. For a list on cities in Denmark please see List of cities in Denmark by population.
The population is measured by Statistics Denmark for urban areas (Danish: byområder or bymæssige områder), which is defined as a contiguous built-up area with a maximum distance of 200 m between houses, unless further distance is caused by public areas, cemeteries or similar reasons. Furthermore, to obtain by-status, the area must have at least 200 inhabitants. Some urban areas in Denmark have witnessed conurbation and grown together.
See also
Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries
List of metropolitan areas in Sweden
List of urban areas in Sweden by population
List of urban areas in Norway by population
List of urban areas in the Nordic countries
List of urban areas in Finland by population
List of cities in Iceland
World's largest cities
Notes
References
Denmark
Denmark
Denmark
Urban
ca:Llista de ciutats de Dinamarca
da:Danmarks største byer
eo:Listo de urboj de Danio
fr:Villes du Danemark
kk:Дания қалаларының тізімі
lv:Dānijas pilsētu uzskaitījums
nl:Lijst van grote Deense steden
no:Liste over danske byer
pl:Miasta Danii
ru:Города Дании
sv:Lista över städer i Danmark efter storlek
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%20equation
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The Abel equation, named after Niels Henrik Abel, is a type of functional equation of the form
or
.
The forms are equivalent when is invertible. or control the iteration of .
Equivalence
The second equation can be written
Taking , the equation can be written
For a known function , a problem is to solve the functional equation for the function , possibly satisfying additional requirements, such as .
The change of variables , for a real parameter , brings Abel's equation into the celebrated Schröder's equation, .
The further change into Böttcher's equation, .
The Abel equation is a special case of (and easily generalizes to) the translation equation,
e.g., for ,
. (Observe .)
The Abel function further provides the canonical coordinate for Lie advective flows (one parameter Lie groups).
History
Initially, the equation in the more general form
was reported. Even in the case of a single variable, the equation is non-trivial, and admits special analysis.
In the case of a linear transfer function, the solution is expressible compactly.
Special cases
The equation of tetration is a special case of Abel's equation, with .
In the case of an integer argument, the equation encodes a recurrent procedure, e.g.,
and so on,
Solutions
The Abel equation has at least one solution on if and only if for all and all , , where , is the function iterated times.
Analytic solutions (Fatou coordinates) can be approximated by asymptotic expansion of a function define
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der%27s%20equation
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Schröder's equation, named after Ernst Schröder, is a functional equation with one independent variable: given the function , find the function such that
Schröder's equation is an eigenvalue equation for the composition operator that sends a function to .
If is a fixed point of , meaning , then either (or ) or . Thus, provided that is finite and does not vanish or diverge, the eigenvalue is given by .
Functional significance
For , if is analytic on the unit disk, fixes , and , then Gabriel Koenigs showed in 1884 that there is an analytic (non-trivial) satisfying Schröder's equation. This is one of the first steps in a long line of theorems fruitful for understanding composition operators on analytic function spaces, cf. Koenigs function.
Equations such as Schröder's are suitable to encoding self-similarity, and have thus been extensively utilized in studies of nonlinear dynamics (often referred to colloquially as chaos theory). It is also used in studies of turbulence, as well as the renormalization group.
An equivalent transpose form of Schröder's equation for the inverse of Schröder's conjugacy function is . The change of variables (the Abel function) further converts Schröder's equation to the older Abel equation, . Similarly, the change of variables converts Schröder's equation to Böttcher's equation, .
Moreover, for the velocity, , Julia's equation, , holds.
The -th power of a solution of Schröder's equation provides a solution of Schröder's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne%20Clarke
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Adrienne Elizabeth Clarke (née Petty; born 6 January 1938) is Professor Emeritus of Botany at the University of Melbourne, where she ran the Plant Cell Biology Research Centre from 1982–1999. She is a former chairman of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, 1991–1996), former Lieutenant Governor of Victoria (1997–2000) and former Chancellor of La Trobe University (2011–2017).
Biography
Born in Melbourne, Clarke reports she experienced some sexism as a bright student in the 1950s. She attended Ruyton Girls' School and entered the University of Melbourne in 1955 where she was a resident of Janet Clarke Hall (then still part of Trinity College) reading Science. She graduated with an Honours degree in Biological Sciences in 1959, and gained her PhD in 1963. She married Charles Peter Clarke on 14 August 1959.
In 1964 she became a research fellow at the United Dental Hospital of Sydney, then moved to Baylor University in Houston and the University of Michigan, later teaching at the University of Auckland. She worked at the University of Melbourne as Research Fellow (1969–1977), then lecturer, senior lecturer and reader before being appointed Professor of Botany in 1985 and Laureate Professor in 1999. She retired from the University in 2005.
Clarke is a former chairman of CSIRO (1991–1996) and a former Lieutenant Governor of Victoria (1997–2000). She is a Fellow of Janet Clarke Hall at the University of Melbourne. In 2010 she joined the La Tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Style
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Crystal Style is Crystal Kay's fifth studio album. Unlike Crystal's last three albums, this record is more pop oriented and features more foreign producers, including Ashley Ingram and Jamelia. It was released in two different versions: a regular CD edition and a limited CD+DVD edition containing an English version of "MAKE YOU MINE", a DVD with her recent music videos, and a slipcase. There were only two singles released leading up to Crystal's Style.
The album reached #2 on the Oricon weekly charts, where it charted for 31 weeks. As it sold 296,756 copies in 2005, it became the #44 best selling album of that year.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
External links
References
2005 albums
Crystal Kay albums
Epic Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Trek%3A%20New%20Earth
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Star Trek: New Earth is a series of interlinked novels inspired by Gene Roddenberry's original pitch for Star Trek: "Wagon train to the stars." Created by John J. Ordover, the novels follow the crew of the Enterprise as they escort a colonial expedition into a hostile region of unexplored space.
The novels occur during the second five-year mission, sometime between the episode "Turnabout Intruder" and Star Trek: The Motion Picture. The series was intended to be the springboard for a flagship new book line similar to Star Trek: New Frontier, called Star Trek: Challenger.
Production
John J. Ordover told Jeff Ayers, in Voyages of Imagination (2006), the concept for New Earth originated as "a personal reaction to Voyager." He believed there was no stakes for those characters, no "emotional tie" to the region that ship was passing through. Ordover asked, “What if you went outside the known galaxy or outside the common area to find a new colony and you were assigned to stay there and protect them for a while?” His answer was the concept for New Earth.
Wagon Train to the Stars (2000)
Star Trek: New EarthWagon Train to the Stars by Diane Carey, who also told Ayers that Ordover wanted a “new captain, new ship, new crew, and new situation, bringing Star Trek back to the original concept of ‘being out there’ with limited contact, essentially in a wild west town and having to fake it, hacking our way to civilization the hard way.” Carey and her husband, Greg Brodeur, developed the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny
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Sonny is a common nickname and occasional given name. Often it can be a derivative of the English word "Son", a name derived from the Ancient Germanic element *sunn meaning "sun"; a nickname derived from the Italian names Salvatore, Santo, or Santino (mostly in North America amongst Italian Americans); or the Slavic male name Slavon meaning "famous or glorious".
Notable people with the name include:
Athletes
Charles Sonny Ates (1935–2010), retired American racecar driver
Erwin Sonny Bishop (born 1939), American football player
Shin'ichi Sonny Chiba (1939–2021), Japanese martial artist and actor
Sonny Gray (born 1989), American baseball pitcher
Sidney "Sonny" Hertzberg (1922–2005), American basketball player
Sonny Holland (1938-2022), American football coach and player
Ernest Sonny Hutchins (1929–2005), stock car driver
Christian Sonny Jurgensen (born 1934), American Hall-of-Fame National Football League quarterback
Sonny Liles (1919–2005), American football player
Charles Sonny Liston (c. 1930–1970), American heavyweight boxer
Frank Sonny Milano (born 1996), American ice hockey player
Robert Sonny Parker (basketball) (born 1955), American former basketball player
Wilfred Sonny Siebert (born 1937), American former baseball pitcher
Jan Sonny Silooy (born 1963), Dutch former footballer
Anderson da Silva (born 1970), known as Sonny Anderson, Brazilian retired footballer
Sonny Weems (born 1986), American expatriate basketball player
Sonny Bill Williams (born 1985), New Zeal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEH
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SEH or Seh may refer to:
Science and technology
Lipid-phosphate phosphatase, an enzyme
Soluble epoxide hydrolase, an enzyme which catalyzes the addition of water to epoxides
Spinal extradural haematoma
Structured Exception Handling, a computing concept designed to handle the occurrence of program exceptions
Transportation
Shoreham railway station, Kent, England (National Rail station code SEH)
Sky Express (Greece) (ICAO airline code SEH)
South German Railway Museum, (German: Süddeutsches Eisenbahnmuseum Heilbronn), Germany
Senggeh Airport (IATA airport code), Indonesia; see List of airports by IATA code
Other uses
St Edmund Hall, Oxford, England
Shin-Etsu Handotai, a semiconductor wafer manufacturer for the integrated circuit industry; see Soitec
Seh, a village in Iran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential%20vorticity
|
In fluid mechanics, potential vorticity (PV) is a quantity which is proportional to the dot product of vorticity and stratification. This quantity, following a parcel of air or water, can only be changed by diabatic or frictional processes. It is a useful concept for understanding the generation of vorticity in cyclogenesis (the birth and development of a cyclone), especially along the polar front, and in analyzing flow in the ocean.
Potential vorticity (PV) is seen as one of the important theoretical successes of modern meteorology. It is a simplified approach for understanding fluid motions in a rotating system such as the Earth's atmosphere and ocean. Its development traces back to the circulation theorem by Bjerknes in 1898, which is a specialized form of Kelvin's circulation theorem. Starting from Hoskins et al., 1985, PV has been more commonly used in operational weather diagnosis such as tracing dynamics of air parcels and inverting for the full flow field. Even after detailed numerical weather forecasts on finer scales were made possible by increases in computational power, the PV view is still used in academia and routine weather forecasts, shedding light on the synoptic scale features for forecasters and researchers.
Baroclinic instability requires the presence of a potential vorticity gradient along which waves amplify during cyclogenesis.
Bjerknes circulation theorem
Vilhelm Bjerknes generalized Helmholtz's vorticity equation (1858) and Kelvin's circulation th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis%20%28artificial%20intelligence%29
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As a subfield in artificial intelligence, diagnosis is concerned with the development of algorithms and techniques that are able to determine whether the behaviour of a system is correct. If the system is not functioning correctly, the algorithm should be able to determine, as accurately as possible, which part of the system is failing, and which kind of fault it is facing. The computation is based on observations, which provide information on the current behaviour.
The expression diagnosis also refers to the answer of the question of whether the system is malfunctioning or not, and to the process of computing the answer. This word comes from the medical context where a diagnosis is the process of identifying a disease by its symptoms.
Example
An example of diagnosis is the process of a garage mechanic with an automobile. The mechanic will first try to detect any abnormal behavior based on the observations on the car and his knowledge of this type of vehicle. If he finds out that the behavior is abnormal, the mechanic will try to refine his diagnosis by using new observations and possibly testing the system, until he discovers the faulty component; the mechanic plays an important role in the vehicle diagnosis.
Expert diagnosis
The expert diagnosis (or diagnosis by expert system) is based on experience with the system. Using this experience, a mapping is built that efficiently associates the observations to the corresponding diagnoses.
The experience can be provide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius%20photometric%20system
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Vilnius photometric system is a medium-band seven-colour photometric system (UPXYZVS), created in 1963 by Vytautas Straižys and his coworkers. This system was highly optimized for classification of stars from ground-based observations. The system was chosen to be medium-band, to ensure the possibility to measure faint stars.
Selection of bandpasses
The temperature classification of early-type stars is based on Balmer jump (Balmer discontinuity). To measure it one must have two bandpasses placed in the ultraviolet, one beyond the Balmer jump (U magnitude) and another after the jump (X magnitude).
The Y bandpass is near the breakpoint of the interstellar extinction law (interstellar extinction in the 300–800 nm region can be approximated by two straight lines, which intersect at ~435.5 nm).
The P magnitude is placed exactly on the Balmer jump in order to provide separation for luminosity classes of B-A-F stars.
The Z magnitude is placed on the Mg I triplet and the MgH molecular band. It is sensitive to the luminosity classes of G-K-M stars.
The S bandpass coincides with H-alpha line position and provides information about emission or absorption phenomena in that line.
Finally, the V magnitude is chosen to coincide with a similar bandpass in the UBV system. It provides the possibility to relate these two photometric systems.
Normalization
Colour indices of the system were normalized to satisfy the condition:
for un-reddened O-type stars.
Mean wavelength and half-widt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad%20Economic%20Categories
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The Broad Economic Categories (BEC) is a three-digit classification, which groups transportable goods according to their main end use. It is most often used for the general economic analysis of international merchandise trade data. The BEC system is defined in terms of the Standard International Trade Classification system.
The original BEC was published in 1971, and revised in 1976, 1986 and most recently in 1988. The top level categories of the BEC are as follows:
BEC-1: Food and beverages
BEC-2: Industrial supplies not elsewhere specified
BEC-3: Fuels and lubricants
BEC-4: Capital goods (except transport equipment), and parts and accessories thereof
BEC-5: Transport equipment and parts and accessories thereof
BEC-6: Consumer goods not elsewhere specified
BEC-7: Goods not elsewhere specified
In 2007 a fourth revision is under discussion, including a possible extension of the BEC to include tradable services.
See also
Harmonized System
Standard International Trade Classification
External links
United Nations Statistics Division
Economic taxonomy
International trade
United Nations documents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminobiphenyl
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4-Aminobiphenyl (4-APB) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5C6H4NH2. It is an amine derivative of biphenyl. It is a colorless solid, although aged samples can appear colored. 4-Aminobiphenyl was commonly used in the past as a rubber antioxidant and an intermediate for dyes. Exposure to this aryl-amine can happen through contact with chemical dyes and from inhalation of cigarette smoke. Researches showed that 4-aminobiphenyl is responsible for bladder cancer in humans and dogs by damaging DNA. Due to its carcinogenic effects, commercial production of 4-aminobiphenyl ceased in the United States in the 1950s.
Synthesis and reactivity
Like other aniline derivatives, 4-aminobiphenyl is weakly basic. It is prepared by reduction of 4-nitrobiphenyl, which, together with the 2-nitro derivatives, is obtained by nitration of biphenyl. Another reaction to synthesize 4-aminobiphenyl can be obtained by using 4-azidobiphenyl. This can be done by reacting 4-azidobiphenyl with diphosphorus tetraiodide (P2I4), which can cleave the nitrogen-nitrogen bond. This reaction is done in benzene and later on, water is added to promote the formation of amine.
Mechanism of action
General mechanism
4-Aminobiphenyl causes DNA damage, which is thought to be mediated by formation of DNA adducts. In this process, 4-aminobiphenyl is oxidized in the liver giving the N-hydroxy derivative (4-aminobiphenyl-(NHOH)) by a cytochrome P450 isozyme. The final products of this metabolism are aryl nitrenium io
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvika%2C%20Innlandet
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Sandvika is a village in Stange Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the lake Mjøsa, just across a bay from the city of Hamar. Statistics Norway considers this to be part of the Bekkelaget urban area, so its statistics are not tracked.
References
Stange
Villages in Innlandet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Bo
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Co-Bo or Co′Bo′ is a wheel arrangement in the UIC classification system for railway locomotives. It features two uncoupled bogies. The "Co" bogie has three driven axles and the "Bo" bogie has two.
The arrangement has been used to even out axle loading. The weight distribution of the locomotive depends on the power unit, the engine and generator. If these are not placed symmetrically, the weight distribution is also biased to one end. Placing three axles beneath the engine end and just two beneath the other, with the lighter ancillaries, gives more even loading per-axle.
Examples
Diesel
The British Railways Class 28 is the first (and only) UK locomotive with a Co-Bo wheel arrangement.
C-B
A similar wheel arrangement, with five axles across two bogies, is also used in Japan for the Class DE10, DE11, and DE15 locomotives. As these are diesel-hydraulic locomotives, they are of C-B arrangement, not Co-Bo. A hydrodynamic transmission on the locomotive frame is driven by the prime mover, then drive to each bogie is taken by cardan shafts. The axles of each bogie are all driven, and all geared together, rather than having separate traction motors.
Steam
Some Engerth steam locomotives were built to the Fink system, with the four trailing wheels driven by a crankshaft and connecting rods, thus making them 0-6-4-0Ts instead of 0-6-4Ts.
In fiction
BoCo is a fictional Co-Bo locomotive, a British Rail Class 28. The locomotive appeared in the Railway Series book Main Line Engines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C4%9Btov%E2%80%93Tong%20insertion%20theorem
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The Katětov–Tong insertion theorem is a theorem of point-set topology proved independently by Miroslav Katětov and Hing Tong in the 1950s. The theorem states the following:
Let be a normal topological space and let be functions with g upper semicontinuous, h lower semicontinuous and . Then there exists a continuous function with
This theorem has a number of applications and is the first of many classical insertion theorems. In particular it implies the Tietze extension theorem and consequently Urysohn's lemma, and so the conclusion of the theorem is equivalent to normality.
References
General topology
Theorems in topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stby%2C%20Innlandet
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Østby is a village in Trysil municipality, Innlandet county, Norway. The population of the village in 2003 was 205, but since 2004 it has not been considered an urban settlement by Statistics Norway, and its data is therefore no longer tracked separately. (Locals say that about 200 people live there).
In Østby, there is a community house, but no longer a supermarket, an abandoned school, Østby Church and a hotel, the Kjølen Hotell, which is well known as a training location for cross country events: in the area surrounding Østby are several cross country tracks of which some are illuminated. Every year the Trysil Skimaraton (42195) takes place in Østby, the starting point of which is the hotel. The Norwegian National Road 25 runs through the village, about east of the border with Sweden.
References
Trysil
Villages in Innlandet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2X%20purinoreceptor
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The P2X receptors, also ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family, is a protein family that consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). They belong to a larger family of receptors known as the ENaC/P2X superfamily. ENaC and P2X receptors have similar 3-D structures and are homologous. P2X receptors are present in a diverse array of organisms including humans, mouse, rat, rabbit, chicken, zebrafish, bullfrog, fluke, and amoeba.
Physiological roles
P2X receptors are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including:
Modulation of cardiac rhythm and contractility
Modulation of vascular tone
Mediation of nociception, especially chronic pain
Contraction of the vas deferens during ejaculation
Contraction of the urinary bladder during micturition
Platelet aggregation
Macrophage activation
Apoptosis
Neuronal-glial integration
Tissue distribution
P2X receptors are expressed in cells from a wide variety of animal tissues. On presynaptic and postsynaptic nerve terminals and glial cells throughout the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, P2X receptors have been shown to modulate synaptic transmission. Furthermore, P2X receptors are able to initiate contraction in cells of the heart muscle, skeletal muscle, and various smooth muscle tissues, including that of the vasculature, vas deferens and urinary bladder. P2X receptors are also expressed on leukocytes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konglungen
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Konglungen is a village in Asker municipality, Norway.
Its population in 1999 was 208, but since 2001 it is not considered an urban settlement by Statistics Norway, and its data is therefore not registered.
References
Villages in Viken (county)
Villages in Akershus
Villages in Asker
Villages in Northern Asker
Asker
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SON-30
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SON-30 (NATO reporting name Fire Wheel) is a type of Russian/Soviet fire director radar for 130 mm anti-aircraft guns. It was a Soviet derivative of the US SCR-584 system.
See also
SON-9
SON-50
External links
Anti-Aircraft Artillery
References
Ground radars
Soviet military radars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoptimization
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Superoptimization is the process where a compiler automatically finds the optimal sequence for a loop-free sequence of instructions. Real-world compilers generally cannot produce genuinely optimal code, and while most standard compiler optimizations only improve code partly, a superoptimizer's goal is to find the optimal sequence, the canonical form. Superoptimizers can be used to improve conventional optimizers by highlighting missed opportunities so a human can write additional rules.
History
The term superoptimization was first coined by Alexia Massalin in the 1987 paper Superoptimizer: A Look at the Smallest Program.
The label "program optimization" has been given to a field that does not aspire to optimize but only to improve.
This misnomer forced Massalin to call her system a superoptimizer, which is actually an optimizer to find an optimal program.
In 1992, the GNU Superoptimizer (GSO) was developed to integrate into the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). Later work further developed and extended these ideas.
Techniques
Traditionally, superoptimizing is performed via exhaustive brute-force search in the space of valid instruction sequences. This is a costly method, and thus impractical for general-purpose compilers. Yet, it has been shown to be useful in optimizing performance-critical inner loops. It is also possible to use a SMT solver to approach the problem, vastly improving the search efficiency (although inputs more complex than a basic block remains out of reach
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20mangroves
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The Florida mangroves ecoregion, of the mangrove forest biome, comprise an ecosystem along the coasts of the Florida peninsula, and the Florida Keys. Four major species of mangrove populate the region: red mangrove, black mangrove, white mangrove, and the buttonwood. The mangroves live in the coastal zones in the more tropical southern parts of Florida; mangroves are particularly vulnerable to frosts. Mangroves are important habitat as both fish nursery and brackish water habitats for birds and other coastal species.
Though climate change is expected to extend the mangrove range further north, sea level rise, extreme weather and other changes related to climate change may endanger existing mangrove populations. Other threats include development and other human disruption.
Florida's mangrove species
The Florida mangroves ecoregion includes three mangrove species:
Rhizophora mangle — red mangrove
Red mangroves are characterized by a dendritic network of aerial prop roots extending into the soil. This allows them to live in anaerobic conditions by providing gas exchange. They attain 82–125 feet in height in deltas and 26–33 feet along shoreline. The bark is gray on the outside with a red interior. These trees also have small white flowers that are wind pollinated with 10-12 inch long pencil shaped seeds.
Avicennia germinans — black mangrove
Black mangrove trees grow to a heights of 133 feet and average 66 feet. They are characterized by vertically erect aerating branches (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson-Pratt%20drain
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A Jackson-Pratt drain (also called a JP drain) is a closed-suction medical device that is commonly used as a post-operative drain for collecting bodily fluids from surgical sites. The device consists of an internal drain connected to a grenade-shaped bulb or circular cylinder via plastic tubing.
The purpose of a drain is to prevent fluid (blood or other) build-up in a closed ("dead") space, which may cause either disruption of the wound and the healing process or become an infected abscess, with either scenario possibly requiring a formal drainage/repair procedure (and possibly another trip to the operating room). The drain is also used to evacuate an internal abscess before surgery when an infection already exists. Clots and other solid matter in the drainage fluid may occlude the tubing, preventing the device from draining properly.
Care and maintenance
The flexible bulb has a plug that can be opened to pour off collected fluid. Each time fluid is removed, the patient, caregiver or healthcare provider squeezes the air out of the bulb and replaces the plug before releasing the bulb. The resulting vacuum creates suction in the drainage tubing, which gradually draws fluid from the surgical site into the bulb. The bulb may be repeatedly opened to remove the collected fluid and squeezed again to restore suction. It is best to empty drains before they are more than half full to avoid the discomfort of the weight of the drain pulling on the internal tubing.
JP drains come in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Springs%20Reservoir
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Crystal Springs Reservoir is a pair of artificial lakes located in the northern Santa Cruz Mountains of San Mateo County, California situated in the rift valley created by the San Andreas Fault just to the west of the cities of San Mateo and Hillsborough, and I-280. The lakes are part of the San Mateo Creek watershed.
History
The original name of the southern or Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir was Laguna Grande, a natural lake that disappeared with the creation of the reservoir, which has a California Historical Marker ("NO. 94 Ohlone-Portolá Heritage Trail, Laguna Grande). The Portolà Expedition of 1769 camped here on November 5th. From the journal of Fray Juan Crespí, "We stopped close to a lake where there are countless ducks, geese, and so forth, in the same hollow at a half past one in the afternoon; and we have made three leagues in four hour hours and a half. Here in this hollow tracks have been encountered of large livestock, which some said were made by bears; others, by buffalo. Also a great many deer have been seen together, while the scouts aver that when they explore here, they saw whole bands of deer, and counted so many as fifty deer together in one. As we were upon the point of setting out from the spot, three very well-behaved heathens came over from the villages here, seeking us out laden with a good share of black pies and a sort of cherries that they made a present of, and they followed us along well pleased, giving us to understand we should go to their
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Springs%20Dam
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Crystal Springs Dam is a gravity dam constructed across the San Mateo Creek which is in San Mateo County, California. It impounds water to form the Lower Crystal Springs Reservoir which sits atop the San Andreas Fault in a rift valley created by the fault. The dam itself is located about 300 yards (273 meters) east of the fault. It was among the first concrete gravity dams built in the western United States. Skyline Boulevard runs over the dam, which also forms the trailhead of the popular Sawyer Camp Trail.
History
The structure was completed in 1888. At the time of its completion, it was the largest concrete structure in the world.
The designer was Hermann Schussler, Chief Engineer of the Spring Valley Water Company.
The dam was constructed by separately pouring large blocks of the structure in place, and allowing them to set before pouring the adjoining blocks. An important design feature is that neither the horizontal nor the vertical joints line up. This helps the structure act as a single monolithic construction despite being made of thousands of individual blocks.
Schussler ensured that each block of the dam was poured with concrete made to the exact proportions of his mix specifications.
In 1976, the dam was designated as a California Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Quake proof
The dam has survived both the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake – despite its location about 300 yards ea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiTimes
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DIGITIMES Inc. () is a daily newspaper for semiconductor, electronics, computer and communications industries in Taiwan and the Greater China region. It was established in 1998. The company is based in Taipei, Taiwan and currently has a daily newspaper in traditional Chinese as well as Chinese-language and English-language websites.
In Taiwan, the company claims to have over 1,300 member companies and offers various levels of membership, which allows members access to its news archive, preferential booking for events and, for the higher levels of membership, access to DigiTimes Research reports.
The newspaper is cited by various information technology media and blogs like CNN, ZDNet, Los Angeles Times, Laptop Magazine, Cnet and others.
See also
Media in Taiwan
References
External links
DigiTimes official website
DigiTimes English -
1998 establishments in Taiwan
Taiwanese news websites
Companies based in Taipei
Taiwanese companies established in 1998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20c%20reductase
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Cytochrome c reductase may refer to:
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase, an enzyme
NADH dehydrogenase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEH
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VEH, Veh, or Veh. may refer to:
Vectored Exception Handling (VEH), one of the Microsoft systems for exception handling
Ve (Arabic), a character of the Arabic alphabet
An abbreviation for vehicle
An abbreviation for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20T90
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The Cray T90 series (code-named Triton during development) was the last of a line of vector processing supercomputers manufactured by Cray Research, Inc, superseding the Cray C90 series. The first machines were shipped in 1995, and featured a 2.2 ns (450 MHz) clock cycle and two-wide vector pipes, for a peak speed of 1.8 gigaflops per processor; the high clock speed arises from the CPUs being built using ECL logic. As with the Cray J90, each CPU contained a scalar data cache, in addition to the instruction buffering/caching which has always been in Cray architectures.
Configurations were available with between four and 32 processors, and with either IEEE 754 or traditional Cray floating-point arithmetic; the processors shared an SRAM main memory of up to eight gigabytes, with a bandwidth of three 64-bit words per cycle per CPU (giving a 32-CPU STREAM bandwidth of 360 gigabytes per second). The clock signal is distributed via a fiber-optic harness to the processors.
The T90 series was available in three variants, the T94 (one to four processors), T916 (eight to 16 processors) and T932 (16 to 32 processors).
It is widely considered as being slightly ahead of the state of the art at the time it was shipped; the systems were never particularly reliable. At launch, a 32-processor T932 cost $35 million.
Cray T90 systems were installed at, amongst other places, at least three US government sites, at NAVOCEANO in Mississippi (Bay St. Louis) USA, at NTT and NIED in Japan, at the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory%20frequency%20airport
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An airport with a mandatory frequency (MF), mandatory traffic advisory frequency (MTAF) or air/ground radio (A/G) is an airport which does not have a control tower but still requires arriving and departing aircraft to communicate with other aircraft or a radio operator on a published frequency.
Mandatory frequency airports are rare in the United States, one example being Ketchikan International Airport (), but they are common in other countries such as Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom and Norway; often, an MF or MTAF airport is one with scheduled passenger service but insufficient traffic to support a control tower. If there is a flight service specialist monitoring the frequency, the specialist will give pilots advisories about traffic, weather, and surface conditions, and may relay IFR clearances from en route controllers, but cannot give clearances themselves.
In the United Kingdom, this type of airport is said to have an Air/Ground Radio service, using the callsign suffix "Radio". This is provided at airports that have a moderate level of VFR-only GA traffic.
Some examples of MF airports in Canada include Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport and Kuujjuaq Airport.
Air traffic control
Airbands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulmer%20%28directories%29
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Bulmer was a Victorian historian, surveyor, cartographer and compiler of directories. His directories provided a history and geography of a particular area. The directories listed and described all parishes; listed trades and professions and provided a helpful street index with the names of residents, together with other local information. Data CDs of Bulmer Directories are available from publishers in the UK.
List of directories
Bulmer's History, Topography and Directory of East Cumberland, 1883
Bulmer's History, Topography and Directory of West Cumberland, 1884.
Bulmer's History, Directory and Topography of Westmorland, 1885
Bulmer's History, Topography and Directory of Northumberland (Hexham Division), 1886
Bulmer's History, Topography and Directory of Northumberland (Tyneside, Wansbeck and Berwick Divisions), 1887
Bulmer's History, and Directory of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1887
Bulmer's History, and Directory of North Yorkshire, 1890 (two Volumes)
Bulmer's History, Topography and Directory of East Yorkshire and Hull, 1892
Bulmer's Directory of Cumberland, 1901
T. Bulmer: History, Topography and Directory of Westmorland, 1906
T Bulmer: History, Topography and Directory of Furness and Cartmel, 1911
Bulmer's History, Topography and Directory of Furness, Cartmel and Egremont division of Cumbria, 1911
T Bulmer: History, Topography and Directory of Lancaster and district, 1912
J Bulmer: History, Topography and Directory of Lancaster and district, 1913
References
D
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenase
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In coagulation, the procoagulant protein factor X can be activated into factor Xa in two ways: either extrinsically or intrinsically.
The activating complexes are together called tenase. Tenase is a blend word of "ten" and the suffix "-ase", which means, that the complex activates its substrate (inactive factor X) by cleaving it.
Extrinsic tenase complex is made up of tissue factor, factor VII, and Ca2+ as an activating ion.
Intrinsic tenase complex contains the active factor IX (IXa), its cofactor factor VIII (VIIIa), the substrate (factor X), and they are activated by negatively charged surfaces (such as glass, active platelet membrane, sometimes cell membrane of monocytes). These vitamin K-dependent procoagulant factors dock to this surface through their Gla domain with Ca2+ bridges.
References
Coagulation system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Business%20%26%20Economic%20Statistics
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The Journal of Business & Economic Statistics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Statistical Association. The journal covers a broad range of applied problems in business and economic statistics, including forecasting, seasonal adjustment, applied demand and cost analysis, applied econometric modeling, empirical finance, analysis of survey and longitudinal data related to business and economic problems, the impact of discrimination on wages and productivity, the returns to education and training, the effects of unionization, and applications of stochastic control theory to business and economic problems.
See also
List of scholarly journals in economics
References
External links
Journal of Business & Economic Statistics
American Statistical Association academic journals
Statistics journals
Econometrics journals
Academic journals established in 1983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technometrics
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Technometrics is a journal of statistics for the physical, chemical, and engineering sciences, published quarterly since 1959 by the American Society for Quality and the American Statistical Association.
Statement of purpose
The purpose of Technometrics is to contribute to the development and use of statistical methods in physical, chemical, and engineering sciences as well as information sciences and technology. This vision includes developments on the interface of statistics and computer science such as data mining, machine learning, large databases, and so on. The journal places a premium on clear communication among statisticians and practitioners of these sciences and an emphasis on the application of statistical concepts and methods to problems that occur in these fields. The journal will publish papers describing new statistical techniques, papers illustrating innovative application of known statistical methods, expository papers on particular statistical methods, and papers dealing with the philosophy and problems of applying statistical methods, when such papers are consistent with the journal's objective. Every article shall include adequate justification of the application of the technique, preferably by means of an actual application to a problem in the physical, chemical, engineering or information sciences. All papers must contain a short, clear summary of contents and conclusions. Mathematical derivations not essential to the flow of the text should be placed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunosamine
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Daunosamine is a deoxy sugar and amino sugar of the hexosamine class.
Daunosamine is a component of the anthracycline class of antineoplastics, linked to a derivative of naphthacene. It is a component of birch juice.
The compound is soluble in water and responds with polymers like cellulose and lignin if it is in excess, so collection of birch juice is very helpful for the birch tree.
The dnrQ gene is required for the synthesis of daunosamine.
References
External links
Hexosamines
Deoxy sugars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hing%20Tong
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Hing Tong (16 February 1922 – 4 March 2007) was an American mathematician. He is well known for providing the original proof of the Katetov–Tong insertion theorem.
Life
Hing Tong was born in Canton, China. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1947, he received his doctorate in mathematics from Columbia University, where his thesis advisor was Edgar Lorch. In 1956, he married fellow mathematician, Mary Powderly. He was the father of five children.
Work
Hing Tong made many significant contributions to the area of algebraic topology, and served in a number of academic capacities. In 1947, after receiving a National Research Council fellowship, he became an assistant professor at Barnard College (Columbia University). In 1955, he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Also in 1955, he was appointed professor of mathematics (and eventually chairman of the mathematics department) at Wesleyan University. He later became a professor of mathematics at Fordham University, where he also served as chairman of the department. He was listed among the Outstanding Educators of America in 1973. Tong retired from academia in 1984 to concentrate on research in theoretical physics. A commemorative brick in the Paul Halmos Commemorative Walk at the Carriage House Conference Center of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) in Washington, DC, reads: "Hing Tong, Topology and Physics".
Important publications
Hing Tong, "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land%2C%20Inder%C3%B8y
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Breivika or Breidvik (Statistics Norway calls it Småland) is a village in the municipality of Inderøy in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located along the Trondheimsfjord in the northern part of the Inderøya peninsula, about northwest of the village of Gangstadhaugen.
The village has a population (2018) of 295 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Inderøy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbregd/Lein
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Forbregd and Lein are two small adjoining villages in the municipality of Verdal in Trøndelag county, Norway. Statistics Norway classifies the urban area as Forbregd/Lein. The village area is located about northeast of the town of Verdalsøra and about northwest of Stiklestad, along the southern shore of the lake Leksdalsvatnet. The village has a population (2018) of 849 and a population density of .
References
Verdal
Villages in Trøndelag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewwis%20Spence
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Lewwis Gavin Spence (born 29 October 1987), is an English footballer who plays for Hornchurch.
Career
Spence was a regular for both Crystal Palace's Reserve and under-18 teams, and made his debut for the first team in a Football League Cup match against Notts County in August 2006. His progression continued as he made his league debut at Elland Road against Leeds United, on 11 February 2007, and then made his first start for the club on 3 March, against Burnley at Turf Moor.
On 18 April, Spence flew out to America with fellow youngster Charlie Sheringham to join Crystal Palace's feeder club Crystal Palace Baltimore on loan for four months, though this spell was cut short by injury.
On 16 June 2008, he joined Wycombe Wanderers on a two-year deal from Palace, linking up with Peter Taylor again, after the latter's departure from Selhurst Park eight months before. He scored on his debut in a 1–1 draw with Morecambe.
In the summer of 2009, Spence suffered a foot injury that kept him out of action for pre season. To regain match fitness he was loaned to Conference National outfit Forest Green Rovers in September 2009, on a month-long deal. He was released from Wycombe at the end of the 2009–10 season, and joined Rushden & Diamonds.
Spence left Rushden and Diamonds in March 2011 after a loan spell at Dover Athletic. After a further brief spell at Dover and time at Bishop's Stortford, he joined Thurrock in February 2013.
Before the start of the 2016–17 season, Spence signed fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestene
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Cholestenes are chiral molecules that are derivatives of cholestanes that have a double bond. If there are two double bonds, the molecule is known as a "cholestadiene". Examples include fusidic acid, lanosterol, and stigmasterol. Cholestene is a widely available chemical, used and sold commercially with red yeast rice. There are also derivatives of the molecule, such as 5-cholestene and 2-cholestene. These molecules differ by the placement of a double bond in one of its cyclohexane rings.
Preparation
Cholestene has been synthetically prepared to mimic cholesterol, as they are used as important molecules to help important tools in the field of bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. Examples include facilitating siRNA transportation, enhancing DNA transfection, and potentially targeting tumors. In particular, researchers are interested in 3β-amino-5-cholestene, as it has a high affinity for phospholipid membranes.
3β-amino-5-cholestene, as well as other 3β-Derivatives, can be optimally synthesized from Cholesterol. The reaction scheme of 3β-amino-5-cholestene is shown below and adapted from Sun et al:
Figure 1: Multi-step Synthesis of 3β-amino-5-cholestene.
Applications
Cholestene has been used as a dietary supplement and is often sold with red yeast rice to promote cholesterol management. However, these products contain a hidden drug ingredient, lovastatin, that may cause serious side effects when combined with other medications, such as muscle injury. Individuals with liv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Chibnall
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Albert Charles Chibnall FRS (28 January 1894 – 10 January 1988) was a British biochemist known for his work on the nitrogen metabolism of plants.
Life and career
Albert Charles Chibnall was born on 28 January 1894 in Hammersmith, the second son of George William Chibnall, bakery owner, and Kate (née) Butler. The first and third sons (George William Russell, and Ronald Stanley) were both killed in action in WWI. The oldest child was Isabella Rachel (Belle); there were also two girls who died in infancy.
After attending a small local school, Chibnall moved, aged seven, to Latymer Upper School. This was thought unsuitable and so, after two years, he moved to Colet Court, the preparatory school for St. Paul's, to which he moved in 1907. Chibnall gained an Exhibition to Clare College.
He started off studying for Natural Sciences Tripos Part I, but this was cut short by the advent of war. He quickly applied for a commission, and spent three years serving mainly in the Army Service Corps. In 1917 he applied to join the Royal Flying Corps and learned to fly in Cairo; he gained his wings in 1918.
In 1919 Chibnall was taken on by Professor H B Baker to do research for the newly instituted PhD at Imperial College, but he later switched to study the nitrogenous constituents of green leaves with Professor S. B. Schryver, whom he succeeded in 1929. He gained his PhD in 1921.
After a year's work at the Chelsea Physic Garden, Chibnall was awarded a travelling scholarship to the USA. He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyckoff%20positions
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In crystallography, a Wyckoff position is any point in a set of points whose site symmetry groups (see below) are all conjugate subgroups one of another. Crystallography tables give the Wyckoff positions for different space groups.
History
The Wyckoff positions are named after Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, an American X-ray crystallographer who authored several books in the field. His 1922 book, The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups, contained tables with the positional coordinates, both general and special, permitted by the symmetry elements. This book was the forerunner of International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, which first appeared in 1935.
Definition
For any point in a unit cell, given by fractional coordinates, one can apply a symmetry operation to the point. In some cases it will move to new coordinates, while in other cases the point will remain unaffected. For example, reflecting across a mirror plane will switch all the points left and right of the mirror plane, but points exactly on the mirror plane itself will not move. We can test every symmetry operation in the crystal's point group and keep track of whether the specified point is invariant under the operation or not. The (finite) list of all symmetry operations which leave the given point invariant taken together make up another group, which is known as the site symmetry group of that point. By definition, all points with the same site symmetry group, or a conjugate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture%20compression
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Texture compression is a specialized form of image compression designed for storing texture maps in 3D computer graphics rendering systems. Unlike conventional image compression algorithms, texture compression algorithms are optimized for random access.
Texture compression can be applied to reduce memory usage at runtime. Texture data is often the largest source of memory usage in a mobile application.
Tradeoffs
In their seminal paper on texture compression, Beers, Agrawala and Chaddha list four features that tend to differentiate texture compression from other image compression techniques. These features are:
Decoding Speed It is highly desirable to be able to render directly from the compressed texture data and so, in order not to impact rendering performance, decompression must be fast.
Random Access Since predicting the order that a renderer accesses texels would be difficult, any texture compression scheme must allow fast random access to decompressed texture data. This tends to rule out many better-known image compression schemes such as JPEG or run-length encoding.
Compression Rate and Visual Quality In a rendering system, lossy compression can be more tolerable than for other use cases. Some texture compression libraries, such as crunch, allow the developer to flexibly trade off compression rate vs. visual quality, using methods such as rate-distortion optimization (RDO).
Encoding Speed Texture compression is more tolerant of asymmetric encoding/decoding rates as t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiburst
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A multiburst waveform is a useful test pattern used to quickly ascertain the frequency response of a video system. The name derives from the multiple bursts of sine wave in the active video section of the waveform which are generated with (usually) increasing frequency, but identical in amplitude. The test pattern is usually input at the start of the signal chain and analysed at the end. By measuring the amplitude of each of the 'bursts' of waveform at the end of the video chain, spot measurements of the frequency response of the system can be obtained and errors in the response quickly identified.
Importance of frequency response
In a video system, the frequency response needs to be as flat as possible or distortion in the picture displayed will occur. Analogue video signals contain a frequency content from 25 Hz up to around 5 MHz, and so variations in frequency responses will affect the picture in various ways, depending on whether it is high frequency (>1 MHz) or low frequency (<1 MHz) distortion. Low frequency distortion will cause field-rate impairment, manifesting itself as luminance variation between the top and bottom of a picture. High frequency distortion causes problems with sharpness of the picture: high frequency roll-off causes loss of definition, while high frequency peaking emphasises edges and adds noise to the picture.
Ideally, each of the frequency bursts should produce a group of distinct, black and white vertical bars on the monitor screen. Due to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20primary%20road
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A national primary road () is a road classification in Ireland. National primary roads form the major routes between the major urban centres. There are 2649 km of national primary roads. This category of road has the prefix "N" followed by one or two digits. Motorways are prefixed "M" followed by one or two digits.
Description
The routes numbered N1–N11 radiate anti-clockwise from Dublin, with those in the range N12–N26 being cross-country roads. Routes numbered N27–N33 are much shorter roads than the majority of the network: they link major pieces of infrastructure (such as ports and airports) to the network, such as the N33 being a feeder route to a major motorway (the M1). Finally, the N40 and the M50 are bypass roads of Ireland's two largest cities, Cork and Dublin. National secondary roads (see next section) are numbered under the same scheme with higher numbers (from N51 on). On road signage, destinations served but not on the route in question are listed in brackets, with the connecting route also listed (see thumbnail). Directional road signs on national primary roads are usually in white text on a green background, with the road number in yellow. Signs for roads of a different standard are shown using appropriately coloured patches according to a system derived from the UK's Guildford Rules.
Most national primary roads are of at least wide two lanes standard, with sections within Greater Dublin and near the regional cities typically being at least dual-carriageway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mountain%20%28Washington%29
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Crystal Mountain is a mountain and alpine ski area in eastern Pierce County, Washington, United States, located in the Cascade Range southeast of Seattle. It is the largest ski resort in the state of Washington and lies within the Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest. The resort is accessible from the Seattle–Tacoma metropolitan area via State Route 410.
Primarily a day-use area, Crystal has nine chairlifts, various dining locations, and multiple hotels. It is also home to the Mt. Rainier Gondola, which provides year-round access to the resort's summit and is the state's only high-speed gondola. The gondola was installed in 2010.
Crystal Mountain was acquired by the Alterra Mountain Company in 2018.
Location
Crystal Mountain is accessible from Enumclaw, by driving to the Sunrise entrance of Mount Rainier National Park, past the small town of Greenwater.
The ski resort is located in the valley of the Silver Creek, a tributary of the White River, and on the east and north east slopes of Crystal Mountain. The main summit of Crystal, also called Silver King, is (NAVD88 elevation) and is the highest land in a radius. Subsidiary peaks on the north ridge of Silver King are The Throne (), Silver Queen (ca. ), Grubstake Point (ca. ) and North Way Peak (). The latter three can be reached by ski lifts, and the resort has a Summit House on a shoulder just south of Grubstake. The summits offer an unobstructed view of Mount Rainier, which is less than west-south-west.
History
19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringol
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Syringol is the organic compound with the formula HO(CH3O)2C6H3. The molecule is a phenol, with methoxy groups in the flanking (2 and 6) positions. It is the symmetrically dimethylated derivative of pyrogallol. It is a colorless solid, although typical samples are brown owing to air-oxidized impurities. Together with guaiacol, syringol and its derivatives are produced by the pyrolysis of lignin. Specifically, syringol is derived from the thermal decomposition of the sinapyl alcohol component. As such, syringol is an important component of wood smoke.
Syringyl/guaiacyl ratio
Lignin, comprising a major fraction of biomass, is sometimes classified according to the syringyl component. Pyrolysis of lignin derived from sinapyl alcohol affords syringol. The conversion involves replacement of the propenyl alcohol substituent of the sinapyl alcohol by hydrogen. A high syringyl (or S) content is indicative of lignin from angiosperms. In contrast, pyrolysis of lignin from gymnosperms gives more guaiacol, resulting from conversion of coniferyl alcohol. These lignins have a high guaiacyl (or G) content.
Food preparation
In preparation of food by smoking, syringol is the main chemical responsible for the smoky aroma, while guaiacol contributes mainly to taste. Artificial liquid or solid smoke flavorings also contain these chemicals, on average composing 13.73% and 13.42% of those products by mass respectively.
Chemical feedstock
Pyrolysis oil, a biofuel derived from woody biomass,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20filtration
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In the theory of stochastic processes in mathematics and statistics, the generated filtration or natural filtration associated to a stochastic process is a filtration associated to the process which records its "past behaviour" at each time. It is in a sense the simplest filtration available for studying the given process: all information concerning the process, and only that information, is available in the natural filtration.
More formally, let (Ω, F, P) be a probability space; let (I, ≤) be a totally ordered index set; let (S, Σ) be a measurable space; let X : I × Ω → S be a stochastic process. Then the natural filtration of F with respect to X is defined to be the filtration F•X = (FiX)i∈I given by
i.e., the smallest σ-algebra on Ω that contains all pre-images of Σ-measurable subsets of S for "times" j up to i.
In many examples, the index set I is the natural numbers N (possibly including 0) or an interval [0, T] or [0, +∞); the state space S is often the real line R or Euclidean space Rn.
Any stochastic process X is an adapted process with respect to its natural filtration.
References
See also
Filtration (mathematics)
Stochastic processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Nelder
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John Ashworth Nelder (8 October 1924 – 7 August 2010) was a British statistician known for his contributions to experimental design, analysis of variance, computational statistics, and statistical theory.
Contributions
Nelder's work was influential in statistics. While leading research at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Nelder developed and supervised the updating of the statistical software packages GLIM and GenStat: Both packages are flexible high-level programming languages that allow statisticians to formulate linear models concisely. GLIM influenced later environments for statistical computing such as S-PLUS and R. Both GLIM and GenStat have powerful facilities for the analysis of variance for block experiments, an area where Nelder made many contributions.
In statistical theory, Nelder proposed the generalized linear model together with Robert Wedderburn. Nelder and Wedderburn formulated generalized linear models as a way of unifying various other statistical models, including linear regression, logistic regression and Poisson regression. They proposed an iteratively reweighted least squares method for maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters.
In statistical inference, Nelder (along with George Barnard and A. W. F. Edwards) emphasized the importance of the likelihood in data analysis, promoting this "likelihood approach" as an alternative to frequentist and Bayesian statistics.
In response-surface optimization, Nelder and Roger Mead proposed the Nelde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U75
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U75 may refer to:
, various vessels
Great dirhombicosidodecahedron
Jackass Aeropark, in Amargosa Valley, Nevada
Small nucleolar RNA SNORD75
U75, a line of the Düsseldorf Stadtbahn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie%27s%20law
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In petrophysics, Archie's law relates the in-situ electrical conductivity (C) of a porous rock to its porosity () and fluid saturation () of the pores:
Here, denotes the porosity, the electrical conductivity of the fluid saturated rock, represents the electrical conductivity of the aqueous solution (fluid or liquid phase), is the water saturation, or more generally the fluid saturation, of the pores, is the cementation exponent of the rock (usually in the range 1.8–2.0 for sandstones), is the saturation exponent (usually close to 2) and is the tortuosity factor.
Reformulated for the electrical resistivity (R), the inverse of the electrical conductivity , the equation reads
with for the total fluid saturated rock resistivity, and for the resistivity of the fluid itself (w meaning water or an aqueous solution containing dissolved salts with ions bearing electricity in solution).
The factor
is also called the formation factor, where (index standing for total) is the resistivity of the rock saturated with the fluid and is the resistivity of the fluid (index standing for water) inside the porosity of the rock. The porosity being saturated with the fluid (often water, ), .
In case the fluid filling the porosity is a mixture of water and hydrocarbon (petroleum, oil, gas), a resistivity index () can be defined:
Where is the resistivity of the rock saturated in water only.
It is a purely empirical law attempting to describe ion flow (mostly sodium and chlo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Naphthylamine
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1-Naphthylamine is an aromatic amine derived from naphthalene. It can cause bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma). It crystallizes in colorless needles which melt at 50 °C. It possesses a disagreeable odor, sublimes readily, and turns brown on exposure to air. It is the precursor to a variety of dyes.
Preparation and reactions
It can be prepared by reducing 1-nitronaphthalene with iron and hydrochloric acid followed by steam distillation.
Oxidizing agents, such as ferric chloride, give a blue precipitate with solutions of its salts. Chromic acid converts it into 1-naphthoquinone. Sodium in boiling amyl alcohol
reduces the unsubstituted ring, giving tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine. This tetrahydro compound yields adipic acid when oxidized by potassium permanganate.
At 200 °C in sulfuric acid, it converts to 1-naphthol.
Use in dyes
The sulfonic acid derivatives of 1-naphthylamine are used for the preparation of azo dye. These compounds possess the important property of dyeing unmordanted cotton.
An important derivative is naphthionic acid (1-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid), which is produced by heating 1-naphthylamine and sulfuric acid to 170–180 °C in the presence of crystallized oxalic acid. It forms small needles, very sparingly soluble in water. Upon treatment with the bis(diazonium) derivative of benzidine, 1-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid gives Congo red.
Safety
It is listed as one of the 13 carcinogens covered by the OSHA General Industry Standards.
See
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal%20muscle
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Palatal muscles may refer to:
Levator veli palatini
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Musculus uvulae
Palatoglossus muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbersheeting
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In cartography and geographic information systems, rubbersheeting is a form of coordinate transformation that warps a vector dataset to match a known geographic space. This is most commonly needed when a dataset has systematic positional error, such as one digitized from a historical map of low accuracy. The mathematics and procedure are very similar to the georeferencing of raster images, and this term is occasionally used for that process as well, but image georegistration is an unambiguous term for the raster process.
Applications in history and historical geography
Rubbersheeting is a useful technique in HGIS, where it is used to digitize and add old maps as feature layers in a modern GIS. Before aerial photography arrived, most maps were highly inaccurate by modern standards. Rubbersheeting may improve the value of such sources and make them easier to compare to modern maps.
Software
ESRI's ArcGIS 8.3+ has the capability of rubbersheeting vector data, and ArcMap 9.2+ may also rubber-sheet raster layers.
Autodesk's AutoCAD Map 3D and AutoCAD Civil 3D (which includes most of AutoCAD Map 3D's functionality) allows a user to rubbersheet vector data, and Autodesk's Raster Design (an add-in product for AutoCAD-based products) allows a user to rubbersheet raster data.
Blue Marble Geographics' Global Mapper allows a user to rubbersheet raster data.
Cadcorp Spatial Information System software (SIS Map Modeller) is offering a tool for rubbersheeting data layers.
QGIS Ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullaby%20of%20Broadway%20%28film%29
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Lullaby of Broadway is a 1951 American musical romantic comedy film released by Warner Bros. starring Doris Day and Gene Nelson, and directed by David Butler. Gladys George, S.Z. Sakall, Billy De Wolfe, Florence Bates, and Anne Triola appear in support.
Songs from the film were released in an album of the same name.
Plot
Melinda Howard is an entertainer traveling from England to pay a surprise visit to her mother, Broadway singer Jessica Howard, who lives in New York City. Melinda believes that her mother lives in a mansion, however, Jessica's alcoholism has reduced her to singing in a Greenwich Village saloon, and the mansion actually belongs to Adolph Hubbell and his wife.
The Hubbells' butler, Lefty Mack, and his fiancée, Gloria Davis, the maid, are a down-on-their luck vaudeville team and are good friends of Jessica and have been forwarding her letters to Melinda. Lefty pretends that Jessica has rented the house to the Hubbells while she is on tour, and, when a disappointed Melinda discloses that she has no money, offers her one of the servants' rooms for the night. Lefty promises Melinda that her mother will return home soon, and then informs Jessica of her daughter's arrival. He then suggests that she come to the house the next night when the Hubbells will be giving a party attended by many Broadway performers.
Meanwhile, Adolph has discovered Melinda's presence, and after Lefty explains the situation, agrees to keep Jessica's secret. At the party, Melinda awaits h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone%20synthase
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Aldosterone synthase, also called steroid 18-hydroxylase, corticosterone 18-monooxygenase or P450C18, is a steroid hydroxylase cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone and other steroids. The enzyme catalyzes sequential hydroxylations of the steroid angular methyl group at C18 after initial 11β-hydroxylation (the enzyme has steroid 18-hydroxylase activity as well as steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase activity). It is encoded by the gene in humans.
Aldosterone synthase is a protein which is only expressed in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and is primarily regulated by the renin–angiotensin system. It is the sole enzyme capable of synthesizing aldosterone in humans and plays an important role in electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
Genetics
Aldosterone synthase is encoded on chromosome 8q22 by the CYP11B2 gene. The gene contains 9 exons and spans roughly 7000 base pairs of DNA. CYP11B2 is closely related with CYP11B1. The two genes show 93% homology to each other and are both encoded on the same chromosome. Research has shown that calcium ions activate transcription factors at CYP11B2 through well defined interactions at the 5'-flanking region of CYP11B2.
Aldosterone synthase is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids.
Function
Aldosterone s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20hydroxylase
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A steroid hydroxylase is a class of hydroxylase enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of steroids.
See also
Steroidogenic enzyme
Additional images
References
External links
EC 1.14
Steroids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-state%20free%20precession%20imaging
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Steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence which uses steady states of magnetizations. In general, SSFP MRI sequences are based on a (low flip angle) gradient echo MRI sequence with a short repetition time which in its generic form has been described as the FLASH MRI technique. While spoiled gradient-echo sequences refer to a steady state of the longitudinal magnetization only, SSFP gradient-echo sequences include transverse coherences (magnetizations) from overlapping multi-order spin echoes and stimulated echoes. This is usually accomplished by refocusing the phase-encoding gradient in each repetition interval in order to keep the phase integral (or gradient moment) constant. Fully balanced SSFP MRI sequences achieve a phase of zero by refocusing all imaging gradients.
Gradient moments are zero or not
If, within one TR, either one of the gradient moments of magnetic gradients along three logical directions, including slice selection direction (Gss), phase encoding (Gpe) and readout (Gro), is not zero, then spins along such direction obtain different phases, making the signal intensity (SI) of a single voxel the vector sum of magnetizations therein. It causes some inevitable loss of signal. Such situations belong to ordinary SSFP imaging, with its commercial names listed below.
Otherwise, if all gradient moments are zero within one TR, i.e. gradients of opposite polarities cancel out, then there are no additional effects on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial%20sodium%20channel
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The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), (also known as amiloride-sensitive sodium channel) is a membrane-bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to sodium ions (). It is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α or δ, β, and γ, These subunits are encoded by four genes: SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, and SCNN1D. The ENaC is involved primarily in the reabsorption of sodium ions at the collecting ducts of the kidney's nephrons. In addition to being implicated in diseases where fluid balance across epithelial membranes is perturbed, including pulmonary edema, cystic fibrosis, COPD and COVID-19, proteolyzed forms of ENaC function as the human salt taste receptor.
The apical membranes of many tight epithelia contain sodium channels that are characterized primarily by their high affinity for the diuretic blocker amiloride. These channels mediate the first step of active sodium reabsorption essential for the maintenance of body salt and water homeostasis. In vertebrates, the channels control reabsorption of sodium in kidney, colon, lung and sweat glands; they also play a role in taste perception.
The epithelial sodium channels are structurally and probably evolutionary related to P2X purinoreceptors, pain receptors that activate when they detect ATP.
Location and function
ENaC is located in the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells in particular in the kidney (primarily in the collecting tubule), the lung, the skin, the male and female reproduc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Schottky
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Friedrich Hermann Schottky (24 July 1851 – 12 August 1935) was a German mathematician who worked on elliptic, abelian, and theta functions and introduced Schottky groups and Schottky's theorem. He was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) and died in Berlin. Schottky was a professor at the University of Zurich from 1882-1892.
He is also the father of Walter H. Schottky, the German physicist and inventor of a variety of semiconductor concepts.
See also
Prime form
Prym variety
Walter H. Schottky
External links
1851 births
1935 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
20th-century German mathematicians
Scientists from Wrocław
People from the Province of Silesia
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
German expatriates in Switzerland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning%20multichannel%20microwave%20radiometer
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The Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) [pronounced simmer] was a five-frequency microwave radiometer flown on the Seasat and Nimbus 7 satellites. Both were launched in 1978, with the Seasat mission lasting less than six months until failure of the primary bus. The Nimbus 7 SMMR lasted from 25 October 1978 until 20 August 1987. It measured dual-polarized microwave radiances, at 6.63, 10.69, 18.0, 21.0, and 37.0 GHz, from the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Its primary legacy has been the creation of areal sea-ice climatologies for the Arctic and Antarctic.
The final few months of operation were considerably fortuitous as they allowed the calibration of the radiometers and their products with the first results from the SSMI.
References
Jezek, K.C., C. Merry, D. Cavalieri, S.Grace, J. Bedner, D. Wilson and D. Lampkin 1991: Comparison between SMMR and SSM/I passive microwave data collected over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State university, Columbus, OH., BPRC Technical Report Number 91-03, .
External links
http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0071.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20060930044535/http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov:2031/SENSOR_DOCS/smmr.html
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=25768&arnumber=1145458&type=ref
Satellite meteorology
Radiometry
Earth observation satellite sensors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectorial%20membrane%20of%20atlanto-axial%20joint
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The tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint (occipitoaxial ligaments) is a tough membrane/broad, strong band representing the superior-ward prolongation of the posterior longitudinal ligament (the two being continuous).
It attaches inferiorly onto (the posterior aspect of) the body of axis. It broadens superiorly. Superiorly, the membrane extends deep to the median atlanto-axial joint and its associated ligaments, then through the foramen magnum into the cranial cavity where it ends by attaching onto the basilar part of occipital bone superior to the foramen magnum.
Anatomy
The membrane broadens superiorly.
Structure
The membrane consists of two laminae - superficial and deep.
The superficial lamina broadens superiorly before attaching onto the superior/internal surface of the basilar part of occipital bone superior to the foramen magnum, here blending with the cranial dura mater.
The deep lamina consists of a strong medial band which extends superiorly to the foramen magnum, and of two lateral bands which superiorly reach and blend with the articular capsules of the atlanto-occipital joint.
Relations
The membrane situated is posterior/deep to the transverse ligament of the atlas; the two are separated by a thin intervening layer of loose areolar connective tissue, and sometimes by a bursa.
The membrane is situated anterior/superficially to the spinal dura mater (which is firmly attached to the tectorial membrane).
References
Bones of the vertebral column
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%20%28disambiguation%29
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Intel is an American semiconductor chip manufacturer.
Intel may also refer to:
Intelligence assessment
Intel, a fictional cartel in the 1960s BBC TV science fiction serials A for Andromeda and The Andromeda Breakthrough
INTEL, a former Panamanian state-run telephone services company, purchased by Cable & Wireless plc in 1997
Intelligence
Military intelligence
See also
Intelligence (disambiguation)
ja:インテル (曖昧さ回避)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20alpha%20X
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CD11c, also known as Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit) (ITGAX), is a gene that encodes for CD11c .
CD11c is an integrin alpha X chain protein. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This protein combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form a leukocyte-specific integrin referred to as inactivated-C3b (iC3b) receptor 4 (CR4). The alpha X beta 2 complex seems to overlap the properties of the alpha M beta 2 integrin in the adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to stimulated endothelium cells, and in the phagocytosis of complement coated particles.
CD11c is a type I transmembrane protein found at high levels on most human dendritic cells, but also on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells that induces cellular activation and helps trigger neutrophil respiratory burst; expressed in hairy cell leukemias, acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, and some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
See also
Integrin
References
Further reading
External links
Mouse CD Antigen Chart
Human CD Antigen Chart
ITGAX Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
Integrins
Clusters of differentiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20alpha%20L
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Integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; alpha polypeptide), also known as ITGAL, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGAL gene. CD11a functions in the immune system. It is involved in cellular adhesion and costimulatory signaling. It is the target of the drug efalizumab.
Function
ITGAL gene encodes the integrin alpha L chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), which is expressed in all leukocytes. LFA-1 plays a central role in leukocyte intercellular adhesion through interactions with its ligands, ICAMs 1-3 (intercellular adhesion molecules 1 through 3), and also functions in lymphocyte costimulatory signaling.
CD11a is one of the two components, along with CD18, which form lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1.
Efalizumab acts as an immunosuppressant by binding to CD11a but was withdrawn in 2009 because it was associated with severe side effects.
Interactions
CD11a has been shown to interact with ICAM-1.
See also
CD11c
integrin
leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Cluster of differentiation
References
Further reading
External links
ITGAL Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
Integrins
Clusters of differentiation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclade
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In genetics, a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup.
Naming convention
Although human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups and subclades are named in a similar manner, their names belong to completely separate systems.
mtDNA
mtDNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in the hypervariable regions and the coding region of mitochondrial DNA. They are named with the capital letters A through Z, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters.
Y-DNA
Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of SNP markers on the Y chromosome. Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree.
Human Y-DNA
The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major human Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP. Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources. This inconsistency,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragroup
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Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers.
In human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, paragroups are typically represented by an asterisk (*) placed after the main haplogroup.
The term "paragroup" is a portmanteau of the terms paraphyletic haplogroup indicating that paragroups form paraphyletic subclades. Apart from the mutations that define the parent haplogroup, paragroups may not possess any additional unique markers. Alternatively paragroups may possess unique markers that have not been discovered. If a unique marker is discovered within a paragroup, the specific lineage is given a unique name and is moved out of the paragroup to form an independent subclade.
For example, the paragroup of human Y-DNA Haplogroup DE is DE*. A member of DE* has the marker that defines DE, but not the markers that define DE's only known immediate subclades, haplogroups D and E. Likewise, haplogroup E1b1b1g (also known as E-M293) is an example of a relatively new subclade, discovered within a previously designated paragroup and assigned a new name. Until the SNP/UEP marker M293 was discovered in 2008, the members of the subclade were indistinguishable from other components of the paragroup E1b1b1* (also known as E3b* and E-M35*).
Another example is a member of the Y-DNA haplogroup R (defined by marker M207) may belong to the sub-haplogroup R1 (defined by marker M173) or R2 (defined by marker
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidogen
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Nidogens, formerly known as entactins, are a family of sulfated monomeric glycoproteins located in the basal lamina of parahoxozoans. Two nidogens have been identified in humans: nidogen-1 (NID1) and nidogen-2 (NID2). Remarkably, vertebrates are still capable of stabilizing basement membrane in the absence of either identified nidogen. In contrast, those lacking both nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 typically die prematurely during embryonic development as a result of defects existing in the heart and lungs. Nidogen have been shown to play a crucial role during organogenesis in late embryonic development, particularly in cardiac and lung development. From an evolutionary perspective, nidogens are highly conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates, retaining their ability to bind laminin.
In nematodes, nidogen-1 is necessary for axon guidance, but not for basement membrane assembly.
References
Human proteins
Protein families
Extracellular matrix proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%20probability%20added
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Win probability added (WPA) is a sport statistic which attempts to measure a player's contribution to a win by figuring the factor by which each specific play made by that player has altered the outcome of a game. It is used for baseball and American football.
Explanation
Some form of win probability has been around for about 40 years; however, until computer use became widespread, win probability added was often difficult to derive, or imprecise. With the aid of Retrosheet, however, win probability added has become substantially easier to calculate. The win probability for a specific situation in baseball (including the inning, number of outs, men on base, and score) is obtained by first finding all the teams that have encountered this situation. Then the winning percentage of these teams in these situations is found. This probability figure is then adjusted for home-field advantage. Thus win probability added is the difference between the win probability when the player came to bat and the win probability when the play ended.
Win probability and win shares
Some people confuse win probability added with win shares, since both are baseball statistics that attempt to measure a player's win contribution. However, they are quite different. In win shares, a player with 0 win shares has contributed nothing to his team; in win probability added, a player with 0 win probability added points is average. Also, win shares would give the same amount of credit to a player if he hit a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal%20talonavicular%20ligament
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The dorsal talonavicular ligament is a broad, thin band, which connects the neck of the talus to the dorsal surface of the navicular bone; it is covered by the Extensor tendons.
The plantar calcaneonavicular supplies the place of a plantar ligament for this joint.
References
Ligaments of the lower limb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%20Kohat%20riots
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The 1924 Kohat riots happened in the Kohat town of the North-West Frontier Province, British India in 1924. In three days (9–11 September) of rioting, official statistics peg the number of casualties among Hindus and Sikhs at more than thrice that of Muslims; almost the entire Hindu population had to be evacuated to Rawalpindi.
Background
In the 1921 census, Kohat had a population of about 8,000 Hindus and Sikhs, and 19,000 Muslims. Much of the bureaucracy was composed of Muslims. The Hindus were economically dominant: income tax records of the same year note indicate they paid four times as much tax as Muslims. Prior to the twentieth century, says Patrick McGinn, relations between the two religious communities were peaceful and exhibited multiple instances of cooperation.
However, with the turn of the century, waves of religiopolitical consciousness swept Kohat. With the Indian Nationalist Movement being extensively Hindu-ised, subcontinental Muslims sought out faith-based avenues for political aspirations. After the disintegration of the Khilafat Movement, local Ulema had rebranded themselves as defenders of Islam. Aggressive efforts by Arya Samaj stirred communal tensions in no insignificant manner either — in 1907, Provincial Commissioner H. Deane held the Arya Samaj to be primarily responsible for the sudden rise in religious antagonism. A minor riot broke out in 1909.
In June 1924, the son of Sardar Makan Singh eloped with a Muslim girl and the affair was communal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93energy%20malnutrition
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Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM), sometimes called protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), is a form of malnutrition that is defined as a range of conditions arising from coincident lack of dietary protein and/or energy (calories) in varying proportions. The condition has mild, moderate, and severe degrees.
Types include:
Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition predominant)
Marasmus (deficiency in calorie intake)
Marasmic kwashiorkor (marked protein deficiency and marked calorie insufficiency signs present, sometimes referred to as the most severe form of malnutrition)
PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for about 250 000 deaths annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or is often found in the elderly.
Note that PEM may be secondary to other conditions such as chronic renal disease or cancer cachexia in which protein energy wasting (PEW) may occur.
Protein–energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake. The few rare cases found in the developed world are almost entirely found in small children as a result of fad diets, or ignorance of the nutritional needs of children, particularly in cases of milk allergy.
Prenatal protein malnutrition
Protein malnutrition is detrimental at any point in life, but protein malnutrition prenatally has been shown to have significant lifelong effects. During pregnancy, one should aim for a diet that consists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inviscid%20flow
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In fluid dynamics, inviscid flow is the flow of an inviscid (zero-viscosity) fluid, also known as a superfluid. The Reynolds number of inviscid flow approaches infinity as the viscosity approaches zero. When viscous forces are neglected, such as the case of inviscid flow, the Navier–Stokes equation can be simplified to a form known as the Euler equation. This simplified equation is applicable to inviscid flow as well as flow with low viscosity and a Reynolds number much greater than one. Using the Euler equation, many fluid dynamics problems involving low viscosity are easily solved, however, the assumed negligible viscosity is no longer valid in the region of fluid near a solid boundary (the boundary layer) or, more generally in regions with large velocity gradients which are evidently accompanied by viscous forces.
Inviscid flows are broadly classified into potential flows (or, irrotational flows) and rotational inviscid flows.
Prandtl hypothesis
Ludwig Prandtl developed the modern concept of the boundary layer. His hypothesis establishes that for fluids of low viscosity, shear forces due to viscosity are evident only in thin regions at the boundary of the fluid, adjacent to solid surfaces. Outside these regions, and in regions of favorable pressure gradient, viscous shear forces are absent so the fluid flow field can be assumed to be the same as the flow of an inviscid fluid. By employing the Prandtl hypothesis it is possible to estimate the flow of a real fluid in r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir%20engineering
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Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering that applies scientific principles to the fluid flow through a porous medium during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery. The working tools of the reservoir engineer are subsurface geology, applied mathematics, and the basic laws of physics and chemistry governing the behavior of liquid and vapor phases of crude oil, natural gas, and water in reservoir rock. Of particular interest to reservoir engineers is generating accurate reserves estimates for use in financial reporting to the SEC and other regulatory bodies. Other job responsibilities include numerical reservoir modeling, production forecasting, well testing, well drilling and workover planning, economic modeling, and PVT analysis of reservoir fluids. Reservoir engineers also play a central role in field development planning, recommending appropriate and cost-effective reservoir depletion schemes such as waterflooding or gas injection to maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Due to legislative changes in many hydrocarbon-producing countries, they are also involved in the design and implementation of carbon sequestration projects in order to minimise the emission of greenhouse gases.
Types
Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas:
Surveillance engineering, i.e. monitoring of existing fields and optimization of production and injection rates. Surveillance engineers typically use analytical and empi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJGX
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CJGX (branded as GX94) is a Canadian AM radio station, licensed to Yorkton, Saskatchewan. It broadcasts on an assigned frequency of 940 kHz with 50,000 watts power daytime, and 10,000 watts nighttime. The station airs a country format with studios at 120 Smith Street East in Yorkton.
The station reports news, weather, and sports at the top of each hour, and broadcasts ice hockey games involving the Melville Millionaires , the Yorkton Terriers of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League and Swan Valley Stampeders of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League. CJGX also carries live broadcasts of Saskatchewan Roughriders games.
References
External links
GX94
Jgx
Jgx
Jgx
Radio stations established in 1927
1927 establishments in Saskatchewan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomics
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Cytomics is the study of cell biology (cytology) and biochemistry in cellular systems at the single cell level. It combines all the bioinformatic knowledge to attempt to understand the molecular architecture and functionality of the cell system (Cytome). Much of this is achieved by using molecular and microscopic techniques that allow the various components of a cell to be visualised as they interact in vivo.
Cytome
Cytomes are the cellular systems, subsystems, and functional components of the
body. The cytome is the collection of the complex and dynamic cellular processes (structure and function) underlying physiological processes. It describes the structural and functional heterogeneity of the cellular diversity of an organism.
Human Cytome Project
The Human Cytome Project is aimed at the study of the biological system structure and function of an organism at the cytome level.
See also
Flow cytometry
Genomics
Omics
Proteomics
Lipidomics
List of omics topics in biology
Metabolomics
References
Further reading
Bernas T., Gregori G., Asem E. K., Robinson J. P., Integrating cytomics and proteomics, Mol Cell Proteomics. 2006 Jan;5(1):2-13.
Herrera G., Diaz L., Martinez-Romero A., Gomes A., Villamon E., Callaghan R. C., O'connor J. E., Cytomics: A multiparametric, dynamic approach to cell research, Toxicol In Vitro. 2006 Jul 22.
Kriete A., Cytomics in the realm of systems biology, Cytometry A. 2005 Nov;68(1):19-20.
Murphy R. F., Cytomics and location proteomics:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st%20Karlovy%20Vary%20International%20Film%20Festival
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The 41st Karlovy Vary International Film Festival took place from 30 June to 8 July 2006. The Crystal Globe was won by Sherrybaby, an American drama film written and directed by Laurie Collyer. The second prize, the Special Jury Prize was won ex aequo by the Bulgarian film Christmas Tree Upside Down, directed by Ivan Tscherkelov and Vasil Zhivkov, and by the Czech film Beauty in Trouble, directed by Jan Hřebejk.
Juries
The following people formed the juries of the festival:
Main competition
Goran Paskaljević, Grand Jury President (Serbia)
Bent Hamer (Norway)
Leila Hatami (Iran)
Coleman Hough (USA)
Laurence Kardish (Canada)
Juliusz Machulski (Poland)
Karel Roden (Czech Republic)
Documentaries
Fabrizio Grosoli, Chairman (Italy)
Jana Boková (Czech Republic, Argentina)
Tine Fischer (Denmark)
Marek Hovorka (Czech Republic)
Guntis Trekteris (Latvia)
East of the West
Gulnara Abikejeva, Chairman (Kazakhstan)
Stefan Kitanov (Bulgaria)
Michaela Pavlátová (Czech Republic)
Ray Privett (USA)
Swetlana Sikora (Germany)
Official selection awards
The following feature films and people received the official selection awards:
Crystal Globe (Grand Prix) - Sherrybaby by Laurie Collyer (United States)
Special Jury Prize (ex aequo):
Christmas Tree Upside Down (Obarnata elha) by Ivan Cherkelov (Bulgaria)
Beauty in Trouble (Kráska v nesnázích) by Jan Hřebejk (Czech Republic)
Best Director Award - Joachim Trier for Reprise (Norway)
Best Actress Award - Maggie Gyllenhaal for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatres%20Act
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Theatres Act may refer to:
Theatres Act 1843, a law in the United Kingdom governing the theatre industry
Theatres Act, 1953, a law in Ontario, Canada now succeeded by the Film Classification Act, 2005
Theatres Act 1968, a law in the United Kingdom governing stage performances
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Mannosidase
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α-Mannosidase (, α-D-mannosidase, p-nitrophenyl-α-mannosidase, α-D-mannopyranosidase, 1,2-α-mannosidase, 1,2-α-D-mannosidase, exo-α-mannosidase) is an enzyme involved in the cleavage of the α form of mannose. Its systematic name is α-D-mannoside mannohydrolase.
Isoenzymes
Humans express the following three α-mannosidase isoenzymes:
Applications
It can be utilized in experiments that determine the effects of the presence or absence of mannose on specific molecules, such as recombinant proteins that are used in vaccine development.
Pathology
A deficiency can lead to α-mannosidosis.
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Alpha-Mannosidosis
OMIM entries on Alpha-Mannosidosis
EC 3.2.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Gadea
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Sergio Gadea Panisello (born 30 December 1984 in Puçol, Valencian Community) is a Spanish motorcycle road racer. He started to run professionally in 2003.
Career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
By season
By year
(Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap of the race)
Superbike World Championship
Races by year
Supersport World Championship
Races by year
(key)
External links
1984 births
Living people
People from Puçol
Sportspeople from the Province of Valencia
Spanish motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
Moto2 World Championship riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Supersport World Championship riders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEXB
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Beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HEXB gene.
Hexosaminidase B is the beta subunit of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase that, together with the cofactor GM2 activator protein, catalyzes the degradation of the ganglioside GM2, and other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines. Beta-hexosaminidase is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which are encoded by separate genes. Both beta-hexosaminidase alpha and beta subunits are members of family 20 of glycosyl hydrolases. Mutations in the alpha or beta subunit genes lead to an accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in neurons and neurodegenerative disorders termed the GM2 gangliosidoses. Beta subunit gene mutations lead to Sandhoff disease (GM2-gangliosidosis type II).
Structure
Gene
The HEXB gene lies on the chromosome location of 5q13.3 and consists of 14 exons, spanning 35-40Kb.
Protein
HEXB consists of 556 amino acid residues and weighs 63111Da.
Function
HEXB is one of the two subunits forming β-hexosaminidase which functions as a glycosyl hydrolase that remove β-linked nonreducing-terminal GalNAc or GlcNAc residues in the lysosome. Inability of HEXB will lead toβ-hexosaminidase defect and result in a group of recessive disorders called GM2 gangliosidoses, characterized by the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside.
Clinical significance
Genetic defects in HEXB can result in the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in neural tissues and two of three lysosomal sto
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