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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesoid%20X%20receptor
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The bile acid receptor (BAR), also known as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) or NR1H4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4), is a nuclear receptor that is encoded by the NR1H4 gene in humans.
Function
FXR is expressed at high levels in the liver and intestine. Chenodeoxycholic acid and other bile acids are natural ligands for FXR. Similar to other nuclear receptors, when activated, FXR translocates to the cell nucleus, forms a dimer (in this case a heterodimer with RXR) and binds to hormone response elements on DNA, which up- or down-regulates the expression of certain genes.
One of the primary functions of FXR activation is the suppression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis from cholesterol. FXR does not directly bind to the CYP7A1 promoter. Rather, FXR induces expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP), which then functions to inhibit transcription of the CYP7A1 gene. In this way, a negative feedback pathway is established in which synthesis of bile acids is inhibited when cellular levels are already high.
The absence of FXR in an FXR-/- mouse model led to increased bile acids in the liver, and the spontaneous development of liver tumors. Reducing the pool of bile acids in the FXR-/- mice by feeding the bile acid sequestering resin cholestyramine reduced the number and size of the malignant lesions.
FXR has also been found to be important in regulation of hepatic triglyceride levels. Specifically,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-cell%20disease
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Inclusion-cell (I-cell) disease, also referred to as mucolipidosis II (ML II), is part of the lysosomal storage disease family and results from a defective phosphotransferase (an enzyme of the Golgi apparatus). This enzyme transfers phosphate to mannose residues on specific proteins. Mannose-6-phosphate serves as a marker for proteins to be targeted to lysosomes within the cell. Without this marker, proteins are instead secreted outside the cell, which is the default pathway for proteins moving through the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes cannot function without these proteins, which function as catabolic enzymes for the normal breakdown of substances (e.g. oligosaccharides, lipids, and glycosaminoglycans) in various tissues throughout the body (i.e. fibroblasts). As a result, a buildup of these substances occurs within lysosomes because they cannot be degraded, resulting in the characteristic I-cells, or "inclusion cells" seen microscopically. In addition, the defective lysosomal enzymes normally found only within lysosomes are instead found in high concentrations in the blood, but they remain inactive at blood pH (around 7.4) because they require the low lysosomal pH 5 to function.
Signs and symptoms
Mucolipidosis II (ML II) is a particularly severe form of ML that has a significant resemblance to another mucopolysaccharidosis called Hurler syndrome. Generally, only laboratory testing can distinguish the two as the presentation is so similar, with high plasma concentrations of l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive%20androstane%20receptor
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The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1I3 gene. CAR is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and along with pregnane X receptor (PXR) functions as a sensor of and xenobiotic substances. In response, expression of proteins responsible for the metabolism and excretion of these substances is upregulated. Hence, CAR and PXR play a major role in the detoxification of foreign substances such as drugs.
Androstenol and several isomers of androstanol, androstanes, are endogenous antagonists of the CAR, and despite acting as antagonists, were the basis for the naming of this receptor. More recently, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also an androstane, has been found to be an endogenous agonist of the CAR.
Function
CAR is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and is a key regulator of xenobiotic and metabolism. Unlike most nuclear receptors, this transcriptional regulator is constitutively active in the absence of ligand and is regulated by both agonists and inverse agonists. Ligand binding results in translocation of CAR from the cytosol into the nucleus, where the protein can bind to specific DNA sites, called response elements. Binding occurs both as a monomer and together with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) resulting in activation or repression of target gene transcription. CAR-regulated genes are involved in drug metabolism and bilirubin clearance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACVR1C
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The activin A receptor also known as ACVR1C or ALK-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1C gene. ACVR1C is a type I receptor for the TGFB family of signaling molecules.
ACVR1C transduces signals of Nodal. Nodal binds to ACVR2B and then forms a complex with ACVR1C. These go on to recruit the R-SMADs SMAD2 or SMAD3.
Upon ligand binding, type I receptors phosphorylate cytoplasmic SMAD family transcription factors, which then translocate to the nucleus and interact directly with DNA or in complex with other transcription factors.
References
External links
Further reading
GS domain
TS domain
S/T domain
Human proteins
EC 2.7.11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACVR1B
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Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1B gene.
ACVR1B or ALK-4 acts as a transducer of activin or activin-like ligands (e.g., inhibin) signals. Activin binds to either ACVR2A or ACVR2B and then forms a complex with ACVR1B. These go on to recruit the R-SMADs SMAD2 or SMAD3. ACVR1B also transduces signals of nodal, GDF-1, and Vg1; however, unlike activin, they require other coreceptor molecules such as the protein Cripto.
Function
Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with a cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling, and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. This gene encodes activin A type IB receptor, composed of 11 exons. Alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation result in 3 fully described transcript variants. The mRNA expression o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battenin
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Battenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLN3 gene located on chromosome 16. Battenin is not clustered into any Pfam clan, but it is included in the TCDB suggesting that it is a transporter. In humans, it belongs to the atypical SLCs due to its structural and phylogenetic similarity to other SLC transporters.
Function
Battenin is involved in lysosomal function. Many alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.
Battenin is a transmembrane protein predicted to be composed of 11 transmembrane helices, yet no crystal structure is available.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene, as well as other neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (CLN) genes, cause neurodegenerative diseases commonly known as Batten disease, also known as Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL) or Juvenile Batten disease.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACVR1
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Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACVR1 gene; also known as ALK-2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2). ACVR1 has been linked to the 2q23-24 region of the genome. This protein is important in the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathway which is responsible for the development and repair of the skeletal system. While knock-out models with this gene are in progress, the ACVR1 gene has been connected to fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a very rare progressive genetic disease characterized by heterotopic ossification of muscles, tendons and ligaments. It is a bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1.
Function
Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I ( I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling; and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic%20porphyria
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Hepatic porphyrias is a form of porphyria in which toxic porphyrin molecules build up in the liver. Hepatic porphyrias can result from a number of different enzyme deficiencies.
Examples include (in order of synthesis pathway):
Acute intermittent porphyria
Porphyria cutanea tarda and Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria
Hereditary coproporphyria
Variegate porphyria
See also
Erythropoietic porphyria
Givosiran
References
External links
www.drugs-porphyria.com
www.porphyria-europe.com
Porphyrias
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20unclassified%20miscellaneous%20vessels%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Navy
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The IX (unclassified–miscellaneous) hull classification symbol is used for ships of the United States Navy that do not fit into one of the standard categories. Similar lists of 'miscellaneous' ships can found at
and
.
Ship status is indicated as either currently active [A] (including ready reserve), inactive [I], or precommissioning [P]. Ships in the inactive category include only ships in the inactive reserve, ships which have been disposed from US service have no listed status. Ships in the precommissioning category include ships under construction or on order; IX ships are generally not ordered as such, but are rather converted from other roles.
Historical overview
These vessels usually fall into these categories:
Armed decoys (Q-ships)
Experimental vessels
Former yachts
Mobile base vessels used by service squadrons (command ships, barracks ships, bulk storage ships, unnamed barges, and floating shipyard equipment)
Retired warships
Training equipment and simulators (including two Great Lakes-based paddlewheel aircraft carriers)
War prizes
Currently only one ship, USS Prevail (IX-537), actively carries an IX hull symbol.
Unclassified miscellaneous vessels (IX)
Annapolis (IX-1), ex-PG-10
Dispatch (IX-2), ex-Boston, protected cruiser
Briarcliff (IX-3), receiving ship
, ex-BM-10
Alton (IX-5), ex-CA-14, ex-CL-14
Coastal Battleship Number 4 (IX-6), ex-BB-4
Commodore (IX-7), receiving ship, armory
Cumberland (IX-8), receiving ship
Dubuque (IX-9), ex-A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNAS%20complex%20locus
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GNAS complex locus is a gene locus in humans. Its main product is the heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit Gs-α, a key component of G protein-coupled receptor-regulated adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathways. GNAS stands for Guanine Nucleotide binding protein, Alpha Stimulating activity polypeptide.
Gene
This gene locus has a highly complex imprinted expression pattern. It gives rise to maternally-, paternally- and biallelically-expressed transcripts that are derived from four alternative promoters with distinct 5' exons. Some transcripts contain a differentially methylated region (DMR) within their 5' exons; such DMRs are commonly found in imprinted genes and correlate with transcript expression. An antisense transcript also exists, and this antisense transcript and one of the sense transcripts are paternally expressed, produce non-coding RNAs and may regulate imprinting in this region. In addition, one of the transcripts contains a second frame-shifted open reading frame, which encodes a structurally unrelated protein named ALEX.
Products and functions
The GNAS locus is imprinted and encodes 5 main transcripts:
Gs-α (Gs-α long, P63092-1), biallelic
A/B transcript (Gs-α short, P63092-2), biallelic: contains an alternate 5' terminal exon (A/B or Exon 1A) and uses a downstream start codon to have a shortened amino terminal region.
STX16 deletion causes loss of methylation at the A/B exon, leading to PHP1B.
XLαs (Extra long alpha-s, Q5JWF2), paternal
ALEX (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNAS
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GNAS may refer to:
Gnas, Styria, Austria
Horst Gnas (born 1941), German cyclist
Georgian National Academy of Sciences
GNAS complex locus, a protein
Grand National Archery Society
Naval Air Station Glenview
See also
GNA (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuce%20%28song%29
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"Deuce" is a song by the American hard rock band Kiss, written by bassist and vocalist Gene Simmons. The song appeared on Kiss' eponymous 1974 debut album. In addition to being one of the band's most popular and most-covered songs, "Deuce" is a traditional concert opener. The song has appeared on many Kiss live and compilation albums.
Background
According to Gene Simmons, he simply copied the bassline of the Rolling Stones' "Bitch" and played it more or less backwards. "I wrote 'Deuce' on the bass," he said, "so the guitars ended up shadowing the bass line or variations of it in different octaves".
The entire song was written nearly linearly; the riff came first, then the bridge, then finally the chorus. While uncredited, Paul Stanley provided the lightly phased intro riff, inspired by the Raspberries' "Go All the Way". "It's an integral part of the song," he observed, "but should I get credit for that? I don't think so".
"Deuce" also has special significance for Ace Frehley, as it was the first song he ever played with Kiss. "When I auditioned for Kiss", recalled Frehley, "they said, 'We're going to play you a song for you to listen to, and then try playing along — it's in the key of 'A'. They played ["Deuce"] as a three-piece. I thought, 'That's easy enough,' so I got up and wailed for four minutes playing lead work over it". Frehley has also stated that Deuce is his favorite Kiss song
Gene Simmons stated in reference to the song: "Lyrically, I had no idea what I was ta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Armstrong
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Chris Armstrong or Christopher Armstrong may refer to:
Chris Armstrong (footballer, born 1971), former Crystal Palace and Tottenham Hotspur football player
Chris Armstrong (footballer, born 1982), former Sheffield United football player
Chris Armstrong (footballer, born 1984), Galway United football player
Chris Armstrong (ice hockey) (born 1975), Canadian ice hockey player
Chris Armstrong (Canadian football) (born 1967), former Canadian football player
C. W. Armstrong (1899–1986), Northern Irish politician
Christopher Armstrong (born 1947), current Dean of Blackburn
Chris Armstrong (piper), Pipe Major of the ScottishPower Pipe Band
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular%20transport%20adaptor%20protein
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Vesicular transport adaptor proteins are proteins involved in forming complexes that function in the trafficking of molecules from one subcellular location to another. These complexes concentrate the correct cargo molecules in vesicles that bud or extrude off of one organelle and travel to another location, where the cargo is delivered. While some of the details of how these adaptor proteins achieve their trafficking specificity has been worked out, there is still much to be learned.
There are several human disorders associated with defects in components of these complexes including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
The proteins
Most of the adaptor proteins are heterotetramers. In the AP complexes, there are two large proteins (~100 kD) and two smaller proteins. One of the large proteins is termed β (beta), with β1 in the AP-1 complex, β2 in the AP-2 complex, and so on. The other large protein has different designations in the different complexes. In AP-1 it is named γ (gamma), AP-2 has α (alpha), AP-3 has δ (delta), AP-4 has ε (epsilon) and AP-5 has ζ (zeta). The two smaller proteins are a medium subunit named μ (mu ~50 kD) and a small subunit σ (sigma ~20 kD), and named 1 through 5 corresponding to the 5 AP complexes. Components of COPI (cop one) a coatomer, and TSET (T-set) a membrane trafficking complex have similar heterotetramers of the AP complexes.
Retromer is not closely related, has been reviewed, and its proteins will not be described here. GGAs (Golgi-loc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20Holden
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Oliver Holden (September 18, 1765 – September 4, 1844) was an American composer and compiler of hymns.
Biography
He was born in Shirley, Massachusetts. During the American Revolutionary War, he was a marine for a year (1782–1783) on the USS Deane, which returned to Boston with at least one British prize while he was in the crew. For his service, he received an annual pension. A carpenter by trade, in 1786 he moved to Charlestown, Massachusetts, to help rebuild it after the war. A carpenter and real estate dealer in his professional life, he also organized many music schools, and served as legislator and pastor.
He was a Baptist. In 1791 he joined the First Baptist Church in Boston and became leader of the choir. In 1801, he and some others started the First Baptist Church in Charlestown. He was in a group that left that church in 1809, due to what they perceived as lax discipline, and started a Second Baptist Church in Charlestown.
He entered King Solomon's Lodge as a freemason in 1795, and was an active member for ten years. He was in the Massachusetts House of Representatives on behalf of his town in 1818, 1825, 1826, and 1828 to 1833. His mansion, which he built around 1800, later became the Oliver Holden School, a kindergarten of Boston.
He is buried at the Phipps Street Burying Ground in Charlestown, Massachusetts.
Books
While working as a carpenter, Holden published The American Harmony (1793), a book of sacred music, mostly original, arranged in three and four par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huisman%E2%80%93Olff%E2%80%93Fresco%20models
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Huisman–Olff–Fresco models (HOF models) are a hierarchical set of 5 models with increasing complexity, designated for fitting unimodal species response curves on environmental gradient.
A implementation of the model including extension for bimodal distributions exists as an R module downloadable from CRAN.
References
Oksanen's introduction of HOF models, and software to compute them
Ecological theories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heegner
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Kurt Heegner was a German mathematician
Heegner points are special points on elliptic curves
The Stark–Heegner theorem identifies the imaginary quadratic fields of class number 1.
A Heegner number is a number n such that Q() is an imaginary quadratic field of class number 1.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20World%20Without%20Heroes
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"A World Without Heroes" is a song by the American hard rock band Kiss. It is credited as being written by Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Lou Reed and Bob Ezrin, and was originally recorded and released on their 1981 album Music from "The Elder".
Background
Originally titled "Every Little Bit of Your Heart", the lyrics were changed in order to fit the concept of the album, and Lou Reed contributed the line "A world without heroes, is like a world without sun" to the lyrics.
The song is a slow ballad which features Simmons on lead vocals and Stanley notably performing the guitar solo. It was released as the lone single from The Elder album and reached No. 56 in the U.S. and No. 55 in the UK.
A video was made to help promote the single. It is the first to feature Eric Carr, and was the first Kiss video to be played on MTV.
Despite the video and chart performance of the single, Kiss only played it live once during their appearance on the "Fridays" TV show and did not play the song live again until fan request at Kiss conventions in 1995 led them to performing an acoustic version on their Kiss Unplugged performance and subsequent album.
Chart performance
Cher version
In 1991 Cher recorded a version of this song for her album Love Hurts with Richard Marx on backing vocals.
References
Kiss (band) songs
1981 singles
Cher songs
1980s ballads
Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers
Casablanca Records singles
Songs written by Gene Simmons
Songs written by Lou Reed
Songs written by B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature%20of%20monoclonal%20antibodies
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The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic, or nonproprietary, names to monoclonal antibodies. An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus. Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells, often artificially, and so share the same target object. They have a wide range of applications including medical uses.
This naming scheme is used for both the World Health Organization's International Nonproprietary Names (INN) and the United States Adopted Names (USAN) for pharmaceuticals. In general, word stems are used to identify classes of drugs, in most cases placed word-finally. All monoclonal antibody names assigned until 2021 end with the stem -mab; newer names have different stems. Unlike most other pharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibody nomenclature uses different preceding word parts (morphemes) depending on structure and function. These are officially called substems and sometimes erroneously infixes, even by the USAN Council itself.
The scheme has been revised several times: in 2009, in 2017, in 2021, and in 2022.
Components
Stem
Until 2021, the stem -mab was used for all monoclonal antibodies as well as for their fragments, as long as at least one variable domain (the domain that contains the target binding structure) was included. This is the case for antigen-binding fr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauno%20Marios%20Regional%20Park
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Kauno Marios Regional Park was established in 1992 with the purpose to protect the unique lower landscape of Kaunas Reservoir, its natural ecosystem, and cultural heritage. It covers the total of 101.73 km² (water - 51.45 km², forests - 38.78 km²) and is one of the 30 regional parks in Lithuania.
The man-made Kaunas Reservoir altered the local landscape and now one can see newly formed exposures, altered mouths of tributaries to the Neman River () (what local people now call fiords). The shallower edges of the reservoir are becoming swampy and attract almost all known species of water birds in Lithuania. Old pine forests at Rumšiškės and Dabinta are rich in plant and animal diversity. Here lives one of the biggest population of edible dormice.
Besides the reservoir itself, there are other features made by man. They include Arlaviškis botanical reserve famous for its juniper valley, Girionys Park, a landscape park established on the bank of Kaunas Reservoir, in the eastern edge of Kaunas. It is the biggest park by area and the richest by its number of tree species in Lithuania. The total area of the park together with the village Girionys is 130 ha. Trees in the park have been planted to commemorate the considerable events and famous foresters as well. Since 1963 a tradition among Kaunas Forestry college graduates has been established: every year students plant the oak in this grove. The eastern part of the park leans to Raguoliai pine stand. This forest (81 ha) and protecti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid%20hormone%20receptor
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There are two known parathyroid hormone receptors in mammals termed PTH1R and PTH2R. These receptors bind parathyroid hormone and are members of the GPCR family of transmembrane proteins.
parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is the classical PTH receptor, is expressed in high levels in bone and kidney and regulates calcium ion homeostasis through activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C.
parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) is expressed primarily in the central nervous system, pancreas, testis, and placenta.
References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived%20growth%20factor%20receptor
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Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGF-R) are cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors for members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family. PDGF subunits -A and -B are important factors regulating cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, cell growth, development and many diseases including cancer. There are two forms of the PDGF-R, alpha and beta each encoded by a different gene. Depending on which growth factor is bound, PDGF-R homo- or heterodimerizes.
Mechanism of action
The PDGF family consists of PDGF-A, -B, -C and -D, which form either homo- or heterodimers (PDGF-AA, -AB, -BB, -CC, -DD). The four PDGFs are inactive in their monomeric forms. The PDGFs bind to the protein tyrosine kinase receptors PDGF receptor-α and -β. These two receptor isoforms dimerize upon binding the PDGF dimer, leading to three possible receptor combinations, namely -αα, -ββ and -αβ. The extracellular region of the receptor consists of five immunoglobulin-like domains while the intracellular part is a tyrosine kinase domain. The ligand-binding sites of the receptors are located to the three first immunoglobulin-like domains. PDGF-CC specifically interacts with PDGFR-αα and -αβ, but not with -ββ, and thereby resembles PDGF-AB. PDGF-DD binds to PDGFR-ββ with high affinity, and to PDGFR-αβ to a markedly lower extent and is therefore regarded as PDGFR-ββ specific. PDGF-AA binds only to PDGFR-αα, while PDGF-BB is the only PDGF that can bind all three receptor combinations with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachykinin%20receptor
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There are three known mammalian tachykinin receptors termed NK1, NK2 and NK3. All are members of the 7 transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor family and induce the activation of phospholipase C, producing inositol triphosphate (so called Gq-coupled).
Inhibitors of NK-1, known as NK-1 receptor antagonists, can be used as antiemetic agents, such as the drug aprepitant.
Binding
The genes and receptor ligands are as follows:
(Hökfelt et al., 2001; Page, 2004; Pennefather et al., 2004; Maggi, 2000)
See also
Substance P
G protein coupled receptors
References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors
Molecular neuroscience
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombin%20receptor
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There are three known thrombin receptors (ThrR), termed PAR1, PAR3 and PAR4 (PAR for protease-activated receptor).
G-protein-coupled receptors that are responsible for the coagulation effects and responses of thrombin on cells are known as protease-activated receptors, or PARs. These receptors are members of the 7-transmembrane g protein-coupled family of receptors, however, their method of activation is unique. Unlike most G-protein-coupled receptors, PARs are irreversibly activated by proteolytic mechanism and therefore, are strictly regulated.
Thrombin is an allosteric serine protease that is an essential effector of coagulation that is produced at sites of vascular injury and plays a critical role in cellular response to blood-related diseases. It binds to and cleaves the extracellular N-terminal domain of the receptor. A tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, SFLLRN, is then unmasked, binding to the second extracellular loop of the receptor and activating it.
Tissue distribution
PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 are activated by thrombin. There are species-specific differences in thrombin receptor expression in platelets and other cell types, in which differences in thrombin concentrations may considerably affect platelet activation of distinct PARs. As seen in human platelets, PAR1 and PAR4 are the functional thrombin receptors, whereas PAR3 and PAR4 are functional thrombin receptors in mouse platelets
Thrombin receptors are also differentially expressed in cell t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandeliers%20in%20the%20Savannah
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Chandeliers in the Savannah is Neon Blonde's debut album, released September 13, 2005.
Track listing
"Black Cactus Killers" - 2:34
"Crystal Beaches Never Turned Me On" - 2:51
"Chandeliers and Vines" - 4:07
"Princess Skullface Sings" - 2:30
"New Detroit" - 2:50
"Headlines" - 3:23
"Love Hounds" - 3:27
"Dead Mellotron" - 2:37
"Cherries in Slow Motion" - 4:02
"The Future is a Mesh Stallion" - 3:47
"Wings Made out of Noise" - 2:21
Notes
The music video for "Headlines" features marionette versions of the band performing the song.
Aside from performing the vocals for the band, Johnny Whitney plays the guitar, bass, keyboard, and piano as well as drum programming.
References
2005 debut albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archain
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Archain is a human protein that is encoded by gene which is located on chromosome 11.
Also known as ARCN1, it plays a role in eukaryotic cell biology.
It is part of the COPI coatomer complex.
References
External links
Peripheral membrane proteins
Genes on human chromosome 11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1B1
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Cytochrome P450 1B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP1B1 gene.
Function
CYP1B1 belongs to the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids. The enzyme encoded by this gene localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and metabolizes procarcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 17beta-estradiol.
Despite over 20 years of research on CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, CYP1B1 was not identified and sequenced until 1994. Nucleic and amino acid analysis showed approximately 40% identity with CYP1A1. Despite this similarity, these two enzymes have very different catalytic efficiencies and metabolites when incubated with common substrates, such as retinoic acid and arachidonic acid. Recently CYP1B1 has been shown to be physiologically important in fetal development, since mutations in CYP1B1 are linked with a form of primary congenital glaucoma.
CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 are regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand activated transcription factor. They are part of the Phase I reactions of drug metabolism.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with primary congenital glaucoma; therefore it is thought that the enzyme also metabolizes a signaling molecule involved in eye development, possibly a steroid.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular%20fluid
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Follicular fluid is a liquid which fills the follicular antrum and surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle. This fluid is rich in hyaluronic acid, and is used in a modified intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) called physiological ICSI (PICSI), semi-viscous and yellow in colour. Its components come mainly from granulosa cells.
References
External links
Diagram at med.mun.ca
Overview at okstate.edu
Mammal female reproductive system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACVR2A
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Activin receptor type-2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2A gene.
ACVR2A is an activin type 2 receptor.
Function
This gene encodes activin A type II receptor. Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling; and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. Type II receptors are considered to be constitutively active kinases.
Interactions
ACVR2A has been shown to interact with:
ACVR1B,
INHBA, and
SYNJ2BP.
References
External links
Further reading
GS domain
TS domain
S/T domain
Human proteins
EC 2.7.11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality%20%28molecular%20biology%29
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Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. In a single strand of DNA or RNA, the chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide pentose-sugar-ring means that there will be a 5′ end (usually pronounced "five-prime end"), which frequently contains a phosphate group attached to the 5′ carbon of the ribose ring, and a 3′ end (usually pronounced "three-prime end"), which typically is unmodified from the ribose -OH substituent. In a DNA double helix, the strands run in opposite directions to permit base pairing between them, which is essential for replication or transcription of the encoded information.
Nucleic acids can only be synthesized in vivo in the 5′-to-3′ direction, as the polymerases that assemble various types of new strands generally rely on the energy produced by breaking nucleoside triphosphate bonds to attach new nucleoside monophosphates to the 3′-hydroxyl (−OH) group, via a phosphodiester bond. The relative positions of structures along strands of nucleic acid, including genes and various protein binding sites, are usually noted as being either upstream (towards the 5′-end) or downstream (towards the 3′-end). (See also upstream and downstream.)
Directionality is related to, but different from, sense. Transcription of single-stranded RNA from a double-stranded DNA template requires the selection of one strand of the DNA template as the template strand that directly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality%20type
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In psychology, personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of individuals. Personality types are sometimes distinguished from personality traits, with the latter embodying a smaller grouping of behavioral tendencies. Types are sometimes said to involve qualitative differences between people, whereas traits might be construed as quantitative differences. According to type theories, for example, introverts and extraverts are two fundamentally different categories of people. According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous dimension, with many people in the middle. In contrast to personality traits, the existence of personality types remains extremely controversial.
Clinically effective personality typologies
Effective personality typologies reveal and increase knowledge and understanding of individuals, as opposed to diminishing knowledge and understanding as occurs in the case of stereotyping. Effective typologies also allow for increased ability to predict clinically relevant information about people and to develop effective treatment strategies.
There is an extensive literature on the topic of classifying the various types of human temperament and an equally extensive literature on personality traits or domains. These classification systems attempt to describe normal temperament and personality and emphasize the predominant features of different temperament and personality types; they are largely the prov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersubband%20polariton
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Intersubband transitions (also known as intraband transitions) are dipolar allowed optical excitations between the quantized electronic energy levels within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures. Intersubband transitions when coupled with an optical resonator form new, mixed-state photons. This mixing is referred to as an intersubband cavity-polariton. These transitions exhibit an anticrossing in energy with a separation known as vacuum-Rabi splitting, similar to level repulsion in atomic physics.
Quantum cascade laser
A cascading of intersubband transitions is the mechanism behind a quantum cascade laser which produces a monochromatic coherent light-source at infrared wavelengths.
Color of metals
Most metals reflect almost all visible light, due to the presence of free charges, and are therefore silvery in color or mirror-like. However, some metals like gold and copper are more reddish, and this is due to absorption from intersubband transitions that occur at blue wavelengths.
See also
Fluorescence (interband transitions)
References
Quantum mechanics
Quantum electronics
Quasiparticles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20equivalence%20theorem
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The optical equivalence theorem in quantum optics asserts an equivalence between the expectation value of an operator in Hilbert space and the expectation value of its associated function in the phase space formulation with respect to a quasiprobability distribution. The theorem was first reported by George Sudarshan in 1963 for normally ordered operators and generalized later that decade to any ordering.
Let Ω be an ordering of the non-commutative creation and annihilation operators, and let be an operator that is expressible as a power series in the creation and annihilation operators that satisfies the ordering Ω. Then the optical equivalence theorem is succinctly expressed as
Here, is understood to be the eigenvalue of the annihilation operator on a coherent state and is replaced formally in the power series expansion of . The left side of the above equation is an expectation value in the Hilbert space whereas the right hand side is an expectation value with respect to the quasiprobability distribution.
We may write each of these explicitly for better clarity. Let be the density operator and be the ordering reciprocal to Ω. The quasiprobability distribution associated with Ω is given, then, at least formally, by
The above framed equation becomes
For example, let Ω be the normal order. This means that can be written in a power series of the following form:
The quasiprobability distribution associated with the normal order is the Glauber-Sudarshan P rep
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACVR2B
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Activin receptor type-2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2B gene. ACVR2B is an activin type 2 receptor.
Function
Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling; and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. Type II receptors are considered to be constitutively active kinases. This gene encodes activin A type IIB receptor, which displays a 3- to 4-fold higher affinity for the ligand than activin A type II receptor.
Interactions
ACVR2B has been shown to interact with ACVR1B and SYNJ2BP.
References
External links
Further reading
GS domain
TS domain
S/T domain
Human proteins
EC 2.7.11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BICOM
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BICOM may refer to:
Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre
Brunel Institute of Computational Mathematics
Bioresonance therapy, pseudoscientific medical practice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20pressure
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In fluid dynamics, dynamic pressure (denoted by or and sometimes called velocity pressure) is the quantity defined by:
where (in SI units):
is the dynamic pressure in pascals (i.e., kg/(m*s2),
(Greek letter rho) is the fluid mass density (e.g. in kg/m3), and
is the flow speed in m/s.
It can be thought of as the fluid's kinetic energy per unit volume.
For incompressible flow, the dynamic pressure of a fluid is the difference between its total pressure and static pressure. From Bernoulli's law, dynamic pressure is given by
where and are the total and static pressures, respectively.
Physical meaning
Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid. Dynamic pressure is one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which can be derived from the conservation of energy for a fluid in motion.
At a stagnation point the dynamic pressure is equal to the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure, so the dynamic pressure in a flow field can be measured at a stagnation point.
Another important aspect of dynamic pressure is that, as dimensional analysis shows, the aerodynamic stress (i.e. stress within a structure subject to aerodynamic forces) experienced by an aircraft travelling at speed is proportional to the air density and square of , i.e. proportional to . Therefore, by looking at the variation of during flight, it is possible to determine how the stress will vary and in particular when it will reach its maximum value. The point
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20sculpture
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Sugar sculpture is the art of producing artistic centerpieces entirely composed of sugar and sugar derivatives. These were very popular at grand feasts from the Renaissance until at least the 18th century, and sometimes made by famous artists. Sugar was very expensive by modern standards, and sculptures in it a form of conspicuous consumption, reflecting wealth. Today, there are many competitions that include sugar sculpture.
Sugar showpieces can be composed of several different types of sugar elements. All begin with cooking sugar, and possibly an acidic agent and/or non-sucrose sugar product to avoid unwanted crystallization, to the hard crack stage, around .
When all components are completed, they are welded together using a gas torch. The sugar is melted, and then joined together.
Types
Pulled sugar
The sugar has been cooked, and the now-liquid sugar is poured onto a silicone rubber mat. Any coloring is now added. The sugar is then folded repeatedly into itself, until the sugar is, while still flexible, cool enough to handle. The sugar is then stretched out and then folded on itself repeatedly. This process incorporates air into the sugar, and gives it a bright lustrous sheen. The sugar can then be sculpted by hand into various shapes, made into ribbons, or blown.
Blown sugar
In blown sugar, a portion of pulled sugar is placed on a rubber pump which is tipped with either wood or metal. Pumps are most commonly hand pumps. While being blown, the sugar can be shaped,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid%20cell%20topology
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The grid cell topology is studied in digital topology as part of the theoretical basis for (low-level) algorithms in computer image analysis or computer graphics.
The elements of the n-dimensional grid cell topology (n ≥ 1) are all n-dimensional grid cubes and their k-dimensional faces ( for 0 ≤ k ≤ n−1); between these a partial order A ≤ B is defined if A is a subset of B (and thus also dim(A) ≤ dim(B)). The grid cell topology is the Alexandrov topology (open sets are up-sets) with respect to this partial order. (See also poset topology.)
Alexandrov and Hopf first introduced the grid cell topology, for the two-dimensional case, within an exercise in their text Topologie I (1935).
A recursive method to obtain n-dimensional grid cells and an intuitive definition for
grid cell manifolds can be found in Chen, 2004. It is related to digital manifolds.
See also
Pixel connectivity
References
Digital Geometry: Geometric Methods for Digital Image Analysis, by Reinhard Klette and Azriel Rosenfeld, Morgan Kaufmann Pub, May 2004, (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Graphics)
Topologie I, by Paul Alexandroff and Heinz Hopf, Springer, Berlin, 1935, xiii + 636 pp.
Digital topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20computer
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A chemical computer, also called a reaction-diffusion computer, Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) computer, or gooware computer, is an unconventional computer based on a semi-solid chemical "soup" where data are represented by varying concentrations of chemicals. The computations are performed by naturally occurring chemical reactions.
Background
Originally chemical reactions were seen as a simple move towards a stable equilibrium which was not very promising for computation. This was changed by a discovery made by Boris Belousov, a Soviet scientist, in the 1950s. He created a chemical reaction between different salts and acids that swing back and forth between being yellow and clear because the concentration of the different components changes up and down in a cyclic way. At the time this was considered impossible because it seemed to go against the second law of thermodynamics, which says that in a closed system the entropy will only increase over time, causing the components in the mixture to distribute themselves until equilibrium is gained and making any changes in the concentration impossible. But modern theoretical analyses shows sufficiently complicated reactions can indeed comprise wave phenomena without breaking the laws of nature. (A convincing directly visible demonstration was achieved by Anatol Zhabotinsky with the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction showing spiraling colored waves.)
The wave properties of the BZ reaction means it can move information in the same way as all
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdural%20hygroma
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A subdural hygroma (SDG) is a collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), without blood, located under the dural membrane of the brain. Most subdural hygromas are believed to be derived from chronic subdural hematomas. They are commonly seen in elderly people after minor trauma but can also be seen in children following infection or trauma. One of the common causes of subdural hygroma is a sudden decrease in pressure as a result of placing a ventricular shunt. This can lead to leakage of CSF into the subdural space especially in cases with moderate to severe brain atrophy. In these cases the symptoms such as mild fever, headache, drowsiness and confusion can be seen, which are relieved by draining this subdural fluid.
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Subdural hygromas require two conditions in order to occur. First, there must be a separation in the layers of the meninges of the brain. Second, the resulting subdural space that occurs from the separation of layers must remain uncompressed in order for CSF to accumulate in the subdural space, resulting in the hygroma. The arachnoid mater is torn and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space accumulates in the subdural space. Hygromas also push the subarachnoid vessels away from the inner table of the skull. Subdural hygroma can appear in the first day, but the mean time of appearance is 9 days on CT scan. Subdural hygroma does not have internal membranes that can easily rupture like subdural haematoma, but hygroma can so
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%E2%80%93Kochen%20theorem
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The Ax–Kochen theorem, named for James Ax and Simon B. Kochen, states that for each positive integer d there is a finite set Yd of prime numbers, such that if p is any prime not in Yd then every homogeneous polynomial of degree d over the p-adic numbers in at least d2 + 1 variables has a nontrivial zero.
The proof of the theorem
The proof of the theorem makes extensive use of methods from mathematical logic, such as model theory.
One first proves Serge Lang's theorem, stating that the analogous theorem is true for the field Fp((t)) of formal Laurent series over a finite field Fp with . In other words, every homogeneous polynomial of degree d with more than d2 variables has a non-trivial zero (so Fp((t)) is a C2 field).
Then one shows that if two Henselian valued fields have equivalent valuation groups and residue fields, and the residue fields have characteristic 0, then they are elementarily equivalent (which means that a first order sentence is true for one if and only if it is true for the other).
Next one applies this to two fields, one given by an ultraproduct over all primes of the fields Fp((t)) and the other given by an ultraproduct over all primes of the p-adic fields Qp.
Both residue fields are given by an ultraproduct over the fields Fp, so are isomorphic and have characteristic 0, and both value groups are the same, so the ultraproducts are elementarily equivalent. (Taking ultraproducts is used to force the residue field to have characteristic 0; the residue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB2
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Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the GRB2 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene binds receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and contains one SH2 domain and two SH3 domains. Its two SH3 domains direct complex formation with proline-rich regions of other proteins, and its SH2 domain binds tyrosine phosphorylated sequences. This gene is similar to the sem-5 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans, which is involved in the signal transduction pathway. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Function and expression
Grb2 is widely expressed and is essential for multiple cellular functions. Inhibition of Grb2 function impairs developmental processes in various organisms and blocks transformation and proliferation of various cell types. It is thus not surprising that targeted gene disruption of Grb2 in mice is lethal at an early embryonic stage. Grb2 is best known for its ability to link the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase to the activation of Ras and its downstream kinases, ERK1,2. Grb2 is composed of an SH2 domain flanked on each side by an SH3 domain. Grb2 has two closely related proteins with similar domain organizations, Gads and Grap. Gads and Grap are expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells and function in the coordination of tyrosine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Highway%2058
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North Carolina Highway 58 (NC 58) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina that traverses the state's Coastal Plain. The route links many of the Crystal Coast communities along its eastern segment. Its southern terminus is at the visitor center parking lot for Fort Macon State Park in Atlantic Beach and its northern terminus is at the intersection of US 401 and US 158 Business in Warrenton. The highway traverses nearly the entire length of the Bogue Banks and serves the major cities of Kinston, Snow Hill, and Wilson.
Route description
NC 58 begins from the visitor center parking lot at Fort Macon State Park--formerly County Road 1190--and begins heading west along Bogue Banks. It passes through Atlantic Beach, Pine Knoll Shores, Indian Beach, and Emerald Isle as it runs along the Bogue Banks as a main highway. Approaching the west end, the highway turns north and crosses on the Emerald Island Causeway. Running by Cedar Point, the highway intersects NC 24 and then heads toward the northwest as it passes by the White Oak River Mechanical Harvesting of Oysters Prohibited Area. The route then approaches Maysville and runs concurrent with US 17 heading north until reaching Pollocksville where NC 58 splits from US 17 heading west. The highway approaches Trenton and runs concurrent with NC 41 for about . NC 58 then enters Kinston and runs concurrent with US 70 until reaching the intersection with US 258, where the route turns to the north and runs concurrent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA%20mutase
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Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (, MCM), mitochondrial, also known as methylmalonyl-CoA isomerase, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MUT gene. This vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in humans. Mutations in MUT gene may lead to various types of methylmalonic aciduria.
MCM was first identified in rat liver and sheep kidney in 1955. In its latent form, it is 750 amino acids in length. Upon entry to the mitochondria, the 32 amino acid mitochondrial leader sequence at the N-terminus of the protein is cleaved, forming the fully processed monomer. The monomers then associate into homodimers, and bind AdoCbl (one for each monomer active site) to form the final, active holoenzyme form.
Structure
Gene
The MUT gene lies on the chromosome location of 6p12.3 and consists of 13 exons, spanning over 35kb.
Protein
The mature enzyme is a homodimer with the N-terminal CoA binding domain and the C- terminal cobalamin-binding domain.
Function
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is expressed in high concentrations in the kidney, in intermediate concentrations in the heart, ovaries, brain, muscle, and liver, and in low concentrations in the spleen. The enzyme can be found all throughout the central nervous system (CNS). MCM resides in the mitochondria, where a number of substances, including the branched-chain amino acids isoleucine and valine, as well as methionine, threonine, thymine and odd-chain fatty acids, are metabolized via met
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP17A1
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Cytochrome P450 17A1 (steroid 17α-monooxygenase, 17α-hydroxylase, 17-alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, 17,20-desmolase) is an enzyme of the hydroxylase type that in humans is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene on chromosome 10. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types, including the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata (but not zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex as well as gonadal tissues. It has both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, and is a key enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway that produces progestins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. More specifically, the enzyme acts upon pregnenolone and progesterone to add a hydroxyl (-OH) group at carbon 17 position (C17) of the steroid D ring (the 17α-hydroxylase activity, ), or acts upon 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to split the side-chain off the steroid nucleus (the 17,20-lyase activity, ).
Structure
Gene
The CYP17A1 gene resides on chromosome 10 at the band 10q24.3 and contains 8 exons. The cDNA of this gene spans a length of 1527 bp. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are generally regarded as monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids, including the remarkable carbon-carbon bond scission catalyzed by this enzyme.
The CYP17A1 gene may also contain variants associated with increased risk of coro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley%27s%20paradox
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Lindley's paradox is a counterintuitive situation in statistics in which the Bayesian and frequentist approaches to a hypothesis testing problem give different results for certain choices of the prior distribution. The problem of the disagreement between the two approaches was discussed in Harold Jeffreys' 1939 textbook; it became known as Lindley's paradox after Dennis Lindley called the disagreement a paradox in a 1957 paper.
Although referred to as a paradox, the differing results from the Bayesian and frequentist approaches can be explained as using them to answer fundamentally different questions, rather than actual disagreement between the two methods.
Nevertheless, for a large class of priors the differences between the frequentist and Bayesian approach are caused by keeping the significance level fixed: as even Lindley recognized, "the theory does not justify the practice of keeping the significance level fixed'' and even "some computations by Prof. Pearson in the discussion to that paper emphasized how the significance level would have to change with the sample size, if the losses and prior probabilities were kept fixed.'' In fact, if the critical value increases with the sample size suitably fast, then the disagreement between the frequentist and Bayesian approaches becomes negligible as the sample size increases.
Description of the paradox
The result of some experiment has two possible explanations, hypotheses and , and some prior distribution representing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency%20ventilation
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High-frequency ventilation is a type of mechanical ventilation which utilizes a respiratory rate greater than four times the normal value. (>150 (Vf) breaths per minute) and very small tidal volumes. High frequency ventilation is thought to reduce ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI), especially in the context of ARDS and acute lung injury. This is commonly referred to as lung protective ventilation. There are different types of high-frequency ventilation. Each type has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. The types of HFV are characterized by the delivery system and the type of exhalation phase.
High-frequency ventilation may be used alone, or in combination with conventional mechanical ventilation. In general, those devices that need conventional mechanical ventilation do not produce the same lung protective effects as those that can operate without tidal breathing. Specifications and capabilities will vary depending on the device manufacturer.
Physiology
With conventional ventilation where tidal volumes (VT) exceed dead space(VDEAD), gas exchange is largely related to bulk flow of gas to the alveoli. With high-frequency ventilation, the tidal volumes used are smaller than anatomical and equipment dead space and therefore alternative mechanisms of gas exchange occur.
Procedure
Supraglottic Approach—The supraglottic approach is advantageous as it allows a completely tubeless surgical field.
Subglottic Approach
Transtracheal Approach
High-frequency jet ventil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20Resonance%20%28novel%29
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Orbital Resonance is a science fiction novel by John Barnes. It is the first of four books comprising the Century Next Door series, followed by Kaleidoscope Century, Candle, and The Sky So Big and Black.
Orbital Resonance was nominated for the James Tiptree Jr. Award (now Otherwise Award) in 1991 and the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1992.
Critical reaction
Writer Jo Walton declared: "This may be Barnes’s best book. (Or that may be A Million Open Doors.) It’s a book almost everyone who likes SF will enjoy, and if it gives you a lot to think about as well, then that’s all to the good."
References
1991 American novels
1991 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by John Barnes
Tor Books books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Jaffrey%20Wheatley
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Peter Jaffrey Wheatley (5 March 1921 – 12 May 1997) was an English chemist, who published over 100 papers and 5 books on physical chemistry, crystallography and structural chemistry.
Biography
Wheatley was born on 5 March 1921 in Wilmslow, Cheshire. He was educated at King Edward VII School (photo) in Sheffield, where he was Head Prefect in 1938/1940, Captain of cricket for two years and 1st XI footballer for four. He began a degree at Oxford at the start of World War II, but was soon enlisted as a bombardier. He was captured during the Fall of Singapore in 1942. After four years as a prisoner of war, and working on the Burma railway, and then regaining his health, Wheatley returned to Oxford, studying at Queen's College (1946-1948) and Merton College (1948-1949). He was awarded a first in chemistry in 1948 and a DPhil in physical chemistry in 1951.
Wheatley married Edna Mary Bolton (known as Jo) in Sheffield in 1948. In September 1949 they sailed First Class from Liverpool on the Cunard Line’s Ascania to Quebec, en route to the Twin Cities, where Wheatley was a Commonwealth Fellow at the University of Minnesota for a year. On their return to the UK the first of their daughters was born in 1950. The following year they moved to Leeds, where Wheatley had a Lectureship in Chemistry. Their two other daughters were born in 1953 and 1954.
Biochemist Richard E. Dickerson recalls that “in 1957, Peter J. Wheatley despaired of supporting a wife and two children on his Leeds prof
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraspanin
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Tetraspanins are a family of membrane proteins found in all multicellular eukaryotes also referred to as the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) proteins. These proteins have four transmembrane alpha-helices and two extracellular domains, one short (called the small extracellular domain or loop, SED/SEL or EC1) and one longer, typically 100 amino acid residues (the large extracellular domain/loop, LED/LEL or EC2). Although several protein families have four transmembrane alpha-helices, tetraspanins are defined by conserved amino acid sequences including four or more cysteine residues in the EC2 domain, with two in a highly conserved 'CCG' motif. Tetraspanins are often thought to act as scaffolding proteins, anchoring multiple proteins to one area of the cell membrane.
Tetraspanins are highly conserved between species. Some tetraspanins can have N-linked glycosylations on the long extracellular loop (LEL, EC2) and palmitoylations at a CXXC motif in their transmembrane region.
There are 34 tetraspanins in mammals, 33 of which have also been identified in humans. Tetraspanins display numerous properties that indicate their physiological importance in cell adhesion, motility, activation, and proliferation, as well as their contribution to pathological conditions such as metastasis or viral infection.
A role for tetraspanins in platelets was demonstrated by the bleeding phenotypes of CD151- and TSSC6-deficient mice, which exhibit impaired "outside-in" signalling through αIIbβ3,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextic%20equation
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In algebra, a sextic (or hexic) polynomial is a polynomial of degree six.
A sextic equation is a polynomial equation of degree six—that is, an equation whose left hand side is a sextic polynomial and whose right hand side is zero. More precisely, it has the form:
where and the coefficients may be integers, rational numbers, real numbers, complex numbers or, more generally, members of any field.
A sextic function is a function defined by a sextic polynomial. Because they have an even degree, sextic functions appear similar to quartic functions when graphed, except they may possess an additional local maximum and local minimum each. The derivative of a sextic function is a quintic function.
Since a sextic function is defined by a polynomial with even degree, it has the same infinite limit when the argument goes to positive or negative infinity. If the leading coefficient is positive, then the function increases to positive infinity at both sides and thus the function has a global minimum. Likewise, if is negative, the sextic function decreases to negative infinity and has a global maximum.
Solvable sextics
Some sixth degree equations, such as , can be solved by factorizing into radicals, but other sextics cannot. Évariste Galois developed techniques for determining whether a given equation could be solved by radicals which gave rise to the field of Galois theory.
It follows from Galois theory that a sextic equation is solvable in terms of radicals if and only if its G
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings%27%20School%2C%20Winchester
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Kings' School is a comprehensive school in Winchester, Hampshire, with approximately 1,650 pupils. The most recent Ofsted inspection (June 2014) brought forward a generally excellent classification with thirty out of thirty-one sections of the report considered outstanding. Kings' School previously had specialist status as a Business and Enterprise College and as a Language College.
History
Kings' School was formed in 1985 by merging the two previous schools on the site: Danemark School (girls) and Montgomery of Alamein School (boys). These schools trace their roots back to the Wesleyan Day School (1889), St Thomas's School (1893), St Mary's School (1900), and Danemark Central School (1912). To begin with teaching was split between both the former Montgomery site (Kings South) and the former Danemark site (Kings North). By 1993 all teaching had transferred into the largely redeveloped Danemark site. The main hall, science block, sports hall and maths block of the Montgomery site were demolished in 1993 and housing now stands on the site. The current Kings' School now stands on the former Danemark site and has expanded out the back towards Sarum Road.
Academic achievement
According to the most recent available data, from the 2019 Department for Education league tables, Kings' Progress 8 score is average within Hampshire and below both other state secondary schools situated in Winchester.
Curriculum
The school teaches a large number of subjects, both at Key Stage 3 and Key
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamola%20Foam
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Creamola Foam was a soft drink produced in the form of effervescent crystals that were mixed with water. It was manufactured in Glasgow and sold in the UK from the 1950s, until Nestlé ended production in October 1998.
In 2005, Allan McCandlish of Cardross started producing a re-creation of Creamola Foam under the name ‘Kramola Fizz’.
In April 2019, his daughter Agnes and son Andrew of McCandlish Farmhouse Confectionery relaunched the product under its original name of Creamola Foam (registered trademark) and is now available on the shelves again in Scotland as well as worldwide.
Details
Creamola Foam came in the form of coloured crystals which were dissolved in cold water to form a sweet, fizzy drink. It was packaged in a small tin labelled with a cartoon girl and boy drinking with straws.
The drink originally came in raspberry, orange, and lemon flavours, and cola was later added.
The product was originally owned by Rowntrees before coming under the banner of Nestle UK until being sold off to Premier Foods.
The relaunched Creamola Foam drink comes in 17 flavours, including the original flavours which are Raspberry, Orange, Lemon, and Cola flavours.
Early form
The original packaging consisted of a small tin with a tight metal lid, normally pried off with a teaspoon. A paper seal covered the foam crystals.
The packaging included the phrases:
"CREAMOLA FOAM CRYSTALS"
"MAKES 10 BIG DRINKS"
"FULLY SWEETENED"
The original ingredient list read:
Sugar
Fruit acids
S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim%20Nayernia
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Karim Nayernia () is an Iranian biomedical scientist and a world expert on stem cell biology and Personalized medicine.
He carried out pioneering work that has the potential to lead to future therapies for a range of medical conditions such as heart disease, Parkinson's disease and male infertility. His team was the first in the world to isolate a new type of stem cell from adult mouse testes (male sex glands), called spermatagonial stem cells. It was able to show that some of these stem cells, called multipotent adult germline stem cells (maGSCs), turned into heart, muscle, brain and other cells. Prof Nayernia and his team proposed that similar cells could be extracted from men using a simple testicular biopsy. On the basis of these cells, new stem cell techniques could be developed in order to treat a variety of illnesses.
Academic career
Karim Nayernia is an alumnus of the University of Göttingen, where he had defended his dissertation in 1993. He worked at the university until 2006, when he started to work at the Newcastle University. In 2003, he got the professorship (Habilitation) in Molecular Human Genetics from Medical Faculty of Georg-August University in Göttingen and in 2006 Professorship for Stem Cell Biology from the Newcastle University Institute of Human Genetics.
In 2009, he created human sperm-like cells from male stem cells in the laboratory for the first time. Previously, in 2006, he used sperm created from embryonic stem cells to impregnate mice. The m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20topics%20related%20to%20life%20extension
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Following is a list of topics related to life extension:
A
ACE inhibitor
Actuarial escape velocity
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Advanced Cell Technology Corporation
Aerobic exercise
Age-adjusted life expectancy
Ageless
Age-Related Eye Disease Study
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Aging
Aging and memory
Aging-associated diseases
Aging brain
Aging population
Alcor Life Extension Foundation
Alternative medicine
American Aging Association
American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M)
Amyloid
Amyloid plaque
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), e.g., Lou Gehrig's disease
Antagonistic Pleiotropy
Antioxidant
Polyphenol antioxidant
Antisense therapy
Apoptosis
Atherosclerosis
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Autoimmune disease
B
Biodemography
Biodemography of human longevity
Bioethics
Biological clock
Biogerontology
Biological immortality
Biomarkers of aging
Biotechnology
Brain–computer interface
C
Caloric restriction mimetic
Caloric restriction
CR Society International
Cell replacement therapy
Cholinergic
Clone
Cloning
Human cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Club of Rome
Cockayne's syndrome
Cognitive enhancement
Compensation law of mortality
Complementary and alternative medicine
Cross-link
Cyborg
Cynthia Kenyon
Cryobiology
Cryonics
Cryopreservation
Cryoprotectant
D
Daily values
de Grey, Dr. Aubrey
De Grey Technology Review controversy
Demopoulos M.D., Harry B.
Dendrite
DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
Dietary supplement
Dietary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooks%20fluctuation%20theorem
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The Crooks fluctuation theorem (CFT), sometimes known as the Crooks equation, is an equation in statistical mechanics that relates the work done on a system during a non-equilibrium transformation to the free energy difference between the final and the initial state of the transformation. During the non-equilibrium transformation the system is at constant volume and in contact with a heat reservoir. The CFT is named after the chemist Gavin E. Crooks (then at University of California, Berkeley) who discovered it in 1998.
The most general statement of the CFT relates the probability of a space-time trajectory to the time-reversal of the trajectory . The theorem says if the dynamics of the system satisfies microscopic reversibility, then the forward time trajectory is exponentially more likely than the reverse, given that it produces entropy,
If one defines a generic reaction coordinate of the system as a function of the Cartesian coordinates of the constituent particles ( e.g. , a distance between two particles), one can characterize every point along the reaction coordinate path by a parameter , such that and correspond to two ensembles of microstates for which the reaction coordinate is constrained to different values. A dynamical process where is externally driven from zero to one, according to an arbitrary time scheduling, will be referred as forward transformation , while the time reversal path will be indicated as backward transformation. Given these definition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20%28disambiguation%29
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Harmonic usually refers to the frequency components of a time-varying signal, such as a musical note.
Mathematics, science and engineering
Harmonic (mathematics), a number of concepts in mathematics
Harmonic analysis, representing signals by superposition of basic waves
Harmonic oscillator, a concept in classical mechanics
Simple harmonic motion, a concept in classical mechanics
Harmonic distortion, a measurement of signal distortion
Harmonics (electrical power)
Harmonic series (mathematics), a divergent infinite series
Harmonic tremor, a rhythmic earthquake which may indicate volcanic activity
Music
String harmonic, a string instrument playing technique
Artificial harmonic, a string instrument playing technique
Enharmonic, a "spelling" issue in music
Harmonic series (music), the series of overtones (or partials) present in a musical note, or the vibrational modes of a string or an air column
Scale of harmonics, a musical scale based on harmonic nodes of a string
The Harmonics, a rock a cappella group from Stanford University
Harmony, the musical use of simultaneous pitches, or chords
Inharmonicity, the degree of overtones' departure from integral multiples of the fundamental frequency
Overtone, any resonant frequency higher than the fundamental frequency
Other uses
Harmonic (color), a relationship between three colors
Harmonic Convergence, a New Age astrological term
"Harmonics", the twelfth movement of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells 2003 album
Harm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack%20surface
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The attack surface of a software environment is the sum of the different points (for "attack vectors") where an unauthorized user (the "attacker") can try to enter data to, extract data, control a device or critical software in an environment. Keeping the attack surface as small as possible is a basic security measure.
Elements of an attack surface
Worldwide digital change has accelerated the size, scope, and composition of an organization's attack surface. The size of an attack surface may fluctuate over time, adding and subtracting assets and digital systems (e.g. websites, hosts, cloud and mobile apps, etc.). Attack surface sizes can change rapidly as well. Digital assets eschew the physical requirements of traditional network devices, servers, data centers, and on-premise networks. This leads to attack surfaces changing rapidly, based on the organization's needs and the availability of digital services to accomplish it.
Attack surface scope also varies from organization to organization. With the rise of digital supply chains, interdependencies, and globalization, an organization's attack surface has a broader scope of concern (viz. vectors for cyberattacks). Lastly, the composition of an organization's attack surface consists of small entities linked together in digital relationships and connections to the rest of the internet and organizational infrastructure, including the scope of third-parties, digital supply chain, and even adversary-threat infrastructure.
An
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20artificial%20chromosome
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A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6–10megabases (Mb) in size instead of 50–250Mb for natural chromosomes, and able to carry new genes introduced by human researchers. Ideally, researchers could integrate different genes that perform a variety of functions, including disease defense.
Alternative methods of creating transgenes, such as utilizing yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes, lead to unpredictable problems. The genetic material introduced by these vectors not only leads to different expression levels, but the inserts also disrupt the original genome. HACs differ in this regard, as they are entirely separate chromosomes. This separation from existing genetic material assumes that no insertional mutants would arise. This stability and accuracy makes HACs preferable to other methods such as viral vectors, YACs, and BACs. HACs allow for delivery of more DNA (including promoters and copy-number variation) than is possible with viral vectors.
Yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were created before human artificial chromosomes, which were first developed in 1997. HACs are useful in expression studies as gene transfer vectors, as a tool for elucidating human chromosome function, and as a method for actively annotating the human genome
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaporin-3
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Aquaporin 3 (AQP-3) is the protein product of the human AQP3 gene. It is found in the basolateral cell membrane of principal collecting duct cells and provides a pathway for water to exit these cells. Aquaporin-3 is also permeable to glycerol, ammonia, urea, and hydrogen peroxide. It is expressed in various tissues including the skin, respiratory tract, and kidneys as well as various types of cancers. In the kidney, aquaproin-3 is unresponsive to the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin, unlike aquaporin-2. This protein is also a determinant for the GIL blood group system.
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) (a HDAC inhibitor) increases expression of aquaporin-3 in normal skin cells (keratinocytes).
Clinical significance
Aquaporin 3 levels are often lower in psoriasis than in healthy skin.
Aquaporin 3 is expressed more in atopic eczema.
Recent studies indicate that aquaporin 3 is overexpressed in many types of malignancies such as melanoma and primary effusion lymphomas as well as cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, esophagus, mouth, liver, and pancreatic duct. Based on these as well as cell culture studies, it is suggested that this overexpression contributes to the growth and spread of at least some of these cancers and therefore may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of these cancers.
See also
Aquaporin
References
Further reading
External links
GIL blood group system at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH
Integral membrane pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaporin-1
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Aquaporin 1 (AQP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AQP1 gene.
AQP-1 is a widely expressed water channel, whose physiological function has been most thoroughly characterized in the kidney. It is found in the basolateral and apical plasma membranes of the proximal tubules, the descending limb of the loop of Henle, and in the descending portion of the vasa recta. Additionally, it is found in red blood cells, vascular endothelium, the gastrointestinal tract, sweat glands, lungs, and the central nervous system.
Neural AQP-1 receptors are regulated by vasopressin AVPR1A receptor activity.
Function
Aquaporins are a family of small integral membrane proteins related to the major intrinsic protein (MIP or AQP0). This gene encodes an aquaporin which functions as both a molecular water channel protein and as a non-selective cation channel gated by cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). It is a homotetramer with six bilayer spanning domains and N-glycosylation sites. The AQP1 monomer consists of six transmembrane alpha helices that are connected by five loops (A to E). The protein physically resembles channel proteins and is abundant in erythrocytes and renal tubes. The gene encoding this aquaporin is a possible candidate for disorders involving imbalance in ocular fluid movement.
See also
Aquaporin
Colton antigen system
References
Further reading
External links
Gallery of Aquaporin Simulations
Integral membrane proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-binding%20proteins
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Iron-binding proteins are carrier proteins and metalloproteins that are important in iron metabolism and the immune response. Iron is required for life.
Iron-dependent enzymes catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions and can be divided into three broad classes depending on the structure of their active site: non-heme mono-iron, non-heme diiron , or heme centers. A well-known family of iron-dependent enzymes include oxygenases that facilitate hydroxyl group addition of one or both atoms from o2. Notable enzymes include tryptophan dioxygenase, ferredoxin, and 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase.
Heme proteins
Heme proteins are proteins that contain a heme prosthetic group. The heme group consists of a porphyrin ring coordinated with an iron ion. Four nitrogen atoms in the porphyrin ring act as a ligand for the iron in the center. In many cases, the equatorial porphyrin is complemented by one or two axial ligands. An example of this is in hemoglobin, where the porphyrin works together with a histidine side chain and a bound O2 molecule, forming an octahedral complex.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transport protein found in virtually all vertebrates. Hemoglobin A is the main type found in human adults. It is a tetramer consisting of two alpha and two beta subunits. Each of the four monomeric units contain a heme prosthetic group in which a ferric cation is bound between four nitrogen atoms of a porphyrin ring. Along with a histidine, the apo form has five ligands surroundi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%20receptor
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Bone morphogenetic protein receptors are serine-threonine kinase receptors. Transforming growth factor beta family proteins bind to these receptors. There are four bone morphogenetic protein receptors:
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1:
ACVR1
BMPR1A
BMPR1B
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 2
Structure
Both type 1 and 2 bone morphogenetic protein receptors have a single transmembrane segment. Additionally, both types have a cysteine-rich extracellular domain and a cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase domain. Type 1 contains a glycine-serine-rich domain to be phosphorylated by type 2 kinase domain, initiating the signaling transduction pathway of the SMAD signaling cascade. The wrist epitope motif on BMP-2 has a high-affinity binding site for BMPR-IA. The knuckle epitope motif on BMP-2 has a low-affinity binding site for BMPR-II.
See also
Bone morphogenetic protein
References
External links
Bone morphogenetic protein
EC 2.7.11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote%20field%20testing
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Remote field testing (RFT) is a method of nondestructive testing using low-frequency AC. whose main application is finding defects in steel pipes and tubes. RFT is also referred to as remote field eddy current testing (RFEC or RFET). RFET is sometimes expanded as remote field electromagnetic technique, although a magnetic, rather than electromagnetic field is used. An RFT probe is moved down the inside of a pipe and is able to detect inside and outside defects with approximately equal sensitivity (although it can not discriminate between the two). Although RFT works in nonferromagnetic materials such as copper and brass, its sister technology eddy-current testing is preferred.
The basic RFT probe consists of an exciter coil (also known as a transmit or send coil) which sends a signal to the detector (or receive coil). The exciter coil is pumped with an AC current and emits a magnetic field. The field travels outwards from the exciter coil, through the pipe wall, and along the pipe. The detector is placed inside the pipe two to three pipe diameters away from the exciter and detects the magnetic field that has travelled back in from the outside of the pipe wall (for a total of two through-wall transits). In areas of metal loss, the field arrives at the detector with a faster travel time (greater phase) and greater signal strength (amplitude) due to the reduced path through the steel. Hence the dominant mechanism of RFT is through-transmission.
Main features
commonly applied
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20nitrogen%20unit
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The protein nitrogen unit (PNU) measures the potency of the compounds used in allergy skin tests, and is equivalent to 0.01 microgram (µg) of phosphotungstic acid-precipitable protein nitrogen. Potency measurements depend on the measurement technique, so that results from different manufacturers cannot be reliably compared: as a result, PNUs are being replaced by bioequivalent allergy units (BAU), which are measured by skin testing using reference preparations of standard potency.
Notes
Medical technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacritin
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Lacritin is a 12.3 kDa glycoprotein encoded in humans by the LACRT gene. Lacritin's discovery emerged from a screen for factors that stimulate tear protein secretion. Lacritin is a secreted protein found in tears and saliva. Lacritin also promotes tear secretion, the proliferation and survival of epithelial cells, and corneal wound healing Lacritin is thus a multifunctional prosecretory mitogen with cell survival activity. Natural or bacterial cleavage of lacritin releases a C-terminal fragment that is bactericidal.
Most lacritin is produced by the lacrimal gland, including the accessory lacrimal gland of Wolfring. Some lacritin is produced by the meibomian gland, and by epithelial cells of the conjunctiva and cornea. Together these epithelia comprise much of the lacrimal functional unit (LFU). Dry eye is the most common disease of the LFU. A growing number of studies suggest that lacritin may be differentially downregulated in dry eye, including contact lens-related dry eye. Topical lacritin promotes tearing in rabbit preclinical studies. In the Aire knockout mouse model of dry eye (considered similar to human Sjogren's syndrome), topical lacritin restores pilocarpine-induced tearing, largely eliminates lissamine green staining and reduces the size of inflammatory foci in the lacrimal gland.
Lacritin cell targeting is dependent on the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 (SDC1). Binding utilizes an enzyme-regulated 'off-on' switch in which active e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcellular%20localization
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The cells of eukaryotic organisms are elaborately subdivided into functionally-distinct membrane-bound compartments. Some major constituents of eukaryotic cells are: extracellular space, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisome, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear matrix and ribosomes.
Bacteria also have subcellular localizations that can be separated when the cell is fractionated. The most common localizations referred to include the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane (also referred to as the inner membrane in Gram-negative bacteria), the cell wall (which is usually thicker in Gram-positive bacteria) and the extracellular environment. The cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall are subcellular localizations, whereas the extracellular environment is clearly not. Most Gram-negative bacteria also contain an outer membrane and periplasmic space. Unlike eukaryotes, most bacteria contain no membrane-bound organelles, however there are some exceptions (i.e. magnetosomes).
Protein Subcellular Location Databases
The experimentally determined subcellular locations of proteins can be found in UniProtKB, Compartments, and in a few more specialized resources, such as the lactic acid bacterial secretome database.
There are also several subcellular location databases with computational predictions, such as the fungal secretome and subcellular proteome knowledgebase - version 2 (FunSe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular%20space
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Extracellular space refers to the part of a multicellular organism outside the cells, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. This is distinguished from intracellular space, which is inside the cells.
The composition of the extracellular space includes metabolites, ions, proteins, and many other substances that might affect cellular function. For example, neurotransmitters "jump" from cell to cell to facilitate the transmission of an electric current in the nervous system. Hormones also act by travelling the extracellular space towards cell receptors.
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means "outside the cell". This space is usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid (see extracellular matrix). The term is used in contrast to intracellular (inside the cell).
According to the Gene Ontology, the extracellular space is a cellular component defined as: "That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. For multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term".
The composition of the extracellular space in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBIST
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Programmable Built-In Self-Test (PBIST) is a memory DFT feature that incorporates all the required test systems into the chip itself. The test systems implemented on-chip are as follows:
algorithmic address generator
algorithmic data generator
program storage unit
loop control mechanisms
PBIST was originally adopted by large memory chips that have high pin counts and operate at high frequencies, thereby exceeding the capability of production testers.
The purpose of PBIST is to avoid developing and buying more sophisticated and very expensive testers. The interface between PBIST, which is internal to the processor, and the external tester environment is through
the standard JTAG TAP controller pins. Algorithms and controls are fed into the chip through the TAP controller's Test Data Input (TDI) pin. The final result of the PBIST test is read out through the Test Data Output (TDO) pin.
PBIST supports the entire algorithmic memory testing requirements imposed by the production testing methodology. In order to support all of the required test algorithms, PBIST must have the capability to store the required programs locally in the device. It must also be able to perform different address generation schemes, different test data pattern generation, looping schemes, and data comparisons.
Work on most of programmable memory BIST approaches concerns the programmability of the memory test algorithm. The programmable memory BIST proposed has several advantages:
• It enables progr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AspectC%2B%2B
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AspectC++ is an aspect-oriented extension of C and C++ languages. It has a source-to-source compiler, which translates AspectC++ source code into compilable C++. The compiler is available under the GNU GPL, though some extensions specific to Microsoft Windows are only available through pure-systems GmbH.
Aspect-oriented programming allows modularizing cross-cutting concerns in a single module, an aspect.
Aspects can modify existing classes, but most commonly they provide 'advice' that runs before, after, or around
existing functionality.
Example
All calls to a specific function can be traced using an aspect, rather than inserting 'cerr' or print statements in many places:
aspect Tracer
{
advice call("% %Iter::Reset(...)") : before()
{
cerr << "about to call Iter::Reset for " << JoinPoint::signature() << endl;
}
};
The Tracer aspect will print out a message before any call to %Iter::Reset. The %Iter syntax
means that it will match all classes that end in Iter.
Each 'matched' location in the source code is called a join point—the advice is joined to (or advises) that code.
AspectC++ provides a join point API to provide and access to information about the join point. For example, the function:
JoinPoint::signature()
returns the name of the function (that matched %Iter::Reset) that is about to be called.
The join point API also provides compile-time type information that can be used within an
aspect to access the type or the value of the arguments and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotrope%20%28mineral%29
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The mineral aggregate heliotrope (), also known as bloodstone or ematille, is a cryptocrystalline mixture of quartz that occurs mostly as jasper (opaque) or sometimes as chalcedony (translucent). The "classic" bloodstone is opaque green jasper with red inclusions of hematite. The red inclusions may resemble spots of blood, hence the name bloodstone.
The name heliotrope derives from various ancient notions about the manner in which the mineral reflects light. Such notions are described, for example, by Pliny the Elder (Nat. Hist. 37.165).
Legends and superstitions
Heliotrope was called "stone of Babylon" by Albertus Magnus and he referred to several magical properties, which were attributed to it from Late Antiquity. Pliny the Elder (1st century) mentioned first that the magicians used it as a stone of invisibility. Damigeron (4th century) wrote about its property to make rain, solar eclipse and its special virtue in divination and preserving health and youth. A Christian tradition states that the red spots come from blood falling upon the stone during the crucifixion of Jesus, as he was stabbed in the side by a Roman soldier. Ancient Roman soldiers believed that the stone had the ability to slow bleeding and wore it for this reason. In India it is held that one can staunch the bleeding by placing upon wounds and injuries after dipping it in cold water, which may have a scientific basis in the fact that iron oxide, contained in the stone, is an effective astringent. The Gno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20Antilles%20Express
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Dutch Antilles Express B.V. was an airline of the Dutch country of Curaçao. It operated high-frequency scheduled services in the Dutch Caribbean to United States, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Haiti, and Suriname. Its main base was at Curaçao International Airport.
Due to an escalating debt from poor market conditions, the government of Curaçao stepped in on May 31, 2011, to keep the airline in the air. The airline has been purchased from Arnold Leonora by the Curaçao government for a cash injection sum of two injections of 1.5m Guilders (approx US$838,000 each). The company slogan was Your Caribbean Wings.
In August 2013, the company's management and employees approached the Curacao government through various departments for a new loan of 5m Guilders (approx. US$2.8 million) to, among other items, pay employee salaries outstanding from July 2013. The appeal for the loan was denied by the Curacao Parliament on August 16, 2013. The Court of First Instance of Curaçao declared DAE bankrupt on August 30, 2013.
History
Original operations
The airline started operations with three ATR 42s in 2003 as BonairExel (part of the ExelAviation Group) and soon expanded to encompass most of the Dutch Antilles and Aruba. Although an Embraer ERJ 145 was used on the Bonaire-Aruba flights, the aircraft was soon disposed of again, returning to Air Exel. Although it flew its aircraft in the Exel color scheme; operated with Air Exel aircraft; and flew with Air Exel cabin staff; the airline w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome%20recycling%20factor
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Ribosome recycling factor or ribosome release factor (RRF) is a protein found in bacterial cells as well as eukaryotic organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts. It functions to recycle ribosomes after completion of protein synthesis (bacterial translation). In humans, the mitochrondrial version is coded by the MRRF gene.
Discovery
The ribosome recycling factor was discovered in the early 1970s by the work of Akira Kaji and Akikazu Hiroshima at the University of Pennsylvania. Their work described the requirement for two protein factors to release ribosomes from mRNA. These two factors were identified as RRF, an unknown protein until then, and Elongation Factor G (EF-G), a protein already identified and known to function in protein synthesis. RRF was originally called Ribosome Releasing Factor but is now called Ribosome Recycling Factor.
Function
RRF accomplishes the recycling of ribosomes by splitting ribosomes into subunits, thereby releasing the bound mRNA. This also requires the participation of EF-G (GFM2 in humans). Depending on the tRNA, IF1–IF3 may also perform recycling.
Loss of RRF function
In Bacteria (specifically Escherichia coli), loss of the gene encoding RRF is deleterious. This makes RRF a possible target for new antibacterial drugs.
Yeast mitochondrial RRF (mtRRF) is encoded by a gene in the cell nucleus. Loss of function of this gene leads to mitochondrial genome instability and respiratory incompetence.
Structure and binding to ribosomes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment%20Protection%20and%20Biodiversity%20Conservation%20Act%201999
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The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) is an Act of the Parliament of Australia that provides a framework for protection of the Australian environment, including its biodiversity and its natural and culturally significant places. Enacted on 17 July 2000, it established a range of processes to help protect and promote the recovery of threatened species and ecological communities, and preserve significant places from decline. The Act is administered by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Lists of threatened species are drawn up under the Act, and these lists, the primary reference to threatened species in Australia, are available online through the Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).
As an Act of the Australian Parliament, it relies for its constitutional validity upon the legislative powers of the Parliament granted by the Australian Constitution, and key provisions of the Act are largely based on a number of international, multilateral or bilateral treaties. A number of reviews, audits and assessments of the Act have found the Act deeply flawed and thus not providing adequate environmental protection.
History
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 replaced the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975, after this legislation was repealed by the Environmental Reform (Consequential Provisions) Act 1999. The Environmental Reform Act also repealed four other acts: Environment Pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam%20Compiler%20Kit
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The Amsterdam Compiler Kit (ACK) is a retargetable compiler suite and toolchain written by Andrew Tanenbaum and Ceriel Jacobs, since 2005 maintained by David Given. It has frontends for the following programming languages: C, Pascal, Modula-2, Occam, and BASIC.
History
The ACK's notability stems from the fact that in the early 1980s it was one of the first portable compilation systems designed to support multiple source languages and target platforms.
The ACK was known as MINIX's native compiler toolchain until the MINIX userland was largely replaced by that of NetBSD (MINIX 3.2.0) and Clang was adopted as the system compiler.
It was originally closed-source software (that allowed binaries to be distributed for MINIX as a special case), but in April 2003 it was released under the BSD licenses.
Working principle
Maximum portability is achieved by using an intermediate language using bytecode, called EM. Each language front-end produces EM object files, which are then processed through several generic optimisers before being translated by a back-end into native machine code.
ACK comes with a generic linker and librarian capable of manipulating files in the ACK's own a.out-based format; it will work on files containing EM code as well as native machine code. However, EM code cannot be linked to native machine code without translating the EM binary first.
Target processors
ACK backends can produce native machine code for a wide range of CPUs, even starting with small 8 bit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluespec
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Bluespec, Inc. is an American semiconductor tool design company co-founded by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professor Arvind in June 2003 and based in Framingham, Massachusetts. Arvind had formerly founded Sandburst in 2000, which specialized in producing chips for 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE) routers, for this task.
Bluespec has two product lines which are primarily for application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware designers and architects. Bluespec supplies high-level synthesis (electronic system-level (ESL) logic synthesis) with register-transfer level (RTL). The first Bluespec workshop was held on August 13, 2007, at MIT.
Bluespec SystemVerilog
Bluespec
Arvind had developed the Bluespec language named Bluespec SystemVerilog (BSV), a high-level functional programming hardware description programming language which was essentially Haskell extended to handle chip design and electronic design automation in general. The main designer and implementor of Bluespec was Lennart Augustsson. Bluespec is partially evaluated (to convert the Haskell parts) and compiled to the term rewriting system (TRS). It comes with a SystemVerilog frontend. BSV is compiled to the Verilog RTL design files.
Tools
BSV releases are shipped with the following hardware development kit:
BSV compiler
The compiler takes BSV source code as input and generates a hardware description for either Verilog or Bluesim as output. It was opensource
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICC
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AICC may refer to:
AICc, a version of Akaike information criterion (AIC, which is used in statistics), that has a correction for small sample sizes
All India Congress Committee, the central presidium of the Congress Party
All India Christian Council, an alliance of Christian denominations, mission agencies, institutions, federations and Christian lay leaders in India.
Adiabatic Isochoric Complete Combustion
Arusha International Conference Centre, the leading conference venue in Tanzania
Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee, an e-Learning group and a tracking specification
Aviation Industry Corporation of China, a Chinese state-owned aerospace and defense company
Accident Investigation Coordination Committee, subordinate to the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Communication Maldives
Arctic Icebreaker Coordinating Committee, a subcommittee of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System responsible for managing the US Research Icebreaker fleet
Association for Inherited Cardiac Conditions, a UK-based association of Geneticists and Cardiologists with expertise in inherited disease
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harkins
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James Harkins (born 1905) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as an inside forward.
Career statistics
Source:
References
1905 births
People from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Dalbeattie Star F.C. players
Petershill F.C. players
Third Lanark A.C. players
Solway Star F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Bo'ness F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Year of death missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botryogen
|
Botryogen is a hydrous magnesium sulfate mineral with formula: MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH)·7H2O. It is also known as quetenite.
It crystallizes in the monoclinic prismatic system and typically occurs as vitreous bright yellow to red botryoidal to reniform masses and radiating crystal prisms. It has a specific gravity in the range 2 to 2.1 and Mohs hardness in the range of 2 to 2.5.
It occurs in arid climates as a secondary alteration product of pyrite-bearing deposits.
It was first described in 1828 for an occurrence in the Falu mine of Falun, Dalarna, Sweden. It was named for its grape like appearance from Greek botrys for "bunch of grapes" and genos meaning "to bear".
References
Further reading
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1951) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. II, pp. 617–618.
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordi%20Carchano
|
Jordi Carchano (born 2 July 1984 in Sant Quirze del Vallès, Catalonia Spain) is a motorcycle road racer. He raced in the 125cc and 250cc World Championships from to .
Career statistics
By season
Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
References
1984 births
Living people
Motorcycle racers from Catalonia
Spanish motorcycle racers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum%20total%20protein
|
Serum total protein, also known as total protein, is a clinical chemistry parameter representing the concentration of protein in serum.
Serum contains many proteins including serum albumin, a variety of globulins, and many others. While it is possible to analyze these proteins individually, total protein is a relatively quick and inexpensive analysis that does not discriminate by protein type.
The traditional method for measuring total protein uses the biuret reagent, but other chemical methods such as dye-binding and refractometry are now available. The measurement is usually performed on automated analysers along with other laboratory tests.
Interpretation
The reference range for total protein is typically 60-80g/L. (It is also sometimes reported as "6.0-8.0g/dl"), but this may vary depending on the method of analysis.
Concentrations below the reference range usually reflect low albumin concentration, for instance in liver disease or acute infection. Rarely, low total protein may be a sign of immunodeficiency.
Concentrations above the reference range are found in paraproteinaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukaemia or any condition causing an increase in immunoglobulins. Total protein is also commonly elevated in dehydration and C677T gene mutation.
References
External links
Total protein and A/G ratio at Lab Tests Online
Total protein: analyte monograph - The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Blood proteins
Blood tests
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TESD
|
TESD may refer to:
Tredyffrin/Easttown School District
4,5:9,10-diseco-3-hydroxy-5,9,17-trioxoandrosta-1(10),2-diene-4-oate hydrolase, an enzyme
Tell 'Em Steve-Dave!, a podcast
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-mobility%20group
|
High-Mobility Group or HMG is a group of chromosomal proteins that are involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as
transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair.
Families
The HMG proteins are subdivided into 3 superfamilies each containing a characteristic functional domain:
HMGA – contains an AT-hook domain
HMGA1
HMGA2
HMGB – contains a HMG-box domain
HMGB1
HMGB2
HMGB3
HMGB4
HMGN – contains a nucleosomal binding domain
HMGN1
HMGN2
HMGN3
HMGN4
HMGN5
Proteins containing any of these embedded in their sequence are known as HMG motif proteins.
HMG-box proteins are found in a variety of eukaryotic organisms.
They were originally isolated from mammalian cells, and named according to their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels.
Other families with HMG-box domain
SOX gene family
Sex-Determining Region Y Protein
SOX1, SOX2, etc.
TCF/LEF family (T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor family)
LEF1 (Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1)
TCF7 (TCF-1)
TCF7L1 (TCF-3)
TCF7L2 (TCF-4)
Function
HMG proteins are thought to play a significant role in various human disorders. Disruptions and rearrangements in the genes coding for some of the HMG proteins are associated with some common benign tumors. Antibodies to HMG proteins are found in patients with autoimmune diseases. The SRY gene on the Y Chromosome, responsible for male sexual differentiation, contains an HMG-Box domain. A member of the HMG family of proteins, HMGB1, has a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname%20DNA%20project
|
A surname DNA project is a genetic genealogy project which uses genealogical DNA tests to trace male lineage.
In most cultures, there are few or no matrilineal surnames, or matrinames, so there are still few or no matrilineal surname projects. However, DNA tests are equally important for the two sexes (see genealogical DNA test).
Because surnames are passed down from father to son in many cultures (patrilineal), and Y-chromosomes (Y-DNA) are passed from father to son with a predictable rate of mutation, people with the same surname can use genealogical DNA testing to determine if they share a common ancestor within recent history.
When two males share a surname, a test of their Y-chromosome markers will determine either that they are not related, or that they are related. If they are related, the number of markers tested and the number of matches at those markers determines the range of generations until their most recent common ancestor (MRCA). If the two tests match on 37 markers, there is a 90% probability that the MRCA was less than five generations ago and a 95% probability that the MRCA was less than eight generations ago.
Markers
A Y-DNA test ranges from 10 to 111 markers on the Y chromosome. Most surname projects suggest at least 25 markers. Test results tell how many repeats a given subject has at a particular marker; the variations of repeats are known as alleles. For example, at DYS455, the results will normally show 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 repeats. The specific te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturna%20%28DC%20Comics%29
|
Nocturna () is a fictional supervillainess character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, created by Doug Moench and Gene Colan. The storyline involving her began in Detective Comics #529 (August 1983), and her first appearance was in Batman #363 (September 1983).
The pre-Crisis incarnation of Nocturna appeared in the first season of the live-action Arrowverse series Batwoman, portrayed by Kayla Ewell.
Fictional character biography
Pre-Crisis
Natalia Knight had a hard childhood. She grew up on the streets as a beggar. She was eventually found and taken in by Charles Knight, who adopted her and provided her with a life of luxury.
She has a passion for astronomy and the night and eventually found a job at Gotham City Observatory. While working there one night, she became victim to a radioactive laser, which drained her skin of all pigment. It also rendered her sensitive to light.
After Charles Knight was murdered, she discovered that her lifestyle was funded by criminal activity. It was then that she met Charles' son, Anton Knight, who fell in love with her. They both decided to keep the inheritance and took it upon themselves to keep them in their accustomed lifestyle through burglary, since Natalia needed expensive medical equipment to treat her hypopigmentation.
Anton, having spent much time in Asia, proved to be a highly capable martial artist. He and Natalia entered a life of crime together, he as the Thief of Night, and she as Nocturna, Mistress of the N
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Flinders
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Scott Liam Flinders (born 12 June 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Mansfield Town.
Flinders has played for Barnsley, Crystal Palace, Gillingham, Brighton & Hove Albion, Yeovil Town, Blackpool, Falkirk, Hartlepool United, York City, Macclesfield Town and Cheltenham Town. He has also played for the England national under-20 team.
Club career
Barnsley
Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Flinders started out at Barnsley, making his first-team debut in 2005, when he replaced the injured Ross Turnbull in the Barnsley goal. He made an instant impression, and played eleven matches in the next three months.
In the 2005–06 season, he was picked to play for a "Football League XI", in a match against their Italian counterparts. He went back to being second choice at Barnsley, this time to Nick Colgan and was an unused substitute in Barnsley's play-off final win against Swansea City. Because of this, he only made a few more league and cup appearances in which he again impressed, leading to trials at Chelsea and Wigan Athletic. Flinders moved to Crystal Palace as part of a deal that took Sam Togwell to Barnsley in the summer of 2006.
Crystal Palace
Flinders' transfer fee from Barnsley to Palace was believed to be for £250,000 but with a potential to rise to £1 million depending on appearances.
Flinders made his competitive debut for Palace in a League Cup tie with Notts County, playing the full match as Palace were beaten 2–1. This would
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanome
|
The mechanome consists of the body, or ome, of data including cell and molecular processes relating to force and mechanical systems at molecular, cellular and tissue length scales - the fundamental "machine code" structures of the cell. The mechanome encompasses biological motors, like kinesin, myosin, RNAP, and Ribosome mechanical structures, like actin or the cytoskeleton and also proteomic and genomic components that are mechanosensitive and are involved in the response of cells to externally applied force.
A definition of the "Mechanome" extending to cell/organ/body given by Prof. Roger Kamm, at the 5th World Congress of Biomechanics Munich, includes understanding:
The complete state of stress existing from tissues to cells to molecules. The biological state that results from the distribution of forces. Requires knowledge of the distribution of force throughout the cell/organ/body, the functional interactions between these stresses and the fundamental biological processes.
The mechanome seeks to understand the fundamental physical-mechanical processes and events that affect biological function. An example at the molecular level includes the common structural designs used by kinesin and myosin motor proteins (such as dimer formation and mechanochemical cycles) that control their function and lead to properties such as processivity. The mechanome assembles the common features of these motors regardless of the "track" (microtubules, actin filaments, nucleotide based struc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape%20epidemiology
|
Landscape epidemiology draws some of its roots from the field of landscape ecology. Just as the discipline of landscape ecology is concerned with analyzing both pattern and process in ecosystems across time and space, landscape epidemiology can be used to analyze both risk patterns and environmental risk factors. This field emerges from the theory that most vectors, hosts and pathogens are commonly tied to the landscape as environmental determinants control their distribution and abundance. In 1966, Evgeniy Pavlovsky introduced the concept of natural nidality or focality, defined by the idea that microscale disease foci are determined by the entire ecosystem. With the recent availability of new computing technologies such as geographic information systems, remote sensing, statistical methods including spatial statistics and theories of landscape ecology, the concept of landscape epidemiology has been applied analytically to a variety of disease systems, including malaria, hantavirus, Lyme disease and Chagas' disease.
See also
Tele-epidemiology
References
Epidemiology
Landscape ecology
Biogeography
Environmental health
Veterinary medicine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvikite
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Larvikite is an igneous rock, specifically a variety of monzonite, notable for the presence of thumbnail-sized crystals of feldspar. These feldspars are known as ternary because they contain significant components of all three endmember feldspars. The feldspar has partly unmixed on the micro-scale to form a perthite, and the presence of the alternating alkali feldspar and plagioclase layers give its characteristic silver-blue schiller effect (called labradorescence) on polished surfaces. Olivine can be present along with apatite, and locally quartz. Larvikite is usually rich in titanium, with titanaugite and/or titanomagnetite present.
Larvikite occurs in the Larvik Batholith (also called the Larvik Plutonic Complex), a suite of ten igneous plutons emplaced in the Oslo Rift (Oslo Graben) surrounded by ~1.1 billion year old Sveconorwegian gneisses. The Larvik Batholith is of Permian age, about 292–298 million years old. Larvikite is also found in the Killala Lake Alkalic Rock Complex near Thunder Bay in Ontario, Canada.
The name originates from the town of Larvik in Norway, where this type of igneous rock is found. Many quarries exploit larvikite in the vicinity of Larvik.
Formation
Intrusions of larvikite in Norway form part of the suite of igneous rocks that were emplaced during the Permian period, associated with the formation of the Oslo Rift. The crystallisation of a ternary feldspar indicates that this rock began to crystallise under lower crustal conditions.
Uses
La
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20Raptors%20accomplishments%20and%20records
|
This page details the all-time statistics, records, and other achievements pertaining to the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association.
Individual accomplishments
All-NBA Team
All-NBA Defensive Team
All-Stars
All-Star Rookie Game
All-Star Rising Stars Challenge Game (formerly known as All-Star Rookie/Sophomore Challenge Game)
Slam Dunk champion
Three-Point Shootout champion
NBA Most Valuable Player
None
NBA Finals Most Valuable Player
NBA Defensive Player of the Year
• None
NBA Most Improved Player
Retired jerseys
None
Coach of the Year
Executive of the Year
Rookie of the Year
Sixth Man of the Year
All-Rookie
Conference Player of the Week*
Conference Player of the Month*
Conference Rookie of the Month*
Conference Coach of the Month*
In a rookie season
Most points scored by a rookie in one game with 48 – Charlie Villanueva, vs. Milwaukee Bucks, 26 March 2006
Most points in rookie season – Damon Stoudamire with 1,331 points
Most blocks in rookie season – Marcus Camby with 130 blocks
Most assists in rookie season – Damon Stoudamire with 653 assists
Most assists by a rookie in one game with 19 – Damon Stoudamire, vs. Houston Rockets, 2 February 1996
Most rebounds in rookie season – Chris Bosh with 557 rebounds
Eurobasket
EuroBasket 2007:
José Calderón (silver)
Jorge Garbajosa (silver)
EuroBasket 2011:
José Calderón (gold)
EuroBasket 2013:
Jonas Valančiūnas (silver)
EuroBasket 2015:
Jonas Valančiūnas (silver)
Eurobasket 2022:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic%20epithelial%20cell
|
An amniotic epithelial cell is a form of stem cell extracted from the lining of the inner membrane of the placenta. Amniotic epithelial cells start to develop around 8 days post fertilization. These cells are known to have some of the same markers as embryonic stem cells, more specifically, Oct-4 and nanog. These transcription factors are the basis of the pluripotency of stem cells. Amniotic epithelial cells have the ability to develop into any of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They can develop into several organ tissues specific to these germ layers including heart, brain, and liver. The pluripotency of the human amniotic epithelial cells makes them useful in treating and fighting diseases and disorders of the nervous system as well as other tissues of the human body. Artificial heart valves and working tracheas, as well as muscle, fat, bone, heart, neural and liver cells have all been engineered using amniotic stem cells. Tissues obtained from amniotic cell lines show promise for patients with congenital diseases or malformations of the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and cerebral tissue.
Transplantation
Amniotic epithelial cells have shown to be safe and successfully transplanted into hosts that are not related to the donor. One possible reason for this is that amniotic epithelial cells have low antigen levels that inhibit compatibility from a donor to the recipient. This makes the possibility of rejection of the cells by the recipient tissue l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray%20bottle
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A spray bottle is a bottle that can squirt, spray or mist fluids.
History
While spray bottles existed long before the middle of the 20th century, they used a rubber bulb which was squeezed to produce the spray; the quickly-moving air siphoned fluid from the bottle. The rapid improvement in plastics after World War II increased the range of fluids that could be dispensed, and reduced the cost of the sprayers because assembly could be fully automated.
The Drackett company, manufacturers of Windex glass cleaner, was a leader in promoting spray bottles. Roger Drackett raised soybeans, converted the soybeans to plastic using technology purchased from Henry Ford, and was an investor in the Seaquist company, an early manufacturer of sprayers and closures. Initially, the brittle nature of early plastics required that sprayers be packaged in a cardboard box, and the sprayer inserted in the glass Windex bottle by the consumer. The cost in the manufacturing sprayers was also a factor; consumers would reuse the sprayers with bottle after bottle of glass cleaner. As plastics improved and the cost of sprayers dropped, manufacturers were able to ship products with the sprayer already in the bottle.
In the late 1960s, spray bottles with trigger-style actuators appeared and quickly became popular, as this design was less fatiguing to use. The original pump-style bottle remained more popular for applications like non-aerosol deodorants, where size was a factor and repeated pumps were not r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopcroft%E2%80%93Karp%20algorithm
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In computer science, the Hopcroft–Karp algorithm (sometimes more accurately called the Hopcroft–Karp–Karzanov algorithm) is an algorithm that takes a bipartite graph as input and produces a maximum-cardinality matching as output — a set of as many edges as possible with the property that no two edges share an endpoint. It runs in time in the worst case, where is set of edges in the graph, is set of vertices of the graph, and it is assumed that . In the case of dense graphs the time bound becomes , and for sparse random graphs it runs in time with high probability.
The algorithm was discovered by and independently by . As in previous methods for matching such as the Hungarian algorithm and the work of , the Hopcroft–Karp algorithm repeatedly increases the size of a partial matching by finding augmenting paths. These paths are sequences of edges of the graph, which alternate between edges in the matching and edges out of the partial matching, and where the initial and final edge are not in the partial matching. Finding an augmenting path allows us to increment the size of the partial matching, by simply toggling the edges of the augmenting path (putting in the partial matching those that were not, and vice versa). Simpler algorithms for bipartite matching, such as the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm‚ find one augmenting path per iteration: the Hopcroft-Karp algorithm instead finds a maximal set of shortest augmenting paths, so as to ensure that only iterations are needed inste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium%28II%29%20nitrate
|
Palladium(II) nitrate is the inorganic compound with the formula Pd(NO3)2.(H2O)x where x = 0 or 2. The anhydrous and dihydrate are deliquescent solids. According to X-ray crystallography, both compounds feature square planar Pd(II) with unidentate nitrate ligands. The anhydrous compound, which is a coordination polymer, is yellow.
As a solution in nitric acid, Pd(NO3)2 catalyzes the conversion of alkenes to dinitrate esters. Its pyrolysis affords palladium oxide.
Preparation
Hydrated palladium nitrate may be prepared by dissolving palladium oxide hydrate in dilute nitric acid followed by crystallization. The nitrate crystallizes as yellow-brown deliquescent prisms. The anhydrous material is obtained by treating palladium metal with fuming nitric acid.
References
Nitrates
Palladium compounds
Oxidizing agents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%E2%80%93Satterthwaite%20equation
|
In statistics and uncertainty analysis, the Welch–Satterthwaite equation is used to calculate an approximation to the effective degrees of freedom of a linear combination of independent sample variances, also known as the pooled degrees of freedom, corresponding to the pooled variance.
For sample variances , each respectively having degrees of freedom, often one computes the linear combination.
where is a real positive number, typically . In general, the probability distribution of {{math|χ}} cannot be expressed analytically. However, its distribution can be approximated by another chi-squared distribution, whose effective degrees of freedom are given by the Welch–Satterthwaite equation'''
There is no assumption that the underlying population variances are equal. This is known as the Behrens–Fisher problem.
The result can be used to perform approximate statistical inference tests. The simplest application of this equation is in performing Welch's t-test.
See also
Pooled variance
References
Further reading
Michael Allwood (2008) "The Satterthwaite Formula for Degrees of Freedom in the Two-Sample t-Test", AP Statistics'', Advanced Placement Program, The College Board.
Theorems in statistics
Equations
Statistical approximations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20for%20Destiny%20or%20the%20Twenty%20Seventh%20Theorem%20of%20Ethics
|
Search for Destiny, or the Twenty Seventh Theorem of Ethics () — is a 1994 science fiction novel by Boris Strugatsky (under the pseudonym S. Vititsky), covering the life of a fictional Soviet citizen Krasnogorov with light and bitter truth about that time and including the long chapter "A Happy Boy" about his childhood in sieged Leningrad. The last part depicts him as a ruler in future Russia.
At one point Krasnogorov realizes that he survived numerous situations, which inevitably had to result in his death. This causes him to think he has a special destiny, which doesn't allow him to die, and he keeps searching for it, often discussing the idea with his long-time friend Viktor Kikonin. Coincidentally, Krasnogorov had always been the one who could save Viktor from near-death situations just by staying close to him...
Novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
1994 novels
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels set in Russia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teni
|
Teni may refer to:
Teni (singer) (born 1992), Nigerian singer
Thiazole tautomerase, enzyme
Theni, town in India
TENI, the Transgender Equality Network of Ireland
The Russian title of Shadows, a 1953 Soviet film
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostatics
|
A subfield of fluid statics, aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion with respect to the coordinate system in which they are considered. The corresponding study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics.
Aerostatics studies density allocation, especially in air. One of the applications of this is the barometric formula.
An aerostat is a lighter than air craft, such as an airship or balloon, which uses the principles of aerostatics to float.
Basic laws
Treatment of the equations of gaseous behaviour at rest is generally taken, as in hydrostatics, to begin with a consideration of the general equations of momentum for fluid flow, which can be expressed as:
,
where is the mass density of the fluid, is the instantaneous velocity, is fluid pressure, are the external body forces acting on the fluid, and is the momentum transport coefficient. As the fluid's static nature mandates that , and that , the following set of partial differential equations representing the basic equations of aerostatics is found.
However, the presence of a non-constant density as is found in gaseous fluid systems (due to the compressibility of gases) requires the inclusion of the ideal gas law:
,
where denotes the universal gas constant, and the temperature of the gas, in order to render the valid aerostatic partial differential equations:
,
which can be employed to compute the pressure distribution in gases whose thermodynamic states are given by the equation of state for
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic%20variation
|
Antigenic variation or antigenic alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus alters the proteins or carbohydrates on its surface and thus avoids a host immune response, making it one of the mechanisms of antigenic escape. It is related to phase variation. Antigenic variation not only enables the pathogen to avoid the immune response in its current host, but also allows re-infection of previously infected hosts. Immunity to re-infection is based on recognition of the antigens carried by the pathogen, which are "remembered" by the acquired immune response. If the pathogen's dominant antigen can be altered, the pathogen can then evade the host's acquired immune system. Antigenic variation can occur by altering a variety of surface molecules including proteins and carbohydrates. Antigenic variation can result from gene conversion, site-specific DNA inversions, hypermutation, or recombination of sequence cassettes. The result is that even a clonal population of pathogens expresses a heterogeneous phenotype. Many of the proteins known to show antigenic or phase variation are related to virulence.
In bacteria
Antigenic variation in bacteria is best demonstrated by species of the genus Neisseria (most notably, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the gonococcus); species of the genus Streptococcus and the Mycoplasma. The Neisseria species vary their pili (protein polymers made up of subunits called pilin whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Haas%E2%80%93Van%20Alphen%20effect
|
The De Haas–Van Alphen effect, often abbreviated to DHVA, is a quantum mechanical effect in which the magnetic susceptibility of a pure metal crystal oscillates as the intensity of the magnetic field B is increased. It can be used to determine the Fermi surface of a material. Other quantities also oscillate, such as the electrical resistivity (Shubnikov–de Haas effect), specific heat, and sound attenuation and speed. It is named after Wander Johannes de Haas and his student Pieter M. van Alphen. The DHVA effect comes from the orbital motion of itinerant electrons in the material. An equivalent phenomenon at low magnetic fields is known as Landau diamagnetism.
Description
The differential magnetic susceptibility of a material is defined as
where is the applied external magnetic field and the magnetization of the material. Such that , where is the vacuum permeability. For practical purposes, the applied and the measured field are approximately the same (if the material is not ferromagnetic).
The oscillations of the differential susceptibility when plotted against , have a period (in teslas−1) that is inversely proportional to the area of the extremal orbit of the Fermi surface (m−2), in the direction of the applied field, that is
,
where is Planck constant and is the elementary charge. The existence of more than one extremal orbit leads to multiple periods becoming superimposed. A more precise formula, known as Lifshitz–Kosevich formula, can be obtained using sem
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